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Photographic 

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Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
La  tit 


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The( 
to  thi 


Thai 
possi 
of  th 
filmii 


Origi 
begir 
the  li 
sion, 
othei 
first  I 
sion, 
or  illi 


Thai 
shall 
TIIMU 
whic 

Maps 
diffei 
entir 
begir 
right 
requi 
meth 


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32X 


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Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nScessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

"i:. 


\  ^ 


FERDINAND   THE    CATHOLIC. 


"^^ 


y 


HISTORY   OF  THE   liEIGISr 


OF 


ERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA 


THE  CATHOLIC. 


m>' 


BY 

AVTLLTAM    H.    PRESCOTT, 

COlUUtSPONUINO    MEMIIKIl   OK   THE    INSTITVTE    <>F    FKANCK,  OF   THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY    Of 

HISIOllY    AT    MADIUU,  ETC. 


V^' 


Qute  surgero  rogna 
Conjugio  Uili ! 

Virgil.  J-Jiieid.  iv.  47. 

Crevero  vires,  famaqiu'  I't  imperi 
Porn-'cta  niaji-stiw  ul)  Kuro 
Solis  ad  Occiduuiu  culiilc. 

Uorat.  Carm.  iv.  15. 


^ 


XEW   AND    REVISED    EDITION, 

WITH  THE  author's  latest  corrections  and  additions. 

EDITED   BY 

JOHN   FOSTER   KIRK. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY. 
1891. 


Copyright,  1837, 
By  William  H.  Prescott. 

Copyright,  1865, 
By  Susan  Prescott  and  Willfak  Gardiner  Prescott. 

Copyright,  1872, 
By  J.  B.  LippiNcoTT  <k  Co. 


W 


TO  THE 


HONOURABLE  WILLIAM  PEESCOTT,  LL.D., 


THE  GUII/B  OF   MY   YOUTH, 


MY    BEST  FRIEND   IN    RXPER   YEARS, 


OCs  Folume, 


WITH  THE  WARMEST   FEELINGS  OF   FILIAL  AFFECTION, 


IS  RESPECTFULLY   INSCRIBED. 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE. 


Is  the  intervals  of  composition,  especially  diirinf;  the  last  years  of  his  1: 
Mr.  Prescott  devoted  much  time  to  the  revision  of  his  puhlished  works.    'J 
chanj^es  he  made  included,  besides  many  verhal  amendments  and  some  alter. 
tions  of  greater  moment,  numerous  additions,  principally  to  the  notes,  fr 
the  fresh  material  accumulated  in  the  progress  of  his  researches,     Suci  t ■^^ 
Knglish  editions  publisheil  during  his  lifetime  profited  to  some  e.xtent  \>\  v. 
labour;  but  his  purpose  to  incorporate  the  whole  of  its  results  in  a  new  Aiiitii. . 
edition  was  luihappily  frustrated  by  his  death.    He  had  intimated  a  desire  tl . 
the  task  .should,  m  this  event,  be  undertaken  by  the  writer,  who  liad  shaitil 
the  previous  lalwur  and  was  cognizant  of  the  details,  and  to  whom  it  ! 
accordingly  been  intrusted  by  the  i)ul)lishers,  the  present  proprietors  of  t 
copyrights.     It  has  consisted  mainly  in  collating  the  editions,  errors  liavi:. 
ere  )t  into  the  later  and  otherwise  more  perfect  ones  ;  inserting  emendatiV 
am  additions  from  the  author's  manuscripts;  verifying  doiibtful  refereiiu- 
and  .securing,  by  a  careful  supervision  of  the  jiroofs,  that  high  degree  of  t}]- 
graphical  accuracy  which  is  e.'^pecially  desirable  in  reprints  of  standard  work 
(jcwisional  note.s,  confined  to  points  of  fact,  have  been  ai)pended  by  the  edit  • 
where  statements  in  the  text,  based  on  insufficient  authority  or  called  : 
question  by  recent  investigators,  needed  to  be  substantiated  or  corrected. 


PREFACE   TO   THE   FIRST   EDITION. 


ExoLiSH  writers  have  done  more  for  the  illustration  ot  Stmnish  history  tlir 
for  that  of  any  otiier  except  their  own.  To  .say  nothing  oi  the  recent  gt'iiti» 
compendium  executed  for  the  "Cabinet  Cyclopa'dia,"a  work  of  singidar  aci;!- 
nes.s  and  information,  we  have  particular  narratives  of  the  .several  reigiiM: 
an  <nibroken  .series,  from  the  emperor  Charles  the  Fifth  (the  First  of  Spa;: 
to  Charles  the  Third,  at  the  close  of  the  last  century,  by  authors  whose  i •aii.'^ 
are  a  sufficient  guarantee  for  the  excellence  of  tlieir  productions.  It  is  siniriili 
that,  with  this  attention  to  the  modern  history  of  the  Peninsula,  there  shm;!. 
be  no  particular  account  of  the  period  which  may  be  considered  as  the  projc: 
basis  of  it, -the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  I.sabella. 

In  this  reign,  the  several  States  into  which  the  country  had  been  broken  i:: 
for  ages  were  brought  under  a  conmion  rule  ;  the  kingdom  of  Naj)les  wx 
conipiered  ;  America  di.scovered  and  coloj\ized  ;  the  ancient  empire  of  ti- 
Spanish  Arabs  subverted;  the  dread  trilauial  of  the  Modern  In(|ui^iti: 
established  ;  the  Jews,  who  contributed  .so  .sensibly  to  the  wealth  and  civili,> 
tion  of  the  country,  were  banished  ;  and,  in  fine,  such  changes  were  introdiire; 
into  the  interior  administration  of  the  monarchy  as  have  left  a  peruiiuie;,: 
impression  on  the  character  and  condition  of  the  nation. 


PREFACE. 


>ars  of  his  I::' 
'd  works,  'f; 
ml  soiiip  altcri 
he  notes,  fr 

es.      SllC(c»; 

t'.xtciit  li,v  t! 
,  new  Aiiiciiiii 
lmI  a  desire  tl., 
)  had  shared  : 
5  wlioin  it  l 
[)rietors  of  t  • 
,  errors  hav:\ 
K  eiiien(hiti. 
ful  reforeiiM- 
lej,Tee  of  t}]- 
tandard  work 
1  hy  the  edit  • 
y  or  called  : 
corrected. 


ION. 

1  history  th;i 
'ecent  ^^'inii 
iTigidar  acii!' 
:»ral  rei^Mis.; 
"rst  of  S|ia;:. 
wliose  laii,^ 
It  is  sini:i!i.i' 
,  there  slim:!. 
as  the  i<iuit 

en  broken  k: 
Naples  wx 

npire  of  ti/ 
hKHiiMti  ■ 
and  civilizj- 

*e  introilmr. 

I  permujit:,: 


5'lie  netors  in  theso  ovonts  were  pvory  way  suited  to  ihoir  itM|)ortan<'0. 
BiH'l«'s  the  rei^'iiin^'  sovereii:ji«,  Kenlinand  and  iMvlteJIa,  the  latter  ter'amly 

3i,f  the  most  interestinu^  )K'rsoiia_'es  in  history,  we  liave,  in  political  ;i!ljiirs, 
t  (onsuMiniate  statesman,  Cardinal  Xiinenes,  i  i  military,  th<'  "Creat  lup- 
1, '  (icdisalvi.  de  Cordova,  and  in  maritim«%  the  most  successfid  naviirator  of 
am-  a^i',  <  hvistojiher  (  olumhus  ;  wlu»se  entire  Idoi^mphies  fall  within  the  limits 
^tliH  peii-d.  Even  snch  pftrtions  of  it  as  have  heen  inciilentally  tunrhed  |,y 
Rbj-'lidi  writer  .as  the  Italian  wai-s,  for  example,  have  heen  drawn  mi  exdii- 
"  Jy  frnm  French  and  Italian  sources  that  they  may  l»e  said  to  he  untrodden 
Mind  for  the  historian  of  Spain.* 

It  must  Ix'  adiiiilted,  however,  that  an  account  of  tliis  rei^ii  could  not  have 

in  undertaken  at  any  ]»re(i'dinu  neri'Ml  witli  anythiiu,'  like  the  ad\antaL;('s 

]. resent  allorded,  owiui:  to  the  tiL,d\t  whirl)  recent  resean'hes  of  Spanish 

Hilars,  in  the  jrreater  freedom  of  inipiiry  now  enjoyed,  have  shed  on  some 

[its  most  intere^timr  and  least  familiar  features.    The  most  important  of  the 

irks  to  which  1  allude  are,  the  History   of  the   ln(|uisitiou,  from  otlicial 

Muiient-<,  I'V  its  secretary,  Llorente  ;  the  analysis  of  the  [Kilitical  institutions 

the  kinu'iiom,  ]>y  such  writers  as  Marina,  Semjiere,  anrj  (  apmany  ;  the 

■ral  version, now  maile  for  tlie  first  time,  of  the  Si)anish-Arah  ehroiu(les,  l»y 

\u']i' ;  the  collection  of  oriinnal  and  unjiuhlished  df)Ouments  illustrating'  the 

^itory  of  Cohuuhus  and  the  early  'astilian  navi^'ators,  hy  Navarrete ;  and, 

klv,"  the  copious  ilhistrations  of  Isiibella's  rei^n  by  Clemencin,  the   late 

hunted   secretary  of  the    Koyai  Academy  of  History,  fornung  tlie  sixtii 

linne  of  its  \aluahle  Memoirs. 

[It  was  the  knowled^T  of  tiiese  facilities  for  doing  justice  to  this  su]))ect,  as 
;11  as  its  intrinsic  merits,  which  led  me,  ten  years  since,  to  select  it ;  and 
Irdy  no  subject  could  be  found  more  suitable  for  the  jien  of  an  American 
Jnii  a  history  of  that  reign  under  the  ausjdces  of  which  the  existence  of  his 
Of^  ,  favo'ued  (juarter  of  the  gloln^  was  first  revealed.  As  I  was  conscious  that 
t|)c  \alue  of  the  history  must  depend  maiidy  on  that  of  its  materials,  I  have 
^ircd  neither  pains  nor  expense,  from  the  first,  in  collectinir  the  most 
Jijiitiicntic.  In  accomjdishing  tiiis,  I  must  acknowledge  the  .services  of  my 
Mr.  AlexainU'r  U.  Everett,  then  nnnister  pleidiiotentiary  from  the 
^Ditcd  .^''tates  to  the  court  of  Madrid,  Mr.  Arthur  Middleton,  .secretary  of  the 
[iiiciiian  legati'in,  and,  above  all,  Mr.  O.  Rich,  now  .\mericau  consul  for 
ie  li;dearic  Islands,  a  gentleman  whose  extensive  bibliographical  knowledge, 
id  unwearied  researches  during  a  long  residence  in  the  Penins\da,  have  been 
nilly  employed  for  tlie  benefit  both  of  his  own  country  and  of  Kni,'land. 
nil  su<ji  assistance,  I  flatter  myself  tliatlhave  Iieen  enabled  to  secure  wlirt- 
^crcan  materially  conduce  to  theillustmtionof  theiieriod  iiuiuestion,  whcUier 
the  form  of  chronicle,  memoir,  jtrivate  correspon{lence,  legal  codes,  or  otiicial 
)iuiiients.  Among  these  are  various  contemporary  manuscri]4s,  covering  the 
[li'ile  ground  of  the  narrative,  none  of  which  have  U'en  printed,  and  some  of 
iciii  but  little  known  to  Spanish  scholars.  In  olitaining  co]iies  of  these  from 
»c  public  libraries,  I  must  add  that  I  have  found  facilities  un(h'r  the  jiresent 

dooil,  thoy  l.iy  claim  to  no  urnat  ri-BPftnlt, 
\vliicli  wipuld  -ociii  to  lio  iirocliiiltil  hy  tlio 
eNtciii  of  tlicir  v.urks  in  ti(itlicr  in'^tiiiico  rv- 
rccdiiip  two  VdhiMK'S  (liiin|.'riino,  'I'liiy  li.c  o 
tl:f  iiiorit  of  c.icl  il'itititj.  in  ;i  wirniilo,  ]i(t<|i|- 
cuiiM«  form,  thoso  cvcvit-*  wlii<-h,  Ivinpon  tlin 
Mirf;iro,  Tiiay  bo  foMml  mor>'  or  less  cxpatuled 
in  nicj.f  Rcncnil  Iiistorios. 


K  k,r.  I'ran  \m<\  l.oi|./l(r,  l79.i."  TiiiMr 
Ut;;' f)  iiavi>  cniployi]  ft;i>  most  iirrffiitil,' 
l.iti  ri.il-.  i.niy  in  tiic  ctiniiiilHtio?) ;  and,   in 


A 


PRKFACK. 


librral  govonimcnt  wliich  were  donifd  inc  niiilor  tlio  prorpdin:?.     In  niMi- 
to  tlu'su  sources  ot  iiiforiiiatioii,  I  Iwvvp  aviiilt'il  iiiv>^«'lf,  in  IIk'  pjirt  of.tli<'  ^^ 
occiipicvl  with  litt'iiiry  <Titici>iii  anil  history,  of  tin*  lihrarv  of  my  fricinl.  V 
(l('()rK<*  'I'ickiior,  wno  dnrin;,'  a  visit  to  Spain,  sonic  years  since,  collected  \\\.. 
ever  was  rare  and  valuable  in  the  litoniture  of  the  l*eninsula.    I  must  furt; 
acknowledge  my  oidi^ations  to  the  lilirary  (»f  Harvard  Tniversity,  in  (  i 
l)rid;(e,  from  whose  rich  repository  of  lMK>ks  relatint;  to  our  own  country  I  \u 
derived  material  aid  ;  and,  lastly,  I  must  not  omit  to   notice  the  favmir- 
another  kind  for  wfiich  1  am  indehted  to  my  friend,  Mr.  \N  illiam  H.  (laniii 
whose  judicious  counsels  have  heenuf  essential  benefit  to  me  in  the  revi.Mdi) 
my  labours. 

In  the  i»lan  of  the  work,  I  have  not  limited  myself  to  a  strict  clironoln.'i- 
nairativc  of  i)assin;,'  events,  but  have  occasionally  pause<l,  at  the  e\|Mi, 
jMirhaps,  of  some  interest  in  the  story,  to  seek  such  collateral  informatinn 
ini;,dit  brinu  these  events  into  a  clenrer  view.    I  have  dev(»tcd  a  liberal  p. m 
of  the  work  to  the  liti'rary  pro^^ress  of  the  nation,  conceivini,'  this  (piitc  > 
essential  a  part  of  its  history  as  civil  am!  miliUiry  deUiils.    I  have  oocasiniia 
introdu(;eil,  at  the  close  of  the  chapters,  a  critical  notice  of  the  autlnMr. 
used,  that  the  reader  may  form  some  estimate  of  their  comparative  valiu  n 
credibility.    Finally,  1  hav«^  endeavoured  to  present  him  with  such  an  ai(M, 
of  the  state  of  ati'airs,  ])oth  before  the  accession  and  at  the  demise  nf  t: 
Catholic  sovereif^ns,  as  mi^ht  ati'ord  him  the  l)est  points  of  view  for  survcvi;. 
tiio  entiro" results  of  their  rei,i,ni. 

How  far  I  have  succeedcil  in  the  execution  of  this  nlan  must  be  left  tot!' 
reader's  aindirt  jndKnient.    Many  errors  he  may  Ix;  able  to  detect.    Sme  I  a. 
there  can  l)e  no  one  more  sensible  of  my  delkiencies  than  myself ;  althouuli 
was  not  till  after  nracticnl  experience  that  I  could  fully  estimate  the  ditlicul: 
of  obtaining  anything;  like  a  faithful  |K)rtraiture  of  a  distjvnt  a;,%  amiilst  (i: 
shiftini;  hues  and  perplexiny-  cros.v-li^hts  of  historic  testimony.     From  o:-^ 
class  of  errors  my  subject  necessarily  exempts  me, — those  founded  on  natiniii 
or  party  feelini;.     I  may  have  been  more  o[»en  to  another  fault,— that  of  [■ 
stron;f  a  bias  in  favour  of  my  principal  actors  :  for  characters  noble,  ami  i: 


terestinj^  in  themselves  naturally  beget  a  sort  of  i)aitiality  akin  to  frieii.  „.,. 
in  the  historian's  mind,  accustomed  to  the  tLiily  contemplation  of  them.   Wki: 
ever  defiKits  may  be  chargiMl  on  the  work,  I  can  at  least  assure  myself  tliat 
is  an  honest  record  of  a  reign  imi)ortant  in  itself,  new  to  the  reader  in  ;i: 
English  dress,  and  resting  on  a  solid  basis  of  authentic  materials,  such  as  jir 
bahlv  could  not  be  met  with  out  of  Spain,  nor  in  it  without  much  ditliculty. 

I  hope  I  shall  be  ac(piitted  of  egotism  althougli  1  add  a  few  words  respctti:.; 
the  peculiar  eml)arrassments  1  have  encountered  in  composing  these  voliiuif.. 
Soon  after  my  arrangements  were  made,  early  in   182(),  for  obtaining  tiir| 
jiecessary  materials  from  Madrid,  I  was  dejtrivea  of  the  use  of  my  ey^'s  fo  £ 
|)nrposes  of  reading  and  writing,  and  had  no  i)rospect  of  again  recoveriimi: , 
This  was  a  serious  obstacle  to  the  prosecution  of  a  work  retjuiring  the  pcnisii 
of  a  large  mass  of  authorities,  in  various  languages,  the  contents  of  whicii  «••■ 
to  be  carefully  collated,  and  transferred  to  my  own  pages,  verified  by  iiiiii ./, 
reference.*    Thus  shut  out  from  one  sense,  I  was  driven  to  rely  exclusive'yr'. 
;inother,  and  to  make  the  ear  do  the  work  of  the  eye.     With  the  assisUuice  «| 


•  "  To  compilp  a  hisKiry  froin  v  irious 
author^,  wln-n  tlipy  can  only  \>e  vnus\ilioi\  hv 
other  03'i>-;,  is  not  cmsv,  luir  possiMo  Inn  with 
more  sfcilftil  aiul  utteiitivo  licl')  than  can  he 
connnonly   i'l>t.iin(il."      (.Fohnsoii's    f.i/e    nf 


Milton.)    Tin's   ifinark   of  tho    proat   r'iti' 
whiili  fir^t  pnixiipct!  my  nttoiiti"n  in  th<>  mii'i 
of  my  ointiirra^simiits  iiltlion.))  di  cour  irrif 
at   first,  in   the  end  stinmlan-d  ilie  drsi  c 
ovcroHiio  thcni. 


PR  i:  PACK. 


vii 


IIIV  flicinl,  ) 


riMiIrr,  niiiiiitiatpfl.  it  may  Ix'  jiiMp<1,  iti  any  nuxlorn  lan^mco  Init  his  ou?i, 

w.iikf'l  riiv  way  tliroiiirli  several  veiierahle  Castilian  (|nart<'s,  until  I  wjw 
iti-tieil  of  tite  |»iii(  tiialiility  of  the  undertakin;?.    1  next  proenreil  the  serviced 

one  more  coiiiiK'tent  to  aid  mo  in  piiisiiin);  my  histt»rical  in«|uiries.  'I'lio 
ro(  e-s  wjis  slow  and  irksome  enough,  douhtless,  fo  lM>th  parties,  at  least  till 
ly  ear  was  accommodated  to  foreiirn  sounds,  und  an  anti<inate<l,  oftentimes 
iriiarnns  iihra>eoIoL7,  when  my  proLMess  hecarue  more  .sensihle,  and  I  v\;w 
llieered  witn  the  |)ro>pe<:t  of  success.  It  certniidy  woidd  have  Im-oii  a  far  tin're 
?rious  mi>fortime  to  he  led  thus  hlindfoM  through  the  plea>-ant  paths  (»f 
jtcratnre  ;  hut  mv  track  stretched,  for  the  most  part,  iwr(>.s.s  dreary  wastes, 
fliere  no  her.nty  hnked  to  arrest  the  traveller's  eye  and  cliarm  his  sen>es. 
Lfter  jierseverinu  in  this  course  for  some  year.s,  my  eyes,  hy  the  Messing'  of 
'rovidence,  recovered  sufficient  strength  to  allow  nie'to  use  them,  with  tolerahlo 
cedom,  in  the  prosecution  of  my  lahours,  and  in  the  revision  of  all  previously 
nitten.  1  hope  I  shall  not  lie  misunderstood  as  statin;:  these  circumstances 
(I  deprecate  the  severity  of  criticism,  since  I  am  inclined  to  think  the  K'«'ater 
ircunispection  I  have  \)i'vn  compelled  to  use  has  left  me,  on  the  whole,  les.s 
x)>f)sed  to  inaccuracies  than  I  should  have  been  fn  tin;  ordinary  mode  of  coin- 
i(i>ition.  Ihit,  as  I  reflect  on  tlie  many  solmr  liours  I  have  passed  in  wadin;; 
liroimli  black  letter  tomes,  and  tlirough  manuscrii»ts  whose  doubtful  ortho- 
raphy  and  defiance  of  all  punctuation  were  so  many  stumblinir- blocks  to  mv 
manuensis,  it  calls  up  a  scene  of  whimsical  distresses,  not  usually  encctuntereti, 
n  which  the  p)od  natured  reader  may,  perl ia|)s,  allow  1  have  some  right,  now 
[that  1  have  ^ot  the  better  of  them,  to  dwe.l  with  sjitisfaction. 

I  will  oidy  remark,  in  conclusion  of  this  too  prolix  discussion  aboiit  njyself, 
that,  while  makin;;?  my  tortoise  like  proCTes.s,  1  saw  what  I  had  fondly  looked 
upon  as  my  own  j^rouiul  (having-:  indeed  lain  unmolested  by  any  other  invader 
for  so  many  ages)  suddeidy  entered,  and  in  part  occujtied.  by  one  of  my 
cnuntrymen.  1  allu<leto  Mr.  Irvine's  "  History  of  Columbus ''and  "Chronicle 
of  (Iraiiada ;  "  the  subjects  of  which,  although  covering  but  a  small  nart  of  my 
wliohi  plan,  form  certainly  two  of  its  most  brilliant  portions.  Now,  alas  I  if  not 
devoid  of  interest,  they  are,  at  least,  strijiped  of  trie  charm  of  novelty.  For 
what  eye  has  not  been  attracted  to  tne  sp(jt  on  which  the  lig^t  of  that  writer's 
genius  has  fallen  i 

1  camiot  (piit  the  subject,  wliich  has  so  long  occupied  me,  without  one 
glance  at  the  present  unhappy  condition  of  Spain  ;  who,  shorn  of  her  ancient 
splenilour,  humltled  by  the  loss  of  empire  abroad  and  credit  at  home,  Is 
aliaMiloned  to  all  the  evils  of  anarchy.  Yet,  deplorable  as  this  condition  is,  it 
is  not  so  bad  ivs  the  lethargy  in  which  she  has  been  sunk  forages.  Better  bo 
hiurieil  forward  for  a  season  on  the  wings  of  the  temj)est  than  stagnate  in  a 
deathlike  calm,  fatal  alike  to  intellectual  and  moral  progress.  The  crisis  of  a 
revolution,  when  old  things  are  passing  away  and  new  ones  are  not  yet  estab- 
lisheil,  in  indeed  fearful.  Even  the  immerliate  consecpiences  of  its  achieve- 
ment are  scarcely  less  so  to  a  i)eoi)le  who  have  yet  to  learn  by  experiment  the 
jirecise  form  of  institutions  l)est  suited  to  their  wants,  and  to  acconnno'late 
their  character  to  these  institutions.  Such  results  nuist  come  with  time,  how- 
ever, if  the  nation  be  but  true  to  itself.  Ami  that  they  will  come,  sooner  or 
later,  to  the  Sjianiards,  surelv  no  one  can  distrust  who  is  at  all  conversant 
with  their  earlier  history,  and  has  witnessed  the  examples  it  affords  of  heroic 
virtue,  devoted  patriotism,  and  generous  love  of  freedom  * 

"Clie  I'untlco  valore 
noil  e  ttiicor  morto," 

('loiids  and  darkness  have,  indeed,  settled  thick  around  the  throne  of  the 


Vlll 


PRKKACK. 


youtlifiil  Isaliclla;  Init  not  a  <l<'<'|K'r  daikm-is  tlnvn  that  wlii(  h  rnvorcl  ; 
niiiil  ill  the  fust  yi'H's  df  \\v\-  illiistriMiis  iiaiin'-;iki'  ;  ami  we  may  ImiiiMy  t 
that  tlic  Niiiic  I'lnviih'uci'  which  ;riiiih'il  hrr  ni^'u  to  so  itrusitcrniis  a  tcini.i 
tioii  may  carry  th«'  iiatidri  s-ifc  throiii'h  its  present  perils,  antl  .secure  to  it  li. 
^rejitest  df  earthly  hlessin^M,  civil  and  reliyioiis  liberty. 
NovfinlKr,  Ih;j7. 


PllKFAOK  TO  Tin-:  Tlirill)   ENGLISH   EDITION 


SiNcK  the  piihlication  of  the  First  Ktlitictii  of  this  work,  it  has  niider^'un 
carefiil  revision  ;  and  this,  ailed  hy  the  coniminiii  ations  of  several  iiit»'lli;j 
friends,  who  have  taken  an  interest  in  its  success,  has  enalded  me  to  cdii 
several  verhal  inaccuracies,  and  a  f«'w  tyi»o;;raphical  errors,  which  had  I 
previously  overlooked.  While  tln^  Second  Kditinn  was  passin;,'  throu^di  th 
jtress,  1  received, also, copies  of  two  vjiluahle Spanish  wtuks,  haviii;^  relatii'H  t 


.'t'l, 


H'l'!, 


the  rei;,'n  of  the  Cathdlic  soverei^Mis,  hut  \\hich,  as  they  app«'ared  during'  tl 
recent  trouhh's  of  tin;  Peninsula,  had  nut  Iwfoni  come  to  my  knowledj^e.  Knr 
these  I  am  indebted  to  the  politeness  i»f  Don  An^'el  CahU'ron  de  la  |{<irca,  lat-' 
Spanish  Minister  at  Washington  ;  a  uenlleman  whose  frank  and  libmil 
manners,  piM'soual  accomplishmcnls,  and  ind(;peudent  conduct  in  public  life 
have  secured  for  him  tleservedly  high  consideration  in  the  United  States  as 
well  as  in  his  own  country. 


IL'llv 


1  nnist  still  further  acknowledire  my  obli^^•vtion  to  Don  I'ascual  deOavai 
the  learned  author  of  the  "  .Mahonunedan  I)ynasties  in  Spain,"  recently  jMiti- 
lished  in  liOinlt)n,  a  work  which,  frouj  its  thorough  investigation  of  oriu'inal 
.sources  and  its  tine  spirit  of  criticism,  nujst  supply,  what  has  been  so  loni;  felt 
to  be  a  desideratum  with  the  student,  the  means  of  foruiing  a  perfect  acipiaiiit- 
ance  with  the  Arabic  pijrtion  of  tlu^  Peninsular  annals.  There  fell  into  thf 
hands  of  this  gentleman,  on  the  bre^aking  up  of  the  convents  of  Saragossa,  in 
IS.T),  a  rich  collection  of  original  documents,  compnihending,  among  otlitr 
thing.s,  the  autograph  correspondence  of  Kenlinaud  and  Isaliella,  and  of  the 
jtrimipal  per.sons  of  their  c(»iirt.  It  formed,  i)robablv,  part  of  the  library  if 
(Jieroinmo  Zurita,— historiographer  of  Aragon  under  Philiit  the  Second,  -ulni, 
]iy  virtue  of  his  ottice,  was  intrusted  with  whatevi'r  documents  would  iilustrati' 
tlie  history  of  the  coinitry.  This  rare  collection  was  left  at  his  dejith  to  w 
monastery  in  his  native  city.  Although  Zurita  is  one  of  the  principal  authorities 
for  the  present  work,  there  are  many  detiiils  of  interest  in  this  correspondtM 


r 


lice 


en!!- 


which  have  pas>ed  unnoticed  by  him,  even  when  forming  the  basis  of  liis 
elusions  ;  and  1  have  gladly  availed  myself  of  the  liberality  and  great  kindiu— 
of  Senor  de(jiayangos,  who  has  placed  the.se  manuscripts  at  my  disposal,  tran 
scribiu,:' such  as  I  have  .selected  for  the  corroboration  and  further  illustratioii  '' 
mv  work.  Thedilhculties  attending  this  labour  of  love  will  be  bettei 
when  it  is  understood  that  the  original  writing  is  in  an  anti(piated"cliara( 
wliicli  few  Spanish  .scholars  of  the  present  day  could  comprehend,  and  ofte 
cipher,  which  reipiires  much  patience  and  ingenuity  to  explain.  With  t 
various  emendations,  it  is  hoped  that  the  |»re.sent  Kdition  may  be  found  n 


irl 
■\vU 


lU'.l' 


I'l: 


(Ic 


servinyof  that  favour  from  the  public  which  has  been  so  cuurteou.sly  accoo 


to  the  precedin 
March,  1841. 


iiiiiiiMv  ii 

IS  »l   tfVlllll 

L'luo  to  it  t 

1 

CONTEXTS. 


-•rt*. 


)IT10\. 

tindor^roiic  ;, 
III  iiitt'llip'iit 
lie  to  cuiitv: 
I'll  liaij  Uri. 
tlinniKli  tli. 
'A  ri'lfitinii  t 
1  iliiriii^'  III,. 
'Vlr(|^'(«.  !•',,' 
I  li;iiva,  la(.' 
and  lilicml 
1  piililic  IiiV 
id  States  sa 

\o  OavHiiLw, 

'•■('iitly  I  Mill. 

of  oriL,nii;il 

so  l(»n;i  fdt 

't  acfiiiaiiit 

I'll  iiit,.  thf 

arap)ssa,  in 

iioii<,'  otiicr 

and  fif  the 

ihraiv  I  if 

•lid,— uh.i, 

1  illi  1st  rati' 

leatli  to  ;i 

iiitlioritiiN 

'Nix'iidt'licc 

or  his  (I 111 

t  kindiicM 

'"•■^al,  trail 

stration  of 

•prcciatc'l 

cnaructcr, 

I  often  iii 

V'itli  tli<"«v 

•iiiid  niori' 

yaccordcJ 


INTKODUCTION. 


SKCriOM   I.  I'AOK 

H'ltW     (IK     TIIK     ('axTII.IAN       MkNAIWIIV 

IIIH-KK    IMK    KiKn.KNril  Cl  NTl  UV  ..  1 

lit*' of  <.yn{u  at  till'  Mlitille  t>f  the  FiN 

III  mil  ('I'litiiiy. .         . .          .         . .  1 

•Ml  Iv  llhtory  and  ('ukmlltution  uf  CoMtilo  'Z 

VjxiuiitllA       ..             ..             •.             ••  'i 

iivifjoii  III  (In;  AraljH        ..         ..         ..  3 

t<  liitliii'iice  uii  the  Coiidltlun  of   the 

sp.iiiianlH  .,         .           . .          . .          . .  4 

anTv  of  thi'lr  hIow  UecoiiquoHt  uf  the 

Ciiiiiitry ..  4 

'III  Ir  uliiiiiati' Surci'H*  ortniii          ..  6 

lull    Krllujiilis  |';iltliUsilt>i|ll            ..             ..  6 

iilliiciiii*  111  tliilr  MiiiHtii'lHy  ..          ..  G 

'J  III  ir  Cliarity  to  tliu  liill(t<  I          ..          ..  7 

'III  jr  Ciiivalry 7 

hirly  liiiiKirlaiicf  of  the  CastlUaii  Tuwiib  « 

~'  iiir  rtivllt'^'cH. .          ..          . ,         . .  H 

itiliikii  I'lirtfs        . .         , .         ..         . .  10 

It-  i:rt'iit  I'liwi'M           ..         ..         ..  11 

In  II.  IiIiii'ns I'JI 

III  riii.tiiil.'iil<-H  of  ('H^tile            ..          ..  12 

\\  ..iltliul  th..  Citifs             13 

r  ri.^i  111  ilif  higlu'st  Power  of  the  Com- 

llinM>                 ,,               ..               ..               ..               ,.  I't 

Till.  NiiliilUv U 

'Up  ir  rrivlliro'' IS 

'Iliiir  Kri'Ht  Wealth lu 

•j  In  ir  tnrliiileiit  Spirit        17 

Till. 'Vmi/it/tu!  or  Knights      ..         ..  17 

Tlii'<'|.T(?y 18 

Iiitluiui.  of  the  Pnpal  Court  ..         ..  Irt 

'  "rrii|itioii  {  f  tin- t  ier^jy    ..  .,  ,.19 

Tin  ir  rii'li  I'okscshIoiis  . ,           ..          ..  19 

l.iinitfil  Kxttiit  ot  tiic  Iloyal  Prcrogatlvo  20 

I'.iMrty  of  the  Crown  ..          ..         ..  22 

lis  Causes 22 


Afiecl.ite  of  If.nry  III.  of  rantlle      . 
Coiixtiiiitloii  nt  the  l(«'KiiiiiuiK  of  lht>  Fif 

toeiitli  Ci  iitiiry  . .  . .  ,. 

Coiistitiitl  mhI  Urilers  I  n  Ca«tilo  ,. 

Notice  uf  Marina  and  S<-ni|ieru 

SK("ri(»N    II. 

UkVIKW  of  TlIK  (.'iiNsriTI  rii»v  op  AUA 
<.iiN.  TOTIIK  MlUlll.K  itt  niK  KirTKKNTS 
('■ATI  ItV 

}Uti'  of  AragoM 

Fori'ii^ii  (^'^l|lleHt8  ..         ..         •■ 

(Imli- of  S4>|,rurlK'  

I'lie  l:i>u-  lloinhres  ..  .. 

Tlnir  linniniiitieH         

Tlii'lr  I  iirlmli'Mit?     . ,         .,         ,. 

I'liuli'K''^  "f  I'lil'iii 

'I'lnir  .\l>ri'j:ation 

Till' Ii''>{ii«lui lire  of  Arai^oii      ..         , 
Its  Fornii  of  Proceeding    ,.  .. 

Its  I'liwer.-*  . .  . .  . . 

The  (i'lH  nil  Privlle(fo  ..  ,. 

.Iiulli  ial  Knmtions  of  Cortes  .. 

Pre]ionil<Tati('e  of  the  (!iininioiiri  . . 

'ilii'  Jusliie  of  Araiioli  . . 

His  gri'iit  Aiitliority  . .         ,, 

S'liiriiy  iiK'dnst  its  Aliiisf 

Inil<'|Miidi.iit  Kxcciitinn  of  it         .. 

N'Hiencia  uml  Cutaloni.i 

Hise  and  (t|iulenee  of  Barcelona  .. 

Her  free  Institutions     . . 

Huunlity  Spit  it  of  ih(!  Catalans    .. 

Intelleetiiiil  (Culture 

Poetieal  Academy  of  Tortosa 
Hrii  f  (ilory  of  the  Limousin    . . 
Conititutioiial  Writtrs  i.n  Arafcon 
Notices  of  lilaiicus,  Martel;  and  Caiimuiiy 


I'Ar.K 

22 

34 

24 


25 

25 
2I> 

27 
27 
2.S 
29 
29 

au 
au 
ai 

32 
33 
33 
3( 
35 
35 
30 
37 
37 
3H 
39 
411 
41 
42 
42 
43 
43 


PART    FIltST. 

THK  I'KIuhD  WIIKN  TIIK  HI  FF I  IKK  NT  KINGDOMS  OF  SPAIN  WKRF,  FIItST  UNITF.D 
INHKH  ONK  MONAItCnV,  AND  A  THOUOIIOII  KKFOIIM  WAS  INTKODt'CKD  INTO 
TIIKIR  INTKRNAL  AD.MINISTUA  IION  ;  OH  TIIK  PKIIIOD  KXHlUITINU  MOST 
FULLY   TnK    DOMKSTIC   l*OLI0V   OF    FKKDINAND    AND    ISAIJKLLA. 


CHAPTER   I. 
!  State  <ik  Castilk    at   tiik    BiKTir  of 

ISAHKLLA  — UkIOS     I)F    JoHN    U.    OK 

<'AsriI,K 

lleviilution  of  Trastamara     .. 
Accession  of  John  11.       . .         . .         . . 


47 
47 
47 


lli-ie  of  Alv.iro  d'-  I. una         . . 
,r<'nloii--y  of  till'  N'olili'S      .,  .. 

Ojiprossion  of  the  *  ominous  .. 
Its  ( jinsi'ijuenees    .  . 
Karty  Literature  of  Castile    . , 
Its  Ene.iuniif'ineMt  under  John  II. 
Maniuis  ot  Villena     ..         .. 


48 
4« 
49 
511 
M 
M 
61 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Marquis  of  Santillana 53 

Jiilin  ())' Moiia  ..        ..        ..         ..  53 

His  Iiiflui'nw         ..  54 

Kaciia'H  Caiicionpro     . .         . .         . .  54 

('HHtilittti  l>it(»riitiirc  undor  John  II.      ..  55 

Di'clinc  of  Alvttio  de  Luira    ..         ..  56 

His  Fall       56 

His  Death          57 

Lanii'iitcd  hy  Jolin            ..         ..         ..  57 

ItPiilhof  .John  II 67 

ISirtb  of  iHabella 68 

CIIAPTKR   II. 

CONDITTON  OF  AkA(;oN  DIIUKG   THK  Ml- 
NOKITY     OK    FkHIUNAXD— UeION   OF 

John  U.  of  Ahagon           ..         ..  68 

John  of  Arap^on            ..         ..         ..  53 

Tillo  of  his  Stm  Carlos  to  Navarre        . .  59 

He  takes  AruiH  against  biH  Father  ..  59 
Is  defeat!  d    ..          .            ..          ..          ..60 

Hi  It  h  of  Ferdinand      .           ..         ..  60 

Carlos  retires  to  Naples  . .         . .         . .  60 

lie  jmsses  into  Sicily 61 

Jiiliiill.  succeeds  to  the  Crown  of  Aragon  61 

Carlos  reconciled  with  his  Father    . .  62 

Is  imprisoned          6'2 

In-urrection  of  the  Catalans  . .         . .  63 

Carlos  released       63 

His  Death          64 

lll.-«  Character         64 

TraRical  Story  of  Blanche      . ,         . .  65 

Ferdinand  sworn  Heir  to  the  Crown     ..  66 

Hesiijred  by  the  Catalans  in  Gerona  66 

Treaty  between  France  and  Aragon     . .  67 

General  Revolt  in  Catalonia  . .         . .  67 

Successes  of  John  ..         ..         ..         ..  68 

Crown  of  Catalonia  offered  to  Rene  of 

Anjoii 68 

Distress  and  Kmbarrassments  of  John. .  69 

I'epularity  of  the  Duke  of  Jjorraine  70 

Death  of  the  Queen  of  Aragon   . .         . .  1Q 

Improvement  in  John's  Affairs       ..  70 

Siege  of  Barcelona 71 

It  surrenders     ..         ..         ..         .,  71 

CHAPTER  III. 

Reign  of  Hknuy    IV.   of  Castile — 
Civil  Wah— Makuiage  of  Fkudi- 

KANu  and  Isabella           ..        ..  72 

Popularity  of  Henry  IV 72 

He  (iisippoints  Kxpectations      ..         ..  73 

His  dissolute  Habits 74 

Oppression  of  the  People            . .         . .  74 

D'basemeiit  of  the  Coin          . .         . .  75 

Character  of  Pacheco,  Marquis  of  Villena  75 

Cliaracter  of  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  76 
Interview  between  Henry  IV.  and  Louis 

XI 76 

Disgrace  of  Villena  and  the  Archbishop 

of  Toledo        .  .          . ,          . .          , .  77 

League  of  the  Nobles 77 

Deposition  of  Henry  at  Avila          . .  78 

I  ivision  of  Parties            79 

Iiitrigui's  of  the  Marquis  of  Villena  79 

Henry  disbands  his  Forces          . .         . .  80 

Proposition  for  the  Marriage  of  Isabella  80 


HA' 


Her  early  Education 

Projected  Union  with  the  Grand  .Master 
oft'alitrava        

His  sudden  Death        

Mattle  of  Olmedo    .. 

Civil  Anarchy  . . 

Death  and  Ch;iractpr  of  Alfonso  .. 

His  lli'igri  a  Usurpation 

The  Crown  offered  to  Isab'Ua    . . 

She  declines  it   , . 

Treaty  iMtween  Henry  and  the  Con- 
federates 

Isabel  la  m:know  bulged  Heir  to  the  Crown 
at  Toros  de  Guisando  .. 

Suitors  to  Isal>ella 

Ferdinand  of  Aragon  . . 

Su|.;>()rt  of  Jo.tnna  Bi'liraneja    .. 

Pro{)o.^al  of  the  King  of  Portugal  rejected 
by  Isabella 

She  accejits  Ferdinand  .. 

Articles  of  Marriage  

Crit  eal  Situation  of  Isabella 

Ferdinand  enters  Castile  . . 

Private  Interview  betwei-n  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella        

Their  Marriage  

Notice  of  the  Qulncuagenas  of  Oviedo  . . 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Factions  in  Castile— Wau  retwren 

F'UANfE    AND    AKAGON — DlCATH   OF 
HeNKY  IV.  OF  Castilk 

Factions  in  Castile 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella    .. 

Civil  Anarchy  ..         

Revolt  of  Roussillon  from  Louis  XI.    . . 

Gallant  Defence  of  Peri)ignan 

Ferdinand  raises  the  Siege 

Treaty  between  France  and  Aragon 

Isabella's  Party  gains  StreiiL'th  . . 

Interview  between  Henry  IV.  and  Isa- 
bella at  Segovia 

Second  P'rench  Invasion  of  Roussillon 

Ferdinand's  summary  Execution  of  Jus- 
tice 

Siege  and  Reduction  of  Perpignan  .. 

Perfidy  of  Louis  X I 

Illne>-<  of  Henry  IV.  of  Castile 

His  I     ith 

Influence  of  his  Reign 

Notice  of  Alonso  de  Palencla     , . 

Notice  of  Enriquez  del  Castillo        . . 

CHAPTER  V. 

Acce.ssu)n  of  Feiuhnand  and  Isabella 
— W  au  of  THE  SuccEs-sioN— Rattle 
of  Toko         

Title  of  Isabella  

She  is  i>roclaimed  Queen 

Settlement  of  the  Crow  n 

Partisans  of  .Joanna 

Alfonso  of  Portugal  supports  her  Cause 

He  invades  Castile  

He  espouses  Joanna    . . 

Castilion  Army 

Ferdinand  marches  against  Alfonso 


10' 

lu: 
lo. 

M. 
M 

lu.i 

1"! 

lot 


105 


lu- 
ll'- 

111.' 
iiij 
iiv 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


pm 


rand  Master 


nso . . 

"  •  •  • 

la    .. 

d  the  Coii- 

o  the  Crown 


gal  rejected 


Ferdinand 


r  Oviedo  . .     i  4 


RKTWKKy 

Dkath  of 


"3X1.      ., 

0 

•    • 

li 

*                             •   • 

>i. 

ragon 

i(. 

1  .. 

9- 

and  Isa- 

•  '                 •  • 

lie 

iseillon 

In: 

m  of  Ju8- 

•  • 

h-: 

lan  .. 

iii. 

•  •                 t  t 

hi: 

•  • 

hi 

•  •                 •  • 

iii.i 

In; 

•  •                 •  t 

ln( 

•  • 

IK 

''ABKr.LA 

-iUXTLE 

*            •  • 

105 

..  !'•■ 

r  Cause  li  • 

.,  1".' 

..  11. 

ISO  lit 


I'AC.E 

I  f  lianen(re<>  him  to  personal  Combat  1 1 1 

mnlirlv  Httri'iit  ot'tlii' Castili.ms      ..  Ill 

biiropniniiiu  c-r  the  <'lmnli  Plate       ..  112 

urciMi/Htinti  of  the  Army              ..  1 1'J 

UiH  (it  I'Mrtiiu'iii  arrives  l.efore  Zamora  113 

bhiinl  I'lisiiinti           113 

iirliletiiv  ilteanii-s       . .          ..          ..  114 

teiiiikfii  iiv  Fcnlinand        ..         ..  114 

Ittlf.lTnf.l          114 

be  rurtiiirufse  roiitid           ..         ..  115 

ilii  IhiV  I'haiiksnivinK  f^r  the  Victory  1I6 

ilhiiii-islcpti  ciftlie  wlmif  Kinjriloin       ..  116 

!!■  KiiiK  <'i  i'urtiipal  visit;,  Fr.uice  117 

efuniH  t(i  rortiij/al          IIH 

Mil' with  France       ..          ..          ..  118 

Ictivc  Me. isures  iif  Isabella        ..          ..  118 

Jre.ity  of  I'eacc  with  I'ortugal        ..  119 

jamia  takes  tlie  Veil       ..          ..         .,  120 

patii  >)f  till' Kinn  of  Portuijal          ..  120 

patii  of  the  Kinn  of  Ara>?on      ..         ..  120 

CHAI'TEIi  VI. 

STKUNAf.    AnMIMSTKATION    OF  Ca -TtLB  121 

cle  me  of  llilurm  for  the  Government 

<.M'a<tiie              122 

^iliiiiiiistratioii  of  .Iimtlce      ..         ..  122 

stiiMishinent  of  the  Hermandad         ..  122 

loije  of  th'' llernianilad         ..         ..  123 

■flictual  ttpposition  of  the  .Nobility  123 

rniiiiilt  at  S«'fjovia 124 

Is.iklla's  I'nsviice  of  Mind        ..         ,.  124 

|suln'lla  visits  Seville             ..          ..  125 

H<r  spl' mli't  Reception  there     ..         ,.  125 

•If  K.\i'cuti(>ii  of  .lustiee  . .         ,.  r26 

M  .:i|iiis  of  Cadiz  and  Duke  of  Medina 

M'tor.ia           126 

II^p,\al  l'ro(;rres8  through  Andalusia      ..  127 

lliii|iartial  Kxecution  of  the  LawH    ..  127 

lli'oinaiiizatloii  of  tlie  Tribunals           ..  127 
[Kihj:  and  Queen  preside  In  Courts  of 

.lustiee           129 

[r.i-tstaliiishnient  of  Order          ..         ..  129 

!{•  f(inn  ol  the  .lurisprudence           ..  129 

UimIc  of  Oriienan^as  Ueales          ..         .,  130 

I  Si  hi-nies  for  reducing  the  Nobility  . .  130 

llrvi^atioii  of  tlie  lioyal  Grants            ..  131 

I,"  jrisiative  Enactments         . .           .  132 
Till'  t^iieen's  spirited  Conduct  to  the  No- 

I'ility        1.33 

Military  Orders  of  Castile      ..         ..  134 

(iMhr  of  St.  .Jagt 135 

tinti'r  of  Calatrava 136 

dnl'T  of  Alcantara  ..         ..         ..136 

«iraiid-ni!iKterships  annexed  to  the  Crown  13« 

'1  liiir  Itiformalion       ..         ..         ..  138 

I  -urpations  oltlie  Church          ..         ..  13« 

1;.  si >iei]  by  Cortes 139 

I'lllt'ieiice  with  the  Pope              ..          ..  1.39 

I'o'storat  ion  of  Trade 140 

Saliiiary  Kn.actnieiifs  of  Cortes  . .         ..  141 

Prosperity  of  the  Kingdom    ..         ..  141 

Notice  of  Clemencin         143 

CHAPIEIt  VII. 

l^STAnI.tSltMF.^•T  OF  THI-.   MoDKRN  I.NQCI- 

^mns         143 

Urifriii  of  the  Ancient  Inquisition         ..  144 


PAGE 

Its  Introduction  into  Arapon           ..  144 

Hetro^pective  View  of  the  Jews  in  Spain  Vt6 

Uiiler  the  Arabs         . .         ..         . .  l  j6 

I'nder  the  Castiiians         ..         ..         ..  147 

J'ersecution  oi"  tlie  .lews        ..         ..  1)7 

Tie  ir  .state  at  the  Acces.sion  of  Isabella  i  *9 

Charges  against  them             ..         ..  149 

lb  got  ry  of  the  Age              150 

Its  Itiliiienoe  on  I-^alH'Ua       ..         ..  mo 

Character  of  her  (Jontessor 'forriin  niada  151 

I'apal  Ibill  aii'horiziiig  the  lni|iiisition  151 

Isalx'lla  resorts  to  milder  Measures      ..  151 

Knforces  the  I'apal  Ibili         ..         ..  152 

lnc|iiisitio,  at  Seville        ..         ..         ..  152 

I'roofs  of  .1  idaisni       ..         ..         ..  153 

Tlie  sniiir.ii:iary  I'rocoedings  of  the  In- 

qciisitors         ..         ..         ..         ..  153 

Conduct  of  the  Papal  Court         ..         ..  154 

Final  Organization  of  the  Inquisition  154 

Forms  of  Trial       155 

Torture 155 

Injustice  of  its  Pr(X?eedings  ..  ..  156 
Autos  da  Fe  ..  .  ..  157 
Convictions  under 'I'orquemada..  ..  15H 
Perbdious  I'olicy  of  Koine  ..  ..  159 
Notice  of  Lltirente's  History  of  the  In- 
quisition    ICO 

CHAPTER  VIlI. 

RkVIKW  of  THF.  PoMTirAL  ANO  IN- 
TKI.MX'TLAI,  CoKIMTION  OF  THE 
Sl'AMSH    AUAIW    rilF.VIOL'S    TO   TUB. 

Wai{  OF  Gkanai>a         ..          ..  161 

Farly  Successes  of  Maiiometaidsm        ..  101 

Con(|Uest  of  Spain        ..          ..          ..  1B2 

AVestern  Caliphate            ..         ..          ..  163 

Form  of  (Joveiimient             ..         ..  163 

Character  of  the  .Sovereigns        ..         .,  164 

Military  Establishment          ..         ..  164 

."^umptuous  public  Works           ..         ..  164 

Great  .Mosque  of  Cordova      ..         ..  165 

Revenues     ..         ..         ..         ..         ..  165 

Mineral  Wealth  of  Spain       ..         ..  H!6 

Husbandry  and  Manufactures    ..         ..  166 

Population         ..         ..          ..          ..  166 

Character  of  A  Ihakem  II.           .,         ..  167 

Inttllectual  Development      ..          ..  Iti7 

Dismemberment  of  the  (Jordovan  Empire  168 

Kingdom  of  <iran.ida     .         ..          ..  1H9 

Agriculture  and  Commerce        ..         ..  170 

Resources  of  tlie  Crown  ..  ..       .170 

Lu.Mirious  tJliaracter  of  the  Pe<jple       ..  17o 

Moorish  Gallantry       ..         ..          ..  171 

Chivalry       ..         .           172 

Unsettled  State  of  (Jranada  ..          ..  172 

Causes  of  her  successful  Resistance       ..  17.J 

Literature  of  tlie  Spanish  Arabs      ..  173 

Circumstances  favourable  to  it  ..         ..  174 

Provisions  for  Learning         ..         ..  174 

The  actual  Results           175 

Averroes            .           .,         ..         ..  175 

Their  Historical  Merits 176 

Useful  Discoveries        ..          ..           ..  176 

The  Impulse  given  by  them  to  VAirope  176 

Their  eleg.int  I>iterature       ..         ..  177 

Poetical  Character             177 

lutluence  on  the  Cast"  an      ..         ..  178 


xu 


CONTENTS. 


I'ACiE 

Circumstances  prtjudiciiil  to  their  Ropu- 
tatii.ii  ..         ..  .         ..  179 

Notices  of  Ca>iii,  Cond<',  and  Cardunue     18U 


ClIAl'TKR  IX. 
War  ok  Granada — Suuruisr,  op  Za 
iiAitA — (Jaituiik  of  Ai.hama 

Zilmra  surprised  l)y  tlie  Moors 

Description  of  7MI111111U     .. 

Til';  Manpds  ol'C'advz 

liis  K.\ix  (liti(»n  against  Alliania 

Sinpiise  of  lln' I'ortresa         ..         .. 

Valor  of  till- Citi/.i'Hs         .. 

.Sally  up' Ml  the  .Mcjurs  .. 

1)  spi'iali!  Combat  ..         .. 

Fall  of  Alliama 

Coiistcrn.ilion  of  tlie  Moors 

Till-  Moors  Iji'siiKc  Alliama  .. 

Distress  of  tlie  ( iarrisoti   . . 

The  Duke  of  Medina  Sjdoiiia 

M.irclics  to  relieve  Alliama         .. 

Raises  the  Sief^e 

MeotiiiiJ!  of  the  two  Armies 

Till' Sovereigns  at  Cordova    ..    ,     .. 

Alliama  invested  again  by  the  Moors 

l>ialiella's  l-'irmiiess     ,. 

Ferdinand  raises  the  Siege 

Vig<^roU8  Measures  of  the  Queen     . . 


CHAPTER  X. 
War  of  Granaha— Unsucckssfitl  At- 

TKMIT     ox     LoJA  — DlCFEAT    IN    THE 
AXAIiijLIA 

Sief^e  of  Loja      .  . 
Casiilian  l-'orces     ,.  ..         ., 

Eiicamiiment  before  T-oJa 
Skirmish  with  tlie  Enemy 
Ri'tre.it  of  the  Spaiiiiirds 
Revolution  in  <Jranada     .. 
J)e.ith  of  the  Archbisliop  of  Toledo 
Alfairs  of  Italy 

Of  Navarre        

Resources  cf  the  Crown    .. 
Justice  of  the  Sovereigns       . . 
Espedition  to  the  Axarquia 
'I'll'' military  Arr.ij'    ,,  .. 

Progress  of  the  Army 
MDorish  Preparations..         .. 
Skirmish  amoii^;  tlie  Moantaina 
Retreat  of  the  Spaniards 
Their  disastrous  Situation 
Til  y  res<jlve  to  force  a  Passage 
DinicuUies  of  the  Ascent 
Dreadful  Slaughter 
j"\lar(iuis  of  Cadiz  escapes. . 
Losses  of  the  Ciiristians        . . 


CHAPTER   XI. 
War  of  Granada — Ginkral  Vikw  op 

rilK   PuI.ICV    I'fRsLlCD    IN    THE   CoN- 

Dtrr  OF  THIS  War 

Abdallah  marches  against  the  Christians 
III  Omens    . . 

Marches  on  liUcena 

Battle  uf  Luceria 


181 
182 

182 
183 
183 
184 
181 
185 
IK.-J 
185 
180 

1»7 
187 
188 
188 
188 
1M9 
189 
189 

189 
190 
190 


191 

191 
191 
191 
192 
193 
194 
195 
196 
196 
197 
198 
198 
199 
200 
200 
200 
2(rt 
201 
202 
202 
203 
203 
203 


204 

205 
205 
205 
206 


Capture  of  Alitlallab   .. 

Losses  of  the  Moors 

Moorish"  Embassy  to  Cordova  . . 

Deliutes  in  the  Spanish  Council. . 

Treaty  witli    \bdallah 

Interview  Iwnveen  the  two  Kings 

(teneral  Policy  of  the  War    .. 

Dicessaiit  HostiliticL- 

])evtistating  Forays 

Stret.gth  of  the  Moorish  Fortresses 
Description  of  tlie  Piv'ces 
Of  the  Kinds  of  Ammunition     .. 
Rimds  for  the  Artillery 
Defences  of  the  Moors 
'J'ernis  to  the  VatKiuished 
Suiiplies  fir  the  A.  luy     .. 
Isabella's  Care  of  the  Troops  .. 

Her  Perseverance  in  the  War    .. 
Policy  towards  the  Nobles    .. 
Comp'isitioii  of  the  Army 

Swiss  Ml  rceiiaries       

The  English  l.ord  Scales 

The  t^ueeii's  Courtesy 
Magniliceiice  of  tlie  Nobles 
Their  Gallaniry 

Isabella  visits  the  Camp 

Royal  Costume 

Devout  Demeanour  of  the  Sovereigns  .. 
Ceremonies  on  the  Occiiiiation  of  a  City 
Release  of  Christian  Captives    .. 
Pidicyin  foimiitini/  the  Moorish  Factions 
Christian  Coiupiests 
Notice  of  Fernando  del  Piilgar 
Notice  of  Antonio  de  i.ebrija     .. 

CHAPTER   Xir. 
Istf,rnal  Affaiiw  i>f  rni;  Kingdom— 

I\(iLISITIoN    IN    ARAOON 

Isabella  enforces  the  Laws    . .         . . 

Chastisement  of  certain  Ecclesiastics    . . 
Mirri.ige  of  Catharine  of  Navarre   . . 
l,iberation  of  Catalan  Serfs 
]m|iiisition  in  Arag<in  ..         .. 

Reiiionstraiiees  of  Cortes  . .         . .         . . 

Conspiracy  fornvd       . .  . .  . . 

Assassination  of  Arbues  . .         . .  . . 

Cruel  Persecutions 

IiKiuisition  throughout  Ferdinand's  Do- 
uiinious 

CHAPTER   XIII. 

War  of  Granada— Surrkndkr  of  Vf.- 
LEz  Malaga — Siege  and  Conquest 
OF  Malaga    . .         

Position  of  Velez  Malaga 
Army  before  Velez 

Defeat  of  El  Zagul       

Narrow  Escape  of  Ferdinand 
Surri  nder  of  Velez 

Description  of  Malaga 

Sharp  Rencontre 

Malaga  itivested  by  Sea  and  Land 

r.rilliant  Spectacle 

Extensive  Preparations    .. 

The  t^ueen  visits  the  Camp   . . 

Summons  of  the  Town 


■J  J I 

'::4 


ZM 


it'cr  of  the  >l 
fp  Kellds  of  t| 

I'lnpt  to  ass;i 
ItT'ss  and  li' 
tliusiasiii  of  ll 

Cil'lilicef  till 

lerai  >ally  . 
1,  p'sity  <da 
iw  ui  ks"  earri. 
^,.\"U-  laiiiHil 

l,|„,-,,|s  {nV  Si| 

luu'liiy  l>em<a| 
)lai;a  'iirreiidir 
Iritie.iliou  of  tl 
ItralU f  of  the 

|1.  is"  of  ('111  i- 

„ut.'ftlie  Ml 
Ij-.llc  '    p!t>sedr 

irv  1>  vice  of 
I'nlicy  oft 
i-u-uns  for  rep 

cn 

lAIi  <IF  OUANAl 
slIlMlSSlu 

^(.  Scvereigns  v 
r,..i.ls  into  Crai 
Liil.  r  War 
^il.as<v  tmm  M 
fci.aralioiis  for 
,  Kiiin  takes  (. 
_siunii  and  Stre 
psault  on  the  (ii 
bhl"JlldiilCV  oft 
.lied  by  I  sal 
,|,us  ^•^■ared  « 
tv  ( Insely  inve: 
Is-ioii  from  the 
uu-es  erecteii  fi 
-trict  Discipli 
■aw  leiiipest 
jl..\l.i's  Euei-if: 
fi  i.atriotic  Sac 
Uiiinii  of  tin 
(iiliella  visits  111 
Bs|„.ii^ioii  iif  A 
H'/.a  surrenders 

,\\  llticMIS     .. 

ccnpaticiii  of  tVi 
renty  cf  Surrei 
mi'itiil  Mari'li  < 
at' rvH'W  betw 
[Ze-'ul 

up.ition  of  E 
,<]:;  valeiit  assi 

littii  illties  of  tl 

uil..  Uii's  I'opu 
ioiiL"  of  Peter 


'\H    OF    Git  A 
1! I.N  11  Kit  OF 

lie  Infanta  Is 
luMic  F.stivit 
Iraiiada  sumu 


CONTENTS. 


Xlll 


a 
icil.. 

Kings 


Lressea 


t     .. 


•         ■  t 


•ereigiis  . .    j; 
I  of  a  City    : 

ill  Factions    :: 


INGDOM- 


a*tics 
rre  .. 


ind's  Do- 


22i 


OF  Ve- 

in yUKsT 

•                      •    r 

223 

•   • 

'.'25 

•                      •  t 

i.'.'i; 

•  • 

'J 'J  I 

• 

■j;:*; 

iircr  of  the  Marquis  of  dwliz 

fll   l".'IUi-i  ottllf  MooFH 

Linpt  t..  asxiis.Miiat.'  tli.'  Sovcn-ign!! 
|tr.->*  amt  10's<pluti.>ii  of  tin;  licsiog' u 
tliUsiasiii  (if  til''  Cliristiuiis 

:\].\\uf  ..f  the  Army    .. 

,. ml  S;illy • 

i.r  .-iiy  of  a  Moorish  Ivniglit 

tuui  Us  larrit'il 
|f\<iii->  laiiiiiii'    .  • 

-.,1-  U<y  Siirri'iitliT 
kiiL'hiy  I).ni<a!i(iur  •>(  iM-nliiiaml 
klaL'.i'-iiiTfii.l'r--  it  DiHcretion 
Irilicitiiiii  of  the  City    . . 

itr.iIUc-  of  I  III-  SoVt Trit?!!-*    .  . 

|1;  ,iv<  111  Chi  i-tiaii  Captives     . . 

ill  lit  of  the  Malai-'aiis 
111  I   passrd  on  thiiu   . 

ir\-  1>  Nice  of  rcrilin.iiiil    .. 

u.'l  I'olity  of  ih."  Victors 
k-uns  fur  rfi»-oi>li'-iK  Malaga 

CII  AlTEll  XIV. 
|au  of  Granada— CoNyn>T  of  Baza 

.L'llMIS.sloN  OK  El.  ZA<iAI. 

■  "^''Vor^iRns  visit  Aragon 
.nl-i  into  (Jraiiada 
>ril.  r  War 

il.,i^sv  trnm  Mnxiiiiilian 

punitioii^  I'or  tlif  Sir^te  of  I?aza  . . 
KiiiH  takis  Coinnuui'l  of  the  Army 
l»Miiiiii  ami  Stri  iij-'tli  uf  I?aza    .. 

iiilt  (111  the  (ianlcn  ... 

^^l"Mllll  iHv  of  the  Spanish  Chiefs 

■11. (l  liy  Isalwlla 

|ri|.ii<  ilcarcd  of  tluir  Timber 

( jiisily  invested  . .         . .         .  < 
Js-ioii  from  tiic  Sultan  of  Egypt 
ju-(s  ercitcd  for  the  Army 

strict  Discipline 

pav y  It'iiipest  

ll»ll,i's  Energy 

i-i  luitridtic  Sacrifices  .. 

luiiiiii  of  the  Ik'sieged 
iliclla  visits  the  Camp        ..         .. 

pspi'ii-iiiii  (if  yVrms         . .         . . 

H/a  surrenders  . .         . .         . . 

u<ti'!itii>iis    ..  ..  ,.  .. 

icujiatinii  of  the  City 
riuty  (if  SurrciidiT  with  El  Zapal 
lii'itiil  March  (if  tlie  Spanish  Army 
hi' rvicw   between    Ferdinand   and 

|Z..j.'al 

C(  up.ition  of  El  Zajral's  Domain    . . 
lu'vali'iit  assigned  to  him 

li.  'iltics  (if  this  Campaign 
ml"  lias  i'dpuhirity  and  Influence 
^iHiLV  ut  I'cter  Martyr  ..         ,, 


I'AP.E 
230 
230 
2:51 

2:»2 

2.(2 
2;i2 

2;t;j 

233 
234 
234 
231 
23 1 
235 
235 
236 
236 
237 
237 
237 
238 


El 


239 

239 
239 
240 
240 
241 
241 
242 
242 
243 
244 
244 
244 
245 
246 
246 
246 
247 
247 
247 
248 
248 
248 
219 
24!) 
249 
250 

250 
250 
25 1 
251 
252 
252 


CHATTER  XV. 

I^'au  of  Guanada— Sikge  and  Sru- 

UlNIiKU  UF   TUK  CiTV    OF   G^KANADA       253 


PAOK 

Knighthood  of  D.  n  Juan      ..        ..  255 

Ferdinand's  I'olicy  255 

Jsahclla  iji'posf's  the  .Iudg<s  of  Chancery     2.Mi 

Ferdinand  iniistirs  his  I- (irces          ..  256 

Eiuanips  ill  till' V'egtt       ..         ..  ..     '.'.Mi 

I'dsitidii  of  Granada     ..          ..          ..  J5ti 

Moslem  and  Christian  Cliivalry  ..     257 

'Ilie  (^Ueen  SU  Veys  the  City.             ..  25« 

Skiiniish  with  the  Enemy           .,  ..     25s 

Coiitiagration  of  the  Clnistian  Camp  25.s 

Erection  if  Santa  Fe         ..         ..  ..     'J59 

Negotiations  fiir  Surrender    ..         ,.  25<) 

(^'ajiitulatioii  of  (Jranada              ..  ..     -tin 

('omniiitiDiis  in  (iranada        ..         ..  2(>() 

I'repaatimis  fir  occnpying  the  City  ..     2r.i> 

Tlie  (,  ross  raix'd  i.n  the  Alhanihra  . .  2til 

Fate  (if  Al)ilallah      ..         .         .  ..     2ti2 

Hesnlts  of  till'  NS'ar  of  Granada        ..  264 

Its  .Mural  Influence           ..          ..  ..     261 

lis  Military  Inlliieiice            ..         ..  264 

Destiny  of  the  .Mix irs        ..          ..  ..     265 

Death  and  Character  of  the  Manjuis  of 

Cadiz 265 

Notice    of    liernaldez,    Curate    of    ix)8 

I'alacios 2C6 

Irving's  Chronicle  of  Granada         ..  267 

OH  A  ITER  XVI. 

Ai'iT.irATiON  OF  Cni;i.sT(»rni:it  Coi.irxi- 
nia  AT  TUK  SiAM.sn  Colut 

Maritime  Enterprise  of  the  I'urtuf^uese 
Early  Si)anish  Discoveries     .. 
Eiirly  Histur^' of  Coluiiibiis 
Heliif  of  Land  in  the  West    .. 
Columbus  apiiiies  to  Portugal    . , 
To  the  Court  of  t'astilo 
Referred  to  a  Council 
His  Application  rejected        .. 
He  prepares  to  leave  Spain 
Interposition  in  his  IJehalf    .. 
Ciduiiibus  at  Santa  Fe 
Negotiations  again  liroken  off 
The  (Queen's  favourable  Dispot-it'-m 
Final  Arrangement  with  Columbus 
He  sails  on  liis  First  Voyage        . 
Indilference  to  hi.s  Kiilerpris'j 
Acknowledgments  due  to  Isabella 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
Expulsion  of  thk  Jews  FitoM  Spain 


'  Jews 


111   Infanta  Isal)ella 

lul'lic  I''.stivities 

Iranada  suuiuioned  In  vain 


253 

254 
254 


E.xcitement  against  the  Jew 
Fomented  by  the  Clergy  . . 
Violent  (.'oiidiict  of  Tuniuemada 
Edict  of  E.viinlsion 
Its  severe  Op'-ration    ..         .. 
Constancy  of  the  .Jews     . . 
Koiites  of  the  Emigrants 
Their  Sntb'rings  in  Africa 
III  other  Countries       . .         .. 
Whole  Number  of  E.\ile8 
Disastrous  Kesnlts 
True  M(jtives  ol  the  Edict 
ContemiKjrary  Judgnients     .. 
Ml.st.dven  i'iety  of  the  l^uecn 


267 

268 
26-1 
209 
270 
271 
271 
272 
272 
273 
274 
274 
275 
275 
275 
276 
277 
277 


278 

27H 
279 
27'.» 
2.S0 
2SII 
281 
2s2 
282 
2s2 
2h,{ 
28  1 
2.  ;4 
2.S5 
2Ut} 


TCIV 


CONTENTS. 


CIIAPIER  XVIII.  PAGB 

Attf.jihtkd  Assassination  ok   Fkudi- 

NAM»-  Hi  TCIIN    AND  SKOONU    VoV- 

A(iK  OK  Ciin  muls 296 

Tlic  .S<)Vcr<M(?TiH  visit  Aragon           . .  2H« 

Alt<iin)t  oil  IVniinand's  Life     . .         . .  2«7 

(iiii'ial  Cniisteriiaiinn            ..         ..  'iHl 

Lovaliy  of  the  People 2S8 

Mow  ilecovcry  of  the  KiriK  ..         ..  2><8 

I'uiiiHiimoiit  of  the  Assassin       ..         ..  2HS 

Hctuin  of  Colmnhus 288 

I)iscov<ry  of  tlie  West  Indies     ..          ..  2h9 

Joyous  Ilewption  of  Ooiuiubus        ..  290 

His  l'rof?rofis  to  Hairolona                      ..  2'.  0 

Interview  with  the  Sovpr<'i(?im         .,  291 

Sinsaiions  caused  hy  tlie  Discovery       ..  291 

Hoard  for  Indian  AfTdire        ..          ..  292 

I{- Kulaiions  of  Trade       292 

I 'reparations  for  a  Second  Voyage     .  293 

Conversion  of  the  Natives          ..         ..  293 

New  I'owcrs  granted  to  Columbus  . .  294 

Ap]dieation  to  Rome       ..         ..         ..  294 

Famous  Bulls  of  Alexander  VI.       ..  294 

.Jealousy  of  tlie  Court  of  Lisbon             . .  295 

Wary  Diplomacy         ..         ..         ..  296 

Second  Voyage  of  Columbus       ..         .,  297 

Mission  to  I'ortufial    ..         ..          ..  297 

Di>Kiist  of  John  II.           ..            ,          ..  297 

Treaty  of  Tordesillas 298 

CHAPIER  XIX. 

"CaSTILIAN    LiTEKATLrtF,  —  ClI.TTVATION 
OK  THK    CuLKT — CLASSICAL  LkARN- 

ING  — SCIKNCE                  299 

Ferdinand's  Education  neglected     ..  299 

1  iisi ruction  of  I.sahella 299 

Her  Collection  of  iJooks        ..         ..  MO 

Tuition  of  the  Infantas 301 

Of  lYiiice  Jolin 3Ul 

'J'he  Queen's  Care  for  the  Education  of 

her  Nobles            302 

Lalxmrs  of  iMartyr           302 

Cf  Luiio  Marineo         303 

Scholarsliip  of  the  Nobles 304 

Accomj)lished  Women           ..         ..  304 

Classical  Learning 305 

Lebrijtt 305 


Arias  Rarlx)8a         -.-..ii        1  Pmanei 

Merits  of  the  Spanish  Scholars        . .  Wt  ^  \  "  Siol 

Universttiefl MrTs' VHl.  o( 

Sacred  Studies W Vr-.t-nsion^ 

Other  S,.,ences ■r„ti,.lions  resl 

1  rmting  intHKlucd     ..         ..  Mi.s's  Couusi| 

I  he  t^ueen  encourages  It  ^B".        ,  ■ 

Its  rapid  Diffusion .  ^I v  of  H-r- .11 

Actual  I'rogi ess  ol  Science  |||lii'ii.ort,.iue  tl 

Alhri.i  lit  tlie  V 

CHAI'TKR  XX.  IiiK'iroiH'.especl 

CaSTILIAN    LiTEUATL'KK— K<).>IASOEfl   OK  Plep.irHtioIlH  of  I 

CmVALKV  — LyUK'AL  I'ulCTltY— TlIK  Ai  KllViiV  s.nt  1 

dkama       :  ^':','."'i'',*;jjj;^il 

This  Reign  an  Epoch  in  Polite  Letters  :     Hr  |!r,.,„  i,  ^.J,,n\ 

Romances  of  ('hivalry Mliiin  la. tics 

Their  pernicious  Klfects        ..         ..  Be  Svsiss  liifaiiL 

Rallads  or /^wiancM         BTiuh  Aiiilhry 

Early  Cultivation  in  Spain    ..         ..  |Kr/.i  jealous  of 

Resemblance  to  the  English       Je  i'.ip.dmfen 

Moorish  Minstrelsy ^v  .1  I'reparatti 

Its  Date  and  Origin  »„'iMi  Mission  t 

Its  high  Repute  ..         ..  ..  ;      Mm  Condmt  of 

Numerous  F^ditions  of  the  Uallad  ..  .    JRe  King  of  Nai 

Lyric  Poetry -^  ^^^Kf  l-rciich  enie 

Cancionero  (ieneral  ..         ..         ..  i    ^^Jte  ral  Hostilit\ 

Its  Literary  Value 2    ■g^,„e  .,f  Venio 

I.0W  State  of  Lyric  Poetry  ..         ..  i     ^riu's  Life  and 

Coplas  of  Manrique 

Rise  of  the  Spani.sh  Drama         ..         ..      ^^^ 

Tragicomedy  of  Celestina      ..         ..  '•'^H  CI 

Criticism  on  it        ^'•'^B*!  ian  Waks— 

It  opened  the  Way  to  Dramatic  Writing  KisB^  \\\l       Cv» 

Numerous  Editions  of  It ;cB    „k  Coium.va" 

.inaii  de  la  Liiciua        ..         ..         ..  '"' iH    thk  Fki'N<  h 

His  Dramatic  Eclogues 2;  |H  " 

Torres  de  N a harro 3,  .^ti'luct  of  Charl 

His  Comedies Sunders  ttiMVo 

Similar  in  Sjiirit  with  the  later  Dramas  K  )»ir<at  ol  the  1-r 

Not  acted  in  Si)ain  3r ,»"";'?  1\" '•'-.<;.'' "''' 

I^)\v  Condition  of  the  Stage  . .         . .  3>  '■"  f-'"'  >'  ''""  •  • 

Tre-^lc  Drama        3^   «s  brilliant  Qua 

Oliva's  Classic  Imitations     . .        . .  3.'    •is'-d  to  the  ita 

NotiKipular  r   •ri yes  in  Italy 

National  Spirit  of  the  Literature  of  this        •'"'f  '"  *  »''.''""i 

Epoch  ^r  '■•'■'■•'PS  V",^''". 

Moratin's  Dramatic  Criticism     . .        . .  1    M"''''''^ "  ^  '  ^}^^ 

^nttili-  of  Seniina 

ef'at  of  the  Ne 
ttii-ialvo  retreat 

PART  SECOND.  p!ilt^;^^^:b 

THE    PEUIOD   WHEV,   THE   INTERIOR   ORGANIZATION   OP   THE    MONARCHY  HAYO     W^  Successes    . 

REKN   COMPLETED,    THE     SPANISH     NATION     ENTERED    ON      ITS    SCHEMKS  1 !  B^^|'^l|||]j'j^  ^j,., 

DISCOVERY   AND   CONQUI^ST  ;   OR   THE    PERIOD   ILLUSTRATING  MORE  PARTIO;'  «(,ms.i1vo  siiri)ri 

LARLY   THE    FOREIGN    I'OLICY   OF    FERDINAND   AND   ISABELLA.  ^rrives  l)etore  ; 

■Ives  the  Til 

Character  of  the  reigning  Sovereigns  ?'  ■■eats  a  Delachu 

Improved  Political  and  Moral  Condition  J  Sa|iiiulation  of 

More  intimate  1{elations  between  States  0.  |pi-,Tiible  State 

Foreign    Relations    conducted    by    the  Jcitli  of  Kerdin 

Sovereign            :  mo.v-i.m  of  Fr 

Italy  the  School  of  Politics  ..         ..  Joial  E.xpulsioi 

Her  most  powerful  Slates           ..         ..  :,  mmmrkHunGu 

Character  of  Italian  Politics ..        ..  :^  Ml.-uiuudi     .. 


OP 
BY 


CHAPTER  I. 
iTALTAV    Wars  — Genkual  View 
Elrcu'e  — Invasion    of  Italy 
Chaule;  VIII.  OP  Fkanoe 
Foreign  Politics  directed  by  Ferdinand 
Europe  at  the  Close  of  the  Fifteenth 
Ciiitury 330 


330 
330 


CONTENTS. 


XV 


ara 


ICX. 

OMANCKS   OF 
JlCTllY— Tkk 

jlite  Letters 


allad 


itic  Writing    i.. 


ter  Dramas  x 


•  •  I 


iure  of  this 


^m  il  ?ro«pt  rity         

rlt'iu'C  cf  Sforzii      ..        ••         •• 

lrl'-«  Vlil.  of  l-iaiico 

,  rnti'ii-ion-"  to  Najilos     .. 
roii.iiJiMii  resfxTtiiiR  |{(iii»^»illon 
III. s'«  t'(<iiiinolli>r«  it!  the  Pay  of  Fir- 
|iiitiiiil 

^uiy  of  Ft.tr< <l()iiA         

'  Inilinrt.iiuf  ti)  Spain 
jii«rtii  lit  till'  Iri'iirh  Invasion,  in  Italy 
iBKiimjic,  cspfciaily  Spain  .. 
ftlfp.irntiuiis  (.("('imrli'S    .. 

Knviiy  s.tit  lu  tin-  French  Court 
ItiDiiiic's  Fenlitiatid'H  Views  ..         .. 
irles's  Di-isati'-factiiin 

l-reiicli  cri>HS  the  Alps         •• 
lliiiii  i'ai  tics    .         .. 

Swiss  infantry  

Piuli  Ailillery 

br/a  ji;ili>iis  (if  the  Frnch 

If  I'dpi-  mnfers  tlie  Title  of  Catliolic 

Ivai  I'reparatloiis  in  Spain 

fcdinl  Mission  to  Cliiirles  VIII. 

lid  C'liuluct  of  tlie  EnvovH 

le  Kiiin  i)f  .Naple-  flies  to  Sicily  . . 

ke  l"reiiili  enter  Naples  ..         .. 

fniT.il  Hostility  to  them     .. 
ijrne  Iff  Venice  . .  ..         .. 

rita's  iiilc  and  Wiitings   .. 


iCHY  IIAVIN'  ^ 

SOHKMKS  '.■ 
5RE  PARTK'. 


reipns  3;     ,,j 

Condition  3 

een  State's  l 
i    by    tlie 


PAGR 
334 
335 

3.)  5 
335 
336 

337 
3;{7 
33M 
■MH 
3;iM 
3.19 
3;ii» 

:i.{9 

340 
340 
341 
341 
342 
342 
343 
343 
343 
344 
344 
345 
345 
346 
347 


CHAPTER  II. 

n.iAv  Waks— Rktkkat  of  Chari,f,9 
VIJI  Cami'ah.ns  <iF  GossAi.vo 
UK  Coiiixi\  A — Final  Expulsion  of 

THK  Fke.nch 348 

kr'luct  of  Charles 34« 

Imnlers  the  Works  of  Art         ..         ..  349 

Ijiri  at  of  the  French  ..         ..  319 

ttii^alvo  de  Cordova        ..         ..         ..  350 

Is  Karly  Life 351 

ps  hriiliant  gualilies 351 

lisi'd  to  the  Italian  Command       ..  352 

rrives  in  Italy     ..  ..  ..  ..  352 

Mills  in  Calabria        353 

larches  on  Seniinara 353 

un-<alvo's  Prndeiice  . .         ,.         ..  353 

atili- (if  S<>niinara  354 

L')' at  of  the  Neapolitans      ..         ..  354 

Bie;alvo  retreats  to  Ue^'Kio       ..         ..  355 

enlinand  recovers  his  Capital         ..  355 

on-alvo  In  (Jalabria        3.56 

lis  SiiL'C(>sse8 356 

line  (if  the  French 357 

iiged  in  Atella 358 

oiKalvo  siirjirises  Tjaino  ..         ..  35,s 

Arrives  Ixfore  Atell.H 359 

■ives  the  Title  of  Great  Captain      . .  359 

■at*  a  I>etacliment  of  Swiss  ..  3t)0 

liiulation  of  .Montpensier       ..         ..  3t)0 

liM'rahle  State  of  the  French  ..  361 

k'.itli  (if  Ferdinand  of  Naples     . .         . .  361 

L<((>.si(iii  of  Frederick  11 361 

[otal  Expulsion  of  the  French  ..         ..  362 

I  marks  on  Guicciardini  and  Giovio  362 

i-iiejiidi 362 


CHAPTER  III.  PAGE 

Italian  War.s  — (Jonsalvo  sirrotiis 

THK    Poi'K— TrKATV    V  ITM    FkaNCIC 
-  OK(iANIZATION    OF    THK.    Sl'AM.SH 

Militia           ;i63 

War  on  the  Side  of  Roussillon        ..  363 

The  Popt  asks  the  .\id  of  (iiinsalvo     ..  361 

StorniiiiK  and  Capture  of  Ostia        ..  361 

<ion«alvo  enters  Rome 361 

His  Reception  l>y  tlie  Pope   ..         ..  36t 

Returns  to  Spain 365 

Peai  e  with  France       . .          . .         . .  365 

Ferdinand's  Views  resp<>rtinK  Naples  .,  3ti6 

His  Fame  acfiuired  liy  the  \N'ai       ..  366 

Influence  of  the  War  on  Spain   ..         ..  367 

Organization  of  the  Mi Ijtia    ..         .,  367 

CHAPTER   IV. 

Alliances  of  thk    Royal   Family — 
Dkath  of  Puince  John  ani>  Pkin- 

CK.ss  Isabella          36S 

Royal  Family  of  Ca.stile        ..         ..  36h 

.Tdiuina  lieltraneja. .         ..          ..          ..  360 

Marnape  of  the  Princess  Isabella   ..  369 

Death  of  her  Husband 369 

Alliances  with  the  House  of  Austria  37u 

And  tliat  of  England        37u 

.loaniia  embarks          ..          ..         ..  371 

The  gueen's  Anxiety 372 

Margaret  of  Austria   ..         ..         ..  372 

Returns  in  the  Fleet         372 

Marriagi' of  .lohii  and  Margaret      ,.  373 

Sv'conil  Marriage  of  Princess  Isabella  ..  374 

Sudden  lllneSH  of  Prince  John          . .  374 

His  Death 374 

His  aniialile  Character           ..         ..  375 
The  King  and  Queen  of  Portugal  visit 

Spain         376 

Objections  to  their  Recognition       . .  376 

Isaliella  displeased            ..          ..         ,.  377 

Her  Daugiiier's  Death            ..         ..  377 

Its  Effects  on  Isabella 377 

Prince  Miguel's  Recognition           . .  378 

CHAPTER  V. 
Death  of  Cardinal  Meni>oza— Risk 

OF    XlMENES — Ec'CLKSIASTK.'AL    Re- 

FOKM 379 

Death  of  Mendoza       379 

His  Early  Life        379 

And  Character ..          ..          ..         ..  379 

His  Amours            3hi) 

Tlie  t^ueen  his  Executor        . .         . .  3ho 

Rirtli  of  Xinienes 3m  i 

He  visits  Rome            .,          ..          ..  3,sl 

His  Return  and  Imprisonment  . .         . .  3m2 

Establislied  at  Siguenza         ..          ..  3x2 

Enters  tlie  Franciscan  Order       ..         .•  3H3 

His  severe  Penance     ..         ..         ..  3h3 

His  ascetic  Life .3h3 

He  is  made  (iuardian  of  Salzeda      ..  3k3 

Introduced  to  tlie  Queen  . .          ..         ..  3m4 

Made  her  Confessor 3h4 

Elected  pMvincial 3hI 

Corruption  of  the  Monasteries         . .  3a5 


XVI 


CONTENTS. 


Aitcmpts  at  Roform        ,.        .• 
Sci' of  Tiilcdo  vacant  ..         ..         .. 

on'cn'il  t(i  Xinn'iH'H  . .         .. 

He  ri'liictaiilly  nccipts 
(Jdnractcristic  Ain'ciloti's  of  Ximones 

IIJH   llllHtlTC    I,lf' 

Ui'f'iiriii  ill  liin  IUdcpso      ..         ., 
Exfiiinilc  iif  hi-i  Si'verity        .,         ,. 
It  ■lurin  (if  till'  Mcitia.'-tic  Dnlcrs  .. 
•  ii'i'iit  K.\iit'  iiifiit  Ciiusi'il  liy  it         .. 
\'i<U  iif  the  (•'raiiiisciiii  (jciii-ral 

JtlSllllll  tll^'   QllCCIl 

'I'lic  I'lipc's  Iiitcrforoiice  .. 
<'!iiii"i'iit>i  to  till' |{(f.)riu         .. 
ItN  OpfTatioTi  and  Klf'i-ts.. 
Alvani    (Jiinic/.,    and    BioRrapliLTB 
Xiiiienea        ..         ..         ..         ,. 


of 


PAOE 

;ih5 
:{H6 

3M7 
3h7 
3H8 
3.SH 
3>'9 
3M9 
3H9 
3m9 
390 
390 
390 
390 

391 


rilAPTER   Vr. 

XlMKNKS  IM  GkaNAKA — PKK.SF.Cl'TrON, 
iNSlKUKfTION,  AND  CoNVEIlSlON  OF 
TlIK   Moous 

IntriMliutiiry  Ri'marks 

Xiiiicncs,  liis  ('onsiancy  of  Purpose 

Tran(|iiil  State  of  <jraiiadtt    .. 

Ti'tidiila       .,  

Talavcra  . .         . .         . .         , , 

Aichhixliop  of  (Jranada    .. 

His  mild  I'olicy  . .         . .        •,, 

Tlif  CliTKy  dissMtisfii'd  with  it  .. 
Tt'iii]ioratf'  Sway  ol  the  Sovereigns. , 
Xinicnes  in  (Iranada 
11  iH  violent  Mcasuffs  . .         ,,         ,, 
D-'stmyH  Aialiif  Hooks    .. 
Mi-:cliicv()iiH  Klfi'i'.ta    .. 
Hi'vok  of  llic  Albavcin    . 
XiinoncH  hcsicf^cd  in  his  Palacn 
'J'he  Insnrgent-t  appi'asi-d  I >y  Talavcra. 
Idsploasuri'  of  tho  Sovonigns 
Xinn-nos  liastons  to  Court 
Conversion  of  (Jranad  I  ..         ., 

Applauded  by  the  Spaniards 


393 

393 
394 
394 
391 
394 
395 
395 
396 
396 
396 
397 
398 
399 
399 
4UU 
4U0 
401 
401 
4U2 
402 


Dkath 
-  Edict 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Rising  in  the   Am'lmakkas- 
OK   Ai.oN.so    PK    Aguilak 

AdAlN.'-T   TllK    MOOIW 

The  Alpujanas 

Rising  of  the  Moors  

Hu"jiir  sacked   . .         

I'erdinand  marches  into  the  Mountains 

Carri'  8  Lanjaron  

Punishment  of  the  Rel)ela 
lievoltofthe  Sierra  Vermeja  .. 

Rende/.vouf- at  Ronda 

Expedition  into  tlie  Sierra     ..         ., 
The  Moors  retreat  uj)  the  Mountains    . 
Rt>turn  on  the  Spaniards 

Alonso  de  Auruilar 

His  (J  Uantry  and  Death 

His  noble  Character  

lUoody  Hout  of  the  Spaniards 

Dismay  of  the  Nation 

The  Rebels  submit  to  Ferdinand     . . 


403 

403 

4U3 
404 
404 
405 
405 
406 
406 
407 
407 
407 
408 
408 
409 
409 
410 
410 


Banishment  or  Conversion          .. 
('onitneniorative  lialliuls        ..          ,. 
Melancholy  Uiiniiii-icences 
Edict  against  the  Moors  of  C.istilo  .. 
Christianity  and  Mahometan  ism 
Causes  of  Intolerance  .. 
Aggravated  in  tlie  Fifteenth  Century 
Elfcctsofthe  IfKinisition 
)>efects  of  the  Treaty  of  (iraiiada 
Evasion  of  it  by  the  Christians 
Priestly  Casuistry  . . 
Last  Notice  of  the  Moors  in  the  Presi  nt 
Reign 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

CoLlMnt'S— PuOSf.ClTION  OF  DiSCOVKKV 
—  His   TltKATMKXT    BV    TIIK    CoUUT 

Progress  of  Discovery  . . 

Misconduct  of  the  Colonists 

Complaints  against  Columbus 

His  Second  Return.  . 

The  (jueen'st.'onlidence  in  him  unshaken 

Honours  conferred  on  hiui 

His  Third  Voyage , 

I )iscovers  TJ.rra  fV?'?na    .. 

Mutiny  in  tlie  Colony 

Loud  Complaints  against  Columbus 

Bigoted  Views  in  regard  lo  the  Heathen 

More  liberal  Sentiments  of  Isabella 

S!ie  sends  back  the  Indian  Slaves    . 

Antiiority  to  Bohiulilla     .. 

t)utriige  on  Columbus  . . 

Deep  Regret  of  the  Sovereigns    .. 

Reception  of  Columbus 

Vindicati(jn  of  the  Sovereigns     . . 

Commission  to  Ovanilo 

Groundless  Imputations  on  the  Govern 

ment 
The  Admiral's  Despondency  . . 
His  Fourth  and  Last  \'oy.ige 
Remarkable  Fate  of  his  Enemies    . 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Spanish  Colonial  Policv 

Careful  Provision  for  the  Colonies  . . 

LilKTal  (■  rants        

License  f<ir  Private  Voyages. . 

'I'heir  Success 

Indian  Department 

Casa  de  Contratacion 

Important  Papal  Concessions  . . 

Spirit  of  the  Coh)Tiial  Legislation 

The  Queen's  Zeal  for  converting  the  Na 

ti\es     .. 
Unhappily  defeated 

Immediate  Profits  from  the  Discoveries 
Origin  of  the  Venereal  Disease  .. 
Moral  Consequences  of  the  Discijverles 
Their  Geographic.il  Extent 
Historians  of  the  New  World 

Peter  Martyr  

Herrera 

Muiloz . 


^-.' 

i--i 


4.- 

Uk 
4o. 

4i., 

vs. 

4'- 

4j; 
4; 

4J> 

m 


Bjiiry  ofGonsalv 


CONTENTS. 


xvn 


lunshaki'n    ; 


. . 

a 

lies  .. 

4:; 

•  *                 •  • 

4.: 

•  • 

4 

•  •                 •  * 

•)  ■, 

,  , 

4.. 

•  •                 ■  • 

4.. 

■  • 

4.. 

m 

1u. 

?  the  Na- 

, , 

4j: 

. . 

4:' 

coveriea 

4- 

•  •                 •  • 

4J 

:uveric8 

4.' 

•  •        •  • 

4;' 

•  • 

n- 

•  t        •  • 

a- 

•  • 

4i 

•  *.        •  • 

43S 

CH.VI'TKR  X.  TAOE 

kl.IAN   WaK.H-    rAKTITKlN   oF    NAPLES 

— (JONSAI.VO  UVKKUIN.s   CaLAIUUA  439 

jtii«  XII  '»  Dt'siniis  on  Italy         ..  439 

llitiix  nf  iliHiC'iiiiitry 441) 

V' Krincli  ("iiiiiicr  Milin    ..         ..  410 

inn  iif  till' SpaiiKli  Court        ..          ..  440 

Ini'iii'-tranro  to  tlif  I'opo    ..         ..  411 

||(lii'-s  ol'iiinilasso  di' 111  VpRa  ..  441 
)jtntiaiions  with  Vtiiice  and  the  Em- 

pemr  .  .           441 

lu!-;  oponly  nirnaces  NaplPH    ..         ..  442 

e«H  of  I'lnliimml     ..         ..         ..  442 

It  fitU'd  out  under  (Joi  salvo  de  Cor- 

B.sa           443 

Irtiiioti  of  NaplPN      ..         ..         ..  443 

jiiinl  of  FiTilinand's  C'liiim      ..         ..  444 

|n-.'ilvo  xails  upiinst  tliu  Turks     . .  445 

Viiiuik' of  St.  (i("oi(;ji'        ,          ..          ,.  445 

Ml' nts  ji.iid  to  •ioii'^alvo      ,.         ..  446 

Ip  I'ojv  coiitirnis  tlii>  Partition           ..  446 

Itoiiishiniiit  of  Tuly           .  .         ..  447 

!;»>«'*  and  Crui'lties  of  tiie  French     . .  4  47 

.flrrdtTick         447 

Jns.ilvn  invades  Calabria         ..         ..  448 

•itx  Tiireiito           449 

iitents  in  tho  Army 449 

iiilicrice  of  (ionsalvo        ..         .,  449 

puiii-;hes  a  Mutiny 450 

llcler  i'lrtii  nf  Attack            ..         ..  450 

Ireiitn  surrtders            451 

prjwry  ofGonsalvo 461 

CIIArXEIl  XI. 
II IAN  Waus— Ui  i-ti:kk  with  Franor 

— lioN!-AI.V(>    IlK-SIKCKl)   IN    RaUI.KTA  462 

tn.il    Di^^trust   of    the    French    and 

^)Mniarrl'< 452 

Hi  Huptnre 453 

|i>  I'reiuli  l>'%'in  Hostiliea  ..         ..  454 

le  llali;ui«  lavour  tliem. .          ,.          ..  454 

le  h tench  Army       ..         ..         ..  455 

lipriirity  of  the  Spaniards         ..         ..  455 

[isilvn  retires  to  Barlela    ..         ..  456 

Ipe  nf  (^ano-n       ..          ..          ..          ..  457 

Jiv.ilriiis  Chanctor  of  the  War     ..  457 

luniainent  U' ar  Tnini 457 

Utuecii  l^ayard  and  Sotomayor  453 

ktr<'>-<  of  the  S]ianiards 459 

Irit  nf  (Jciisalv 459 

|e  I  re!i(li  reduce  Calabria       ..         ..  460 

nst.incy  of  the  Spaniards    ..          ..  460 

|t!"iir'i  defies  till- Spaniards     ,_         ,,  4g,) 

ut  of  the  Freneli  Rear-guard       ..  461 

ri^al  of  Supiilics          461 

Bil"!  o'l  PiUvi)               ,  .             .  ,            , ,  4H'> 

•ilvo  stonim  and  takes  it      ..          ..  46'2 

Tr-'atiii,  nt  of  ilie  I'.isoners       ..  463 

pi'rt  e>  to  h'iive  IJarleta 463 

CHAl'TEri  XII. 
lM\v    Wars — Nk<;otiati(>nh     ^v^r^I 

KliAM  K~V'l(  TOKV  OK  CKUIti.NuLA — 

Si  uuKNDi-.K  oi-  Nai>i,k.s      ..         .,  46t 


Philip  mill  Joanna  vi-<it  Spain    . . 

l^•(d^tni/.ed  by  Cortert 

Phlli].'s  Iil-^cuitoiit 

Leaves  Spain  for  France 

Nt^ritiatei  a  treaty  with  Louis  XIL 

Treaty  of  Lyons 

The  (ireat  Captain   refuses  to  comply 

with  it  

Marches  out  of  Harlefa     ,. 
l)i-<tress  of  the  Troops  ,, 

F^ticamps  b  fore  Ct'rif^iiola 
.Nemours  pur-ues        ., 
The  Spanish  Ftirces 

Tlie  French  Forces 

Itrtttle  of  ('erlniiola  . .  , . 

Death  of  Neinours       . .  .,  ., 

llout  (dtho  French 

'i'heir  Li^ss         

Pursuit  of  the  Enemy 
D'AuhiHiiy  defeated     , 
.Stibinission  of  Najilcs       ..         ., 
Trininpliant  Entry  of  Goiisalvo 
Fortn  sses  of  Naples         . .         , . 
('iistel  .N  novo  stormed 
Nearly  all  the  Kingdom  reduced 


l'A<iK 

464 
466 
406 
•ir,7 
467 
467 

4B8 
469 
4  CO 
46'.) 
470 
470 
470 
470 
471 
471 
471 
47.! 
473 
473 
473 
173 
474 
474 


of  Charles  V 


464 


CHAPIER  XIIL 

NkCOTIATION.S     with     FhANTE — llNRfC- 

(,'Ks.sFi  I.  Invamos  ok  Si-AiN— Tkuce  475 

Treaty  of  Lyons  475 

Kej<'ited  by  Ferdinand 476 

His  Policy  e.xamined 476 

Joanna's  De>ipoiidency 477 

First  Symptoms  of  her  Insanity      ..  478 

The  Queen  ha.steii8  to  her  ..         ..  478 

Isabella's  Distress       479 

Her  Illness  and  Fortitude  ,.         ..  479 

The  FVench  invade  Spain      ..         ,.  479 

Sie^e  of  Salsas        4S0 

Isabella's  Exertions 4H0 

F'erdiiiand's  Successes 4H1 

'I'ruce  with  France      ..  482 

KeflecfioiH  on  tlie  Campaign      ..         ..  4«2 

Impediments  to  Historic  Accuracy  4^3 

Speculative  Writers  483 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
Italian  Wars— Condition  of  Italy — 

FUKNril     AND    SlANIRll    AUMIFS    ON 

Tin;  Oaukjliano  ..         ..  484 

Melanehidy  Condition  of  Italy  ..  484 

Views  of  the  Italian  States   ..         ..  4s6 

Of  the  Emperor      ..  ..  ..  ..  4s6 

(Jreat  Prei).irations  of  Loii'H  XII.    ..  4x7 

IVath  of  Ah'xaiid.T  VI 487 

El'ciioneeriiig  IntrigueH       ..         ..  488 

.Julius  II 4S8 

I  loiis.ilvo  repulsed  before  Gaeia       ..  4^9 

Strenirth  of  his  Foices      ..         ..         ..  4h9 

C>ccupies  San  (Jermaiio  ..  ..  4!») 

The  French  encamp  on  the  (iarigliano  491 

I'assaR(>  of  the  liriilge  . .  ..  .  491 

Desperate  Kesistaiue        491 

'I  he  F'rench  resume  their  (,»narters  .  492 

Anxious  Expectation  ol  Italy     ..         ..  492 


xvm 


CONTENTS. 


flonsalvo  BtronRthrnR  nis  P<iflitlon 
Great  DintroHH  <>f  the  Army 

dSllllHalVo'H   Rt-Aollltioll 

Ucni&rkahlc  lnHtHnct- of  It 
I'atlcnce  of  tli*-  Spaniards      . , 
Situation  of  I lip  ^^<•IR•ll    .,         .. 


Their  InRuhonliiiatuin 
Saliizzo  tal<es  tlio  Command 
IleroiHiu  of  ran-des  and  liayaid 

CIIAI'TER  XV. 
Italian  Wakh — Uuit   (»k   tub  rjAUi- 

IJMANtt— TllKATY     WITH     KkANCK 
(JONMALVO'S   MlMTAKV    CoNDLCT 

Gonsiilvo  Rocuros  tlie  Orsiiii  .. 
AsMuniPS  till'  OfTonelve     . . 

Pliui  of  Attacic 

Consternation  oftiie  French 

Tiiey  retreat  on  <  iaeta 

Action  at  tlie  Hi  idgc  of  Mola     . . 

Hotly  contests! 

Arrival  of  the  Spanish  Rear 

'I'he  Frencli  routi-d      ..         ..         .. 

Their  lioss 

Gallantry  of  their  Chivalry  .. 
Capitulation  of  Gaeta 

Gonsalvo's  CourteHy 

Chiigriii  of  lionin  XII 

Snirringfl  of  the  P'rench 
The  Spaniards  occupy  Oacta 

Public  Knthuslasm 

Extortions  of  the  Spanish  Troops 
Gonsalvo's  Liberality  to  his  Offlcera 
ApprehenBions  of  Louis  Xli. 

Treaty  with  Fnnce 

Gallantry  of  Louis  d'Ars 
Causes  of  the  French  Failures 
Review  of  (Jonsalvo's  Conduct   . . 
His  Reform  of  the  Service     . . 
Influence  over  the  Army. . 
His  Confidence  In  their  Ciiaracter   . . 
Position  of  the  Army 
Results  of  the  Campaigns     . . 
Memoirs  of  lionsalvo  de  Cordova 
French  Chronicles       


PAf.R 

4S):i 

,  4<X\ 
4!»,l 
4!I4 
404 

,  4»4 
4!t5 

,  495 
4U5 


496 

496 
497 
497 
497 
49H 
49H 
499 
499 
499 
499 
5UU 
5()U 
5111 
501 
502 
602 
502 

5i';{ 

603 
604 
604 
505 
505 
506 
606 
607 
607 
6U8 
5U8 
508 
509 


CHAPTER  XVI. 
Illness    and    Dkath   of    Isabklla — 

HkK   (HARACTKR                 ..            ,,  510 

Decline  of  tlie  t^ueen's  Health    ..         ..  610 

Mad  Conduct  ot  Joanna         . .         . .  611 

The  Queen  seized  with  a  Fever  . .         . .  511 

Retains  her  Energies             ..         ..  611 

Alarn)  of  the  Nation        512 

Her  Testament            512 

K>ettles  the  Succession      ..         ..         ..  513 

Ferdinand  named  Regent      ..         ..  513 

Provision  for  him             613 

HerCoilicil        614 

She  fails  rapidly     ..         ..          ..         ..  515 

Her  Resignation  and  Death  ..         ..  515 

Her  Remains  transported  to  Granada  ..  515 

Laid  in  the  Aliiaiul^ra            ..         ..  616 

IsalM'lla's  IVrson    ..         ..         ..         ..  516 

Her  Manners 516 


Her  Magnanimity 

H<r  i'irty  

Her  Rigotry  

Common  to  her  Age    ..         .. 
And  later  Timt's      .         ,.         ,. 
Her  Strength  of  I'rinciple 
Her  I'ractiial  .Sense  .. 

Her  unwearied  Activity        .. 

Her  Courage  

Her  .Sensihility 

I'urallel  with  gueen  Eli/.al)eth  .. 
Universal  Homage  to  her  ^''"lues 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

FKitniNANn  Ri  fiKNT — His  kk<(ini>  Mar- 

ICIA«;K — DlSHKNSION.K     WITH      PHIIll' 

-Rk.shjnation  ok  thk  Rkckniy 

Philij>  and  .foanna  proclaimed 
Discontent  of  the  Nobles. . 

Don  .luan  Manuel , 

Philip's  Pretenfions 

His  Party  increases     ..         .• 

He  tainjiers  with  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova 

Ferdinand'^  Perplexliles 

I'roposals  fbr  a  Mcond  Marriage 

Policy  of  Louis  XII 

Treaty  with  France 

Its  Impolicy 

Concord  of  Salamaera      ..         .. 
Philip  and  .Joanna  embark    . . 
Reach  ('orufta 
Philip  joined  by  the  Nobles  . . 

His  Ciiaracter         

Ferdinand  unpopular.. 

Interview  with  Philip 

Courteous  Deiwrtmeut  of  Ferdinand 

Philip's  Distrust    . . 

Feriiinand  re-igns  tlie  Regency 

His  private  Protest 

His  Motives      . .         

Second  Interview 

Departure  of  Ferdinand 

Authorities  for  the  Account  of  Philip 


tiii 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

CoLrMnr.s -Hks  Rktukn  toSpain-H 
Death  . . 

Columlnis's  last  Voyage 
He  learns  Isalx'lla's  Death 

His  Illness        

He  visits  the  Court. 

Ferdinand's  unjust  Treatment  of  him 

He  declines  in  Health  and  Spirits 

His  Death  

His  Person  and  Habits     . . 

His  Ijithusiasm  

His  lofty  Character 


IS 


CHAPTER  XIX 

Reign  ANT1  Death  ok  Philip  I.— Puo 
CEKDixcis  IN  Castile— Ferdinand 
visits  Nai'les  


Philip  and  Joanna 

Philip's  arbitrary  Government 


rkle>.«  Extra 

tdllilex  Iri'lll 

^rliiiaiiirs  III' 
oaiis  fiT  Na 
[►n^ftl^"'"  l"> 
^aili  •>!  I'liilip 
in  I'lmrtiter 

^()\  l-inll.ll  <!oV 

tMiniia''* '  'oiidit 

t)||\  IM   .itlllll    ' 

priliiiftinl  rei  ei 
lis  Kiiir.v  into 
^|..re-  tli>'  .\t 
siiiriil  Dis.sati- 

C 

Pkui'INAND's    K 

(;<.>^Ai,\u' 

MKNT  .. 
I  tillji  of  Corti' 
|i)Hniia'>  insane 
1  Imnges  lier 
fcjscr.lrrly  State 
b|>tr.-s  ("f  tie>  1- 
nnliiiHinl's  poli 
fv  leaves  Najile 
>ii-hIvii  de  Con 

krief  of  til''  Nea 

JriUiaiit   Interv 

r.cMiis  .. 

iiiii|iliments  to 

hi''  luiiji's  Rece 

^l.,illlia>  Retireu 

|rri  ^'iilarity  of  F 

•iicra!  .\iiinesti 

•  ■  ektalili^lies  II 

lis  excessive  .Se' 

)i«L'ii-t  n!  the  Ni 

•h-ialvip's  I'rogr 

Ferilinaiiil  hreaki 

rill'  (.queen's  Coo 

Iiiii|.i,iU(i  wjilidn 

Bpleii'luur  of  his 

CH 

kIMi:NKS — CoNcil 
VKIOITVOF  Al.i 

'"lii'V  of  Ferdiiis 

imliiisi.isiii  of  X 

H  -  l>esit.'iis  atrai 

Hi-  warlike  pre] 

His  I'.r^everancf 

'  iiils  an  ,\niiv  t 

lv\'ll:v..>;,.stiie'Tr 

IT  i  •  t'liiiiiiiaiid  If 

IP  title  lie  tore  Or;i 

|1  h'  City  stornuc 

piui.ri-h  Loss  • 

jX  iiieiii's  enters  ( 

|('|i|i'i-itii'ii  of  his 

[IIn  nistriist  of  K 

JXiiii'-iies  returns 

IP'  fuses  public  U 

I  Navarro's  Alrica 

jC'iUege  of  Ximei: 


CONTENTS 


1 


XIX 


rklf""<  F.xfravadnni'P 

jiililt"  tri'iii  tli>'  !iii|iiioitlon    . . 
kr'liiiaiKl'x  lM>«irii>t  id  <ioiiHalvo 

x.ilix  li'r  Njijilft* 
trti-aU"V  Loyalty     .. 

^aili  <i\  I'liilii 

in  t'iiar.Mlcr 

9\  j^iiiii.il  (iiiv<-rnm<'iit . . 

iiiiia'"  ('iiinlitiiiii      . .         • . 

iiMH  .itii'ii  "t  Cortes 
pntiiiaiKl  riTi-iM'il  v\ith  PIiitliUHi&Hin 
IIh  Kiitry  iiitu  NapliH      . . 
(.^t"ii'«  III"'  AiiKiviim 
Bh« ml  I>i.*.>*<iti.»rmli')i»    .. 


CHAl'TKR   XX. 

u'INANKV  KkTIKN  and  UKOKNrY— 
(i.iX-AUVo'a  lIo.NOf  US  AND  UETIIiR- 
MKNT      ..  ..  ••  ••  •• 

IfttiiiK  "f '''irtr>'        

|o«ii!ia'~  insiiin' (!ci?i(liK't  . .         .. 
I  haiip'S  her  MinifUTS     .. 

lisoplrily  Staf<'   >f  Ca.^'lilc  ,.     '     .. 

Il>trr-S  nf  til''  Klii(jiloin  . .  ... 

fcritiiiiind''' (lo'i'i^ ''*''>'^^''('ur    .. 
|('  IfiivcH  Najilt's        . ,         . .  . . 

on-alvci  (If  I'linlova         ..         ..  .. 

Iricf  of  til'' Ntajiolitans        .. 

brilliant   Intfrvk-w   of  Ferdinand    and 

r.oiiis  . . 

;iiii|'liii»'iit>  t'l  tionsiilvo  ., 

rii''  KiMn'''  Hi'c<'|)tioii  in  Castile 
jciiiim-  Kitin-uiciil 
|rn^'iilarlty  of  ['"iTclinand's  I'roteedlngs 

iiirra!  AiiiiH'sty 

•-tnlili-lit's  a  (iiiard  .. 

lis  excessive  Si'vcrlty      ..         ,. 
)i«i.'ii»t  o|  the  NoIiIps  . . 

i-alvci's  iTo^^retistlirouph  the  Country 
M T'lmaiiii  breaks  his  Word  .. 
\\i-  (.quern's  Coolness 
oiis.ilvo  withdraws  from  Court 
Biilemlour  of  his  lit  tlreuicnt 

CIIAI'IER   XXI. 

[iMI  NKS— CuN4|-i:-TS  IN   AKItirA  —  FnI- 
\  KI£.«irVuF  Al.t'AI.A  — I'llI.YIil.or  HiKLK 

P'llicy  i,f  Keniiiiand's  Severity   . . 
linthiisi.isni  of  Xinieiif'S         ..         ., 
11^  l»esiKii«  against  Oran 
Jii~  warlike  Preparations 
III^  I'lT-evcraiice   . . 
I  iiils  iiri  Army  to  Africa 
j.liissis  the  Tnxpps 
1"'  Coiiiiiiatul  left  to  Navarro 
kittle  111' fore  Oraii. . 

iTh'  I'ity  storniid         , 

■■Moorish  Loss  •        . .         , . 
IX  iiuMies  enters  Oran  . . 
I(i|i|i.,-iitii.n  of  his  (tineral 
|lll^  Oistnist  of  Ferdinand 
jXiiii-'nes  refunis  to  Spain 
lit' fuses  public  Honours 
JNavarro's  A Irican  Conquests 
ICUege  of  Ximeiies  at  Alcula 


'AGK 
(i4« 

5IU 
r.'.l) 

tir>u 

ttbi 
5.')  4 
f)f)5 

r)ri6 

556 


557 

5.17 
557 
558 
6.'.» 
559 
56U 
56U 
5tU 
502 

502 
5ti;j 
5tU 
561 
5t;6 
5(16 
5>i6 
5(57 
568 
5(58 
5(19 
5H9 
.1(19 
670 


570 

570 
571 
r.71 

57-2 
572 
.172 
5  7. -J 
57;{ 
573 
57t 
575 
575 
575 
576 
578 
576 
577 
678 


It«  MaRnlflconre 

J'rovlsinim  for  h^dueatlon 
'I'll!'  King  visits  the  CniverHlty  . 
l'olv^'lot  I'iilition  ot  tiie  lUlilu 
Dimnilliesof  the  Ta-k 
Grand  I'rojeits  of  Xinienen   .. 

CHArTKIl  XXII. 

Waks  and  I'oi.rrics  ok  Italt. 

Projects  ajja'nst  V'eidco 
licajtue  ot  Cainhray 

ItsOritnn  

I.ouis  XII.  invades  Italy  .. 
Uesoliitioii  of  Venieo  . .  ., 

Alarm  of  Ferdinand  . .         , 

Investiture  of  Naples.. 

Holy  League  

(ianton  tie  Foix  ..         ,. 

Mattleof  Kavetina  . .         ..         , 
I>eatli  of  (ia-stmi  de  Foix        .. 
His  Chaiact'r  .,  ,. 

The  Freiieli  retreat      . .         . . 
Veniie  disgusted    ..  ..  , 

Kaitle  of  Novaia  . .         .. 

Ofl.a.Motta  

'I'hi-  Spaniards  victorious 
Daru's  "  Hisioire  dt!  Vcidse  "    . 


CIIAPTFR   XXIII 

CoNQrEHT   OF    NaVAKKK.. 

Sovereinna  of  Navarre 

Distrust  of  Spain    . . 

Ne^fotiations  with  France 

Feriiinand  demands  a  l'as.sago    . 

N.'ivarre  allied  to  France 

Invaded  by  Alva   .. 

And  coiKiuered. . 

Character  of  J' an  d'.Mbret 

IM.scoriteiif  of  the  Eiigli-h 

l»iscomtiture  (d' the  trench 

Treaty  of  Oitlies 

Ferdinand  settles  Ids  Conquests. 

United  with  Ctistjie     . . 

The  Kiiifi's  Ciinduci  examined  . 

Uij;ht  of  Passaite 

Inijirudence  of  Navarre    .. 

It  authori'/.es  War 

(iro-s  .Abuse  of  Victory    .. 

Authorities  lor  the  History  of  Navarre 

chaptp:h  XXIV^ 

Df.ATH     of     <t<)N.SAI.\(»     KK     CoItDuVA 

Im,nk.ss  and  I)i;ath  ok  Fkkdinan 

—  His  ClIAKACTKR      .. 

Ma.\imilian's  Pretensions 
(ioiisalvo  ordered  to  Italy 
(J'-neral  F.nthusiasm      . 
The  Kind's  Oistru^t 
(ionsalvo  noes  into  Relir-'Uient 
The  Kind's  I'esire  for  CLildien 
Decline  of  his  Health  . 
(lonsalvo's  Illness  and  Death 

Public  (Jrief 

His  Character 


r\r.r. 

,  f.7l» 
57".» 
5si( 
5sl 

I  .'1X2 
6H3 


6S.4 


5Mt 

5S.-J 
5>'5 
5s6 

5  It; 

5s7 
5s7 

6.HS 

5'S 
5s;» 

5'.)i) 
.5'.!  I 
5'.il 
5!U 
5'.t  I 
5'.t2 


5!t2 

5'.I2 
51)  { 
593 
591 
594 
594 
595 
595 
596 
596 
596 
598 
598 
598 
(JOO 
6lM) 
600 
600 
6Ul 


DIN  AND 

•             .  . 

60! 

r,ii2 

.  . 

002 

602 

.             •  . 

603 

603 

.             .  . 

604 

604 

.             .  . 

605 

605 

.             .  . 

Gu6 

n 


CoNTENT.i 


in«  privftto  Virtuoft    ..        ., 
lliM  Wiiiit  <>t  l-'«ltU 
Ili<<  l<>iyiilty       . .         .. 
^<•r(linallt^H  IIIiu'hh  Iticrpnw»R 
IliM  In'ti'iiMiliiliiy  to  liiH  SituiUion 

UN  list  llolIM         

Ills  Duiitli  liiiil  T(><«tiuiioiit 

111-*  l(<Hly  traiispcirt)  (t  to  Dranada 

liN  iVr^oii  Hii'l  Cli  inictiT 

IIIh  I'l'iiiporanct!  aiul  Kcuiiuuiy  .. 

His  liitfotry 

AiiiiNcil  oi  Hypocrisy      ..         ., 

His  I'lTllily  .•         .. 

IIN  Nhrewil  I'ollcy 

HiH  liisciirill)ility 

CoiitniHt  wHli  Is.iliollii     ..         .. 

•  iiooiiiy  ('lo>^(' of  liis  Life 

Uin  kiliKly  Ijii.ilitii'-*  . .         .. 

JiulgniiMit  ol  Ills  Coiiloniporurlcs 


TAfiF. 

6<ltl 
6U7 
60>4 
)>()M 
t)(l9 
Bi)9 
6IU 
«ll 
6\'i 
Cl-i 

6i:i 
CI  a 

614 
614 

Bin 

615 
016 
617 
617 


CIIAI'TKIl   XXV. 
Administration,  I)katii,  anii  Chabac- 

TF.H   OK   ('AKUINAI,    XiMKNKS 

Dlnputt'H  respect  Inn  ""'  li<'K«iicy 
Charles  proilaliiiKl  King. 


y\liealote  of  Xiinenes 
IIIh  Military  Onllinnce     . 
lli>  (loinestie  I'olley    .. 
His  foniUM  I'ollcy    . 
AssnnieH  tlio  sole  Powor 
liitiiniilutes  the  Nolilea     , 
I'uhlic  Discontents 
Tre.ity  ol  Noyoii    . .         . 
Cliarl>'H  lands  in  Spain 
Ills  nn^r.iteful  i.etter 
The  Caniinal's  last  Illness 

His  Death 

His  Character    .. 
His  Versatility  of  Talent 
His  d  Riiotic  ( loveriuui'nt 
His  moral  Principle 
His  Disintere>tedne89  .. 
His  monastic  Austerities. 
HIh  Economy  of  Time 


618 

6IH 
619 
620 
620 
620 
620 
621 
622 
622 

62;l 
623 
624 
624 
625 
625 
625 
626 
626 
627 
627 


Ills  person 

I'arallel  with  Rlrhellen 

Notice  of  Galindez  do  CarbaJ*'   •  • 

CIIAITKH  XXVI. 

OKNKIIAI-  RrVtK.WiiK  riiK  Akmimbtra- 
TioN  OK  Kkui>inam>  am>  Lsaiiklla 

policy  of  the  Crown  

Depression  of  the  Noblen      .. 

Their  jtreal  Power  . . 

Treatment  of  the  (.'hnrch 

Care  of  Morals 

State  of  the  CnMiinons 

Their  (Consideration 

Royal  (»rdin  iiK.es 

Ari'itrury  Mea^nren  of  Ferdinand 

Adv  inceni«'nt  of  Prerogative 

Legal  Compilations 

Orgrtnl/.ation  of  Councils 

Legal  Profession  advanced 

Character  of  tlie  Laws 

Krroneons  Principles  of  Legislation 

Prindiml  Exports       . .         ., 

Manufactures 

Agriculture 

Ecoiionilcal  policy 

Internal  Inii)rovenienta 
Increase  of  Empire  . .  , 

(Joverimienl  of  Naples 
Ue\enue^  from  the  Indies 
S[)irit  of  Adventure     . . 
Progress  of  Discovery 
Excesses  of  the  Spaniards 
Slavery  In  the  Coloiiirs    . . 
Colonial  Adminisf ration        .. 
(loner.il  Prosperity 
I'nlilic  Emhellislimentfl 
Augmentation  of  Hi.' venue         ., 
Incnase  of  Po|iulation  ., 

Patriotic  I'rincipie 

Chivalrous  Spirit  of  the  People 

Spirit  of  Higotry 

Ik-neficent  Impulse     .. 

The  Period  of  National  Glory     . 


t\ 


f.J 

s. 

li, 
I'  -l 


01,1 

u:i 

ClJ 

fd 

Ui\ 

u:\ 

w 

tie 

6f 

60 1 

6ov 

tloil 

b:: 
ti5:| 
est  I 

6o)l 

fi^il 

6.'it  I 

6li\ 

C.v 

6:.' 


I  Ferdinand 

ISAHKLI  A    T 

Ma  I'  OK  Tii 

ClIKISTOPIlE 

.Mat  of  Go 
Cardinal  1 

(JONSALVO    i 

Fac-simileh 
Kkiun  ( 


tA 


»l     ..  ..       (i 

VI. 

>MINI«TR,\- 

Imaoklla    >:■' 


unU 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


latiun 


''  i 

r.)  1 

'(■  1^ 
(;■ 

r.c 

6:.. 
to: 
li.;.  I 
ti'j.  I 
a  I 

lijil 
c.v 


Fekdi.vand  the  Catholic Fronfispifre. 

IsAHKM  A  THK  Catholic ^    .    .     Fiicing  IntroiUictinn. 

Mat  ok  the  War  of  Granada pugu  180 

C'lIKISTOlMlER   COLUMHUH "      2(J8 

Map  OF  GoNSALVO  dk  Cordova's  Campaigns  in  Italy   .    .  «'  348 

Cardinal  Ximene.s  dk  Clsnkros,  Rkoent  of  Castile     .    .  "  381 

OoNsALVo  Fernandez  he:  Cordova "  602 

Fa(-similes    of    Autographs    for    the    History   of  the 

Keiun  of  Ferdinand  and  Isarella "  030 


1 ' 


/  f  S'( 


L.    Y 


/  y  / 


/ 


«.* 


iA 


I  t 


ojwci.  ^-*t^<-*'  ^  ri 


>■  I  *  i 


* » 


^«'  tV '.  d 


t-ii    ji 


-/ 


/ 


>■  -t  * 


*  i 


:,* 


/ 


/ 


/ 


,r  * 


ISABELLA    THE    CATHOLIC. 


fee; 


SVIKW  OF   Til 

mu  Ill-tory  aivl 
W  -  -i;>'!ii:inns  K 
%  (',t<tiljnn  r 
NMl.iliiv  TIk 
H  Ijiiiitctl  Extct 

>K  sovcral  hi 
the  ci^lith  c 
Bvlfiit  states, 
le  aiiiithor. 
pi-ioii,  and  p( 

lui'lU'C  oil  till 

>so  of  the  fift 
jitii'm,  umler  ' 
discovery  ar 
^rc  iiiouMed  : 
iiit'd  tn  the  p 

|ieiinil  ill 
jplinainl  and 
•  ]{y  the  niidi 
io  riiiiiitry  ha( 
^(i  the  Mooris 
line  limits  as 
le  .Nhi>l(Miis  of 
)|'ii!atioM  <:av 
[tt'iit  of  its  1 
\  I'.l.'d  that  of 
u^trioiis  ])C( 
i  rrached  a 
|nin[,t>  diiniii,' 
i  The  little  ki 
|tt lasted  tlie  a 


HISTORY   OF  THE   REIGN 

OF 

FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


INTRODUCTION. 

SECTION   L 

VFRW  OF  THE     ASTILIAN    MONARCHY   BEFORE   THE   FTFTEEMn   CENTTTRY. 


T¥ 


jjU  lll-tnry  ftii'l  no\stitution  of  Castilo- Sararon  Invasion— Slow  Roconqiiost  of  tlio  Count 
,:  l-lii'liiriiMis  Kntluisiasm  of  tlio  Spanianls— Infhionco  of  their  Minstrolxy  -Tiirjr  ("hival 
I  .  ("Lstilian  lowns  —  Cortos  — Its  Powers  —  Its  floldnfss — Woaitli  of  tlio  Cifios —  I'l 
I  N.lnlltv  riii'ir  Privilf'Rps  ami  Wealth— Kuijilils—GlerRy— Poverty  of  the  thrown 
I  Liiiiitcd  Extent  of  the  Prerogative. 

n  -ovcral  hundred  years  after  the  pjeat  Saracen  invasion  in  tj^c  nptoniiiiii; 
of  t  :!■  ci^lith  fciiturv,  S|iain  was  broken  up  into  a  nunilier  of  small  but  inde- 
peii  Iriit  states,  (livided  m  their  interests,  and  often  in  deadly  hostility  with 
one  aiintlior.  It  Avas  inhabited  by  races  the  ir.ost  dissimilar  in  their  on;,nn, 
rdi-i')ii,  and  government,  the  least  important  of  which  has  exerted  a  sensi])!o 
inH'ii'iirc  on  the  character  and  institutions  of  its  jn'esent  iidiabitants.  At  the 
ck)M'  "f  the  fifteenth  century,  these  various  races  were  blended  into  one  ^n-eat 
nat  111,  under  one  common*  mle.  Its  territorial  limits  were  widely  extended 
ttjr  lii^covery  and  conquest.  Its  domestic  institutions,  and  even  its  literature, 
Wtr<-  tiioulded  into  the  form  which,  to  a  considera])le  extent,  they  have  niain- 
taii"!  to  the  present  day.  It  is  the  object  of  the  present  narrative  to  exhibit 
the  1 1'lind  in  wliirh  these  momentous  results  were  eti'ected,— the  rei^ni  of 
Fei  liiuuid  and  Isabella. 

r>v  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  numlier  of  states  into  which 
the  luiitry  liad  been  divided  was  reduced  to  four;  (Jastile,  Arawn,  Navarre, 
Aiii!  tilt'  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada.  The  last,  comprised  within  nearly  the 
PSii '  limits  as  the  modern  province  of  that  name,  wr.s  all  that  remained  to 
e  Moslciiis  of  their  once  vast  possessions  in  the  reninsula.  Its  concentrated 
I'lilation  pive  it  a  degree  of  strength  altogether  disproportioneil  to  the 
tciit  of  its  territory  ;  and  the  [>rofuse  inagniticence  of  its  court,  wliicji 
I'd  that  of  the  ancient  cali[»hs,  was  supported  by  the  labo\irs  of  a  sober, 

fl  .  triou.;  iien])le,  under  whom  agriculture  and  several  of  the  mechanic  arts 
'i  reached  a  degree  of  excellence  probably  uneipialled  in  any  other  part  of 
ii'tc  (jin-iiiu'  the  .Middle  Ages. 

The  little  kingdom  of  Navarre,  emliosomed  within  the  Tyrenees,  had  often 
tiat  tod  the  avarice  of  neighbouring  and  more  powerful  states.     But,  since 


y^'i 


B 


INTRODUCTION". 


their  selfish  srhemos  oporatod  as  a  mutual  chock  upon  «»arh  other,  Nava^- 
^till  coiitiiiucil  to  iiiiiiiitaiii  her  iudepeiKloiice,  when  ail  tli(^  smaller  stat.v 
the  Peninsula  hal  heen  absorbed  in  the  gradually  increa.sinj,^  doniiniiMi 
Castile  and  Arai,^on. 

This  latter  kin.Lcdoni  comprehended  the  province  of  that  name,  toirot'r. 
with  CatJilonia  and  Valencia.  Under  its  auspicious  climate  and  free  politi 
institutions,  its  inhabitants  disi)layed  an  uncommon  share  of  intellectual  a 
moral  enerj^'v.  Its  long  line  of  coast  oj>ened  the  way  to  an  extensive  a 
flourishing  couunerce ;  and  its  enterprisuig  navy  indenuiitied  the  nation  • 
the  swmtiness  of  its  territory  at  home,  by  the  importiint  foreign  con(pU'>t> 
Sardinia,  Sicily,  Naples,  and  the  Balearic  Isles. 

The  remaining  ]>rovinces  of  Leon,  Biscay,  the  Asturias,  Galicia,  OM  a 
New  Castile.  Estremailura,   Murcia,  and   Andalusia,  fell   to  the  crown 
Castile,  whicli,  thus  extending  its  sway  over  an  unbroken  line  of  country  fi 
the  IJay  of  Biscay  to  the  AIediterrane.an,  seemed  ])y  the  magnitmle  oi 
territory,  as  well  as  by  its  anticpiity  (for  it  was  there  that  the  old  ^ini, 
monarchy  may  be  saiil  to  have  first  revived  after  the  great  Saracen  inva>iir 
to  be  entitled  to  a  pre-eminence  over  the  other  states  of  the  Peninsula.    Ti 
claim,  indeed,  apjiears  to  have  been  recognized  at  an  e^rly  perio<l  of  i 
history.     Aragon  did  homage  to  Castile  for  her  territory  on  the  western  la: 
of  the  Ebro,  until  the  twelfth  century,  as  did  Navarre,  Portugal,  and,  at 
later  period,  the  Moorish  kingdom  olF  Gr.anaila."     And,  when  at  length  t: 
various  states  of  S)»ain  were  consolidated  into  one  monarchy,  the  capital 
Castile  liewime  the  capitiil  of  the  new  empire,  and  her  langiuige  the  lanunia. 
of  the  coiut  and  of  literature. 

It  will  facilitate  our  inijuiry  into  the  circinustances  which  immediately' 
to  these  results,  if  we  briefly  glance  at  the  prominent  features  in  the  ta; 
Iiistory  and  •constitution  of  the  two  principal  Christian  states,  Castile  a 
Ara';on,  previous  to  the  fifteenth  century.^ 

Trie  Visigoths,  who  overran  the  Peninsula  in  the  fifth  century,  bifMiL: 
with  them  the  same  liberal  i)rinciples  of  government  which  distinguished  t!i' 
Teutonic  brethren.     Their  crown  was  declared  elective  by  a  formal  legishiti  ■ 
act.'    Laws  were  ejuicted  in  the  great  national  councils,  composed  of  irclat' 
and  nobility,  and  not  unfreciuently  ratified  in  an  assembly  of  the  pt'n|' 
Their  code  of  jurisprudence,  although  alwunding  in  frivolous  detail,  contaiia 
many  admirable  provisions  for  the  security  of  justice,  and,  in  the  deuivc 
civil  liberty  which  it  accorded  to  the  Roman  inhabitants  of  the  coimtr* .  fi 
transcended  those  of  most  of  the  other  barbarians  of  the  north.*     In  .^hr 


'  AraRon  wa.s  forniaUy  rolonsod  from  this 
hoinufri'  in  1177,  ami  I'ortugiil  in  1'J6l.  (.Mari- 
ana, Historia  RoniTal  do  E^pana  O'^i'lf'''. 
17,->ii),  lil).  11,  cap.  U;  111),  la,  cap.  20.)  The 
liinK  (if  (Jranada,  Alu'n  Alaliiiiar.  swuri^  fi>alty 
to  St.  l''crdinand,  in  l'2l."i.  Miidincc  liiiusclf  to 
tlip  paynvMU  of  an  annual  rent,  tos'-rvo  innlcr 
iiiiu  witli  a  stipulate  1  nunit)cr  of  iiis  knifiiits 
in  war,  and  piTsonaliy  ■'ftmtd  (ortci^  nhni 
fiimiiiotiid  ;  a  wliinisical  stipnl'ition  tills  fur 
n  Malionictan  jirinco.  Condf.  ifi-;tori,i  dc  la 
I)(iininjici<)n  dc  ios  .Arahos  en  p;si)aria(_ Madrid, 
l.s'.M.  1^'Jl),  toin.  iii.  cap   .'to. 

-  Navarre  \vn>i  too  inconsidoraldf,  anil  lM)re 
too  near  a  ri'sfnddiincc  in  its  pivcrnnu'nt  to 
tiip  otlicr  I'rninsular  iunjrdoni.s,  to  ro(iiiir(' 
a  »o]>arat(.'  nijti.c;  fur  \stiicli,  indeed,  tlie 
natiiual  wrilt-rs  atTcrd  but  very  scanty  mate- 


rials.    Tlip  Moorish  empire  f)f  ftran il:!,  - 
interestin;^  in  itself,  and  so  dissiniiliir  iii 
respect.s  to  Christian  ."spain,  ujorits  p.-ivi  ;- 
attention.     1  liave  deferred  tlie  consid  rr 
of  it,  however,  to  tliat  period  of  the  In- 
which  is  (Kcupied  with  its  subversiun    ^ 
Part  I.,  ciiap.  ■<. 

'  Sec  the  Canons  of  the  fifth  O'iiti  ;' 
Tohvio,  Florez,  Esjiana  sagra<la  iM.ir 
1747  -I77r)\  torn.  vi.  p.  KH. 

'  Kei-esvinto,  in  order  inoro  efFi'ctinllv 
hrini:  alimit    tlie  cuns.djclation  of   his  li  •  5 
and   Itiiniiin   sii'ijects   into  one   natinn.    i*-: 
grated  the  law  prohiliitinic  their  inti'riiiarn.cj 
'I'he    terms  iti   whicli    ids   enactment  !■•  • 
ceived  disclose  a  lar  niur'  enlinhten«'ii  [*•'■ 
tlian    that   piirsu'cl  oith'T  hy  the  r'niii';- 
Louibards.    (,Soo  the  Fucro  Ju/^o  (od.  Jt 


,  tlifir  simii 

^itll  OtlltT 

Wfllrci;ii!a 
Milt,  wh 
plnwly  and 
Spain  by  a 
t'"ii, — the 
'J'li(>  relioioi 
, ;|t;iiiiilar  to 
ivt-ry  scnsih 
Itnlcration  v 
|tn  .siich  of 
[<lii('<t,  the 
hvhich  they 
ijK'iisation  il 
rt'^ioiis  of 
These,  how^ 
iiit'ii  of  liigl 
'noiiiinal  an( 
Ifroiii  the  ov 
Italy,  and  1 
the  Asturiai 
to  pursue  tli 

A.ad  ,  Mailrid, 
The  Vi«ii;ntidi 
.hidii mil  >,  ciritr 
tr.iMshited  into 
«ii  I  tir>t  print! 
li'nli.res  ,\sso 
Iii-rcilio  civil  d 
6,  7. )  A  sccoii 
8i'iii  of  tlie  1{ 
piiMi-hed  in  1 
viih'tuiidinK  tl' 
firm  ity  c)f  somi 
to  have  tormed 
lf>'i-Iatinn  of  C 
e\i  lu-;ivp  contp; 
bruiiL'ht  upon  t 
d'liniation  of 
gaiuhes,  idiote 
pii:Hntes.|iies  da 
liv.  'js,  chap.  1. 

Si  line  (if  ti 
iiiiirp. .rated  in 
Ci^iilian  comn 
fi  iiviil  from  till 
Kiiirlisii  reailer 
tMi.r  nf  the  ]e| 
•111  tlieir  imm 
arii.l.i  in  tlie 
|F.liiiliurKli  I'.evi 
ling  and  'ivacit.v 

I'lie  Cliristii 

elatillu'     tu    tlic 

|tiii  ir  own  laws  i 

•*'|\  adniinis 

luliji'ct  only  in  ( 

lii>  .M.inris'li  tri 


CASTILE. 


ther,  Xav,i- 
iiller  stat.'v 
doiuini(jii 

ime,  toL'ot'r. 
free  jMilit 
tellectiial  a 
jxtensivo  a 
he  nation  ; 
I  con(iU('>t> 

licia,  OM  a 
tlie  crown 

country  fi 
(uitude  of 
lie  old  <iot: 
icen  inva-i'i 
linsula.    T; 
l)eriod  of  i 

western  Im 
i,^al,  and,  at 
at  lenu'th  : 
the  cajiital 
;  the  langna. 

Immediately  ■ 

s  in  the  ear 
Castile  a:, 

tury,  liroii-- 
iguished  th' 
nal  lojxi^liit!  ■ 
}d  of  irelat' 
f  the  lieoji. 
;ail,  contaiht 
le  de;iree : ; 
countrv,  ft 
*     In  Aw: 

of  Grin  I'll,  • 
dispiinilcir  iii 
iiorit.s  jiiir'i  ; : 
:ie  con-ii'l  ri'  ■- 
(if  the  111-  • 
luhvcrsiuii     ^ 

fifth     Cnilll'l' 

.gratia    vMn'- 
II  of   hi-  '■  ■ 

IlilttHll.       i* 

r  int'TiiiMiru: 

ICtllK'Ilt     I  ■ 

ligliti'ti'"!  p 
tlio   I'm, 

Ju/uo  (c'd  .; 


tlieir  siinple  pn'ity  exhibited  the  perm  of  some  of  those  institutions  which, 
vith  otlK-r  nations,  and  under  liappier  auspices,  have  formed  the  l)asis  of  a 
vrll-reunlated  constitutional  liberty.* 

Hiit,"whiie  in  other  countries  the  principles  of  a  free  poverinuent  wero 
pldwly'and  gradually  mifolded.  their  development  was  nnu-h  accelerateil  in 
}<l  ain  by  an  event  which,  at  tlie  time,  seemed  to  thre<'vten  their  total  extinc- 
^i,,,,^ — the  preat  Saracen  invasion  at  tiie  beirimung  of  the  eighth  century. 
The' religious  as  well  as  the  i)olitical  institutions  of  the  Arabs  were  t(H)  dis- 
similar to  those  of  the  concpiered  nation  to  allow  the  former  to  exercise  any 
vt  IV  sensil^le  influence  over  the  latter  in  these  particulars.  In  the  si»irit  of 
tnifiatinn  which  distinguished  the  early  followers  of  Mahomet,  they  conceded 
to  >n(li  of  tlie  Goths  as  were  willing  to  continue  amou!^  them  after  the  con- 
qiii'4,  the  free  enjoyment  of  the  religious  as  well  <as  manvof  th(  civil  privileges 
which  they  ]»ossessed  under  the  ancient  monarciiy.*  Onder  this  liberal  dis- 
]i.iisation  it  cannot  l)e  doubted  that  many  preferred  remaining  in  the  pleasant 
ic-idiis  of  their  ancestors  to  quitting  them  for  a  life  of  poverty  and  toil. 
These,  liowever,  anpear  to  have  l)een  chiefly  of  the  lower  order;'  and  the 
hiicii  of  higher  rank  or  of  more  generous  sentiments,  who  refused  to  accept  a 
11  Miiiinal  and  precarious  independence  at  the  hands  of  their  oppressors,  escape* I 
fiMiii  the  overwhelming  inundation  into  the  neighbouring  countries  of  France, 
Italy,  and  Britain,  or  "retreated  l)ehind  those  natural  fortresses  of  the  north. 
the  Astnrian  hills  and  the  Pyrenees,  whither  the  victorious  Saracen  disdained 
|tn  piu'sue  them.' 

towns,  Cordova  retaining  sovon,  Tolodo  six, 
etc. ;  and  tiicir  clcrKy  wcro  allowod  to  dis]ilay 
tiip  costuinf",  and  t  olcliratf  tlic  iwuiijMms  ii-ro- 
nioiiial,  of  til''  Kouiirtli  couiniuidon.  Hort-/, 
F.-iiirtfia  sagradii  torn.  x.  trat.  ;t:t,  rap.  7.  - 
Mofuli's,  Coro'-.ua  gen.  ral  do  Kspnna  (Olira.", 
Madrid,  17i)l-l7!t.{),  hi..  12,  cap.  7s.— Condi^ 
l)i>iiiinacion  de  los  Arabos,  part.  1,  cap.  15, 
22. 

'  Morales,  Coronira,  lib.  2,  cap.  77.-  Yet 
the  name.s  of  several  noMes  resident  amonj; 
the  Moors  appear  in  the  record  of  tlios(>  times. 
(See  Salazar  do  Mendoza,  Monar(|Ui'a  de 
Espafia  (Madrid,  177u),  torn.  i.  p.  .14,  note.) 
If  we  could  rolj*  on  a  singular  statenirnt, 
quoted  by  Zurita,  we  niiglit  infer  that  a  large 
proportion  of  the  Ooths  were  content  to  reside 
auiong  tlieir  Saracen  conquerors.  Yho  intf  r- 
uiarriages  among  the  two  nations  liad  ))een 
so  frecjuent  tliat  in  l.'tll  the  aml>rtssndor  of 
.lames  II  of  .Vragon  stated  to  Ids  Ilidiness, 
I'ope  Clement  \'.,  that  of  2i)ii,()(i(i  person.^ 
composing  tlie  poi)iilation  i  f  fJraiiada,  ticit 
more  than  5ii()  were  of  pure  Moorisli  dcscr'nt ! 
(.\nales  de  la  '',,rona  de  Aragon  ;Zaragoza, 
16111),  lib.  .'•i,  lup.  '.r.\.)  ,\s  the  objcit  of  fhi^ 
statement  was  to  olitain  certain  eccjesia-stical 
aids  from  the  pontiff,  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
Moorisli  war,  it  appears  very  suspicions,  ni  t- 
witlistanding  the  empha.sis  laid  on  it  by  tin; 
historian. 

"  lUeda,  f'oronica  de  los  Moros  de  Kspaila 
(Valencia,  nils),  p.  171.— This  author  ^tutes 
that  ill  his  time  there  were  several  tamiliek^  in 
irtdand  wliose  patronymics  bore  ti"-timony  to 
their  descent  from  these  Sjiaiiish  exiles.  That 
careful  antiquary.  Morales,  considers  the 
rcgiuus  of  the  Pyrenees  lying  betwixt  Arai^on 


JAad.,  Ma.irid,  1,-<15;,  lib.  3,  tit.  1,  ley  1.)— 
ITlh'  Visigotiiic  code,  Fuero  .Tiizgo  i  Forum 
j.iii'licum\  originally  compiled  in  Latin,  was 
|tr.ui«lated  into  Spanish  under  St.  Ferdinand, 
|«iil  tir>t  printed  in  Uioii,  at  Matlrid.  (.Los 
|l'..  tnres  .Vsso  y  Manuel,  Instituciones  del 
|l)rivclio  civil  de'  C'-tiila  ^Madrid,  17!f.>),  pp. 
16,  T.)  A  second  c  lion,  under  the  supcrvi- 
Ifii'ii  of  the  Koyai  .Spanish  Academy,  w  a.s 
IpiiliUsheil  in  iHir>.  This  compilation,  not- 
Jwitli'taiiding  tlie  apparent  rudeness  and  even 
Ifirui  ity  of  some  of  its  features,  may  l>e  said 
itn  have  tormed  the  ba.sis  of  all  tlie  subsequent 
III  u:-l:ition  of  Castile.  It  was,  doubtless,  the 
|e.\i  liwive  contemplation  of  such  features  that 
Ibri'Mu'lit  upon  these  laws  the  sweeping  con- 
Id'iiiiiation  of  Montesquieu,  as  "  pueriles, 
|g,iiirli(>s,  idiotes, — frlvoles  dans  le  fond  et 
|giL'aiues,|ues  dans  le  f,cyle."  Esprit  dos  Lois, 
|liv.  'js,  ciiiip.  I. 

S.iiiie  of  the  liKal  usages,  afterwariis 
llii'iTpiirated  in  thf  fucros,  or  charters,  of  the 
ICi-tilian  communities,  may  protiabU'  be 
1(1  lived  IVoni  the  time  of  the  Visigotlis.  The 
IKMi.'lisli  reader  may  form  a  good  idea  of  the 
jti  II,  r  nf  the  l(>gal  institutions  of  this  peojile 
Ian  I  tiicir  immediate  de.scendants,  from  an 
lartji  l-  in  the  sixty-first  number  of  the 
iF.liiilnirgli  I'.eview,  written  with  equal  Icarn- 
liii;;  and  '  ivacity. 

riie  Christians,  in  all  matters  exclusively 

rlitiiii;    to   theuisidves,    were    governed    by 
|tli'ir(.uii  laws  (see  the  Fuero  .luzgo,  Itifrod. 
t",   alministered    l)y   their  own  .judges, 

Biilij.t  only  ill  capital  cases  to  an  a])peal  to 
Itli '  M.K.rlsh  tribunals.  Their  churches  and 
JUl'iirt-t  ■ries  (ios(r.  inter  spitias,  says  the 
|ti-t  liau^  wcra  scattered  over  the   principal 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ilorp  the  broken  reinnaiit  of  the  nation  endeavoured  to  revive  the  form?, 
at  least,  of  the  ancient  government.  But  it  may  well  be  conceived  how  iiu- 
perfect  these  must  have  Vw^en  under  a  calamity  which,  brcakiiifj  up  all  the 
artificial  distinctions  of  society,  seemed  to  resolve  it  at  once  into  its  i)riniiti\e 
ecjuality.  The  monarch,  once  master  of  the  whole  Peninsula,  now  beheld  lii> 
em] >ire  contracted  to  a  few  barren,  inhospitable  rocks.  The  noble,  instead  of 
the  broad  lands  and  thronged  halls  of  his  ancestors,  saw  himself  at  best  Im: 
the  chief  of  some  wandering  horde,  seeking  a  doubtful  subsistence,  like  liiin 
^elf.  by  rapine.  The  peasantry,  indeed,  may  be  said  to  have  gained  by  the 
excnange  ;  and,  in  a  situation  in  which  ail  factitious  distinctions  were  of  lf» 
worth  than  individual  prowes.s  and  etticiency,  they  rose  in  ijolitical  coiis( 
(pience.  Even  .slavery,  a  sore  evil  among  the  Visigoths,  as  indeed  among  all 
the  barlmrians  of  German  origin,  thougl»  not  effaced,  lost  many  of  its  most 
revolting  features,  under  the  more  generous  legislation  of  later  times." 

A  sensible  and  salutary  influence,  at  the  same  time,  was  exerted  on  the 
moral  energies  of  the  nation,  which  had  iDeen  corrupted  in  the  long  enjoyiiicnt 
of  uninterrupted  prosi)erity.  Indeed,  so  relaxed  were  the  moraln  of  the  court, 
as  well  as  of  the  c-lergy,  and  sc  ^mervated  liad  all  classes  become  in  the  gential 
ditlusion  of  luxury,  that  some  authors  have  not  scnipled  to  refer  to  tlnse 
causes  principally  the  perdition  of  the  Gothic  monarchy.  An  entire  refoi ma 
tion  in  these  habits  was  necessarily  effected  in  a  situation  where  a  scnntv 
subsistence  could  only  be  earned  by  a  life  of  extreme  temperance  and  tdil, 
and  where  it  was  often  to  be  sought,  sword  in  hand,  from  an  enem^'  far 
superior  in  numl)ers.  Whatever  may  have  ))een  the  vices  of  the  Spaniards, 
they  cannot  have  Ijeen  those  of  effeminate  sloth.  Thus  a  sober,  liardy,  ainl 
independent  race  was  gra<hiallv  formed,  prepared  to  assert  their  aiuitut 
inheritance,  and  to  lay  the  foundations  of  far  more  liberal  and  equitable  forms 
of  aovernment  than  were  known  to  their  ancestors. 

At  first  their  progress  was  slow  and  almost  imperceptible.  The  Saraiciis, 
indeed,  rejiosing  uinler  the  sunny  skies  of  Andalusia,  so  congenial  with  tluir 
own,  seemed  willing  to  relinquish  the  sterile  regions  of  the  north  to  an  eiiiinv 
whom  they  despised.     But,  when  the  Spaniards,  quitting  the  shelter  of  tlicir 


and  Navarre,  together  with  the  Asturias, 
Biscay,  Guipuscoa,  the  northern  portion  of 
Galicia  and  tlie  Alpujarras  (the  last  retreat, 
too,  of  the  Moors,  under  the  Christian  domi- 
nation \  to  have  l)eon  untouclied  by  the  Sara- 
cen invaders.     See  lib.  12,  cap.  76. 

"  Tlie  lot  of  the  Visipothic  slave  was  snffl- 
ciently   liard.      Tlie  oppressions  which  this 
tmliapi)y  race  endured  were  such  as  to  lead 
]\Ir.  Soutliey,  in  his  excellent  Intrwiuction  to 
tlie  "Clironicle  of  the  Cid,"  to  impute  to  their 
co-oprration,  in  part,  the  easy  conquest  of  the 
country   by  the   Arabs.      But  aithounh   the 
luws  i'l  relation  to  them  seem  to  l>e  taken  up 
witli    determining   their  incapacities    rather 
tiian  their  privileges,  it  is  probalde  that  they 
secured  to  them,  on  the  whole,  (|iiite  as  ^reat 
a  (l(',s<ree  of  civil  consequenee  as  was  enjoyed 
by  similar  classes  in  the  rest  of  Europe.     By 
tlie   Kuero  Juzp),  the  slave   wa-s  allowed  to 
ac(|uire  property  for  himself,  and  with  it  to 
])urcha>*e  liis  own  redemption.     (^Lib.  5,  tit.  I, 
liy  10.)     A  certain  proportion  of  every  iiuui'b 
slaves  were  also  reiiuired  to  l)ear  arms,  and  to 
accompany  tlieir  master  to  the  field.     (Lib.  9, 
tit  2,  iey«.)    But  their  r^'lative  rank  is  belter 


a8certaln>'d  by  the  amount  of  composition 
(that  accurate  measurement  of  civil  rijrhu 
with  all  the  barbariaus  of  the  north)  }irf- 
Bciibcd  for  any  personal  violence  inflictc  il  ( n 
them.  Thus,  by  the  Salic  law,  the  life  of  a 
free  Roman  was  estimated  at  only  one-fifth  of 
that  of  a  Frank  (Lex  Salica,  tit.  43,  sec.  1,  --^ 
while,  by  the  law  of  tlie  Visiijoths,  the  lifr  "f 
a  slave  was  valued  at  half  of  that  of  a  frpt- 
man  (lib.  6,  tit.  4,  ley  l).  In  the  latter  oxl'', 
moreover,  the  master  was  proliibited,  uml'r 
the  severe  penalties  of  banifhnient  iiU't 
seciuest.  Mon  of  property,  from  either  iinir- 
dering  or  maiminj?  his  own  slave  (lib.  ti,  tit  'i, 
leyes  1'2,  Kt);  widle,  in  other  codes  of  tli' 
barl)arians  the  penalty  was  confined  to  f-iini- 
lar  trespasses  on  the  slaves  of  another;  an!, 
by  the  Salic  luw,  no  hiplier  mulct  wiis  im- 
posed for  killing  than  for  kidnnpiiinp  a  sl:r.'' 
(Lex  Salica,  tit.  11,  sec.  1,  :i.)  The  le^'i-i.<- 
tion  of  tlie  Nisipoths,  in  those  parti(ul;ii-. 
seems  to  liave  regarded  this  uiiiiHpi)y  rue  i' 
not  merely  a  distinot  species  of  property,  I' 
provided  for  their  personal  security,  iustiad 
of  limiting  itself  to  the  indemnification  of 
their  masters. 


CASTILE. 


6 


the  forniN 
h1  how  iiii- 
up  all  the 
.s  itriiiiiti\t' 
beheld  lii> 
instead  df 
,t  best  liiit 
!,  like  liiiii- 
ned  bv  tlif 
ere  oi  K'>^ 
:ical  coii.M- 
anioni;  all 
3f  its  most 

ted  on  the 

enjoyment 

[  the  court, 

the  general 

iv  to  tlie^e 

re  refonuH- 

e  a  seal  it  V 

;e  and  toil, 

eneni^  far 

Spamanls, 

hardy,  ainl 

iir  ancieiit 

[Able  forms 

!  Saraeeiis, 

with  their 

)  an  eiieiiiv 

,er  of  their 

compositif'n 

civil  ri^'hts 

north)  Jiff- 

iiiflittcil  I  n 

the  '..fp  fif  a 

one-fiftli  ')f 

;j,  Hec.  1,  '■^; 

1.  the  lif''  -f 

at  of  a  Irpi- 

lattcr  cisl'-, 

hited,  umi'T 

hment    ami 

rithcT  imir- 

lih.B,  tit  'i, 

(k1C8   III     111'" 

neil  to  ciiiii- 
Kithor ;  iiM'l, 
■t  was  iiii- 
liiip  a  sl«vi\ 
Tho  lo^'i'»lll• 
jiiirtiiiilars 
j>|)y  rail'  a* 
I'lipprty.  It 
•ity,  instcail 
uificatit'ii  I'f 


: 


mMiiiitains,  descended  into  the  open  plains  of  Leon  and  Oa'^tile,  thoy  found 
tiiriii>el\es  exposed  to  the  jjredatory  incursions  of  tlie  Arab  cavalry,  who, 
sweepiii;,'  over  the  face  of  the  country,  airried  otF  in  a  sin^de  foray  the  hard- 
euiied  produce  of  a  sunnner's  toil.  It  was  not  until  they  had  reached  some 
iiatiual  lM)inidary,  as  the  river  Douro  or  the  chain  of  the  Guadarrama,  that 
tliev  were  eiial)Ie<l,  l)y  constructini;  a  line  of  fortifications  aloni,'  these  jtrimitive 
iMilwark-i.  to  secin-e  their  comiuests,  and  oppose  an  efiectual  resisUmce  to  the 
df-truetive  inroivls  of  tlieir  enemies. 

Tlieir  own  dissensions  were  another  cause  of  their  tardy  progress.  The 
miiiieroiis  petty  states,  which  rose  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  monarchy, 
s.  riiied  to  reu'ard  each  other  with  even  a  fiercer  hatred  than  that  with  which 
thtv  viewed  the  eiiemies  of  their  faith  ;  a  circumstiince  that  more  than  once 
1  inu-lit  the  nation  to  the  verge  of  ruin.  More  Christian  blooil  was  wasted 
ill  tliese  national  feuds  than  in  all  their  encounters  with  the  infidel.  The 
pi -Idlers  of  Fernan  Gon9alez,  a  chieftain  of  the  tenth  century,  complained  that 
their  master  made  them  lead  the  life  of  very  devils,  keeping  them  in  the 
harness  day  and  night,  in  wars,  not  against  the  Saracens,  but  one  another,'" 

These  circumstances  so  far  palsied  the  arm  of  the  Christians,  that  v- 
century  and  a  half  elapsed  after  the  invasion  before  they  had  penetrate<l  to 
the  Douro,"  and  nearly  thrice  tliat  periml  l)efore  they  had  advanced  the  line 
of  coMipiest  to  the  Tagus,"^  notwithstanding  this  portion  of  the  country  had 
iieeii  coiiijiaratively  deserted  by  the  Mahometjins.  lint  it  was  easy  to  foresee 
that  a  jK'ople,  living,  as  they  did,  under  circumstances  so  well  adapted  to  the 
development  of  both  physical  and  moral  energy,  nuist  ultimately  prevail  over 
a  nation  oppressed  l)y  desjK)tisni  and  the  ert'elninate  indulgence  to  which  it 
wa^  naturally  disposed  by  a  sensual  religion  and  a  voluptuous  chmate.  In 
truth,  the  early  Spaniard  was  urged  by  every  motive  that  can  give  ethcacy  to 
liiuiian  purpose.  Pent  up  in  his  barren  mountains,  he  l)eheld  the  pleasant 
valleys  and  fruitful  vineyards  of  his  ancestors  delivered  over  to  the  spoiler, 
the  holy  places  polluted  by  his  alwminable  rites,  and  the  crescent  glittering 
(III  the  domes  wnich  were  once  consecrated  by  the  venerated  symbol  of  his 
faith.  His  cause  became  the  cause  of  Heaven.  The  church  published  her 
I  Hills  of  crusade,  otlering  liberal  indulgences  to  those  who  served,  and  Para- 
(li>e  to  tho.se  who  fell,  in  battle  again.st  the  intiilel.  The  ancient  Ca.stilian 
Wii,s  remarkable  for  his  indei>endent  resistance  of  i)apal  encroachment ;  but 
the  peculiarity  of  his  situation  subjected  him  in  an  uncommon  degree  to 
ficlesiastical  influence  at  home.  Prie.sts  mingled  in  the  council  and  the  camp, 
and,  anayed  in  their  sacerdotal  rol^es,  not  unfre([uently  led  the  armies  to 
lattle."  They  uiterpreted  the  will  of  Heaven  as  niysteriously  revealed  in 
(Ireauis  and  visions.  Miracles  were  a  familiar  occurrence.  The  violated 
tuiiihs  of  the  saints  sent  forth  thunders  and  lightnings  to  consume  the  in- 
vaders ;  and,  when  the  Christians  faint*Hl  in  the  tight,  the  anparition  of  their 
I  a  troll,  St.  James,  mounted  on  a  milk-white  steed,  and  ne^iring  aloft  the 
laiiiier  of  tiie  Cross,  was  seen  hovering  in  the  air,  to  rally  their  broken 
S'iuudrons  and  lead  them  on  to  victory.'*    Thus  the  Spaniard  looked  upon 


"  Con'nira  general,  part.  3,  fol.  .^4. 
"  .Arconling  to  Morales  (Coronlca,  lib.  13, 
I  cap.  fn),  this  tiK)k  place  alwut  850. 

•  I'llcdo  was  not  reconquered  until  1085; 
Li'^lxiii,  ill  1147. 

"  riit>  arclil)ishop8  of  Toledo,  whose  reve- 

j  niwrt  rtinl  nuinues  far  exceeded  those  of  the 

<)tiii'r   eccli'siastics,    were    particularly  c<in- 

I  Bpicuous    in    these    holy    wars.      Mariana, 


ppeakinR  of  one  of  these  bellii^orent  prelates, 
consiii'Ts  it  worthy  of  cnccuniuin  that  "it  is 
not  easy  to  decide  whether  he  was  most  con- 
spicuous for  his  litHHl  govcrniu"iU  in  p<'ace,  or 
his  conduct  and  valour  in  war."  Hist,  dii 
E.s|)ana,  toni.  ii.  p.  14. 

■'  The  first  txTasiun  on  widdi  the  niilitary 
apostle  condescended  to  reveal  himself  to  the 
Leonese  was  the  luemorable  day  of  Clavijo, 


INTRODUCTION. 


liiniself  as  in  a  pefuliar  manner  the  care  of  Providence.  For  him  the  law< 
of  nature  wore  siispenikMl.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  (Jro/!'«,  ti;4iitiiiL(  not  (mh 
for  his  cou'itry,  hut  for  Christendom.  Indeed,  volunteers  ifrom  the  reiiKitcv- 
]arts  of  Christendom  eagerly  tiiron<j;ed  to  serve  under  his  Itanner ;  and  ti, 
cause  of  religion  was  dehated  with  the  same  ardour  in  Spain  as  on  tlie  jtlaii.. 
of  ralestine.'*  Hence  the  national  character  tecame  exalted  hy  a  reh-im, 
fervour,  which  in  later  days,  alas  !  settled  into  a  fierce  fanaticisuj  Ih-n- 
tliat  solicitude  for  the  purity  of  the  faith,  the  peculiar  hoast  of  the  Spaiiiaul 
and  that  deep  tinge  of  superstition,  for  which  they  liave  ever  heen  di>iii. 
guished  amonj^  the  nations  of  Eurojie. 

The  long  wars  with  the  Mahometans  served  to  keep  alive  in  their  liosom- 
the  ardent  glow  of  patriotism  ;  and  this  was  still  further  lieightened  hy  tti' 
hody  of  traditional  minstrelsy  which  connnemorated  the  heroic  deeds  performc; 
in  these  wars.  The  influence  of  such  pojtular  compositions  on  a  simple  jho].!,' 
is  inuleniahle.  A  sagacious  critic  ventures  to  pronounce  the  jioems  of  Hdinc: 
the  principal  l)ond  whicli  united  the  Grecian  states.'**  Such  an  o])inion  luin 
Ije  deemed  somewhat  extravagant.  It  cannot  he  douhted,  liowever,  tiiat  ;i 
iioem  like  tiiat  of  the  "  Cid,"  which  appeared  as  early  as  the  twelfth  century,' 
i>y  calling  ui»  the  most  inspiring  national  recollections  in  connection  wit!. 

them  that   "tlio  cause  of  relif;i"ii  cmiM  I. 
much  Ix'ttpr  served  by  them  at  lioiiie." 

"■  See  lleeren,  Politics  of  Ancient  (ir,t,., 
translated  by  Hancrolt,  chap.  7. 

"  The   oldest   uianuscrij)!   extant    of  thi- 
poem   (still   preserved   at    Hivar,    the   li.  r.  • 
birlhi)lace)  U'ars  the  date  of  l'2ii7,  or  at  lu-t 
i:{i)i,  for  there  is  some  obscurity  in  the  writ  in. 
Its  learned  editor,  Sanchez,  has  been  ltd  l.y  i;  • 
peculiarities  of  its  orthography,  niftri',  ,'i;i: 
idiom,  to  refer  its  com)H)sition  to  as  citilyi 
date  a.s  115;{.      (Joleccion  de    I'oesias  (,iM'; 
lanas  antcriores  al  Siglo  XV.  (Madrid,  i::' 
9u),  torn.  i.  p.  22a.)    Some  of  the  later  Sji  mi- 
anti(|uarieB  have  manifested  a  sceptic  i^m  r 
relation  to  the  "Cid,"   truly  alarniiui.'     A 
volume  wa«  published  at  Madrid,  in  IT. rj,  l* 
lllsco,  umh'r  the  title  of  "Castilla,  6  HiM.  rs 
de   UcxlriKo   Diaz,"   etc.,    which    the  wcitl  v 
father  usliered  into  the  world,   with  iniuh  j 
Bolenuiitj',    aa    a    transcript  of  an    ori.i,'in;il 
manuscript    coeval    with    the    time    of  th^ ! 
"  Cid,"  and  fortunately  discovered  by  iiim  in 
an  (jbscure  corner  of  8<jme  Leonese  mona^tiTv 
(Prologo.)     Masdeu,  in   an   analysis  i.f  ti.i- 
p.  ecious  document,  has  been  led  to  scrutim/' 
the  grounds  on  which, the  reputed   a(lii'\  • 
ments  of  the  "Cid"   have  rested  from  tiui 
immemorial,  and  concludes  with  the  staiilln.' 
a.s8ertion  that   "of    Rodrigo  Diaz,  el  Caini"- 
ador,  we  absolutely  know  nothing,  with  aiii 
degree  of  probability,  not  even  his  existciuc 
(liist.  critica,  torn.'  xx.   p.  a70.)    'J'herc  ar 
probal)ly  few   of   his   countrymen    wlio   \u 
thus  coolly  acMjuiesce  in  the  annihilati "ii    :' 
their  favourite  hero,  whose  exploits  have  l»':i 
tlie  burden  of  chronicle,  as  well  a.s  rouiaiu'', 
from  the  twelfth  century  down  to  tiie  iii«  v.n; 
daj".     The}'  may  find  a  warrant  for  their  l"n! 
credulity,  in  the  dispassionate  judgment  >' 
one  of  the  greatest  of  modem  historians,  .)«lx 
Miiller,  who,  far  from  doubting  the  existiiiej 
of  the  Campeador,  has  succeeded,  in  his  uwn 


A.i^.  844,  when  70,000  infidels  fell  on  the 
Held.  Fnmi  that  time,  the  name  of  St.  Jagu 
became  the  battle-cry  of  the  Spaniards.  The 
truth  of  the  story  is  attested  by  a  contem- 
porary charter  of  Ilamiro  1.  to  the  church  of 
the  saint,  granting  it  an  annual  tribute  of  com 
and  wine  troui  the  towns  in  his  dominions, 
and  a  knight's  jmrtion  of  the  spoils  of  every 
victory  over  the  .Mussulmans.  'I'bopiivilfgio 
del  nilo,  as  it  is  called,  is  given  at  length  by 
Florez  in  his  C<illection  (Esjiaria  sagrada,  tom. 
xix.  p.  '.i'2'J),  and  is  unlnsitatingly  cited  by 
most  of  the  Spanish  historians,  as  (iaribay, 
Mariana,  Morales,  and  others.— More  sharp- 
lighted  critics  discover,  in  its  anachronisms 
and  other  palpable  blunders,  ample  evidence 
of  its  forgery.  (.Mondejar,  Adveriencias  u  la 
lli-itoria  de  .Mariana  (Valencia,  1740),  ntj.  157, 
—  Masdeu,  Historia  critica  de  Espafia  y  de  la 
Cultura  Kspanola  (Madrid,  1783-1805),  tom. 
xvi.  supl  1,  8.)  The  canons  of  Compostella, 
however,  seem  to  have  found  their  account  in  it, 
as  the  tribute  of  good  cheer,  which  it  impt)S(d, 
continued  to  be  paid  l)y  some  of  the  Castilian 
tow  IIS,  according  to  Mariana,  in  his  day.  Hist, 
de  Kspafia,  tom.  i.  p.  416. 

'"  trench,  Flemish,  Italian,  atid  English 
volunteers,  led  by  men  of  distinguished  rank, 
are  recorded  by  the  Spanish  writers  to  liave 
been  present  at  the  sieges  of  Toledo,  Lislx)n, 
Algeziras,  and  various  others.  More  than 
sixty  thousand,  or,  as  some  accounts  state,  a 
hundred  thousand,  joined  the  army  before  the 
battle  of  Nava.s  de  Tolosa;  a  round  exaggera- 
tion, which,  however,  implies  the  great  num- 
ber of  such  auxiliaries,  (tiaribay,  t'ompendio 
liistorial  de  las  Clin'nicas  de  Espana  (Barce- 
lona, IC'28),  lib.  12,  cap.  33.)  The  crusades  in 
Spain  were  as  rational  enterprises  as  those  in 
the  East  were  vain  and  chimerical.  I'ope 
Pascal  II.  acted  like  a  man  lof  sense  w  hen  lie 
Bent  back  certain  Spanish  adventurers  who 
Lad  embarked  ia  the  wars  uf  Palestine,  telling 


CASTILE. 


tst'lf  to  tli«>  Christian   aivalicrs.     In   the   intervals  of  iK'ace,  these   latt<!r 
rt'ipiciitej  the  courts  of  the  Moorish  princes,  an<l  mingled  with  their  a<lver- 


ieir  favnnrite  hero,  must  ha.e  operated  powerfully  on  the  nioi-al  sensibilities 

,  thi'  people. 

It  is  pleading  to  observe,  in  the  cordial  .-pirit  of  these  early  eflusions, 
lt!c  of  the  ferocious  hiu'otry  whirh  sullie  I  the  charafttN-  of  the  nation  in 
ft'T-a^cs.'''  The  .Mahometans  of  this  jMM'iod  far  excelled  their  enemies  in 
snt'rarretiiiement,  and  had  carried  some  branches  of  intellectual  culture  to 
"liri,dit  scarcely  surpassed  by  Euroj^ans  in  later  times.  The  Christians 
icit'forc,  notwitlistandin^'  their  political  aversion  to  the  Saracens,  conceded 
,  tlu'iii  a  dc;,'ree  ot  resjKjct,  which  subsided  into  feelini^s  of  a  verv  ditlerent 
)iiiiilf.\ioii  as  they  themselves  ro.se  in  the  scale  of  civilization.  This  .senti- 
ieiit  of  respect  tenii)ered  the  ferocity  of  a  warfare  which,  althou;;h  sntticiently 
Isiistrous  in  iti  deUiils,  allbrds  examples  of  a  j^'enerous  courtesy  that  Wv/;ild 
lioiionr  to  the  i»olitest  aj^es  of  Europe."  The  Spanish  Arabs  were  accom- 
li.hcd  in  all  knightly  exercises,  and  their  natural  fontlness  for  ma^'niticenee. 
li'li  shed  a  lustre  over  the  ru^i^ed  features  of  chivalry,  ejisily  comnnudcnted 

intervals  of  iK'ace,  th 
S  J^'i<I  nun^ded  with  th 
iries  m  the  comparatively  peaceful  pleasures  of  the  tourney,  as  in  war  they 
leil  with  tiiem  in  feats  of  Quixotic  KJ^llantry.*" 
Tlic  nature  of  this  warfare  Itetween  two  nations,  iidia])itants  of  the  same 
)initry,  yet  so  dissimilar  in  their  reli,i,nous  and  social  institutions  as  to  Ix) 
Lliiiost  the  natural  enemies  of  each  other,  was  extreniely  favourable  to  the 
kxliiltition  of  the  characteristic  virtues  of  chivalry.  Tlie  conti^nity  of  the 
^o-^tile  parties  allbrded  abundant  ojtportunities  for  personal  rencounter  and 
"i|  romantic  enterprise.     Each  nation  had  its  rejjfular  military  as.sociations, 

ii'ininii  at  li'a.«t,  in  t-loarin^  from  liis  liistory 
111''  •'mists  (if  fal)l('  and  o.Mrdvafiancp "    in 

klii'  li  it  lunl  t)'»en  sliri>U(l<'(i.  .Sec  liis  Life  of 
111'  Till,  a|>|ifiiiio<l  ti>  Escoliar's  "  lloinani'i'ni," 
liiit.  i|  liy  till'  li-anifil  ami  cstiiuahU'  Dr.  Julius, 
>f  lliilin.     Kniiikriirt,  \h2h. 

\    iiiimIitii     iiiiiistrcl     invoif^hs    louiUy 

kfraiiist  tluH  charity  of  his  ancostor.i,  who 
piv.itiMl  tliiir  "cautos  de  ci^arra"  to  the 
lliTJliiainn  of  the  "Moorish  ral)l)lo,"  in- 
^t'iiil  lit'  toli'iiratiiiK  the  prowess  of  the  Cid, 
■rnardo,  and  other  worthies  of  their  own 
Batiuii.      His  discourtesy,   however,    is  well 

I'liuki'd  by  a  more  generous  brother  of  the 

ralt- 

"  Nil  es  culpa  si  de  los  Mores 
Ids  vaiii'titcG  hechos  cantan. 
piles  taiito  luas  resplandecen 
iiiiestra-s  celebrcs  liazanHS ; 
(|Uf!  el  encareccr  los  hechos 
dt'l  vencido  en  la  batalla, 
niKrandece  al  venceuor, 
aiiiKiue  no  hablen  de  cl  palabra." 

-liiirin,  Kiiniancero  de  Romances  Moriscoa 
[M*  Iriil,  lx'2i~i,  p.  227. 

WJKMi  the  empress  queen  of  Alfonso  VII. 

*;i<  l.isipiri>il  in  the  castle  of  A/eca,  in  li;t9, 

ri|iriiacliivl  the  Moslem  cavaliers  for  their 

kaiit  iif  Knirtesy  and  courage  in  attacking  a 

pirtn  s!<  defended  by  a  female.    They  acknow- 

l'-''il  tiip  justice  of  the  rebuke,  and  only 

^<ipi('<ti>il  that  she  would  condescend  to  show 

r<.  It  to  tlii>ni  from  her  palace;    when  the 

I'j'jrish  chivalry,  after  paying  their  obeisaiice 


to  her  in  the  most  respect ftil  manner,  instantly 
raised  the  siege,  and  departed.  (I't-rreras, 
Histoire  generale  d'Espagne,  traduite  par 
d'HiTmilly  (Paris,  I74_'  Oli,  torn.  iii.  p.  4ni.) 
It  w  as  a  fre(|uent  occurrence  to  restore  a  noble 
captive  to  lilierty  without  ransom,  and  even 
with  costly  presents.  Thus  Alfonso  XI.  sent 
back  to  their  father  two  daughters  of  a  Moorish 
prince,  who  formed  part  of  the  sjm)!!-*  of  the 
battle  of  Tarifa.  (^iariana,  Hist,  de  Kx))at~;i, 
tom.  ii.  p.  :i'2.)  When  this  same  Castilian 
sovereign,  after  a  career  of  almost  unin- 
terrupted victory  over  the  .Moslems,  died  of 
the  plague  before  (iibraltar,  In  i;t5i),  the 
kniglits  of  (Sranada  put  on  mourning  for  him. 
Baying  that  "  he  was  a  noi)le  prince  and  one 
that  kiifw  how  to  honour  his  enemies  as  well 
as  his  friends,"  Cuiiile.  Uominacion  de  los 
Arabes,  torn.  iii.  p.  I4H. 

""  One  of  the  most  extraordinary  achieve- 
ments in  this  way  was  that  of  the  grand 
ma-xter  of  Alcantara,  in  l.J9t,  who,  after  in- 
effi'ctually  challenging  the  kingof  (Jranada  to 
meet  him  in  single  combat,  or  with  a  force 
double  that  of  his  own,  marched  lioldly  njt  to 
the  gatcH  of  his  capital,  w  here  he  was  a.ssailed 
by  such  an  overwhelming  host  that  he  with 
all  his  little  band  j)orished  on  the  field.  ( Mari- 
ana, Hist,  de  Espaila,  lib.  lit.  ca(>.  :i  )  It  was 
oviT  this  worthy  compeer  of  I)iin  <.^ui.\ote  that 
the  eiiita|)h  was  inscribed,  "  Here  lies  oiii"  who 
never  knew  fear,"  which  led  CliiirloM  \'.  to 
remark  to  one  of  his  courtiers  that  "  the  goinl 
knight  could  never  have  tried  to  snuff  a  candle 
with  Lis  tiugers." 


INTRODUCTION. 


who  fiworc  to  (lovotc  thoir  lives  to  tlie  service  of  God  ntnl  tlieir  comit'v,  ■ 
jxTpctuiil  Wiir  ai;iiiiist  i\\v,  iitji<lel}^     The  Spjiiiisli  kiiiiilit  hcciuiie  tlif  ;; 
lu'io  of  roriiiiiu;e,  waiiderinf;  over  his  own  lain!,  jiml  even  into  the  reiiiut 
rliiiies,  ill  (jiiest  of  adventures  ;  and,  as  late  as  the  fifteenth  century,  wofi: 
him  in  the  courts  of  Kn^land  and  Ihirirundy,  doinj,'  battle  in  honoin-  of  i 
mistress,  and  challeni,dn,LC  K<"»t'ral  admiration   })y   his   uncommon   i)('r«oi 
intre|)idity."    This  romantic  spirit  lin^'ered  in  Castile  loiitj  after  the  aire 
chivalry  had  iH'come  extinct  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  continuing;  to  noui' 
itself  on  those  ilhisious  of  fancy  which  were  at  length  dispelled  by  the  cuiisl 
satire  of  Cervantes.  ; 

Thus  patriotism,  religions  loyalty,  and  a  proud  sense  of  independcno  % 
founded  on  the  consciousness  of  owin;j:  their  jiossessions  to  their  i»cisoi.i 
valour,  became  characteristic  traits  of  the  Castilians  jireviously  to  the  si\ 
teenth  century,  when  the  oppressive  oolicy  and  fanaticism  of  the  Austria; 
dynasty  contrived  to  tlirow  into  the  sliade  these  generous  virtues.     GIiiii;wv 
of  them,  however,  might  long  \)C  discerned  in  the  haughty  l)earing  of  tlJ 
Castiliau  noble,  and  in  that  erect,  high-minded  peasantry,  whom  opprt',ssiui| 
has  not  yet  been  al)le  wholly  to  subdue.'' 

To  the  extraordinary  jiosition  in  which  the  nation  was  placed  may  also'-  ' 
referred  the  liberal  forms  of  its  political  institutions,  as  well  as  a  more  par- 
development  of  them  than  took  jdace  in  other  countries  of  P^urope.     Kroi, 
tlie  exposure  of  the  Castiliau  towns  to  the  i)redatory  incursions  of  the  Arab;  I 
it  became  necessary  not  only  that  they  should  be  strongly  fortified,  but  tha 
every  citizen  should  be  trained  to  lx?ar  arms  in  their  defence.     An  iiuiiicn'j 
increase  of  conse(iuence  was  given  to  the  burgesses,  who  thus  constitutcil  th'  J 
most  elFective  part  of  the  national  militia.   To  this  circumstance,  as  Avell  ast 
the  policy  of  inviting  the  settlement  of  frontier  places  by  the  grant  of  extiao:  | 
diiiary  ]»rivileges  to  the  inhabitants,  is  to  he  imputed  the  early  date,  as  welUf 
liberal  character,  of  the  charters  of  conmiunity  in  Castile  and  Leon.'* 

lady  Kako."    (Fenn,  Orifrinal  Letters  (K 
Vol.   i.   p.   c.)    Tlie  i>ractiLe  of  usiii^  sli«"^ 
Bppa'"!',    instead  of  the   guarded  and  liliiiii'i 
weapons  usual  in  the  tnumanient,  s('<ius ; ; 
have  l)een  alTected  by  tliccliivalrous  nnlili'*  :; 
Castile  ;  many  of  whom  lost  tlieir  lives  fr.ir.a 
this  circumstance,   in  the   nplendid  tmini' 
piven  in  honour  of  the  nuptials  of  IJlaiiiln' 
Navarre  and  Hcnr, ,  son  of  John  II.   (('ii''iii'i<| 
de    0.   Juan    II.   "(Valencia,    1779),   p.  4i:  ' 
Monstrolet  records  the  atlventurosof  a  Sipaiu- 
cavalier,  who  " travelled  all  the  way  to  t.l 
court  of  RurRundy  to  seek  honour  and  nv  ' 
rence  "  hy  his  feats  of  arms.     His  antiiL'Hrii-; 
was  the  lord  of  Cliarjiny  ;  on  the  secoii'l  tUi| 
they  fou^^ht  with  battle-axes,  and  "tlii^Ci-' 
tilian  attracted  general  admiration  by  lii-iir- 
common  darin)^  in  fighting  with  his  visor  cp. 
Chruniques  r Paris,  ir)9,5\  torn.  ii.  p.  109. 

-•'  The   Venetian    ambassailor,   NavuLMi-ml 
speaking    of  the   maimers  of   the  Castilisil 
nobles  in  Ciiarles  V.'s  time,  remarks,  snin'l 
what  bluntly,  that,    "if  their  power   wri 
equal  to  their  pride,  the  whole  world  wuiii: 
not   be   able  to   witlistand   them."     Viac:i 
fatto  in  Spagna  et  in  Francia  QVinegia,  166j, 
fol.  10. 

"  The  most  ancient  of  these  ropularcli.irtp:'! 
of  incorporation,  now  extant,  was  (iraiit'd'i 
Alfonso  v.,  in  1020,  to  the  city  of  Lcou  tu;i 


*'  This  singular  fact,  of  the  existence  of  an 
Arabic  military  onler,  is  recorded  by  Conde. 
(I»(>minacion  de  los  Arabes,  torn.  I.  p.  619, 
note.)  The  bretliren  were  distinginshed  for 
tiie  simplicity  of  their  attire,  and  their 
austere  and  frugal  habits.  They  were  sta- 
tioned on  the  Moorish  marches,  and  were 
])()und  liy  a  vow  of  perpetual  war  against  the 
Christian  inli<lcl.  As  their  existence  is  traced 
as  far  back  as  10,1(1,  they  may  possibly  have 
suggested  the  organization  of  similar  institu- 
tions in  Christendom,  which  they  preceded 
by  a  century  at  lca.st.  The  loyal  historians 
of  the  Spanish  military  orders,  it  is  true, 
would  carry  that  of  St.  Jago  as  far  back  as 
the  time  of  Ramiro  I.,  in  the  ninth  century 
(Caro  deTorres,  Historia  de  la.s  Ordencs  mili- 
tares  de  Santiago,  Calatrava  y  Alcantara 
(Madrid,  lfi'i9),fol.  2.— P.adosyAndrada.  Cliro- 
Tiicade  las  tres  Ordenes  y  Cavalleri'as  (Toledo, 
ir>7'i\  fol.  4);  but  less  prejudiced  critics, 
as  Zurita  and  Mariana,  are  content  with  dat- 
ing it  from  the  papal  bull  of  Alexander  III., 
1175. 

'  In  one  of  the  Paston  letters  we  find  tho 
notice  of  a  Spanish  knight  appearing  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VI.,  "  wyth  a  KerchefT  of 
riesaunce  i wrapped  alwuie  hys  arme,  tlie 
gwych  Knight,"  says  the  writer,  "  wyl  renne 
a  cours  wyth  a  sharpe  spore  for  his  sou'eyn 


t! 


CASTILK. 


9 


,i("<o,  aUliniiirli  varviiiir  n  {rood  dcivl  in  tlioir  details,  jjoiipmlly  coii(<'dfd  to  thi» 

ti/»'iis  the  ri^lit  of  t'U'ctiii;,'  tlicir  own  iiia/iistniti's  for  the  icj^iilatioii  of 
liiiiiiilial  affairs.     .Indies  were  apiiointed  by  this  hodv  for  the  udniiiiislrutioii 

( ivil  and  rriniinal  law,  suhject  to  an  appeul  to  tfie  royal  trilnnial.  No 
:»r-Mii  (oiild  he  atlected  in  life  or  property  except  hy  a  de<ision  of  this  ninni- 
Lal  court ;  and  no  cause,  while  pending,'  Ix-fore  it,  could  he  evoked  thenct; 
jtu  til.'  superior  tribunal.  In  order  to  secure  the  kirriers  of  justice  more 
Kc(tiiallv  a,i:ainst  the  violence  of  jKjwer,  .so  often  superior  to  law  in  an 
Vpcifcct  state  of  smiety,  it  was  provided,  in  many  of  tht^  charter  ,  that  no 

hies  slioidd  \k'.  permitted  to  ac(piire  real  property  within  the  limits  of  the 
>iiiiiiuiiitv  ;  that  no  fortress  or  palace  should  1)C  erecU'<i  hy  them  there  ;  that 
[|(  li  as  nii;,dit  reside  within  its  territory  should  l>e  suhject  to  its  jurisdiction  ; 
\\i\  tliat  any  violence  otiered  by  theni  to  its  inhabitants  nnixht  1h'  fon  ibly  re- 
Istcil  with  impimity.  Ample  and  inalirnable  funds  were  provided  for  the  main- 
jnaiice  of  the  municipal  functionaries,  and  for  other  j»ublic  expense,s.  A 
ir^f  extent  of  circumjacent  country,  end)racin^'  fret^uently  many  towns  and 
illimcs,  was  annexed  to  each  city,  with  the  rij,dit  of  jurisdiction  over  it.  All 
rhitrary  talla;,'es  were  comnnited  for  a  cerUiin  fixed  and  moderate  rent.  An 
fi(cr  was  appointed  by  the  crown  to  reside  within  e^ich  community,  whose; 
rdviiice  it  was  to  superintend  the  collection  of  this  tribute,  to  maintain  pidiiic 
nlcr,  and  to  be  associated  with  the  maj,dstrates  of  each  city  in  the  conunand 

the  forces  it  was  t)ound  to  contribute  towards  the  national  defence.  Thus, 
^liilc  tiie  inhabitants  of  the  j^reat  towns  in  other  parts  of  Kurope  were 
iii-iiisliiiii,'  in  feudal  servitude,  the  mend)ers  of  the  Castilian  corporations, 
iviiij;  under  the  orotection  of  their  own  laws  and  magistrates  in  time  of  peace, 
[ill  (oiiunanded  ny  their  own  othcers  in  war,  were  in  full  enjoyment  of  all  the 
Bsciitiai  rights  and  jtrivileges  of  freemen." 

It  is  true  that  they  were  often  convulsed  by  intestine  feuds  ;  that  the  laws 
rcii'  often  loosely  administered  by  incomnetent  judges  ;  and  that  the  exercise 

so  many  important  prerogatives  of  independent  states  inspired  them  with 
Bt'liuiTs  of  independence,  which  led  to  nmtual  rivalry,  and  sometimes  to  oi»en 

li.sioM.  I»ut,  with  all  this,  long  after  sinnlar  inununities  in  the  free  cities  of 
her  countries,  as  Italy  for  example,'^''  had  l»een  sacrificed  to  the  violence  of 

Id  territory.    (Marina   rojotta    those  of  an        aicordcd  to  tlio  inhat)itants.     UolxTtHon.  who 


»rli'  r  diiti',  adiliicdi   !)}■    Asso  and   Manuel 
litlicr  writerH.     Eusayo  historiuo-critiio 
Dl'rc  la  antij:iia  Legislaiion  de  Ca.«tilla  (Ma- 
rl.i,  l'<ii,-<\   jip,  M0-H2.)    It  preceded,   by  a 
^iiir  interval,  tiiose  pranted  to  the  borpeKses 
'thiT  imrt-*  of  Euroi)o,  with  tlie  excejition, 
ferii.ip-;,  of  Italy  ;  where  several  of  the  cities, 
MihiM,  I'avia.  antl  Pisa,  scorn  early  in  the 
|le\eiiili  reiiliiry  to  have  exercised  some  of 
tun.  lions  of  independent  Ktates.     IJut  the 
Ixt.nt  of  niuniciiwl 'mmuidties  conceded  to, 
Ir  ralle  r  assumed    oy,  the  Italian  cities  at 
Hii^  early  i)eriiKi,  is  very  equivocal ;  for  their 
■I'faiiuMlile  anti(|uary  confesses  that  all,  or 
learly  aU.  their  archives  previous  to  the  tiiue 
|f  Ir.-.l.Tiik  1.  .the  latter  part  of  the  twelfth 
Pntury*  liad   perished   amid   their   fretiuent 
fyU  eonvnlsioiis.    (See  the  subject  in  detail, 
Muratori,  Dissertaziuni  sopra  le  Antichiti 
|laliane  (Napiili,  17,')'J),  dissert.  45.)     Acts  of 
ifraiii  hi-ionieiit   became   frequent   in    Spain 
|»iriiii;    the    eleventh    century.      Several    of 
■e  are  preserved,  and  exhibit,  w  ith  sufTi- 
lliut  precision,  the  nature  of  the  privileges 


wrote  when  the  constitutional  antiquities  of 
Castile  hail  In-en  but  sliglitly  investinated, 
would  seem,  therefore,  to  have  little  authority 
for  derivinj^the  estiiblislitucnt  of  communitii's 
from  Italy,  and  stiU  less  lor  tracinj?  tlieir 
jiropress  thrnugh  trance  and  (iermany  to 
Spain.  S.'c  his  History  of  tht;  I'einn  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.  (London,  17'JtJ),  vol.  i. 
pp.  :J!i,  -M. 

-''  Tor  this  account  of  the  ancient  jMility  of 
tlie  Castilian  cities,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
Sempere,  Histoire  des  Cortes  d'p^paKne  (FJor- 
deau.x,  1^<1.')).  and  .Marina's  valuable  works, 
Ensayohisti'ric.i-cn'ticosobre  la  antijcua  Lepis- 
lacion  de  Castilla  i.nos.  ItJo-IUO),  and  'I'eoria 
de  las  Cortes  (Mailriil,  1m1;{,  part.  2,  cap.  21- 
2.l\  where  the  meagre  outline  given  above  is 
filled  up  «ith  cojjious  illustrations. 

'^"  The  independence  of  the  Lombard  cities 
liad  l)oen  sacriticeil,  according  to  the  admishion 
of  their  enthusiitstic  historian,  aUiut  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  Sismonili, 
Histoire  des  Ilepuldiques  Italiemieadu^Hoyen- 
Age  (^I'aris,  Isla),  ch.  2 J. 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


10   fiftcc:- 
'  itifriiii:'! 


fji'tioii  or  tlio  lust  of  i)0\v('r,  those  of  the  Cjistihiiti  citios  not  only  rciiia' J 
uniiiipiiinMl,  hut  scciiit'ii  to  .'iciiuin'  iidihtioiuil  stiihihty  with  ix,n\    Thi^  <  ir, 
staiico  h  chu'lly  iinputivhlc  to  the  coustjiiicy  of  the  nutioMfil  U',u'i"<l!Vtmc,  \\\, 
until  the  vcicc!  of  liherty  \v;is  stillcil  hy  a  niilitury  dcspotisin,  wjis  cvim  r.„ 
to  iiit»'ij)()si'  its  juot«'(;tiii^'  arm  in  tlcjfciicc  of  ((Mistitutional  ri;<ht8. 

The  carlit'st  instance  on  rocnnl  of  popuhir  rcnnNentation  \v.  OastiIo<i<(H" 
at  ituriios,  in  1  l«J!)  ;''  nearly  a  century  antecedent  to  the  eelel)rate(l  Lein.' 
))arliaiiu'nt.     Kaeh  city  lunl  hut  one  vote,  whatever  ini^'ht  he  the  niuiilx'r 
\U  repre>entatives.      A  much  ureater  irre<,Milarity,  in  re.;anl  to  th(>  nuinlifr 
cities  reipiired  to  send  denutie-i  to  cortes  on  diU'erciit  o'casious,    irevailcl 
Ca4ile,  than  ever  existed  in  Ku^land  ;'*  thou'^h,  previously  to  t 
century,  this  does  not  seem  to  have  ]irocee(led  from  any  desij^n  o 
on  the  hl)erties  of  the  jteojile.     The  nomin.uion  (tf  these  was  oriL,MnaIly  vc 
in  the  houseliolders  at  lar;^'e,  hut  was  afterwards  contined  to  the  niuniii|ii; 
ti«'s, — a  most  mischievous  alt<'ration,  which  suhjected  their  election  eveutna 
to  the  corrupt  intluence  of  the  crown."*    They  assemhle(l  in  the  same  chaiiiV^ 
with  tlie  hiijher  orders  of  the  nohility  and  chM>:y,  hut,  on  (piestions  of  inonii" 
retired  to  (leHln'rate  hy  themselves.'"    vVft«r  the  transaction  of  other  husiiuMj 
tiieir  own  petitions  were  i»resented  to  the  sovereJLcn,  and  his  assent  f^ave  tlifj 
the  validity  of  laws.     The  (Jastilian  connnons,  hy  ne;,dectin;,'  to  make  tlie^ 
money  j^rants  depend  on  corresponding'  concessions  from  the  crown,  roll' 
qiiished  that  i)owerful  check  on  its  operations  so  IxMieficially  e.\erted  in  t!-| 
British  parliament,  hut  in  vain  contended  ^r  even  there,  till  a  much  lati 
])eriod  than  that  now  under  consideration.     Whatever  may  have  Imm'h  t! 
rii;ht  of  the  nohility  and  clerij;y  to  attend  in  cortes,  their  sanction  was  n 
deemed  essential  to  the  validity  of  lei,'islative  acts  ;''  for  their  jiresence  was  ii 
even  reipiired  in  many  assemhlies  of  the  nation  which  occurred  m  the  fourteen'! 


"  Or  In  1160,  arcording  to  tlio  Coronica 
pcncio.  (part.  4,  fil.  M\,  'Mh),  whcrotlK*  fart 
is  iiKMitiimcil.  Mariiiiia  rofi-rs  this  cplolinitiDii 
of  cortoM  to  1170  (Hist,  tin  E«|)at)!i,  lil).  11, 
rap,  'Z):  b'lt  Ffrroras,  wlio  often  rfctifif^s  tho 
chronolo^jii'al  inari'iiracios  of  liis  preilccos- 
8or,  lixos  it  In  lltiO.  (Ilistnin'  irK-<pii(?nn, 
toni.  iii.  p.  4H4.)  Neither  of  theso  authors 
notices  the  presence  of  tlio  commons  in  tliis 
assembly;  altlxxif^h  the  phrase  used  by  the 
Clironicle,  hx  cihUadUntoK,  is  i)erfectly  une- 
quivocal. 

■■"  Capniany,  "riictlca  >  E«tilo  de  celehrar 
Cortes  en  Aia^'on,  Catalufla  v  Valencia 
(Miulrid.  lH2n.  pp.  2:10,  '231.— Whether  the 
convocation  of  the  third  estate  to  the  national 
councils  jiroceeded  from  politic  calculation  in 
tlie  sovcri'ifm,  or  was  in  a  manner  forced  on 
him  hy  the  (jrowinp  i>o\ver  and  itiiyiortance  of 
the  cities,  it  is  now  too  late  to  in'juire.  It  is 
nearly  as  difflcult  to  settle  on  what  principles 
the  selection  of  cities  to  be  represented  de- 
jiended.  Marina  asserts  that  every  frreat 
town  and  comnu.nity  was  entitled  to  a  seat 
ill  the  lejiislature,  from  the  time  of  receivina; 
it-i  municipal  charter  from  the  sovereign 
(Teorla,  tom.  i.  p.  i:is~);  and  Seinpere  afrrees  ' 
that  tliis  ri|;lit  became  penernl.  from  the  first, 
t')  all  will)  chose  to  avail  themselves  of  it. 
(Histoiredes  Cortes,  p  f>{\.)  The  ripht,  pro- 
bahly,  was  not  much  insisted  on  by  the 
BUiallur  aud  poorer  places,  which,   from  the 


charges  It  involved,  felt  it  often,  no  <|i,iiHI 
less  of  a  Ikmiii  th;in  a  burden.  This,  we  IvHuij 
was  the  case  in  Knglaiid. 

• '  It  was  an  evil  id'  scarcely  less  mapnitiil' 
that  contested  elections  were  settled  liy  ti^ 
crown.    (Capmany,  I'r.ictica  y  F)stilo,  p. 
The  latter  practice,  and,  indeed,  the  Inriii'l 
to  a  certain  extent,  is  to  be  met  with  in  Eiiij 
lish  history. 

""  Marina  leaves  this  point  in  some  olim; 
rlty.    ('I'eorfa,  tom.  i.  cap.  2s.)   Inileed.  ih-- 
seems  to  have  l)een  some  irregularity  in  t 
parliamentary     usages     themselves.      I'r  ;i 
minutes  of  a  meeting  of  cortes  at  'I'oli'ilo  :• 
lO.'ls,  too  soon  for  any  material  innovation  • 
the  ancient  practice,  we  find  the  three  estm- 
sitting  in  separate  chambers,  from  the  vvni 
commencement  to  tiie  close  of  the   sesoiiiil 
See  the  account  drawn  up  by  the  cmint 
Corufia,   apud  Capmany,   Pnictica  y  V>\\\. 
pp.  240  et  seq. 

•"  This,  however,  so  contrary  to  the  anal"f  i 
of  other  European  governments,  is  exiiri'^-i' 
contradicted  l)y  the  declaration  of  the  im  ' 
at  the  cortes  of  Toledo  in   \T,•^•^ :  "Oi.l;if-;ii 
respuesta  se  dijo,  que  pties  S.M.  habia  'iii 
(|ue  tio  eran  Cortes  ni  habia  Hra/os,  no  ]M«lii;| 
tratar  cosa  alguna,  que  eJ lost  sin  procurad" 
y  Ids  pnicuradores  sin  fllos,  no  seria  viiliil 
)<)    que    hicieren."     Relacion   del    Conii'' 
Corufia,  apud  Capmany,  Prilctica  y  Estilu,  pi 
247. 


w 


CAST  ILK. 


11 


tiftct'iitli  fOiitiiri("<."  T1h«  cxtraoniiiiary  power  tlnH  oniniiiitt«'l  to  tli«> 
liiiMiis  u;»*<,  oil  lilt'  hIioIc,  iiiifiivoiirjililr  to  tlu'ir  lilx-rtiiN,  It  (Icprivcl 
L  (if  tilt'  syiiipatliv  ii  nl  coiii'j'nitioii  of  the  un-Jit  onh'js  (if  tlio  state,  wIimsc 
Liiitv  alone  coiilil  have  enaoieti  them  to  withstand  the  eiK  roai'hnients  of 
iti.irv  power,  ami  who,  in  fact,  diil  cventiially  desert  them  in  their  utmost 

^iit,  notwithstainliiiK'  the>o  doferts,  tlu'  popular  l)ranch  of   the  Castilian 

,  very  soon  after  its  ailmission  into  that  Inidy,  assuiiu'd  functions  ami 

fi  iM'd  a  deu'ree  of  p<»wer  on  the  whole  superior  to  what  it  acipiired  in  other 

opcaii  le::islatures.      It  was  soon  rec();,'nized  a^  a  fundamental  principle  ot 

[eniistitiitioii,  that  no  tax  could  Ik»  imposed  without  its  consent  ; '•  an*l  an 

|rc>s  enactment  tothisellect  was  suM'ered  to  remain  on  the  statuteli(»ok  after 

A  iMMOineatlead  letter,  as  if  to  remind  the  nation  (»f  the  liln'rties  it  had  lost." 

(((iiiiiioiis  showed  a  wise  solicitude  in  ret,^ard  to  the  mode  of  collecting:  the 

lie  revenue,  oftentimes  more  onerous  to  the  suhject  than  the  tax  it;elf. 

tv  watilied  carefully  over  its  appropriation  t  >  its  destined  uses      They 

ki-aincd  a  too  prodit,iil  exp<'nditure,  an<l  ventured  more  than  once  to  reiru- 

the  ei oiiomv  of  the  royal  household.**    They  ke])t  a  vi^^lant  eye  on  the 

[(lu<t  of  puhlic  otHc«'is,  as  well  as  on  th**  r\ix\it  administration  of  justice,  and 

iiiii>sions  weie  appointed  at  their  su;,'!;estioii  for  iiupiirin,!;  into  its  abuses. 

;v  entered  into   negotiation  for  alliances  with  forei.t,Mi    powers,  and,  hy 

eViiiiniiiLr  the  amoiuit  of  siqiplies  for  the  maintenance  of  tr(M)ps  in  time  of 

k  preserved  a  salutary  check  over  military  operations."     The  nomination 

frc'^cncies  was  suhject  to  their  approbation,  and  they  defined  the  nature  of 

iiutliority  to  be  intrusted  to  them.     Their  consent  was  esteemed  indis- 

k'^ahle  to  the  valiility  of  a  title  to  tiie  crown,  and  this  prerogative,  or  at 


TliiM  onii<si()n  of  tlic  privilrpi'd  onl'-rs 

liiliii'i»it  unilnrm  uml'T  (Jliiirli's  \'.  uml  his 

"ST'*.     Itiit  it  wdiild  Im"  unfair  tn  hocIv 

!i-iitiiti  iml  jircccdcnf  in  tin-  usages  of  a 

priiiiirnt   wliiisi'  avowed  jwdicy  wis  alto- 

I  r  siilivi'r.iive  of  the  eonstitution. 

jMiriii'^'  the  tiinious  war  of  tlic  dmuni- 

■  ,  uiidi'T  CimrleH  V.     Fur  tlie  ])reeodiiig 

l^'rH)lll  cniisidt    Marina  ('I'corm,    j)art.  1. 

,lii,  'J'l,  "Jti,  'J!»),  and  Capinany  (I'nictiea   y 

]i\K  22i)-z:)i>).     The  uiuiiicipalitios  of 

till'    sreni   {()  liavp   repoHod   hut    a    very 

lltiil  ciinliiioiu-e  in  their  deh'gates,  whcau 

fiinii-hcd  witli   inHtruitiouH   to  whicli 

|y  were  IkiuikI  to  con'brni  themselves  lite- 

Si'e  Marina,  Teori'a,  part.  1.  lap.  2.'}. 

Tiie  term    "fundamental   principle"  la 

ly  Hiitiiciri/.ed  hy  the  existence  of  repeated 

itiiniits    to    tliis    effect.     Senipero,    who 

oil"  the   "imane,"  objects   to   tlie  phrase 

iiiiilaiiiiiital  law,"  on  th"  ground  that  these 

were  specilic,  not  p;eneral,  in  their  cha- 

|rr.    Ili-tnire  des  Cortes,  p.  2.')4. 

"I,<is   1{ 'yes  en   nuestros   III  ynos    pro- 
kit  Ti's  ctalilecioron  por  leyesy  ordenanijas 
Tia^*  en  ('I'rtes,  c|uo  no  se  eclias>;en,  ni  re- 
llfMson  ninpinos  p'^chos,  seruicios,  i)edidos, 
iii)ni'da><,  ni  otros  trihutosnueuos,  especial, 
|P' iicnilni.  nto  en  tixlos  nuestros  R'ynus, 
line  irinieraniente  scan  lianiados  a  Cartes 
liroiiirailnres  (,'•;    todas   las    Ciudades,    y 
|i<»  J'  nuestros  Roynos,  y  sean  otori^ados 
'  lui  dielius  procuradurcs  (jue  ii  la.'i  Cortes 


vi'ieren."  (Ilecopihici'  n  de  las  Leyes  (Ma- 
drid, ItUU"),  toni.  ii.  f-d.  121.)  This  law, 
passed  uixler  Alfonso  XI.,  wits  conhriued  hy 
John  II.,  Henry  III.,  and  ("harh-s  V. 

"  In  12r>«,  tliey  presented  a  variety  of  peti- 
tions to  the  kin)7  in  relation  to  his  own  p^r- 
Honal  e.xpenditiM'e,  a.s  w(dl  as  tliat  of  his 
courtiers ;  recpMring  him  to  diminish  thi> 
charges  of  his  tahli'.  attire,  etc.,  aiul,  hluntly, 
to  "  l)rin^;  his  appetite  willdn  a  mori>  rea-soli- 
ahle  tomi)ass ;  "  to  all  which  he  readily  jjave 
his  assent.  (Senipere  y  (luarinos,  Historia  d  d 
Lu.No  y  de  las  I>eyes  suntuarias  de  Ksj>ana 
(Madrid,  17hs),  t.un.  i.  pp.  91,  92  )  'I'lie 
EiiKlish  reader  is  reminded  of  a  very  ditferent 
result  whicli  attended  a  similar  interi)o<iii.in 
of  the  commons  in  the  time  of  Richard  II., 
more  than  a  century  later. 

■■'  Marina  claims  also  the  right  of  the  cortes 
to  he  coiisulteil  on  (piestionsof  war  anil  peace, 
of  which  he  adduces  several  ])recedents. 
(Teorfa,  jiart.  2,  cap.  19,  "in.)  'I'heir  int<  r- 
iV-rence  in  what  is  so  generally  held  the  ])ecu- 
liar  j)rovince  of  the  e.xecutive  was  perhaps 
encouraged  l>y  the  sovereign,  with  the  politic 
design  cd'  relieving  himself  of  the  r.'sponsi- 
hility  of  measures  w  hose  success  mu«t  depend 
eventually  on  their  stijiport.  Hallam  Tu.tices 
a  similar  j>idicv  of  the  crown,  under  Kdward 
III.,  in  his  view  of  the  Knglish  constitution 
during  the  Middle  Ages.  \'iew  of  the  .State 
of  Euroi)e  during  the  Middle  Ages  (London, 
laiy),  Vol.  ill.  thap.  ». 


13 


INTRoDUCTIoX. 


loavt  tlio  iniauo  f)f  it,  has  contimuvl  to  Hiirvive  tlio  wreck  of  tlioir  im 
lilintics.**    I'inally,  tliry  niup'  tliaii  (Micr  s«'t  aside  tin*  tostaiiuMitary  pnni.i 
of  the  sovt'n'i;4iis  iii  i(';.'aril  to  the  siicct'ssion  '• 

Without  ^oiii^  further  into  detjiil,  enough  has  Immmi  s^iid  to  nhow  the 
|io\v«'r>  ( laiiiied  hy  the  cnrniiioiiH  previously  to  the  tifteeiith  century,  nh 
instead  of  U'in;,'  c(»nline(l  to  (inhnary  suhjects  of  lej^isiation,  seem,  in  . 
instances,  to  hjive  rem  ht'»l  to  th«'  executive  duties  of  the  a(hiiiid.strati<iii. 
would,  indeed,  show  hut  httle  acijuaintance  with  the  social  condition  of: 
Middle  A|:es,  to  snimose  that  the  practical  exercise  of  these  powers  iil»J 
correspondetj  with  tlieir  theory.     We  trace  repeated  instjinces,  it  is  tni>| 
which  they  were  claiined  and  Kiiccessfully  exerted  ;  while,  on  the  otlitr 
the  niwltiplii  ity  of  remedial  statutes  proves  t<K)  plainly  h<(W  often  tlic  rij 
of  the  peohle  were  invaded  l»y  the  vi(>lence  of  tlie  privilev;ed  orders,  or 
more  artful  and  systematic  iisurpations  of  tlie  crown.     Jiut,  far  from  Ui 
intimidated  hy  such  acts,  the  represent^itives  in  (t>rtes  were  (!ver  rcailvl 
st«nd  forward  as  the  intrejiid  adv(H'ates  of  constitutional  freedom  ;  jiml 
iin(inalilie<i  holdness  of  their  lanj;ua>!:e  on  such  occasions,  ami  the  conscjiifl 
concessions  of  the  sovereign,  are  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  real  ext»'iit| 
tiieir  power,  and  show  how  cordially  they  must  have  \miii  supported  hy  \m 
opinion. 

It  would  l)e  improper  to  pass  hy  without  notice  an  anomalous  institute 
peculiar  to  Castile,  which  sou^dit  to  secure  the  puldic  tran(piillity  hy  iiui 
scarc«'ly  compatihle  themselves  with  civil  suhordination.     1  refer  to  tlu' 
)irate(l  JhrnKnid'tt/,  or  Holy  Jirotherhood,  as  the  association  was  sonu'liij 
called, — a  name  familiar  to  most  readers  in  the  lively  fictions  of  he  ^J^ 
tliou^di  conveying  there  no  very  adequate  idea  of  the  extraordinary  finii'i 
Avhich    it  assiuned  at  the  jieriod   under  review.      Instead  of    a  rci,iil;Li 
organized  jiolice,  it  then  consisted  of  a  confederation  of  the  principal  dt:^ 
]>ound  together  hy  a  solenui    league  and  covemmt  for  the  defence  of  tl«j 
lilM'rties  in  seasons  of  civil  anarcliy.     Its  afiairs  were  conducted  hy  di'iiiitu 
who  assend)le<l  at  stated  intervals  for  this  purjtose,  transacting  their  h\Mii\ 
under  a  common  seal,  enacting  laws  which  they  were  careful  to  transmit  i 
the  nohles  and  even  the  sovereign  himself,  a.'d.  enforcing  their  measure 
an  armeil  force.     This  wild  kind  of  justice,  S\     Varactenstic  of  an  iiiiscttld 
state  of  society,  repeatedly  received  tlie  legislative  sanction  ;   and,  liuwei 
formidahle  such  a  i)0pular  engine  may  Inixc  appeared  to  the  eye  of 
monarch,  he  was  often  led  to  countenance  it  hy  a  sense  of  liis  own  impoteii 
as  well  as  of  the  overweening  power  of  the  nohles,  against  wliom  it  was  pnij 
cipally  directed.     Hence  these  associations,  although  the  epithet  luity  nw 
somewhat  overstrained,  have  received  the  appellation  of  "cortes  extiauri| 
nary." " 

'*  The  recognition  of  tlie  title  of  the  heir 
ftpimreiit,  hy  a  cdrtcs  convoked  for  that  pur- 
jtose, lias  continued  to  Ik?  obsirved  in  C^astile 
down  to  the  prcBcnt  time.  Priictica  y  Estilo, 
p.  2U1>. 

"  For  the  preceding  notice  of  the  cortes, 
Bce  Maiiiia,  Teon'a,  part.  2,  cap.  13,  19,  '^0,  '21, 
31.  35,  37,  38. 

*"  .S)  at  least  they  are  styled  by  Marina. 
See  Ins  ai'count  of  these  institutions  (Teori'ii, 
piirt.  2,  cap.  39);  also  Sala/ar  de  Mendo/a 
(Monar(iuia,  lib.  3.  cap.  LO,  10,  and  Senipcre 
{llistoirt'  des  Cortes,  chap.  I 'J,  13").  One  hun- 
dred cities  associated  in  the   ilermandad  of 


Vitli  those  imm 


1315.  In  that  of  1295,  were  thirty-ft 
'I'he  kniglits  and  inlVrior  nobility  Irfiiudii] 
made  jiurt  of  the  association.  The  artidi* 
confederation  are  given  by  Kisco,  in  liis  u 
tinuation  of  Florez  'Jisiiaua  sagrada  (^MmlrJ 
l(75-ls'jG),  tom.  .\xxvi.  p.  IG'J).  liiiiin'^ 
these  articles  it  is  declared  that  if  uiivii'll 
sliall  deprive  a  menilKT  of  the  associaiiiDl 
his  property,  anil  refuse  restitution,  his  Imv 
shall  Ih>  razed  to  the  ground.  (Art.  4. 
another,  that  if  any  one,  by  command  "f '^ 
king,  sliall  attempt  to  collect  an  iinla»!l 
ta.x,  he  shall  be  put  to  death  od  the  :{^<| 
Art.  9. 


CASTILE. 


11 


ith  those  imnmnitics,  the  cities  of  Cftstile  atUiinod  a  (lo^ree  of  ojMih'nro 

>|,I.ii«l(iur  iiiirivalh'«i,  iinl«'ss  in  lUly,*  <liiriiiK  Ihr  MiiUlIf  A^:v».  At  a  vriy 
j\  MI  Kill,  iiitlfcil,  their  contuct  with  the  Anihs  hud  fainiliari/i'd  thf  jn'oplo 
ii  a  1  ♦IHT  hv.sli'iii  ()f  aKriniltuir,  and  a  (h'xtfiity  in  thf  nirchunic  arts 

iidwn  in  other  narts  of  Christendom.*'     On  the  (U'eupation  of  a  r(»ni|uered 

I,,  wv  tind  it  di.4ril»»ited  into   (jiiarters  or  districts,  appropriati'd  tu  the 

fnal  crafts,  wliose  inenilK'rs  were  nuorporated  into  ^'uihls, uncU-r  the  re^nhi- 

^1  (if  MiaKiNtrates  and  by-laws  of  their  own  a|i|»<»inttnent.     Instt'iid  of  the 

iitliv  ilisrepute  into  which  the  nn)re  hnnihle  occ»i|iations  liave  since  falh'ii 

[.•^piiiii,  tlu'y  were  fosterni  hy  a  liU'ral  jatronn^'e,  and  their  jirofes>ors  in 

tic  iiistantes  elevated  to  the  rank  of  kni^hthoo*!.*'     The  e\( elh-nt  hree<l  of 

,'|i,  wliitli  early  l)Ocanie  an  ohject  of  legislative  solicitnde,  furnished  them 

(ji  itii  important  staple,  which  together  with  the  simph-r  inannfactnre.s  and 

unions  products  of  a  jtrolific  soil  formed  the  jnater  als  of  a  prohtaiile  com- 
iir.'.*'  Augmentation  of  wealth  bron^ht  with  it  the  usual  apjietite  for 
irii>ive  pleasures  ;   and  the  popular  dillusion  of  luxury  in  the  fourteenth 

lifteenth  centuries  is  attesUvl  by  tlie  fashionable  invective  of  the  satirist, 

by  the  impotence  of  rep(  vted  sunii'tuary  enactments.**    Much  of  this 

IfTlif  otafcmrnt  n«>od«  to  Ih>  Mill  Hirthor 

llituil.     Tluro  nmlil  Iw  in»  rlviilry.  In  jiolnt 

|»)'iltli,  Ntwron    tlip    (.'a>«llllaii    tltiis  atxl 

rcntrot  nf  irrt4<>  and  nianufatturlnn  in 

Irv  ill  Italy  an<l  Flandpra.-  Ko.] 


Si'P  Scnip'TP.  Illstofift  (IpI  liUXo,  torn.  \. 

Mif'liii,  lli«t.  cri'tUa,  Unn.  xlll.  nos. 

'M  — (inl.j  and  sllvor,  curitmsly  wrought 

)|rl,iii',  w'TiM'xporfpfl  in  r(in«iilpriil)lpciiian- 

tr  in  SpHin  in   tlip  tpntli  and  plcvpnth 

lliirws.     i  hey   vspre    ninili    um>d    In    tlic 

pri Inn.    Tlip  tiara i)f  tlip  jhipp  waw  so  rldiiy 

tw<t'"\    vsitli    tlip    prpcious    inptals,    Hays 

icloii,  ftitiirpcrlvp  tlip  namp  of  Spaiinrlifla. 

familiar  iiNP  of  tlipsp  metals  as  oniainonts 

|dri'>'.'<  i.H  atlf'Htcd  liy  tlip  ancient  jmipui  of 

Mill."    Sep,  in  imrtlcnliir,  thp  drstrip- 

of  tlie  costump  id'  tiie  Campeador ;  vv. 

I  Pt  fcq. 

Ziifii^a.  Annaloa  "clpslasticon  y  necularen 

[Spvilia  (Madrid,   1677),  pp.  74,  75.— Som- 

p,  Hifitoria  del  Lnxo,  torn.  i.  p.  SO. 

Tlip  lii-itorian  of  SpvIUp  descrllx's  that 

aliout  tlip  ndddlp  of  the  filtppnth  cpn- 

fj-.  a.t  |)osHptisin«  a  flourishinf?  commerce, 

a  (Icvrri'P  of  opulencp  unpxamplpd  since 

ii>n<iiipst.     It  \va.s  flUpd  witii  an  active 

pulati'iii,  Pinjtloypd  in  tho  various  mrcliatiic 

In  (loinpstic   fahrics,  em   well    as  na- 

iil  iiii"lurts  of  oil,  winp,   wool,  etc.,  snp- 

'<\  11  tradp  with    France,  Flanders,  Italy, 

Kii^lrtiid.     (Zuriijra,  Anmiles  dp  Sevillii, 

B41.    Si'p  also  S<'mj>pr(',  Historia  dpi  I.nxo, 

IM,  iinta  2.)    TliP  jHirts  of  Biscay,  which 

K'li^'C'l  to  tlip  Castilian   crown,    were   the 

irt>iiifan  extensive  trade  with  the  north, 

iiiK  the   thirteenth    and    fourteenth   ccn- 

This  province  entered   into  repeated 

BtiMS  n{  coninierie  with  France  and  Eng- 

aini  her  faitories  were   estahlislied  at 

"^,  the  irreat  emporiutn   of  commercial 

"iir-ip  (luring  tliis   period   Ijetwppii  the 

til  and  south,  before   tliose  of  any  other 


people  in  Europe,  except  the  Oerman«.  (Dlc- 
clonarlo  proKriillco-historico  de  Kspana,  por 
la  Heal  AcadeuiU  de  la  Historia  (,Ma<lrid, 
\Hi)2\  torn.  1.  p.  aa.i.) 

The  Institution  of  the  nifsta  Is  referred. 
Bays  I,aN)rde  (Itin^'ralre  desiriptif  <le  Vh'^- 
pnjrtie  (Paris,  1s'.>7-1h:{(0,  torn.  Iv.  p.  47),  to 
tlip  niidflle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when 
the  great  plague,  which  devastated  the  (oun- 
try  so  sorely,  left  large  de|M.pulated  tracts 
open  to  pasturage.  This  jMipiilar  opinion  is 
erroneous,  sincp  it  engaged  the  attention  of 
government  and  Itecauie  the  suhject  of  legis- 
lation as  niuiently  as  \'iT.\,  under  Alfonso  tlie 
AN'ise.  (See  Asso  y  Manuel,  Inslltuc  loiie.^, 
Introd.  p.  .">«.)  Capniany,  however,  datps  the 
great  improvement  in  tie  breed  of  .Spanish 
sheep  from  the  year  la94,  when  Catharine  of 
Ltincasfer  brouglit  witli  her,  as  a  part  of  her 
dowry  to  the  heir  apparent  of  Castile,  a  flock 
of  English  merinos,  distinguished  at  that  time 
alx)ve  those  of  every  otiier  country  for  the 
beauty  and  delicacy  of  their  fleece.  (Mp- 
inoria*  historicas  sobre  la  Marina,  Comercio  y 
Artes  de  Harcelona  (Madrid,  177!»  1702\  torn, 
iii.  pp.  :»:it>,  :j:i7.)  This  acute  writer,  after  a 
very  carcftil  examination  id  the  subject,  difler- 
ing  from  tiie  authorities  before  C|Uoted,  con- 
sitlers  the  raw  nmferial  for  manufacture,  and 
the  nutiiral  prixliictions  of  tlie  soil,  to  have 
constiliited  almost  the  only  articles  of  export 
from  .Spain,  until  after  the  hlteenth  centu-y. 
(Ibid.,  p.  .'lUs.)  We  will  remark,  in  conclu- 
sion of  this  desultory  note,  that  tlie  term 
vierivox  is  derived,  by  ("onde,  from  mofdhn*, 
signitying  "  wandering  ;  "  tlie  name  of  an 
Arabian  tribe,  who  shifted  tlieir  place  of  resi- 
dence with  the  season.  (Hist,  de  los  Arabes 
en  Espana,  torn.  I.  p.  4srt,  nota.)  The  diTiva- 
tion  might  startle  any  but  a  professeU  ety- 
mologist. 

'  See  the  original  acts,  cited  by  Sempere. 
(Ili'^toria  del  Luxo.  passim  1  The  archjirifst 
cjf  Hita  inveighs  freely   atjalnst  the  luxury. 


14 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


1 


superfluous  wealth,  liowever,  was  expended  on  the  construction  of  uh 
l)ul)lic  works.      Cities,  from  which  the  nobles   had  once  been  so  joaloj 
excluded,  came  now   to  ])e    their  favourite  residence.*'      But,  while  t- 
sumptuous  edifices  and  splendid  retinues  dazzled  the  eyes  of  the  po,v 
burghers,  their  turbulent  spirit  was  preparing  the  way  for  those  dismal  sn 
of  faction  which  convulsed  the  little  commonwealths  to  their  centre  durj 
the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  flourishing  condition  of  the  communities  gave  their  representativ(H| 
proportional  increase  of  importance  in  the  national  assendily.     The  lilten 
of  the  peoi)le  seemed  to  take  deepei  root  in  the  midst  of  those  political  (\ 
vulsions,  so  freciuent  in  Castile,  which  unsettled  the  ancient  prerogative< 
the  crown.     Every  new  revolution  was  followed  by  new  concessions  on 
part  of  the  sovereign,  and  the  i)opular  authority  contimied  to  advance 
a  steady  progress  until  the  accession  of  Henry  the  Third  of  Trastaniaaj 
1393,  when  it  may  be  said  to  have  reached  its  zenith.     A  disputed  title  aiK| 
disastrous  war  compelled  the  father  of  this  prince,  John  the  First,  to  treat  i 
commons  with  a  deference  unknown  to  his  predecessors.     We  find  fonri 
their  number  admitted  into  liis  privy  council,  and  six  associated  in  the  re^en(| 
to  which  he  confided  the  goverimient  of  the  kingdom  during    his 
minority."      A  remarkable  fact  which  occurred  in  this  reign,  sliowiii;:;  ti| 
imjtortant  advances  made  by  the  commons  in  political  estimation,  was 
substitution  of  the  sons  of  burgesses  for  an  eiiual  number  of  those  of  tJ 
nobility,  who  were  stipulated  to  be  delivered  as  hostages  for  the  fulfilment  f 
a  treaty  with  Portugal,  in  1393.*'     There  will  l)e  occasion  to  notice,  in 
first  chai)ter  of  this  History,  some  of  the  circumstances  which,  contrilmtij 
to  undermine  the  power  of  the  commons,  prepared  the  way  for  the  event( 
subversion  of  the  constitution. 

The  jMiculiar  situation  of  Castile,  which  had  been  so  favourable  to  popiili 
rights,  was  eminently  so  to  those  of  the  aristocracy.  The  nobles,  emlnirl;! 
with  their  sovereign  ui  the  same  common  enterprise  of  rescuing  their  imn 
patrimony  from  its  invaders,  felt  entitled  to  divide  with  him  the  Sibils 
victory.  Issuing  forth,  at  the  head  of  their  own  retainers,  from  their  stiorj 
holds  or  castles  (the  great  number  of  which  was  originally  implied  in  tj 
name  of  the  country),*'  they  were  continually  enlarging  the  circuit  of  m 
territories,  with  no  other  assistance  than  tHat  of  their  own  good  swonk 


cupidity,  and  other  foshionablo  sins  of  his 
a8;e.  (See  Sanchez,  Poesias  Castellanas,  torn. 
Iv.)— Ihe  inJluencc  of  Mammon  appears  to 
have  l)ceii  as  supreme  in  tlie  fourteenth  cen- 
tury as  at  any  later  period. 

"  Spa  un  onio  nescio,  et  rudo  labrador, 
Los  dineros  le  fa-sen  fidalgo  e  saliidor, 
Qiianto  mas  algo  tiene,   tanto  es  mas  de 

vfti  ,r, 
El  que  no  ha  dineros,  non  es  de  si  serinr." 

Vv.  405  et  seq. 

*■'  ^Tariiia,  Ensayo,  nos.  199,  297. — Zufiiga, 
Aniialos  do  Scvilla,  p.  ;{41. 

'  Marina,  Teoria,  part.  2,  cap.  2H. — Ma- 
riana, Hist,  de  Esj)ana,  111).  1«,  cap.  l.").— - 
I'lie  aiiniis.^ion  ut  citizens  into  tlie  Iving's 
ciiuiu-il  would  liave  furuuMi  a  most  important 
ejxiili  fur  the  coniinons,  liiid  they  not  soon 
Ih'cu  r'placpd  liy  jurisconsults,  whose  studies 
and  »pntin»onts  inclined  them  less  to  the 
popular  sidf  than  to  that  of  i)rerogative. 

*    Mariana,  Hist,  dcE^^pafia,  lib.  Is,  cap.  17. 


"  Castilla.  iSee  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  )l| 
narquia,  torn.  i.  p.  1U8.— Livy  mention'; 
great  numl)er  of  these  towers  in  Spain  in '. 
day:  "Multas  et  locis  altis  positas  tuH 
Hispania  hal)et."  (Lib.  22,  cap.  19.)— .\ai 
was  eud)lazoned  on  the  escutcheon  of  Cuf^i 
as  far  back  as  the  reign  of  Urraca,  inl 
beginning  of  the  twelfth  century,  aiiorJi 
to  Salazar  de  Mendo/.a  (Monarf|Uia,  tnni.  if 
142),  although  Garihay  discerns  no  vpsticj 
these  arms  on  any  instrument  of  a  n: 
older  date  than  the  beginning  of  the  tliirtetcj 
century.  Compendio,  lib.  12,  caj).  :fj. 
"  "  Ilizo  guerra  a  los  Sloros, 
Oanando  siis  fortalezas 

Y  siis  villas. 

Y  en  las  lides  que  vencio 
Caballeros  y  caballos 
Re  perdieron, 

Y  en  este  oficio  gani') 
Las  rentas  y  h-s  vasallos 
Que  le  dieron." 

Coplas  dc  Manrique,  copla  31 1 


CASTILE. 


15 


lii>  iivlopcnflpnt  mode  of  offcftinc:  their  conquests  would  appear  nn'avourable 
till'  iiitrodnctioii  of  the   feudal  system,  which,  althoimh  its  existence  in 

\>u\v  is  clearly  .ascertaiiied  by  positive  law  as  well  as  iisai;e,  never  prevailed 
iiiivtliin.i;  like  the  same  extent  as  it  did  in  the  sister  kingdom  of  Aragon, 

111  (it her  parts  of  Europe." 

The  liiuner  nobility,  or  ricos  homhrei^,  were  exempted  from  general  taxa- 

loii ;  and  the  occasional  attemi»t  to  infringe  on  this  privilege,  in  .seasons 
;:ioat  public  emergency,  was  uniformly  repelled  by  this  jealous  body.*' 

iiey  could  not  be  imprisoned  for  debt,   nor  be   subjected  to  torture,  so 

]»(';Uc(lly  sanctioned  in  other  cases  by  the  numicipal  law  of  Castile.     They 

vl  tlio  right  of  deciding  their  private  feuds  by  an  app'eal  to  arms  ;  a  right 

which  they  liberally  availed  tneniselves."    They  also  claimed  the  privilege, 

fluMi  aii^^rieved,  of  denaturalizing  themselves,  or,  in  other  words,  of  ])ublicly 

piiiiiiiiciiig  their  allegiance  to  their  sovereign,  and  of  enlisting  under  the 
iiiiicrs  of  his  enemy.*'    The  lunuber  of  petty  states  which  swarmed  over 

be  Peninsula  afforded  ample    opportunity  for  the  exercise   of  this    di;- 

r^'aniziiig  prerogative.    The  Laras  are  particularly  noticed  by  Mariana  as 
uiiii,' a  "great  relish  for  rebellion,"  and  the  Ca.stros  as  being  much  in  the 

jbit  of  going  over  to  the  Moors.*^    They  assumed  the  licence  of  arnaying 

[leiiispjves  in  armed  confederacy  against  the  monarch  on  any  occasion  of 
|)iilar  disgust,  and  they  solemnized  the  act  by  the  most  im[)0sing  ceremonia's 


rcliunon."    Their  rights  of  jurisdiction 


t  m  tiie 
,  tlerive 


ed  to  them,  it  wo(dd  seem, 


i-iiially  from  royal  grant,*"  were  in  a  great  mea.sure  defeated  by  tlie  lil^ral 

lartcrs  of  iiicorporation  which,  in  imitation  of  the  sovereign,  they  conceded 

their  vassuils,  as  well  as  by  the  gradual  encroachment  of  the  royal  judica- 

Aies."    In  virtue  of  their  birth  they  monopolized  all  the  higher  othces  of  stite, 

IS  tho-;e  of  constable  and  admiral  of  Castile,  ndeUintados  or  governors  of  the 

roviiicos,  cities,  etc.*'    They  secured  to  themselves  the  grantl-masterships  of 

le  military  orders,  which  placed  at  their  dis])0.sal  an  inunense  amount  of 

venue  and  patronage.     Finally,  they  entered  into  the  royal  or  privy  council, 

111  formed  a  constituent  portion  of  tlie  national  legislature. 

These  important  prerogatives  were  of  course  favourable  to  the  accunmlatiou 

great  wealth.    Their  estates  were  scattered  over  every  part  of  the  kingdom, 

"  Asso  y  Manuel,  Instituclones,  p.  26  — 
Semppre,  Histoire  des  drtes,  cliap.  4. — The 
incensed  nobles  quitted  the  cortes  In  disgust, 
and  threatened  to  vhidicate  their  rights  by 
arms,  on  one  stich  occa-sion,  llTfi.  Mariann, 
Hist,  de  J>pana,  torn.  I.  p.  644.  .See  al>o 
torn.  ii.  p.  17G. 

'■'  Idem  auctorpH,  ubi  stipra. — Prieto  y 
Sotelii,  Historia  del  Derecho  real  do  Kspafia 
(Madrid,  173S),  lib.  2,  cap.  1\\ ;  lib.  .1.  cap.  s, 

'^  Siete  I'urtidan  (cd.  de  la  Real  Acad,, 
Madrid,  1«(j7),  part.  4,  tit.  2."),  I'^y  11.  On 
such  occasions  they  sent  lii.n  a  formal  deliance 
by  their  kinR-at-armii.  ^fariana,  IIi«t.  de 
Espt'na,  torn.  i.  pp,  "6*^,  912. 
•   Iliid.,  torn.  i.  iip.  7(l7,  71.T. 

■■''•  The  fonn.softhis^olf'ninity  may  be  found 
in  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espa^a,  torn.  i.  p.  !tu7. 

"■  Marina,  Ensayo,  p.  12h. 

"  .Iiiiin  I.,  in  i:;'.»i),  autli.Ti/.ed  appeals  from 
the  scifrnorial  tribunals  to  those  of  the  crown. 
Ibid  .  toni.  ii.  p.  179. 

"  The  nature  of  these  dipnitiesis  explaim^d 
in  Salazar  do  MeuUoza,  Muuaniuia,  torn.  i. 
pp.  1S5,  1C6,  203. 


'"  Asso  and  Manuel  derive  the  introduction 

fiefs  into  Castile,  from  Catalonia,     (Insti- 

acioiios,  p.  96.)   The  twenty-sixth  title,  part. 

,fif  .Vlfonso  X.'s  code  (Siete  Partidas)  treats 

|xfhiqvply  of  tliem.     (Do  los  Feudos.)    The 

iws  j,  4,  ;'),  are  expressly  devoted  to  a  brief 

spMsiiiiin  of  tlie  nature  of  a  fief,  the  cere- 

"iiiis  of  investiture,  and  the  reciprocal  obli- 

ations   of    lord   and   vassal.     Those   of  the 

Ittor  ccn-iisted  in  keeping  his  lord'.s  counsel, 

.lintdiiiinp:  liis  interest,  and  aiding  him  in 

far.    Witii  all  this,  there  are  anomalies  in 

riiis  ri«li\  and  still  more  in  the  usages  of  tlie 

("iiury,  not  easy  to  exjihiin  on  the  usual 

DM'ii  ijilis  of  the   feudal  relation;  a  circum- 

t.v'i  0  «  hicli  has  led  to  much  discre])ancy  of 

^lininiiui  the  subject  in  political  writers',  as 

'11    H-4    to    some    11. consistency.     S^mpere, 

ho  (entertains  no  doubt  of  the  establishment 

bt  fiMi  l,il  institutions  in  Castile,  tells  us  that 

I'lhc  umIiIcs,  after  the  conf|U"st,  succeeil<>d  in 

klitaiiiiiiir  ail   exemption  from   military  ser- 

tice,"— 1,11,1    of   tiie    niost    conspicuous    and 

T8,sential  .jf  all  the  feudal  relations.     Uistuira 

«»  Cortis,  pp.  3 J,  72,  249. 


16 


INTRODUCTION. 


and,  unlike  the  p^randees  of  Spain  at  the  present  day,"  they  resided  on  tlies 
in  person,  maintaining  the  state  of  petty  sovereigns,  and  surrounded  liv/; 
numerous  retinue,  wiio  served  the  purposes  of  a  pageant  in  time  of  peace  aii 
an  efficient  military  force  in  war.    The  demesnes  of  John,  lord  of  Biscaii 
confiscated  by  Alfonso  the  Eleventh  to  the  use  of  the  crown,  in  1327,amoiiiiif| 
to  more  than  eighty  towns  and  castles.*-"    The  "good  constable"  Davalos.j 
the  time  of  Henry  the  Third,  could  ride  through  liis  own  estates  all  the  wal 
from  Seville  to  Compostella.  almost  the  two  extremities  of  the  kingdoin'l 
Alvaro  de  Luna,  the  powenul  favourite  of  John  the  Second,  could  niiistq 
twenty  thousancl  vassals."    A  contemporary,  who  gives  a  catalogue  of  tin 
annual  rents  of  the  principal  Castilian  nobility  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  c 
l)eginning  of  the  following  century,  computes  several  at  fifty  and  mv 
thousanu  ducats  a  year,^'  an  inunense  income,  if  we  take  into  considoratiJ 
the  value  of  money  in  that  age.    The  same  writer  estimates  their  luiitJ 
revenues  as  e^nal  to  one-tliird  of  those  in  the  whole  kingdom.^*  i 

These  ambitious  nobles  did  not  consume  their  fortunes  or  their  eneririel 
in  a  life  of  elFeminate  luxury.  From  their  earliest  bovhood  they  wcr; 
accustomed  to  serve  in  the  ranks  against  the  infidel,"  and.  their  whole  sn'ti 
secjiient  lives  were  occupied  either  with  war  or  with  those  martial  exerci^«i 
which  reflect  the  image  of  it.  Looking  back  with  pride  to  their  ancieil 
Gothic  descent,  and  to  those  times  when  they  had  .Hood  forward  as  the  leer-l 
the  electors  of  their  sovereign,  they  could  ill  brook  the  slightest  indignity  a;[ 
his  hand.""    With  these  haughty  feelings  and  martial  habits,  and  this  enorniouij 


"'"  From  the  scarcity  of  these  baronial  resi- 
dences, some  fanciful  etymologists  have  de- 
rived the  familiar  saying  of  "chateaux  en 
Espagne."  See  IJourgoanno,  Travels  in  Spain, 
torn.  ii.  chap.  12. 

""  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espana,  tom.  i.  p.  910. 

"'  Cn'mlca  de  Don  Alvaro  de  liUna  (ed.  de 
la  Acad.,  Mailrid,  1784),  app.  p.  4()5. 

"-'  Guzman,  Generaciones  y  Semblanzas 
(Madrid,  1775),  cap.  84. — His  annual  revenue 
is  computed  by  Perez  de  Guzman  at  100,000 
doblas  of  gold ;  a  sum  equivalent  to  856,000 
dollars  at  the  present  day. 

"'  The  former  of  these  two  sums  is  equi- 
valent to  «^438,875,  or  •^1,474  sterling;  and 
the  latter  to  $^126, 650,  or  £109,716,  nearly.  I 
have  been  guided,  in  this  History,  in  the  re- 
duction of  sums,  by  a  dissertation  of  Clemen- 
cin,  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  Memorias  de 
la  Real  Academia  de  la  Historia  (Madrid, 
1821,  pp.  5()7-5()6^.  That  treatise  is  very 
elaborate  and  ample,  and  brings  under  view- 
all  the  difTcrent  coins  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella's time,  settling  their  specific  value  with 
great  accuracy.  Tlie  calculation  is  attended 
witli  considerable  difflcuUy,  owing  to  the 
depreciation  of  the  value  of  the  precious 
metals,  and  the  repoated  adulteration  of  the 
real.  In  his  tables,  at  the  end,  he  exhibits 
the  commercial  value  of  the  different  denomi- 
nations, ascertained  by  the  quantity  of  wheat 
(a-*  sure  a  standard  as  any)  which  tliey  would 
l)uy  at  that  day.  Taking  the  average  of 
values,  which  variod  considerably  in  different 
years  of  Fertliuiiud  and  Isat)ella,  it  appears 
that  the  ducat,  reduced  to  our  own  currency, 
will  be  eiiual  to   about    eight    dollar,   anl 


seventy-seven  cents,  and  the  dobla  to  eij:e| 
dollars  and  fifty-six  centa. 

"■*  The  ample  revenues  of  the  Spanwl 
grandee  of  the  present  time,  instead  vi  Ix-iiiti 
lavished  on  a  band  of  military  retainers,  ii| 
of  yore,  are  sometimes  dispensed  in  tlw  nv: 
peaceful  hospitality  of  supporting  an  ahiiKl 
equally  formidable  host  of  needy  rplatinKJ 
and  dependents.  According  to  l{ourg(ianD!| 
(Travels  in  Spain,  vol.  i.  chap.  4\  nu  ImI 
than  three  thousand  of  these  gentry  wepi 
maintained  on  the  estates  of  the  duke  dl 
Arcos,  who  died  in  1780. 

"  Mendoza  records  the  cinumstanco  ofttijj 
head  of  the  family  of  Po,  ce  de  Leon  J 
descendant  of  the  celebrated  marquiz  of  Cadiil 
carrying  his  son,  then  thirteen  years  old,  whti 
him  into  battle ;  "  an  ancient  usage,"  h\ 
says,  "in  that  noble  hotise."  ^Gucrra  '.(I 
Granada  (Valencia,  1776),  p.  318.)  The  onltj 
son  of  Alfimso  VI.  was  slain,  fighting  nian-| 
fully  in  tlie  ranks,  at  the  battle  of  UcIps, 
1109,  when  only  eleven  years  of  age.  Mir.| 
ana.  Hist,  de  Espana,  tom.  i.  p.  565. 

""  The  northern  provinces,  the  thentro  <ii 
this  primitive  independence,  have  al»ayifl 
been  consecrated  by  this  very  circunistan- 
in  the  eyes  of  a  Spaniard.  "The  proiide'ii 
lord,"  says  Navagiero,  "feels  it  ?"  '•■  .inurtf 
trace  his  pedigree  to  tjiis  quarter."  (^"i:lL'(^i 
fol.  44.)  The  same  feeling  hascontinucil,  awi 
the  meanest  native  of  Biscay  or  the  Ast\iria\| 
at  the  present  day,  claims  to  be  noble;  a  ]«•[ 
tension  which  oft.en  contrasts  ridiculmi'l'l 
enough  with  the  humble  diaractrr  nt 
occujiation,  and  has  furnished  many  a  pleasiici 
anecdote  to  travellers. 


CASTILE. 


17 


IS  enornioiiii 


Bj;uiii]ition  of  power,  it  may  readily  be  conceived  that  they  would  not  suffier 

iiiiHrcliical  iirovisions  of  the  constitution,  which  seemed  to  concede  an 

|iiii)>t  unliinited  license  of  re])ellion,  to  remain  a  dead  letter.    Accordinj^ly, 

\e  timl  them  ])eriK;tually  convulsing  the  kingdom  with  their  schemes  of  s(>lti^h 

:r;iiiilizcn)ent.  The  jKititions  of  the  commons  are  filled  with  remonstrances 
li  their  various  oppressions  and  the  evils  resulting  from  their  long,  desolating 
luils,  80  that,  notwithstanding  the  liberal  forms  of  its  constitution,  there 
Ifts  iirui)al)ly  no  country  in  Europe,  during  the  Middle  Agt>s,  so  sorely 
iHlicU'd  with  the  vices  of  intestine  anarchy  as  Castile.  These  were  still 
irtlicr  aggravated  Viy  the  imy)rovident  donations  of  tiie  monarch  to  the 
ristocracy,  in  the  vain  hope  of  conciliating  their  attadnnent,  but  which 
rcllt'ii  their  alrea<ly  overgrown  power  to  such  a  height  that  by  the  middle  of  the 
ftccnth  century  it  not  only  overshadowed  that  of  tlie  throlie,  but  threiitened 
)  siihvcrt  the  liberties  of  the  state. 

Tlu'ii  self-conlidence,  however,  proved  t-.entually  their  niin.  They  dis- 
liiied  a  co-operation  with  the  lower  orders  in  defence  of  their  privileges, 
1(1  relied  too  unhesitatingly  on  their  power  as  a  body  to  feel  jealous  o!"  their 
ttliisioii  from  the  national  legislature,  where  alone  they  could  have  ma<le 

etre(!tiial  stand  against  the  usurpations  of  the  crown.     The  course  of  this 

^o^k  will  bring  under  review  the  dexterous  policy  by  which  the  crown 

)iitrived  to  strip  the  aristocracy  of  its  substantial  privileges,  and  prejiared 

e  way  for  the  j)eriod  when  it  should  retain  possession  only  of  a  few  barren 

lou^^li  ostentatious  dignities.^^ 

The  inferior  orders  of  nobility,  the  hidalgos  (whose  dignity,  like  tliat  of 
le  ricoa  hombres,  would  seem,  as  their  name  imports,  to  have  been  originally 
)un(led  on  wealth),*"  and  the  cavalleros,  or  kniglits,  enjoyed  many  of  the 
iiiiiinities  of  the  higher  class,  especially  that  of  exemption  from  taxation.*" 
Lni^4itlioo<I  appears  to  have  been  regarded  with  especial  favour  by  the  law 

Castile.    Its  ample  privileges  and  its  duties  are  defined  with  a  precision, 

(1  ill  a  spirit  of  romance,  tliat  might  have  served  for  the  court  of  King 
Lrtliiu-.'"  Spr'n  was  indeed  the  land  of  chivalry.  The  respect  for  the  sex, 
hiich  had  (lescended  from  the  Visigotlis,"  was  mingled  with  the  religious 


'  •'  An  plalHiratft  disHPrtation,  by  the  advocatf 

oil  Aliin«()(;arillo,  on  the  pre-eminence  anc 

jrivilPHPHof  the  Castilian  grandee,  is  appenrl  u 

( Siilazar  dp  Mendoza's  Origen  de  las  Digni- 

ulos   sodlares    de   Castilla  (Madrid,    1794). 

hi'  most  prized  of  these  appears  to  be  that  of 

tc\m]i  the  head  covered  in  the  presence  of 

Kp  sovprpijrii ;    "prerogativa   tan    ilustre," 

fj'*  tlip  writer,  "  q^e  ella  sola  imprinie  el 

imiiml  caracter  de  la  Grandeza.     Y  con- 

rrmlii  ]xir  .SMS  efectog  admirable!^,   ocupa 

^naiiiontp  p1  j)rimpro  lupar."    (Discurso  3.) 

fhc  si'ntiuipntal  citizen  Bourgoanne  finds  it 

■^iiry    to    ajwlogize    to    liis    repuMican 

ctlinn    for    noticing     these     "  important 

Itlt's."    Travels  in  Spain,  vol.  i.  cliap.  4. 

^  "Lis  llaniaron  fijosdalgo,  que  muestra  a 

[ito  (OHIO  fijos  de  bien."     (Siete  Partidas, 

irt. '.',  tit.  21.)    "For  iiidalgos  se  entiendea 

hmnbri'!)  t'tcntjidos  de  buenog  lugarii  e  con 

!!"■"    Asso  y  Manuel,  lustituciones,  pp.  33, 

"  Recopilaclon  de  las  Leyes,  lib.  6,  tit.  1. 
yff  '.',  9;  tit.  2,  leyes  3,  4,  10;  tit.  14,  leyes 
10.  I'lipy  were  ol)ligo(l  to  contribute  to 
l»c  repair  of  fortifications  and  public  worlcs, 


although,  as  the  statute  expresses  it,  "  tenpan 
priviiegios  para  que  sean  essentos  de  totlos 
pechos." 

'"  The  knight  was  to  array  himself  in  light 
and  cheerful  vestments,  and,  in  the  cities  and 
public  places,  his  person  wa.s  to  l)e  enveloped 
in  a  long  and  flowinir  mantle,  in  order  to  Im- 
pose greater  reverence  on  the  people.  His 
good  steed  was  to  be  distinguished  by  tlio 
beauty  and  richness  of  its  caparisons,  lie 
was  to  live  at)stemiously,  indnl^ting  himself 
in  none  of  the  effeminate  delights  of  couiii  or 
banquet.  During  a  rrpast,  lis  mind  was  to 
be  refreshed  with  the  recital,  from  liistory,  of 
deeds  of  ancient  heroism  ;  ami  in  the  liglit  he 
was  commanded  to  invoke  tlie  name  of  his 
mistress,  that  it  might  infuse  new  ardour  into 
his  soul,  and  preserve  him  from  tlie  commis- 
sion of  unknightly  actions.  See  Siete  I'arti- 
das,  part.  2,  tit.  'il,  which  is  taken  up  with 
defining  tlie  obligations  of  chivalry, 

"  See  Fuero  Juzgo,  lib.  3,  wliich  is  devoted 
almost  exclusively  to  tlie  sex.  Montesqtijeu 
discerns  in  the  jealous  stirveillance  wliich  the 
Visigoths  maintained  over  the  honour  of  tlieir 
women,   so  close  an  analogy  with  oriental 


18 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


enthusiasm  wliich  liad  been  kindled  in  tlie  lontc  wars  with  the  infidel.    T^ 
apotheosis  of  chivalry,  in  the  person  of  their  apostle  find  j)atron,  St.  Jiimesj 
contributed  still  further  to  tnis  exaltation  of  sentiment,  which  was  mail 
tained  by  the  various  military  orders,  who  devoted  themselves,  in  the 
lanf,nmge  of  the  age,  to  the  service  "of  God  and  the  ladies."    So  that  t;/| 
Spaniard  may  be  said  to  have  put  in  action  what,  in  other  countries,  juiw" 
for  tlie  extravagancies  of  the  minstrel.     An  example  of  tliis  occurs  in  va 
fifteenth  century,  when  a  passage  of  arms  was  defended  at  Orbigo,  not  fd 
from  the  shrine  of  Comjjostella,  by  a  Castilian  knight,  named  Suero  ^ 
Quifiones,  and  his  nine  companions,  against  all  comers,  in  the  presoiue 
John  the  Second  and  his  court.     Its  object  was  to  rele;ise  the  knight  frc, 
the  obligation,  imposed  on  him  by  his  mistress,  of  publicly  wearing  an  in  ■ 
collar  round  his  neck  every  Thursday.     The  jousts  continued  for  thirty  ( 
and  tlie  doughty  champions  fought  without  shield  or  target,  with  wca]ifi;| 
bearing  i)oints  of   Tdilan  steel.     Six  hundred  and  twerity-seven  encoiiiiter| 
took  place,  and  one  hundred  .and  sixty-six  lances  were  broken,  when  tlH 
emnrise  wa-i  declared  to  ^  e  fairly  achieved.    The  whole  allair  is  nanatcj 
witn  becoming  gravity  by  an  eye-witness,  and  the  rea<ler  may  fancy  him.Ne| 
perusing  the  adventures  of  a  Launcelot  or  an  Amadis.'' 

The  influence  of  the  ecclesiastics  in  Si)ain  may  be  traced  back  to  the  aJ 
of  the  Visigoths,  when  they  controlled  the  aflairs  of  the  state  in  the  i^xni 
national  councils  of  Toledo.  This  influence  was  maintained  by  the  oxtraj 
ordinary  jiosition  of  the  nation  after  the  couipiest.  The  holy  warfare  i:l 
which  it  was  embarked  seemed  to  require  the  co-operation  of  the  cleri.7| 
to  propitiate  Heaven  in  its  l)ehalf,  to  interpret  its  mysterious  omens,  andw 
move  all  the  machinery  of  miracles,  by  which  the  imagination  is  so  powerl 
fully  afl'ected  in  a  rude  and  superstitious  age.  They  even  condescended,  iJ 
imitation  of  their  patron  saint,  to  mingle  in  the  ranks,  and,  with  the  crucifiil 
in  their  hands,  to  lead  the  soldiers  on  to  battle.  Examples  of  these  militaii| 
prelates  are  to  be  found  in  Spain  so  late  as  the  sixteenth  century.'* 

But,  while  the  native  ecclesiastics  obtained  such  complete  ascendency  oveij 
the  popular  mind,  the  Roman  See  could  boast  of  less  influence  in  Spain  tiiarj 
in  any  other  country  in  Europe.  The  Gothic  liturgy  was  alone  receiv&ll 
as  canonical  until  the  eleventh  century  ; "  and,  until  the  twelfth,  the  soverciail 
held  the  right  of  jurisdiction  over  all  ecclesiastical  causes,  and  of  coluitiiiJ 
to  benefices,  or  at  least  of  confirming  or  annulling  the  election  of  tliel 
chapters.  The  cotle  of  Alfonso  the  Tenth,  however,  which  borrowed  M 
l^rinciples  of  jurisprudence  from  the  civil  and  canon  law,  completed  al 
revolution  already  begun,  and  transferred  these  important  prerogati\ es  t'l 
the  pope,  who  now  succeeded  in  establishing  a  usurpation  over  ecclesiastioaij 
rights  in  Castile,  similar  to  that  which  had  been  before  efl'ected  in  otlif:f 
parts  of  Christendom.    Some  of  these  abuses,  as  that  of  the  nomiiiatioiij 


usappp,  as  must  have  greatly  facilitated  the 
cDiKjiU'st  of  the  country  hy  the  Arabians. 
Esprit  do8  Lois,  liv.  14,  chap.  14. 

"-  Warton's  expression.  See  his  Hiscory  of 
English  Poetry  (Loudon,  1H24),  vol.  i.  p.  245. 

"  See  tlie  "Passo  honroso"  appended  to 
the  Cn'mica  de  Alvaro  de  Luna. 

'*  The  pres<ent  narrative  v.ill  introduce  the 
reader  to  more  tlian  one  belligerent  prolate, 
who  filled  the  very  highest  post  in  tlie  Spanish 
and,  1  may  say,  the  Cliristian  church,  next  to 
the  jiapacy.  (See  Alvuro  (jomez,  De  Rebus 
gcBtiii  a  Francisco  Ximcnio  Cisnerio  (^Compluti, 


1569),  fol.  110  et  seq.)  The  practice,  imiepitl 
was  familiar  in  other  countries,  as  well  l<| 
Spain,  at  tliia  late  period.  In  the  lilwdj 
battle  of  Ravenna,  in  1512,  two  ciinlintij 
legates,  one  of  them  the  future  Leo  X.,  liiupt;!! 
on  opixisite  sides.  Paolo  Giovio,  Vita  Lo(i!i!J 
X.,  apud  "  Vitie  lllustrium  Virorum  "  (.Ti-r 
siliie,  1578),  lib.  2. 

'  •  The  contest  for  supreir  -y  betwren  l!i»| 
Mozarabic  ritual  and  tlie  ''  \n  is  l'iiiiiilis!l 
to  the  reader,  in  the  curious  narrative  i.vj 
traded  by  Robertson  from  Mariana,  lli^l.  u«| 
Espafia,  lib.  9,  cap.  la. 


CASTILE. 


19 


forcitriiors  to  benefices,   were  carrietl  to  such  an  impudent  hei;;Iit  as 

pcatcilTv  iirovnked  the  indijrnant  remonstrances  of  tlie  cortes.  Tlie  ecclo- 
Sa^tit  s  ciiLrcr  to  indemnify  themselves  for  what  they  \uv\  sacriticed  to  Rome, 
^«Mt'  more  than  ever  solicitous  to  assert  their  independence  of  the  royal 
jiiri>(li(tion.  They  particularly  insisted  on  their  inununity  from  taxation, 
Irnl  wtie  even  reluctant  to  divide  with  the  laity  the  necessary  burdens  of 

war  wliifh,  from  its  sacred  character,  would  seem  to  have  had  imperative 
bail  MS  on  them.'* 

Notwithstanding  the  immediate  dependence  thus  established  on  the  head 

tlu'  ciiunlj  by  trie  legislation  of  Alfonso  the  Tenth,  the  general  immunities 

pcurt'il  liy  it  to  the  ecclesiastics  operated  as  a  powerful  bounty  on  their 

iKTcasc  ;  ami  the  mendicant  orders  in  particular,  that  spiritual  militia  of  the 

opes,  were  multiplied  over  the  country  to  an  alarming  extent.     Many  of 

Jhi'ir  iiicinhers  were  not  only  incompetent  to  the  duties  of  their  nrofe-ssion, 

jn^  without  the  least  tincture  of  liberal  culture,  but  fixed  a  deep  sUiin 
^n  it  by  tlie  careless  laxity  of  their  morals.  Oijen  concubinage  was  familiarly 
[irarti  ed  l)y  the  clergy,  as  Avell  as  laity,  of  the  period,  and,  so  far  from  Ix'in;' 

pr()l)at('d  by  the  law  of  the  land,  seems  anciently  to  have  been  countenanced 
[)y  it.'  This  moral  insensibility  may  pro])ably  be  referred  to  the  contagious 
example  of  their  Mahometan  neighbours  ;  but,  from  whatever  source  derived, 
[lie  practice  Avas  imhilged  to  such  a  shameless  extent  that,  as  the  nation 
ihaiiced  in  retinenient,  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries,  it  l>ecame 
pie  siihject  of  fre(|uent  legislative  enactments,  in  which  the  concubines  of 
[lie  clergv  are  descriljed  as  causing  general  scandal  by  their  lawless  etlrontery 
ind  ostci'itatious  mai'nificence  of  apparel." 

Notwithstanding  tiiis  prevalent  licentiousness  of  the  Spanish  ecclesiastics, 

klieir  influence  became  every  day  more  widely  extended,  while  this  ascendency, 

lor  which  they  were  particularly  indebted  in  that  rude  age  to  their  superior 

|eariiiiig  and  capacity,  Avas  perpetuated  by  their  enormous  accpusitions  of 

fcalth.    fcScarcely  a  town    was    reconquered    from    the  Moors    without  a 

toiisidcrable  [)ortion  of  its  territory  being  appropriated  to  the  sujiport  of  some 

mcicnt  or  the  foundation  of  some  new  religious  establishment.    These  were 

lie  coiiiiiion  reservoir  into  which  flowed  the  copious  streams  of  private  as 

RclJ  as  royal  bounty  ;  and,  when  the  conse(^uences  of  these  alienations  in 

ii-rtiuain  came  to  be  visible  in  the  impoverishment  of  the  public  revenue, 

Bvei y  attempt  at  legislative  interference  was  in  a  great  measure  defeated  by 

lie  pioty  or  superstition  of  the  age.      The  abbess  of  the  monastery  of 

Hiioli:as,  which  was  situated  within  the  precincts  of  Burgos,  and  contained 

ntliiii  its  walls  one  hundred  and  fifty  nuns  of  the  noblest  families  in  Castile, 

jxcrcised  jurisdiction  over  fourteen  capital  towns  and  more  than  fifty  smaller 

laces ;  and  she  was  accounted  inferior  only  to  the  queen  in  dignity.'^    The 

irdiliishop  of  Toledo,  by  virtue  of  his  office  primate  of  Spain  and  grand 

Chancellor  of  Castile,  was  esteemed,  after  the  pone,  the  highest  ecclesiastical 

"military  in  Christendom.    His  revenues,  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century, 

Bxceoded  eighty  thousand  ducats  ;  while  the  gross  amount  of  those  of  the 

^i(  to  Piirtirtas,  part.   I,  tit.  6.— Florez, 

l-paNa  sa^'riiil;i,  torn.  xx.  p.  16. — The  Jpsuit 
W:iriiiii;i  ajiiicars  to  prudge  this  appropriatiini 
bf  the  "sairoil  reveuups  of  the  Chunh  "  to 

ifniy  tli<'  exppiisca  of  tlie  holy  war  au;ainst 

|h'^  Saracen.   (.Hist.de  Eapa'a,  torn.  i.  p.  i77.) 

B('>  also  the  Ensayo  (uos.   32'J-:{64),  wluTe 

llsrina  lias  analyzed  and  discussed  the  general 

"iipurt  uf  the  lir'st  of  the  ParticlB^s. 


"  Marina,  Fnsayo,  ubl  supra,  and  nee.  2'iO 
et  seq. 

""  See  the  original  arts,  quoted  by  Sonipero 
in  his  Hibtoria  del  Lu.\o,  toui.  i.  pp.  lUti  ct 
seq. 

■■•  Lucio  Marineo  Siculo.  Cr.ha.s  uieniorahles 
de  E.«pafia  (^Alcalit  de  lleuares,  153y),  fol. 
1(3. 


20 


INTRODUCTION. 


subordinate  henefioinries  of  liis  church   rose  to  one  hundred  and  i^vA-. 
thousand.     lie  could  muster  a  greater  number  of  vassals  than  any  u{\,r 
sul)iect  in  the  kin,i;dom,  and  held  jurisdiction  over  fifteen  large  and  })oi)iil(. 
towns,  l)esi(ies  a  gi*eat  numlier  of  inferior  places.*" 

These  princely  fluids,  when  intrusted  to  pious  nrelates,  were  munifKiii!. 
dispensed    in   useful    pulilic    works,   and    especially    in   the    ioundulidn 
e'eemosynary  institutions,  with  whid;  every  great  city  in  Castile  was  liliciai 
supplied*'     But  in  the  hands  of  worldly  men  they  were  i)erverted  from  tlif, 
nob  e  uses  to  the  gratification  of  jKirsonal  van'^y  or  the  disorganizing  scln'n.,. 
of  ffiction.     The  moral  i)ercei>tions  of  the  i»eo|jle,  in  the  mean  time,  utr, 
confused  by  the  visible  den»eanour  of  the  hierarchy,  so  repugnant  to  \\, 
natural  conceptions  of  religious  duty.     They  learned  to  attach  an  excliiM.^ 
value  to  external  rites,  to  the  forms  rather  than  the  spirit  of  Christianitv 
estimating  the  j)iety  of  men  by  their  speculative  opinions  rather  tlian  tin ; 
]»ractical  conduct.     The  ancient  8paniaifls,  notwitlistanding  their  prevalti,; 
superstition,   were  untinctured  with  the  fiercer  religious  bigotry  of  Jati' 
times  ;  and  tlie  uncharitable  temper  of  their  priests,  occasionally  disddM 
iji  tlie  lieats  of  religious  war,  was  controlled  by  piiblic  opinion,  which  acoonln 
a  high  degree  of  respect  to  the  intellectual  as  well  as  political  superiiiiit. 
of  the  Arabs.    But  tne  time  was  now  coming  when  these  ancient  banirh 
were  to  be  broken  down  ;  when  a  difference  of  religions  sentiment  was  t  . 
dissolve  all  the  ties  of  human  brotherhood  ;  when  uniformity  of  faith  «a 
to  be  purchased  by  the  sacrifice  of  any  rights,  even  those  of  intellect lii 
freedom  ;   when,  in  fine,  the  Christian  and  the  Mussulman,  the  opimsxr 
and  the  oppressed,  were  to  be  alike  bowed  down  under  the  strong  aim  i 
ecclesiastical   tyranny.    The  means  by  which  a  revolution  so  disastrous  t 
8pain  was  effected,  as  well  as  the  incipient  stages  of  its  progress,  are  tuiii- 
that  fall  within  the  scope  of  the  present  liistory. 

From  the  preceding  survey  of  the  constitutional  privileges  enjoyed  by  tl^ 
different  orders  of  the  Castilian  monarchy  previous  to  the  fifteenth  century, 
it  is  evident  that  the  royal  authority  must  have  l)een  circumscribed  witliii 
very  narrow  limits.  The  numerous  states  into  which  the  great  Gothic  eni|iirt 
was  broken  after  the  conquest  were  individually  too  insignificant  to  ooiitVr 
on  their  res})ective  sovereigns  the  possession  of  extensive  power,  or  ovc, 
to  authorize  the  assumption  of  that  state  by  which  it  is  supported  in  the  (vt> 
of  the  vulgar.  When  some  more  fortunate  prince,  by  coiuiuest  or  alliaun, 
had  enlarged  the  circle  of  his  dominions,  and  thus  in  some  measure  renuMlit^i 
the  evil,  it  was  sure  to  recur  upon  his  death,  by  the  sulxlivision  of  his  estate 
among  his  children.  This  mischievous  practice  was  even  countenanced  U 
public  oninion  ;  for  the  different  districts  of  the  country,  in  their  liabitiuii 
indepenaence  of  each  other,  acquired  an  exchrsiveness  of  feeling  whicli  nuiik 
it  difficult  for  them  ever  cordially  to  coalesce  ;  and  traces  of  this  eai\v 
antipathy  are  to  be  discerned  in  the  mutual  jealousies  and  local  pcculiariti'^ 


•"  Navagicro,  Vlapfflo,  fol.  0.— L.  Marineo, 
Cosas  niPiinirnhlop,  ful.  ri.--La1x)rdo  reckons 
tlie  rovpnuos  df  tliiH  prolate,  in  liia  tables,  at 
12.'>()u,;'oi)  reals,  ur  G')!i.i;;)0  ddUar;,.  (Ltini^- 
r.tirc,  torn.  vi.  p.  !i.) — The  "stiniate  is  grossly 
'  ap(ierate<;  for  the  present,  day.  The  rents 
of  tins  see,  like  those  of  every  other  in  the 
kingdom,  have  been  grievously  clipped  in  the 
late  political  troubles.  They  are  stated  by 
the  intelligent  author  of  "  A  Year  in  Spain," 


on  the  authority  of  the  clergy  of  the  Aiocf" 
at  only  one-third  of  the  above  sum  ;  an  isti- 
mate  confirmed  by  Mr.  Inglis,  who  coniput'i| 
them  at  £40,000.    Spain  in  1830,  vol.  i.  ch, 
11. 

"'  Modem  travellers,  who  condemn  withmiij 
reserve  the  corruption  of  the  inferior  rlirp, I 
bear  uniform  testimony  to  the  exemitlar}  I 
piety  and  munificent  charities  of  the  liii;li«j 
dignitaries  of  the  clmrch. 


^lii,h    still  d 
iii^dliilation 
lio  elt'Ctii) 
|atioii;d  assei 
lie  title  of  tl 
or  the  imrpo,- 
)iiv('iieil  tlie 
rithlicld  uiiti 
[)iistituti<)ii. 
^idii'  than  on( 
\\c  have 
I    i(i\v  fldscly 
*    <liiiiiiistratioi 
»v  his  royal  oi 
s    ij  state,  "to  w 
'    kMciI."     Thi 
■  niiidHaiit  pu 
i    lature.     It  wi 
:^    K)iis('iit,  had  II 
j    k  very  limited 
:!    Kiwcrs  were  t 
f   iidicial  depart 
;    fvicw,  seems 
i   liilicr  jndicati 
their  iiienil: 

*  Marina,  Teor 

feiniirkalile  instar 

^8  tli*'  accession  o1 

""  I'tie  earliest,  i 

jdiiiiiiitteo  of  the 

K]i\  I  nti-rliig  into 

|lii'  iiiinnrity  of  F( 

^iiliji'ct  is  involve( 

ilariiia  lia.s  nut  si 

tciisiili'rs  tlie  dop 

Df rissary  and  com 

frm    the    time 

[TiMjria,  toiii.  ii. 

Ill''  iitiier  liaiiil,  di 

irr  its  introduc 

^ustri  111  liyiiasty, 

i'.i.)   Marina,  who 

Ifir  jiraitice,  is  ci 

ty  ills  own  sliowit 

Bi  UH  at  which  h' 

Bti  lid'S  li'.id  him 

iifil,  on  the  one 

"Uicr,  make  h 

fbiiiia," 

.:^    "'  'F'lie  imp'Ttai 

itlii-!  li.MJy  areinves 

ri.in.  2,  cap.  27, 

(Histiiiri'  (lis  Corti 

li'.n  .\ f:\ist in  it 

:u.  iii.  ytp.  1  l.J  e 

■u^s-iiu'  nt  condit 

Not  so    excl 

ItKans,  as  Marina 

Mp.  17,  18.)    He 

Itration  from  the  1 


CASTILE. 


2\ 


^liirh  still  (listinjrnisli  the  difTercnt  sections  of  the  roniiisnla,  after  their 
)ii>nli(latinn  into  one  monarchy  for  more  than  three  centuries. 
.  Iit>  election  to  the  crown,  althou^^h  no  longer  vested  in  the  liands  of  the 

latioiial  asseiiihlv,  as  with  the  Visi;;oths,  was  yet  subject  to  its  approlatioii. 
flic  title  of  the  heir  apparent  was  formally  recoi^nized  by  a  cortes  convokcil 
)r  the  piirjjose ;  and,  on  the  decease  of  his  jiarent,  the  new  soverei^'n  aj^ain 
jiivcned  the  estates  to  receive  their  oath  of  alle^dance,  which  tliey  ca\itiously 
rithlicld  until  lie  had  first  sworn  to  preserve  inviolate  tiie  liberties  of  the 
)ii-;titution.    Nor  was  this  a  merely  nominal  privilege,  as  was  evinced  on 

Jidiv  than  one  memorable  occasion." 
^\o  have  seen,  in  our  review  of  the  popular  branch  of  the  government, 

^ow  rinscly  its  authority  pressed  even  on  the  executive  functions  of  the 
liniiiistration.  The  monarch  was  still  further  controlled,  in  this  department, 
,■  \\\<  royal  or  priv^  council,  consisting  of  the  cliief  nobility  and  great  officers 

\{  state,  to  which,  m  later  times,  a  deputation  of  the  conunons  wa,s  sometimes 
<M('(I."  This  \m\y,  together  with  the  king,  had  cognizance  of  the  most 
ii|ii>rtant  p\iblic  transjictions,  whether  of  a  civil,  military,  or  diplomatic 

Mtiirc.     It  was  established  by  positive  enactment  that  the  prince,  without  its 

oiist'iit,  had  no  right  to  alienate  the  royal  demesne,  to  confer  pensions  beyond 
very  limited  amount,  or  to  nominate  to  vacant  benefices.'*  His  legislative 
iwers  were  to  lie  exercised  in  concurrence  with  the  cortes ; "  and,  in  the 

jinlicial  department,  his  authority,  during  the  latter  part  of  the  period  under 
nicw,  seems  to  have  been  chieHy  exercised  in  the  selection  of  ofticers  for  the 

ii:!i(r  judicatures,  from  a  list  of  candidates  presented  to  him  on  a  vacancy 

}y  tlieir  members  concurrently  with  his  privy  couiicil." 


"»  Marina,  Teorfa,  part.  2,  cap.  2,  5,  6.— A 
piimrkiililp  instancp  of  tliis  occurred  as  late 
tlic  accession  of  Charlos  V. 
"'  J'lic  oarliest.  example  of  this  permanent 
niniiiittoo  of  the  commons,  residing  at  court, 
Vhi  I  iittriiiK  into  tlie  king's  council,  was  in 
|lii'  minority  of  Ferdinand  IV.,  in  1295.  The 
btiliji'it  is  involved  in  some  ol>scurity,  which 
larina  lias  not  succeeded  in  disp-llin;^.  lie 
cn-iiiii'rs  thi'  deputation  to  have  formed  a 
fr.ssHry  and  constituent  ^'■•'•t  of  the  council, 
friHi  the  time  of  its  '  :  appointment. 
^^'I'l'oria,  toin.  ii.  cap.  27,  2«.)  Sempere,  on 
*|h''  (ptiier  liand,  discerns  no  warrant  for  tliis, 
diir  its  introduction,  till  the  time  of  the 
istri  in  dynasty.  (Histoire  des  Cortes,  chap. 
i'.>.)  Marina,  wlio  too  often  mistakes  anijmaly 
"r  iiradiie,  is  certainly  not  justified,  even 
Dy  ills  own  sliowing,  in  the  sweeping  conclu- 
W  lis  at  wiiich  he  arrives.  Rut,  if  his  p  - 
pn'liif's  ie.id  him  to  see  more  than  has  hap- 
•iif'ii,  (ju  tlie  one  1  and,  those  of  S.^mpere,  on 

'lier,  uiitke  him  sometimes  "hij^h  gravel 

liini." 

"'  The  important  functions  and  history  of 
lliis  li.Kiy  nre  investigated  by  Marina.  (Teorfa, 
i>irt.  2,  cap.  2",  2s,  29.)  See  a!.*o  Sempere 
(!I:st.  irn  d<s  Cortes,  cap.  lfl~>,  and  tlie  Infornie 
!'■  i»'.n  A<;ustin  Itiol  (apud  Semanario  erudito, 
1.  iii.  pp.  1  l.'i  et  HOi\.\  wliere,  however,  its 
lu'rs.Miu'nt  condition  is  chiefly  considered. 

.N'nt   so    exclusividy,    however,    by    any 

|ti':ins.  as  .Marina  pretends.    (Teorta,  part.  2, 

Cup    17,  18.)    He  borrows  a  pertinent  illus- 

Itration  from  the  famous  code  of  Alfonso  X., 


which  was  not  received  as  law  of  the  land 
till  it  had  l)een  formally  publislicd  in  cortes, 
in  i:UH,  more  than  seventy  years  alter  its 
original  compilation.  In  his  zeal  for  popular 
rights,  he  omits  to  notice,  however,  ttie  power, 
so  frefjuently  assumed  by  tlie  sovereign,  of 
granting  futro.",  or  municipal  charters ;  a 
riglit,  indeed,  whidi  tlie  great  lonls,  sfiiritual 
and  temporal,  exercised  in  common  witli  liim, 
subject  to  his  sanction.  See  a  niultitudo  of 
these  selgnorial  codes,  enumeiated  by  Asso 
and  Manuel.  (Institudones,  IntriMl.,  pp.  31 
et  seq.)  The  monarch  claimed,  moreover, 
tiiougii  not  by  any  means  so  freely  as  in  later 
times,  tlio  privilege  of  issuing  praijiiidliiax, 
ordinances  of  an  executive  character,  or  for 
the  redress  of  griev.mces  submitted  to  hiia 
by  tlie  national  legislature.  Within  certain 
limits,  this  was  undoubteilly  a  constitutional 
prerogative.  But  the  history  of  Ciustile,  like 
that  of  most  other  countri'-s  in  Europe,  sliows 
how  easily  it  was  abused  in  the  hands  of  an 
ariiitrary  prince. 

""  The  civil  and  criminal  business  of  tiie 
kingdom  was  committed,  in  the  last  resort, 
to  tlie  very  ancient  tribunal  ufalcdldes  di'.  cisa 
y  ante,  until,  in  1371,  a  new  one,  entiti'd 
the  royal  audi.'ure  or  chancery,  was  consii- 
tuted  uiKler  lli'nry  II.,  willi  suiireui'  and 
ultimate  jurisdietion  in  civil  causes.  Tliese, 
in  tlie  first  instance,  however,  might  1)0 
brought  Iv't'iire  the  alialile^  <le  /a  lortu,  whiili 
continued,  and  has  since  conti'.iied,  the  hi;;h 
C'lurt  in  criminal  m.itters.  T-ie  (tudiemi'i, 
or  chancery,  consisted  at  first  of  seven  Judges, 


22 


INTRODTCTION. 


iia 


TIio  scantiiioss  of  tlic  king's  rovonue  corresponflcd  witli  tliat  of  lii;  c 
stitntional  autiiority.  Hy  an  ancient  law,  indeed,  of  similar  tenor  with  i, 
familiar  to  the  Saracens,  the  sovereign  was  entitled  to  a  fifth  of  the  ii]H,\U 
victory.*"  This,  in  the  course  of  the  long  wars  w  th  the  Moslems,  won! ' 
secured  him  more  ample  jjossessions  than  were  en_,oyed  hy  any  other  prii 
Christendom.     Hut  several  circumstances  concurred  to  prevent  this  result. 

The  long  minorities,  with  which  Castile  was  attlicted  jterlmps  more  tli,,: 
any  other  country  in  Europe,  freipiently  threw  the  government  into  the  li.n., 
of  the  {irincipal  nobility,  who  perverted  to  their  own  emoluments  the  In. 
j'owers  nitrusted  to  t]w\v  They  usur})ed  the  possessions  of  the  cruwn,  a; 
invaded  some  of  its  most  valuable  privileges  ;  so  that  the  sovereign's  m 
.'equent  life  was  often  consumed  in  fruitless  attempts  to  rej)air  the  losses 
liis  minority.  IJe  sometimes,  indeed,  in  the  impotence  of  other  reMinrn, 
resorted  to  such  nnhapity  expedients  as  treachery  and  assassination.*''  . 
pleasant  t^ile  is  told  by  tne  kSi)anish  historians,  of  the  more  innocent  devi(e . 
llenry  the  Third,  for  the  recovery  of  the  estiites  extorted  from  the  cro\vi»  1 
the  rapacious  nobles  during  his  minority. 

ll(!turning  home  late  one  evening,  fatigued  and  half  famished,  from  s 
hiuiting  expedition,  lie  was  chagrined  to  find  no  refreshment  inepaifd  f 
liiin,  jviid  still  more  so  to  learn  from  his  steward  that  he  had  neither  iiuhui 
nor  credit  to  purchase  it.    The  day's  sport,  however,  fortunattdy  furnished  il- 
means  of  a]>peasing  the  royal  appetite;  and,  while  this  was  in  progres>.  t; 
fteward  took  occasion  to  contrast  the  indigent  condition  of  the  king  with  tli 
of  his  nobles,  who  habitually  indulged  in  the  most  expensive  entertaimiicut, 
and  were  that  very  evening  feasting  with  the  archbishop  of  Toledo.    Ti- 
prince,  suppressing  his  indignation,  determined,  like  the  far-famed  caliph  i: 
the  "  Arabian  Nights,"  to  inspect  the  allair  in  person,  and,  assuming  a  di- 
guise,  introduced  himself  privately  into  the  arc^hbishop's  palace,  where  1 
witnessed  with  his  own  eyes  the  prodigal  magnificence  of  the  banquet,  tcciui,.. 
with  costly  wines  and  the  most  luxurious  viands. 

The  next  day  he  caused  a  rumour  to  \}C  circulated  through  the  court,  t!,.i; 
he  had  fallen  sudtlenly  and  dangerously  ill.  The  courtiers,  at  these  tidin.-. 
thronged  to  the  palace  ;  and,  when  they  had  all  assembled,  the  king  made  k- 
ai)iteaiHnce  among  them,  bearing  his  naked  sword  in  his  hand,  and,  with  a: 
aspect  of  unusual  severity,  seated  himself  on  his  throne  at  the  upper  extivuii;} 
of  the  apartment. 

After  an  interval  of  silence  in  the  astonished  assembly,  the  moiiun!. 
addressing  himself  to  the  jnrimate,  inquired  of  him  how  many  sovereigns  I, 
liad  known  in  Castile.  The  prelate  answering  four,  Henry  put  the  .siii- 
question  to  the  duke  of  Benevente,  and  so  on  to  the  other  courtiers  in  m 
cession.  None  of  them,  however,  having  answered  more  than  five,  "Hom  : 
this,"  said  the  prince,  "  that  you,  who  are  so  old,  should  have  known  so  ii  w 
while  I,  young  as  I  am,  have  beheld  more  than  twenty  ?    Yes,"  continued  1< 

whose  numbor  varied  a  pood  deal  afterwards. 
'J  liey  were  appointed  by  the  crown,  in  the 
numner  mentioned  in  the  text.  Tlieir  s.ilaries 
were  sui'h  as  to  secure  tiieir  independence,  as 


far  as  possible,  of  any  undue  inliuence ;  and 
tills  was  still  I'urtlier  done  by  the  supervision 
of  ci  rtes.  wjiose  acts  show  the  deep  solicitude 
with  which  it  watdied  over  the  c(*ncemB  and 
conduct  of  this  important  tribunal.  For  a 
iiotice  of  the  original  org.inization  and  sub- 
sequent modifications  of  the  Castiliai*  courts, 
consult  Marina  (.Teor'ia,  part.  2,  mp.  21-25), 


Kiol  (Infonue,  apud  Senianario  erudito.  t' :; 

iii.  pp.    '29  et  sefj.),  and  .Sempere  (lli-i  i: 

dcs  Cort  s,  map.    15),   whose    loose  aini  ti 

sultory  r  marlis  show  perfect  fauiiliurity  wrij 

the  subject,   and    pn'suppose   more    tlian 

likely  to  I  o  found  in  tiie  reader. 

*•"  Siete  Partida.'',  part.  2,  tit.  2G,  leyes  "i, 
7. — Mendo/a  notices  this  custom  as  rcciiiii;'] 
as    Philip    11. '8    day.    C     ^ta   de    Grdna<li| 
p.  17U. 

'"  Mariana,  Hi.st,  de  Espana,  lib.   15,  la; 
J  9,  20. 


CASTILE. 


iisin:;  Iii.=;  voico,  to  the  astonisliod  multitude,  "  you  are  tlie  real  soverei,t,'n5?  of 
B  tilt",  eninyiii.:  all  the  riL,dits  and  revenue.-)  of  royalty,  while  I,  stripped  of 
k  iiiitViiiiony,  have  scarcely  wherewithal  to  prooire  the  necessaries  of  life." 
flicii,  "i villi,'  a  concerted  siiu'iial,  Iiis  ^Miards  entered  the  apartment,  followed 
tlic^jiiililic  oxfcntioner  In^arin^'  along  with  him  the  implements  of  death, 
fhc  lii^nlayed  nohlcs,  not  relishing  the  turn  the  jest  appeared  likely  to  t^vke, 
\\\  on  their  knees  l)efore  the  monanih  and  besought  his  forgiveness,  promising, 
requital,  complete  restitution  of  the  fruits  of  their  rapacity.  Jlenry, 
)ntciit  with  having  so  cheai)ly  gained  his  point,  alloweil  himself  to  soften 
llieir  entreaties,  taking  care,  however,  to  detain  their  j>ersuns  as  security 
ar  tlicir  engagements,  until  such  time  as  the  rents,  royal  fortresses,  and 
Hiiitcver  etlects  had  Ix'en  filched  from  the  crown  were  restored.  The  story, 
ltlii>u4h  repeated  by  the  gi-avest  Castilian  writers,  wears,  it  must  he  owned, 

nijirvellons  tin<,'e  of  romance.  IJut,  whether  fact,  or  founded  on  it,  it  may 
?rve  to  show  the  dilajiidated  condition  of  the  revenues  at  the  beginning  of 
le  fourteenth  century,  and  its  inmicdiate  causes." 

Another  circumstiince  which  contribute*!  to  impoverish  the  excherjuer  was 
le  occasional  ])olitiavl  revolutions  in  Castile,  in  which  the  adhesion  of  a 
.ion  was  to  be  niirchased  only  by  the  most  ample  concessions  of  the  crown. 
Surji  was  the  violent  revolution  which  placed  the  house  of  Trastamara  on 
throne,  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteentli  century. 

|{iit  perhaps  a  more  operative  cause  than  all  these,  of  tlie  alleged  evil,  was  the 
^jiiiliict  of  those  imbecile  princes  who,  with  heedless  prodigality,  squandered  the 
hiililic  resources  on  their  own  personal  pleasures  ana  unworthy  minions.  The 
lisa.strons  reigns  of  John  the  Second  and  Henry  the  Fourth,  extending  over 
[lie  -Tc.iter  portion  of  the  fifteenth  century,  furnish  pertinent  examples  of  this. 
}t  was  not  unusual,  indeed,  for  the  cortes^  interposing  its  paternal  authority,  by 
assing  an  act  for  the  partial  resumj)tion  of  grants  tnus  illegally  made,  in 
01110  degree  to  rejjair  the  broken  condition  of  the  finances.  Nor  was  such  a 
CMiniption  unfair  to  the  actual  proprietors.  The  nromise  to  maintain  tlie 
i)tei,Tity  of  the  royal  demesnes  formed  an  essential  part  of  the  coronation 
nih  of  every  sovereign  ;  and  the  subject  on  whom  he  afterwards  conferred 
Ir'iu  knew  well  by  what  a  precarious,  illicit  tenure  he  was  to  hold  them. 

From  the  view  which  has  been  presented  of  the  Castilian  constitution  at 
lie  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  it  is  apparent  that  the  sovereign  was 
(osessed  of  less  power,  and  the  people  of  greater,  than  in  other  European 
iioiiarcliies  at  that  period.  It  must  be  owned,  however,  as  before  intimated, 
hal  the  ]»ractical  operation  did  not  always  correspond  with  the  theory  of 
lair  respective  functions  in  these  rude  times ;  aiul  that  the  powers  of  the 
xecutive,  being  susceptible  of  greater  comi)actness  and  energy  in  their 
loveiiionts  tluin  could  possibly  belong  to  those  of  more  complex  bodies,  were 
iitiiciently  strong  in  the  hands  of  a  resolute  prince  to  break  down  the  com- 
aratively  feeble  barriers  of  the  law.  Neither  were  the  relative  privileges 
^•i jned  to  the  different  orders  of  the  state  eouitably  adjusted.  Those  of  the 
ristooracy  were  indefinite  and  exorbitant.  Trie  license  of  armed  combinations 
00,  so  freely  assumed  both  l)y  this  order  and  the  commons,  although  oi>erating 

•  Inrihar.  Comppndin,  torn.  ii.  p.  399. —        torials  for  history.     The  editor  of   Ayala's 


Miiriaii.i,  Hi^t.  de  Espaua,  torn.  ii.  pp.  234, 
|2:i.>.— I'rdri)  L'lpnz  de  Ayiila,  chancellor  of 
Tactile  and  clinniicler  of  the  reigns  of  four  of 
Its  successive  inonarclis,  terminated  his  lalxmrs 
Ubrupily  with  the  si.xth  year  of  Henry  III., 
Itii  ■  i-ii'.so(|uent  period  of  whose  adininistra- 
Itl  a  is  singularly  barren  of  authentic  ma- 


Clironicle  ccjnsidiTs  tlie  adventure  quoted  in 
the  text  as  fictitious,  and  j)r(ihalily  su(r'^est(^d 
bj-  a  strataKoiii  emi)loyed  by  Henry  for  tlie 
seizure  of  tlie  duke  of  I5''nevcnt<',  and  by  lii^ 
subsequent  ioiprisonniont  at  Bur^os.  See 
Ayala,  Cronica  de  Costilla,  p.  330,  note  (ed. 
de"  la  Acad..  1 7«u). 


24 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


as  n  sftfotyviilvo  for  tlio  ocn^ie  of  the  offer  vcsci  ml,'  sjiirit  of  the  a.c'P,  was  its,§ 
olivioiisly  repiiLCiiant  to  all  iiiiiiciples  of  civil  oliciliciicc,  and  t'Xpo.setl  tho  suvi 
to  evils  scarcely  less  disastrous  than  those  which  it  was  intended  to  prevent 
It  was  apj»arent  that,  notwithstjindinj,'  the  nia^^nitnde  of  the  jtowcrs  n;. 
ceded  to  the  nohility  and  the  coninions,  there  were  important  defects,  win,. 
]'revented  them  from  restini,'  on  any  sound  and  jiermanent  hasis.     The  n-ji- 
sentatioi\   of   the   people   in   cortes.    instead   of    jiarlially   enianatin;/,    is  ,. 
En';lanil,  from  an  independent  hody  of  lande*!  proprietors,  constitntin;:  ti- 
real   strentith   of  the   nation,  proceeded  exclusively   from   the   cities,  whu, 
elections  were  nuich  more  open  to  j>opulftr  caprice  and  ministerial  corrupti  i. 
and  whose  niunerous  local  jealousies  j)revented  them  from  actini;  in  toriln|^^ 
(o  ojieration.     The  nohles,  notwithstanding  their  occasional  coalitions,  wc. 
often  arrayed  in  feuds  against  each  other.     They  relied,  for  the  defeiKc  : 
their  privilefj^es,  solely  on  their  physical  strength,  and  heartily  disdained, 
any  eTner},Tncy,  to  sunport  their  own  cause  by  identifyiuij  it  with  that  of  t' 
connuons.     Hence  it  oecame  obvious  that  the  njonarch,  who,  notwithstjiinlii. 
his  limited  preroj^ative,  assumed  the  anomalous  j)rivilef;e  of  transacting,'  piihi 
business  with  the  advice  of  oidy  one  branch  oi  the  lepslature,  and  of  oda 
Kionally  dispensing  altogether  with  the  attendance  of  the  other,  might,  I . 
throwing  his  own  influence  into  the  scale,  give  the  pre{)onderance  to  wind; 
ever  jiar^y  he  should  prefer,  and,  by  thus  uexterously  availing  himself  of  tin;; 
ojtposite  fones,  erect  his  own  authority  on  the  ruins  of  the  weaker.     Ili 
far  and  how  successfully  this  jjolicy  was  pursued  by  Ferdinand  and  Isalicllj 
will  be  seen  in  the  course  of  this  History. 


REVIEW  OF 


Ndtwitl.standinR  tlie  ftonoral  (llHponro  of 
tlio  Spmiisli  liistiiriiiiis,  tlicy  have  (Imic  littlo 
towar>ls  the  iiivt'Hli^atiuu  of  the  fouHtitutiunal 
aiiti(iuilii>.s  of  C'iL«tile,  until  the  prosnit  cpu- 
tury.  Dr.  GodiloH's  nioajrre  notice  of  tlie 
cortes  jircceded  prolialily  by  a  loiif?  interval 
any  native  work  ui>on  that  subject.  Robertson 
freinienlly  coniiil.iins  of  the  total  delk'iency 
of  authentic  sources  of  information  respecting 
the  laws  and  government  of  Castile  ;  a  cir- 
cumstance tliat  sutrgests  to  a  candid  mind  an 
ol)vi(jU8  explanation  of  several  errors  into 
which  he  has  fallen.  Capmaiiy,  in  tiie  preface 
to  a  work  compiled  by  order  of  the  central 
junta  in  Seville,  in  I80t>,  on  the  ancient  or- 
gani/atii'n  of  tlie  cortes  in  the  different  states 
of  the  I'eninsula,  remarks  that  "no  author 
has  ajipeared,  down  to  the  present  day,  to 
innrucl  us  in  regard  to  the  t^ripin,  constitu- 
tion, and  celebration  of  the  Castilian  cortes, 
en  all  which  topics  there  remains  the  most 
profound  ignorance."  The  melancholy  results 
to  which  such  an  invest iRation  must  noccs- 
Barily  lead,  from  the  contrast  it  supijests  of 
existing  institutions  to  the  freer  forms  of 
anti(iuity,  miRht  well  have  deterred  the 
modem  Spaniard  from  these  inquiries ;  which, 
moreover,  it  can  hardly  be  supposed  would 
have  received  the  countenance  of  government. 
The  brief  interval,  however,  in  tlie  early  part 
of  the  present  century,  when  the  nation  so 
Ineffectually  struggled  to  resume  its  ancient 
liberties,  gave  birth  to  two  productions  which 
have  gme  far  to  supply  the  desiderata  in 


this  depirtment.      I  allude  to  the  val-in! 
works  of  Marina,  on  the  early  legislatiuii  - 
ou  the  cortes  of  Ca.stile,  to  which  n  iir;ii 
refenuice  has  lK>en  made  in  this  section.     I 
latter,  especially,  presents  us  with  a  lull  •\ 
position  of  the  appn^priate  functions  as.-i^rn 
to  the  several   departments  of   goverinn;,: 
and  with  the  parliamentary  history  of  r,i-' 
deduced  from  original,  unpublislied  rmr:- 
It  is  unfortunate  tliat  his  copious  illustraii  : 
are  arranged  in  stj  unskilful  a  manner  u^ : 
give  a  dry  and  repulsive  air  to  the  w  hole  \\>  r. 
The  original  documents  on  which  It  is  i-vi 
l)llshed,   instead    of    Iteing    reserved    f  r  ,; 
a[ipen(lix,  and  their  imixirt  only  couvev'il  ; 
the  text,  stare  at  the  reader  in  every  y.:. . 
arrayed  in  all  the  technicalities,  periplir.i   ■ 
and  repetitions  incident  to  legal  enactinin:- 
Thc  Course  of  the  investigation  is,  moriij\  r, 
frequently   interrupted  by  impertinent  u- 
sertations  on  the  C(jnstitutionof  1812,  in  v. '.a  : 
the  author  has  fallen  into  abundance  of  .r 
dities,  which  he  would  have  escaped  h.nl 
l)ut  witnessed  the  practical  operation  of  tii  - 
liberal    forms  of   government   which    Im   - 
justly    admires.      The    sanguine   tempi  r  ■'■ 
Marina  has  also  betrayed  him  into  the  tr  • 
of  putting,  too  uniformly,  a  favourable  i' :. 
fitructioii  on  the  proceedings  of  the  conim  : 
and  of  frequently  deriving   a  constitiiti  ;. 
precedent  from  what  can  only  be  regard'  I   ■ 
an  accidental  and  transient  exertion  of  puwtr 
in  a  season  of  popular  excitement. 
The  student  of  this  d  •partment  of  Spani^i 


ilcuciii  in  the 


ARAGOX. 


25 


orv  niiiy  con'-iilt.  In  ronjnnrtion  with 
hii.i  ^.  iiip'T.'"  liitl''  irt-atl-'.  I'ltrii  (lUdlcd, 
111.'  ili-t.rv  of  111''  t'iftlHtiii  *'«nr».  It  Is, 
t,»,  limit. •.!  aii'l  cl.  niiltory  In  it-*  |>liiii 
,.r.|  aiivtluiiK  likf  a  (nuiplilf  vi.'w  nf 
Imiioi't  Hill.  *■"  *  ^••""il'l''  oiiiiiiii'iiiary, 
I,n>  «.  11  skill. -.1  ill  til'-  t«'pi*s  lliat  li.'  .lis- 

it    is   „(   llllil.illl'tiil    VrtllKV       SillCP    tiio 

Iti.  il    priiu  iiili'K   aii'l    liiaj«  of  tlw   autliDr 

if  an   ii|i|x>sitt'  timr     tcr  In   Marlna'H, 

lr.(|ii.'i»lly  Ifiul  liiiii  lo  <)|)|M)ttlli'  aiiulu- 

Iti  III"-  iiivcKtinaiion  of  ili»«  Kaiiif  fa»tH. 

tiiiir  nil  all.iwaiuc  for  ohvloim  prt-JiullcoM, 

»|)..r«  s  wurk,  ihtTetorc,  may  be  ol'  much 


xmc  In  porrrctlnK  thr»  prroripotin  lmprn«M|«(ii« 
iiiaili'  liy  till'  fi.riiMT  writt-r,  wlmsr  fal)rii.  nf 
lllirrty  tun  iiftrn  ri'Mts,  iis  )'Mmii|i1IIIi'i1  iiiiir." 
tliaii  oih  i>  in  till'  pn-t  <'<lii))(  pa({<'N,  <>n  an  Idi-al 
l>aMi<4.  Hut,  wi.  cvi-ry  (l.tliution,  Murlmi'M 
liulilicatioiiH  niiiNi  Im'  din.HiiliTi'tl  an  iiii|Hirtiiiit 
(iiiiiril'utii.ii  lo  iM.litli-.il  mii'Mic.  riii-y  I'x- 
lilMt  an  al>li>  analysis  nf  a  tonstltntlon  which 
iM-roni")*  Nii\Kularly  Intin-HtiiiK  froni  IIm  liavinx 
fnrnlslH'd,  toK>'t>i(>r  with  tlial  of  tin*  Hist<T 
kiiiK'tout  of  Arn^on,  the  oarlii'Ht  t'xainpl.'  of 
ri'pri'yfntallvc  KovcrnnK'nt,  a<(  woU  a.s  Imm 
till'  lilMTdl  prim-iplt'H  on  vsliUh  that  guvirn- 
mciit  was  long  iuliululiitere<t. 


SECTION   II. 


RKVIEW  OF   THE  OONHTITUTIOV    OF   ARA(»oy,   TO    TIIH    MIDDLE   OP   TUB 

FIFTKKNTII    CKNTL'UY. 

i.f  Aragon— Ricos  Ilombros — Their  Itnmunltlos— Thrlr  Tnrhulonco— PrivUpRos  of  Union 
-rill'  Li'cislaturi'  -Itn  Forms     Its  Powith— (JiMieral  Privllcni-     Judicial  Kuiutlonsof  ('ortci* 
riio.lusticpHI«<irpat  Authority— Rise  and  Opulence  of  Barcelona — Her  Free  Inatltu- 
ti'iUA— Intellectual  Culture. 

IK  jiulitical  institutions  of  Aragon,  althou^'li  bearing  a  general  rosenililance 

lliuse  of  Ca.stile,  were  sutliciently  dissimilar  to  .stamp  a  jieciiliar  plivsio- 

^oiuy  on  tlie  cliaracter  of  the  nation,  wliich  .still  continued  after  it  htul  been 

tuipurated  with  the  great  mass  of  the  Sjianish  monarchy.     It  was  not  until 

le  cx^iiiation  of  neaiiy  five  centuries  after  the  Saracen  invasion  that  the 

Itlc  lh.^t^i(:t  of  Aragon,  growing  up  under  the  shelter  of  the  I'yrenee.s,  wa.s 

liandcd  into  the  dimensions  of  the  province  which  now  bears  that  name. 

niug  this  jjeriod,  it  was  i)ainfully  struggling  into  being,  like  the  other  states 

the  IVninsuliv,  by  dint  of  fierce,  unintermitted  warfare  with  the  infidel. 

[EvLMi  after  this  period,  it  would  prolmbly  have  filled  but  an  insignificant 

ice  in  the  map  oi  history,  and,  in.stead  of  assuming  an  independent  .station, 

ivt'lM'cn  eomneiled,  like  Navarre,  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  nolitics  of  the 

jjtciit  iiiunarcnies  by  wliich  it  was  surrounded,  had  it  not  extended  its  empire 

a  fortunate  union  with  Catalonia  in  the  twelfth,  and  the  coiupiest  of 

'!('ii(  la  in  the  thirteenth  century.'     These  new  territories  were  not  only  far 

IV  pnxliictive  than  its  own,  but,  by  their  long  line  of  coast  and  commodious 

Dits,  enabled  the  Ara4,'onese,  hitherto  pent  up  within  their  barren  mountains, 

ohcii  a  communication  with  distant  region.s. 

Tiu'  ancient  county  of  Biircelona  had  reached  a  higher  degree  of  civiliza- 
11  than  Aragon,  and  was  distinguished  by  institutions  quite  as  liberal.  The 
inard  would  seem  to  be  the  natunal  seat  of  lil)erty.  There  is  something  in 
e  very  presence,  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  ocean,  which  invigorates  not  only 
v  physical  but  the  moral  energies  of  man.  The  Jidventurous  life  of  the 
liner  familiarizes  him  with  dangers,  and  early  accustoms  him  to  indepen- 
in  0.  Intercourse  with  various  climes  opens  new  and  more  copious  source-! 
knowledge  ;  and  increa.sed  wealth  brings  with  it  an  augmentation  of  power 
d  cunse  ^ucnce.    It  was  hi  the  maritime  cities  scattered  along  the  Medi  er- 


1^  Tdtalonia  was  united  with  Aragon  by  the 
rria^'e  of  Queen  Petronilla  with  Raymond 
•'Dgere,  count  of  Barcelona,  In  1130.    Va- 


lencia   was    conquered 
James  I.  hi  12ad. 


from   the   Moors  by 


96 


INTRr.DrcTION. 


rnnoan  tlint  tlio  sood.^  of  liborty,  liotli  in  luuicnt  nnd  modern  timP'i.  »i 
iiiiplaritnl  and  lin)ii;;lit  to  iniiturity.  Diirirn^'  X\h*  Middle  Aues,  whcii  f 
jicdplc  of  Kiii(»|»«'  ^ciHTully  iiiaintaint'il  a  tuilsoinc  and  infivniicnt  intcndi:: 
villi  «'4uli  olJuT,  those  sitnated  on  the  margin  ot  this  inland  ocean  foiiinl  ^ 
easy  nuMJe  of  eoniinnnicution  across  the  liJKliruid  of  its  waters.  They  inin.r 
in  war  too  as  in  peace,  and  this  lont,'  ]»eriod  is  tillecj  with  their  internati'; 
contests,  while  the  other  free  cilit's  of  Christendom  were  wastim,'  themsclviv. 
civil  fends  and  dc'^nidinj,'  domestic  hroils.  In  this  wide  and  various  c(tliivifi 
their  moral  jtowers  were  (luickened  hy  con  tant  activity  ;  and  more  eiilar.* 
views  were  formed,  with  a  dej'iier  conscionsness  of  tJH'ir  own  stn'n^^tli,  tli 
eonid  l»e  obtained  ]»y  tiioso  innahitivnts  of  the  interior  who  were  convert 
Avith  only  a  lindted  ranjze  of  oltjects,  and  suhjected  to  the  inllnence  of 
same  dnil,  monotonons  circnmstanc(>s. 

Anion;;  these  maritime  rejmhiics,  those  of  Catalonia  we.e  eminently  !• 
s)iicnoiis.     By  the  incorporation  of  this  eonntry  with  the  kin^^dom  of  Aia.r 
theicfore,  tlu;  stren^4h  of  the  latter  was  greatly  au^nnented.     The  Araizniux 
]iriiices,  well  aware  of  this,  liberally  fostered  institutions  to  wliich  the  (diiiitf 
owed  its  prosperity,  and  skilfully  availed  themselves  of  its  resources  fur  t- 
Hi^^aandi/ement  of  their  own  dominions.     They  paid  particular  attention : 
the  navy,  for  tlu;  more  pei-fect  discijiline  of  which  a  body  of  laws  was  jtitiiar- 
by  IV'ter  the  Fourth,  in  l.Sr>4,  that  was  desi^Mied  to  render  it  invincible,    } 
allusion  whatever  is  made  in  this  stern  code  to  the  mode  of  surrenderiim  t-i 
retreating'  from  the  enemy.    Tiie  conmiander,  who  declined  attackini:  a 
force  not  exceeding'  his  own  by  more  than  one  vessel,  was  i)unishc(|  wr: 
death.'    The  Catalan  navy  sueces.sfully  disjiuted  the  enmire  of  tlie  Mctljtt'f 
ranean  with  the  Heets  of  lasa,  and  still  more  of  Genoa.    vVith  its  aid,  the  .\n  | 
gonese  monarchs  achieved  the  conciuest  successively  of  Hicily,  Sardinia,  ar | 
the  lialearic  Isles,  and  annexed  them  to  the  empire.'    It  penetrated  intotr;;! 
farthest  regions  of  tlie  Levant ;  and  the  expedition  of  the  Catalans  into  .\^ii 
vhich  terminated  with  the  more  splendid  tlian  useful  ac()uisition  of  Atlier/ 
forms  one  of  the  most  romantic  passages  in  tliis  stirring  and  adventurous  m| 

But,  while  the  princes  of  Aragon  were  thus  enlarging  the  bounds  of  the: 
dominion  al>road,  there  was  pro])ably  not  a  sovereign  in  Eunme  possessed 
8uch  limited  authority  at  liome.     The  three  great  states,  with  their  dt']i('n 
enties,  which  constituted  the  Ara'^onese  monarchy,  liad  been  declared  hyi, 
statute  of  James  the  Second,  in  1819,  inalienable  and  indivisible,*    Each 
them,  however,  maintained  a  sei)arate  constitution  of  government,  ami  w« 
administered  by  distinct  laws.     As  it  would  be  fruitless  to  investigate  tii 
jiecidiarities  of  their  respective  institutions,  which  Iwar  a  very  close  attiiiity:| 
one  another,  we  may  confine  ourselves  to  those  of  Aragon,  which  exliilnti'' 
more  jierfect  model  than  those  either  of  Catalonia  or  Valencia,  and  have  ]m 
far  more  eojiiously  illustrated  by  her  writers. 

The  national  historians  refer  the  origin  of  their  government  to  a  writte: 


■  Capmany,  Mora,  de  Barcelona,  torn.  til. 
pp.  4f)-47. —  The  Catalann  were  niuili  colo- 
bratod  diirini?  tlic  Middle  A^cs  fur  tlioir  skill 
w  itli  the  rrosslHiw  ;  f(ir  a  more  perfect  inptnic- 
tiiin  in  whicli,  die  niuniiipality  of  Harcelcna 
estalilisheu  games  »;nd  gymnasiums.  Ibid., 
t<im.  i.  p.  li.'' 

•  '  Sicily  rr  volted  to  Peter  III.  in  1282.— 
Sardinia  \v  i.i  conquered  by  James  II.  in 
1324,  and  the  Hxlecric  Isles  by  Peter  IV.  in 
134;j  4.— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  I.  fol.  247 ; 
torn.  11.  fol.  (JU.— HeruiiUy,  Ilistoire  du  Poy- 


aume  de  Majorque  (Maestricht,  17"T\ 

227-2BH. 

*  Hcjice  the  title  of  duke  of  Athens 
Buraed  by  tlie  Spaninh  sovereigns.  T.| 
brilliant  fortunes  of  Roger  de  Klor  an'  pliij 
by  count  MoncadatE.xpi-dicion  de  losC'atuliP 
y  Aragonescs  contra  Turcos  y  Griegos.  .MaJr. 
181)5),  in  a  style  much  commended  by  Sjiudb^ 
critics  for  its  elegance.  See  MonUejar, 
vertencias,  p.  114. 

It  was  confirmed  by  Alfonso  III ,  In  '3^" 
Zurita,  AnalPF,  torn,  ii."  fol.  90. 


\\ 


ARAQON. 


27 


.jstitiition  of  AlMiut  tlio  nii.MK*  of  the  ninth  rontiiry,  frft.'iiiont<4  of  which  arc 
ll  pn'scrvoil  ill  (vitaiii  ftiuiciit  docnmont-i  luid  clironicU's.  On  occiirnMiro 
;ft  v;vaiifv  in  tlif  thnnu',  Jit  thi^  epoch,  a  monarch  wa-*  clrcti'tl  l»y  th« 
he  priiiciiiftl  noiilos,  who  pre^crihtMl  a  coilo  of  laws,  to  the  olt>nvaMce  of 
Cj.  h  he  was  ol>ii;,'Oil  to  swear  hcfortt  assinninu'  the  scoptn*.  The  import  of 
W.e  laws  was  to  circumscrilK'  within  v«>ry  narrow  hmits  the  authority  of  th(» 
roroiu'n,  (hstril)iitin,L,'  the  principal  functions  to  c, ./' uxficin,  or  .Iii>tice,  ami 
same  peers,  who,  in  eas«  of  a  violation  of  tho  ronipact  hy  the  monan  h, 
re  aiitliorizeil  to  withdraw  their  alk'.ifiance,  ami,  in  the  hold  lan;,'nai;('  of  the 
finance,  "to  8uh-;titnte  any  otlier  ruler  in  liis  steiv<l,  even  a  pajan,  if  they 
The  whole  of  this  wears  much  of  a  fahnlous  as])ect,  an  I  mav  recniml 

reu  ler  of  the  j;overnmcnt  whidi  I'lysses  met  with  in  I'lia-acia  ;  where 
v;:  Alcinous  is  surrounded  hy  his  "  twelve  illustrious  peers  or  archons," 
oidiiiatt^  to  himself,  "  who,"  says  he,  "  ndo  over  the  |>eople,  I  myself  Immu^ 

tlnrteenth." '     Hut,  whether  true  or  not,  this  venerahle  tradition  must  lie 
glutted  to  have  b<'en  well  calculated  to  repress  the  arroi::ance  of  the  Araj,'o- 
e  iiKiiian  lis,  and  to  exalt  the  minds  of  their  subjects  by  tlio  image  of 
:iciit  liltertv  which  it  presented.' 

llie  threat  harons  of  Arau'on  were  few  in  nnm1)er.  They  affected  to  derive 
6ir  desrent  from  the  twelve  ]>eers  above  mentiojiecl,  and  were  stvled  ricos 
fulmn  t/f  iiiiftini,  imnlyiiii,'  by  this  ejdthet  that  they  were  not  indebted  for 
Bir  creation  to  the  will  of  the  sovereign.  No  estate  could  Iki  legally  conferred 
t!:;-  crown,  as  an  honour  (the  denomin.-r  on  of  liefs  in  Ara^on),  on  any  but 

of  these  high  nobles.     Tins,  liowever,  was  in  time  evaded  by  the  monarchs, 

advanced  certain  of  their  own  retiviners  to  a  level  with  the  ancient  peers 
|tiie  lanil ;  a  measure  which  proved  a  fruitful  source  of  dis((uietude.*  No 
rmi  could  l>e  divested  of  his  fief,  iniless  liy  jiublio  sentence  of  the  Justice  and 

cortes.    The  jirojjrietor,  however,  was  reiiuired,  as  usual,  to  attend  the 

evon  of  tlio  vame,  of  Soprarlx*.  until  tlio 
pli'vontli  rcntiiry  ;  a  startliriK  (■in'Uin''tanco 
fiT  the  anti(|Uiirv.  (Invpntii^ai  i>>iir>M  lilHti'irlcaH 
i\c  las  Antijfdcilrtdos  ilcl  llovno  dc  Naviirra 
(I'aiiiittoiia,  ITilti),  torn.  vi.  lili.  '-',  cap.  11.) 
Indeed,  the  IdstnriaiiH of  Arapiii  admit  tiiat  tlio 
puhlir  dix'iiiiionts  previoiw  to  tlio  fourteontli 
contury  HiifTered  ho  iimk  h  troiii  various  causen 
as  to  leave  couiparatively  few  materials  lor 
authontU-  narrative.  (_Hliin.  as,  Coinmruturii, 
I'ref. — Ilisci),  Espafia  sa'/raila,  torn.  xxx.  I'r'i- 
loffo.)  Iflaiu'us  traiisi'rilN'd  his  extrai't  of  tiio 
Laws  of  Soprarlx?  principally  from  rrliicc 
Cliarles  of  \  iana's  History,  written  in  tlio 
fifteenth  century.     Soe  Oommentarii,  p.  2r>. 

"  Asso  y  Manuel,  In«tituclones,  j)p.  3!t,  40. 
— Blancas.  Commentarii,  jip.  'M\\,  ;t.;4,  :U(i. — 
Fueros  y  Oliservancins  del  lleyno  de  .\ra!.;i:n 
(Zara^o/iv,  IGOT),  toni.  i.  fol.  fan.-  The  ricn 
hum  ■)■'!!  thus  created  liy  the  monarch  \ser« 
Ptyled  ik  mciinniia,  sifinifyinR  "<)f  the  house- 
hold." It  was  lawful  for  a  riro  hmnhre.  to 
lK'<|ueath  his  honours  to  wliichs')ever  of  his 
lefriiimate  children  he  nd^ht  prefer,  and,  in 
(lel'iiult  of  insue,  to  his  nearest  of  kin.  He  was 
Ixiund  to  distribute  the  btdk  of  his  estat"s  in 
fi'd's  amonj?  his  knijthts.  so  that  a  comjilete 
pysteni  of  subinfeudation  \va.s  estahli:  lied. 
The  knights,  on  restorinj?  their  flel'a,  might 
change  their  suzerains  at  pleasure. 


S'^etliefrapmentsof  till-  Fuero dr Supmrttf., 

nI  I  y  Itlrtiuas,  .Vrau'one  isiuin  Ileruin  Com- 

jtarli  ((".tsaraunust;!',   iri.ss),  pp.   •j,"»-ri9.^ 

s\e||knov\n    oath  of  the  Aranonoso  to 

|lr  nuvereitin  on  his  accepsion,   "  Nos  (pio 

em  iS  taiit')   ci.mo    vos,"    etc.,  fre(|uently 

(iti'd  by  liixturians,  rests  on  the  authority 

lilt  iiio  I'lTo/,  the  mifortimate  minister  of 

piip  11  ,  who,  however  pMxl  a  voucher  for 

u<ii;-'es  of  his   own   time,  has    niadn   a 

■r  in  the  very  sentence  preceding  this, 

Ifi'iiiiniinlini;  the  I'rivib'ire  of  I'nion  with 

iif  tlie  Laws  of  S(jprarbe,  which  shows 

1  to  !"■  iii-;iinicii'nt,  <'specially  as  he  is  the 

|y  auth  .rity   fur   this   ancient   ceremony. 

.Vntxuii)  i'erez,  llelucioncs  (^I'oris,  15'JS), 

ipi^i>a  •■iipKn.u't  Avuov  <\ptnpfnte<;  fiatrtXret 

fX"'   K^tilllOt'iTl,  TpiiXCmil  KUTO?   6'  l--j('i)  aUTOV. 

Odyss.  (».  :i'.)0. 
like  manner  ^..onso  III.  alliidos  to  "  the 
Jii-nt  tiiiirs  iit  Ara^'on,  when  there  were  as 
ay  kiiii;s  a.s  ricos  hombres."    See  Zurita, 
•s  tnui.  i.  f,,l.  .lie. 

The^  authenticity  of  the  "  Fuoro  do  S> 
"'  "  has  lx>en  keenly  debated  by  the 
I'.'  ni's,^  ami  Xavarrcse  writers.  Mofet,  in 
atatiiii  (,f  lilancas,  who  espt)use8  it  (see 
"liinciitarii,  p.  •2-".)),  states  that,  after  a 
IJT' tit  investigation  of  the  archives  of  that 
fti,  ho  finds  no  mention  of  the  laws,  or 


28 


INTRODUCTION. 


kiiic:  in  conncil,  and  to  rorform  military  service,  when  summoned,  during  tr 
months  m  the  year,  at  nis  own  charge. '" 

The  privileges,  both  honorary  and  substantial,  enjoyed  by  the  ricos  Iionil: 
■were  vciy  considerable.  They  filled  the  highest  posts  in  the  state.  'Ji> 
originally  aj^iJointed  judges  in  their  domains  for  the  cognizance  of  certain  n\ 
causes,  and  over  a  class  of  their  vassals  exerci.sed  an  unlimited  criminal  ju;,, 
diction.  Tliey  were  excased  from  taxation  excei)t  in  specified  ca.ses ;  «f- 
exempted  from  all  cor{)oral  and  capital  punishment ;  nor  could  thcv  .  '| 
imprisoned,  although  their  estates  might  be  scijuestrated,  for  debt.  A  ios* 
class  of  nobility,  styled  infarizones,  equivalent  to  the  Castilian  Jiidalh 
together  with  the  caballeros,  or  knights,  were  also  possessed  of  imiioiu:  | 
though  inferior  inmumities." 

The  king  distributed  among  the  great  barons  the  territory  recominer- 
froni  the  >foors,  in  proportions  determined  by  the  amount  of  their  respoitr 
services.  We  find  a  stipulation  to  this  effect  from  James  the  First  to :. 
noble.s,  previous  to  his  invasion  of  Majorca."  On  a  similar  princiiilo  ti 
clainied  nearly  the  vaole  of  Valencia."  On  occupying  a  city,  it  was  usiuir 
divide  it  into  barrio!*.  or  districts,  each  of  which  was  granted  by  way  of  lief : 
some  one  of  the  ricos  hombres,  from  whicli  he  was  to  derive  his  rcvfn 
What  proportion  of  the  conciuered  territory  was  reserved  for  the  royal  cit,.  ( : 
does  not  appear."  We  find  one  of  these  nobles,  Bernard  do  Cabrera,  in  t 
latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  manning  a  fleet  of  king's  ships  on  i 
own  credit ;  anotlier,  of  the  ancient  family  of  Lima,  in  the  fifteenth  ccnt- 
so  wealthy  that  he  could  travel  through  an  almost  unbroken  lino  of  liis  ost;i: 
all  the  way  from  Castile  to  France.'^  With  all  this,  their  incomes  in  i^entri 
in  tins  comparatively  poor  country,  were  very  inferior  to  those  of  the  gM 
Castilian  lords." 

The  laws  conceded  certain  powers  to  the  aris  .ocracy,  of  a  most  daimer;. 
tliaracter.  They  were  entitled,  like  the  nobles  of  the  "sister  kingdom,  t  >  di: 
and  publicly  renounce  their  allegiance  to,  their  sovereign,  with  the  wliiiii>;; 
privilege,  in  addition,  of  connuending  their  families  and  estates  to  his  i>ro!c 
tion,  which  he  was  obliged  to  accord  until  they  Avere  again  reconciled.'"  T: 
mischievous  right  of  private  war  was  repeatedly  recognized  hj  statute. 
was  claimed  and  exercised  in  its  full  extent,  and  occasionally  with  circc  J 
stances  of  jeculiar  atrocity.  An  instance  is  recorded  by  Zurita  of  a  1 
feud  between  two  of  these  nobles,  prosecu'^3d  with  such  inveteracy  that  t; 
larties  liound  themselves  by  solemn  oath  never  to  dc:  i.^t  from  it  durinj;  ti;^ 
ives,  and  to  resist  every  effort,  even  on  the  part  of  the  crown  itself,  to  elirS 
a  pacification  between  them.'*  This  remnant  of  barbarism  lingered  longer| 
Aragon  than  in  any  other  country  in  Christendom, 


I 


'"  As8o  y  Manuel,  Institucionos,  p.  41. — 
lUancas,  Comiucntarii,  pj).  3u7,  322,  331. 

"  Fucros  y  Observancias,  torn.  i.  fol.  130. — 
!\I  irtcl,  Koniia  de  cclobrar  Cortes  en  Arajron 
(.Zaragoza,  1041),  p.  98. — IJlancas,  Couniicn- 
t.irii,  pp.  306,  312-317,  323,  3UU.— Asso  y 
llauucl,  Institucionos,  pp.  40-43. 

'■  Zurita,  Analcs,  torn.  i.  fol.  124. 

' '  I'llanooa,  Coiumontarii,  p.  3.'>4. 

"  See  tlie  partition  of  Sarajrossa  by  Alonso 
tlie  W-Trior.  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  i.  fol. 
43. 

"  Mariana,  Ilist.  de  Espafia,  toui.  ii.  p.  198. 
— I31anca.s,  Commeotaril,  p.  218. 

'•  See  a  register  of  these  at  the  beginning  of 


the  sixteenth  century,  apud  L.  MarinPo,C<il 
meniorables,  fol.  25. 

'  •  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  il.  fol.  127.— Bk 
Comment.arii,  p.  324. — "  Adlia'cKitisliuuii:^ 
bus  ipsi.s  niajorum  more  institutisijup  o 
debatur,  ut  scse  pos.sent,  duin  ipsi  villis'j 
nostrorum   Rc(:;um  Jure   ct  potpstato, ' 
nodum  .Uiquein,   expoilirc  ;   np([Uo  exji'J 
solum,    ted   dimii>so  j)j'i'(/.'!,  quo  jidtimm 
Jionore,  bellum  ijisis  infcrre  ;  lioppsvcnP 
lioniiuis  sic  exitoditi  uxorpni,  lili<is,  liiiiii!-: 
res,  Ixina,  et  fortunas  onincs  in  suaui  ruii^ 
tidem   tcncbantur.      Necpic  ulla  crut  cir: 
utilitatis  facicnda  jactura." 

'•  Fuerus  y  Observancias,  torn.  i.  p  ;* 
Zurita,  Analcs,  torn.  i.  fol.  G5j. 


n 


ARAGON. 


29 


ho  Arajronese  soverci:,'ns,  wlio  were  many  of  them  possessed  of  sin^ilar 

uitv  and  viirour,'"  inatle  related  etlorts  to  reduce  tlie  authority  of  their 

bles  within  more  temperate  limits.     Peter  the  Secoml,  by  a  l)old  stretch  of 

JroLjativo,  stni»|>od  them   of  tlioir  most  important  riulits  of  jiiriscHction.'"' 

jcs  the  Con(iueror  artfully  endeavoured  to  counterbalance  their  weijLfht  by 

it  of  the  commons  and  the  ecclesiastios.''     But  they  were  too  formidable 

m  united,  and  too  easily  united,  to  be  successfully  assiiiled.     The  Mooridi 

terminated,   in  Arj;gon,  with   the  conquest  of  Valencia,  or  rather  the 

isidu  of  AIur(ia,l)y  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.    The  tuimdtuous 

rit;,  of  the  aristocracy,  therefore,  instea<l  of  finding  a  vent,  as  in  Castile,  in 

5p  foreiun  exi)editions,  were  turned  within,  and  convulsed  their  own  country 

th  perpetual  revolution.     Hauglity  from  the  consciousness  of  their  exclusive 

/ilexes  ami  of  the  limited  number  who  monopolized  them,  the  Aragonese 

)ns  regardeil  themselves  rather  as  tlie  rivals  of  their  sovereign  than  as  his 

Briors.     Intienched  within  the  mountain  fastnesses  which  the  rugged  nature 

the  country  everywhere  atlbrded,  they  easily  bade  defiance  to  his  authority. 

sir  small  nund)er  gave  a  comp.ii:tness  and  concert  to  their  operations  which 

^Id  not  have  hoen  ol>tained  in  a  nudtitudinous  body.    Ferdinand  the  Catholic 

discriminated  the  relative  position  of  the  Aragonese  andCastilian  nobihty, 

Isaying,  "it  was  as  ditiicult  to  divide  the  one  as  to  unite  the  other."" 

lii'se  combinations  became  still   more  frequent  after  formally  receiving 

approbation  of  King  Alfonso  the  Third,  who,  in  1287,  signed  the  tv'o 

ihrated   ordinances    entitled    the  "  Privileges  of    Union,"    by  which   his 

ijects  were  authorized  to  resort  to   arms  on  an  infring«^riient  of  their 

rties."     The  kennandad  of  Castile  had  never  been  countenanced  by 

illative   sanction  ;   it  was  chiefly  resorted    to    as  a  measure  of   jwlice, 

was   directed   more  frequently  against  the   disorders   of  the  nobility 

,n  of   the  sovereign  ;    it  was   organized  with    difficulty,   and,  compared 

the  Union  of   Aragon,  was  cumbrous   and  languid  in  its  operations. 

ile  these  privil-^ges  continued   in   force,  the  nation  was   delivered  over 

the  most  frightful  anarchy.     The  least  offensive  movement  on  the  nart 

the  monarch,  the  slightest  encroachment  on  personal  right  or  privilege, 

the  signal  for  a   general  revolt.    At  the   cry  of    Union,  that  "  last 

,"'  says  the  enthusiastic  historian,    "  of  the  expiring   republic,  full  of 

loritv  and  majesty,  and  an  open  indication  of  the  insolence  of  kings," 

i!ol)Ies  and  the  citizens  eagerly  rushed  to  arms.    The  principal  castles 

nging  to  the  former  were  pledged  as  security  for  their  fidelity,  and 

listed  to  conservators,  as  thej^  were  styled,  whose  duty  it  was  to  direct  the 

iratioi>s  and  watch  over  the  niterests  of  the  Union.     A  conunon  seal  wjis 

ipared,  bearing  the  device  of  armed  men  kneeling  before  their  king,  inti- 

itiiig  at  once  their  loyalty  and  their  resolution,  and  a  similar  device  wa-i 

lived  on  the  standard  and  the  other  military  insignia  of  the  confederates.'^* 

ic  power  of  the  monarch  was  as  nothing  before  this  formidable  array. 

Union  appointed  a  council  to  control  all  his  movements,  and,  in  fact, 

iiig  the  whole  period  of  its  existence,  the  reigns  of  four  successive  mon- 


Rlancas  somewhere  boasts  that  no  one  of 

[kiii|;s  of  Araniin  has  been  stij^matized  by 

pnoiiicii  of  iiifanij',  as  in  most  of  the  other 

■  rai  es  of  Europe.  Peter  IV.,  "  the  Cere- 
limis,"  riciily  deserved  one. 

Znrita,  Anales,  torn.  i.  fol.  102. 

Ziirita.  Anales,  torn.  i.  fol.  19S. — He  re- 
linionilcci  this  policy  to  his  son-in-law,  the 
"uf  Castile. 


"  Sempere,  Histoire  des  Cortes,  p.  164. 

"  Zurita,  Ancles,  lib.  4,  cap.  96.— Abarca 
dates  this  evc.it  in  tlie  year  preceding.  Ileyfs 
de  Aragon,  en  .Vnaleshlstoricos  (.Madrid,  16«2- 
1684),  torn.  ii.  fol.  8. 

"  Blancas,  Commentarli,  pp.  192,  193.— 
Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  i.  fol.  266  et  alibi. 


30 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


archs,  it  may  be  said  to  have  dictated  law  to  tlie  land.     At  lenptli,  PtVy 
the  Fourth,  a  de,si>ot  in  heart,  and  naturally  enough  ini))atient  of  tliis  ('(ii;4 
of  re,::;al  prerogative,  lirought  the  juattcr  to  an  i.ssue  by  defeating  Ihc  ar 
of  the  Union,  at  the  memorable  battle  of  Ei)ila,  in  1348,  "the  la.st,"  ^ 
Zurita,  "  in  which  it  was  ])erniitted  to  the  subject  to  take  up  arms  against  ^ 
sovereign  for  the  cause  of  liberty,"     Then,  convoking  an  assemltly  of ; 
states  at  8aragossa,  he  ja'oduced  before  them  the  instrumen*^  containin.' 
two  Privileges,  and  cut  it  in  pieces  with  his  dagger.     In  doing  this,  Im. 
wounded  himself  in  the  hand,  he  suffered  the  blood  to  trickle  upon  ilie  jia: 
ment,  exclaiming  that  "a  law  which  had  been  the  occasion  of  so  nuidi  l 
should   Ix;  blotted  out  by  the  blood  of  a  king."  ^^    All  copies  of  it,  win : 
in  the  public  archives  or  in  the  possession  of  private  individuals,  were  onlc- 
under  a  heavy  ])enalty,  to  be  destroyed.     The  statute  passed  to  that  ( 
carefully  omits  the  date  of  the  detested  instrument,  that  all  evidence  i  i 
existence  might  i>eri«h  with  it." 

Instead  of  aliusing  his  victory,  as  might  have  been  anticipated  frm 
cliaracter,  Peter  adopted  a  far  more  magnanimous  policy.     He  coniinin 
ancient  i)rivileges  of  the  realm,  and  made  in  aildition  other  wise  and  sa    , 
concessions.     From  this  period,  therefore,  is  to  be  dated  the  posses^n 
constitutional  lil)erty  in  Aragon  (for  surely  the  reign  of  unbridled  Yir., 
above  described,  is  not  deserving  that  name)  ;  and  this  not  so  much  froin 
acquisition  of  new  inununities,  as  from  the  more  ])erfect  security  allonlt'ii: 
the  enjoyment  of  the  old.    The  court  of  the  Justicia,  that  great  barrier  ii 
losed  by  the  constitution  between  despotism  on  the  one  hand  and  \^Um 
icense  on  the  other,  was  more  strongly  protected,  and  causes  hitherto  deci  ;• 
ly  arms  were  referred  for  adjudication  to  this  tribunal.*'    From  this  jioi;; 
too,   the  cortes,  vl)Ose  voice  was  scarcely  heard  amid  the  wild  uproar 
preceding  times,  was  allowed  to  extend  a  benelicial  and  protecting  sway  i 
the  land.    And,  altliough  the  social  history  of  Aragon,  like  that  of  otii 
countries  in  this  rude  age,  is  too  often  stamed  with  deeds  of  violence  \| 
personal  feuds,  yet  tlie  state  at  large,  under  the  stv^a,dy  operation  of  its  kui 
probably  enjoyed  a  more  uninterrupted  tranquillity  than  fell  to  the  V 
any  other  nation  in  Europe. 

The  Aragonese  cortes  was  comj^osed  of  four  brandies,  or  arms  ; "  ti 
ricos  hondjres,  or  great  barons  ;  the  lesser  nobles,  comprehfuding  the  kiiigli!| 
the  clergy  ;  and  the  commons.     The  nobility  of  every  denomination  werei 
titled  to  a  seat  in  the  legislature.    The  ricos  hombres  were  allowed  to  ajii 
by  proxy,  and  a  similar  privilege  was  enjoyed  l)y  baronial  heiresses.   Tl 
number  of  this  body  was  very  limited,  twelve  of  them  constituting  a  qnoriiikl 


"  Zurita,  Anaica,  torn.  il.  fol.  126-130.— 
Blancas,  Coninicntarii,  j)p.  195-197.— Hence 
he  was  styled  •'  I'cter  of  the  Dagger  ;  "  aiii  a 
Btatie  of  hlni,  bearinp  in  one  liand  tiiis  weapon 
and  in  tlie  otlier  tlie  Privilege,  stood  in  the 
Chanilicr  of  Deputation  at  Saragossa  in  I'hilip 
II. 'a  time.  See  Antonio  Perez,  Kelaciones, 
fol.  95. 

'"  See  the  statute,  De  ProhihitaUr'.me.  etc. 
— Fueros  y  Ohservancia.'i,  toni.  i.  wl.  I'  -<.— A 
copy  of  the  original  Privileges  \va.s  ..jtectcd 
by  lilani'a.s  among  the  nianusi-ri]>ti-"  ot  the  arch- 
hisliop  of  Siiragossa  ;  hut  he  declined  publish- 
ing it,  from  ileference  to  tliei)rohibition  of  his 
ancestors.    Comnientarii,  p.  179. 

-'  "  Ha'c  ita(|ue  doniestica  Regis  victoria, 
quaj  miserriiuum  universa;  Keipubliau  interi- 


•tum  videbatur  esse  allatura,  stahilem  ik<j 
eonstituit  jyacein,  tranquillitateni,  <t  Mi 
hide  enim  Magistratus  Justitin"  AragDiiimj 
earn,    quaiu    nunc    coliuius,    anipliludii 
dignitatis  dcvenit."    Ibid.,  p.  197. 

""  Marte),  Forma  de  celebrar  Cortes,  cap] 
— "  Brazos  tl"!  reino,  poniue  o'/Mif  • 
tienen  en  si." — The  ccjrtes  consistii!  i.nljl 
three  arms  in  Catalonia  and  Valenc  ia ;  i'j 
the  greater  and  lesser  nobility  sittini: 
same  chamber.  Perguera,  Cortes  cii  01 
biria,  and  Matheu  y  Sanz  Constifuiiin j 
^'alencia,  apml  Capmany,  Practica  y  t-'j 
pp.  65,  \K\,  1,h4. 

'"  Martel,  Forma  de  celebrar  Cortes,  car.  I 
17,  21,  46.— Blancas,  'vi  >do  de  prncilrj 
Cortes  de  Aragon  (Zaragozu,  1641),  fol.  1"^ 


n 


ARAQON". 


31 


ho  arm  of  the  ecclesiastics  embraced  an  ample  dele;^^'\tion  from  the 
jrior  iis  well  as  hi,;;her  cleri^'y."  It  is  attirmeJ  not  to  have  Ikhmi  a  com- 
it'iit  of  the  national  legislature  until  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  aft:'r 

ivlinission  of  tiie  conunons.''     Indeed,  the  inHuence  of  the  church  was 

kcii  lt'>s  sensible  in  Ara^'on  than  in  the  other  kinf,Mloms  of  the  Peninsula. 

[twillistancling  the  humiliating  concessions  of  certain  of  their  princes  to  the 

i;il  sec,  they  were  never  recognized  by  the  nation,  who  miiforndy  asserted 

tir  iihIi'Vendonce  of  the  temporal  supremacy  of  Rome,  and  who,  as  we  shall 

hereafter,  resisted  the  introduction  of  the  Inciuisition,  that  last  stretch 
Bclesiastical  usurpation,  even  to  blood.^' 


32 


lie  coiunions  enjoyed   nigher  consideration  and  civil  privile;^es 


than 


m 


consideration  and  civil 
jtile.  For  this  they  were  perhans  somewhat  indebted  to  tiie  example 
ftlieir  Catalan  neiglilx^ui-s,  the  innuence  of  whose  democratic  institutions 
tiually  extentled  to  other  parts  of  the  Aragonese  monarchy.  The  chartt^rs 
certain  cities  accorded  to  the  inhabitants  privileges  of  nobility,  particularly 
it  of  iininunity  from  taxation  ;  while  the  magistrates  of  others  were  per- 
tted  to  take  their  seats  in  the  order  of  hidalgos,"    From  a  very  early  perioil 

(iiid  them  employed  in  offices  of  public  trust,  and  on  importivnt  missions,^* 

e  epocli  of  their  admission  into  the  national  assembly  is  traced  as  far  back 

\\:VA,  several  years  earlier  than  the  commencement  of  popidar  represen- 
lioii  in  Castile."     Each  city  had  the  right  of  sending  two  or  more  deputies 

Boted  from  jtersons  eligible  to  its  magistracy  ;  but  with  the  jtrivilege  of  only 
vote,  whatever  might  be  the  number  of  its  deputies.  Any  place  which 
been  once  represented  in  cortes  might  always  claim  to  be  so.'" 

5y  a  statute  of  1307,  the  convocation  of  the  states,  which  had  been  amuia!. 
Is  declared  biennial.  The  kings,  however,  paid  little  regard  to  this  pro- 
[ioii,  rarely  sununoning  them  except  for  some  specilic  necessity.'^    The 

it  ollicers  of  the  crown,  whatever  miglit  l)e  their  personal  rank,  were 
piously  excluded  from  their  deliberations.     The  session  was  oi)ened  l)y  an 

iress  from  the  king  in  person,  a  point  of  which  tliey  were  very  tenacious  ; 


Ciipniany,  Practica  y  Estilo,  p.  12. 

Hlniuas,  SI(k1o  do  prowder,  fol.  14, — and 
iiiuniiiril,  p.  .'{74.— Ziirita,  indeed,  gives 
eati>(l  instances  of  their  convocation  in  the 

riitii  and  twelfth  centuries,  from  a  date 

-t  iMcval  with  tliat  of  the  commons  ;  yet 
a>  IS,  who  made  tliis  subject  his  particular 
ly,  who  wrote  posterior  to  Zurita,  and 
sici  illy  roff-rs  to  him,  postpones  tlie  era 
ilwir  nlinission  into  the  legislature  to  the 
jinniii^;  of  tlie  fourteentli  century. 

Hill'  iif  the  monarchs  of  Aragon,  Alfonso 
i  Warrior,  aicordingto  Mariana,  bequeathed 
[his  iluuiininns  to  the  Templars  and  Hos- 
lii'Ts.  Aniitlier,  Peter  II.,  agreed  to  hold 
ikinploni  a^  a  fief  of  the  see  i>f  Rome,  and 
ly  it  an  annual  tribute.    (Hist,  de  Espana, 

i.  lip  .'"i,  601.)  This  so  much  disgusted 
I  pi^nplV  mat  they  compelled  his  successors 
aalvo  a  pulilic  protest  against  the  claims  of 
hurcli,  IwM'ore  their  coronation.  — See 
nras,  Ciironaciones  de  los  serenisimoa 
fs  do  .Vrapm  (Zaragoza,  i(j4I'),  cap.  2. 

Marti'l.  Kiirnia  de  celrbrar  Cortes,  cap.  22. 
Is'io  y  Manu'i.  Instituciones,  p.  44. 

Zurita.  Analcs,  tom.  i.  fol.  Hi;),  a.d.  1250. 

Ibid.,  t'jiii.  i.  f'l.  51. — The  earliest  appear- 


ance of  popular  representation  in  Catalonia  is 
flved  by  llipoll  at  12.S3  (apud  Capmany, 
J'r.vctica  y  Estilo,  p.  i;{5).  \Vhat  can  Cap- 
many  mean  by  postponing  the  intHKluction  of 
tlie  commons  into  the  cortes  of  Aragon  to 
l.JOO  ?  (See  p.  56.)  Their  presence  and  names 
are  commemorated  by  the  exact  Zurita,  several 
times  l>efore  the  close  of  the  twell'th  century. 

•"  Practica  y  Estilo,  pp.  14,  17,  IH,  30.— 
Martel,  F(jrma  de  celebrar  Cortes,  cap.  lu. — 
Those  who  followed  a  mechanical  occupation, 
iivludiny  xurjeoiis  and  apothecaries,  wero 
excluded  from  a  seat  in  cortes.  (Cap.  IT.) 
The  faculty  have  rarely  been  treated  with  so 
little  ceremony. 

"  Martel,  Forma  de  celebrar  Cortes,  cap. 
7. — The  cortes  ajtpear  to  have  been  more 
frequently  convoked  in  the  fourteenth  century 
than  in  any  other.  Hlanca-s  refer>*  to  no  less 
than  twenty-three  within  that  periinl,  averag- 
iiij;  nearly  one  in  four  years.  (Comm'Mitarii, 
Inile.x,  (vce  Coniitia.)  In  Cataloni.i  and 
Valencia,  the  cortes  was  to  Iw  summciued 
every  three  years.  IJerart,  Di.scurso  breve 
sobre  la  Celebracion  de  Cortes  de  Aragou 
(1626),  fol.  12. 


82 


INTRODUCTION. 


f.ftor  whirh  the  different  arms  withdrew  to  their  separate  apftrtnients."   T 
greatest  scnii)ulousness  was  manifested  in  maintaining  the  rights  and  (lii." 
of  tiie  hody  ;  and  their  intercourse  with  one  another,  and  with  the  k 
was  regidated  by  the  most  [)recise  forms  of  parliamentary  eticjuette.'"'   I 
subjects  of  dehberation  were  referred  to  a  committee  from  eacli  order. " 
after  conferring  togetlier,   reported    to  their  several   departments.     K\- 
qnestion,   it  may  be  presumed,   underwent  a  oareful  examination  ;  as  • 
h'gislature,  we  are  told,  was  usually  divided  into  two  y>arties,  "  the  one  m 
taining  the  rights  of  the  monarch,  the  other,  those  of  the  nation,"  correal..; 
ing  nearly  enough  with  tho.se  of  our  day.     It  was  in  the  power  of  any  lutin. 
to  defeat  the  passage  of  a  bill,  by  opposing  to  it  his  veto  or  dissent,  fmiii,, 
registered  to  that  etiect.     He  might  even  interpose  his  negative  on  llur 
ceedings  of  the  house,  and  thus  put  a  stop  to  the  prosecution  of  all  fun 
l)Usiness  during  the  session.    This  anomalous  privilege,  transcending  even  t;. 
claimed  in  the  Polish  diet,  mn.st  have  been  too  invidious  in  its  exerciscn 
too  pernicious  in  its  conseciuences,  to  have  l)een  often  resorted  to.    Tliis  n, 
be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  it  was  not  formally  repealed  until  the  ni.:! 
I'hilij)  tac  Second,  in  ir)92.    During  the  interval  of  the  sessions  of  the  Ic 
lature,  a  dei)Utation  of  eight  was  appointed,  two  from  each  arm,  to  jm 
over  public  affairs,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  revenue,  and  the  sodir 
of  justice  ;  with  authority  to  convoke  a  cortes  extraordinary,  whenewr : 
exigency  might  demand  it.^" 

The  cortes  exercised  the  highest  functions,  whether  of  a  deliberati' 
legislative,  or  judicial  nature.  It  had  a  right  to  be  consulted  on  all  maitor^ 
importiince,  esj)ecially  on  those  of  peace  and  war.  No  law  was  valid,  no  u 
could  l)C  imi)osed,  without  its  consent ;  and  it  carefully  provided  fur : 
application  of  the  revenue  to  its  destined  uses.*'  It  determined  the  > 
cession  to  the  crown,  removed  obnoxious  ministers,  reformed  the  hoiiseli 
and  domestic  expenditure  of  the  monarch,  and  exercised  the  power,  in  : 
most  unreserved  manner,  of  withholding  supplies,  as  well  as  of  resisting'  "L 
it  regarded  as  an  encroi.'dnnent  on  the  liberties  of  the  .lation." 

The  excellent  commentators  on  the  constitution  of  Aragon  have  liost'i' 
comparatively  little  attention  on  the  develoi)ment  of  its  parliamentarv  liisti  r 
confining  themselves  too  exclusively  to  mere  forms  of  procedure.  1*110  dciV 
lias  been  greatly  obviated  by  the  copiousness  of  their  general  histnna 
But  tlie  statute-book  affords  the  most  unequivocal  evidence  of  the  fidelity  v : 
which  the  guardians  of  the  realm  discharged  the  high  trust  reposed  in  the: 


•"  Capmany,  Pnictica  y  Estilo,  p.  15.— 
niancas  ha«  preserved  a  ppecinien  of  an 
address  from  the  tliro.ip,  in  139H,  in  which 
the  king,  after  selecting  some  moral  apothegm 
as  a  text,  rambles  for  the  space  of  half  an 
hour  through  Scripture,  history,  etc.,  and 
concludes  with  announcing  the  object  of  his 
convening  the  cortes  together,  In  three  lines. 
Commentarii.  pp.  aTO-lWO. 

•'  Sec  tiie  cereujiinial  detailed  with  sufficient 
proli.xity  liy  Martel  (Fonnadecelebrar  Cortes, 
cap.  ri'2,  ^>i^,  and  a  curious  illustration  of  it 
in  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  fol.  313. 

*"  Capmany,  I'r.ictica  y  Estilo,  pp.  44  et 
seq.— 1^1  artel.  Forma  de  celebrar  Cortes,  cap. 
."ill,  60,  etsei). — Fueros  y  Observancias,  torn.  i. 
fol.  220. — niancas,  Modo  de  proceder,  fol.  2-4. 
—Zurita,  .\nales,  tom.  iii.  fol.  321.— Robert- 
Bon,    misinterpreting  a  passage   uf   lilancas 


(Commentarii,  p.  375),  states  that  a  "'^'" 
of  cortes  continued  forty  days."  (Hi»t  - 
Charles  V.,  vol.  i.  p.  140.)  It  usually  li-; 
months. 

'■  Fueros y  Observancias,  foi,  6.  tit.  I'ri. 
Gen. — Hlancas,    Commentarii,  p.   ;iTi  -'. 
many,    Pn'ictica    y   Estilo,    p.     51.     It 
anciently  the  practice  of  the  legisUn;- 
grant  supplies  of  trwips,  but  nit  ot  m;  : 
\\'hen  Peter  IV.  requested  a  pecuiiirv  • 
sidy,  the  cortes  told  him  that  "Fudi  i' 
had  not  been  usual;  that  his  Cliristimi  • 
jects   were   wont    to  serve    him  with  • 
persons,  and  it  was  only  for  .lews  an  1  >!• 
to  serve  him  with  money."    Blaucae,  MM  i 
priA-'eder,  fup.  18. 

*'  See  examples  of  them  in  Zurita,  Anii 
tom.  i.  fol.  .51,  263;  tom.  11.  fol.  .■i91,;iW,i;^ 
— Blaucas,  Modo  de  proceder,  fol.  9t),  lu6. 


ARAQON. 


33 


tho  nnmorons  onactnients  it  exhibits  for  the  security  both  of  person  and 
toiMTty.  Almost  the  tirst  page  which  meets  the  eye  in  this  venerable  recoid 
liitaius  the  General  Privilege,  the  Magna  Charta,  as  it  has  l)een  well  denonii- 
litcil,  of  Aragoii.  It  was  granted  by  Peter  the  Great  to  the  cortes  at 
irau'ossii,  in  128.'?.  It  embraces  a  variety  of  provisions  for  the  fair  and  oixnn 
fiiiinistration  of  justice  ;  for  ascei-taining  the  legitimate  jtowers  intrusted  to 
[e  (ortes ;  for  the  security  of  property  against  exactions  of  tlie  crown  ;  and 

tlie  conservation  of  tlieir  legal  immunities  to  the  municinal  corporations 
)(l  tlie  different  orders  of  nobilitv.     In  short,  the  distinguisning  excellence 

this  instrument,  like  that  of  Magna  Charta,  consists  n\  tho  wise  ani'i 

Suitable  ])rotecticn  which  it  aflbrds  to  all  classes  of  the  connnunity.'"    The 

encnil  r'rivilege,  instead  of  Ix^in^  wrested,  like  King  John's  charter,  from 

pusillanimous  prince,  was  conceded,   reluct<antly  enough,  it  is  true,  in  an 

isciiil)ly  of  the  nation,  by  one  of  the  ablest  monarchs  who  ever  sat  on  the 

((lie  of  Aragon,  at  a  time  when  his  arms,  crowned  with  repeated  victory, 

A  st'iured  to  the  state  the  most  important  of  her  foreign  acquisitions. 

Tlic  Aragonese,  wlio  rightly  regarded  the  General  Privilege  as  the  broadest 

isis  of  their  liberties,  repeatedly  procured  its  confirmation  by  succeeding 

^ creigns.    "  By  so  many  and  such  various  precautions,"  says  lilancas,  "  did 

ir  iiiiiM'stors  establish  that  freedom  whicli  their  posterity  have  enjoyed ; 

iiiifcsting  a  wise  solicitude  that  all  orders  of  men,  even  kings  themselves, 

j>iitiM(>il  within  their  own  sphere,  should  discharge  their  legitimate  functions 

pthnut  jostling  or  jarring  with  one  anotlier  ;  for  in  this  harmony  consists  the 

)iii|ierance  of  our  government.     Alas  !"  he  adds,  "how  nmch  of  all  this  has 

lien  into  desuetude  from  its  anticpiity,  or  l)een  effaced  by  new  customs  !  "** 

TIh>  judicial  functions  of  the  cortes  have  not  been  sutHciently  noticed  by 

iters.    They  ^vere  extensive  in  their  operation,  and  gave  it  tlie  name  of  the 

jncral  Court.    They  were  jtrincipally  directed  to  protect  the  subject  from  the 

p|irt'.s.sions  of  the  crown  and  its  officers  ;  over  all  which  cases  it  possessed 

igiiial  and  ultimate  jurisdiction.    The  suit  was  conducted  before  the  Justice, 

invsidcnt  of  the  cortes  in  its  judiciiil  capacity,  who  delivered  an  o|»inion 

JMifiirmable  to  the  will  of  the  maiority."     The  authority,  indeed,  of  this 

igistratc  in  his  own  court  was  fully  equal  to  providing  adequate  relief  in  all 

delicata  gignuntur,  ([\ffai  non  soleliant ;  quin 
iminu  ita  tunc  aqualitpr  oninos  oiniii  goncre 
virtutuni  floruere,  \it  pgroglahn'c  laus  vidoatur 
non  hominuni  Boluni,  venini  iUormn  ptiam 
tcmporum  fuisse."  (Coniuientarii,  \>.  340.) — 
The  repeated  confirmation  of  tlie  (ieniral 
Privilpge  affonlH  another  point  of  aiialngy 
with  Magna  Ciiarta,  whicli,  to^ftlipr  with  tlie 
Cliarter  of  tlie  I'orpst,  receivpt),  according  to 
Lord  I'okp,  tlie  sanction  of  I'arlianient  thirty- 
two  several  times.  Institutes,  part  ii.  rroeme. 
"■^  It  wa«  more  Ireiiueiitly  referred,  lM)tli 
ff^r  the  Hake  of  e-xjicdition  and  of  olitaininn 
a  more  full  investij:ati(iii,  to  coiiimissioiiers 
nominated  conjointly  by  the  cortes  ami  the 
party  demanding  redress.  The  nature  of  the 
())fii(/e!',  or  grievances,  which  might  Ikj 
iTought  !>efore  the  legislature,  and  tlie  mode 
of  priiceeding  in  reUti(.n  to  them,  are  cir- 
cumstantially detailed  by  the  jiarliamentury 
Idstorians  of  Aragon.  See  IJcrart,  Iiis.iirso 
eolire  la  Celehrac  !•  ii  de  Cortes,  caji.  7— 'a])- 
uiany,  I'ractica  y  Estilo,  pp.  :i7-44. — lJlanca.s, 
Modo  de  procciler,  cap.  14. — Martel,  Forma de 
cclcbrar  Cortes,  cap.  54-53. 


"There  waa  such  a  conformity  of  senti- 
ent among  all  parties,"  says  Zurita,  "that 
^e  iiri\Uege8  of  the  n  ibility  were  no  better 
cui>'il  than  those  of  the  commons.     For  the 
ra^'oiiose  deemed  Miat  the  e.xistence  of  the 
jkuiiiionwealth  deppiulcd  not  so  much  on  its 
renu'tli  as  on  its  liberties."     (Anales,  lib.  4, 
;tx.)    Ill  the  confirmation  of  the  privilege 
■James  II.,  in  13'^;'),  torture,  then  generally 
I'giii/.ed  by  the  municipal  law  of  Europe, 
5  expressly  i)rohibited  in  Aragfin,  "as  un- 
ortliy  of  Ireemen."     See  Zurita,  Anales,  lib. 
jcaii.  01,  and  Fueros  y  Observancias,  torn.  i. 
|1.  n,  iJeelaratio  I'riv.  <ienerali8. 

The  iiatriotisin  of  lUaucas  warms  as  he 
jell"  oil  tlie  illusory  picture  of  ancient  virtue 
hd  loiitrasts  it  with  the  degeneracy  of  his 
m  (lay  :  "  Kt  vpro  prisca  hue  tanta  severifas, 
'■icai|ue  ilia  et  inculta  vita,  quan<lo  dies 
Kt'siiiie  Udstri  aruiati  concursabant,  ac  in 
Mlo  et  Mauronini  sanguine  assidui  versaban- 
\ere  i(uideni  i)arsimonia',  fortitudinis, 
lil"  rmitLe,  caterarumque  vlrtutum  omnium 
agistrA  fuit.  In  qua  maleficia  ac  scelera, 
uc  nunc  in  otiosa  Lac  nostra  umbratili  et 


D 


34 


INTRODUCTION. 


these  rapes.'"    But  for  several  reasons  this  parliamentary  trihunal  was  pr--     1 
ferred.     The  process  was  both  more  expeditions  and  less  expensive  to  \\(b   i 
snitor.      Inde(M|,  "the  most  oliscnre  inhabitant  of  the  most  obscnre  villi\;:p  '. 
the  kin^^lom,  aithongh  a  foreij^ner,"  might  demand  redress  of  this  Itody  ;  ai , 
if  he  was  incapable  of  hearing  the  bnrden  himself,  the  state  was  bonndti 
maintain  his  snit,  and  provide  him  with  connsel  at  its  own  charge.      But  th'  J 
most  important  conse(iUcnce  resniting  from  this  legislative  investigation  vu. 
the  remedial  laws  frecjnently  attendant  on  it.    'And  our  ancestors,"  sayife 
Blancjis,  "deemed  it  great  wisdom  [latiently  to  endure  contumely  and  ojiprA  '^l 
fiion  for  a  season,  rather  than  seek  redress  before  an  inferior  tribunal,  since, tj,^,! 
postjioning  their  suit  till  the  meeting  of  cortes,  they  would  not  only  ohtaiif'" 
a  remedy  for  their  own  grievance,  But  one  of  a  universal  and  perniaiier 
application."  *' 

The  Aragonese  cortes  maint.ained  a  steady  control  over  the  operations  r^ 
government,  es]ie(ially  after  the  dissolution  of  the  Union  ;  and  the  weight 
the  conmiO's  was  more  decisive  in  it  than  in  ether  similar  assemblies  of  t! 
leriod.  Its  singular  distribution  into  four  estates  was  favourable  to  this.  T  - 
Knights  and  /ii(/a/gos,a,n  intermediate  order  between  the  great  nobility  ;i' 
the  people,  when  detached  from  the  former,  naturally  lent  additional  siiii]!- 
to  the  latter,  with  whom,  indeed,  they  had  considerable  aflinity.  The  iciip 
Fentatives  of  certain  cities,  as  well  as  a  certain  class  of  citizens,  were  entitlt; 
to  a  seat  in  this  body  ; "  so  that  it  approached  both  in  spirit  and  substainv: 
something  like  a  jiopujar  representation.  Indeed,  this  arm  of  the  cortes  m,;. 
FO  uniformly  vigilant  in  resisting  any  encroachment  on  the  nart  of  the  ciou: 
that  it  has  been  said  to  represent,  more  than  any  other,  tiie  liberties  uf  ;i 
nation."  In  some  other  i)articulars  the  Aragonese  commons  possessnl  a 
advantage  over  those  of  Castile.  1.  By  postponing  their  money  grants  to  tl/ 
conclusion  of  the  session,  and  regulating  them  in  some  degree  by  the  picvii 
dispositions  of  the  crown,  they  availed  themselves  of  an  important  Icvc 
relinquished  by  the  Castilian  cortes.***  2.  The  kingdom  of  Aragon  proj  or  wa 
circumscribed  within  too  narrow  limits  to  allow  oi  such  local  jealousies  ai 
estrangements,  growing  out  of  an  aj)parent  diversity  of  interests,  as  c\\At 
in  the  neighbouring  monarchy.  Their  representatives,  therefore,  were  ciiaMK 
to  move  with  a  more  hearty  concert,  and  on  a  more  consistent  line  of  iKiliy 
3.  Lastly,  the  acknowledged  right  to  a  seat  in  cortes  possessed  by  every  ci;,' 
which  had  once  been  represented  there,  and  this  equally  whether  snmiiioiie; 
or  not,  if,  we  may  credit  Capniany,*'  must  have  gone  far  to  preserve  ti/ 
pomilar  branch  from  the  melancholy  state  of  dilapidation  to  whicii  it  wa 
retluced  in  Castile  by  the  arts  of  despotic  princes.  Indeed,  the  kin;:s  : 
Aiagon,  notwithstanding  occasional  excesses,  seem  never  to  have  atteiii]!': 
any  systematic  invasion  of  the  constitutional  rights  of  their  subjects.  ']!>■ 
^\(>ll  knew  that  the  sjjirit  of  liberty  was  too  high  among  them  to  endim  ::. 
When  the  queen  of  Alfonso  the  l^ourth  urged  ner  husband,  by  quoting  ti- 
de Barcelona,  tini, 


*"  niancas,  Modo  do  procpdor,  cap.  14. — 
Yet  I'ctcr  IV.,  in  liif.  disiuito  with  the  Justice 
Fernandez  de  Castro,  denied  this.  Zurita, 
Anales,  torn.  ii.  fol.  170. 

*"  Blancas,  M^do  de  proceder,  ubl  supra. 

*"  As  for  example  the  chidadmios  hovrados 
of  Saragdssa.  (Cajmiany,  rnutiea  y  Estilo, 
p.  M.)  A  ciudadtuiu  honrado  in  Catalonia, 
and  I  presume  the  same  in  Anipcpn,  was  a 
hiTidowner,  who  lived  on  his  rents  without 
being  enframed  in  commerce  or  trade  of  any 
kind,  answering  to  the  French  imipriitaire. 


See  Capmany,  Mem. 
Apend.  no.  30. 

''■-'  Blancas,  Modo  de  proceder,  fol.  lO'J. 

'""  Not,  however,  it  must  be  allowed,  wii!.»i 
out  a  manly  struggle  in  its  defence,  ami  wlik!*! 
in  the  early  part  of  Charles  V.'s  r<itrii,  it| 
l.'i'iC,  wrenched  a  promise  from  thecri^nK! 
answer  all  petitions  definitely  before  im| 
rising  of  cortes.  Tlie  law  still  renuiins ''.| 
the  statutp-liook  (IJecc^p.  de  las  Leyes,  lil' 
tit.  7,  ley  s),  a  sad  commentary  on  the  faili| 
of  princes.  '  Tractica  y  Estilo,  p.  14. 


/I' 


leeliiig  Ijefore 


ARAOON. 


35 


fimiilo  of  her  brother  the  king  of  Castile,  to  punish  certain  refractory  citizens 
\iilt'ii(iii,  he  iiniiiently  repHed,  "My  people  are  free,  and  not  so  suhmissive 
the  Civstilians.    They  respect  nie  as  their  prince,  and  I  hold  them  for  ^'ood 
.ssals  airl  coim-ades."  *' 

No  part  c»f  the  constitntion  of  Arajjon  has  excited  more  intf^rest,  or  n)ore 

.scrvcilly,  than  the  otHce  of  the  Justicin,  or  Jnstice  ;"  whose  extraordinary 

IK  t inns' were  far  from  being  limited  to  jndicial  matters,  althongh  in  these 

s  authority  was  supreme.      The  origin  of  this  institution  is  aflirme<}  to  have 

n  (oevarwitli  that  of  the  constitution  or  frame  of  government  itself.**     If 

were  so,  his  authority  may  be  said,  in  the  language  of  lihuuuvs,  '  to  have 

]it  ill  the  scal)l)ard"  until  the  dissolution  of  the  irnicn  ;  when  the  control  of 

tuiiuiltuons  aristocracy  was  exchanged  for  the  mild  and  uniform  operation 

tlic  law,  administered  by  this,  its  supreme  inteiTireter. 

Ili>  iiinst  imitortant  duties  niay  be  briefly  einimerated.     He  was  authorized 

iroii'iunce  on  the  validity  of  all  royal  letters  and  ordinances.    He  jtossessed, 

las  lifi'ii  said,  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  cortes  over  all  suits  against 

lO  ( row  II  and  its  officers.     Inferior  judges  were  bound  to  consult  him  in  all 

iDtitfui  cases,  and  to  abide  by  his  opinion,  as  of  "equal  authority,"  in  the 

nls  of  an  ancient  jurist,  "with  the   law  itself.""     An  apneal  lay  to  his 

hiinal  from  those  of  the  territorial  and  royal  judges. *«     tie  could  even 

oke  a  cause,  while  ])ending  before  them,  into  his  own  court,  and  secure  the 

ifcndant  from  molestation   on  his  giving  surety  for  liis  appearance.     IJy 

other  ])ro(ess,  he  might  remove  a  i)erson  under  arrest  from  the  plar>e  in 

ich  he  hail  l)een  confined  by  order  of  an  inferior  court,  to  the  i)ul)hc  i)rison 

[ipropriateil  to  this  jiurpose,   there  to  abide   his   own   examination  of  the 

jality  of  his  detention.     These  two  provisions,  by  which  the  i)recipitate  and 

frliaps  intenijierate  proceedings  of  subordinate  judicatures  were  sunjected  to 

le  revision  of  a  dignified  and  dispassionate  tribunal,  might  seem  to  aflbrd 

Ifiicient  security  for  j)ersonal  liberty  and  i)roperty.*' 

Iln  aildition  to  these  official  functions,  the  Justice  of  Aragon  was  consti- 
Ited  a  permanent  counsellor  of  the  sovereign,  and,  as  such,  WcOs  required  to 
Komiiaiiy  him  wherever  he  might  reside,  lie  was  to  advise  the  king  on  all 
Institutional  (piestions  of  a  doubtful  complexion  ;  and  finally,  on  a  new 
Icession  to  the  throne,  it  was  his  province  to  administer  the  coronation  oath  ; 
lis  he  jierformed  with  his  head  covered,  and  sitting,  while  the  monarch, 
reeling  before  liim  bare-headed,  solemnly  promised  to  maintain  the  liberties 


'Y  nos  tenrmos  a  ello8   como   buenos 
Ballds  y  couipancros."     Zurita,    Anales, 
T,  (ftj).  17. 

Tho  muin  "  justicia  "  was  maxle  maflculine 
^tlio  lu  riinniii(luti<in  of  tliia  niagistratp.  wlio 
styled    "il    justicia."     Antonio    I'erpz, 
Uaiiiiics,  fol.  91. 

Hhiiuii.s,    ('oniinontarii,    p.   26. — Zurita, 
|ialt"i,  torn.  i.  fill.  <i. 

Miilinus,  aputl  Hlanco,'',  Commentarii,  pp. 
.'(44.— Kucros  y  Observaneias,  torn.  i.  I'ol. 
'l.t. 

Blanras,  roinmpntaril,  p.  536.— Theprin- 
1   of   tlif'so   jurisdictions    was    tlip    royal 
ili''nir>,  in  which  tlic  Iving  him.self  presided 
■pf^rson.    Ihid  .  p.  .l.'i.'j. 

Kuoros  y  Olisicrvancias,  torn.  i.  fol.  23, 
et'iffi..  1.1.-,,  lib,  3.  tit.  De  Manifcstationibus 
"'iiiniui.  — Alio  fol.  137  et  fP(\.,  tit.  7,  De 
mis    Juris.— Blancas,    Commentarii,    p{'. 


350,  351.— Zurita,  Anales,  lib.  10,  cap.  37.— 
The  first  of  these  processes  was  styled  firvia 
de  dvrecho,  the  last,  vianifestncUm .  The 
Spanish  writers  are  wami  in  their  enconiiiiina 
of  these  two  i)rovisions.  "(^uilais  duobus 
prutiiiliis,"  says  I'.lama.s,  "  ita  imstne  repub- 
iicii'  status  continctur,  ut  nulla  i)ars  coni- 
uiuniuni  fortunaruui  tutela  vaciui  rilin((iia- 
tur."  riotli  this  author  and  Zurita  havo 
amplified  the  details  respecting;  them,  which 
tlie  read<'r  may  find  extracted  and  in  part 
translate*;  by  Sir.  Hallam,  Middle  Apes,  vol. 
ii.  pp.  75- 77,  notes.  \Vh''n  coni})l 'x  litif^a- 
tion  became  more  frefpicnt,  the  .Justii'e  was 
allowed  <ine,  afterwards  two,  and  at  a  still 
later  period,  in  l.')2^,  live  liculcniirits.  a-^  they 
were  called,  who  aided  him  in  the  discharfre 
of  his  onerous  duties.  Martel,  Forma  do 
celebrar  Cortes,  N'otas  de  U/tarroz.  jip.  y2-"J0. 
— IJlancas,  Commentarii,  pp.  361-360. 


36 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  the  kingdom,— a  ceremony  eminently  symbolical  of  that  superiority  of  JaJ 
over  prerofiative  wliich  was  so  constantly  asserted  in  Ara^on.** 

It  was  the  avowed  purpose  of  the  institution  of  the  .Justicia  to  intcip" 
Fuch  an  authority  between  the  crown  and  the  peiijiie  as  mi^ht  sullice  fcnti/ 
entire  i)rotection  of  the  latter.     This  is  the  exjtress  imjiort  of  one  of  tiiebr 
of  Soprail)e,  which,  whatever  be  thought  of  their  authenticity,  are  undciiia' 
of  very  high  anticpiity.*"    This  part  of  his  duties  is  i  articularly  insisted  oii  >-. 
the  most  eminent  juridical  writers  of  the  nation.    'NVhatever  estimate,  tlic^' 
fore,  may  be  formed  of  the  real  extent  of  his  powers,  as  compared  witli  \l.' 
of  similar  functionaries  in  other  states  of  Europe,  there  can  be  no  doulil  tL 
this  ostensible  object  of  their  creation,  thus  ojienly  asserted,  must  have  U 
a  great  tendency  to  enforce  tlieir  practical  operation.     Accordingly  we  fi. 
rejieated  exani])les,  in  the  history  of  Aragon,  of  successful  interposition  onti. 
part  of  tlie  Justice  for  the  jirotection  of  individuals  venecuted  by  the  (khv 
and   in  jlefiance  of  every  attemi)t  at  intimidation.""     '"he  kings  of   Ara. 
chafed  by  this  opjiosition,  i>rocured  the  resignation  or  deposition,  oi'  ii,i 
than  one  occasion,  of  the  obnoxious  magistrate.®'     But,  as  such  an  exerii-i- 
prerogative  must  have  been  altog^ether  subversive  of  an  independent  6 
charge  of  the  duties  of  this  oihce,  it  was  provided  by  a  statute  oi  AlfoiiMi; 
Fifth,  in  1442,  that  the  Justice  should  continue  in  otiice  during  life,  removal 
oidy,  on  sulHcient  cause,  by  the  king  and  the  cortes  united.®' 

(Several  provisions  were  en.'icted  in  order  to  secure  the  nation  more  cl'i 
tually  against  the  abuse  of  the  high  trust  reposed  in  this  officer,     llcv 
to  1)0  taken  from  the  eipiestrian  order,  which,  as  intermediate  between  : 
Iiigh  nol)ility  .and  the  peojjle,  was  less  likely  to  be  influenced  by  ui,: 
jartiality  to  either.     lie  could  not  be  selected  from  the  ricos  hombres,  sii 
this  class  was  exemi)ted  from  corporal  I'unishment,  while  the  Justice  was  lua:^ 
resj  onsi])le  to  the  cortes  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duties,  under  iieiia!;! 
of  death."^     As  this  supervision  of  tlie  whole  legislature  was  found  unwid;| 
in  practice,  it  was  superseded,  after  various  modifications,  by  a  connni>.M(i; 
meml)ers  elected  from  e.ach  one  of  the  four  estjites,  empowered  to  sit  {■\*-:^ 
year  in  Saragossa,  with  authority  to  investigate  the  char^iCS  preferred  a,i;ai: 
the  Justice,  and  to  pronounce  sentence  upon  him.®* 


h 


"  Blancas,  Coniniontaril,  pp.  343,  346,  347. 
— Llcm,  CorotiacicnoB,  pp.  Mi),  2(i'2.-  Antonio 
rcrcz,  lielaciones,  fol.  9'.i,— S<>nipprc  cites  the 
o])ini<)n  of  an  antirnt  canonist,  Canollas, 
binliop  of  Hucsca,  as  concluHive  against  the 
fxistonco  of  the  vast  yR)werH  imputed  by 
later  tounnentators  to  tlie  Justieia.  (Histoire 
des  Cortes,  chap.  19. )  The  vague,  rhapsodical 
tone  of  the  extract  shows  it  to  he  altogether 
undeserving  of  the  emphasis  lai<i  on  it ;  not 
to  add  tiiat  it  was  written  more  than  a 
century  before  the  period  when  the  Justicia 
possessed  the  influence  or  the  legal  authority 
claimed  for  him  by  Aragonese  writers, — by 
Blancas  in  ]iarticidar,  from  whom  Sempere 
borrowed  the  passage  at  second  hand. 

'■"  The  law  allude<i  to  runs  thus:  "Ne 
rjuid  autem  danini  detrimentive  leges  aut 
libertates  nostr.x'  patiantur,  jude.x  (|uidam 
niedius  adesto,  ail  quern  a  Kege  provocare, 
si  ali(iuem  hwserit,  injuriaeque  arcere  si  quas 
forsan  Keipub.  intulerit,  jus  fa;?(iue  esto." 
Blancas,  Commentarii,  p.  2t). 

""  Such  instances  may  be  found  in  Zurita, 


Anales,  torn.  ii.  fol.  3fi5,  414.— Blanra?,  C : 
n>entarii,  pp.  199,  '20'2-206,  214,  22r).— \\i'^ 
Ximenes  Oerdan,  the  independent  Justice  J 
Joiin  I.,  removed   certain  citizens  11111111:4 
prison  in  which   they  had  l)een   uiilavvttr 
c(  nfined  by  the  king,  in  defiance  einially 
that  officer's  importunities  and  menans,  d 
inhabitants  of  Sarag<'ssa,  says  Abanii,  cai 
out  in  a  liody  to  receive  him  on  his  rctiini:! 
the  city,  and  greeted  him  as  the  defimlrf 
their  ancient  and   natural  liberties.    (I!')-! 
de  Aragon,  tom.  i.  fol.  ]^>^.)    So  opriily , 
the  Aragonese  support  their  magistrate'  iu^ 
boldest  exercise  of  his  authority. 

'■'  This  occurred  once  under  l^cter  III.,! 
twice  under  Alfonso  V.    (Zurita,  Anali^^sti: 
iii.  fol.  255. — lilancas,  Commentarii,  \>]\ 
4«9,  499.)    The  Justice  was  uppoinlcd  b.vui| 
king. 

"-  Fueros  y  Observancias,  lom.  i.  fol. 

"  Ibid.,  tom.  i.  fol.  25. 

"'  Ibid.,  torn.  i.  lib.  3,  tit.  Forum  lw\\v'-\ 
tionis  OfTlcii  Just.  Arag.,  and  torn.  ii.  lu 
41. — Blancas,    Commentarii,    pp.    391-399- 


ARAQON. 


87 


Thr  Ara.!;ono?o  writers  aro  prodi^'al  of  their  onoonuums  on  tho  pro -eminence 

.il  (ln;iiity  of  llii-i  fiiiictionary,  v.host'  ollico  inii^lit  seem,  indccil,  hut  a  (loul)tful 

ni«"lit'iit  for  balanciii!;  the  authority  of  the  sovereij;n,  (h'lieuiliiiK  for  its 

|ii(rf»  l<'>s  on  any  let^^al  iiowers  confided  to  it  than  on  the  etHcient  and  steady 

i|iiirt  of  |iul»lic  opinion.     Fortunately  the  Justice  of  Ara^on  received  such 

iport,  and  was  tlins  enabled  to  carry  the  oriL,Mnal  desi;;ii  of  the  institution 

it'o  citcct,  to  check  the  usur[)ations  of  the  crown,  as  well  as  to  control  tho 

Jct'iix'  of  tlie  nobility  and  the  people.     A  series  of  learned  and  independent 

ijiui>trates,  by  the  wei^dit  of  tneir  own  character,  ^'ave  additional  dignity  to 

lhc('lti(('.     Tile  i»eo] tie,  familiarized  with  the  bei\i}j:nant  operation  of  the  law, 

jfcricd  to  jicaceful  arbitration  those  great  political  (picstions  which  in  other 

<)iiiitrit's,  at  this  period,  nuist  have  ])een  settled  by  a  san^iinary  revolution."** 

liilc,  in  the  rest  of  Europe,  the  law  seemed  oiily  the  web  to  ensnare  the 

mik,  tlie  Aragonese  historians  could  exult  in  the  rctlection  that  the  fearless 

liiiiiiistratitin  of  justice  in  their  land  "protected  the  weak  eciually  with  the 

ktroii;,S  the  foreijiner  with  the  native."    Well  might  their  legislature  assert 

Uiiit  the  value  of  their  lilH>rties  more  than  counterl)alanced  "  the  poverty  of 

^iie  nation  and  the  sterility  of  their  soil."  *' 

Tilt'  governments  of  Valencia  and  Catalonia,  which,  as  has  been  already 

i'liiarkcd,  were  administered  independently  of  each  other  after  their  con- 

olidution  into  one  monarchy,  lx)re  a  very  near  resemblance  to  that  of  Aragon.*' 

M)  institution,  however,  corresponding  in  its  functions  with  that  oi  tho 

fusticia,  seems  to  liave  obtained  in  either."*    Valencia,  which  had  derived  a 


[he  pxaniinatli/n  was  conducted  In  the  first 

•stance  Ix'fori'  a  court  of  four    inciuisitorH, 

tiny  were  termed,  who,  after  a  patient 

larin"^  of  twth  sides,  reported  the  result  of 

aiiir  cxauiination  to  a  council  of  seventeen, 

cliiis'ii  like  tliem  from  the  cortes,  from  whose 

Iciisidii  there  was   no   appeal.     No   lawyer 

fas  aiiiiiittt'd  into  this  council,  lest  the  law 

Biij;lit  1)0  distorted  hy  verl)al  quibbles,  says 

llaiKus.    The  council,  however,  was  allowed 

llie  advice  of  two  of  the  profession.    Tliey 

ited  by  liallot,  and   the   majority  decided. 

3uih,  after  various   mo<liflcations,  were  the 

['Kuiati'ins   ultimately  adopted   in    1461,  or 

Irailur  I4G7.     liolx>rtson  appears  to  have  con- 

Ifouiiilcd  the   council   of  seventeen  with  the 

IciMirt    of    inquisition.     See   his   History  of 

IC'liarlt'H  v.,  vol.  i.  note  31. 

■  I'robably  no  nation  of  the  period  would 
Ihave  displayed  a  temperance  similar  to  that 
|e.\iiiliited  by  the  Aragone.se  at  the  beginning 
jcf  the  fifteenth  century,  in  1412 ;  when  the 
j|)iM>])le,  having  been  split  into  factions  by  a 
jcciiitcsted  succession,  agreed  to  refer  the  dis- 

Jiute  to  a  committee  of  judges,  elected  equally 
nmi  the  t'-ree  great  provinces  of  the  king- 
jdniii ;  who,  after  an  examination  conducted 
jwith  all  the  forms  of  law,  and  on  the  same 
je<|iiitahlft  jjrinciples  as  would  have  guided 
jthe  iletermination  of  a  private  suit,  delivered 
iftii  opinion,  which  was  received  as  obligatory 
[on  the  whole  nation. 

"'  .See  Zurita,  Anales,  lib.  8,  cap.  29,— and 

[the  admirable   sentiments  cited   by  Blanca.s 

frmii  t lie  parliamentary  acts  in  1451.    (Com- 

nitutarii,  p.    35u.)    From    this  independent 

(Kisltiuu  must  be  excepted,  iatlseU,  the  lower 


classes  of  the  peasantry,  who  seem  to  have 
l)een  in  a  more  at)ject  state  in  Aragon  than 
in  most  other  feudal  countries.  "  Era  tan 
absoluto  su  dominio  [of  their  lord.s]  que  pcnlian 
matar  con  haml)re,  sed,  y  frio  a  sus  vasallos 
de  servidunibre."  (Asso  y  Manuel,  Institu- 
ciones,  p.  40,— also  Ulancas,  ('tmunentarii,  p. 
309.)  These  serfs  extorted,  in  an  insurrection, 
the  recognition  of  certain  rights  from  their 
masters,  on  condition  of  paying  a  specitic  tax ; 
whence  the  name  villanos  de  parada. 

"'  Althougli  the  legislatures  of  the  different 
states  of  the  crown  of  Aragon  were  never 
united  in  one  body  when  convened  in  tho 
same  town,  yet  they  were  so  averse  to  all 
appearance  of  incorporation,  that  the  monarch 
freciuently  apiwinted  for  tlie  places  of  meeting 
three  distinct  towns,  within  their  respective 
territories,  and  contiguous,  in  order  that  he 
might  pa.ss  the  more  expeditiously  from  one 
to  the  other.  See  Blancas,  Modo  de  proceder, 
cap.  4. 

""  It  is  indeed  true  that  Peter  III.,  at  the 
request  of  the  Valencians,  appointed  an 
Aragono.se  knight  .fustice  of  that  kingdom, 
in  12.S3.  (Zurita,  Analea,  torn.  i.  fol.  2S1.) 
But  we  find  no  further  mention  of  this  officer, 
or  of  tho  office.  Nor  have  I  met  with  any 
notice  of  it  in  the  details  of  the  Valencian 
constitution,  compiled  by  Cajimany  from 
various  writers.  (I'rilctica  y  Estilo,  pp.  161- 
2U8.)  An  anecdote  of  Ximenea  tJerdan,  re- 
corded by  Blancas  (Commontarii,  p.  21 4'),  may 
lead  one  to  infer  that  the  places  in  Valencia 
wliich  received  the  laws  of  Aragon  acknow- 
ledged the  Jurisdlctioa  of  its  JuaticiA. 


38 


INTRODUCTION. 


larjjjo  portion  of  its  pririiitivn  popiilatii/ii,  aitcr  tlu  conquost,  from  ArnLfJ 
preserved  the  u.om,  mtiduite  relations  \\\i\\  the  ))an'nt  kini^dom,  ami  wJ 
constantly  at  its  .^ide  (liirini;  Uie  t»  nipestnons  sea.  on  of  the  Union.  T,! 
Catalans  wca;  peouliariy  jealous  of  tlieir  exclusive  jirivile^^'s,  and  tlieir  (i;v|^ 
institutions  wore  a  more  (ieniocratical  asjtect  than  those  of  any  other  of  ti»|j 
confederated  states;  circunisiurces  which  led  to  important  results  that  fali 
within  the  compass  of  our  narrative.*" 

The  city  of  Jiareelona,  \vlii(;h  originally  ^avc  its  name  to  the  county  '^'l 
"vvhidi  it  was  the  capital,  was  distinpiished  from  a  very  early  jieriod  by  an,], 
municipal  i)rivile^'e;-/*'     After  the  union  with  Araj^'on  in  the  twelfth  centiir  m 
the  monarchs  of  the  latter  kingdom  extend«Hl  towards  it  the  same  liUri^*! 
legislation  ;  so  that,  by  the  thirt«'entli,  Barcelona  had  reached  a  degrw  i| 
conmicrcial   ]irosperity  rivalling  that  of  any  of  the  Italian  republics.    M).| 
divided  with  them  the  lucrative  commerce  with  Alexandria  ;     nd  her  ))orJ 
thronged  with  foreigners  from  every  n-ition,  l)ecanie  a  principal  enuinriuin  ;:| 
the  >Iediterranean  for  the  spices,  drugs,  perfumes,  an  1  othei  rich  conunoditi-vi 
of  the  East,  whence  they  were  diH'used  over  the  interior  of  Spain  nml  t!.« 
European  continent.''     Iler  con.'.ul.s,  and  her  conmiercial  factories,  were  o>tif| 
l)lished  in  every  considera])le  port  in  the  Mediterranean  and  in  the  north 
Eiu'ope."    Tht-  natural  proiiu'^ts  of  her  soil,  and  her  various  domestic  faliri'\^ 
supplied  lier  with  ahui  dant  articles  of  export.     Fine  wool  was  inmortnl '  ' 
lier  in  con.^iderable  (juantities  from  England  in  the  fourteenth  an(l  tifttM  i; 
centuries,  and  returned  there  manufactured  into  cloth  :  an  exchange  of  e :: 
niodities  the  reverse  of  that  existing  between  the  tN>o  nations  at  the  prcMi,;, 
day."    liarcelona  claims  the  merit  of  having  estal)lishe(!  the  first  i»ank  i| 
exchange  and  uepo.it  in  Europe,  in  1401  ;  it  was  devoted  to  the  acconuiiolaf 
tion  of  foreigners  as  well  as  oi  her  own  citizens.     8he  claims  the  glorv,  tn.v 
liavin^  compiled  the  most  ancient  written   code,  among  the  moderns,  r,M 
niaritnne  law  now  extant,  digested  from  the  usages  of  commercial  natioiL\| 
and  v/jiich  formed  the  basis  of  the  mercantile  jurisprudence  of  Europe  diinii.| 
the  .Middle  Ages.'* 


*'  Capmany,  Priictlca  y  E.'^tilo.  pp.  62-214. 
— Capniaiiv  luis  ci)ll(>ctcd  copious  u.rtprials, 
froui  a  vari.ty  of  authors,  for  tho  pa'iianicu- 
tnry  liistory  of  Catalonia  aixi  Valencia,  foriii- 
lu};  a  striiiing  tontra^.t  to  the  Hcantines,s  of 
ini'orniation  he  Nva.s  able  to  ^Jcan  respecting 
Castile.  The  indifForence  of  the  Spani.sh 
writers,  till  very  rice»uly,  to  the  consti- 
tutional antitjuitles  of  tlie  latter  kintidoni, 
BO  nmcli  more  iniportani  than  the  other  states 
of  the  rcninsula,  is  altofjether  ine.splicaljle. 

'"  Corl>era,  Catalufi.i  illtistnida  (Niipoles, 
167h\  lib  1,  c.  17. — Petrus  de  Marca  cites  a 
charter  of  Kaymond  Beron(?cr,  count  of  Barce- 
lona, to  the  city,  as  ancient  as  102.').  confirm- 
ing itsforuierprivileges.  See  MarcdHispanica, 
sive  Limes  Hispanicus^Parisiis,  1688),  Apcnd. 
no.  198. 

'"  Nnvarrette,  Piscurso  hist^rtco,  apud 
Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  tom.  v,  pp.  81, 
82,  112,  J 13 — Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcjlona, 
tom.  i.  jiart.  1,  pp.  4,  s,  10,  11. 

'•'  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  part.  1,  cap.  9.,  3. — 
Capuany  has  given  a  reijister  of  tiie  consulr., 
and  of  the  numerous  stations  at  which  they 
were  established  throughout  Africa  and 
Europe,  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  cen- 


turies (tom.  ii  Apend,  no.  23\  Tbope  offlomj 
daring  the  Middle  Ages,  discharged  uiiic:| 
more  important  duties  tliun  at  the  ]insw,| 
day,  if  we  cxcej)!  those  few  residing  withtbtj 
Barliary  powers.  They  settled  tlie  ilisi/Utoj 
arising  between  their  countrymen  in  flii])(irj| 
where  they  were  established  ;  they  iirntwln;! 
the  trade  of  their  own  nation  with  tlif*l 
ports;  and  were  employed  in  adjusting  om-l 
menial  relations,  treaties,  etc.  In  slinrt.thfij 
lllh'd  in  some  sort  the  post  of  a  modi  rii  aii,| 
bassador,  or  resident  minister,  at  a  iitri'lj 
when  tliis  functionary  was  only  employiJ 
extraordinary  occasions. 

'•'  Macpherson,  Annals  of  Comnienr  iLn- 
don,  1825),  vol.  i.  p.  6.')5.— The  woidlcu  uwm-l 
facture  constituted  the  i)rincipal  stiiple  u'j 
Barcelona  (Capmany,  Mem.  de  Baricloinj 
tom.  i.  p.  241).  The  English  sovereigns  (d-I 
couraged  the  Catalan  traders  by  consid.ral'lel 
imnnuiities  to  fre(|uent  their  ports  dur'tijitliM 
fourteenth  century.  Macpherson,  ubi  t^mrij 
pp.  502,  ."iSl,  ."iSH. 

"  Heeren,  Essal  snr  I'lnfluence  des  Cr  i- 
Fades,  traduitpar  Villers  (Paris,  1808),  p.  3:« 
— Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  torn.  i.  P 
213,  also   pp.  170-180.- Capmany  fixes  tht 


ARAGUN. 


Tlio  wt^ftlth  which  flowed  in  n[)on  liarcoloiia,  as  tho  result  of  her  activity 

nil  t'iit»'ri»ri>o,  was  evincetl  by  her  niiiiicroiis  ituhHo  wor!..s,  hei  dock^',  arsen.u 

knrt'li'XM'S  exchan;,'e,  h'>*<pitals,  ami  other  constnirtioiis  of  ;;ei',«'ral  utility. 

Itniii'  t'ls,  who  visited  Sjaiii  in  the  fourteenth  and  hfti.rnth  ('nturies  expa- 

jat'c  oil  tiie  uiagnifuv^iec  of  this  city,  its  connnodious  juivate  editiK s,  the 

leaiilint'ss  of  its  streets  and  pnldie  squares  (a  virtue  by  no  means  usual  in 

ult  day),  and  on  tlie  amenity  of  its  gardens  and  cultivated  t'livirons.'* 

lliit  tlie  ]ie(iiliar  glory  of  Barcelona  was  the  freeilom  of  her  nnniicipal  in- 

titiitions.     Her  govermiient  consisted  of  a  senate  or  council  of  one  hundred, 

(1  J),  hodv  of  /yjuhren  or  counsellors,  as  they  were  styled,  varying  at  times 

Jill  four  to  six  in  iuunl)i'r  ;  the  f(jiin(!r  intrusted  with  the;  legislative,  the 

tter  with  the  executive  functions  of  administration.     A  large  proportion  of 

oe  iMxlies  were  selected  from  the  merchants,  tradesmen,  and  mechanics  of 


le  city.    Tiiey  were  invested  not  nierel 


.'Iv  with  nuniiciiial  authority,  but  with 
rhey  entered  into  conunercial  treaties 


ut  with 

iiiy  of  the  rights  of  sovereignty.     Tfiey 

itli  foreign  powers;  superintended  the  defence  of  the  city  in  time  of  war; 

Tovided  for  the  .security  of  trade  ;  granted  letters  of  reprisal  against  any 

ation  who  might  violate  it ;  and  rai-^ed  and  appropriated  the  public  moneys 

r  ilie  construction  of  useful  works,  or  tlu'  encouragement  of  suth  commercial 

ventures  as  were  too  hazardous  or  e.\pensive  for  individual  eiiterprise.'* 

The  counsellors,  who  j)resi(led  over  the  nuuiicipality,  were  complimented 

ith  oertjvin  honorary  privileges,  not  even  accorded  to  the  nobility.    They 

ere  addressed  by  the  title  oif  maijiiificos ;    were  .seated,  with  their  heads 

vered,  in  thepreseiu?e  of  royalty  ;  were  preceded  by  macedjearers,  or  lictors, 

tlieir  jirogress  through  the  country  ;  and  deputies  fron>  their  body  to  the 

urt  were  aihuitted  on  the   footing  and  received  the  honours  of    foreign 

ultassador.s."     These,  it  will  be  recollected,  were  plebeians, — merchants  and 

('( hanics.    Trade  never  was  esteemed  a  degTadation  in  Catalonia,  as  it  came 

lie  in  Castile.'*    The  professors  of  the  ditl'erent  arts,  as  they  were  called, 

irKiinized  into  guilds  or  companies,  constituted  so  many  independent  associa- 

oiis,  whose  memljers  were  eligible  to  the  higliest  nmnicij)al  otHces.     And  such 

as  th'!  importance  attaclied  to  these  othces  that  the  nobility,  in  many  in- 

noo's,  resigning  the  privileges  of  their  rank, — a  necessary  preliminary, — 

I'ere  desirous  of  Ixjing  enrolled  among  the  ctindidates  for  them.'"    One  caimot 

ut  observe  in  the  peculiar  organization  of  this  little  commonwealth,  and  in 

le  equality  assumed  by  every  class  of  its  citizens,  a  cl  /se  analogy  to  the 

nstitutions  of  the  Italian  republics,  which  the  Catalans,  Laving  become 


ate  of  the  puMiratlon  of  the  Considado  del 
tfio  at  tlio  uiiddle  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
Biiiler  .IiiDi's  I.  Hf!  discusacH  and  refutes 
Ihi'  il.'  <if  the  IMsann  to  precedence  in 
kills  CO,.  ■  atiun.  See  liis  Preliiuinary  Dis- 
murso  I'     lie  Custuu'bres  maritimaa  de  Bar- 

'•ipioro,  ViapRlo,  fol.  .1.— L.  Marineo 
ityli's  .1  *lie  most  Ix-autiful  city  lie  had  ever 
jlecn,  or,  i.  speak  more  correctly,  in  the  v,  i.ole 
|»urld."  (Cosas  memorables,  fol.  18.)  Al- 
Ifonso  v.,  in  line  of  hia  ordinances,  in  1438, 
■calls  it  "urbs  venerabilis  in  epre^Mis  templis, 
Ituia  ut  in  optiniis,  pulchra  in  cii'teria  ivdifi- 
Iciis,"  etc.  Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona, 
Itiiiii.  ii.  .Xpond.  no.  13. 

Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  Apend. 
JBo,  24.— The  senate  or  prrat  council,  though 
ht.vled  the  "one  hundred,"  seems  to  have 


fluctuated  at  different  times  between  that 
number  and  double  it.s  amount. 

"  Corbera,  Cataluha  illustrada,  p.  84. — 
Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  torn.  ii.  Apend. 
no.  29. 

'-  Capmany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  tom.  1. 
part.  3,  p.  40, — tom.    iii.    part.    2,   i)p.  317, 

318. 

"•  Ibid.,  tom.  i.  part.  2,  p.  187,— tom.  ii. 
Apend.  no.  3(). — Capmany  says  principal  no- 
blfza;  yet  it  may  l)e  presumed  that  much  the 
larger  proj)i)rt ion  of  these  nol)le  candidates  for 
office  was  drawn  from  the  inferior  class  of  the 
privileged  orders,  the  kniglits  and  bidalgns. 
The  great  barons  of  Catalonia,  Inrtified  with 
extensive  immunities  and  wealth,  liveii  on 
their  estates  in  tln^  country,  probablv  little 
relishing  the  levelling  spirit  of  the  burghers 
of  Barcelona. 


40 


INTRODUCTION. 


faniiliftr  with  in  tlioir  iiitiinato  coiiimcrcial  intercourse  witli  Italy,  nmy  lia  J 
adoittod  as  tiio  nicxU'l  of  tlu-ir  own. 

UndtT   the  inthnMice    (»f    tlicse  (U'lnocratic  institutions^  tlie  hurylicrv  rfl 
Barcelona,  and  indeed  of  Catalonia  in  general,  which  enjoyed  more  (ir  Uj 
of  a  similar  freedom,  assumed  a  luiujfhty  independence  of  character  )<v\%'\ 
what  existed  among  the  same  class  in  oilier  narts  of  Spain;  and  thi>,  (onj 
bined  with  the  nuvrtial  daring  fostered  by  a  life  of  nuiritime  adventiuc  arni 
warfare,  made  them  impatient  not  merely  of  oppression,  hut  of  contnulii  liorj 
on  the  part  of  their  sovereigns,  who  hav(^  ♦'xperienceil  more  frei|ueiit  anJ 
more  sturdy  resistance  from  this  (juarter  of  their  d(»minionfi  than  from  om\ 
other."     Navagiero,  the  Venetian  amhass^vdor  to  Snain,  early  in  the  si\tt't'ii'!«5 
century,  although  a  repuVdican  himself,  was  so  strucK  with  what  hedeenicilt;.^ 
insuhordination  of  the  liarcelonians,  that  he  asserts,  "The  inhahitants  havif 
80  many  privileges  that  the  king  scarcely  retains  any  authority  over  tlicin 
their  liberty,"  he  adds,  "shoidd  rather  go  by  the  name  of  license,""'    i 
example,  among  many,  may  be  given  of  flio  tenacity  with  which  they  ailhw.j 
to  their  most  inconsiderable  innnunities. 

Ferdinand  the  First,  in  141(5,  being  desirous,  in  consequence  of  tlieei^ 
hausted  state  of  the  finances  on  his  cominj^  to  the  throne,  to  evade  tt*| 
payment  of  a  certain  tax  or  subsidy  customarily  naid  by  the  kings  of  Ar.v»'| 
to  the  city  of  Barcelona,  sent  for  the  president  of  the  comicil,  John  Fivcllc 
to  reciuire  the  consent  of  that  b(xly  to  this  measure.  The  magistrate,  liavinsl 
previously  advised  with  his  colleaj-ues,  determinetl  to  encomiter  any  liawiir.^ 
says  Zurita,  rather  than  compronnse  the  rights  of  the  city.  lie  reminded  ilti 
king  of  his  coronation  oath,  expressed  his  regret  that  he  was  willing  so  s(ioij 
to  oeviate  from  the  good  usages  of  his  predecessors,  and  plainly  told  liiin  tkl 
he  and  his  comrades  wo\da  never  betray  the  lil)erties  intrusted  to  their.! 
Ferdinand,  indignant  at  this  language,  ordered  the  patriot  to  withdraw  iiiti 
another  apartment,  where  he  remained  in  nmch  uncertainty  as  to  the  (orii 
sequences  of  his  temerity.  But  the  king  was  dissuaded  from  violent  measiirw| 
if  ne  ever  contemplated  them,  by  the  repre.sentation  of  his  courtiers,  wki 
warned  him  not  to  reckon  too  nuich  on  the  patience  of  the  people,  who  bopl 
small  atlection  to  his  person,  from  the  little  familiarity  with  which  he  k\ 
treated  them  in  comparison  with  their  preceding  monarchs,  and  who  ^m 
already  in  arms  to  protect  their  magistrate.  In  conseipience  of  these  sufr^'^l 
tions,  Ferdinand  deemed  it  prudent  to  release  the  counsellor,  and  witlidreii 
abruptly  from  the  city  on  the  ensuing  day,  disgusted  at  the  ill  success  of  \&\ 
enterprise.*' 

The  Aragonese  monarchs  well  understood    the  value  of   their  Oatak.^. 
dominions,  which  sustained  a  proportion  of  the  public  burdens  equal  if 


'°  Barcolona  revolted  and  was  twice  be- 
sieged l>y  the  royal  arms  under  John  II.,  once 
under  Philip  IV.,  twice  under  Charles  II.,  and 
twice  under  Philip  V.  This  la.st  siege,  1713- 
14,  In  which  it  held  out  against  the  combined 
forces  of  France  and  Spain  under  Marshal 
Berwick,  is  one  of  the  most  memorable  events 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  An  interesting 
account  of  the  siege  may  be  found  in  Coxe's 
Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of  the  House 
of  llourlxtn  (London,  1815),  vol.  ii.  chap.  21. — 
The  late  monarch,  Ferdinand  VII.,  also  ha<l 
occasion  to  feel  that  the  Independent  spirit  of 
the  Catalans  did  not  become  extinct  with  their 
ancieat  coastitution. 


"'  Viaggio,  fol.  3. 

"  Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  fiij 
1S3.— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  111.  lib.  12,  cirl 
59. — The  king  turned  his  back  on  the  imm 
trates,  who  came  to  pay  their  respects  toliiEJ 
on  learning  his  intention  of  quitting  tlietitjf 
He  seems,  however,  to  have  had  th<'  ui^i 
nanimity  to  forgive,  perhaps  to  aduiirp,  tl/l 
Independent  conduct  of  Fiveller;  fur  at  b) 
death,  which  occurred  very  soon  after,  \M>tiri:| 
this  citizen  mentioned  as  one  of  his  c.M'riitr'i 
See  Cai)niany,  Mem.  de  Barcelona,  turn.  M 
Apend.  no.  2!). 


iniltit  to  tlliU 
|r  iiiiirtitii'Htio 
•ivfurc.  tliev  1 
{i-tiT  iif  the 
|i;i,  iiirler  the 
timi,  cxtniofiji 
^ir  M»  little  nil' 
lite  I  in  its  ap 
lt.')4,  eiiiliriU' 
Itiiries  the  ce 
liiiiierciiil  gram 
iThc  hiisk  coin 
which  they  we 
iMM'tical  taleii 
nde  with  I'lovi 
ks  tir^t  awaken 
|the  two  (•oiiiiti 
family  of  Uii 
][lii'st  iierfectioi 
the  tliirteeiith 
minstrels  foun 
my  of  whom  n 
Jerahio  .sueee.ss. 
iHiLstrious  tn 
lain  to  imitate 
|tliM-;e  cemeterif 
ililigeiice  of  s(j 

Tlip  ta.xi's  were 
»-Ni\tli  on  Vttlcucia 

llircc-si.xtlis  on  ( 

mm  <|p  ci'iflirar  Coi 

'  Si'i-  tli(>  itciusKpec 

Ifiani'Iniia,  torn.  i.  ] 

lll'lll,     tolll.     i.     ]) 

*s  tliftt   ilio  statu 
liti'ij  "all  fori'ign.'ili 
llli"  ports  of  liis   I 
lei    I'ipl.,  torn.  ii.  n 
1  Itiu,  Ijkp  that  of 
»a.s  tho  eiicourai 
irini'.     It  deviated 
iimis  policy  of  thi 
[ristritiioii  on  the  ( 
dik'c  to  foreign  co 
|own  colonies. 

AtMres,   Dell'  Oi 

|1<)  Statu  atttiale  d 

«i:i.   17^  n.  part.   i. 

(tl'i  stiirivo-apolog( 

Igiiiiola  (lienuva,  1' 

-.\iiilres  coiijecturi 

tes,  ill  lavotir  of  Cat; 

Ithi'  latter  critic  th 

I'M  ail  (|ucstions  o 

\elazi|uez,  Origei 

K-Malaua,  17U7),  p 

*"ira,  part.  I.  cap. 

.  IVter  ill.,  James 

1  compositions  la  tl 


ARACJON. 


41 


imiiit  to  (lii\t  of  l>otli  th<'  other  stfttos  of  tlio  kin^'dom."  NotwithstAnrliii^ 
iiioitiliiiitioin  wliich  tlu-y  occosioimlly  ex|it'n»Mic«'<l  from  this  (jmirt^T, 
rrt'fort",  tlu'y  uniformly  PxteiKhMl  towjinls  it  the  most  HIxtuI  protection.  A 
ri-tiT  "f  tlif  v.uioiis  ctistoms  jtiiiil  in  tho  ports  of  Ciitulonin,  coinpiKvl  in 
||:i,  uiiliT  tht'  nliovt'-mcntioni'd  Fcnlinanil,  «'xhihits  a  (hscrimin.itinu  h'^'is- 
tioii,  txtriiorihiiiiry  in  an  aije  when  the  true  priiiciph's  ()f  financial  poHcy 
^p'  »'<»  iitt!e  iiMilerstood/'  Tnder  Jarres  the  First,  in  12*27,  a  navij^ation  act, 
lite  1  ill  it>i  npphcation,  was  pn]»hshe<l,aml  another  under  Alfonso  the  Fifth, 

U.Vl,  ciiihraciii!,'  all  the  dominions  of  Ara^on  ;  thus  precedinj^  hy  some 
itiuics  the  celelirated  ordinarice  to  which   England  owes  ho  inucJi  of  her 
iiiiuTciiil  ;;raiideiir." 
iTlic  l<risk  concussion  ^aven  to  the  mimls  of  the  Cativlans  in  the  busy  career 

wliirh  tlicy  were  enu'ai^ed  seems  to  have  In'en  favourable  to  the develoi)ment 

jHM'tiiiil  talent,  in  tlu^  same  manner  as  it  was  in  lUily.  Catalonia  may 
ndc  with  I'mveiice  the  glory  of  l)eing  the  region  where  the  voice  of  song 
ks  tir>t  awakened  in  moilern  Flurope.  VVhatt^ver  may  l)e  the  relative  claims 
Itlic  two  ((Miiitries  to  precedence  ni  this  resiK^ct,*"  it  is  oertiiin  that  under 
family  of  Barcelona  the  rroven9al  of  tho  south  of  France  renched  its 

jicst  jicrfcction  ;  and,  when  tlie  tenipesf/  of  persecution  in  the  iHjgiiming 
'the  tliirtcenth  century  fell  on  the  lovely  valleys  of  that  unhappy  coiuitry, 

minstrels  found  a  hospitable  asylum  in  tho  court  of  the  kings  of  Aragon, 
my  of  whom  not  only  protected,  but  cultivated  the  <jan  Hcience  with  con- 
jerahle  success.*'    Their  names  have  descended  to  us,  as  well  as  those  of 
illiistrioiH  troubadours,  whom  Petrarch  and  his  contemporaries  did  not 

lain  to  imitate  ;**  but  tlieir  compositions,  for  the  most  i>art,  lie  still  buried 
I tliM-ic  cemeteries  of  the  intellect  so  niniierous  in  Spain,  and  call  loudly  for 

diligence  of  some  Sainte-Palaye  or  Raynouard  to  disinter  them."'* 


The  taxps  woro  assessed  In  the  ratio  of 

Ksixtli  on  Valciiiia,  two-sixths  (in  Arnf^on, 

liiri'o-slxtlis  <iu  (.'atalunia.     See    Martel, 

niadp  r.'Iclirar  Cortes,  cap.  71. 

'  Si'i-  the  items  specitleil  by  Capmany,  Mem. 

Bari'clnna,  toiu.  i.  pp.  'i'.H,  '232. 

lii'Ui,  tdiii,  1.  pp.  2'2I,  234. — Capmany 

cs  that   tho  Mtatiite  of  Alfonso  V.  pro- 

liteil  "all  fori'i(;n.'«liiiisfrom  takinK  ear^oes 

Itho  jMrts  of  his   iloiuiiiions."     (See    also 

|ei-.  I>ipl.,  torn.  ii.  no.  Is7.)    The  object  of 

law,  like  that  of  the  British  Navit?ation 

t,  was  the  eiKouraneinent  of  the  national 

riiip.    It  deviated  far,  however,  from  the 

ilotis  iwilley  of  the  latter,  which  imposed 

[foirirtioa  on  the  e.xportation  of  domestic 

iiM-  to  foreign  countries,  except,  indeed, 

|own  rolonies. 

.\iiilres,  Dell'  Origine,  de'  Progressi,  e 

Ijlo  .Stato  attuale  d'ogni  Letteratura  ( Ve- 

Ma,   17s;n,  i)art.    i.    cap.    11.— Lampillafl, 

Riu  storieo-apologetico  della   Letteratura 

ffiuiolat^iJenuva,  1"78).  part.  i.  dis.  6,  sec. 

•.Vndres  conjectures,   and   Lampillas  de- 

*s,  in  favour  of  Catalonia.     Arcades  ainbo; 

1  the  latter  critic  the  worst  possible  autho- 

'im  all  i|uestions  of  national  preference. 

\i'la/.i|uez,  Origenes  de  la  Poesia Castel- 

K-^I''l'ik'a,  IT'JT),  pp.  2U-22 -Andres,  Let- 

»tura,  ii:irt.  i.  cap.  11.— Alfonso  II.,  Peter 

iVtor  HI.,  James  1.,  Peter  IV.,  have  all 

t  compositions  la  the  Limousin  tongue  be> 


hind  them  ;  the  three  former  in  verse,  the 
two  latter  in  prose,  setting  fortli  tlie  liistory 
of  fiieir  own  time.  For  a  particular  accoimt 
of  their  respective  productions,  see  Latassn 
(Escritorcs  Aragoneses,  tom.  I.  pp.  175-17'J, 
lH5-ls'J,  222,  224,  2t2-24H,-tom.  ii.  p.  2H), 
also  Lanu/.a(Historiasecleslfisticasy  secularea 
de  Aragon  (Zaragoza,  1622),  torn.  i.  p.  !>5:i). 
Tlie  Cliroiiicle  of  JamcH  I.  is  particularly 
esteemed  lor  its  fidelity. 

""  Wiiether  Jordi  stole  from  Petrarch,  or 
Petrarch  from  Jordi,  has  l)ien  matter  of  hot 
debate  Initwcen  the  Spanish  and  Frencli  lit- 
tirat'iirs.  Sanchez,  alter  a  uireful  examina- 
tion of  tlie  evidence,  candidly  decides  against 
his  countryman.  (Pocsias  Castellana-s,  tom. 
i.  pp.  M1-H4.)  A  competent  critic  in  the 
Retrospective  Review  (No.  7,  art.  2),  who 
enjoyed  the  advantage  over  Sanchez  of  perus- 
ing a  MS.  copy  of  Jordi's  original  jMiem, 
makes  otit  a  very  plausible  argument  in  favour 
of  the  originality  of  the  V'alencian  poet.  After 
all,  as  tlie  amount  stolen,  or,  to  speak  more 
reverently,  Iwrrowed,  does  not  exceed  iialf  a 
dozen  lines,  it  is  not  of  vital  lmp<jrtance  to 
the  reputation  of  either  poet. 

""  Tiie  Abate  Andres  lamented,  fifty  years 
ago,  that  the  worms  and  moths  should  be 
allowed  to  revel  am<<rig  the  precious  relics  of 
ancient  Castilian  literature,  (l.rf'tteratura, 
tom.  ii.  p.  autf.)  Have  their  revels  been  dis- 
turbed yet  i 


42 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  languishing  condition  of  the  poetic  art.  at  the  close  of  the  fonrtw 
centur>,  induced  John  the  First,  who  mingled  somewhat  of  the  rididi 
even  with  his  most  respectable  tastes,  to  depute  a  solenm  embassy  to  tliek. 
of  France,  reiiuesting  that  a  commission  nnght  be  detached  from  the  i  - 
Academy  of  Toulouse,  into  Spain,  to  erect  there  a  similar  institution.   T 
was  accordingly  done,  and  the  Consistory  of  Barcelona  was  organized  in  irt 
The  kings  of  Aragon  endowed  it  with  funds,  and  with  a  library  valuulM 
that  day,  presiding  over  its  meetings  in  person,  and  distributing  the  poa. 
premiums  with  tneir  own  hands,    Dunng  the  troubles  conseipient  on  l 
death  of  Martin,  this  establish juent  fell  into  decay,  until  it  wa^  again  rinn 
on  the  accession  of  Ferdinand  the  First,  by  the  celebrated  Henry,  manful 
Villena,  who  transplanted  it  to  Tortosa.'* 

The  marquis,  in  his  treatise  on  the  qaya  sciencia,  details  with  bccoii 
gravity  the  pompous  ceremonial  observed  in  his  academy  on  the  event  c 

{)ublic  celebration.    The  topics  of  discussion  were  "  the  praises  of  the  \V. 
ove,  arms,  and  other  good  usages."    The  performances  of  the  camliilu 
"  inscribed  on  parchment  of  various  colours,  richly  enamelled  with  gukl  u 
silver,  and  beautifully  illuminated,"  were  publicly  recited,  and  then  rcfir 
to  a  committee,  who  made  soltmn  oath  to  decide  impartially  and  accoidiii, 
the  rules  of  the  art.    On  the  delivery  of  the  verdict,  a  wreath  of  goll 
deposited  on  the  victorious  poem,  which  was  registered  in  the  acadt. 
archive?; ;  and  the  fortunate  troubadour,  gi'eeted  with  a  magnificent  |  r 
Nvas  escorted  to  the  royal  palace  amid  a  corte'fje  of  minstrelsy  and  cliiv.i  - 
"thus  manifesting  to  the  world,"  says  the  marquis,  "the  superiority  wL. 
God  and  nature  have  assigned  to  genius  over  dulness."  "• 

The  influence  of  such  an  institution  in  awakening  a  poetic  spirit  i>; 
best  veiy  questionable.  Whatever  effect  an  academy  may  have  in  stimula;. 
the  researcnes  of  science,  the  inspirations  of  genius  must  come  unbidden ; 

"  Adflata  est  numine  quando 
Jam  propiore  del." 

The  Catalans,  indeed,  seem  to  have  been  of  this  opinion  ;  for  they  sutltr 
the  Consistory  of  Tortosa  to  >\\pire  with  its  founder.  Somewhat  later 
1430,  was  established  the  University  of  Barcelona,  placed  under  the  (lird: 
of  the  municiiiality,  and  endowed  by  the  city  with  ample  funds  for  instni : 
in  the  various  departments  of  law,  theology,  medicine,  and  the  belles-k  n: 
This  institution  survived  until  the  commencement  of  the  last  century."^ 

During  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  long  after  the  genuine  r.v^ 
the  troubadoui-s  'lad  passed  away,  the  Provencal  or  Limousin  veix 
carried  to  its  highest  excellence  by  the  poets  of  Valencia."*    It  would  W 
sumptuous  for  any  one,  who  has  not  made  the  romance  dialects  his  paitii 
study,  to  attempt  a  discriminating  criticism  of  these  compositions,  so  niudi 
the  merit  of  which  necessarily  consists  in  the  almost  impalpable  beautie! 


^  Mayans  y  Siscar,  Orfgenes  de  la  Lcngua 
Espauola  (.Madrid,  1737),  torn.  ii.  pp.  323,  324. 
— Cresciiubenl,  Istoria  della  vulgar  Poesia 
(V^enezia,  1731),  torn.  ii.  p.  170.— .Mariana, 
Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  i.  p.  183. — Velazquez, 
Poosia  CastoUana,  pp.  23,  24. 

"  Mayans  y  Sisoar,  Orfgenes,  torn.  ii.  pp. 
325-327. 

""  Andres,  Lotteratura,  torn.  iv.  pp.  85,  S6. 
— Cttpumny,  Jlem.  de  Bareolona,  toui.  ii. 
Ai)end.  no.  16. — Tlicre  were  tliirty-two  chairs, 
or  ;professursliips,  founded  and  maintained  at 


tne  expense  of  the  city  :  six  of  theolopy  1 5iJ 
jurisprudence;  five  of  medicine  ;  si.\»f[tjf 
Bophy  ;  four  of  grammar  ;  one  of  rlu'turic; 
of  surgery  ;  one  of  anatomy  ;  one  ot  WAA 
andanutllerof  Greeiv.    It  is  singular  tluttil 
should  have  existed  for  tlie  Latin,  f^"  n-i 
more  currently  studied  at  that  tiini', aj:j 
BO  much  more  practical  appiiciitii'H  i' 
than  cither  of  the  other  ancient  lan^ruatf'l 
"'  The  Valencian.  "the  sweetest  ami  i 
graceful    of   the    Limousin    dialects" 
Mayans  y  Siscar,  Ori'geues,  torn.  i.  p.  »■ 


U 


ARAGON. 


43 


Jp  ami  exprossion.  Tlio  Spaniards,  however,  applaud,  in  tlie  verses  of  Ausias 
in  li,  tlu'  same  musical  ('()!iil)inations  of  sound,  and  the  same  tone  of  moral 

im'iioly,  whioii  pervade  the  productions  of  Petrarch."*  In  nro-ie,  too,  they 
fe  (to  i»orrovv  the  words  of  Andres)  their  Boccaccio  in  ^lartorell,  whose 
ion  of  "Tiraute  el  Blanco  "  is  honoured  by  the  connnendation  of  the  curate 

)oii  Quixote,  as  "  the  best  book  in  the  world  of  the  kind,  since  the  knights- 

iiit  in  it  eat,  drink,  sleep,  and  die  (luietly  in  their  beds,  like  otb.er  folk,  and 
unlike  most  heroes  of  romance.  The  j^roductions  of  these,  and  some 
|er  of  tiit'ir  distiii^,'uished  contemporaries,  obtained  a  general  circulation 
early  l)y  means  of  the  recently  invented  art  of  printing,  and  subseijuently 

:'d  into  repeated  editions."  But  their  language  has  long  since  ceased  to 
[the  langnage  of  literature.    On  the  union  of  the  two  crowns  of  Castile 

Aragoii,  the  dialect  of  the  former  became  that  of  the  court  and  of  the 
ist's.  The  beautiful  Proven9U,  once  more  rich  and  lueloiUous  than  any 
ler  idiom  in  the  Peninsula,  was  abandoned  as  a  patois  to  the  lower  orders 
ft':ie  Catalans,  who,  with  the  language,  may  boast  that  they  also  have 
L'litel  the  noble  principles  of  freedom  which  distinguished  their  ancestors. 


Nii(]l:m  Antonio,  Bibliotlieca  Ilispana 
Hh  (Matriti,  17rt-t\  torn.  ii.  p.  ItG. — 
Ir-',  Li'ttomtura,  tom.  is-,  p.  S7. 

Crvaiitps,  Dull  (^uixotp  (od.  de  Pellicer, 
JrM.  I7^7\  tdiii.  i.  p.  tJi.  -Mendez,  Typo- 
Blii.t  Esi)nfiol,i( Madrid,  17'J6),  pp.  72-75.  - 
ir.<.  i.i'ttnrattiri,  ul)i  supra. -Pellicer 
11  take  .Martiircll's  word  in  ^iM)d  earnest, 

his  li.iok  is  only  a  version  from  the  €as- 
I'be  nanuiS  of  some  of  the  most  noted 


fh'^  iiiflu'^nce  of  free  institutions  in  Araffon 

pni'ptilil"  in  the  faniiUarity  dlsjjlayed  by 

irit.rs  with  public  affairs,  ami  in  the  free- 

with    wliicli    they   iiave    discussed    tlie 

Uiizaiion    and    general    econo.ny     of    its 

teninicnt.      The  cn-ation  of  tlie  office  of 

loiial  clironjiler,  under  Charles  V.,   gave 

er  scMpi'  to  the  development  of  historic 

|nt.   Aiiinnj;  the  most  conspicuous  of  tlie.se 

[)ri.if,'rap!iiTs  was  .Jerome  Blancas,  several 

lios,.  pr.xluctions,  as  the  "Coronaciones 

|os  H.'ves,"  "  MihIii  de  procederen  Cortes," 

't'oiiinipntarii  Ilerum   Aragonensium," 

lially    the    last,    Ijave    been    repeatedly 

in  the  pr.'ceding  si'ctit>n.     'I'liis  worlt 

iMits  a  view  of  tlie  difT.'ri'ut  orders  of  tlie 

and  iiarticiilariy   of  the   .iffice   of  the 

11' ia,   with  tlieir  jieculiar  functions  and 

n\'%>'s.    Tii.>  autlior,  omitting  the  asual 

Ills. . r  liistory,  lias  devoted  liimselfto  the 

wratinii  „f  the  constitutional  anti(|uitie8  of 

icniintry,  in  tlie  execution  of  wliich  he  has 

Iwii  a  sd!,'acity  ainl  eruiiition  etjually  pro- 

i.    His  sentiments   bre.itlie  a  generous 

"f  freedom,  which  one  would  scarcely 

IS"  tu  have  existed,  and  «till  less  to  have 

pr.mul-ated,  under  Philip  II.    His  style 

UJ'tiiiL.'iiislie.i  liy  the  puritv  and  even  ele- 

't  Its  l.itinity.     The  first  edition,  being 

^vliith  I  iiave  used,  tippeared  in  ir)Ss,  in 

at  S'lraprossa,  executed  with  much  tvpo- 

'iii'al  beauty.     The  work  was  afterwards 

Drp, rated  into  .Sohottus's  "Hispinia  Ilius- 

*  "-Blancas,  after  having  hold  his  office 


troubadours  are  collected  by  Velazquez, 
Poesia  Castellana  (pp.  20-24.— Capuiany, 
Mem.  de  Harcelona,  torn.  ii.  Apend.  no.  5). 
S  >me  extracts  and  pertinent  criticisms  on 
their  priwluctions  may  l)e  found  by  the  Eng- 
lish reader  in  tlie  lletrosp(>ctive  Review. 
(No.  7,  art.  2.)  It  is  to  lie  regretted  that  the 
author  has  not  redeemed  his  pledge  of  con- 
tinuing Ids  notices  to  the  Castilian  era  of 
Sj)anish  poetry. 


for  ten  years,  died  in  his  native  city  of  Sara- 
gossa,  in  I5!t(t. 

.Jerome  Martcl,  from  whose  little  treati.se, 
"  Forma  de  cclebrar  Cortes,"  I  have  also  HIk;- 
rally  cited,  was  apjxjinted  public  historio- 
grapher in  1597.  His  cimtinuation  of  Zurita's 
Annals,  which  he  left  unpublished  at  his 
decease,  was  never  admitted  to  the  honours 
of  the  pi?s8,  because,  says  his  biograplier, 
Uztarroz,  vercUides  lastiniati ;  a  rea.son  as 
creditable  to  the  author  as  disgraceful  to  the 
government. 

A  third  writer,  and  the  one  chiefly  relied 
on  for  the  account  of  Cat.ilonia,  is  Don  An- 
tonio Capmatiy.  His  "  Memorias  historii  as 
de  Harcelona"  (5  tom.  -Ito,  Madrid,  177!i- 
1792)  may  l)e  thouiiht  somewhat  too  discursive 
and  circumstantial  for  bis  siiliject  ;  but  it  is 
hardly  right  to  quarrel  w'th  information  so 
rare  and  iiainfully  collected;  tlie  sin  of  ex- 
uberance at  any  rate  is  much  less  frequent, 
and  more  easily  corrected,  than  that  of  ste- 
rility. His  work  is  a  vast  repertory  of  facts 
relating  to  the  comnierce,  nianulactures, 
general  policy,  and  pulilic  prosjterity.  not 
only  of  Harcelona,  but  of  Catnloiiia.  '  It  is 
written  s\  itii  an  indepindent  and  liberal  si)irit, 
wliich  may  be  regarded  as  affording  tiie  Ivst 
commentary  on  tlie  genius  of  the  Institutions 
wliich  he  celebrat 'S.  Cai)many  clos(>d  bis 
useful  labours  at  Madrid,  in  l«io,  at  the  ago 
of  fifty-six. 

Notwiilmtanding  the  interesting  character 
of  the  Aragonese  constitution,  and  the  ampll- 


44 


INTRODUCTION. 


tndo  of  materials  for  its  history,  the  suhjpct 
has  Ix'pn  hilhorlo  nogle(t('<l,  as  far  aw  1  am 
awarp,  by  continental  writers.  liohprtMuii  and 
Ilallam,  more  esppclally  the  latti-r,  have 
given  wuch  a  view  of  its  proinlnpnt  foatiires 
to  thp  Knglish  reader  &n  must,  1  fear,  deprive 
the  sketch  which  I  have  attempted.  In  a  groat 
degree,  of  novelty.     To  these  names  must 


now  be  added  that  of  the  author  of  the  > 
tory  (»f. Spain  and  Portugal"  ((.'al)iiiit  i 
pn'<lia),    wiiosp    work,    puliUshod    simc 
prpreding  pagps  werp  writtpn,  contiiiiis  u* 
curious  anil  learned  diwiuisition  on  tho.J 
jurisprudence  an<i   municipal   Instituik;. 
both  Castile  and  Aragon. 


GENEALOGY  OP  FERDINAND  AND   ISABELLA. 


,t! 


m 


Catharine 
qf  Lancaster, 


Honry  11. 

of  Trastamara, 

d.  1379. 

I 
John  I. 
of  CasiUe, 
d.  1390. 


Mary 
of  Aragon. 

{1st  «V(!.) 

"T 


Henry  III. 

of  Castile, 

d.  1406. 

~] ' 

John  II.  Isabella 

of  Castile,      of  Portugal, 
d.  1454.  (2n<i  w{/e.) 


Henry  IV. 
of  Castile, 
d.  1474. 


i. 


Leonora 
of  Aragon. 


Ferdinand  I. 
of  Aragon, 

d.  Ult). 

*- 


lM)nora 
of  Albuquerqh 


Blanche  John  II. 

qf  Navarre.        of  Aragon, 
(1«<  wife.)  d.  1479. 

V ^ '        < 


Ferdikaxi  ! 


Alfonso,        IsABKi.LA  Carlos^    Blanche.    Leonora.    theCaihol:" 

d.  l4Jis.     THK  Catholic,      d.  1461. 


IE  PERIOD  WnE 

INDEH  ONE  M 
THEIR  IXTEl 
FULLY  THE  D 


PART    FIRST. 
1406-1492. 


IE  PERIOD  WHEN  THE  DIFFERENT  KINODOMS  OF  SPAIN  WERE  FIRST  UNITED 
UNDER  ONE  MONARCHY,  AND  A  THOROUQII  REFORM  WAS  INTRODUCED  INTO 
TIIKIR  INTERNAL  ADMINISTRATION  ;  OR  THE  PERIOD  EXHIBITING  MOST 
FULLY  THE  DOMESTIC  POLICY  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


STATE  OF  OAS 


(If ion  of  Trnstai 
J( lilies-  (iiiprcssji 
Siiroiira^pnu'iit  u 

-ISirtli  <jf  loalx'llt 


fierce  civil  U 

ill  lli(»8  were 

to  tliat  of  El 

rcil  out  its  l)lo( 

was,  of  coun 

ftifjii  jiowers,  w 

lo>t  (.'(lually  pre 

|y  up  liis  totteri 

.lie.    Thus  the 

ers  dcNctnuk'd  ii 

Jthe  throne  wer 

secured,  by  tli 

close  of  tiie  f( 

lined  to  the  hi^ 

'^/justile. 

The  healtlifnl  ac 
lt  followed  this 
hoeii  wasted  i 
ttiiierce  were  ai: 
carried  to  a  co 
^aiice  and  conifc 
eer  of  prosperi 
son  and  achiiiiii; 
I  the  premature 
h'ty-ei-hth  year 
^or,  whose  reiyi 
Uptilian  ani.als.^ 

^Srniiirro  J'  GuariiK 

'|CruDiia  do  EnriqiJc 


;;  CHAPTER  I. 

m 

;^  STATE  OF  CASTILE   AT   THE   BIRTH   OF   ISABELLA— BEIGN   OF  JOHN   II. 
':%  OF  CA8TILB. 

f 

t  1406-1454. 


lilt  Ion  of  Trastfltnara — Accrpsfon  of  John  II. — Rise  of  Alvaro  rip  Luna — Joalousy  of  th(j 

)l(.s— Opprpssidii  of  the  Commons— Its  Conspquencps— Pearly  Literattire  of  Castile — Its 

iHX'urancniont  uiiUer  John  II.— Decline  of  Alvaro  de  Luna — His  Fall— Death  of  John  II. 

iSirth  of  Isaixjlla. 


fierce  civil  feiuls  which  preceded  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Trasta- 
iii  i;)(»8  were  as  fatal  to  the  nobility  of  Castile  as  the  wars  of  the  Roses 
to  that  of  Eimland.    There  was  scarcely  a  family  of  note  which  had  not 
ptprt'il  out  its  ])loo(I  on  the  field  or  the  scaffold.     The  infiucnce  of  the  ari.sto- 
caicy  was,  of  course,  much  diminished  with  its  numbers.    The  long  wars  with 

tiirn  powers,  which  a  disputed  succession  entailed  on  the  country,  were 
0.4  eiiually  ])rejudicial  to  the  authority  of  the  monarch,  who  was  willing  to 
Mliy  >i[)  his  tottering  title  by  the  most  liberal  concession  of  privileges  to  the 
iK'.    Thus  the  commons  rose  in  proportion  as  the  crown  and  the  privileged 
rs  descended  in  the  scale ;  and,  when  the  claims  of  the  several  competitors 
the  throne  were  finally  extinguished,  and  the  tranquillity  of  the  kingdom 
seemed,  l\y  the  union  of  Henry  the  Third  with  Catharine  of  Lancaster  at 
close  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  third  estate  may  be  said  to  have 
iiied  to  the  highest  degree  of  political  consequence  which  it  ever  reached 
liistile. 

le  hoaithftil  action  of  the  body  politic,  during  the  long  interval  of  peace 

it  followed  this  auspicioas  union,  enabled  it  to  repair  tlie  strength  which 

been  wasted  in  its  murderous  civil  contests.    The  ancient  channels  of 

iiiiene  were  again  opened ;  various  new  manufactures  were  introduced, 

carried  to  a  considerable  perfection  ; '  wealth,  with  its  usual  concomitants, 

:aiiLe  and  comfort,  flowed  \n  apace  ;  and  the  nation  promised  itself  a  long 

er  of  itrosj)erity  under  a  monarch  who  respected  the  laws  in  his  own 

oil  and  administered  them  with  vigour.     All  these  fair  hopes  were  blasted 

the  premature  death  of   Henry  the   Third,  before  he  had  reached  his 

iiity-t'iuhth  year.    The  cruwn  devolved  on  his  son  John  the  Second,  then  a 

or,  whose  reign  was  one  of  the  longest  and  the  most  disastrous  in  the 

itiiiau  annals.^    As  it  was  that,  however,  which  gave  birth  to  Isabella,  the 


ISriiiiioro  y  GuarinoH,  Historia  del  Luxo, 

I.  i.  p   ITI. 

fCrfnica  do  Enriqttc  III.,  cd.  de  la  Acade- 


mia  (Madrid,  l7so),  passim. — Cronlca  de  Juan 
U.  (Valencia,  1779),  p.  6. 


48 


REIGN  OP  JOHN  II.  OP  CASTILE. 


illustrious  snhject  of  our  narrative,  it  v,i\\  l)e  necessary  to  pass  its  prin 
features  under  review,  in  order  to  obtain  a  correct  idea  of  lier  ^^oveniinoi.t 

The  wise  administration  of  the  re^^ency,  duriui,^  a  lonL,^  minority,  post|, 
tlie  season  of  c^alamity  ;  and,  when  it  at  ienijjth  arrived,  it  was  coiuvali'; 
some  time  from  tlie  eyes  oi  *he  vulvar  by  the  pomp  and  brilliant  fcst,. 
M'hicii  distinguished  the  court  of  the  young  monarch.     His  indispdsiti 
not  incaj)acity,  for  l)usiness,  iiowever,  gradually  became  mamfest ;  ami. « 
he  resigned  himself  without  reserve  to  pleasures,  which  it  nnist  i)e  cdu!.  . 
were  not  unfre<}nently  of  a  refined  and  intellectual  character,  he  ahaiiM 
the  government  of  his  kingdom  to  the  control  of  favourites. 

The  most  conspicuous  of  these  was  Alvaro  do  Luna,  grand  master  >  ■ 
James,  and  constable  of  Castile.     This  remarkable  person,  the  illcui!; 
descendant  of  a  noble  house  in  Aragon,  was  introduced  very  early  as  a 
into  the  royal  household,  where  he  soo'.\  distinguished  liimself  bv  his  ami, 
manners  and  personal  accomplishment.     He  could  ride,  fence,  dance,  mi. 
we  may  credit  his  loyal  l)iographer,  better  than  any  other  cnvalier  ii; 
court ;  while  his  ])roti(iency  in  music  and  i)oetry  reconnnended  him  i:. 
etl'ectually  to  the  favour  of  the  monarch,  who  professed  to  be  a  connoiv  i  :: 
both.     With  these  showy  (qualities,  Alvaro  de  Luna  united  others  of  a :. 
dangerous  complexion.    His  insinuating  address  easily  conciliated  coii[ii|>! 
and  enabled  him  to  master  the  motives  of  others,  whde  his  own  were  ma  ■: 
by  consunnnate  dissimulation.     He  was  as  fearless  in  executing  his  amlii; 
schemes  as  he  was  cautious  in  devising  them.     He  was  indefatigable  in: 
application  to  business,  so  that  John,  whose  aversion  to  it  we  have  ii  ti^^ 
willingly  reposed  on  him  the  whole  burden  of  government.      The  king,  it  n^ 
said,  only  signed,  while  the  constable  dictated  and  executed.     He  wa-  \i 
only  channel  of  promotion  to  public  office^  whether  secular  or  ecclesiastiig 
As  his  cui)idity  was  insatiable,  lie  perverted  the  great  trust  confided  to  hinr 
the  acquisition  of  the  principal  posts  in  the  government  for  himself  or  _^ 
kindred,  and  at  his  death  is  said  to  have  left  a  larger  amount  of  treasure  tbf' 
was  possessed  by  the  whole  nobilitv  of  the  kingdom.     He  affected  a  ma.iis 
cence  of  state  corresponding  with  his  elevated  rank.    The  most  consideriuf 
grandees  in  Castile  contended  for  the  lionour  of  having  their  sons,  after*'! 
fashion  of  tlie  time,  educated  in  his  family.    When  he  rode  abroad,  he  w', 
accompanied  by  a  numerous  retinue  of  knights  and  nobles,  which  left  '.fl 
soverei^Mi's  court  comparatively  deserted  ;  so  that  royalty  might  be  said  <' 
occasions,  whether  of  business  or  pleasure,  to  be  eclipsed  by  the  siqi: 
splendours  of  its  satellite.'    The  history  of  this  man  may  remind  the  End 
reader  of  that  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  whom  he  somewhat  rese^^- Med  in  charactt 
and  still  more  in  his  extraordinary  fortunes. 

It  may  easilv  be  believed  that  the  haughty  aristocracy  of  Castile  wor.Hj 
brook  this  exaltation  of  an  individual  so  inferior  to  them  in  birth,  am' 
withal  did  not  wear  his  honours  with  exemplary  meekness.    John's 
partiality  for  his  favourite  is  the  key  to  all  the  troubles  which  agitated  i^ 
kingdom  during  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  reign.     The  disgusted  n'' 
organi7,ed  confederacies  for  the  purpose  of  deposing  the  minister.    The  wii 
nation  took  sides  in  this  unhappy  struggle.    The  heats  of  civil  disconl  wH[ 
still  further  heightened  by  the  interference  of  the  royal  house  of  Ara;[ 


*  rronira  do  Alvaro  do  Luna,  ed.  de  la 
Acadi'iiiiii '  M^'lritl,  17.H4\lit.  ;{.  5,  C^,  74. — 
Guziuan,  (toiuTaciones  y  Semblan/.as (Madrid, 
17751.  cap.  33,  ;i4. — Aliarca,  llo.ycs  de  Aragon, 
en  Aualoa  historicos,  torn.  i.  fol.  '2'27.— Cruniia 


de  Juan   11.,   passim. — lie    possessoit 
towns  tuiil  fortresses,  and  licpt.  tliri'i'  t!i" 
lances  constantly  in  pay.    Ovicdo,  i^uii! 
genas,  MS. 


BIRTH  OF   ISABELLA. 


49 


hich,  (lescpi.iicd  from  a  coranion  stork  witli  that  of  Castile,  was  pro]mctor  of 

rp"  ('>l;i\'s  ill  tlio  latter  country.     Tlio  wrt't(li(>(l  inoiiarch  holicld  even  hi-s 

ni  >'>ii  llciuy,  the  heir  to  tlic  (lown,  onii^ted  in  the  opiK^ite  faction,  and 

i\v  himself  reihiced  to  the  extremity  of  .sheddin^j  the  blood  of  his  subjects  in 

[e  fatal  liattlo  of  Ulmedo.     Still  the  address,  or  the  good  fortime,  of  tho 

[ii-taMe  enabled  him  to  triumph  over  his  enemies;  and,  although  he  was 

^li-cd  occasionally  to  yield  'o  the  violence  of  the  storm  and  withdraw  a  while 

)iu  the  court,  he  was  soon  recalled  and  reinstiited  in  all  his  former  diirnities. 

lis  nicliiiiclioly  infatuation  of  the  king  is  imputed  by  the  writers  of  that  ago 

M)nery  on  the  part  of  the  favourite.*    But  the  oidy  witchcraft  which  lie 

,1  was'the  ascendency  of  a  strong  mind  over  a  weak  one. 

.)iiriii;;  this  long-protracted  anarchy,  the  people  lost  whatever  they  liad 

lined  in  the  two  preceding  reigns.     By  the  advice  of  his  minister,  who  seems 

have  ]M)sses-;t'd  a  full  measure  of  the  insolence  so  usual  with  perM)ns  sud- 

j»lv  adviuiceil  from  low  to  elevated  station,  the  king  not  only  a])an(l()ned  the 

m.tit'ititmal  policy  of  his  predecessors  in  regard  to  the  commons,  but  entered 

the  most  arbitrary  and  systematic  violation  of  their  rights.    Their  de[)utie.s 

pre  excluded  from  the  privy  council,  or  lost  all  influence  in  it.     Attempts 

pre  made  to  impose  taxes  without  the  legislative  sanction.    The  numicipal 

nitorics  were  alienated,  and  lavished  on  the  royal  minions.     The  freedom  of 

tioiis  Avas  invaded,  and  delegates  to  cortes   were  frequently   nominated 

the  crown  ;  and,  to  comidete  the  iniquitous  scheme  of  oppression,  praij- 

lo^■'•^^^•,  or  roval  proclamations,  were  issued,  containing  provisions  repugnant 

the  .icknowledged  law  of  the  land,  and  atlirming  in  the  most  uiKpialilied 

rill.;  the  right  of  the  sovereign  to  legislate  for  his  subjects.'    The  commons, 

Iced,  when  assemliled  in  cortes,  stoutly  resisted  the  assumjttion  of   such 

^constitutional  powers  by  the  crown,  and  compelled  the  prince  not   only 

revoke  his  pretensions,  but  to  accomjiany  his  revocation  with  the  most 

iiiiHating  concessions.®    They  even  ventured  so  far,  during  this  reign,  as  to 

pihite  the  expenses  of  the  royal  household;'  and  their  language   to  the 

rone  on  all  these  occasions,  though  temperate  and  loyal,  breathed  a  generous 

Srit  of  I'atriotism,  evincing  a  perfect  consciousness  of  their  own  rights,  and 

jjtea  ly  determination  to  maintain  them.* 

jAIas !  what  could  such  resolution  avail,  in  this  season  of  misrule,  against 

intrigues  of  a  cunning  and  profligate  minister,  unsujjjtorted,  too,  as  the 

iiuoiis  were,  by  any  sympathy  or  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the  higher 

CIS  of  the  state  !    A  scheme  Avas  devised  for  bringing  the  popular  branch  of 

leuishiture  more  effectually  within  the  control  of  the  crown,  by  diminishing 

number  of  its  constituents.     It  has  been  already  remarked,  in  the  Intro- 


Onzman,  rJenera<'ione8,  cap.  33. — Crdnlca 

[l>'ii  .lii;in  II.,  p.  491,  et  alibi. — His  coin- 

■■:iiuo  f(ir  tlio  favourite,  indeed,  must  lie 

Diticil,  if  wf  Iwlieve  Guzman,  to  have  been 

luiost  cxtnuirilinary  Itind  :  "  E  lo  ((ue  con 

lj"iir  u!!ir:ivilla  so  pucdo  decir  e  oir,  que  aun 

tl"<  iiutos  natiirali'S  so  din  asi  ii  la  ordc- 

B/.a  (lol  lundostalile,  ([ue  seyendo  t'd  nio/o 

I  oiuiplpximiad.),  e  teniondo  ii  la  royna  su 

Jlp'-r  iiin/.a  y  hermosa,  ei  el  condestable  se 

Ici'iitr.nlixii  so,  no  iria  it  dormir  a  su  (.ania 

ll.'i."    I'hi  supra. 

.Marin;i,  Tooria,  torn.  i.  cap.  20, — torn.  ii. 

'.iUi,  :i'.iM,  :i01,— toin.  iii.  ]>art.  '2,  n<i.  4.— 

piiiaiiy,  I'rartica  y  f^-tilo,   pp.  2:i4,  235.— 

"ip"n\  Histciro  d''^s  Cortes,  cli.  is,  24. 

Si'veral  of  tliis  prince's  laws  for  redressing 


the  alleged  (jrievances  are  inc()rp<irated  in  the 
great  c<xle  of  Philip  II.  (Kecupilacion  de  la;J 
Leycs  (Madrid,  HUu),  lib.  6,  til.  7,  loyes  ii,  7, 
2),  wliicli  declares,  in  tiie  most  u'io(|nivi>- 
cal  lansruase,  thi>  ri;r!it  f  the  eoinnioiis  to 
l)e  consulted  on  all  important  nuittiTs:  "  I'or- 
que  en  los  hodii.s  aniuos  de  nuestros  ri»yno9 
es  necossario  consejo  de  nuostros  subditos,  y 
naturales,  especial mrnte  de  Ins  prncnradores 
de  las  vuestras  cin'Utdes,  villas,  >/  lugares 
di'  liix  liutatriis  ri'i/nos."  It  wa.s  nun-h  easier 
to  e.xtort  tfood  laws  from  this  monarcli  tlian 
tu  cnfuree  them. 

'  Mariauii,  Historia  de  Espafia,  tom.  ii.  p. 
209. 

"  Marinji,  Teori'a,  ubi  supra. 


E 


60 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  CASTILE. 


(Inction,  tliat  a  frroat  irrocjnlarity  [»revailo(l  in  Castile  as  to  the  nnniU 
cities  wiiirh,  at  <iill'oront  times,  exercised  the  ri^ht  of  representation,    li- 
the fourteenth  eentury,  the  deputation  from  this  order  liad  lieen  miootnnr 
f\dl.     The  kiu^',  however,  avaihui;  himself  of  this  indeterminateness  (a 
writs  to  he  issue<l  to  a  very  small  proportion  of  tlie  towns  which  hinlibj 
enjoyed  the  privile;,^.     Some  of  those  tliat  were  excluded,  indi^^mntly,  tti' 
inellectnally,  remonstrate*'  Jifrainst  this  abuse.     Others,  jireviously  (Irvj., 
of  their   possessions  hy  the  rajiacity  of   the  orown,  or  impoverished  ),v 
disastrous   feuds   into  which  the  country   had  ))een   tj-.rown,   aoiiiiicsi,- 
the   measiire  from  motives  of  economy.     From   the  same   nnstaken  |. 
several  cities,  a     in,  as   ■  urgvjs,  Toledo,  and  other  ,  jjetitioned  the  sovc 
to  defray  the  cluoves  >:  S/Jieir  lepresentatives  ^rom  :he  royal  treasury  ;  a: 
ill-adviscMl  jiarsiij:.  " y ,  v.  !■;  h  stiggested  to  the     own  a  plausihle  pret<  \t  f - 
new  system  of  ex.  iM-^io!!,     In  this  maimer     -e  Castdian  cortes.  wliiiti, 
withstanding,^  its  0(       iona*  ''ictuations,  ha(.  exhiltited  during  the  \>u'>>- 
century  what  nnnht  l)e  regjtiin  I  as  a  rep*  isentation  of  the  whole  coi:; 
wealtli,  was  gradually  redticed,  during  the  reigns  of  John  the  Second  ai 
son  Henry  the  Fourth,  to  the  deputations  of  some  seventeen  or  eighteen 
And  to  tliis  number,  with  slight  variation,  it  has  been  restricted  unt; 
occurrence  of  the  recent  revolutionary  movements  in  that  kingdom.® 

The  non-represented  were  re(|uired  to  transmit  their  instructions  t" 
deputies  of  the  i»rivileged  cities.  Thus  Salamanca  a]»peared  in  behalf  li 
hundred  towns  and  fourteen  hundred  villages  ;  and  the  ]!Opulous  yv\ 
of  Galicia  was  represented  by  the  little  town  of  Zamora,  which  is  ik!- 
included  within  its  geographical  limits.'**  The  privilege  of  a  voice  /// ■ 
as  it  was  called,  came  at  ength  to  be  prized  so  highly  by  the  favomol 
that  when,  in  laOO,  some  of  tliose  wliichwere  excluded  solicited  the  rcM' 


of  their  ancient  riirlits,   t 


leir  petition  was  ojtposed  })y  the  fornici 


im]»udent  pretence   that   "  the  right  of  deputation   had   been  rescrv. 
ancient  law  and  usage  to  only  eighteen  cities  of  the  realm."  "    In  tlii- 
sighted  and  most  unhappy  policy,  we  see  the  operation  of  those  local  jcak 
and  estrangements  to  which  we  have  alluded  in  the   Introduction.  : 
although  the  cortes,  thus  reduced  in  numbers,  necessarily  lost  iinuli  oi 
Aveight,  it  still  maintained  a  l»old  front  against  the  usnriiations  of  tlicr- 
It  does  not   appe.ir,  indeed,  that  any  attemjit  was  made  under  .hk. 
Second,  or  his  successor,  to  corrupt  its  members,  or  to  control  the  frtt:, 
of  debate:  although  such  a  jiroceedin^  is  not  imjtrobable,  as  altogctlur 
formable  to  their  ordinary  policy,  and  as  the  natiu'al  result  of  their 
liminary  measures.     But,  however  true  the  de[)uties  continued  to  tlicin^ 
and   to  those  who   sent  tliem,  it  is  evident  that  so  limited  and   iart«i 
selection  no   longer  atlorded  a  representation  of  the  interests  of    tlie  k 
country.     Tiieir  necessarily  imperfect  ac<juaintance  with  the  j»rin(i|'- 
even  wishes  of  their  widely  scattered  constituents,  in  an  age  when  kn<  v 
was  not  circulated  on  the  thousand  wings  of  the  press,  as  in  our  dav. 
have  left  them  oftentimes  in  )tainful  uncertainty,  and  deprived  tlioni': 
cheering  support  of  public  oidnion.     The  voice  of  remonstrance,  whii  li 
such  confidence  from  numbers,  would  liardly  now  be  raised  in  their 
halls  with  the  same  fre(piency  or  energy  as  before  ;  and,  however  the 


«!('. 


'-'  Ciiiniiiiny,  rr.ktica  y  Estilu,  p.  2'28. — 
Sompcn',  Hist,  tics  Corit'S,  chap.  19. — Marina, 
Todi-iii,  part.  1,  cup.  IG.— In  lGr)6,  the  city  of 
PalcIa■ia^^asl.■.)nt'.'nt  to  r.'piirchase  its  ancient 
riglit  ol  rcproseutat  iou  Ir^jiu  the  crown,  at  an 


expense  of  so.OKO  diicat.s. 

'"  Capniany,    I'nii  lica   y   Estilo,   p 
Spu>p:^ri',  Hist,  ilea  Cartesi^  chap.  \'J. 

"  Marina,  Tcuria,  torn.  i.  p.  161. 


mtlltiMN  of    t 
facility  u 
when  veil 
it  1)C   telii 
wa^  the 
hiilliant  a 
lilc  the  rci 
ill  a  literi 
lt<irv."     It 
of  Kranci 
•(Mluction 
111  of  an  e 
[had  liceii 

I'di'lU  of 

die  A^ 

(li<playin; 

[lal  beaut) 

ed  to  sjirin 

fa!  wild  th 

St '('111  rati 

more  ext» 

iiiligested 

[irofesioi 
nation,  w 

)l.lcs(if  the 

tiiin  of  tlii'i 

Chivalry,  the 

]in)f(Nsion 

laiit  intlue 

las  himself 

Ion  to  busi 

tual  eiijovii 

ty,  compose 

hol:  subjec 

taiiiple  cam 

Intercut  wdii 

|tion  to  the 

;  early  the 

to  the  age 
jonu'  the  n 
la,  de.scendi 

ee  tlio  ample 

b(fi-  i'aM''Uanu 

L  Nhi.lriti,  177i 

^n/iuan,  (Jencr 

l.ir.'al,    Cent 

[ejii-t.  'JO,  4;». 

ciiii.'ii  iif   tlii> 

le  Mciia.  the  t 

Kll"  acl'.pt. 

7el-iZ'iU"/.,  Ori'i 

"^.ihria,  iTy;) 

iaiiuj,  turn.  i.  ' 


BIRTH  OF  ISABELLA. 


51 


•  the  nuniU 
itatioii.    !)• 

ITU  llIICOlni: 

imteiu'ss  i.t 
liich  li.'ul  11- 
ijL^imntly,  t! 
/iously  ilf. 
ivorislicil  In 
I,  aniiiicsii- 
iiii.-tiiKfii  1 

h1     Uk'     SOVi 

Toasiirv  ;  a 
e  pretixt f - 
rtes,  uliiiji 
)g  tlio  jmv 
',  whole  con; 

0  Spcoiul  a; 
•r  ('i<;ht(  (Ml 
tricted  unti. 
gdoin.' 
tructioiis  t' 

in  hehalfo! 

DptlloUS   jip. 

hich  is  not- 

1  voice  in  r  ■ 
0  favouicil 
(1  the  rostit 
e  former  i; 

en  reserve' 
In  tliis^i 
e  local  jealo 
rodnctioii.  : 
est  nnu'h  ii 
IS  of  tlice- 
nder  Jnliii 
rol  the  frt'f 
altoinetlicr 
It  of  their 
d  to  theiii^^ 
and   rartij 
s  of   tiie  «- 
e  priiu'ii'lf^ 
hen  hm- 
\  our  day,:. 
?d  them  m 
e,  ■\vlii<  h  I'.tr 
their  i!e.-c.' 
ever  the  re;: 


Estilo,  p 
iliup.  11». 

I),  itji. 


ivp-^  of  that  dav  niiu'ht  maintain  their  inteirrity  unromipted,  yet,  as 
facilitv  was  atlorded  to  the  undue  infhieMce  of  the  crown,  the  time  ini,dit 
wlii'ii  Venality  wotdd  prove  stroni:er  than  ['Hnciple,  and  the  unworthy 
it  1m'  tempted  to  sacrifice  his  hirthriiiht  for  a  mess  of  potta.u'e.  Thus 
wa-i  the  fair  dawn  of  freedom  overcast,  which  opened  in^  Castile  under 
brilliant  auspices,  perhaps,  than  in  any  other  country  in  Kurope. 
jjle  the  reiu'n  of  .John  the  Second  is  so  deservedly  odious  in  a  political 
in  a  literary  it  may  he  inscribed  with  what  Giovio  calls  "  the  f^olden  pen 
Itorv."  It  was  an  epoch  in  the  ('astilian,  correspondini;  with  that  if  the 
of  Francis  the  First  in  French  literature,  distimruished  not  so  nm  -h  by 
rcMlnction  of  extraordinary  genius  as  by  the  ell'ort  made  for  thc^  intro- 
III  of  an  e!ei,'ant  culture,  hy  couductiuiLr  it  on  more  scientific  itrinciples 
Ihad  been  hitherto  known.  The  early  literature  of  Ca;tile  could  boast  of 
tlifi*  rocin  of  tlie  Cid,"'  in  some  respects  the  most  remarkal»le  performance  of 
tbi  llildle  A;:es.  It  was  enriciied,  moreover,  with  other  elaborate  compo-^' 
tkttit,  (lisplayin;;  occasional  gliin[»ses  of  a  buoyant  fancy,  or  of  sensibilit';  r 
•Xtiihial  beauty,  to  say  iiothini,^  of  those  <leli.i;htful  romantic  ballads,  wh;  i 
iMifed  to  siirim:  up  siiontaiieously  in  every  ([uarter  of  the  country,  like  ho 
iSmpil  \\i!d  tl'  vers  of  the  soil.  IJut  the  iinaftected  beauties  of  sent'i.eii.., 
iHMpi  seem  rather  the  result  of  accident  than  desi<;n,  were  deurly  pur.  t^ed, 
in  tp  m'>rc  extended  pieces,  at  the  ex]»ense  of  sucli  a  crude  mass  of  ^rotesq  j 
art^niili.i,Tsted  verse  as  shows  an  entire  ignorance  of  the  pl•incipie.'^  ">f  the 

Wtwr 

fflie  profe  sion  of  lett'^:.,  itself  was  held  in  little  repute  by  the  higher  orders 
<li^|fc  nation,  who  were  altogether  nntinctured  with  liberal  learning.  While 
tlitf^iljlioliles  of  the  sister  kingdom  of  Aragon,  asseml>le<l  in  their  poetic  courts,  in 
inanition  of  their  l*rovencal  neighbours,  vied  with  each  other  in  lays  of  love 
aadtliivalry,  tho.-;eof  Castile  disdained  these  eti'eminate  pleasures  as  unworthy 
of  1|ie  ]irofession  of  arms,  the  only  one  of  any  estimation  in  their  eye.s.  The 
[nant  influence  of  John  was  perceptible  in  softening  this  ferocious  temper. 
fas  himself  sufficiently  accomplished,  for  a  king,  ami,  notwithstanding  his 
ion  to  business,  manifested,  as  has  ]>een  noticed,  a  lively  relish  for  in- 
;ual  enjovment.  He  was  fond  of  books,  wrote  and  spoke  Latin  with 
;y,  composed  verses,  and  condescended  occasionally  to  correct  those  of 
ivinu'  subjects."  Wliatever  might  be  the  value  of  his  criticisms,  that  of 
^  uui'le  cannot  be  doubted.  The  courtiers,  with  the  quick  scent  for  their 
^merest  which  distinguishes  the  tribe  in  every  country,  soon  turned  their 
ition  to  the  same  polite  stiKhes  ;  "  and  thin  Castilian  poetry  received 
early  the  courtly  stamp  which  continued  its  prominent  characteristic 
to  the  age  of  its  meridian  glory. 

i(t!iu  the  most  eminent  of  the<e  noble  savans  was  Henry,  marquis  of 
a,  descended  from  the  royal  houses  of  Castile  aiul  Aragoii,'*  l)ut  more 


Be  tho  ample  culloctions  of  ranchez, 
Ha-  ('ii^ti'llanii-;aiUeriore8  al  SigluXV." 
L  .Madriii,  1T79-I7i(0. 
fu/iiian,  (Ji'niTacionps,  cap.  33.— Gompz 
Ibl.ir.'iil,  Cfiituii  fpmtdl.irio  (Madrid, 
(Pl'ist.  'jii,  4v>.-  (.'itxlarcal  lias  given  us 
ziuwn  uf  tills  Mval  criticism,  wliicli 
lo  Mi'iiii.  tlie  subject  of  it,  wns  courtier 
Ih  In  ad. .jit. 

l.izilii'Z,  Ori'gcnps  do  la  Poosia  Castol- 
laaikO!  i!:i:.'a,  !797),  p.  4,').— Saiuiioz,  I'oesias 
rmilluiias,  turn.  i.  p.  lu.— "TlieCancioncros 


genoralcs,  in  print  and  in  manu.script,"  says 
Sanchez,  "  Hhow  tlio  preat  uuiiibi-r  of  dukes, 
counts,  maniuises,  and  other  nobles  who 
cultivated  this  art." 

•  III'  vNus  the  grandson,  not,  a.s  Sanchez 
supposes  i^toui.  i.  p.  15  1,  the  son  of  Alcjii.so  do 
Villena,  the  lirst  mari|uis  as  well  us  con- 
stable created  in  Castile,  descendpd  from 
James  11.  of  Araj^oii.  (Si'c  Dormer,  Kiimii'ii- 
das  y  Advertencias  de  Zurita(/ara'^o/.a,  u;s:i), 
pp.  371-37(3.)  His  mother  was  an  illefritimate 
daughter  of  Henry  11.  of  Castile.    Guzman, 


■ti 


62 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  CASTILE. 


illustrious,  as  oiip  of  liis  roiintrrinpn  has  observod,  liy  hU  talents  nml  ,> 
uit'iits  tlijui  liy  his  liirtli.  His  whole  life  was  consi'cratcd  to  IclUr 
especially  to  the  study  of  natural  science.  I  am  not  aware  that  any  s|kv 
of  his  jKH'try,  altlmuuh  much  lauded  ]»y  his  contemporaries,"'  has  coinc 
to  us."  He  translated  l>ante\s  "  (Jomnedi;;  "  into  jtrose,  and  is  said  to 
Ldven  the  first  examjile  of  a  version  of  the  -Kneid  nito  a  modern  laiii,'ii;nL 
He  lahoiireil  assiduously  to  introduce  a  more  cultivated  taste  ainoii:.^ 
countrymen,  and  his  little  treatise  on  the  fj">/'i  scit'/irioy  as  the  divine  an^ 
then  called,  in  which  he  j^ives  an  historical  an<l  critical  view  of  the  jioetfl 
(.-onsistory  of  iiarcelona,  is  the  first  aijproximalion,  however  faint,  to  ai; /^ 
of  I'oetry  in  the  (Jastilian  tonf;ue.''*  The  exclusiveness  with  wliiiiiiJ 
devoted  himself  to  science,  and  es])ecially  astronomy,  to  the  utter  ne;'lM 
his  temporal  concerns,  led  the  wits  of  that  day  t()  remark  that  "liek 
niucli  of  heaven,  and  nothin<;  of  earth."  He  paid  the  u>ual  iienalty  of « 
inditlerence  to  worldly  weal,  by  seeing?  liimself  eventually  stripped  of , 
lordly  jtossessions,  and  reduced,  at  the  close  of  life,  to  extreme  jiovcr 
His  sechided  habits  ])rou;.dit  on  him  the  aiijiailin;;  imputation  of  iumiohis: 
A  scene  t(X)k  place  at  his  death,  in  14.')4,  which  is  sulliciently  cliaracteri>ti; 
the  a^'e,  and  may  ])Ossibly  liave  su;;!j,ested  a  similar  adventure  to  (Vrvmy' 
The  kin^'  connuissioned  ids  son's  preceptor,  Jirother  Lope  de  Jianin: 
afterwards  bishoi)of  Cuenca,  to  examine  tlie  valuable  library  of  the  deeea'* 
and  the  worthy  ecclesiastic  consigned  more  than  a  hundred^  volumes  of  it 
the  flames,  as  savouring  too  strongly  of  the  black  art.  The  Hiulif 
Cibdareal,  the  confidential  jthysician  of  John  the  Second,  in  a  lively  letter 
tins  occurrence  to  the  poet  John  de  Mena,  remarks  that  "somewoiiji' 
t:et  the  reputation  of  saints  by  makin;^'  others  necromancers  ;  "  and  rei 
liis  friend  "to  allow  him  to  solicit,  in  his  behalf,  some  of  liie  surviving  vo 
from  the  king,  that  in  this  way  the  soul  of  Jirother  Lope  might  be  savo<  . 
fiu'ther  sin,  and  the  spirit  of  the  defunct  mar(iuis  consoled  by  the  conscioibD 
that  his  books  no  longer  rested  on  the  shelves  of  the  man  who  had  conven 
him  into  a  conjurer."  "  John  de  Mena  denounces  this  (into  da  f'e  of  scirt 
in  a  similar,  but  graver,  tone  of  sarcasm,  in  his  "  Laberinto."    Thc^iC  ill 


(ifTiorarionPfl,  cap.  2s.-  Salazar  dc  Alondoza, 
]Vlunar<iuiii  do  Espaiia  (.Madrid,  177u),  toui.  i. 
pp.  'iio;!,  .•{:i9. 

'"  Gu/.inan,  Gonpranionos,   cap.   2.S. — Juan 
do  Mciia  introduces  N'ilicii.i  into  liis  "  LalxT- 
into,"   in   an    a^rcralilc    stanza,    wliicli    lia,s 
somethinK  of  tlie  uianncrisui  of  Dante : 
*' Aquol  ilaro  jiadrc  ai|iiel  dnlcn  fucntc 
aciucl  (|U(»  en  el  castulo  uionto  rcsucna 
cs  don  Kiiriiiuc  .Sciior  dc  Villcna 
lionrrade  Espafia  y  del  siglo  presentc,"  etc. 
Jiian  dp  .Mona,  Oliras  (.McaU,  15(i6),  fol.  Kis. 
'"  Tlie  recent  Castilian  translators  of  15on- 
t(r\vpk's  History  of  .Spanish  Literature  liave 
fallen  into  an  error  in  imi)utin};  the  beantiful 
anicion  of  the  "Quorella  de  Amor"  to  \'il- 
lena.      It  was  composed    hy  the  marquis  of 
Saiitillana.     (Bouterwek,  Historia  de  la  Lite- 
ral nra  Espanola,  traducid.i  por  Cortina  y  IIu- 
palde  y  Mollinedo  (Madrid,  1S'.J9),  p.  \W\,  and 
Sanchez,  Poesi'as  Castellanas,  torn,  i    pp.  ;is, 
14;t.')— The  mistake  into  which  Nic<das  An- 
tonio had  also  fallen,  in  supjiosintr  Villena's 
" Trabajosde  Hercules"  written  in  verso,  ha.s 
bccu  subsequeut.'y  corrected  by  his  learued 


commentator  Bayer.  Sec  Nicolas  .\mi 
Hibliotheca  llispana  Vetiis,  torn.  ii.  ['.'. 
n(Ha. 

'"  Velazquez,  OrfRones  dc  la  Poesfara 
lana,   p.   45. -IJouterwek,    Literal iira  E^ 
fiola,  trad,  de  Cortina  y  M(dlined(i,  ii^ir 
■■'  See  an  abstract  of  it  in  Mayans  y" 
Or!(^eni's  de  la  Lcngua  Espafiola,  touj.  i. 
321  et  spii. 

-"  Zurita,  Anales  de  la  Corona  do  Xn^ 
torn.  ill.  p.  227.— Guzman,  Gcueraciom-sl 
2s. 

^'  Centon  epist(dario,  epist.  06.— TIk! 
endeavoured    to   transfer   the   Maiiio    i 
confiapration  to  the  king.     Tliere  ciiril» 
doulit,  however,  that  the  good  fatlK-r  i:. 
the  suspicicjns  of  necromancy  into  his  uivi 
bosom.     "The  angels,"  lie  pays  iiimuiir 
works,  "  who  guanled  raradi.-e,  prc^cM 
treatise  on  magic  to  one  of  the  ]iisiin"| 
Adam,  from  a  copy  of  which  ^'ill(  iia  'i 
his   science."      (See   Juan    de    M'li.i, 
fol.  I :{'.),  glosa.)     One  would  think  tliai; 
an  orthoilnx  source  might  have  justiliwl 
lena  in  the  U6C  of  it. 


See  SaucLez,  Pu 


lUKTII   OF   ISAIiKLLA. 


53 


tiiinMit"!  ill  tlio  Siiani--li  writers  of  the  fifteenth  cciitiiry  may  put  to  sliaino 
iimif  lii-ut«"l  ciiticisin  of  tlie  srvciitoi'iith.'' 

Liii.'.lii'r  of  the  illiistiiniis  wit;  of  this  n'i;;ii  wa-;  Iniiro  Lo|if'/.  do  M»'ii'1o/jl 

.■,jiii>  of   Sautillaiia,  "llic  ^'Inry  ami  tlcliu'lit  of    the   «  a'tiliaii   iioiiiiity, 

jM'  I clrliritv  uas  sin  h  that  fon'i;,,'nrrs  it  was  saiil,  j<Minu>yt<(l  to  Spain  from 

^iit  parts  <">f  Knroi't'  to  s<'t»  him.     Allhouuh  I'as.^imiatrly  ilcvotcil  to  Ictlcrs, 

fh  I  not,  Hkc  his  fiiciiil  the  iiian(iiis  of  NilU'iia,  iit':;li'ia  his  puhhr  or  domestic 

(it    for  ilit'iii.    On  the  coiitraiv,  h(^  dischari^ed  the  most  important  civil  and 

lit  r  V  fiiiK  tioiis.     lie  made  Ids  lioiise  an  academy,  in  which  the  yonn^^ 

r>  nf  ilie  court  mi'^ht  practise  the  martial  exercises  of  the  a;;e  ;  and  ho 

Miii'lcd  aroimd  him,  at  tiie  samt^  tim»'.  men  eminent  for  ju'enins  and  scieiKie, 

)iii  he  iiiimilicently  recompensed,  and  encouraged  l»y  his  examiile.-'     lli.H 

(i  ta^tc  led  him  to  po«'try,  of  which  h(^  has  U'ft  some  elahorale  spi-eimens. 

»y  .lie  chicliy  of  a  moral  and  precejitive  charact»'r  ;  hut,  aUhoiif^n  replete 

\h  imhle  sentiment,  and  finished  in  a  style  of  literary  excellence  far  more 

n- 1  than  that  of  the  precedini:  a,t;e,  they  are  too  much  infected  with 

JtlMilouy  and  metaiiliorical  atlectations  to  suit  the  palate  of  the  pre>ent  day. 

pi»>>e>seil,  however,  the  soul  of  a  poet,  and,  when  he  abandons  himself  to 

native  ri'il  >ii<lill<i.<^  delivers  his  sentiments  with  a  sweetness  and  yraco 

iiitahle.    To  him  is  to  be  ascribed  the  ^dory,  such  as  it  is,   of    haviii;; 

Liir,i!i/.c(l  the  Italian  sonnet  in  (.'astile,  which  Uo.scan,  many  years  later, 

jiiied  fur  himself  with  nc)  small  decree  of  self-comrratulation.^'     His  epistle 

|tlie  primitive  history  of  Spanish  verse,  although  containin*;  notices  siilli- 

itly  curious  from  the  a^re  ami  the  source  whence  they  proceed,  has  p«Mhaps 

Ije  iimre  service  to  letters  by  the  valuable  illustrations  it  has  called  forth 

)i  its  learned  editor." 

^his  i.ne,it  man,  who  found  so  mucii  leisure  for  '..>  cultivation  of  letters 
|i<l-t  the  busy  strife  of  politics,  closed  his  career  at  the  a;,^'  of  sixty,  in  UoH. 
)iiuli  a  conspicuous  actor  in  the  revoli:'^!  /nary  scenes  of  the  period,  ho 
iiit;iiiie  1  a  character  for  honour  and  purity  of  motive,  iinimpeached  wvw  by 
t  enemies.  The  kin^,  notwithstandintr  his  devotion  to  the  faction  of  his  .sou 
Wuy,  (oiiferred  on  him  the  dii^niities  of  count  of  Real  de  Manzjinares  and 
Lriuis  of  Santillana  ;  this  Ixdnt,'  the  oldest  creation  of  a  marquis  in  Castile, 
[li  the  <'xception  of  Villeua.^"  His  eldest  son  was  su])sei[uently  made  duke 
Infaiitailo,  by  which  title  his  descendants  have  continued  to  be  distin^uldied 
the  picsent  day, 

^iit  the  most  consjjicuous,  for  his  poetical  tiilents,  of  the  l)rilliant  circle 

[ich  i::aced  the  court  of  .lohn  the  Second,  was  John  de  Mena,  a  native  of 

Cordova,  "the  Hower  of  science  and  of  chivalry," '•''  as  he  fondly  styles 


('■imp  Juan  do  Mena,  0))ras,  copl.  127, 
1  M\A  Nil.  Antcjiiii.,  IJibliottieca  Vetus, 
.  ii   II.  'iz^K 

I'ultrar,  Cliiros   ViirDiios  de    CaPtilla,   y 
ra-Mu.!ii.t.   17f)5),  tit.  4.— N'ic.  Antonio, 
W' tiiria  \(tu.s,  lib,  10,  cup.  y.— Quincua- 
<!'■  (inn/.alu  de  Oviodo,  MS.,  bataUa  1, 
1,  (iiai.  H. 

'I:iriilass<p   do    la  Voga,  Obras,   od.  de 

■nuLlMi),  ])p.  7;-),  70.— Sanciii-z,  I'ocsias 

|<ll;iiia.s,   tiiui.    i.    p.    21.— Fiuscan,    Obras 

.  f"i.   19.- It  imist  1k»  admitted.  Imw- 

tli;it  tlio  attonijit  was  promaturo,  and 

.it  r.Mniir..(i  a  ripiT  .sta^'o  nf  the  languaj^e 

Ivo  rt  p.Tiiianeiu  <haractor  to  the  inuova- 

.See  SaucLez,  Poesfas  Castellanas,  torn.  I. 


pp.  1-119. — A  copiiiuH  (•atalii|.;iio  of  tlio  inar- 
((uis  di'  Suiitiil.ina'."*  \\ritiMHs  {•<  (.Tivcn  in  the 
same  voluuio  (pp.  ;i,'i  ot  .so(|.).  Si-vcnil  ot  Ida 
p«)('tioitl  pieces  are  cullected  in  tlie  ( Jiiihionero 
g  neral  ( .\nvcrs,  l.')7:t).  t"l-  ^'-l  <'t  son. 

-•  I'uli^ar,  Clanis  V'arones,  tit.  4.  Sala/ar 
do  Mendo/a.  Monaniui'a,  tuni.  I.  p.  21s. — 
Id<'ui.  On'f^en  do  las  i)i|.'nidad('8  »■  glares  do 
Castilla  y  Leon  u^Iadrid,  17'.'4),  j).  2-<.'i. — 
Oviedo  makes  tiie  inaninis  uuuli  uMer, 
Heventy-tivo  years  (if  a'.;e.  when  lie  liied.  Hi« 
loft,  besides  d.iujrhters,  si.\  sons,  wlm  all 
became  tlie  foumlers  of  nnblo  and  powerful 
houses.  See  the  whole  f;enealo(;y,  in  Oviedo, 
Quincuas?onarf,  MS.,  bat.  1.  (piinc.  1,  dial.  8. 

-'  '*  Klur  de  saber  y  taballeria."  El  Labe- 
rinto,  copla  114. 


M 


RKION  OF  .TOriN  11.  OF  CASTILE. 


Iht.     Altliouyh  hnvu  in  a  iniddliii;,'  conditimi  of  life,  with  Iminlilc  prosjie*^ 
lie  \v;is  rally  siiiittcii  witli  a  Imvc  of  jcttris  ;  jind,  after  pa^siii^  tiir<»;i;ti; 
usual  course  of  tliM'ijiliuc  at  Salauiaiica,  la*  rcpaircil  to  Kmhh',  wiicrc,  im 
ntuijy  of  tiios*'  inuiiortai  iiiasti-rs  \vlio>«'  writin,i,'s  had  Itiit  rccrutly  n'vt'uli'i 
fidl  cHpariti*'-;  of  a  uio  Icni  idiom,  lie  imhilicd  priu('i|ili's  (»f  ta>te  wliicli  j;;iv»] 
direction  to  his  own  j.;enius,  and,  in  some  (h'/ree.  to  that  of  his  C'tuiitniii 
(Ml  his  return  to  S|»ain,  his  literary  merit  soon  attracteil  frt'neial  ailaiini!; 
«imI  introduced  him  to  the  i»atrona.ce  of  the  mi'at,  and  aitove  all  to  the  frit;J 
^hi|)  of  th(^  mari|iiis  of  tSantiilamk.'''*     ilo  was  admitted  into  the  private  rir^ 
of  the  monanli,  who,  a^  his  trossipin^'  physi(;ian  informs  us,  "  use  I  to  luij 
Mena's  verses  lyini,'  on  his  tahle,  as  constantly  as  hi-;  prayer- liook."    Tlii'|. 
repaiil  tli«!  <leht  of  Ki'iil't"<h!  Ity  »v<lministerini<  a  thu^  (luantity  of  lioin, 
rhyme,  for  which  the  royal  palate  seems  to  have  possesstvl  a  more  tliaiKr; 
nary  relish,*"     Ih;  continued  faithful  to  his  nia^cr  amiilst  all  the  Huctiiati 
of  faction,  and  survived  him  less  than  two  years.     He  died  in  U.')!! ;  anl 
friend  tlitt  niai't|uis  of  Santillana  laiseil  a  smnntuous  monument  over 
remains,  in  <  ommemoration  of  his  virtutv-i  and  of  tlieir  mutual  atl'ectioii. 

.lolin  (1(^  Mena  is  atlirmed  l»y  some  of  the  national  critics  to  have  ;d'»| 
a  new  asiK'ct  to  (Jastilian  poetry."  His  j^nvit  work  was  his  "  fiaherinto,";^ 
outline;  of  whose  plan  may  faintly  remind  us  of  that  portion  of  the  "  I)in; 
CoimiK'dia  "  where  l)anti^  resimis  himself  to  the  ^niidance  of  JJeatrice.    In! 


iiianiier  the  Spanish  poiit,  under  the  escort  of  a  iH'autiful 


Providence,  witnesses  the  apparition  of  the  most  eminent  individuals,  whet: 


diee!  of  ( 


lersoniticatinii, 


estiny,  tlicy 


of  history  or  fai>lt^ ;  ami,  as  they  revolve  on  the  wiiee: 
occasion  to  some;  animated  portraiture,  and  much  dull,  nedantic  dis(nii>iti 
Jn  the-ie  deliiutations  we  now  and  then  meet  with  a  touch  of  his  pencil,  wlii 
from  its  simplicity  and  vigour,  may  he  ciilled  truly  Duntcto/tw.    Indccij.t 
Castilian  Muse  never  l)ef(jre  ventured  on  so  hold  a  tli,^ht ;  ami,  notwiilhta:,! 
in;^'  the  deformity  of  the  neneral  ])lan,  the  ol)soiete  harharisms  of  the  \'hr,w\ 
louy,  its   (piaiutness  and   pedantry,  notwithstanding.;  the  cantering  iW'.;. 
measure  in  which  it  is  composed,  and  which  to  the  ear  of  a  foreimicr 
scarcely  he  made  tolerahle,  the  work  abounds  in  conceptions,  nay  in  r 
episodes,  of  such  uun,i,de  I  energy  and  beauty  as  indicate  genius  of  the  h\' 
order.     In  some  of  his  smaller  jiieces  his  style  assumes  a  graceful  lk'.\il)a.| 
too  generally  denied  to  his  more  strained  anil  elaborate  ell'orts.*' 

It  will  not  he  nec(ssary  to  liring  under  review  the  minor  luminaries  of  t;J 
Iieiiod.     Alfonso  de  liaena,  a  converted  Jew,  secretary  of  John  the  SeiXiij 
compiled  the  fugitive  jjieces  of  more  than  fifty  of  these  ancient  troulijKl> 
into  a  cancionero,  "for  the  disport  and  divertiseiuent  of  his  highness  i 
king,  when  he  should  find  himself  too  sorely  ojipressed  with  cares  of  stati,' 
a  case  we  may  imagine  of  no  rare  occurrence.    The  original  manus(ii|i; 
Bacna,  transcribed  in  beautiful  characters  of  the  fifteenth  century,  lie-. 
(lid  lie  until  very  lately,  unheeded  in  the  cemetery  of  the  Escurial,  witli : 
dust  of  many  a  Itetter  worthy."    The  extracts  selected  from  it  by  Ow:^ 
althougii  occasionally  exhibiting  some  fluent  graces  with  considerable  varit? 


ii 


'■"'  Nip.   Antonio,   Ribllothcta  Vetus,   torn. 

.  pjl.   'iC),")  C't   H0(|. 

- '  Cilxlarcdl,  Ccntoii  oplstolarii),  oplst.  47, 
4J». 

^"  S(>(>  Vcla/quoz,  Poosfa  Oastollana.  p.  49. 

'"  A  I'ciUoction  of  tlu'in  is  imi.rporated  iu 
the  Cancioiicro  npncral,  fol    ji  ct  s('(|. 

^-  Castro,  Hililiotoca  Espanola  (Madriil, 
1781),  torn.  i.  pp.  266,  267.— This  iuteresting 


(locmnont,  tho  mosi  priinitlvo  of  all 
S|)aMisli  caticiiiiieri'S,  notw  itlistaiiiii:!:.' 
loial  jtosition  ill  tlic  lihrary  is  sin'cili'! 
CJasiro  witli  fircat  prci'sion,  pUkIi^iI  tli'^ytl 
of  till'  industrious  translators  of  IViiiti 
who  think  it  may  have  ilisaiipcariil  ' 
tilt'  I'lvnih  iiiva-sion.  Litoratura  K-^pii' 
trad,  de  Cortiuu  y  ilollinedo,  p.  2u5,uutaEJ 


CiMT'),   BlhliutPC 


BIRTH  OF  ISABELLA. 


65 


vcr'iirtifttion,  convoy,  oi»  the  whole,  no  very  lii^h  idea  of  Uistc  or  pootic 


II 


iiilinl,  this  ♦•p(Kli.  a-i  l»ofore  rrnirtrkod,  was  not  so  mnrh  distinLniishod  hy 

iiiiHin  displays  of  koiuiis,  as  bv  its  ^rcnrral  iiitrlh'ctiial  irtov«Mnont,und  the 

iMasiii  kiiidli'd  for  lihcral  studies.    Thus  wo  tind  th«'  corpdratioii  (»f  S«'\  iMo 

tiiiu'  a  huiidr«'d  i/oI'/'Ia  <>f  H'M  as  tli«'  tMU'nl(»(\  (»f  a  |MM't  who  had  calcinated 

._iiit'"s<or('  of  vcrsps  the  ylorics  of  their  native  city,  an<l  appropriatin„  tho 

,ic  ^iiiii  as  an  annual  premiiini  for  a  sindlar  jierfonnance."     It  is  not  oft(>n 

i  tilt'  proiluctions  of  a  pcx-t  laureate  hav«'  Ihhmi  more  liberally  recoinpenseil 

by  royal  Ixtunty.     Hut  the  gifted  spirits  of  that  day  mistook  the  road  to 

iiirialitv.     DisdaininL,'  the  untutored  simplicity  of  their  preilccessors,  they 

f'iit  to  rise  abov»'  them  by  an  ostt-ntation  of  learnim;,  as  well  as  liy  a  more 

i^jial  idiom.     In  the  latter  particular  they  succeeded.     They  much  i?n- 

vcil  the  external  forms  of  jtoetry,  and  their  comiH»sitif>ns  exhibit  a  hi^li 

re  of  literary  tinish,  compai'e<l  with  all  that  preceded  them.     Hut  their 

liest  sentiments  are  freouently  involved  in  such  a  cloud  of  metaphor  as  to 

iiic  nearly  nninteiliuible  ;  wliile  they  invoke  the  pa^'an  deities   with  a 

iicless  prodi;_Mlity  that  would  scandaliz*'  even  a  French  lyric.     This  cheap 

lay  of  schoolboy  erudition,  however  it  may  have  ap|)alled  their  own  au'e, 

Ixrii  a  principal  cause  of  their  comriarative  oblivion  with  posterity.     How 

superior  is  on«'  touch  of  nature,  as  tiie  "  Kinojosa  "  or  "t^uerella  de  Amor," 

p\aiii|ilc,  of  the  manjui-s  of  Santilhma,  to  all  this  farra.t,'o  of  metaphor  and 

'  Idiocy  I 

lie  impulse  j;iven  to  Castilian  nootry  e.xtended  to  other  dejiartments  of 
;ant  literature.  Epistolary  and  liistorical  composition  were  cultivated  with 
.nieralile  success.  The  latter,  esjjecially,  nunht  athnit  of  advantai,'eou» 
j]iariM)u  with  that  of  any  otlu^r  country  u\  JMirope  at  the  same  peiiud  ; ** 
it  is  remarkable  that,  after  such  early  jiromise,  the  modern  S[ianuird3 
e  nut  been  more  .successful  in  perfectiiii^;  a  classical  jtrose  style. 
"ii(iiii;li  has  U'cn  said  to  ^ivo  an  idea  of  the  state  of  mental  improvement  in 
tile  under  .John  the  Second.  The  Mu.s(\s,  who  liad  found  a  shelter  in  hi.s 
t  from  the  anarchy  which  reij^nied  abroad,  soon  tied  from  its  pollutetl 
iiK  ts  under  the  rei.mi  of  his  successor  Henry  the  Fourth,  who.se  sordid 
'tites  were  incapaltle  of  l)einj^  elevated  above  the  objects  of  the  senses.  If 
linve  dwelt  somewhat  lon^f  on  a  more  jdeasinjx  j»icture,  it  is  Itecause  our 
J  i^  now  to  lead  us  acro.ss  a  dreary  waste  exiiibiting  searcely  a  vestige  of 
Jiz;ition. 


Soo  thoso  collrctM  In  Castro,  T^ibliotcca 

innlH,  tniii,  ii.  ]).  '.'(;.'i  pt  si'(|.     Tlio  vcr  0- 

Dii  <iit(Ttiiinfil  fur  tlip  poetic  art  In  that 

'limy  tH'ciitucivod  tnim  Haeua'^  whimsical 

fld^'Ui'.     "I'octry,"  lit'  says,  "       tlic   (j;ay 

is  a  very  suhtilo  anil  dt    _'htsoni(> 

Dl>>«ition      It  (lonianils  in  him  vln-  wouM 

til  cxrol  in  it  a  curiiiuw  invontinn,  ^i  sane 

liiHiit.  a  varimm  m-holarHliip,  I'aniii.aiity 

urt'i  ami  puMic  alTairs.  high  hirtli  and 

xlinu'.  a  tcniprratf,  fotirtpons,  and  lihoral 

n-'itii/n,  mill,  in  fine,  honoy,  HUgar,  salt, 

■  mi,  and  hilarity  in  his  discourse."     p. 

Castro,  Blhlioteca  Espaiiola,  torn.  i.  p. 

Pirliajm  the  most  conspicuous  of  these 
Kiriiiil  iiiiiiiiiisiticiim  for  mcr^  literary  exe- 
Mi  is  the  CLruuicle  of  ^Vlvaro  de  Liina,  to 


which  I  have  had  occasion  to  rcfrr,  edited  in 

17m4,  hy  riorrs,  the  diligent  secretary  of  tho 
lioyal  Academy  of  History.  He  justly  com- 
mends it  for  tlie  purity  and  harmony  of  its 
diction.  The  loyalty  of  the  chroni<ler  se- 
duces liim  sometimes  into  a  s-acU  of  jianegyric 
whiih  may  he  thought  to  savour  tiMi  strongly 
of  the  current  defect  of  (^astilian  pmse;  imt 
it  more  fre(|uently  imparts  to  his  narrative  a 
fjenerous  glow  of  sentiment,  raising  it  far 
alcive  the  lifi'less  details  of  ordinary  history, 
and  occasionally  even  to  pusitivi-  ehxiuetice. 
— Nic.  Antonio,  in  the  tenth  iM.dk  of  the 
preat  repository,  has  a««emMed  the  iiingra- 
jihical  and  hililioirraphicul  iintices  of  the  v;\- 
rlous  Spanish  auttidrs  i.f  the  fifteenth  century, 
whose  lahours  diffused  a  glimtnerinp  of  ligtit 
over  their  own  age.  wliicli  has  lieconie  faint 
In  the  superior  illumination  of  the  succeeding. 


50 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  CASTILE. 


While  a  small  portion  of  the  hif^her  orders  of  the  nation  was  thus  endoa. 
vonring  to  forget  the  puhiic  cjilainities  in  th(^  traii4uilli/,inic  imrsnit  of  IoIUtn 
and  a  much  lar^i^er  i)ortion  in  the  indulgence  of  ^•lea.sun',*''  the  popular  aversioj 
fur  the  minister  Luna  hjul  been  gradually  infu.snig  itself  i;>to  the  royal  iMjMiiJ 
His  too  obvious  assumption  of  superiority,  even  over  the  monarch  wl"  '.,.; 
raised  him  from  the  dust,  was  i)robal)Iy  tbo  real  though  secret  cause  of  tii^  | 
disgust.     IJut  the  habitual  ascendency  of  the  favourite  over  his  master  \,k- 
vented  the  latter  from  disclosing  this  feeling,  until  it  was  heightened  livaiij 
occurrence  which  sets  hi  a  strong  light  the  imbecility  of   the  one  ainrtLel 

Eres  .imption  of  the  other.  John,  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  Maria  of  Ara.;aji,, 
ad  formed  the  design  of  connecting  himself  with  a  daughter  of  the  kin;' of 
France,  liut  the  constjible,  in  the  mean  time,  without  even  the  privity  of  liii 
master,  entered  into  negotiations  for  his  marriage  with  the  princess  Isaljella,  | 
granildaughter  of  John  the  First  of  Portugal  ;  and  the  monarch,  with  a:. 
unprecedented  degree  i  com|>laisance,  accpiiesced  in  an  arrangement  iiiu  I 
fessedly  repugnant  to  his  own  inclinations.''  By  one  of  those  dispensatioiiu,f 
Providence,  however,  which  often  confouiu'.  tii?  plans  of  the  wisest,  as  of  tin; 
weakest,  the  colunm  which  the  minister  iiad  so  artfiUly  raised  for  his  suiipon 
served  only  to  crush  him. 

The  new  queen, disgusted  with  his  haughty  bearing, and  probably  not  \\W(\\ 
gratified  with  the  subordinate  situation  to  wliicli  he  had  reduced  her  lubliauil 
entered  lieartily  into  the  feelings  of  the  latter,  and  indeed  contrived  tj 
extinguish  whatever  spark  of  latent  affection  for  his  ancient  favourite  lurk^ 


vtM 


within  his  breast.  John,  yet  fearing  the  overgrown  power  of  the  cunstal! 
too  much  to  encounter  him  openly,  condescended  to  adopt  the  dastardly  policvl 
of  Tiberius  on  a  similar  occasion,  by  caressing  the  man  whom  he  designed  to 
ruin  ;  and  he  eventually  obtained  possession  of  his  i)erson  only  ])y  a  violatiori 
of  the  royal  safe-conduct.  The  constable's  trial  was  referred  to  a  conuiiission 
of  jurists  and  privy  comicillors,  who,  after  a  sunnnary  and  informal  investi:a 
tion,  pronounced  on  him  the  sentence  of  death  on  a  s[;ecitication  of  chaiL'h 
either  general  and  indeterminate,  or  of  the  most  trivial  import.  "If  the 
king,"  says  Garibay,  "had  dispensed  sinular  justice  to  all  his  nobles  \v!i) 
ecpially  deserved  it  in  those  turbulent  tiuies,  he  would  liave  had  but  few  to 
reign  over."  '* 

The  constable  had  supported  his  disgrace,  from  the  first,  with  an  cqiia 
niniity  not  to  have  been  expected  from  his  elation  in  prosperity  ;  and  he  iiosvl 
received  the  tidings  of  his  fate  with  a  similar  fortitude.  As  he  rode  aloiiji;  tliel 
streets  to  the  jilace  of  execution,  clad  in  the  sable  livery  of  an  ordinarvj 
criminal,  and  deserted  by  those  who  had  been  reared  by  hi>  bounty,  tl.tj 
poi)ulace,  who  before  called  so  loudly  for  his  disgrace,  struck  with  this  asto;;  I 
ishing  reverse  of  his  brilliant  fortunes,  were  melted  into  tears.'''    They  calleil 


•*  Semporo,  in  his  Ilifitoiia  del  Liixo  (torn. 
1.  p.  177),  lias  iiulilislicil  an  extract  from  an 
unpriiitcil  nianustTipt  of  the  cc'leliratpd  mar- 
quis of  V'ilicna,  rntitlod  Triunjo  df.  los 
jM)iias,  in  which,  advcrtinj^  to  tiio  petits- 
vmitns  oi"  liis  time,  he  recapitulates  tiie 
fashionaMe  arts  employed  hy  tiiem  for  tlie 
emhelli.HJinient  of  tlie  person,  witli  a  ilegree 
of  minuteness  which  might  edify  a  modern 
dandy. 

"  Cronica  de  Juan  II.,  p.  499.— Fnria  y 
Sousa,  Europa  Portuguesa  (1679),  turn.  ii.  pp. 
335,  .iTi. 

"  Cronica  de  Alvaro  de  Luna.  tit.  12S.— 


iiey 

Cronica  de  Juan   II.,   pp.   457,  460,  s:2- 
Altarca,  lieyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  fil.  .i:: 
2'Js. — (Jariliay,   Compendio    historial   d''  lul 
Clironicas  de  Espaua  i^Uarcelona,  IO'J-<\  tuuif 
ii.  p.  49.1. 

■"'  Cronica  de  Alvaro  de  Luna.  tit.  12--| 
AVliat  II  contrast  to  all  tliis  is  all'nrdi'd  I'Vi^ff 
vis-id  portrait,  sicetched  liy  John  de  Miiia,'j 
the  constable  in  the  noontide  of  his  glory  I 

*'E.«te  eanalga  sohre  la  fortuna 
y  donia  su  cuello  con  asperas  rienihn 
y  auno,ne  del  tenga  tan  mnchas  de  imiiiii  | 
ella  uou  Ic  osa  tocar  de  ninguna,"  etc. 

Laberiuto,  coplas  235  ot  .<eq. 


latteudaiit  (  ibdareal 


BIRTH   OF  ISABELLA. 


iU 


Ito  miivl  tho  niimerons  instances  of  his  mai^naniniity.  They  reflected  that  the 
ainiiitii'ns  sclu'Mus  of  his  rivals  had  been  not  a  wliit  less  seltisii,  th(iu'j,h  less 
giMC^sfiil,  than  ills  own,  and  that,  if  liis  cupidity  appeared  insatiable,  lie  h  id 
Idi-IH'ii-e  I  the  frnits  of  it  in  a(.'ts  of  princely  inuniticence.  He  himself  niain- 
Itaint'l  a  serene  and  even  cheerful  aspect.  Meetini:'  one  of  the  domestics 
[of  I'riiue  Jienry,  he  bade  him  retpiest  the  prince  "to  reward  the  attachment 
[of  his  servants  with  a  different  jruerdon  from  what  iiis  master  had  assigned  to 
Ihiiii.'  As  he  ascended  the  scatlbld,  he  surveyed  the  apparatus  of  death  with 
[ciiiii|iosure,  and  cahnly  submitted  himself  to  the  stroke  of  the  executioner, 
[villi,  ill  the  sava^'e  style  of  the  executions  of  that  day,  i»hui,u;ed  his  knife  into 
[tils-  throat  of  his  victim,  and  deliberately  severed  his  head  from  liis  body.  A 
[{chill,  for  the  reception  of  alms  to  defray  the  expenses  of  his  interment,  was 
[pliiccd  at  one  extremity  of  the  scaffold  ;  ami  his  mutilated  remains,  after 
|li;iviiiLr  been  exposed  for  several  days  to  the  ^'aze  of  the  jiopulace,  were 
lre:ii'ivc  1,  t'y  the  brethren  of  a  cliaritable  order,  to  a  jjlace  called  the  iiermitay;e 
[of  St.  Andrew,  appropriated  as  the  cemetery  for  malefactors/"  (U.'j.'i.) 

Such  was  the  tragical  end  of  Alvaro  de  Luna, — a  man  who  for  more  than 
[thirty  years  controlled  the  counsels  of  the  sovereign,  or,  to  speak  more 
fproiii'iiy,  was  himself  the  sovereign,  of  Castile.  His  fate  furnishes  one  of  the 
i-t  im'iiiorable  lessons  in  history.  It  was  not  lost  on  his  conten'.poraries  ; 
jainl  the  marquis  of  Santillana  has  made  use  of  it  to  point  the  moral  or  perhaps 
[the  most  pleasing  of  his  didactic  compositions.'"  John  did  not  long  survive 
[his  fiivourite's  death,  which  he  was  seen  afterwards  to  lament  even  with  tears. 
jlii'lced,  during  the  wliole  of  the  trial  he  had  exhibited  the  most  pitiable 
la:itation,  having  twice  issued  and  recalled  his  orders  countermanding  the 
[coiistalde's  execution  ;  and,  had  it  not  been  for  the  superior  constancy  or 
[vimlictive  temi)er  of  the  (iueen,  he  would  probably  have  yielded  to  these 
|iiii]iiilses  of  returning  affection.'"' 

So  far  fro'ii  deriving  a  wholesome  warning  from  experience,  .John  confided 
jtho  entire  direction  of  his  kingdom  to  individuals  not  le.ss  interested,  but  pos- 
jse-seil  of  far  less  enlarged  c<i[)acities,  than  the  former  minister.  TenetrattHl 
[\*ith  remorse  at  the  retrospect  of  his  unprofitable  life,  and  filled  with  melan- 
[flioly  presages  of  the  future,  the  unhappy  prince  lamented  to  his  faithful 
[attciRlaiit  ( ibdareal,  on  his  (leath-bed,  that  "he  had  not  been  born  the  son 
[of  a  iiieclianic,  instead  of  king  of  Castile."  He  died  July  'ilst,  1454,  after 
[a  reiuni  of  eight-and-forty  years,  if  reign  it  may  be  called  which  was  more 
[wojierly  one  protracted  minority.  John  left  one  child  bv  his  first  wife, 
Iheiuy,  who  succeeded  him  on  the  throne  ;  and  by  his  second  wife  two  others, 


'"  Cil»l:irpal,  Ccnton  epistolario,  ep.  103. — 
[Cmnira  do  .luan  II.,  p.  ."iei.  — Cronica  de 
[Alvini.lo  Luna,  tit.  I'Js,  and  .Vppml.  p.  iM. 

'  Entitlrtl  "  Doctrinal  do  I'rivados."  See 
[th'^CancioinTi)  nfin^ral.  tbl.itV  ot  sot).- In  the 
[folliwiii!:  stanza,  tlio  constahlo  i-<  mado  to 
[mnnili/..  with  '„''<><id  elTect  on  tlie  instability  of 

"Quo  so  l)i/o  la  monoda 
quo  (4uardo  para  mis  dafioa 
tantds  tionipos  tanlos  anos 
j/iata  j(iyas  oru  y  seda 
y  do  todo  no  nie  queda 
Kinu  oste  cadahal.'^o; 
iiiundo  uialo  niundo  falso 
III)  ay  ([uien  contigo  puoda." 

Manriiiut;  liaa  the  same  sentiments  In  lils 


exquisite   "Ci>plas."      I    prive    Longlbllow'a 
version,  a.s  spirited  as  it  is  literal : 

"Spain  s  haiij^iity  (^Jonstablo, — the  great 
And  Miailant  .Master, —cruel  fate 

Stripped  liim  of  all. 
Breathe  not  a  wldsper  of  iiis  pride  ; 
He  on  the  filoomy  scaffold  died, 

iRnoi^le  faU  ! 
Till'  i()untle>8  trea'^ures  of  his  care, 
Hanilfts  and  villas  f^ret-n  and  fair, 

His  mlf^lity  power, — 
Wliat  vserc  tliey  ail  hut  );;rief  and  shame, 
Tears  arid  a  broken  hoart,  wli^n  came 

The  partinjj;  liuur  ?  " 

Stanza  21. 

"  Cilxlareal.  Centon  eplntolario,  ep.  lu3.— 
Cronica  de  Alvaro  de  Luna,  tit.  Vi>i. 


S8 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  ARAGON. 


Ifoiiso,  tlien  an  infant,  and  [sa])olla,  aftorwards  (meon  of  Castile,  the  ^whyl 
Oi  the  pres<Mit  narrative.  She  hail  scarcely  reacficil  jier  fourth  year  at  tij 
tinu;  of  her  father's  decease,  havinir  heeu  horn  on  the  '2'2nd  of  April,  14:)|,i. 
Madrii^al.  The  kins,'  recoiniiiended  his  younuer  chii(h'en  to  the  esijccial  i-j 
and  protection  of  their  lirother  Henry,  and  assijrijed  the  town  of  Ciiellar,  w;! 
its  territory  and  a  considerable  sum  of  money,  for  the  maintenance  of 
Infanta  Isabella." 


CHAPTER  11. 

CONDITION   OP   ARAGON   DURINO   THE   MINORITY   OF    FEFci.INAND. 

JOHN    II.    OF    ARAOON. 


-REKiN  or 


1452-1472. 

John  of  Aragon— Diffioultips  with  his  Son  Carlos — Uirth  of  Ferdinand— Insurrpction  (.f(jv| 
limid — I)(,>ath  of  Carlon— His  Cliaractcr  -TiM^ical  Story  nf  Hi.inilie — Younn  Fir.!iii.^^.| 
bpsioKwl  l)y  the  Catal.ms  Tnaty  ))pt\vpon  France  and  Aragun — Uistress  and  Eiiiliam-J 
inents  of  John — Siege  and  Surrender  of  Barcelona.  I 

We  must  now  transport  the  reader  to  Arai^on,  in  order  to  take  a  view  of  M 
e.xtrnordinary  circumstances  which  opened  the  way  for  Ferdinand's  suc( essiJ 
in  that  kiiii^dom.     The  throne,  which  ha  I  become  vacant  l)y  the  death  il 
Martin,  in  1410,  was  awarded,  by  the  connnittee  of  judges  to  whom  the  iiati" 
had  referred  the  greitt  (piestion  of  the  succession,  to  Ferdinaiid,  recent  ■ 
(!astilc  during  the  minority  of  his  nephew,  John  the  Second  ;  aud  thus  tiitl 
sceptre,  after  liaving  for  more  than  two  centuries  descended  in  the  fuinilyMil 
Barcelona,  was  transferred  to  the  same  bastard  branch  of  Trastamara  lh;i:| 
ruled  over  the  Castilian  monarchy.'     Ferdinand  the  First  was  succeeded  afe 
a  brief  reign  by  his  son  Alfonso  the  Fifth,  whose  ])ersonal  history  belongs  M 
to  iVragon  than  to  Naples,  which  kingdom  he  ac<piired  by  his  own  pniwesJ 
and  wlicre  he  established  his  residence,  attracted,  no  doubt,  l)y  the  superwl 
amenity  of  the  climate  and  the  higher  intellectual  culture  as  well  as  the  pliaiiil 
tenjper  of  the  peo])le,  far  more  grateful  to  the  monarch  than  the  sturdy  iiidf 
pendence  of  his  own  countrymen.  , 

During  his  long  absence,  the  government  of  his  hereditary  domains  devolved 
on  his  brother  .John,  as  his  lieutciant-general  in  Aragon.*  This  prince  ha; 
married  Blanche,  widow  of  Martin,  king  of  Sicily,  and  daughter  of  Cliari- 


'"  Cronica  de  Juan  II.,  p.  576. — Ciljilarcal, 
Centon  cpistolario,  epist.  U).'). — Then'  lias 
been  considirahle  discrppaney,  even  anionic; 
coiitpiuporary  writi'rs,  l)()th  as  to  tiie  jilace 
and  the  epoch  of  Isahella's  l)irth,  aiuounting, 
as  rcfiards  liio  latter,  to  nearly  two  years.  I 
have  adopted  the  concUision  of  Sefior  CIpukmi- 
ciTi,  furnipd  from  a  careful  collation  of  the 
Various  authorities,  in  the  sixtli  volume  of 
the  .Memorias  de  la  Ueal  .\cademia  de  His- 
toria  (  Madrid,  is'jl),  llust.  1,  pp.  M  (10  Isa- 
bella was  desceiKied  hotli  on  the  fatiier's  (i>:,l 
mother's  Hitje  from  the  famous  John  oi  ijaunt, 
duke  of  Lancaster.  See  Floi-(>/,,  Memorias  d' 
las  Reynas  t^atluJlicas  C'2nd  ed.  -Matlrid,  1770), 
tom.  ii.  pp.  7t:i,  7s7. 

'  The  reader  who  may  be  curious  lu  this 


matter  will  find  the  pedigree  exhibiting' t> 
titlps  of  flip  spveral  comi)etitors  to  th"  crin| 
given  by  Mr.  Hallaui.  (Statp  of  Kurope  iliirin; 
the  Middle  Ages  (.Und  ed.  I^ondou.  isiiO.  vuii 
ii.  p.  tiu,  note.'  The  claims  of  Fpiilimmlj 
were  certainly  not  derived  from  tlu'  ibuki 
laws  of  descent . 

-  The  nader  of  Spanish  history  ofton  «•] 
pericnces  emharrassment  from  tlie  idrniity 
nani'  s  in  the  various  ]irinipsof  thp  Pi'iuii-ii. 
TlivH,  tlip  John  mentioned  in  tlie  te.xi,  if:  :■ 
wards  Jojin  ll  ,  nii)iht  ln'  easily  cotil'iuiii-: 
with  his  naiiK'sakp  aud  <outem)»orary.  I  "1:0 
II.  of  Ca-tile.  The  ^i^'u- alogical  tahl''  iit  tir 
l)eginning  of  this  llistory  will  shoNs  tbti:! 
relationship  to  each  other. ' 


d  he  did,  as  lit 


See  tlie  reference  t< 


MINORITY  OF  FERDINAND. 


60 


ac  Thiiil  of  Navarre.  By  her  lie  had  tliree  children  :  Carlos,  prince  of 
i'luun  ; '  BlaiK he,  iiiarried  to  and  afterwards  repudiated  by  Ileiuy  the  Fourth 

(■ii.>tiK';*  and  Eleanor,  who  espoiised  a  French  n(»l>le,  (jlastdii,  count  of 
roix.  (Ml  tht^  demise  of  the  elder  Blanche,  the  crown  of  Navarre  ri;:htfully 
leliiiiui'il  to  her  son,  the  ])rince  of  Vian..,  conforniablv  to  a  stipidation  in  her 
biiiriii^c  contract,  that,  on  the  event  of  her  death,  the  eldest  heir  male,  and, 
rfault  of  sons,  female,  should  iidierit  the  kingdom  to  the  exclusion  of  her 
lu>hauil  ^  (l-W'J.)  This  provision,  which  had  l.een  eonfirnied  by  her  father, 
pji;.rlt'>  the  Third,  in  his  testament,  was  also  recognized  in  her  own,  act  om- 
iiiicd,  liHuever,  with  a  recpiest  that  her  son  Carlos,  then  twenty-one  years  of 
fTf,  would,  before  assumini,^  the  sovereignty,  solicit  "the  good  will  and  appro- 
llidii  of  hi.'i  father."  °  Whether  this  ai)probation  was  withheld,  or  whether  it 
|fa.<  over  solicited,  does  not  appear.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  Carkts, 
pivciving  no  disposition  in  his  father  to  relin(iuish  the  rank  and  nominal 
Itic  iif  king  of  Niivarre,  was  willing  he  should  retain  them,  so  long  as  he 
iiiiM'lf  should  be  allowed  to  exercise  the  actual  rights  of  sovereignty  ;  which 
aiifcil  he  did,  as  lieutenant-general  or  governor  of  the  kingdom,  at  the  time 
|)f  his  mothers  decease,  and  for  some  ywirs  after.' 

In  1447,  John  of  Aragon  contracted  a  second  alliance,  with  Joan  IIenri(piez, 

tlic  blood  royal  of  Castile,  and  daughter  of  Don  Frederick  Henriiiuez, 
Muiiial  of  that  kingdom  ;  **  a  woman  considerably  younger  than  himself,  of 
iiii>miiiiiate  address,  intrejml  spirit,  and  unprinci[)led  ambition.  iSome  veiirs 
ftcr  this  union,  John  sent  his  wire  into  Navarre,  with  authority  to  divide 
itli  hi>  sdu  Carlos  the  adnunistration  of  the  government  there.  This 
iiciuachiiicnt  on  his  rights,  for  such  Carlos  reasonably  deemed  it,  was  not 
fliitigatdl  iy  the  deportment  of  the  young  queen,  who  displayed  all  the 
iiiM'leiuc  of  sudden  elevation,  and  who  from  the  first  seems  to  have  regarded 
Jic  prince  with  the  malevolent  eve  of  a  stepmother. 

Navarre  Wiis  at  that  time  divided  l)y  two  potent  factions,  styled,  from  their 
(iiiricnt  loaders,  lieaun'onts  anu  Agramonts  ;  whose  hostility,  originating  in  a 
fiMiuul  feiid,  liad  continued  long  after  its  original  cause  had  become  extinct." 
[he  idiace  of  Viana  was  intimately  connected  with  some  of  the  principal 
piiiii>aiis  of  the  Beaumont  faction,  who  heightened  by  their  suggestions  the 
indignation  to  which  his  naturally  gentle  temper  had  been  roused  by  the 
iisiii']aitiun  of  Joan,  and  who  even  calletl  on  him  to  a.ssume  opeidy,  and  in 
Jftiami'  (if  his  father,  the  sovereignty  which  of  right  belonged  to  him.  The 
eiiii.Nsnics  of  Castile,  too,  eagerly  seized  this  occasion  of  retaliating  on  John 
bis  interference  in  the  douiestic  concerns  of  that  monarchy,  by  fanning  the 
b]iaik  of  discord  into  a  tiame.  The  Agramonts,  on  the  other  iiand,  induced 
rather  hy  hostility  to  their  politiail  adversiiries  than  to  the  prince  of  Viana, 


'  His  trnuiilfathor.  Charles  III.,  croatod  this 
Btk'  ill  lavoiir  •>{  (.'arlns,  api)r(H>riatii>fj:  it  as 
Bip  il<si|:imtinn  hcncolorth  ut  tlio  heir  ap- 
uront.  Aicsdii,  AnulcRdf'l  Rcynode  Xavarra, 
I'litln.  di-  Murot  i  I'atiiplona.  ^T(i6"),  tuin.  iv. 

^i""' — Salttzar  de  Aleiidoza,  Mutiarijuia,  torn. 

,p.  li'il. 

;  »■(•  Part  1.  tliap.  .■?,  note  !:>,  of  this  Hist<tr>'. 

'  Tliih  Itttt,  vajruely  and  v.tritmsiy  rcjMprted 
By  siiani-.li  writers,  "is  fully  cHtaliliKlii'd  by 
liciinu,  ui„,  iii^^  4i,p  orifrjHui  instruiiipiit, 
I'liialiii'l  ill  tlie  archives  u{  the  cnuils  of 
i-iriii.    Aiiak's  de  Navarra,  torn,  iv,  pp.  3r)4, 

'  See  the  ryfereuce  to  the  origiual  docuiucnt 


in  Alo.«on  (torn,  iv,  pp.  :iC,'>,  366").  This  in- 
dustrious writer  has  cstublislied  the  title  of 
''riuee  Carlos  to  Navarre,  so  freouently  niis- 
aiiderst  'od  or  niisn  i)re.';cnted  Iiy  tlie  national 
historifins,  on  an  iiieontestahle  liasis. 

■  Ihi'l  ,  t' in.  i\ .  p.  4tJ7. 

"  See  Part  1.  chap.  3,  nf  this  wfirk. 

'■"  (iaillani  errs  In  referring;  the  (jri(.'in  of 
these  fceti'iiis  to  this  ejHRh.  (Histoire  de  la 
llivalite  de  Frauie  ct  de  riOspatfTie  (I'.ais, 
Isiil),  torn.  iii.  |).  'I'll.)  .Alesiiii  ((Uotes  a 
prodaiiiatidn  of  John  in  relation  to  them  In 
the  iili-tiiiie  of  i^ueen  iUaiichc.  AnalcH  de 
Navarra,  toui.  iv.  p.  494. 


60 


REIGN  OF  JOHN  II.  OF   ARAGON. 


vohomontly  osponsed  the  onnse  of  tlie  qneon.  In  this  revival  of  half-lmr 
;uiiinositi(^s,  fresh  causes  of  disi^ust  were  inuItipHtMl,  and  matters  soon  rain. 
the  worst  extremity.  Th(!  ijiieen,  Avixi  liad  retired  to  Estella,  was  !(('>>_ 
there  by  tlie  forces  of  the  jirince.  The  kinu;  her  hnshand,  c)n  rcciiv 
intein^fence  of  this,  instantly  nianhed  to  lier  reHef ;  and  the  father  aii.l. 
Confronted  each  other  at  the  head  of  their  respective  armies  near  the  town 
Ayhar.'" 

The  uiiiiatnral  position  in  which  they  tlnis  found  themselves  i^eems  to  haa 
sobered  their  minds,  and  to  have  opened  the  way  to  an  acconnnodation 
terms  of  which  were  actually  arranj^ed,  Avhen  the  lonif-smothereil  raiiroif 
the  ancient  factions  of  Navarre  thus  brought  in  martial  array  a[,^viii,4  i 
other,  refusini;  all  control,  precipitated  them  into  an  en<,^auement.  The  r . 
forces  were  inferior  in  nund)er,  l>ut  superior  in  dicii)line,  to  those  of  the  ]irib 
who,  after  a  well-contested  a(;tion,  saw  his  own  party  entirely  discom(ited,a; 
himself  a  [trisoner."    (li.Vi.) 

Some  months  before  this  "vent.  Queen  Joan  had  been  delivered  of  a*. 
aftcM  wanls  so  famous  as  Ferdinand  tlie  Catholic, — whose  Inunbie  ]iro-|.ects, 
the  time  of  his  birth,  as  a  yomiiier  brother,  ati'orded  a  strikin<f  contrast  wiij 
the  splendid  destiny  which  eventu.ally  awaited  him.  This  auspicious  cvt,.. 
occurred  in  the  little  town  of  Hos,  in  Ara,t!;on,  on  the  lOth  of  ^rnrch,  li'i 
and,  as  it  was  nearly  contemporary  with  the  capture  of  ConstaiitinojiK,,. 
re;;arded  by  Garibay  to  have  been  jirovidentii.lly  assiiiiied  to  this  ]•>,  jodjij 
afiordiufr,  in  a  religious  view,  an  ample  counterpoise  to  the  loss  of  til'  c.^jii 
of  Christendom.'^ 

The  demonstrations  of  satisfaction  exhibited  by  John  and  ins  court  oi.  tlisl 
occasion  contrasted  stran,i,^elv  with  the  stern  severity  witli  which  lie  coiUlnii«:| 
to  visit  the  offences  of  his  elder  ollsj)ring.  It  was  not  till  after  i)«;';iy  iiioiitb 
of  captivity  that  the  kin<r,  in  deference  to  public  opinion  nd'h.  than  (:• 
movements  of  his  own  heart,  was  induced  to  release  his  son,  oa  ..j;  ditiii:, 
however,  so  illiberal  (his  indisputable  claim  to  Navarre  not,  t.>.  nij?  ev?  n  jtmiitvi 
upon)  as  to  afford  no  reasomible  basis  of  reconciliation.  Tl'.c  younu  i»nii',i 
accord inirly,  on  his  return  to  Na"f  i  •  t,  became  a^ain  involvea  in  the  fa'timi 
which  desolated  that  uidia|)py  kn  ,^'I>m,  and,  after  an  inefe  tual  strn;':if 
ag-ainst  his  enemies,  re-oived  to  seek  an  ar-^y' 
Alfonso  the  Fifth  t»f  Naples,  .v/i  to  lefer  to  I 
differences  with  his  father.  ■' 


':'m  at  the  court  of  his  uiicitl 
i  ill  the  final  arbiiratio:;  of  M 


'"  Zurita,  Analos,  torn.  Hi.  f<.l.  27S.— T.ncio 
Marinoo  SicuU),  Ooronista  do  pus  Majrostailes, 
LasCi'sas  iii(>ni<irubl<'.s  do  E'<i)aria  (.Alcahi  de 
llonans,  if).','.*),  fol.  104. — Aleson,  Anales  de 
Navarra,  toiu.  iv.  jjp.  ■HU-4!1m. 

"  Ab.ina,  Rcyos  de  Arapm,  torn.  ii.  I'ol. 
2.'?3. — Alcsoii,  Analps  do  Nav:irra,  toiii.  iv. 
P)>.  .'iOl-.'ioa. — L.  Mariiu'o,  Cosos  mcniurables, 

fol.    lOf). 

'-  Ci)nipendi(i,  torn.  iil.  p.  419.— L.  Marineo 
doscriht's  tlie  licavrns  oh  uinoiiniionly  serine 

it  the  iiKnuent  of  Fonlinamrs  Mrfli.  "The 
'Jiiti.  \v);icli  had  1)001)  (il)SL'urod  with  clouds 
Irr.'i^'  tl'o  \vh"lp  day,  suddenly  broke  forth 
will,'  u.iwontea  si.londoiir  \  cnwii  was  ulso 
l)ehr!!.  in  the  sky,  eoiiiposedoi' various  brilli  uit 
'■  1(1'  :•»  Iil;'  ♦hose  of  a  rainlniw.  \11  whu-h 
ap,>car."uoe  "■  -.ero  Interprotou  by  tbi'  spectators 
liH  ui.  onieri  that  the  cli  Id  tiicis  Ixirn  would  be 

u':  ijiosi  iUustriuus  among  men."     (Cosaa 


memorablea,   fol.    153.)     Garibay   po!!i>,w| 
the  nativity  of  F'erdinend  to  the  year  It; 
and  L.  Marineo,  who  ascertains  with  .■\\r\'^ 
l)r('cision   even   the   date   of    his  cdiiciiii; . 
fixes  his  birth  in  U.^d  (.fol.  153).     Hut  M:- 
de   I'alencia  in  his  History  ( Verdail'Ta  <'•:■ 
nica  de  Don  Enriciiie  IV.,  Kei  de  (a'^tillj; 
Leon,  y  dol    I{oi    |)on    .\lonso  su   IhriMnvl 
MS.\   ami    .Andres    nornaldez,   Cura  ih'  L*| 
Palacios  (llistoria  do  los  HeyesCatoliciisi,  ^l■ 
c.  x\  both  of  thoni  contemporaries,  ri'fi'rtisl 
event  to  the  period  assitrnod  in  tho  to.\t ;  anil 
as  the  same  epoch  is  adoi)ted  bj'  tho  acciirKJ 
Zurita  (.\nalos,  toui.  iv.  fol.  9),  I  have  g'vij 
it  tho  proforence. 

"  Zurita,    .\nales.    totn.    Iv.    fol.  :!  4- 
Aleson.    Anales  do    Navarra,    toin.   iv   ri  i 
5os-5'J6.  —  L.    Mariueo,    Cosas  meuinrablrs  | 
161.  105. 


MINORITY  OF  FERDINAND. 


61 


[ith  the  restitution  of  liis 
ddeiily  overcast  hy  tlie  ( 


On  liis  pa'jsaffe  through  France  and  the  various  courts  of  Italy,  he  was 

[.(.'ived  with  the  attentions  due  to  his  rank,  and  still  more  to  his  personal 
bani'  ler  ami  misfortunes.  Nor  was  he  disa)>itointed  in  the  symi)athy  and 
kvdiiralile  reception  which  he  had  anticipated  from  his  uncle.  Assured  of 
fdtei  tinii  frwiu  s^'  hii:h  a  (  uarter,  Carlos  mij^htnow  reasonably  Hatter  himself 

en'itimate  right«,  when  these  briji^ht  prospects  were 
eath  of  Alfonso,  who  expired  at  Naples  of  a  fever 

the  iiiniitli  of  May,  1458,  be([neathini,'  his  hereditary  domiinons  of  Spain, 
Hoiiv.  and  Sardinia  to  his  brother  John,  and  his  kingdom  of  Naples  to  his 
[lo:itiiiiate  son  Ferdinand.'* 

flic  frank  and  courteous  manners  of  Carlos  had  won  so  powerfully  on  the 
fcitiniis  (if  the  Neapolitans,  who  distrusted  the  dark, ambiguous  character  of 
fcnliiiiuiil,  Alfctnso's  heir,  that  a  large  ]»arty  eagerly  pressed  the  prince  to 
sscrt  his  title  to  the  vacant  throne,  assuring  him  of  a  general  sui)port  from 
](>  \>(!n\>k>.  But  Carlos,  from  motives  of  pru(lence  or  magnanimity,  declined 
ii;adiig  in  this  new  contest,'^  and  passed  (*ver  to  Sicily,  whence  he  resolved 
Ficit  a  final  reconciliation  with  his  father.  He  wjis  received  with  much 
iiiilness  by  the  Sicilians,  who,  preserving  a  grateful  recollection  of  the  benefi- 
Biit  sway  of  his  mother,  Blanclie,  when  (lueen  of  that  island,  readily  trans- 
tirrel  to  the  son  their  ancient  attachment  to  the  parent.  An  assendjly  of  the 
tatcs  voted  a  liberal  su|)ply  for  his  present  exigencies,  and  even  urged  him, 

we  are  to  credit  the  Catalan  ambassador  at  tlie  court  of  Castile,  to  assume 

10  sovoreiLHity  of  the  island.'^     Carlos,  however,  far  from  entertaining  so 

ish  an  ambition,  seems  to  have  been  willing  to  seclude  liimself  from  public 

IbstTvation.     He  passed  the  greater  portion  of  his  time  at  a  convent  of 

[•nedictine  friars  not  far  from  Messina,  where,  in  the  society  of  learned  men, 
Iml  with  the  facilities  of  an  extensive  library,  he  endeavoured  to  recall  the 
\&\<\<WT  hours  of  youth  in  the  pursuit  of  his  favourite  studies  of  philosophy 
history." 

In  the  mean  while,  John,  now  king  of  Aragon  and  its  dependencies, 
ilarnicil  by  the  rejiorts  of  his  son's  popularity  in  Sicily,  becam3  as  solicitous 
w  the  security  of  his  authority  there  as  he  had  before  been  for  it  iji  Navarre, 
le  accordingly  sought  to  soothe  the  mind  of  the  prince  l)y  the  fairest  pro 
ssions,  an(l  to  allure  him  back  to  Spain  by  tr .;  prospect  of  an  eflectual 
ecitiiciliatinn.    Carlos,  believing  what  he  most  ea  nestly  wished,  in  opposition 

the  advice  of  his-  Sicilian  counsellors,  embarked  for  Majorca,  and,  .''er 

3me  preliminary  negotiations,  crossed  over  to  the  coast  of  Barcelona.  -.t- 

)iiing,  for  fear  of  giving  offence  to  liis  father,  his  entrance  into  that      ty, 

liicli.  indignant  at  his  persecution,  had  made  the  most  brilliant  prepa        ma 

lor  his  reception.,  he  proceeded  to  Igualada,  where  an  interview  tool-     dace 


Oiannono,  latoria  civil  >  del  Repno  di 
flap'li  :Mihin(>,  182:0,  lib.  '20,  c.  7.— Forrr-ms, 
iUu,iro  ^'•nr'Ta\o  d'EspagiiP,  trad,  par  D'H'T- 
nilly  I  Pari".  1751),  torn.  vii.  p.  6i).  -  L'His- 
k)irp  flu  Ruyaume  do  Navarro,  par  I'un  drs 
' Tt'tairtx-intprprettes  de  sa  Majeste  (^Paris, 
|6'.'6 .  p.  -les. 

O^mparc  tlie  narrative  of  the  Neapolitan 
ii«tnriaiis  Siuiimonte  (Historia  dolla  Citta  e 
i'L'niMli  Niqwli  (Napoli.  1675'),  lib.  5,  c.  '2), 
iB'IHiamiiino  (Istoriii  civile,  lib.  '20,  c.  7,  — lib. 
7,  Imrnil.:  with  the  opposite  statements  of  L. 
Jariiiid,  C.iv.ns  uipn>oribleH(,fol.  100\  himself 
K'lU.'iiijvirary,  Aleaoii  (.Vn-iles  de  Navarra, 
om.  Iv.  p.  5 10),  and  other  Spanidh  writers. 


"■•  Enrifiucr.  del  Castillo,  Crdnlca  d<  tinrique 
el  Quarto  (Madrid,  1787),  cap.  4;<. 

"  Ziirita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  fol  :*T  — Nlc. 
\ntonii),  Mibiiiitheca  Vetus,  torn.  .  \r  28'2. — 
jj.  Marinno,  Cosas  memurables,  ful,  106. — 
Almrca,  Reyes  do  Aragon,  toni.  ii.  fi.l  250. — 
Carlos  bargained  with  INipe  Pius  II  fur  a 
tran.-ifer  of  this  lilirary,  particularly  lich  in 
the  ancient  classics,  to  Spain,  which  .va.s 
eventually  defeated  by  his  di'ath.  Zuriia, 
who  visited  tlie  monastery  conttdninR  it  nearly 
a  century  after  this  perio<l.  fmnd  its  himates 
possessnd  cf  many  traditi^'nary  a;  ddtes 
respecting  tlie  prince  during  lila  bei  .usiou 
among  th  in. 


fi2 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  ARAGON. 


botween  liim  and  the  kincj  and  qnoen,  in  whiHi  he  rondncted  hi'iisclf  ffj-j 
nnfei^iied  huiiiility  and  penitence,  rei'i[)rii(ated  on  thfir  part  by  the  m 
consiuninate  dissinudatiDn.'" 

AH  parties  now  confided  in  the  stabihty  of  a  iiarifiration  so  aiixio,; 
desired,  and  eli'ected  with  sn(  Ii  ajiparent  cordiality.  It  was  ex  pectin  1  thj 
Jolin  wunld  hasten  to  acknowledge  his  son's  title  as  heir  apparent  totLf 
crown  of  Aragon,  and  convene  an  assembly  of  the  states  to  tender  liiii 
customary  oath  of  allegiance.  Jiiit  nothing  was  further  from  the  ninnariliJ 
intention.  He  indeed  summoned  the  Araj,onese  cortes  at  Fraga  for  \],\ 
]iurpose  of  receiving  their  homage  to  himself ;  but  he  expressly  refu^Ml  tli^'| 
request  touching  a  similar  ceremony  to  the  prince  of  Viana ;  and  he  opci, 
relinked  the  Catalans  for  presuming  to  address  him  as  the  successor  to  t**| 
crown.'"  (1400.) 

In  this  uiniatural  procedure  it  was  easy  to  discern  the  influence  of  tfej 
queen.  In  addition  to  her  original  causes  oif  aversion  to  Carlos,  she  n'u'anWl 
him  with  hatred  as  the  insuperable  o1»stacle  to  her  own  child  FenliuaiK^ 
advancement.  Even  the  affection  of  John  seemed  to  be  now  wholly  traii-j 
ferred  from  the  offspring  of  his  first  to  that  of  his  second  marriage  ;  aniUJ 
the  (pieen's  influence  over  him  was  unbounded,  she  found  it  easy  ])y  artfJ 
suggestions  to  i)ut  a  dark  construction  on  every  action  of  Carlos,  and  U)  cl"v| 
up  pvery  avenue  of  returning  aft'ection  within  his  bosom. 

Convinced  at  length  of  the  hopeless  alienation  of  his  father,  the  priiifp 
Viana  turned  his  attention  to  other  quarters,  whence  he  might  obtain  siip]nirJ 
and  eagerly  entered  into  a  negotiation,  which  had  been  opened  with  him  J 
the  part  of  IL-nry  the  Fourth  of  Castile,  for  a  union  with  his  sifter  t!:| 
princess  Isabella.  This  was  coming  in  direct  collision  with  the  favotiri'J 
scheme  of  Ids  parents.  The  marriage  of  Is.ioella  with  tlie  young  FeniinaiiJ 
which  indeed,  fro  '  the  parity  of  their  ages,  was  a  nmch  more  suital)leor:[ 
nection  than  that  with  Carlos,  had  long  been  the  darling  object  of  theJ 
poh'cy,  and  they  resolved  to  effect  it  in  the  face  of  every  obstacle.  In  rniifnr.| 
niity  with  this  pm-pose,  John  invited  the  prince  of  viana  to  attend  himq 
Lerida,  where  he  was  then  holding  the  cortes  of  Catalonia.  T'^e  latter,  fiii'llvl 
and  indeed  foolishly,  after  his  manifold  experience  to  the  contrary,  coii(i(li!i:i 
in  the  relenting  disptv-'Jon  of  his  father,  hastened  to  obey  the  .s'unum)n-!.!!il 
expectation  of  being  ])ublicly  acknowledged  as  his  heir  in  the  assembly  of  the! 
states.  After  a  brief  interview  he  was  arrested,  and  his  person  placed  i:' 
strict  confinemerit.'^" 

The  intelligence  o.'  this  perfidious  procedure  diffused  general  constoriiatio!i| 
among  all  classes.  Tlu^y  miderstood  too  well  tlie  artifices  of  the  (piccii  anil 
the  vindictive  temper  of  the  king,  not  to  feel  the  most  serious  aiiprehci^i  :.| 
not  only  for  the  Iil)crty  but  for  the  life  of  their  prisoner.  The  ortesuil 
Lerida,  which,  though  dissolved  on  that  very  day,  had  not  yet  .separated,  senij 
an  end)assv  to  John,  reojiesting  to  know  the  nature  of  the"  crimes  impntodtJ 
his  son.  The  permanent  dei»utation  of  Aragon,  and  a  delegation  frnm  th?| 
council  of  Barcelona,  waited  on  him  for  a  similar  purf)Ose,  remonstrating  all 
the  same  time  against  anv  violent  and  unconstitutioiial  jirocpeding.  Toajj 
these  John  returned  a  cold,  evasive  answer,  darkly  intimating  a  susj.  ic 


"  Alcson,  Analoa  de  Navarra,  torn.  iv.  pp. 
543-554.—  Ahana,  Ri\v('s  do  Aragon,  torn.  ii. 
fol.  251.     Zurita,  Analps,  lum.  iv.  fol.  tio-C9. 

"  Abarca,  lU'vcs  do  Aniirou,  ula  supra. — 
Zurita,  Aualcs,  luui.  iv.  fol.  7o-"5. — Al'-sun, 


Analps  do  Navarra.  rom.  iv  p.  5.5«. 

"'  L.  Mariiv'o,  r,,sa.s  mpumrablrs  f'l,  1^-1 
— Zurit.i,   An.ilps,   lib.    17,   cap.   3.  — .M'"*! 
Analos  li"  Xav  irra,  torn.  iv.  pp.  SW,  ii'- 
Castillo,  Cruaicti,  cap.  27. 


MINORITY  OF  FERDINAND. 


03 


[inspiracy  by  his  son  aii;ainsVi  his  life,  and  reserving  to  himself  the  punishment 
f  the  dlieiice.-' 

Xo  sooner  was  the  result  of  their  mission  coninuniicated,  than  the  whole 
|)i_'.loiii  was  thrown  into  a  ferment.  The  hiuli-sjiirited  Catalans  ntse  in  arms, 
fiiiost  to  a  man.  The  royal  j:overnor,  after  a  fruitless  attempt  to  escape,  was 
\\m\  and  iiujtrisoned  in  iJarceloiun.  Troops  were  levied,  and  placed  under  the 
Diiiiiiand  of  ex|)erien(ed  otticors  of  the  highest  rank.  The  heated  pojtulace, 
iit>tri|ijtiiij,'  the  tardy  movement  of  military  operations,  marched  forward  to 
piiila  Ml  order  to  get  possession  of  the  royal  person.  The  king,  who  had 
fea>iiiiahle  notice  of  this,  disi)layed  bis  wonted  presence  of  mind,  lie  orilered 
ji}ilior  to  be  firepared  for  him  at  tiie  usual  hour,  but,  on  the  approach  of 
n^lit,  made  Ins  escajie  on  horseback  with  one  or  two  attendaiits  only,  on  the 
hail  to  lMa::a,  a  town  within  the  territory  of  Aragon  ;  while  the  mob,  travers- 
hg  the  streets  of  Lerida,  arid  tinding  little  resistance  at  the  gate,  burst  into 
V  ]ialare  and  ransacked  every  corner  of  it,  piercing,  in  tlieir  fury,  even  the 
mtaiiis  and  IkmIs  with  their  swords  arid  lances.^'^ 

The  Catalan  army,  a»<ceitaining  the  route  of  the  royal  fugitive,  niarche<l 
[ircdly  oil  Fraga,  and  arrived  so  prom]itl}  that  John,  with  his  wife,  and  the 
epiities  of  the  Aragonese  cortes  assembled  there,  had  barely  time  to  make 
KM!' escape  on  the  road  to  Saragossa,  while  the  insurgents  i)oured  into  the 
fetv  from  the  ojtposite  quarter.     The  jierson  of  Carlos,  in  the  mean  time,  was 
killed  ill  the  maccessilde  fortress  of  .Morella,  situated  in  a  mountainous 
jistiict  on  the  confines  of  Valencia.    John,  on  halting  at  Saragossa,  endea- 
loured  to  assemble  an  Aragonese  force  canal ile  of  resisting  tlieC;''.  ' ci  rebels. 
^ut  the  tlaiiie  of  insurrection  had  sprea<i  throughout  Aragon,  \  i'<.icia,  and 
Navarre,  and  was  speedily  communicated  to  liis  transmarine  possessions  of 
inlinia  and  Sicily.    The  king  of  Castile  supported  Carlos  at  the  same  time 
ly  an  irruption  into  Navarre  ;  and  his  partisans,  the  Jieaumonts,  co-operated 
)itli  these  movements  by  a  descent  on  Aragon."' 
hihii,  alarmed  at  tlie  tempest  which  his  precipitate  conduct  had  aroused. 
Iriiirth  saw  the  necessity  of  releasing  his  prisoner  ;  and,  as  the  (pieen  had 
Dcurred  fzeneral  odium  as  the  chief  instigator  of  his  persecution,  he  afl"e<"ted 
uln  this  in  consequence  of  her  interposition.     As  Carios  with  his  mother-in- 
|w  traversed  the  country  on  their  way  to  Barcelona,  he  was  everywhere 
T'-tted,  by  the  inhaVdtants  of  the  villages  thronging  out  to  meet  him,  with 
hi  most  toiu'hing  enthusiasm.     The  (pieen,  however,  iiaving  lieen  informed 
|y  the  magistrates  that  her  presence  would  not  be  j  ermitted  in  the  capital, 
I'liieil  it  jinident  to  remain  at  Villa  Franca,  aliout  twenty  miles  distant ; 
^hile  the  jnince,  entering  liarcelona,  wjis  welcomed  with  the  triinn])hant 
[ilaiiiiitions  due  to  a  conqueror  returning  from  a  campaign  of  victories.'^* 
The  cnuditions  on  which  the  Catalans  proposed  to  resunie  their  allegiance 
t  ,eir  sov(>reign  were  sufficiently  humilating.     They  insisted  not  only  on  his 
ilie  ai  kiiowlfdgment  of  Carlos  as  his  rightful  heir  and  successor,  with  the 
n.  ( oiiferred  on  him  for  life,  of  lieutenant-general  of  Catalonia,  but  on  an 


I.  M.irinoo,  Cosns  mcmorablps,  fcil.  108, 
'.-  All)'  ii,  Kf-yps  flo  Arugun,  Van.  ii,  fol. 
J'i-/jiri'  1.  AiiiilcK.  III).  17, cap.  45.   -  Alcson, 
nah^^dc  .N  -viMTa,  tiitn.  ii.  p.  li.'iT. 
■  .\iisi.ii.    >  talcs  (Ic  Navarra,  torn.   ii.   p. 
-/.iiiiiii.     'lales,  HI).  17,  cap.  r>  — Aliarca, 
'  '•■      \ra:i.  n,    turn.    ii.    Col.    zCt.i.—h. 
in!i'  ,  c.o»as  ii»*tn(irabl«?s,  fol.  ;il. 
r  /.i:rita,  AnaW.  lib.  IT.  cap.  6.— L,  Ma- 
V'j.  '-jsa*  uicEuorahlfS,  ful.  111. 


'*  C.tniil\(>.Cf'.nusi,  cap.  28.—  Abarca,  Reyps 
de  Arugon.  fr4  2ri3,  254. — L.  Miii'lnco,  Cosas 
momoral'los  UA.  Ill,  ll'i.-Aleson,  Anales 
(]('  Navarra,  t'ln  iv.  pp.  559,  56(t.  Tlie  in- 
imt)itants  of  I  ,irra<-a  <h>sof!  tlirjr  fratos  iipnn 
till'  (|iip('ii  mv\  runj?  tho  bplln  nn  lior  ap- 
proacli,  til'-  Mj-Ti*'  "i  ai.irK)  on  tlii-  afipoar- 
ancp  of  an  eii'  uiy  or  fur  Unf  pursuit  of  a 
mal^.'factor. 


64 


REIGN  OF  JOHN  11.  OF  ARAGON. 


ohligation  on  his  own  part  tliat  he  would  never  enter  the  province  witlKj 
their  exjiress  peniiis^ion.  Miicii  was  John's  extremity  that  he  not  nyl 
accepted  tlie.>e  uiii)alatal)le  coiKlitions,  hut  did  it  with  allected  cheerfu!ll(^^ 


ml 


Fortuue  seemed  now  weary  of  jierseculion,  and  Caries,  happy  in 
attachment  of  a  l)rave  and  powerful  |)eoplc,  ap]ieared  at  len;;tl 
reaciied  a  haven  of  permanent  security.  Rut  at  this  crisis  lie  fell  ill  nt'il 
fever,  or,  as  some  liistorians  insinuate,  of  a  <lisorder  occasioned  ]»y  \)iir\ 
administered  during  his  imprisonment, — a  fact  which,  although  unsuii|ii)nK.I 
by  positive  evidence,  seems,  noiwithstanding  its  atrocity,  to  he  no  wise  ipT 
prohalde,  considering  the  character  of  the  parties  imi)licated.  He  e.\|iir^| 
on  the  '2'Ard  of  ISejttendier,  14(il,in  tlie  forty-lirst  year  of  his  age,  he(iucatliii/ 
his  title  to  the  crown  of  Navarre,  in  conformity  with  the  original  niairiv[ 
contract  of  his  parents,  to  his  sister  Jilanche  and  her  oosterity.*^ 

Thus  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  at  the  moment  wlien  lie  .^eenied  to  haul 
tviumi)hed  over  the  malice  (tf  his  enemies,  died  the  i»rince  of  Yiaiia,  wliiJ 
character,  conspicuous  for  many  virtues,  has  hecomt^  still  more  so  for  hisiiiiJ 
fortunes.  His  first  act  of  rebellion,  if  such,  considering  liis  legitimate  iirfl 
tensior^s  to  the  crown,  it  can  be  called,  wa.s  severely  recpiited  by  his  su1iso(iiick| 
calamities  ;  while  the  vindictive  and  persecuting  temjier  of  his  {mml 
excited  a  very  general  comniiseration  in  his  behalf,  and  brought  him  iiiii^j 
ellectual  su])port  than  could  have  been  derived  from  his  own  merits  ortkl 
justice  (»f  his  cause. 

The  character  of  Don  Carlos  has  been  portrayed  by  Lncio  Marinoo,  wl,.l 
as  he  wntte  an  account  of  these  transactions  by  the  command  of  Fci(lina.,;| 
the  Catholic^  cannot  be  suspected  of  any  undue  jiartiality  in  favour  of  tkl 
])rince  of  Viana.     "8uch,"  says  lie,  "were  his  tenijievance  and  niodoratiJ 
such  the  excellence  of  his  breeding,  the  i)urity  of  his  life,  his  liberality  aif 
munificence,  and  such  the  sweetness  of  his  demeanour,  that  no  one  thitij 
f-eemed  to  be  wanting  in  him  which  belongs  to  a  true  and  perfect  priiue. 
He  is  described  liy  another  contemporary  as  "in  person  somewhat  above  tk 
middle  st  tture,  having  a  thin  visage,  with  a  serene  and  modest  expression' 
countenan  «,  and  witlial  somewhat  inclined  to  melancholy."^'      He  wa.<i 
considerable  proficient  in  music,  painting,  and  several  mechanic  arts, 
fretjuently  amused  himself  with  poetical  composition,  and  was  the  intiiiiaJ 
friend  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  bards  of  Ins  tin^e.     Rut  he  was  aiiuve  ai| 
devoted  to  the  study  of  philosophy  and  history.     He  made  a  versioi 
Aristotle's  Ethics  into  the  vernacular,  which  was  first  nrinted,  nearly  tibj 
years  after  his  death,  at  ^aragossa,  in  1509.     He  compiled  also  a  Chronide  I 
rfavarre  from  the  earliest  period  to  his  own  times,  which,  althoimh  Mifier-:| 
to  remain  in  manuscrii)t,  has  lieen  lilierally  used  and  cited  by  tlie  Spaiiif 
anti(iuaries  Garibay,  JJJanras,  and  others.**    His  natural  taste  and  hi^  lal:'.' 
fittea  him  much  better  f(ir  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  letters  than  fiu 
tumultuous  scenes  in  which  it  was  liis  misfortune  to  be  involved,  ainl  - 
which  he  was  no  match  for  enemies  grown  gray  in  the  field  and  in  tb 
intrigues  of  the  cabinet.    Rut  if  his  devotion  to  learning,  so  rare  in  his  i^- 


-''  Alonso  de  Paleiicia,  Coronica,  MS  ,  part. 
2,  cap,  ."jl. — 1-.  Marineo,  Cosas  uu'u  orables, 
ful.  114. — Aleson,  Analcs  dc  Navarr,;,  torn. 
iv.  pp.  561-563.— Zurita,  Analrs,  cap.  19,  24. 

•"  L.  Marineo,  Cosa-s  uioniorablos,  ful.  UiG. 
— "  P(ir  (juanto  ora  la  tiMnplati9a  y  lucsura  de 
aqucl  principe :  tan  (iriiiide  el  cmicicrto  y  tsu 
criaiK.'a  y  custniiibros,  la  limpioza  de  su  vkla, 
6U  liboralidad  y  niagiiitkencia,  y  tinaliueiUu  su 


dulcp  ronvcrsacion,  que  ninpuna  cnsa  fc 
faltava  de  aquellas  quo  pertcncscen  a  r- 
\ivir,  y  (pie  arman  el  verdadero  y  p^r''^ 
prlncipe  y  Kofior." 

'  (iundisalvus  Garsias,  apud  Nic.  AntS' 
Blbliotbeca  Vetns,  toiii.  ii.  p.  2x1. 

■"  Nic,  Autiiiio,  nibliotlieca  VefiK,  ML 
pp.  2>U,  '.;>i2.— Mariana,  Hist.  deEsjaiu,!: 
ii.  p.  434. 


It; 


p,  ami  so  very 

jiccess  on  the  bu 
p  cliarartcr  in  tl, 
ITlie  tmuc'ly  -lid 
f)t\vitlistaiidin.i4  t 
fvnivcd,  \>y  iici'  a( 
htli  liim.  'i'hf 
enuiic  tenfold  an 
!tli;it  kiiiu'doiii, 
kv('r>ifMi  of  it  had 
hiN  bly,  (ia>ton  < 

Frame  ;  and, 
mi  the  .  iiig  of  A 
t"  tlie  cu.stody  of 
|tt<M-,  and  of  her  j 
CoiifHriiialily  to 
lliiliflie  tn   aecomj 
IliiUiei'  for  her  wi 
iv,  eiiiiipreliendiiij 
lo.>t  piteous  entrea 
0>)\y^  liis  heart  a; 
fcr  residence  at  Uli 
[irtnl  iicros.-.  the  mi 

lean  J'ied  de 

nil.'  f'liivinced  tha 

le  iii.ide  a  formal  r 

pi  fi»niier  imshaiK 

|ntfi|  the  cHusi!  of 

[lill;.'eiice,  was  lUltl 

fcrsoiially  with  unk 

Id  wliiih,  .s'lys  a 

niiy  years  without 

the  dawn  of  happi 

'v  eiii;a^enients  tr 


|e  jrloomy  destiny  i 

ivarre,  to  the  ent 

l^lilt•'^,<^  nf  Foix." 

\0n  the  .same  day, 

Itlifir  emissaries,  w 

•T  languishing  in  ( 

the  eomiiiand  of 

liil-trf>atv  wa,s  sipnei 
Til  iJtIi,    1  iti'i,— Ziiritj 

■>.  3;i.-»iail]aril.  It 
••— 'laillanl  cniifniinds 
I'l'iit  (iiic  riiniti'  in  tlio  i 
It'.un  I'l'S.iKatiorra  in 

I'mnis  Iliist.  d'E.sj 

"'•^t..!!!  Roy.mmo  do 
*"".  .\iial.'S(lc  Navarr 
^■-  AlMra,  iJoycs  do  .\ 
'  <  -/^uriia.'.Vnaks, 
r  I'-'Tiji.  !),>  B..II1.  Na 
I''    '.  '.ip.  1.  I'd.  :■ 


MINORITY   OF   FERDINAND. 


n.-) 


ninl  ^^  ^^'■y  "vrc  ainon,^'  iirincos  in  any  age,  was  unpropitinus  to  his 
liiress  on  tlio  l»u.\V  tlu'iitn'  on  mIu  li  lie  wis  «'im;i;:('(l,  it  must  surely  elovale 
IS  cliaraitt'r  in  tho  ostiinatinn  tif  an  I'nli.nhtciicd  ixistciity. 
Tin!  traiC'lv  <liil  not  torininatc  with  the  death  ttt  Carlos.  ITis  sister  Rlanche, 
(twitli^taii'liii.u  tho  iiioli'ensive  gontlene  s  of  her  di'iiioanoiir,  had  long  liccii 
vhIvimI,  hy  iicr  ttilhesidn  to  lier  unfortunate  brother,  in  a  siniilar  iirt)S(ri|ition 
iih  him.  The  succession  to  Navarre  havin;L,'  now  devolved  on  her,  she 
raiiio  tenfold  an  olijeet  of  jealousy  ])oth  to  her  father,  the  jiresent  iiossessnr 
^  that  kiiiirdoiii,  and  to  her  sister  Eleanor,  countess  of  Foi.x,  to  wlinm  the 
J\('r>i'>ii  of  it  liad  heen  jtromised  l)y  JoJui,  on  his  own  decease.  The  son  of 
diis  hvly,  (iaston  de  Foix,  liad  lately  married  a  sifter  of  Louis  the  Eleventh 
Kraiire;  and,  in  a  treaty  suliseijuently  contracted  l)et\veen  that  iiionarrh 
id  thi'  i  iu^'  of  Aragon,  it  was  stipulated  that  Blanche  should  he  deliver(>d 
t.,  tilt'  custody  of  the  coUntess  of  Foi.x,  as  .surety  for  tlie  succession  of  tho 
tt<'r,  and  of  her  j)osterity,  to  the  crown  of  Navarre."" 

(Miifninialily  to  this  i>rovision,  dului  endeavoured  to  persuade^  the  princes.s 
llaiichc  tn  a(Conij>any  him  into  Fnuice,  under  the  pretext  ot  forming;  an 
iJiaiKC  for  her  witii  Louis's  brother,  the  (hike  of  Rerri.  The  unfortunate 
y,  ci'MiiirclH'iKHng  too  well  her  fatiier's  real  purpose,  l)esought  hinj  with  the 
ivt  piteous  entreaties  not  to  lUdiver  iier  into  the  hands  of  her  enemies  ;  bi:t, 
)Mi)i:  his  heart  against  all  natural  allection,  he  cau.s  d  her  to  he  torn  from 
r  ri'-idcnce  at  Olit,  in  the  heart  of  her  own  d(»minions,  and  for(;il)ly  trans 
rtnl  across  the  m04intains  into  those  of  the  count  of  h\)i.\.  (»n  arriving  at 
.lean  J'ied  de  Port,  a  little  town  on  the  French  side  of  the  l*yrene(!s, 
in_' convinced  that  she  had  nothing  further  to  ho] )e  from  human  succour, 


10  made  a  formal  renunciati<ui  of  her  right  to  Navarre  in  favoiwof  her  cousin 
b(l  former  husl)and,  Henry  the  Fourtii  of  Castile,  who  hail  uniformly  sup- 
hrtcil  the  cause  of  her  lirother  Carlos.  Ileury,  tiMJU'di  debased  by  sensual 
tliil;rcii('c,  was  naturally  of  a  gentle  disjiosjtioii,  ami  liad  never  treated  her 
poiialiy  witii  unkin(h»ess.  Jn  a  letter  which  she  now  aildressed  to  him, 
^(1  which,  says  a  iSpanish  histoiian,  cannot  })e  read,  after  the  lapse  of  so 
ly  years,  without  atl'ecting  the  most  insensible  lieart,^*  she  rcuunded  him 
[the  dawn  of  happiness  which  she  had  en, joyed  under  his  jjrotection,  of  his 
ffly  engau^enients  to  her,  and  of  her  subscipient  calamities  ;  and,  anticijiating 
|e  i:K»omy  destiny  which  awaited  her.  she  settled  on  him  her  inheritance  of 

ivarre,  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  ner  intended  assassins,  the  count  ami 
Jlinte>s  of  Foix." 

((Ill  tho  same  day,  the  last  of  April,  1402,  slie  was  delivered  over  to  one 
'their  emissaries,  who  conducted  her  to  the  castle  of  Ortes  in  Jjcui'ii,  where, 

■;er  laiiiiuisliing  in  dreadful  susi)ense  for  nearly  two  years,  she  was  poisoneil 
the  command  of  her  sister."    The  retrilMition  of  rrovidcnce  not  unfre- 


'  Tliistrraty  was  signed  at  Olit  in  Navarro, 
ril  r.'tli,    U()2.— Zurita,    Analcs.    Iih.     17, 

:i\  3!i.— (jaillanl,  itivalitc,  toia.  ili.  p. 
i.-iiHillanl  tdiifiiiinds  it  witli  tlic  sub- 
l|»iint  (iiir  iiimti'  in  tiio  nidntli  of  May,  near 
lt"wn  li)  S.tKatiiTra  in  Uoani. 

FOTf;ras,  llLst.  d'Esjiapie,  torn.  vii.  p. 

ili<t.  .In  Royaume  do  Navarro,  p.  40C>. — 
fe>"M,  Aiiiil's  ill-  Navarra,  toni.  iv.  pp.  r>oit- 
|[.--.VlMr' ,1.  Itoyi's  t\o  .\ra}j(in,  torn.  ii.  fjl. 
i-'.;>  - /.urita.  .\nales,  lib.  17,  cap.  :is. 

I.'^'irij,i,  ]i.^  hfUn  Navarif>nei  (<;raniit;i>, 
l^.iil',  l.iap.  1,  r,,l.  7.I.- Alcvs,,ii,   Aiiai>'(j 


de  Navarra,  ui)i  RUjira.  — Zurita,  Analos,  iii). 
17,  cap.  .'Is.— Tlio  Spani'-ii  historians  ari'  not 
afjrood  as  to  tiu'  time  (jrcvcn  iiumIc  of  lUaiuiic's 
•  Icatli.  Ail  roiKiir,  Jiowrvor,  in  attrihutiiif^ 
it  to  a.'^sassination,  iOiii  most  of  tlH'in,  wiiU 
tlio  loariicti  Antonio  I.chrija,  a  coMleniporary 
(loc.  cit.\  in  inipiitinn  it  to  poison.  'I'he  fa(  i. 
of  her  (loalii,  uhich  .\loson,  on  I  know  not, 
what  aulliority,  rofrrstotho  'Jud  of  Deconiliir, 
14(il,  was  ii't  i>uiilicly  itisilosod  till  sonio 
niontiis  aftor  its  occnrronce.  whi-n  disclosuio 
hncanii'  nocossary  in  consocincnco  of  tho  [iro- 
P'lsod  interposition  of  the  Navarrcse  cortes. 


V 


on 


RKIGN   OF  .JOHN    II.  OF  AHAOON. 


(IMciitly  ovortako.H  tlie  fxnilly   ovoii   in   tl.is   world.     Tho  (^oiintnss  siirvj 
lu^r  fiilluT  to  rv'v^u  in  Niivjirn^  only  tiiit'o  short  weeks  ;  wliii<'  the  crown  ^ 
r.'iviNlit'd  from  licr  iiostcrity  f«»r  ever  l»y  that  v«'ry  FcriliMaiid  whose  elcvat'l 
IijkI  hecM  tlie  olijcct  to  his  parents  of  so  intuli  solicitnde  and  so  many  criiiicv 

Within  a  fortni'.'ht  after  the  decease  of  Carlos,  on  the  <!th  of  Octoher,  lit; 
the  cnstoiiiary  oaths  of  ulie^iance,  so  pertinacionsly  withhi'ld  from  th;it  niif 
tunate   prince,  were  tendered    hy  tlie   Ara^onese  depntatiftn,  at   Cal.itJiv,.! 
to  his  brother  Fenhnand,  then  only  ten  yours  of  ai^e,  as  Iieir  apjiarent  (ifti,»| 
monarchy  ;  after  which  lie  was  conducte(l  In'  his  mother  into  Oatalnniij, 
order  to  receive  the  niore  doiihtful  homa;;(>  of  that  jirovince.     The  extrcinjt'j 
of  (Jatalonia  at  this  time  seemed  to  l>e  in  perfect  repose,  Init  the  cai'it;iIwJ 
still  agitated  hy  secret  disc(intont.     The  j;host  of  (.'ailos  was  seen  stal 
hy  ni^dit  thron,i;h  the  streets  of  Harcelona,  bewailin'4-  in  piteons  accents  i.| 
untimely  end,  and  invokini;  veni,'eanc(?  on  his  nmiatural  murderers.     T 
manifold   miracles  wroimht  at  his  tomb  soon  <iaine(|  him  the  repntatinii 
a  saint,  and  his  ima'^e  received   the  devotional  honours   reserved  for  m;: 
as  have  been  didy  canonized  by  the  church." 

The  revolutionary  spirit  of  the  Harcelonians,  kejit  alive  by  tlie  rec<iII(Mi| 
of  past  injury,  as  well  as  by  the  a]»prehensions  of  future  veni;eance  slioiiJ 
,I(»hn  succeed  in   re-establishing'   his  authority  over  them,   sooi\   becaino  | 
alarmini^  that    the    (|ueen,  whose    consummate  address,  however,   liai!  fif'! 
accomplishe(l  the  object  of  her  visit,  found  it  advisal)le  to  withdraw  funii' 
c^ipital  ;  and  she  sou;;ht  refuge,  with  her  son  and  such  few  adherent;  ;i> 
remaincvl  faithful  to  them,  in  the  fortified  city  of  Gerona,  about  fifty  ini'* 
north  of  Barcelona. 

Hither,  however,  she  was  speedily  pursued  by  the  Catalan  militia,  e)ii1>old 
under  the   command  fif  then"  ancient  leader,   Hoirer,    count   of  Pallas,  a; 
eager  to  regain  the  ]irize  whicii  they  iiad  so  ina<lvertently  lost.     The  city  w. 
(piickly  entered  ;  but  the  (jueen,  with  her  handfid  of  followers,  liad  rctrcav 
to  a  tower  belonging  to  the  principal  church  in  the  ytlace,  which,  as  was  Vfrl 
fre(]uent  in  Spain  in  those   wild  times,   was   so  strongly  fortified  as  tn '■ 
capable  of  maintaining  a  fornudablo  resistance.     To  oi)pose  this,  a  woo!' 
fortress  of  the  same  height  was  constructed  by  the  assailants,  and  planted  wJ 
lombards  a.xl  other  pieces  of  artillery  then  in  use,  which  kej»t  up  an  uniiit^ 
niitting  disclic '•ge  of  stone  bullets  on  the  little  garrison.^'    The  Catalans  a!: 
succeeded  in  running  a  mine  beneath  the  fortress,  through  which  a  co'^i 
siderable  body  of  troops  penetrated  into  it,  when,   their  premature  (rie< 
exultation  havirg  discovered  them  to  the  besieged,  they  were  repulsdl,  ai;'| 


"  Alonaode  Palencia.  Coronioa,  MS.,  part. 
2,  cap.  61. — Zurita,  Analns,  toui.  iv.  lul.  98. — 
Abarca,  Ri>gi>s  di;  Arapun,  toin.  ii.  ful.  'JftG. — 
Alostiu,  Anali's  do  Nav.irra,  tmn.  iv.  pp.  fjiVJ 
ct  scti,— L.  Marincd,  Cujjas  nioiiioral)loH,  ful. 
lit.-  Aicurdiiijr  to  Lanu/a,  who  wroto  nearly 
two  contiirios  at'lor  tlio  doatli  of  (!arlos,  the 
fli'sl)  upon  liis  ripht  arm,  \vliicli  liad  Ix'oii  ain- 
piit  itod  for  Mio  purpose  of  a  more  convcnii'iit 
ap)ili<alioii  to  llie  diseased  nieuiltens  of  the 
])il;;rims  who  visited  his  shrine,  remained  in 
liis  li.iy  in  a  j)erfeetly  sound  and  liealthfiil 
ist.ite  !  (llistoria.s  eelesiusticas  y  seculares  de 
.\rap)n,  torn.  i.  j).  r>."i:t.)  Alcson  wonders  that 
any  sliould  doulit  tlie  triitli  of  miracles  at- 
tested l»y  the  monks  of  the  very  monastery 
in  wliieh  Carlos  was  interred. 

■'  L.  Mariiieu,  C'.x^us  memorabU'S,  ful.  liO. 


—  Alonao  de  Palencia,  Coronica,  MS  ,  pan  . 
cap.  51. — /.nrita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  lul.  li) 
The    Spaniirds,    derivinj;   the    know  IimI;:'' 
artillery  (rom  the  Arabs,  had  l)ecome  t'aiui  i 
with  it  beiure  the   other  nations  of  ('hri-i- 
doin.     The   atlirmalion   of  Znrita,    linwov, 
that  live  thousand    balls  were  tired  Iimiiiu 
battery  of  the  besiegers  at  CJerona  in  "nivj,- 
is  ijort'ectly  absurd.     Sa  little  was  tlie.S(ii'. 
of  i^unnery  ailvaneed  in  otln-r  ))aris  of  Kurpi| 
at  this  ])eriod,  aid   indeed  later,  that  it 'nil 
usual   for  a  lield-i)ie(e  not  to  be  disi  liar; 
more  than  twii-.'  in  the  course  of  an  ailin, 
we  may  cri'dit   .Maehiavelli,  who.  iudif't. 
commends  dispensini:  with  the  nseof  ani!i-!7| 
jiltuir.aher.     .Vrte  Uclla  Guoira,  lib.  :i  (.UF-f 
Gtuuva,  17;(»). 


MINORITY  OF  FEUDIXAND. 


e7 


(Icsiior.ito  strujr.alo,  uitli  ^Toat  sliiu^rlitor.     Tlio  (jueni  (lis)ila.vo(l  the  most 

»ln'|ii'l  spirit  in  the  iiiid^t  of  tlifsc  uliiniiiii^'  scenes ;  uiiJi|i)iii!i»'il  liy  the  scnso 

W  licr  nun  (laii^'er  and  that  of  her  ( hild,  and  hy  the   dismal  laincntalionH 

^f  ihc  ft'iiiales  hy  whorn  ."-ho  was  surrounded,  she  visited  every  part  uf  tho 

rorks  ill  person,    cheerin;;   lier  defenders    liy  her   iire-ence    and   dauntless 

iilii)ii.    Such  Wi'w  the  stormy  and  thsastrous  scenes  in  which  the  youthful 

Jt'crijiiiiind  commenced  a  career,    whose  snhse.|uent  prosperity  was  ilestined 

,  U-  (litM  kcrcil  hv  scarcely  a  i'ev(>rse  of  fortune." 

Ill  the  mean  wliile,  .John,  lia\in;4  in  vain  attemiited  to  penetrate  throu,i,di 

L'ataJor.iii  to  the  relief  of  liis  wife,  ellected  this  hy  the  cooperation  of  Ins 

riviKli  ally,  Louis  the  Hlevcnth.      That  monarch,  with  his  iimimI   insidioiiH 

(liny,  lial  (overtly  des[»atiheil  an  envoy  to  Harci'loiia  on  the  death  of  Carlos, 

|.s,>iiiiii:  the  Catalans  of  his  protection  should  they  still  continue  averse  to  a 

•uiKJIiiition  with  their  own  soverei,:,'n,    The.>e  oilers  were  hut  coldly  reci'ived  ; 

Jill  hniijs  fnimd  it  more  for  his  interest  to  accept  the  jiropositions  maile  to 

|iiii  \'\  the  kin.:,'  of  Ara.^on  himself,  which  suhseijuently  led  to  most  important 

iiMMjiiciiccs.     Hv  three  several  treaties,  of  the  .'{rd,  'Jlst,  and  I'.'Jrd  of  .May. 

li'J.  It  was  stipulated  that  Jiouis  should  furnish  his  ally  with  seven  hundieil 

tins  and  a  proportionate  numher  of  archers  and  artillery  durini,'  the  war 

irirh  Haivclona,  to  he  indeinnilied  hv  tiie  payment  of  two  hundred  thousand 

|oM  en  viis  within  one  year  after  the  reduction  of  that  (Mty  ;  as  security  for 

liii h  the  counties  of  Jloussillou  and  CerdaLnie  were  pledged  hy  John,  with 

lie  (cssioii  of   their  revenues  to  the  French  king,  until  such   time  as  the 

riuiiial  dt'lit  should  he  redeemed.     In  this  transaction  hoth  nionarchs  mani- 

stcil  their  r.^ual  policy  ;  JiOuis  l)elieving  that  this  temporary  mortgage  would 

eniiiica  permanent  alienation,  from  Johns  inahility  t(»  discharge;  it;  while 

111' latter  anticipated— as  the  event  showed,  with  more  justice — that  theaver- 

ioii  iif  the  inhabitants  to  the  ilismemherment  of    their  country  from  the 

piumu'se  moiiiirchy  would  liatlle  every  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  French  to 

!(ii|i\-  it  permanently."* 

Ill  jiniMiance  of  these  arrangements,  seven  hundred  French  lances  with  a 
DiiMiJeiahJc  hody  of  archers  and  artillery"  crossed  the  mountains,  and, 
illy  ailvaiicing  on  Gerona,  comjielled  the  insurgent  army  to  raise  the  siege, 
11(1  to  ilfcamp  with  such  jirecipitation  as  to  leave  their  cannon  in  the  hands 
the  royalists.  The  Catalans  now  threw  aside  the  thin  veil  with  which  they 
hitherto  covered  their  proceedings.  The  authorities  of  the  priiicipality, 
►tiiMiNhcd  in  Barcelona,  publicly  renounced  their  allegiance  to  King  John 
tt<l  his  son  Ferdinand,  ami  proclaimed  them  enemies  of  the  rt'piil>/ic. 
fntiiigs  at  the  same  time  were  circulated,  denouncing  from  Scriptural 
ntliority,  as  well  as  natural  reason,  the  (hx'trine  of  legitimacy  in  the  broadest 
|i'iiis,  and  insisting  that  the  Aragonese  monarehs,  far  from  being  absolute, 
liflit  he  lawfully  deposed  for  an  infringement  of  the  liberties  of  the  nation. 


Alonsoilo  Puli'ncia,  Tdn'riira,  MS.,  jmrt. 

■'il.    I.   Mariiii'ii,  (.jisas  iiioiiiiTatilps,  I'ol. 

-Ziirta,  Analos,  torn.  iv.  Jul.  113.— 
p;ir  I,  lli'vcs  ,|i'  Arapm,  torn.  ii.  f'ol.  259. 

/.iiriiH,    Analos,    torn.    iv.    fol.     111.— 

'I'T  iiio.iiiiii  (Towns  woro  to  be  paid  in 
''  further  iissistanco  slioiiM  lie  rf(|iiirr'(l 
l.'itlic  I  riMuli  tiinnanli  aftor  the  roiiiiction 
|H;ir  fjiiiKi.  This  trp:ity  lias  boon  iniorfctly 
'I  li.v  inn-;t  of  the  Krencli  ami  all  the 
iiii^ii  hist,  riaiis  whom  1  have  eonsulteii, 
H'f  liic  atcinate  Zurita.     An  abstract  from 

-:iKiiial  (Jocuments,  compiled  by  the  Abbe 


Leprand.  has  boon  piven  by  M.  Petitot  in  liis 
recent  rilitjiin  "f  the  ' 'idloction  d(>H  Menioirrs 
rdatifs  a  I'lli'^toirt'  do  France  (I'aris,  l»;jt)), 
torn.  xi.  Introd.  |),  24.t. 

''  A  FrciK'h  lance  of  tliat  day.  acconlintr  to 
Ii.  Marineo,  was  acioni])aiiii'il  by  two  hurso- 
nien  ;  so  that  the  whole  coni  inpi-iit  of  cavalry 
to  be  furnished  nn  this  occasion  amounted  tu 
210(1.  (Cosas  meniorablcs,  foj.  117.)  No- 
thing could  be  uiore  indctrrminat.'  than  tlio 
coniidinient  of  a  lance  in  the  .Middle  Apes. 
It  is  not  unusual  to  Ihid  it  reckouod  at  live  or 
six  horse  me  a. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


[f  1^  IIM 

^  m 

^    1^    III  2.0 


2.2 


U    III  1.6 


6" 


V] 


<^ 


/} 


^l 


^^^   ^^^ 
^  .^^ 


/^ 


^"^%V^ 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


[/. 


rf> 


^ 


po 


REIGN  OF  JOHN   II.  OF  ARAOON. 


"  The  Kond  of  tlie  commonwealth,''  it  was  said,  "  must  always  be  oonsidon.; 
|iHramount  to  that  of  the  oriiice."  Extraordijiary  tluctrines  the.M'  for  tliea:- 
111  whicli  they  were  iiroiiiulgated,  afrording  a  still  moro  extraordinary  conti;.; 
with  those  which  have  been  since  familiar  in  that  uidiai)i)y  country  1 " 

The  government  then  enforced  levies  of  all  such  as  were  above  the  ,i;;e  : 
fourteen,  and,  distrusting  the  sutliciency  of  its  own  resources,  oirer<'((  t,vj 
sovereignty  of  the  jirincipality  to  Henry  the  Fourth  of  Castile.  The  conn 
Aragon,  however,  liad  so  successfully  insinuated  its  intluence  into  the  Cdiindj 
of  this  imbecile  monarch,  that  he  was  not  nermitted  to  atl'ord  the  (Jatal;i:.;| 
any  efi"ectvial  support ;  and,  as  he  abandoned  their  cause  altogether  before  ;i/ka 
expiration  of  the  year,*"  the  crown  was  oliered  to  Don  I'edro,  const;il»le 'ip 
Portugal,  a  descendant  of  the  ancient  house  of  Barcelona.  In  the  luea;] 
while,  the  old  king  of  Aragon,  attended  by  his  youthful  son,  had  made  hiiii.vuj 
master,  with  his  characteristic  activity,  of  considerable  acipusitions  in  m 
revolted  territory,  successively  reducing  Lerida,^"  Cervera,  Ami^osta,*' Tort(i>i| 
and  the  most  important  places  in  the  south  of  CatiUonia.  (14-()4.)  Many 
these  places  were  strongly  fortified,  and  most  of  them  defended  with  a  reMiliii 
tion  which  cost  the  concjueror  a  prodigious  sacriti(!e  of  time  and  money.  Juki 
like  Philip  of  JNlacedon,  made  use  of  gold  even  more  than  arms,  for  the  reiluJ 
tion  of  his  enemies  ;  and,  though  he  indulged  in  occasional  acts  of  resentiiifL;| 
liis  general  treatment  of  those  who  subniitt^il  was  as  liberal  as  it  was  iiolit;: 
His  comi>etitor,  Don  I'edro,  had  brought  little  foreign  aid  to  the  sujjport  of  b| 
enterprise  ;  he  had  failed  altogether  in  conciliating  the  attachment  uf 
new  subjects ;  and,  as  the  operations  of  the  war  had  been  comlucted 
his  part  in  the  most  languid  manner,  the  whole  of  the  principality  seeiirl 
destined  soon  to  relapse  under  the  dominion  of  its  ancient  master.  At  tLl 
juncture  the  Portuguese  prince  fell  ill  of  a  fever,  of  which  he  died  on  tlie'2;i:;| 
of  June,  14G0.  This  event,  which  seemed  likely  to  lejid  to  a  terminatiun 
the  war,  jtroved  ultimately  the  cause  of  its  protraction." 

It  appearotl,  however,  to  i)resent  a  favourable  opportunity  to  John  1 
ojiening  a  negotiation  with  the  insurgents.  But  so  resolute  were  tin} 
maintaining  their  independence,  that  the  council  of  Barcelona  condomiir;! 
two  of  the  principal  citizens,  suspected  of  defection  from  the  cause,  tuttf 
publicly  executed  ;  it  refused  moreover  to  admit  an  envoy  from  the  Arauon*! 
cortes  within  the  city,  and  caused  the  des|iatches  with  which  he  was  iutriiiiK| 
by  that  body  to  be  torn  in  pieces  before  his  face. 

The  Catalans  then  proceeded  to  elect  Rene'  le  Bon,  as  he  was  styled,  i 
Anjou,  to  the  vacant  throne,  brother  of  one  of  the  original  competitors  fortl'l 


"  Zurita,  Analcs.  torn.  iv.  fol.  113-115.— 
Al'inso  de  Paleneia,  Corouica,  MS.,  part.  2, 
cajt.  1. 

'  In  conforniity  with  the  famotis  vordict 
pivon  by  Lunis  XI.  at  Hayonne,  Ajiril  'Janl, 
lUl,'!,  prpvliiusly  to  tho  intcrvipsv  Ix'twoon  liim 
ami  Henry  IV'.  on  tue  nlmres  of  the  Bidassoa. 
See  I'art  1.  i-hap.  3  of  this  History. 

'"  Tliis  was  tlip  hdttlc-^ronnd  of  .Inlius 
C'ii'sar  in  liis  wars  with  l\)ni])c'y.  See  iiis 
inp'nious  military  ni.iruruvri'  as  simply  nar- 
riiii'd  in  liis  own  (Commentaries  (_|)c  Ueilo 
Civili,  toni.  1.  ]).  .")4\  and  by  l.ncan  (Piiar 
sali  1,  lib.  4)  with  bis  usual  swell  of  liyjjer- 
Uilc. 

*'  The  cold  was  so  intense  at  the  siege  of 
Amposta.  that  serpents  of  an  enormous  uufi- 
nitude  are  reported  by  L.  Mariuco  to  Lave 


descended    from  the  mountains  and  tak'.! 
refu^'i-  in  the  camp  of  the  besiej^ers.     I'lnfj 
tons  and  stipermitural  voices  were  lri'i|ii.'! 
he.nrd  during  the  nijrhts.     Indeed,  tin'  *i:F^| 
Htition  i)f  the  soldiers  appears  to  havr  Ik-^h- 
lively  as  to  have  jirepared  them  ("T  "♦s 
and  hearing  anythinif. 

'-  Faria  ySousi,  Kuropa  Portuirurs.i,  ti| 
ii.  p.  3911. — Alonso  de  I'alcmia,  MS.  part. 
cap.  60,  61. — Castillo.  Cronica,  pp.  ri.  4'.'' 
4!t,  50,  54.— Zurita,  Analcs,  lom.  ii.  !■  1  " 
121,    ri7,    I'J-t.    130,    137,    147.— M.    I.'i  '>! 
states  that  "Don  Pedro  no  sooner  arriv  : 
Cataloni.i  than  he  whs  jwiisoned."    iHi^' 
(■euerale  de  J'urtutral  1,1'aris,   173f.),  I'* 
p.   24.').)    It   must   have   been  a  very  > 
poistjn.     He  arrived  January  2iBt,  1401, tf| 
died  June  2'Jth,  140G. 


MINORITY  OF  FEIIDIXAND. 


69 


oriiwn  of  Ara,?on  on  the  demise  of  Martin;  whose  cojjnomen  of  "Gdod"  is 
iiidirativt' <if  a  sway  far  more  sahit<ary  to  his  subjects  than  the  more  oovcted 
aii'l  iiii|io«.inL:  title  of  (Jreat."  This  titular  soverei;xn  of  half  a  dozen  empires, 
ill  whii  li  he  did  not  actually  possess  a  rood  of  lanil,  was  too  far  advanced  in 
years  to  assume  this  ]ie.ilousenterpri-;e  himself;  and  he  accordini^dy  intrusted 

lit  to  his  son  .John,  duke  of  Calabria  and  Lorraine,  who,  in  his  romantic 
('xiK'ilitiniis  in  southern  Italy,  had  aciiuired  a  reputation  for  courtesy  and 
kni-litly  prowess,  inferior  to  none  other  of  ids  time.^"*  Crowds  of  adventurers 
liiMkcilto  the  standard  of  a  lea<ler  whose  amjiie  iidieritanoe  of  jiretensions 
iiaii  iiiaile  him  familiar  with  war  from  his  earliest  boyh(»od  ;   and  he  soon 

Ijiiiiiij  liiiii^elf  at  the  heiid  of  eii^ht  thousand  eitective  troojis.  Loins  the 
Klt'\cntli,  aIthou.^,di  not  directly  aiding  his  enterjirise  with  supplies  of  men  or 

[iiiMiK'v,  was  willin;;;  so  far  to  countenance  it  as  to  open  a  passaj;e  for  him 

ltlirnii;:li  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  Houssilh  'i,  then  in  his  keeping,  and  thus 

jeiiaMc  liiui  to  descend  witii  his  whole  army  at  once  on  the  northern  borders 

[of  Catalniiia."  (14<57.) 

Till'  king  of  Aragon  ooidd  oppose  no  force  capable  of  resisting  this  formi- 

IdaMc  ar.'iiy.  His  exche([uer,  always  low,  was  completely  exhausted  by  the 
t'Kira'inliMa  y  eflbrts  which  he  ha<l  made  in  the  late  campaigns  ;  and,  as  the 
kill!,'  iif  FranCe,  either  disgusted  with  the  long  protraction  of  the  war,  or  from 
M'liet  goc.d  will  to  the  enter{)rise  of  his  feudal  su])ject,  withheld  from  King 
JhIih  the  stipulated  sid)sidies,  the  latter  monarch  found  himself  inialde,  with 
(nory  expedient  of  loan  and  exaction,  to  raise  sufficient  money  to  i»ay  hi.s 
tii"i|is  or  to  sujtjily  his  magazines.  In  addition  to  this,  ii^  was  now  involved 
ill  a  dispute  will!  the  count  and  countess  of  Foix,  who,  eager  to  anti<i[iate  the 
]iu>siNsinu  of  Navarre,  which  had  l)een  guaranteed  to  them  on  their  father'.'* 

[(l^'^t'a^e,  threatened  a  sinnlar  rebellion,  though  on  nnich  less  justifiable  pre- 
tt'iirc-;,  to  that  which  he  had  just  experienced  from  Don  Carlos.  To  crown 
the  wimlt!  of  John's  calamities,  his  eyesight,  which  had  beer  impaired  by 
expiKiiro  and  protracted  sutlerings  during  the  winter  siege  of  Ampostji,  now 

IfailtMl  him  altogether.** 

Ill  this  extremity,  his  intrepid  wife,  putting  herself  at  the  liead  of  such 

Ifont's  as  she  could  collect,  jjassed  by  water  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Catiilonia, 

IhoMcziiig  Kosas  in  ])erson,  and  checking  the  operations  of  the  eneuiy  by  the 
ca{iture  of  several  inferior  places  ;  while  Prince  Ferdinand,  etiecting  a  junction 


Sir  W^aUnr  S«;<)tt,  in  his  "  Anne  of  Goicr- 

lit "ill,"  1ms  hroUKht  into  full  relief  tlie  riilicu- 
lloiw  sidi'  (il  lieiie's  character.  Tlie  good 
Ikiiik'''*  f'liiilnt'ss  for  jxjetry  and  the  arts,  how- 
Ifv.r,  a!:liiiiif;l»  Kliowiiij?  itself  occa.>*ionally  in 
Iliiurili'  iTc.iitrjcities,  may  compare  ailv.-iii- 
Itat-'Hiisiy  with  tlie  coarse  appetites  ami  mis- 
lci.i''V(ius  Hi  tivity  of  most  of  the  contempor.iry 
jjiriiins  AliiT  all,  the  best  tribute  to  his 
Ivi.rtii  was  till'  earnest  uttachmrnt  of  his 
lli'l'li'.  His  bicpfrraiihy  lia.s  been  well  ant' 
Idi.ip  iiily  (oiujiilcil  by  the  viscount  of  Ville- 
lli'  IV"  Kiirni'uiciiit  Olistoire  de  Hene  d'Aiijou, 
ll'.iris  l-J.'i),  who  has,  however,  indult,'ed  in 
tf  mi'rdi'i.iii  than  was  perhaps  to  have  Ijceu 

d' -iPi!  liy  llcne,  or  by  liis  readers. 

"  (.'oiiiiiies  says  of  him,  "  \  tons  alarmes 

tVstiiit  Ic  prciuicr  liomme  u;  i'',  et  de  toutes 
|piiT(.<,  el  Siiii  clieval  tousjouis  bard*-.  II 
l|)' rtuit  uii  liul)illomeut  que  cos  conducteurs 
prteut  cu  littlie,  et  sembluit  bien  prince  et 


chef  de  Ruerre  ;  et  y  avoit  d'ol)eiKsance  autant 
que  monseigueurdcCharolois,  et  liiy  olx'issoit 
tout  I'ost  Ue  meilleur  cueur,  car  u  la  verite  il 
estoit  digne  d'estre  honore."  Philippe  de 
Comines,  .Mdmoires,  ed.  I'etitot  (Pans,  ih2^), 
liv.  1,  chap.  11. 

*■'  Villeneuve  Bargemont,  Hist,  de  Ucne, 
torn.  ii.  pp.  16S,  Hilt.  -  llistoire  de  liouys  XT., 
aiitrement  dicte  La  Clironi(|ue  scandali'use, 
par  un  Greflier  de  rilo-;til  tie  V'ille  de  I'ari.s 
(Paris,  162IJ),  p.  14.5.- Zurita.  .\nales,  torn. 
iv.  fol.  15U,  15.1.  — A  Ion*  >  de  Palencia,  C'oro- 
nica,  MS.,  part.  2,  cap.  17.  — Pah'tuia  swells 
the  number  of  the  l'rei\ch  in  the  service  of 
the  duke  of  Lorraine  to  •iiMUhi, 

*'  L.  Marin"o,  Cosas  meiuorables,  fol.  139. 
— Zurita,  Anah-s,  torn.  iv.  fol.  Mh,  1»9,  i.ss. 
—  Ah'son,  Anales  de  Navarra,  tnni  iv.  pp. 
611  013.— J)uclos,  liist.  de  Louis  XI.  (.Viu- 
Fterdiini,  1746),  toni.  li.  p.  114. — Mem.  de 
Comiues,  Petitot,  iutrod.  p.  21  . 


70 


REIGN   OF  JOHN   II.  OF   ARAdON. 


!         ! 


with  her  bofure  CJi'miia,  coiniicllcfl  tho  chiko  of  liorrniiic  to  aliandon  tlic 
of  that  iinportaiit  city.  KenliMand's  anloiir,  liowevcr,  ha<l  nearly  i>r(»v('(l  h'A 
to  liiiii  ;  as,  ill  an  a<'t'i(lciUal  cncoiiiitcr  with  a  more  iiuiiKMdiis  jartvnf  t.[ 
ciu'iiiy,  his  jaiU'tl  horse  would  iiifallihiv  iiave  ht'traycd  him  into  their  lia','' 
had  it  not  heen  for  the  devotion  of  his  olhcers,  several  of  whom,  tlimw: 
themselves  lietween  him  and  his  pursuers,  enabled  him  to  escape  by  tlic^^ax] 
tice  of  their  own  liberty. 

These  inellectual  stnisxjrles  could  not  turn  the  tide  of  fortune.  The  iliibl 
of  Lorraine  succeeded  in  this  and  the  two  followinj;  campaigns  in  iii:ik;..[ 
hnuself  ma4er  of  all  the  rich  district  of  Ampurdan,  north-east  of  Mandi.iil 
In  the  ca])ital  itself,  his  truly  jjrincely  (pialities  and  his  popular  aiMr'-j 
.secured  him  the  most  md)ounded  intluence.  Such  was  the  enthusiasm  furi.. 
erson,  that,  when  he  rode  abroad,  the  people  thronj^ed  ar(»und  him,  einhrar' 


lis  knees,  the  trai)pin.Ks  of  his  steed,  and  even  the  animal  himself,  in  the 
e.\trava.'j:ance ;  while  the  ladies,  it  is  said,  jiawned  their  rin;;s,  iiccklar^l 
and  other  ornaments  of  their  attire,  in  onler  to  defray  the  exjien-ses  uf  liJ 


47 


war. 

King  John,  in  the  mean  while,  was  draining  the  cup  of  bitterness  h,  t^r| 
dregs.     In  the  winter  of  14(W,  his  queen,  Joan  i{  ;nri(iuez,  fell  a  victim  til 
painful  disorder,  which  had  been  .secretly  corroding  ner  constitution  f'>ri| 
number  of  years.     In  many  resjiects,  she  was  the  most  remarkal)le  wnnmn  : 
her  time.     She  took  an  active  jiart  in  the  ])olitics  of  her  husband,  ami  mavV 
even  said  to  have  given  them  a  direction.     She  conducted  several  iMi|Minar.:| 
diplomatic  negotiatittns  to  a  happy  issue,  and,  what  was  more  unconiiiinn  :\ 
her  sex,  disjilaycd  considerable  capacity  for  military  afi'airs.     Her  iter>ciutK| 
of  her  stepson  Carlos  has  left  a  deep  stain  on  her  memory.     It  was  tliccTirl 
of  all  her  nusliand's  subsequent  misfortunes.     Her  invincible  spirit,  Imweve: 
and  the  resources  of  her  gisnius,  supplied  him  with  the  best  means  of  <n-\ 
mounting  many  of  the  ditliculties  in  which  she  iiad  involved  him,  and  IktI^J 
at  this  crisis  seemed  to  leave  him  at  once  without  solace  or  support." 

At  this  period,  he  was  further  emhirrassed,  as  will  ajtpear  in  the  vn< 
cliapter,  l)y  negotiations  for  Ferdinand's  marriage,  which  was  to  deprive  iiiii;| 
in  a  great  measure,  of  his  son's  co-operation  in  the  struggle  with  his  siilijeih 
and  which,  as  he  lamented,  while  he  had  scarcely  three  hundred  enri(i>Mi\ 
his  cotters,  called  on  liim  for  additional  di.sbursements. 

As  the  darkest  hour,  however,  is  commoidy  said  to  precede  the  dawniii,',  !■! 
light  now  seemed  to  break  upon  the  atl'airs  of  John.  A  physician  in  Lt'nii| 
of  the  ilel)rew  race,  which  monopolized  at  that  time  almost  all  the  iiioiiiil 
science  in  Spain,  iiorsuadcd  the  king  to  submit  to  the  then  unusual  o]ionuiiJ 
of  couching,  and  succeeded  in  restoring  sight  to  one  of  iiis  eyes.  As  the  Jei| 
after  the  fashion  of  the  Arabs,  debased  hb  real  science  with  astrolo::v, 
refused  to  operate  on  the  other  eye,  since  the  planets,  he  said,  wore  a  )iial 
nant  aspect.  But  John's  rugged  nature  was  insensible  to  the  tiiimn 
superstitions  of  his  age,  and  he  compelled  the  jdiysician  to  rei)eat  his  exitr  | 
meut,  which  in  the  end  proved  perfectly  successful.  Thus  rcstore<l  tu ' 
natural  faculties,  the  octogenarian  chief,  for  such  he  might  now  ahimst  ttl 


"  ViUoneuvo  Rargomont,  Hist,  de  Ren^, 
toin.  ii.  i)i>.  iMi,  i,M3.  — L.  Mariuco,  fol.  14o. — 
Zurita,  Analo.s,  torn.  iv.  fol.  Ifi3-1G4. — Al)arca, 
Rcyen  de  Arn(j!on,  toin.  ii.  roy  '20,  cap.  7. 

*"  Alonso  di>  Palencia,  C()r<Siiica,  MS.,  part. 
2,  cap  »S. — Ii.  Mariiieo,  Cusa.s  nif'tn(iral)lps, 
fi)i.  143.— Alosiin,  Analos  do  Navurra,  torn. 
Iv.  p.  GUI). — The  queeu's  death  was  said  to 


have  boon  raiisod  by  a  cancor.     Acoiniinsi  i 
Alt'soii  and  some  dtlicr  Spanisli  writir-;.  I '»'| 
was  hi'ard  several  times,  in  her  last  illn'*| 
to  exclaim,  in  allusion,  as  was  snpiM'Si-i 
her  usi^assinalion  of  Carlos,   "  Alas,  Kri; 
iiand,  h  'W  dear  thou  hast  C(-t  thy  iin'th'f 
I  find  no  notice  of  this  imprubablu  c  iifi.s.-i*| 
in  any  coatemporary  author. 


ll!iii_'  a  cniiijtett 


:j.l 


MIN'OlilTY   OV  FKllDIXAND 


il 


jllcl.   r^ui^iiK^'l    ^''^   Avoiitod  olastiritv,  and  iiroiarod   to   ro^uine  ofi'cnsivo 

(•ni'tiMii-^aLaiii^-t  tlie  ciR'Hiy  with  jil)  lii.^  aicuslctiiU'tl  niciyv.^* 

Heaven,  too,  as  if  taking  {'<inij)assioii  on  his  aceunmlatcd  niisfDrtunos,  now 

f>iii<'Vt"l  the  |)riiK'i|ial  ohstaele  to  his  sucecss  hy  the  dratli  of  the  (hike  of 

L.'rniiii(',  uhf  was  snuiinoni'd  from  the  theatre  oi  his  sliurt  lived  truiniphs  .m 

In-  Kith  of  l>e<'endu?r,  1409.*    The  Barcclonians  weie  thrown  into  the  ureatest 

iivteiiiation   hy   his   d(>ath,  inipnte*!,  as   usual,  th(»u;;h   without   aprarent 

[ir.ii'latiiin,  to  jMiisuii ;  and  their  respeet  fur  his  ineninry  was  attested  ov  ti.e 

biiiniirs  no  less  than   royal   which  they  i>aid   to  his  renianis.     His   l»ody, 

mmiiiiitiiisly  attired,  with   his  victorious  sword  hy  his  side,  was  jiaraded  w» 

leiim  incres.sion  through  the  illuminated  streets  of  the  city,  and,  after  lyim,' 

line  tluys  in  state,  was  depositeil,  amid  the  lamentatiuns  of  the  peojtle,  in  the 

■jiiildiie  nf  the  soverei.uns  of  Catalonia.*" 

A";  the  father  of  the  deceased  jirince  was  too  old,  and  his  children  too 

iniiii.',  ti  dve  etfectual  aid  to  their  cause,  the  Catalans  miudit  l)e  now  said  to 

bea.aiii  without  a  leader.     IJut  their  spirit  was  uid)n>ken,  and  with  the  .same 

rt-Mlutiiiii  ill  which  they  refused  suhnussion  more  than  two  centuries  after, 

ji  171 1.  wjien  ihe  condiincd  forces  ot  France  and  Spain  were  at  the  yates  of 

lie  1. 11  ital,  they  rejected  the  conciliatory  advances  made  them  anew  })y  John. 

iTiiut  iiiniian  h,  however,  having;  succeeded  by  extraordinary  efforts  in  assem- 

IlliiiL'  a  o'liipetent  force,  was  proceeding'  witli  his  usual  alacrity  in  the  reduction 

|cf  siuli  plai  es  in  the  eastern  (juarter  of  Catalonia  as  had  revolted  to  the 

jeiieiny,  while  at  the  same  time  he  instituted  a  ripjrous  blockade  of  liarcelona 

|iv  sea  ami  land.     The  fortifications  were  .strung,  and  the  kini:  was  unwillin;^ 

It"  e\|Hise  so  fair  a  city  to  the  devasfatin;;  horrors  of  a  storm.    The  inha])itants 

Iniaile  one  vi^^orous  eilort  ni  a  sally  aj^'ainst  the  royal  forces  ;  but  the  civic 

Iniiiitia  wore  .soon  broken,  and  the  loss  of  four  thousiuid  men,  killed  and  priso- 

Iner-.  ailiiiiinished  them  of  their  inability  to  cope  with  the  veterans  of  Arajj^oji.*' 

.\t  lenulh,  reihiCL'd  to  the  last  extremity,  they    eonsentetl   to  enter   into 

jiiijotiatioMs,  which  were  concluded  by  a  treaty  e(iiially  honourable  to  both 

Ijiaitii's.    It   was    stipulated  that    Barcelona    sliould   retain   all   its  ancient 

||irivileL'es  and  ri;,dits  of  jurisdiction,   and,   with  some  exception.s,  its  large 

Iteiritiiiial  possessions.     A  geneial  anuiesty  was  to  Ije  granted  for  offences. 

hlie  foreimi  mercenaries  were  to  l)e  allowed  to  depart  in  safety  ;  and  such 

lof  liie  natives  as  should  refu.se  to  renew  their  allegiance  to  their  ancient 

[BiAcreiirn  within  a  year  might  have  the  libertv  of  removing  with  their  effects 

jviieivver  they  would.    One  provision  mav  be  thouulit  somewhat  singidar,  after 

vhat  hail  0(  liUTed  ;  it  was  agreed  that  the  king  should  cause  the  liarcelonians 

ti)  U'  |iiililicly  proclaimed,  throughout  all  his  dominions,  good,  faithful,  and 

luyal  suhjects  ;  which  was  accordingly  done  ! 


"  Mariana,  ITist.  de  E~pafia,  torn.  ii.  pp. 

l4ri'.t,  4Hii, — i^.  Mariiit'o,  ("osus  nicmorables, 
I'll  Ul—Aloiiso  <k'  rak'ucia,  (Jorciiica,  M.S., 

I  caji.  x«. 

"  Villi'iit'uve   Barppmont,  IHst.  de  Ren^, 

[t'm  ii,  jip.  1x2,  33:(.  334.— L.  Marineo,  C<>sa.s 
iii'iip'ralijcs,  fol.  142.— Alonso  de  Paleiicia, 

i  <'rniiii:i,  p^irt.  2,  Gip.  3l». — Zuiita,  Anali,'s, 
t..iu.  iv.  fill.  17H.— AtTonliiiK  to  M.  ile  ViUf- 
I '  live  n.irci'Uiont,  tlie  jiriiiccsH  IsabeUaV 
Liiil  liuii  l,t>i  II  tiffcrwl  to  the  duke  of  Lor- 
T-iui;  and  the  envoy  despatched  to  notifj' 
lii>ani]itaii(e  of  it,  on  nrrivinj;  at  the  court 
•  I  i.i-tiii-,  r  leivcd  finni  tlie  lips  of  Henry 
1\    tlA'  Cisi  tidings  ot   hi!*  iini>ter's  deatli 


(torn.  il.  p.  184).  He  must  have  learned  tiM) 
Willi  no  less  Burprise  that  Isal)'  11a  liad 
already  been  niarrieii  at  that  tinn'  inore  than 
a  year  I  .See  the  dati'  of  th'-  oflieial  niarri.ipe 
reeorded  in  Mem.  de  U  Acad,  de  Hist.,  toin. 
vi.  Apiiid.  no.  4. 

'■'  AloiiHo  de  I'alencia,  ron'iilca,  MS.,  part. 
2,  caj).  2'.»,  45.  Zu'ita,  Anales,  toin.  iv.  fol 
lrto-ls3.  — Abarctt,  Ueyi  s  de  Aragon,  rey  29, 
cap.  29. 

•  [This  date  should  In?  1470.  .See  Zurita, 
Anales,  torn  iv.  fol.  178,  recto,  and  Leiiglet, 
llein.  de  Coiuhies,  Preuvea,  torn.  iv.  p.  3ti4. 
—Lu.} 


72  CASTILE  UNDER  IIEXRY  IV. 

The  kin^',  after  tho  adjnstinent  of  tlu;  iircliminaries,  "decliniii^','"  sawj 
roiitciiiporaiy,  "tlu;  triuinjihal  rar  which  had  Itct'ii  pn-parod  for  him,  liia.. 
his  ciitianoe  into  tne  city  by  the  ^ate  of  St.  Antony,  mounted  on  a  v>].:, 
char^;er ;  and,  as  he  rode  alonj;  the  princij^al  streets,  the  si;;ht  of  so  iiia;i| 
pallid  countenances  and    emaciated    ti|,nires,    Ixispeakin^'  the    extrcmitv 
famine,  smote  his  heart  witli  sorrow."    He  then  jtrocecded  to  the  hailot;;i| 
^.Tcat  palace,  and  on  the  *2*2nd  of  Deceml)er,  I4V2,  solemnly  swore  there;. 
respect  the  constitution  and  laws  of  Catalonia,** 

Thus  ended  this  long,  disiustrous  civil  war,  the  fruit  of  jiarental  injustircii; 
ojipression,  which  ha*l  nearly  cost  the  king  of  Aragon  the  fairest  imiiion,; 
his  dominions  :  which  devoted  to  dis(puetude  and  disai)pointment  mure  tUl 
ten  years  of  life,  at  a  pericnl  when  repose  is  most  grateful ;  and  whi(  h  o|ifiif.[ 
the  way  to  foreign  wars,  that  contimied  to  hang  like  a  dark  cloud  over  iiit| 
eveninij  of  his  days.     It  was  attended,  however,  with  one  important  roMiI: 
that  0?  establishing  Ferdinand's  succession  over  the  whole  of  the  doina!;; 
of  his  ancestors. 


lilt  11.  tilt;  dcvH 


CHAPTER    III. 


REION  OP   HENRY   IV. 


OF  CASTILE. — CIVIL   WAR. 
AND    ISAUELLA. 

1454-1469. 


MARRIAGE  OP   FERDIXAXC 


Henry  TV.  disappoints  Expectations — Opprossion  of  tiie  People — T-caRiie  of  tlie  NoMp*-! 
Kxtraoidinary  Scciu-  at  Avila— Early  l^diication  of  Isabella — Death  of  her  Hrothir  Alf  or<il 
—  Iiitostiiio  Anarcliy — The  Crown  offered  to  Isabella — Siie  declines  it  Hi  r  Siiiturs->«l 
accf  pi  s  Ferdinand  of  A  ration— Marriage  Articles — Critical  Situation  of  Isabella — FtTdiniM| 
enters  Castile — Their  Marriage. 

WiiiJiE  these  stormy  events  were  occurring  in  Aragon,  the  Infanta  Isaliellij 
whose  birth  was  mentioned  at  the  close  of  the  first  chapter,  wjis  passim;  IkJ 
youth  amidst  scenes  scarcely  less  tumultuous.  At  the  date  of  her  birth,  ki 
l)rosi)ect  of  succeeding  to  the  throne  of  her  ancestors  was  even  more  reiiiiKJ 
than  Ferdinand's  prosi)ect  of  inheriting  that  of  his  ;  and  it  is  intoresti!;;! 
to  observe  through  what  trials,  and  by  what  a  series  of  remarkable  cveiih 
Providence  was  pleased  to  bring  about  this  result,  and  through  it  the  iiuioaj 
!so  long  deferred,  of  the  great  Spanish  monarchies. 

The  {iccession  of  her  elder  brother,  Henry  the  Fourth,  was  welcomed  witll 
an  enthusiasm  proportioned  to  the  disgust  which  had  been  excited  hy  m 
long-protracted  and  imbecile  reign  of  his  predecessor.    Some  few,  indeed,  wL ' 
looked  back  to  the  time  when  he  was  arraved  in  arms  against  his  fatlif:. 
distrusted  the  soundness  either  of  his  princii»les  or  of  his  jutlgment.     But  k\ 
the  larger  portion  of  the  nation  was  disposed  to  refer  this  to  inexperieiieo.i: 
the  ebidlition  of  youthful  spirit,  and  indulged  the  cheering  anticipations  whit 
are  usually  entertained  of  a  new  reign  and  a  young  monarch.'    Henry  u 
distinguished  by  a  benign  temper,  and  by  a  condescension,  which  iiii^iit  it 
called  familiarity,  in  his  intu'course   with   his  inferiors,  virtues  peeiiliar>i 

^-  li.  Marineo,  Cosas  memorables,  fol.  144,  '  "Nil  pudet  assuctos    sccptris :    niitL-^ial 

147.— Zurita,  Anidcs,  toni.  iv.  fol.   187,   188.  surs  e.<t 

— Alonso  de  I'alcncia,  Coronica,  MS.,  part,  'i,  Regiiorum  sub  rcge  novo." 

cap.  1.  Lucau,  rharsall.,  lit"! 


■    I 


»■* 


MAKiaAGE  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


hf'ivdMj,'  ill  juTsoiis  of  his  t'!(>V!ite«l  station  ;  and  as  \'nv-^  which  wmr  tin;  ^loas 
v.utli  iJf  not  only  itunlont'tl,  hut  are  oftentimes  i)0|»uhir  uith  tlie  vulj^ai', 

fco  ii'kles-;  extiiiva^ant'e  in  which  he  inihilLred  himself  was  fiivounihly  con- 
tstcl  wiili  tiie  severe  jiarsimony  of  liis  father  in  his  latter  years,  ami  gained 
tilt'  .surname  of  "the  Lil)eral."     His  treasurer  having'  remonstrated  with 

iiii  III!  the  jirtMh^^ality  of  his  exjK'nditure,  he  replied,  ''  Kinus,  instead  of 

mini;:  treasure  like  i)rivate  persons,  are  hound  to  dispense  it  for  the  liap- 

nc^s  oi  tlitir  subjects.     \\'e  nuist  f^ive  to  our  enemies  to  make  them  friends, 

1  to  oiu'  friends  to  keej)  tliem  so."    lie  suited  the  action  so  well  to   the 

Jul,  that  in  a  few  years  there  was  scarcely  a  maravedi  remaininj;  in  the 

jal.oit<"rs.» 

lilt'  maintained  j^reater  state  than  was  usual  with  the  monarciis  of  Castile, 
piiiu  in  |iay  a  hotly-^nuird  of  thirty-six  hundred  lances,  splendidly  cipiipped, 

Btl  iiiticcrcd  hy  the  sons  of  the  nobility,     lie  proclaimed  a  crusade  a;;ainst 

(e  .Mi"irs,  a  measure  always  jjopular  in  Castile,  assiuninif  the  jxiuiej^ranato 
null,  the  device  (tf  Granada,  on  his  escutcheon,  in  token  of  his  intention  to 
tii|iati'  the  Moslems  fruni  the  Peninsula.  He  assembled  the  chivalry  of  thtj 
iintc  ]irovinces;  and,  in  the  eaily  i»art  of  his  nd.i^n,  scarce  a  year  elapsed 

Itliwiit  one  or  more  incursions  into  the  hostile  territory,  with  armies  of  thirty 

f'Tty  thousand  men.    The  results  did  not  correspond  with  the  mauniticenco 

tlR'ai'iiuiatus ;  and  these  brilliant  expeditions  too  often  evajjorated  in  a 

ert'  Imrder  foray,  or  in  an  empty  uasconads  under  the  walls  of  Granada. 

rthanU  vtere  cut  down,  harvests  plundered,  villaiies  burnt  to  the  ^^tmnd, 

1(1  all  the  other  modes  of  annoyance  peculiar  to  tins  barbarous  warfare  put 

nil  tiic  by  the  invading  armies,  as  they  swept  over  the  face  of  the  coimtrv  ; 

i\iil  ial  feats  of  nrowess,  too,  commemorated  in  the  romantic  ballails  of  the 

r,  were  achicveu  ;  hut  no  victory  was  gained,  no  important  post  ac((uired, 

('  king  in  vain  excused  his  hasty  retreats  and  altortive  enterprises,  by 

pii:  tliat  "he  prized  the  life  of  one  (»f  his  soldiers  more  than  those  of  a 

Dii>aiiil  Mussulmans."     His  troops  murnnu'ed  at  this  timonms  policy  ;  and 

iu'dple  of  tiie  south,  on  whom  the  charges  of  the  expeditions  fell  with 

CMliar  licav  ness,  from  their  nei''hbourhood  to  the  scene  of  operations,  coiu- 

i.uvA  that  "the  war  was  carried  on  against  them,  not  against  the  intidel." 

one  occasion  an  .attempt  was  made  to  detain  the  king's  person,  and  thus 

event  liim  from  disbanding  his    forces.     So  soon  had  the  royal  authority 

iltn  into  contempt !    The  king  of  Granada  himself,  when  sunnuone<l  to  jtay 

|liiti'aftera  series  of  these  inetl'ectual  operations,  replied  that,  "in  the  hrst 
ttiMif  Henry's  reign,  he  would  have  oliered  anything,  even  his  children,  to 
EH'ive  jieace  to  his  (lominions  ;  but  now  he  would  give  nothing."  ^ 

Bill' Contempt  to  which  the  king  exj)0sed  himself  by  his  j)ul>lic  conduct  was 

■"  fiirtlicr  heightened  by  his  domestic.  With  even  a  greater  indisposition  to 
BinL'>s  tiian  was  manifested  by  his  father,*  he  possessed  none  of  the  culti- 


'OvHo.QiiincuRgonas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  qulnc. 
111.  ».— Kmlcricus  Siiiictius,  Histuria  His- 
>i'a,  Lap.  ;w,  uy.— Pulgar,  Claros  Varones, 
I  1  -I  a>till(),  Croniea,  i.  '20.— (iu/nian, 
D'raii.iiifs,  rap.  3:i.- Although  Henry's 
W^\  ix-'onditiiri",  particularly  i.n  works'of 
Siit'Ti'irf.  paiiictl  hini  in  early  life  the  ap- 
patiMiiof'th..  !.il)cral."  he  is  bettor  known 
I  til"  roll  of  tVtilian  Buvert  igiis  by  the 
1flHmrih|i  titl..'  .»f  "the  Impott-nt." 
^/iinii;a,  .\iialc9  eclosiisticos  y  seculares 
o-  villa,  p.  344.— Castillo,  CrtSnica,  tap.  20. 


— Mariana,  Hist,  uo  E.-jpafia,  torn.  ii.  pp.  415, 
419. — Alunso  de  Paleiici  i,  Cori'mica,  MS., 
part.  1,  cap.  14  et  set]. — Tln'  surprise  of  (iitj- 
rultar,  tln'  uiiliui>py  source-  of  feud  between 
th  •  faniilies  of  (iuznmn  and  I'oncc  de  Leon, 
did  not  iM(\ir  till  a  lar<r  p<rii«l,  l-n>2. 

'  Such  was  liiH  apathy,  navs  Mariana,  tliat 
he  would  .Hubscril)e  his  name  to  public  onli- 
nances  without  taking  the  troul'le  t"  aiquaint 
hinistlf  with  their  contents.  Hist,  de  E.-^paua, 
torn.  ii.  p.  423. 


74 


CASTILE  TN'DER  IIKXRY  TV. 


Vdtrd  tastes  wlii<h  wcro  tln'  ro'lccining  (pmlitios  of  tlio  latter.    Ilavin;; 
addictod  fnnii  liis  cnilit'st  viMitli  tn  debaiKlicry,  wlu-ii  he  liad  lost  tli(*i»ti 
lie  retained  all  the  rehsh  fur  llie  brutish  pleasures  uf  a  vohiptiiary.    li.- . 
r(!pndialed  his  wife,   Hlan*he  of  Arau'on,  after  a  iininii  nf  twelvi'  vc;i  >, 
grounds  siithciently  riihciilous  and  huniiliatin!:.*    In  14.V»,  he  e,spitusedJ.,iJ 
a   I'nrtn^nese  jtrin<'ess,  sister  of  Alhmso  the  Fifth,  the  rei^rnini:  iniiia4 
Thi-i  lady,  then  in  tht;  hlooni  nf  youth,  was  possessed  of  iiersonal  ^oacesi 
lively  wit,  which,  say  the  historians,  made  her  tiie  deli;:ht  of  the  cmml 
J'ortnj;al.     She  was  acconipaniecl  liy  a  brilliant  train  of   maidens,  aiiij 
ertrance  into  Castile  was  greeted  1»y  tlu!  festivities  and  military  piLsi 
which  belon;^  to  an  a;;o  of  chivalry.     The  li.i^dit  and  lively  manners  ifj 
yoiui;;  (pieen,  liowever,  which  seemed  to  defy  the  fnrinal  etiquette  nf  tlif 
tilian  court,  K^ve  occasion  ti»  the  grossest  suspiciuns.     Thf>  toULnie  nfsiav 
indicated  Jieltran  de  la  Cueva,  one  of  the  handsomest  cavaliers  in  the  kiti.tJ 
and  then  newly  risen  in  the  royal  i: races,  as  the  person  to  whom  -\h".'.\ 
liberally  dispensed  her  favours.     This  kni,L;ht  (lefemU'd  a  passage  of  arm«. 
iiresence  of  the  court,  nwir  Madrid,  in,  which  he  maintainjid' the  si 
neautv  of  his  mistress,  against  all  comers.    Tlie  king  was  so  much  dt'li:: 
with  liis    jtrowess  that  he  commemorated  the    event  l)^y  the  ereclimi  i 
monastery  dedicated    to  St.  Jerome;    a  whimsiuil  origin  for  a  rt'li:,jf 
institution* 

The  queen's  levity  might  have  sought  some  justitication  in  the  nnvaj 
licentiousiK'Ss  of  her  husband.  One  of  th(^  maids  of  honour,  whom  she  hrm 
in  her  train,  ac(iuired  an  ascendency  over  Henry  which  he  did  not  iittcinHJ 
disguise  ;  and  tne  i)alace,  after  the  exhibition  of  the  most  disgraceful  s(' 
became  divided  by  the  factions  of  the  hostile  fair  ones.  The  arclilii^h-rj 
Seville  did  not  blush  to  espouse  the  cause  of  the  jiaramour,  who  maintaint^;) 
magnificence  <»f  state  which  rivalled  that  of  royalty  itself.  The  jdihlic 
still  more  scandalized  by  Henry's  sacrilegious  intrusion  of  another  dl 
mistresses  into  the  jtost  of  abbess  of  a  convent  in  Toledo,  after  the  {'X\i\i^ 
of  her  predecessor,  a  lady  of  noble  rank  and  irreproachable  character.' 

The  stream  of  corruption  S(»on  finds  its  way  from  the  higher  to  tliei 
huml)le  walks  of  life.  The  middUng  cla.s.ses,  imitating  their  superiors,  iiidii!.' 
in  an  excess  of  luxury  equally  demoralizing,  and  ruinous  t«  their  f(irt':K 
The  contagion  of  exan'iple  infected  even  the  higher  ecclesiastics  ;  and  wed 
the  archbishop  of  St.  James  hunted  from  his  .see  Ity  the  indignant  populat] 
consequence  of  an  outrage  attempted  on  a  youtliful  bri<le  as  she  was  rotiiq 
from  church  after  the  performance  of  the  nuptial  ceremony.  The  riglit>SMfj 
]ie'ipU'  could  be  but  little  consulted,  or  cared  for,  in  a  court  thus  abaniiniirtj 
unbounded  license.    Accordingly  we  find  a  rejietition  of  most  of  the  iiiu'd 


'  Piilpar,  Pronira  de  los  Roys  Catolicos 
(\'iib miii,  IT'^ti),  cap  2. — AKniso  do  I'ali'iuia, 
CiTntiicM,  MS.,  part.  !,  cap.  4. — .Meson,  Aiialos 
do  Navarni,  torn.  iv.  pp.  ,519,  .520. — The 
iiiarriHKo  hotwoen  IMatichc  and  Henry  was 
piililicly  diH'larod  void  by  tho  l)ish<ij>  df  Sc- 
piivia,  cdnlirnicd  l>ytlic  arclil)ishi)pol'T()ledi>, 
"piir  litipiien  io  r^fpectiua,  owing  to  some 
niulitrn  influcnco" ! 

''  La  (Mt'dp,  Hist,  do  Portucal.  lorn.  iii.  pp. 
325.  345. — Fidrcz,  Reynas  Cathnlicas,  toni.  ii. 
l^p.  T63,  T6t). — .Monso  do  I'aloiuia,  C'uronica, 
MS.,  part.  1,  cap.  'if,  21.— It  ddts  n.'t  app  ar, 
linwovor.  wliimi  Holtian  do  la  Cuov.i  imlicatod 
as  the  lady  of  his  love  on  this  occa.'*iun.    (,See 


Castillo,  Crrtnica,  cap.  23,  24.)    Two  aiKv^Ji^ 
ma.v    1(0  nieiitionod  as  charact('ri>tic 
ftallantrv  of   the  times.     Tho  arililii'=li'P| 
Seville  concluded  a  «uper])_/V7<;,  pivin  in  hi 
of  file  royal  nuptials,  by  intr<Klii(inp  "j3 
table  two  vases  filled  with  rinf:-*  jrair' 
with  precious  stones,  to  b<'  distriliiit'-ilaa»| 
his  female  (ruests.    At  a  ball  (jiveii  unsnvt^ 
occasion,     !ie  yonntr  queen    iiavinc  of 
pcended  to  dance  w  ith  the  French  aiulia-^^ 
tlio  latter  nic.;le  a  solemn  vow,  in  leniiii'* 
ration  of  so  distinguished  an  honour,  w^-''\ 
dance  with  any  otlier  wonian. 

'  Al'inso  do  I'alencia,  Coronira,  MS, 
42,  4". — Castillo,  Croiiica,  cap.  23. 


ii 


MAUKIAOK  OK   FKKDINAND   AND   ISAliKLLA. 


73 


IMi:il  aii'l  I'fiprcssivc  {lets  which  nccurrcd  luulor  Jnhii  the  Second  of  Castile, 
ttiMipt-  iit  arhitnuy  taxatii-n.  interferciire  in  the  freeilnm  nf  electiniis,  aii<I 

[till'  ri-lit  oxer('i-;e(|  hy  the  cities  of  iioininatiiiL,'  the  coiiiinainh'rs  of  Mich 
i;iiiL'ciits  of  troops  us  they  mi;:ht  contrihi-.te  to  the  piihhc  defence.     Their 

„i!i.iit'-;  were  repeatedly  alienated,  and,  as  well  as  the  ininien>e  sums  raised 
tilt' Mile  of  pajial  induL^ences  for  the  prosecution  of  the  Moorisli  war,  were 

jri-hi'd  on  the  mval  saleirtes.* 

[But  jiciiiaps  the  most    ryinir  evil  of  this  period  was  the  sharneh'ss  adidtera- 

Vi  "f  the  coin.     Instead  of  five  royal  mints,  which  formerly  exi>ted,  there 

krt' ii"\v  nne  liniidred  ami  fifty  in  the  hands  of  aiitliori/»Ml  individnals,  who 

•  iMil  tlic  <  oin  to  snch  a  deplorahle  extent  that  tlic^  most  c(tmmon  articles  of 

uvrc  enhanced  in  valne  three,  f(»iir,  ami  (fven  six  fold.     Those  wlioowecl 

llt^t■ilL:cliy  anticipated  the  season  of  payment ;  and,  as  the  creditors  refused 

liiiirpt  it  in  the  depreciateil  ( urrency,  it  hecame  u  fruitful  soiu'ce  of  litiira- 
ji  ami  tumult,  until  the  wjiole  nation  seenu-d  on  the  verL;e  of  bankruptcy. 
tlii>  L't'iieral  license,  the  ri;^ht  of  the  stroimest  was  the  only  one  which 
i  make  itself  heard.     The  nolile<,  convertini,'  their  (a>tles  into  d»'ns  of 

iUrs,  pliuidered  the  jiropertv  of  the  traveller,  whi< h  was  afterwards  sold 

|li;rly  ill  the  ( ities.  One  of  tliese  roliher  chieftains,  wlio  held  an  important 
jii.iainl  on  the  fnditiers  of  Munia,  was  in  the  habit  of  carryint,'  on  an 
Eiiiii"iis  trallic  with  the  Moors  l»y  sellintr  to  them  as  slaves  the  Christian 

ji>"iit'rs,  (if  either  sex,  whom  he  had  captureil  in  his  niarau«lini(  expeditions. 

|li(  II  siilMliicd  hy  llcniy,  after  a  sturdy  resistance,  he  wasuLiain  received  into 
j'lir,  ami  reinstated  in  his  jiossessictns."     The  pusillanimous  monarch  knew 

jjlliiT  when  to  ])anlon  nor  when  t(»  punish. 
]»iit  mi    )art  of  Henry's  conduct  pive  such  umbraue  to  his  nol)les  as  the 

tiiity  wit  I  which  he  resi.<,Mied  himself  to  the  control  of  favourites,  whom  he 
'ivatci  as  it  were  from  nothinu,  and  whom  he  advanced  over  the  heads  of 
amii'iit  aristocia<'y  of  the  laiMl.  Aiuon^'  those  especially  disj^usted  by  this 
)iM'iliiii,'  were  Juan  Pacheco,  manpiis  of  Villena,  and  Alfonso  Carillo,  arch- 
il'piif  T<ileil(».  These  two  personaj^'es  exercised  so  imjtortant  an  intluenco 
r  the  ilt'stinies  of  Henry  as  to  deserve  more  ])articular  notice.  The  former 
M'f  iiulile  rortu;j,u«se  extraction,  and  ori^qnallya  paj^e  in  the  service  of  the 
talijc  Alvaro  de  Luna,  hy  whom  he  had  been  introduced  into  the  house- 
n  "f  Prince  Henry  durinj,'  the  lifetime  of  John  the  Second.  His  polished 
ilausihle  address  soon  acquired  him  a  comi»lete  ascendency  over  the  feeble 
f  his  master,  who  was  piided  by  his  jiernicious  coimsels  in  his  frecpu'nt 
iisidiis  with  his  father.  His  invention  was  ever  busy  in  devisinj^  intri;^'ues, 
ill  he  recommended  ])y  his  subtle,  insinuatinir  elo-juence  ;  and  ne  seeme<l 
1  nfcr  the  attainment  of  his  purposes  l)y  a  crooked  rather  than  l)y  a  direct 
'iv,  even  when  the  latter  might  e(jually  well  have  answered.  He  sustained 
I'l^es  with  im}ierturkable  composure ;  and,  when  his  schemes  were  most 


JIU  I 
S( 


Alnnw)  de  Paloncia,  Coronica,  M.S.  cap. 

N  injure,  Hist,  del  Iaixo,  tdin.  i.  p.  Isa. 

'111.  Hist,  d.s  OirtPK,  di.  19.— Marina, 
pr:.i,  |«rt.  1,  uii).  20,— piirt.  2,  pp.  :i'j(»,  ;i91. 
^ui'iu'd,  Ann!,  s  do  ScviUa,  pp.  34ti,  34it.— 

"■■•I'll  liiill.-.  (pf  rrusmlc   i.^Hiiod  uii  those 

•••'"lis.  Miys  ralciicia,  coiitaiiipd  aiuonn 
tr  inlulu'i-nrcs  an  exemption  Iroiii  tiie 
■  ■  nii,|  1" -laliioH  of  purjiatory,  assuring  to 
If- 111  of  til,.  ]nirclias(T,  alter  death,  an  ini- 
nmi"  traii-latiun   intu   a   statf    of    ^lory. 

•■  "f  tlif  ninre  ortluxlnx  casnists  d(jubt<'d 
lu.iditvuf  sulL  a  bull.     But  it  waa  de- 


c1<led,  after  due  examination,  that,  as  the  holy 
fatiicr  iMiSM'SKcd  jilen.iry  jHiwer  of  nhsolntinii 
of  ail  o(Te  I  cos  ('(iiniiiitted  upon  earth,  and  as 
pur(.'ati  ry  issituati'd  upon  earth,  it  projur  y 
fell  \sitliin  its  jurisdiction,  (cup.  'M.)  I'ulls 
of  crusade  were  sold  at  the  rate  of  200  tiarn- 
vedis  cacli ;  and  it  is  ((juiptitt'd  by  the  same 
historian  that  no  less  than  4,o()0,OOi)  niaravedis 
were  amassed  by  thi.s  trallic  in  Castile  in  the 
Bpaci'  of  four  years ! 

'  Saez.  Monedas  de  Enrique  IV.  (Madrid, 
isoa),  pp.  U-5. — Alonsode  I'ahncia,  C  r'nica, 
MS.,  cap.  3C,  39.  — Ca.stillo,  Cronica,  tap.  19. 


•fl 


CASTILK   UNDER  IIKNRY   IV. 


Kuroossful,  lio  was  williiij;  to  risk  all  for  the  ('X(it«'nioiit  of  a  now  revulcj 
Alilniu;;li  nntmully  limiiaiM',  aiul  uitliont  vinlciit  or  n'V('!i;,'('fnl  la-sioi... 
jc.-tlcss  spirit  was  j.('i|ic'tiially  invtilviiii,'  his  country  in  all  the  »lisa^tl'I■^'f■ 
war.  lie  was  ( rcatiMl  nianjuis  uf  VilJena  by  .John  the  Sccoml ;  ami  iiivarj 
domains,  lyin.i:  on  tin;  conliiu'sof  Toledo,  Murcia,  and  N'alcncia,  and  I'lnln 
un  innnmsc  extent  of  pojiulous  and  well-fortitit'd  territory,  iiiadt'  hiii; 
most  jtowerfnl  vassal  in  the  kin^^doni'" 

His  nncle,  the  archhishop  of  T(tle(K),  was  of  a  sterner  character.    He 
tcie  of  those  tnrhident  i»relat«'s,  not  unfreiinent  in  a  rnde  at,^e,  wh 
intended  l»y  i;atnre  for  tli<'  camp  rather  than  the  church.     lie  was  t 
hanuhty,  intracUihle  ;  and  he  was  supj»orted  in  the  execution  of  his  ainli' 
enterprises  n<»  less  l»y  his  undaunted  resolution  than  hy  the  extiaor!.: 
resources  which  he  enjoyeil  as  primate  of  Snain.     He  was  caiiahlt' of  ^, 
attachments,  and  of  inakinu^  great  personal  .siicrifices  for  his  friciiiU  3 
whom,  in  n-turn,  he  exacted  the  most  implicit  deference  ;  and,  as  he  \v\^ 
v;\si\y  otl'enileil  and  imnlacaltle  in  his  resentments,  he  seeuis  to  liavi' 
almost  ecpially  formidable  as  a  friend  and  as  an  enemy." 

These  early  adherents  of  llem-v,  little  satistied  with  seeing  their  (iwi, 
aetiuence  eclipsed  hy  the  rising  glories  of  the  newly-created  favoiirites,! 
secretly  to  stir  up  cabals  and  confederacies  among  the  nobles,  until  the" 
rence  of  other  circumstances  obviated  the  necessity,  and  indeed  the  jiossi:  j 
of  further  dissinmlation.  Henry  had  Iteen  persuaded  to  take  part  11. 
internal  dissensi(»ns  which  then  agitated  the  kingdom  of  Aragoii,  aini 
supjiorted  the  Catalans  in  their  opjiosition  to  their  sovereign  l>y  sca.v; 
supplies  of  men  and  money.  He  had  even  made  some  considerable  ((.n, 
for  nimself,  when  he  was  induced,  by  the  advice  of  the  maniuis  of  Villcn,', 
the  archbishoj)  of  Toledo,  to  refer  the  arbitration  of  his  ditterences  uiti 
king  of  Aragon  to  Jjouis  the  Eleventh  of  France,  a  monarch  whose 
nolicy  allowed  him  to  refuse  no  opportunity  of  interference  in  the  cuiicenji 
liis  neighbours. 

'J'he  cttnferenccs  Avere  conducted  at  Bayonne,  and  an  interview  was  snij 
quently  agreed  on  l)etween  the  kings  of  France  and  Castile,  to  be  lidti 
that  city,  on  the  Iwinks  of  the  Bidassoa,  which  divides  the  aominitdis  li 
respective  monarch.s.     The  contrast  exhibited  by  tho  two  princes  at 
interview,  in  their  style  of  dress  and  e«iuipage,  was  sufficiently  strikiuj 
deserve  notice.     Louis,  who  was  even  worse  attired  than  usual,  acion 
Comines,  wore  a  coat  of  coarse  woollen  cloth  cut  short,  a  fashion  then  dwaj 
very  unsuital>le  to  persons  of  rank,  with  a  doublet  of  fustian,  and  a  wm 
beaten  hat,  surmounted  by  a  little  leaden  image  of  the  Virgin.     His  imiui 
courtiers  adopted  a  similar  costume.     The  Castilians,  on  ihe  utlicr  i^ 
disjilayed  unconnnon  magnificence.     The  barge  of  the  royal  favourite,  I'M 
de  la  Cueva,  was  resplendent  with  sails  of  cloth  of  gold,  and  his  a]i« 
glittered  with  a  profusion  of  costly  Jewels.     Henrv  was  escorted  by  his  .M.- 
guard  gorgeously  equijjped,  and  Ihe  cavaliers  of  his  train  vied  with  each' 
in  the  sumptuous  decorations  of  dress  and  ajuipage.     The  two  nations  aii^ 


ia!i!l 


'"  Pulgar,  Claros  Viiroiics,  tit.  6.— Castillo, 
f'ri'micd,  rap.  I.t.— Mciuloza,  Moiianiufa  de 
Kspafia,  torn.  i.  p.  ;{'.j-<.  —The  aniitMit  mar- 
«iui8ate  of  Villeiia,  having  been  iiicorivirateil 
into  I  ho  crown  of  Castile,  devolved  to  I'riiice 
Ilrnry  of  Arugon,  on  his  marriage  with  tlie 
dauglitcr  of  John  II.  It  was  subsequently 
couii.-cated  Jiy  that  monarch,  in  c(jnRe(|uence 
of  the  repeated  rebellions  of  Prince  Henry  ; 


and  the  title,  together  with  a  larcppri,! 
of  the  domains  originally  attachidi"!''. 
coi  forred  on  Don  Juan  Paclieco,  by»L>i| 
was  transmitted  to  his  son,  aftprward- 
to  tlie  rank  of  duke  of  Escalona,  in  wr 
of  l.sabella.     Salazar  de  Mondoza,  Itei^^ 
de  Ca-stillii  y  l.eon,  lib.  3,  cap.  1'.',  1" 

"  Pulgar,  Claros  Vari)ne.'>,  tit.  Uu— M 
dez,  Reyes  Catollcos,  US.,  cap.  lu,  U. 


1l 


MARUrAGE  OF  FERDL>'AXD  AND  ISABELLA. 


77 


tiftvo  Itoi'ii  iimtiirtlly  <lisf,nistcil  with  the  contrast  exhibited  by  their  opposite 

rtAtJoiis.    Tho  French  sneered  ftt  the  ostentation  of  the  .Spunianls,  nnd 

lirttter,  ill  their  turn,  deridetl  the  sordid  pursiniony  of  their  nei^dihotirs  ; 

thus  tlic  seetls  of  ti  national  aversion  were  iiniihuite<l,  which,  under  the 

liiiMiie  uf  more  important  circunistancos  rinened  into  ojien  htj.-.tiiity." 

Ill'  iiiKiiJirclis  seem  to  have  seiiarateil  witli  as  httle  esteem  for  eacii  otlier 

fdi'l  tlieir  respective  courtiers  ;   and  Comines  profits  by  the  occasion  to 

liiitc  tlio  inexpediency  of  such   interviews  between   princes  who   have 

fi.iiu'O'l  the  careless  jollity  of  youth  for  the  cold  and  calculating  policy  of 

ye<\r>  The  award  of  Louis  dissatisfied  all  parties;  a  tolerable  pn»u'f  of 
liiupartialitv.  The  (Jastilians,  in  particular,  complained  that  the  nuinpus 
.  Jeniv  and  the  archbishoj)  of  Toledo  had  comjiromised  the  hoiKMir  of  the 
^011,  hy  iillowini,'  their  soverei^ni  to  cross  over  t(»  the  French  shore  of  the 
iis>ii)i,  aii'l  its  interests,  bv  the  cession  of  the  comiuered  territory  to 
l;:iiii.  Tliey  loudly  accused  them  of  bein;,'  i)ensiiiners  of  IiOuis,~a  fai't 
Ich  (li'cs  imt  appear  improbable,  considering'  the  usual  policy  of  this  prince, 

a-^is  well  known,  maintained  an  espiona!,'eover  thecoinicils  of  most  of  his 
k'lilMurs.  Henry  was  so  far  convinced  o^  the  truth  of  these  imnutations, 
It  he  ilisinissed  the  obnoxious  ministers  from  their  employnjents," 
he  ili-;.T;vi-ed  nobles  instantly  set  about  the  or;;anization  of  one  of  those 
Biiilatilo  mnfeileracies,  which  had  so  often  shaken  the  monarchs  of  Castile 
DM  their  throne,  and  which,  alihou^di  not  authorized  by  positive  law,  as  in 

Mil,  scoin  to  have  derived  somewhat  of  a  co^si.tutional  siinction  from 

tieiit  usai,'e.      iSome  of  the  members  of  this  coalition    were    doubtless 

liicncpd  exclusively  by  personal  jealousies  ;  but  many  others  entered  into 

foiii  (iisioist  at  the  ind)ecile  and  arbitrary  proceeding's^  of  the  crown. 

\n  14(12,  the  queen  had  been  delivered  of  a  dau,i,diter,  who  was  named  like 

K'lf  .Inaiina,  out  who,  from  her  reputed  father,  Beltran  dc  la  Cueva,  was 

tcr  kui'wii  in  the  progress  of  her  unfortunate  history  by  the  cognomen  of 

Itraiioja.    Henry,  nowever,  had  re(iuired  the  usual  oath  of  allegiance  to  be 

kiliTeil   to    her  as  presumptive  heir  to  the  crown.      The  confeth'rates, 

emtilcd  at  Burgos,  declared  this  oath  of  fealty  a  compulsory  act,  ami  that 

iiy  of  them  had  privately  protested  against  it  at  the  time,  from  a  conviction 

[tiie  ille,;ntimacy  of  Joanna.     In  the  bill  of  grievances  which  they  now 

sented  to  the  monarch,  they  renuired  that  he  should  deliver  his  brother 

|[onso  into  their  hands,  to  be  publicly  acknowledged  as  his  successor  ;  they 

inierated  the  manifola  abuses  \vhich  pervaded  every  department  of  govern- 

tit,  which  they  freely  imputed  to  the  unwholesome  influence  exercised  by 

favourite,  Beltran  de  la  Cueva,  over  the  royal  counsels,  doubtless  the  true 

to  much  of  their  patriotic  sensibility  ;  and  they  entered  into  a  covenant, 
irtiiined  by  all  the  solemnities  of  relignon  usual  on  these  occasions,  not  to 
enter  the  service  of  their  sovereign,  or  accept  any  favour  from  him,  until 
[had  redressed  their  wrongs.'* 


At  loast  tlipsp  arp  tlio  important  con- 
wtv'*  inipiitcil  to  tills  intorvif'w  liy  tlie 
toil  wrii.rs.  Soe  (J.iillanl,  Hivalite.  toin. 
Ipli.  241-1:4  i.  ('.)iiiiii(>s.  M('iiiiiiiv8,  Jiv.  2, 
Ip  r— AUo  Crtstiljii,  Cruiiiea,  cap.  4S,  -J'j.— 
rtti,  Aiialos,  HI).  IT,  rap.  ,")(). 

K.rr.ras,   Hist.   d'Kspapnc,   torn.   H.   p. 
|.-/.urit,H,  Aiialcs,  lii).   17,  cap.  5(5.— Cas- 
•  'Vmiia,  CI]),  .jl,  r>'2,  h-i. — Tbo  quoon  of 
n,  whn  was  .is  skilful  a  diplomatist  &>* 
'  liu«Ijanil,  J.phn  I.,  assailed  the  vanity  of 


ViUona  quito  a.o  much  a-s  his  int'^rcst.  On 
one  of  Ills  iiiissiiiiis  to  h<'r  court,  slio  inviifd 
him  to  dine  with  her  ti'lf^i-bUe  at  liiT  own 
tahlo,  while  diiriuK  the  repast  thoy  were 
served  by  the  ladies  of  the  palace.  Ihid., 
cap.  40. 

'  Sep  the  memorial  jireseTited  to  the  kiiiir, 
cited  at  lenirth  in  .Marin  i,  'I'eoria,  tom.  lii. 
Aj)end.  no.  7.— CastiUo,  Cronica,  eap.  Ss,  H4. 
— Zurita,  .\niles,  lib  17,  cap.  .'.(i.  — Lebrija, 
Hispauarum  llcruui  Ferdinuudij  Rcge  et  Kli- 


78 


CAST  ILK   VSDVM   IIKN'RY   IV. 


Tlio  l<\ii'.',  who  by  nn  ollicicnt  iiolicv  rnii;lit  porliaps  Imvo  rni--lip<l  ti 
rovuliit  ..Miirv  innv(Mii('iit.s  in  tlu'ir  I'irtli,  was  naturally  averse  to  vin),.;,' j 
rvrn  vi;'(irniis,  njcasurcs.     lie  rcplicil  to  the  l)i>lio|t  uf  C'lnicn,  his  aii. 
|irrc(M»t(tr,   who   r(H'nnnn«Mul(»il   these  measures,    "\()u  priests,   wlin  ar^ 
eiillc'I   to  eu'^au'e  in  the  fi^ht,  are  very  hheral  of  t  e  lilood  of  otlitr\' 
which  the  prehite  rejoineil,  with  more  warmth  than  hreeijin;,',  "Sin-e  )• ; 
not  triio  to  your  own  honour  at  n  time  hk((  this,  I  shall  hv(»  to  spo  \»<\- 
niost(le:railetl  monarc'/i  in  Npain  ;  when  you  will  repent  too  late  this  uiMa, 
uliie  pusillanimity."  '* 

llenrv,  inimoved  either  hy  t)u'  entreaties  or  remnnstraiifes  of  his  aillirrr 
n"^ortei|  to  the  miMer  metliol  of  ne^Hitiation.     lie  consented  to  an  ii-;.- 
with  the  confederate-i,  in  which  he  was  iinlured,  liy  the  plausible  ai^iiii.. 
of  the  marquis   of    Villena,  to  comply   with   most  of  tlieir  demaniN.  ; 
di'livereil  his  brother  Alfonso  into  their  hands,  to  }m»  recn::ni/.ed  as  t lie  Lit 
heir  to  the  crown,  on  conditi(»n  of  his  suhseipient  uni(»n  with  .Joanna  ;  iv.''\ 
nirreed  to  nominate,  in  conjunction  with  his  opponents,  a  commission  of  i 
who  should  deliberate  on  the;  state  of  the  kinudoni,  and  proviile  an  cfii 
reform   of  abuser.'"    The   result  of   this   (U'lilx-iation,   however,   pmvr; 
]»reiudicial  to  the-  royal  authority,  that  the  feeble  monarch  was  ea-;il,v 
suaded  to  disavow  the  jiroceedin;;s  of  the  commissioners,  on  the  ;,'rniiii!| 
their  secret  collusion  with  his  enemies,  and  even  to  attempt  the  scizni^i 
their  i)ersons.     The  confe(lerates,  disgusted  with  this  breach  of  faitli,  ;i:; 
pursuance,  nerliaps,  of  theif  original  design,  instantly  decided  on  the  excn; 
of   that   bold  measure  which  some  writers  denounce  as  a  flagrant  ai 
rebellion,  and  others  vindicate  as  a  iust  and  constitutional  jiroceedin,'. 

In  an  open  plain,  not  far  fr(»m  the  city  of  Avila,  they  caused  a  sraff!:] 
be  erected,  of  sullicient  elevation  to  be  easily  seen  from   the   surKmn^ 
country.     A  chair  of  stiite  was  placed  on  it,  ana  in  this  was  seated  an  vWr^ 
King  llenry,  clad  in  sable  robes  and  adorned  with  all  the  insignia  of  ri'Vi| 
a  sword  at  its  side,  a  sceptre  in  its  iMind,  and  a  crown  upon  its  hcvL 
manifesto  was  tlien  read,  exhibiting  in  glowing  colours  the  tyrannical  cni/ 
of  the  king,  and  the  consequent  determination  tode[»ose  him  ;  ami  vindiiad 
the  proceeding  by  several  precedents  drawn  from  the  history  of  the  inunari 
The  arciibishon  of  Toledo  then,  ascending  the  platform,  tore  tlie  diadciii: 
the  head  of  trio  statue ;  the  marquis  of  Villena  removed  the  sceptre,  "jj 
count  of  i'lacencia  the  sword,  tlie  grand  master  of  Alcantara  and  the  co: 
of  IJenavente  and  Paredes  tlx;  rest  of  the  regal  insignia  ;  when  tlie  b:x\ 
thus  despoiled  of  its  honours,  was  rolled  in  the  dust,  amid  the  mingled  }.'n 
and  clau'ours  of  the  spectators.     The  young  prince  Alfonso,  at  that  time' 
eleven  years  of  age^  was  seated  on  the  vacant  throne,  and  the  asscii.tnl 
grandees  severally  kissed  his  hanil  in  token  of  their  homage  ;  the  tniiHi'i 
announced  the  completion  of  the  ceremony,  ami  the  ]iopuTace  greetctl '^j 
joyful  acclamations  the  accession  of  their  new  sovereign."   (14(»').) 

Such  are  the  details  of  this  extraordinary  transaction,  as  recorded  U" 
two  contemporary  historians,  of  the  rival  factions.  The  tidings  were  !»: 
with  the  usual  celerity  of  evil  news,  to  the  remotest  parts  of"  the  kiii:!' 
The  pulpit  and  the  forum  resound.ed  with  the  debates  of  disputants' 


palw  Rpfjimi  (rcstannn  dccadog  (npuil  Graiia- 
taiii,  liAh),  HI).  1,  rai>.  1,  '2.  —  Almiso  dc 
riilciiiia,  (J'lroiiiia,  MS.,  part.  1,  cai).  G.  - 
IJoriiaUtt'z,  lii'yos  C.itolicos,  .M.S.,  ct.p.  ». 

'  •  Castillo,  Croiiica,  caj).  0.'). 

'"  See  copies  from  tlio  original  in«truiuontB, 
which  are  still  prcscn'cd  iu  the  ur^hives  of 


the  honso  of  Villena,  in  Marina,  'rc"riiw| 
iii.  part.  2,  Ap.  G,  s.     Castiilo,  (  i.'uki,! 
06,  G".  — Alonso  de  Palencia,  OTi'iiiLa,  ■'' 
part.  I,  cap.  5". 

•'  Aluuso  dc  I'aloncia,  Coronii;!,  M-.i 
1,  cap.  GJ.— Cttstiilo,  Crouica,  cap.  Gj,  i.','t| 


^« 


MAIlRIAni-:  OF  FF.UDIN'AND   AND  ISAHF.LLA. 


79 


j\w<\,  or  <]>fi'inl"<l,  tho  ri;:lit  (..  tiu  snhjoct  to  sit  in  judu'inont  on  tlu'  romlntt 
llii.  •.nNfiTiL'ii.     Kvrrv  iiiaii  was  coiiiiu'lli'd  to  tlioosj'  his  >ii|«'  in  this  stran-o 
.,;,iii  (if    the    kiiiL:»l"iii.     Ih'iirv    u-crivnl    intclHm'iKC   of    thr  ih'ft'<  tioii, 
^i.'.>iivc!y,  of  the  caiiiUil  citirs  of  Hutkos,  Tuledo,  (.'nnlova.  S»'vill(\  tn-cthrr 
ih  u  liir^t'  part  nf  the  southern  provinces,  where  lav  the  estates  of  hmim*  of 
jiiiM^t  jinwerful  partisans  of  theoiiposite  faction.  Tlie  imfortiinaU' monarch, 
jMlt'-crtetl  liy  his  suhjects,  «han<lone(l  himself  to  de^^nair,  ami  expre>seil  the 
tn iiiity  of  his  anunislj  in  the  stron;;  lan,unaK<*  of  .J(»h  :  "  Naked  came  I 
mi  my  motlicr's  womh.  and  naked  »nnst  I  u(»  down  to  the  earth  I  '  '* 
lai-c— |irolialily  ihe  hu>;er — rart  of  the  nation,  however,  di-approved  of 
tiiiiiiiltiioiis  pr(»ceedin:,'s  of  tlie  confederates.     IIow«'ver  mnch  they  con- 
mi, I'd  tin'  per.-on  of  the  niftnanh,  they  were  not  prejiared  to  see  the  ro\al 
liMiity  tliiis  openly  tieuraded.     They  indnlyed,  too,  some  con. passion  for  a 
|ii  (•  Hlio>e  political  vices,  at  least,  were  impiitjihle  to  mental  incanacity, 
'  tocvil  (oiiiiscllors,  rather  than  to  any  natnral  tnrpitnde  of  heart.    Anions 
linMts  who  adhered  to  him,  the  most  con>picnons  were  "  the  ^ood  connt 
Hiiro,"  and  the  powrrfnl   family  of   Mendo/Ji,  the  worthy  scions  of  ait 
>tiiiiiis  still  k.     The  estates  of  the  manpiis  of  Santillana,  tno  head  of  this 
-I',  lay  ( liiefly  in  the  Astnrias,  and  ;:ave  him  a  considerahle  inlhu-nce  in 
iiorilicrn  provimcs,'*  the  majority  of  whose  inhahitants  remained  eon- 
kit  ill  tlicir  atta<  hment  to  the  roval  runsp. 

l\Mnii  Ih'nrys  sunnnons,  therefore,  was  issued   for  the  attendance  of  all 

yal  siihjiM  ts  capahle  <tf  hearini,'  arms,  it  was  answered  hy  a  formidahlo 

^y  iif  iiiiiiiliers,  that  imist  lia\('  greatly  exceeded  that  of  his  rival,  and 

li>li  i>  Nwcllcd  hy  his  hioi^Tapher  to  seventy  thonsand  foot  and  fourteen 

k^iiml  li"rse  ;   a  nnicli  smaller  force,  under  the  direction  of  an  efiicient 

l<ltr,  wniild  dnul'tless  have  sutlice(l  to  extin;4uish  the  rising'  spirit  of  revolt. 

|t  lli'iirv's  temper  led  him  to  adopt  a  more  conciliatory  policy,  and  to  try 

iti'oiild  lieellected  hy  neji(»tiatioi\,  liefore  resorting'  toarms.    fn  the  former, 

nor,  he  was  no  matih  for  the  confederates,  or  rather  the  maninis  of 


f,n 


niuis  ot 
o  nad  ^() 


|I'iia,  their  representative  on  these  occasions.     This  iioMeman,  who 

il"iisly  (11  (ip«'rate<l  with  his  jiarty  in  conferrin,^  the  title  of  kini?  (tn  Alfonso, 

iiifcijilcd  to  reserve  the  authority  to  himself.  lie  proliahly  foinid  more 
[iinjty  in  ( untrolling  the  onerations  of  the  Jeal(»us  and  asjiirin;:  arist(^cracy, 
h  wliiMii  he  was  associatea,  than  he  had  imafiined  ;  and  he  was  willinjo:  to 

the  oijidsite  jtarty  in  maintaininK  a  sufhcient  dej.,Tee  of  strength  to  form  a 
[liitcriKiiso  to  that  of  the  confederates,  and  thus,  wiiile  he  made  his  own 
iM's  tlio  more  necessary  to  the  latter,  to  provide  a  safe  retreat  for  himself, 
CAh'  of  th(^  shipwreck  of  their  fortunes." 

jii  cniifniiiiity  with  this  duliious  policy,  he  had,  soon  after  the  occurrence  at 
m,  I'lu'iicd  a  secret  correspondetice  with  his  forme*  master,  and  suiruested 
"iiii  tlic  idea  of  terminating  their  differences  l)y  some  amicable  adju.stment. 
[f"ii-tHiu'iue  (»f  the.se  intimations,  Henry  consented  to  enter  into  a  ne,L;()- 


AUstMl,.  I'rtlrnria.  roronU-a,  MS.,  part. 
J  i;j,  :o  — Ciistilld,  Croiiiiii,  rap.  7f>,  T(i. 
11'"   O'li'liriiii'd    iiiariiuiH  of    .Santillana 
1  ill',  .It  the  anc  tpf  Pixty.     (Saiiilip/, 


111'  I'ast 


liinu'<,  toin.  i.  p.  2:i.)  Tlio  titif 
*i'H  tn  Ills  ,|(|,>i,t  S..I1,  hicp.  Huilailo  (le 
"l/',  wlhi  is  rcpr.M'ntrnl  liy  his  tontiin- 
■""•  to  liuvc  ln'tn  worthy  of  hi-*  firo. 
_  liiiii,  ho  was  iiiil)uod  with  a  lovo  of 
py  lie  watt  Lonspii.iious  for  his  um^fiia- 
r"  and  ci.ivalr.  us  houour,  liisiuoticTatiun, 
^'^'■<:y,  ai.d  uuiloriu  loy.tlty  to  his  eove- 


rrigii, — virtues  of  r.iro  worth  in  thoso  rapa- 
cious ami  tiirliiih'iit  liin<s.  (I'lil^ar,  ('laros 
\'ar(ini's,  tit.  ',».)  F'-Mliimiiil  and  Isabilla 
rrt'Mtod  him  duke  del  Inlantado.  This  doiniiin 
dcrivfs  its  nainc  Iroin  its  liuviiif;  hccii  once 
tlic  pairiniony  of  flic  iii/antrx  of  Caslijc. 
.See  Sala/jir  il-  .MiMido/a,  .Sloiiaifinfa,  lom.  i. 
J).  2r.»,— and  Dipiddudc-  lii'  Castilla,  lih.  ;t, 
cap.  I".  — Ovit'di),  C^iiincuaiji'nos,  .MS.,  bat.  1, 
qiiinc.  1,  dial.  IS. 

'"  Aion.-odH  I'ak'iitia,  Coronica,  MS,,  part. 
1,  cap.  6t.— Cu.-liUo,  Ci6nica,  c.;p.  7». 


80 


CASTILE   UNDER  HENRY   IV. 


f#i" 


tiatifin  with  thn  ronfo'lcratcs  ;  and  it  was  a;,Tceil  that  tho  forms  on  hoth  ;;: 
Khoiild  he  (h,shaii<le*i.  and  tliat  a  siisjicnsion  of  hostiUlitvs  for  six  inoiitli>  .^1,^ 
biko  i)la(C,<hirin'' which  some  definite  and  permanent  scheme  of  rcconriliu;, 
nii|,dit  l)e  dcviscl.     Jlenry,  in  comiihance  with  this  arran/^emcnt,  ii^tai,-; 
di^ltttiided  his  levies  ;  they  retintd  overwiiehned  with  incHj/nation  at  the- 
<lnet  of  their  soverei^/n.  who  so  n^adily  reHn<|ni>hed  the  only  means  r,f  n.ir-l 
that  lie  j»ossesscd,  and  wliom  tliey  now  saw  it  wonld  he  unuvaihn^'  tu  a^,;| 
sinc(!  he  was  so  ready  to  <le.sert  himself.'' 

It  woidd  )»e  an  iin|irn(it;i])le  task  to  attempt  to  unravel  all  the  fine-spuri i 
tri;,'iies  hy  whif  h  tlie  manjuis  (;f  Villena  contrived  to  d«;feat  evi'ry  attcinj.t, 
an  ultimate  acconniKjdation  lM!tw(>en  tho  parties,  until  he  was  vjiiy  :.iii(.r:i 
(ixeerated  as  tlu;  rcJil  sourecof  the  distiii I/aii'ies  in  the  kingdom.  In  tlic  m-i 
while,  the  sin;;ular  sicrtaele  was  exhihitedof  t'wo  monanhsiiresidin;,'  over 
nation,  snrroiindcid  t»y  their  respective  courts,  ad;iiini>tering  the  laws,  ' 
vokin^'  cortiis,  and  in  fine  assuming,'  the  state  and  exercising  all  the  funn: 
of  soverei|,Mity.  It  was  ippanmt  that  this  state  of  thin^^^s  could  not  la>t  k 
and  that  the  j)olitica)  feruKUit  which  now  a^itat(!d  tht;  minds  of  m«'n  frmii 
extniinity  of  tlic  kingd(»m  to  the  other,  and  which  occasionally  disphivt  (1 1*, 
in  tiunults  and  acts  of  violence,  would  soon  burst  forth  with  all  the  Imrr  r- 
a  civil  war. 

At  this  junciurc,  a  propftsition  was  made  to  Henry  for  detaching  the  fiowv- 
family  of  I'acheco  from  the  interests  of  the  c(jnfederates,  l)y  the  muniii.f  1 
his  sister  I>aliella  with  the  hrothc^r  of  the  marouisof  Villena,  Don  iNtdiuf;,' .1 
giand  mast(T  of  the  order  of  (,'alatrava,  a  noltfeman  of  aspiring  vicnvs,  aiil  j 
of  the  most  active  partisans  of  his  faction.     The  archbishop  of  Toledo  « .j 
nat'^r-ally  follow  the  fortunes  of  his  nciihew,  and  thus  the  league,  dcpriuii 
its  princi]jal  su|»ports,  must  soon  crunil)le  to  pieces.     Inst<'ad  of  reseiifin;!..: 
jtroposnl  as  an  affront  upon  his  honour,  the  abject  mind  of  Henry  was  cni,W 
to  fturchase  repose  even  by  tin;  most  humiliating  sacrifice.     He  accedcl  {■■\:i 
conditions;    application  was  made  to  Rome  for  a  dispensation  from  tliLMij 
of  celibacy  imjiosed  on  the  grand  master  as  tin;  companion  of  a  religious nr-ii^J 
and  splendid  preparation.s  were  instantly  commeiiced  for  the  aitproarid 
niiotials."  1 

Isabella  was  then  in  her  sixteenth  year.     On  her  father's  death,  ^ho  rd^ 
with  her  mother  to  tho  little  town  of  Arevalo,  where,  in  seclusion,  and  farf:: 
the  voice  of  flattery  and  falsehood,  she  liad  been  [>ermitted  to  unfol'l  '.u 
natural  graces  of  miml  and  person,  which  might  have  been  Ijlightcl  in'i. 
Ticstilent  atmosi)here  of  a  court.     Here,  under  trie  maternal  eye,  she  was  '^•'j 
lully  instructed  in  those  hissons  f»f  practical  piety,  and  in  tlu;  deep  rcvirci.^ 
for  religion,  which  distinguished  her  maturer  years.     On  the  birtli  'its 
princess  Joanna,  she  was  removed,  tog(!ther  with  her  brother  Alf"ii- 
llenry  to  the  royal  jtalace,  in  order  mon;  eflectually  to  discourage  the  frJ 
tion  of  any  faction  adverse  to  the  iut(;rests  of  his  supixised  daughter.     Int:. 
abode  of  jileasure,  surrounded  by  Jill  the  seductions  most  da/./.lin'i  t^  \    A 
slie  did  not  forget  the  early  lessons  that  sIk;  had  imbibefl  ;  and  the  lilaiic  J 
]iurity  of  her  conduct  shone  with  adilition;il  lustre  amid  the  scenes  of  Ir*: 
and  liccntio\isness  by  which  she  was  surrounde<l.'' 

The  near  connection  of  Isabella  with  the  crown,  as  well  as  her  per- .i| 
character,  invititd  the  api»lif:ati<jn  ui  numentus  suitors.     Her  hand  \\;b 


"  r.iKtillo,  Cronica.  cip.  ho,  h2. 

"■'  l!ac|iH  V  Andrmia,  < 'lirotjiia  flo  \xf  tn-s 
Oriicni's  y  C.ivalliTfas  (T  I<i|o.  ir.T'Ji,  f'.l.  7il. 
— Castillo,  C'ronica,  (m[).  Hr>,  — AI'iiiho  dc  I'u- 


Ifii'ia,  C'orfinlca,  MS.,  part.  1,  I'.-i)'   '''■ 
"  I..  .Maritifi.,  <',i«,iM  i,i(  nioriilil'-,  1"! 
Florcz,  lt''vn,T>  rutliolica",  torn.  il.  Ji- 
CastlMo,  C'runi'M,  ri\\>.  ,'i7. 


p 


MARRIAGE  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLiV. 


81 


ktlintp'l  fnr  that  very  Fonlinand  who  was  flostincfl  to  l>e  licr  future  hiLshainl, 
(tloiiL'li  nut  till  nftnr  \hv.  intorvoiition  of  many  inan.s|)icious  circtiinstaiKC'-i. 
ISiif  wa-;  next  lu'trothfvl  to  his  cMrr  hroihcr,  Carlos,  and  some  y<ars  afl«'r  liis 
Iricic'i-c.  whfn  thirteen  years  of  a;.'C',  wa.^  jtroniiscd  l)y  Ilt'iirv  to  Alfonso  of 
h'ortir.'.'il.  i  ahclla  was  present  with  her  hrf)ther  Jit  a  personal  intervifw  with 
Ithat  iiioiiarch  in  14<)t,  hut  neither  threats  lu^r  entreaties  cotiM  inihuc  her  to 
L  fie  to  a  union  so  unsuitfl,))!**  from  the  disparity  of  their  ye^ars  ;  juhI  with 
jlicrfliara' teristic  diseretion,  even  at  this  early  aj,'e,  she  rested  her  refusal  (  n 
jtli'' .'nciiid  that  "the  infanta-i  of  (Jastile  eouhl  not  IjC  disi)oscd  of  in  marria;;(; 
Ufli'iiit  the  ef)nsent  of  th(!  nohle;  f»f  tlio  reahn."** 

When  Isal»ella  understood  in  what  manner  she  wa<^  now  to  \)o  saerifired  to 
|th'  scliidi  i)oliey  of  her  hrotlier,  in  th(^  pnxefutir^n  of  which  compul-ory 
tica-iurt's,  if  ueeessarv,  were  to  he  emrdoycd,  she  was  filled  with  the  livelie  t 
loti'iiis  of  ^rief  and  resentment.  'I'fie  mater  of  Calatrava  was  well  known 
IS  a  fierce  and  turhulent  leader  of  faction,  arid  his  prnate  life  was  stained 
ith  most  of  the  lieentious  viees  of  the  ;i;j:e.  lie  was  (!V«m  acrusecl  ()f  havii:^ 
[iiivailcil  the  privacy  of  the  (pieeu  dowa^^'er,  Isatwlla's  mother,  hy  itrojtosals  of 
|lli('iiio-t  (letfra'hri},'  nature,  an  oiiti.me  which  the  kint;  had  eitner  nf>t  the 
lAiTornot  the  inelinatiou  to  resent.'^  With  this  jxirson,  then,  so  inferior 
^  li(T  in  hirth,  and  so  much  more  unworthy  of  fier  in  every  otlu-r  i)oint 
Dt  vifw,  Isaliella  was  now  to  f»e  miited.  On  rer'civiuj,'  the  jut('lli;;ence,  she 
boiifiMC'l  liers(;lf  to  her  apartment,  ahstainin^'  from  all  nourishment  and  sleep 
p  11  (lay  aii'l  nit,d!t,  says  a  eont<!mj)orary  writer,  and  imjilorin/^  Heaven, 
l!ip  iiio't  pit(!ous  manner,  to  siive  her  from  this  dishonour  hy  her  own  death 
pr  that  of  her  enemy.  As  she  was  hewaihn<;  her  hard  fate  to  her  faithful 
rifinl.  I'>eatriz  de  Iiol)adilla,  "(lod  will  not  permit  it,"  exclaimed  th(^  hi^;h- 
]>\nU'i\  ladv,  "neither  will  I  ;"  then,  drawing,'  forth  a  dajrirer  from  her  l»o  om, 
Jiiii'h  she  k(!i»t  there  for  the  pur[)ose,  she  solemnly  vowed  to  pluni,fe  it  in  the 
jicart  of  the  master  of  Calatrava  as  soon  as  he  appeareij  I  " 
Happily  her  loyalty  was  not  [>ut  to  so  severe  a  t<'st.  No  sooner  had  the 
\iA  iiia-iter  received  the:  hull  of  dispensation  from  the  pofte,  tlian,  resi^nin;,' 
Db'iiiriiities  in  his  military  order,  he  set  ahf)ut  such  sumptuous  prej>aratious 
nrhis  weddini:  as  were  due  to  the  rank  f)f  liis  intended  hride.  When  thee 
itre  (oiiipleted,  lie  })e^an  his  journey  from  his  residence  at  Alma^TO  to  Madrid. 
Iifrc  the  nuptial  ceremony  was  to  Ix;  i)erforme<l,  attend(!d  hy  a  sjilendiil 
tiiiiio  of  friends  and  followers.  Hut,  on  the  very  first  e\enint,'  after  his 
l«|iiirtiire,  he  was  attacked  hy  an  acute  disorder  while  at  Villaruhia,  a  vi!la^'»! 
Kit  far  from  Ciudad  R<!al,  which  t<;rminated  his  life  in  four  davs.  He  died, 
By^  raleiicia,  with  imi)recations  on  his  lii)s,  heeause  his  life  had  not  heeii 
lart'il  some  few  wetiks  longer."  His  death  was  attrihuted  hy  many  to  poison 
iiiiiiiistereij  to  him  hy  some  of  the  nohles,  who  were  envious  of  his  jiof)^! 
lorti'iic.  Hut,  notwithstanding,'  the  seasonahleness  of  the  event,  and  the 
I'liiiariiy  of  the  crime  in  that  ai^e,  no  shadow  of  imputation  was  ever  aist 
th"  pure  fame  of  Isjihella."     (14<J6.) 

lHa>>'l!ft  will  npp«'ar  ofton  In  t»"»  r'nirw  of 
our  iiurrativ.  (iooznio  de  ()\U-U),  ulio  krn'W 
lifr  w(  11,  il'scrilx'S  Ikt  an  "  lllu^trHtilln  Iht 
gonfTDiH  litii'a^;''  by  tier  (ondiKl.  wIik  ii  wnn 
wiHo,  virtuoim,  and  valiant."  C^iitti'  uaifiiax, 
M.S.,  dial,  dc  e'atinra  )  'Dif  \ni>l  tpitlut, 
ratli'T  Hin(?ular  Uir  a  f'^mali!  chjradtr,  wan 
not  utmn'TitPd. 

'  l'al''ncia  imr)tit<'H  hi«  (l"atti  to  an  attack 
of  ttif  rinln^^y      I'oronua,  .\'.>.,  c.ijt.  ".{. 

"  iUd>  H  y  Aiidrada,  Lua  tritt  6    •■non,  fol. 


"  Alp«f)ri,  AnalPHdr»  Navarra,  torn.  Iv.  pp. 

".  i'.J      /.urila,  Anales.  lib.    10,  cjip,  46,— 

b  i;,  r,i,  .'..— (JaKtillo,  O^nica,  cap.  .'11.  .'i7. 

-Alii...,!..  I'ttlcncia.  Curfiiiica,  .MS.,  r.ip.  :,(,. 

I'rad    ,|p    I'alciiria,  npud   Mom.   (l«    la 

ff*"!  'I-  lli-t.,  torn.  VI.  p.  (jr.,  tiota. 

.\!oii«.,  ill'  I'al"ncia,  (Joroiili-a,  .MS.,  cap. 

M  fi.TM.i,    Him,,  d"'    KHjiuna,   toni.   It.  p. 

''«ril,;iy,  (;,,nipf-ndio,  uini.  li.  i>.  {>i'2-~ 

'■  '"'Iv,  liiifia  n.-atriz  Ft-rn  m  i</,  d-  iSi.ba- 

*.  tiK'  iiiuHt  iuilmali-  ptfHoiial  liinnd  of 


82 


CASTILE  UNDER  HENRY  IV. 


MAKKIA 


The  death  of  the  grand  master  dissipated,  at  a  blow,  all  the  fine  srhonwr^ 
the  nianinis  of  Villona,  as  well  as  every  lioiie  of  reconciliation  between  the 
parties.     The  passions  which  had  been  only  smothered  now  burst  fortii  iiuol 
open  hostility  ;  and  it  was  resolved  to  refer  the  decision  of  the  nnestion  totL'" 
issue  of  a  battle.    The  two  armies  met  on  the  jdains  of  Olmeuo,  where, :«. 
and-twentv  years  liefore,  John,  the  father  of  Henry,  had  l)een  in  like  ruannpr 
confronted  by  liis  insurgent  sul)jects.     The  royal  army  Wiis  considciaMy  tic 
larger ;  but  the  delicienry  of  mnnl^ers  in  the  of  <'r  was  amply  sunjilied  l»y  th^ 
intrepid  spirit  of  its  leaders.     The  archbishop  ui  Toledo  apjieareil  at  the  heal 
of  its  s(|uadrons,  conspicuous  ])y  a  rich  scarlet  mantle,  embroidered  witlnj 
white  cross,  thrown  over  his  armour.     The  young  prince  Alfonso   scar'^fvl 
fourteen  ywirs  of  age,  rode  by  his  side,  clad  like  hint  in  comy>lete  mail.    Ik'fnri 
the  action  connnenced,  the  archbishop  sent  a  message  to  Jieltran  de  la  (Jicv?.  | 
then  raised  to  the  title  of  duke  of  Albuiiuenpie,  cautioning  him  not  to  \(Miti;F 
in  the  field,  as  no  less  than  forty  cavaliers  had  sworn  his  death.     The  ^^allaii;  | 
nol)leman,  who,  on  this  as  on  some  other  occasions,  displayed  a  magnaiiimitT 
which  in  some  degree  excused  the  partiality  of  his  master,  returned  liythel 
envoy  a  particular  description  of  the  dress  he  intended  to  wear, — a  chivalro-^ 
defiance  which  wellnigh  cost  him  his  life.     Henry  did  not  care  to  ex[insolii< 
person  in  the  engagement,  and,  on  receiving  erroneous  intelligence  of  \M 
discomfiture  of  his  party,  retreated  preci[)itately  with  some  thirty  or  fnrti 
horsemen  to  the  shelter  of  a  neighl>ouring  village.     The  action  lasted  tlirf* 
hours,  until  the  combatants  were  separated  by  the  shades  of  evening,  wit!;"i;t] 
either  party  having  decidedly  the  advantage,  although  that  of  Henry  retainci 
jiossession  of  the   field   of   battle.      The  archbisho})  of   Toledo   and    i'riiiel 
Alfonso  were  the  last  to  retire  ;  and  the  former  wjvs  seen  repeatedly  to  rally 
his  broken  squadrons,  notwithstanding  his  arm  had  been  piercetf  tliroii::!i 
with  a  lance  early  in  the  engagement.     The  king  and  the  jtrelatc  may  lie] 
thought  to  have  exchanged  characters  in  this  tragedy.'^®    (1467.) 

The  battle  was  attended  with  no  result,  except  that  of  inspiring  appetites  I 
which  liad  tasted  of  blood  with  a  relish  for  more  unlicensed  carnage.    Tli? 
most  frightful  anarchy  now  prevailed  throughout  the  kingdom,  dismenilwe'l 
l>y  factions,  which  the  extreme  youth  of  one  monarch  and  the  imbecility  of  tli'| 
other  made  it  impossible  to  control.     In  vain  did  the  papal  legate,  who  liai 
received  a  commission  to  that  effect  from  his  master,  interpose  his  nictlia- 
tion,  and  even   fulminate    sentence  of  excomnnmication  against  the  con- 1 
federates.     The  independent  barons  plainly  told  him  that  "those  who  adviso-l 
i\w  pope  that  he  had  a  right  to  interfere  in  the  temporal  concerns  of  Caxtile  I 
deceived  him  ;  and  that  they  liad  a  perfect  right  to  depose  their  monarch  on 
sutiicient  grounds,  and  should  exercise  it." '' 


77.— raro  de  Toitps,  Historia  de  las  Ordonoa 
niilitaros  do  Santiago,  Culatrava  y  Alcantara 
(Midrid.  1629),  lil).  'J,  cap.  ."ig.— Castillo, 
Cronicii.  cap.  h5. — Alonso  dc  Palcncia.  Coro- 
niia,  MS.,  cap.  7a. — (raillard  n  marks  on  this 
event,  "Chacun  criit  sur  cette  niort  ce  qti'il 
vonliit."  And  apain  in  a  few  pages  aftor, 
spoaking  of  Isabella,  ho  says,  "On  rcmarriua 
q no  tons  coiix  ([ui  pouvoiont  faire  obstacle  a 
la  satisfartion  on  a  la  fortune  d'Isitbello, 
nionroient  toujours  a  propos  pour  elle." 
(I!ivalit6,  toni.  iii.  pp.  2S(),  2S6.)  This  in- 
ponions  writer  is  fond  of  seusoniog  his  style 
with  those  piquant  sarcasms  in  which  often- 
times more  is  meant  than  me(  i  >  the  ear,  ai.d 


which  Voltaire  rendered  fashionabln  in  h'- 
tory.     1  doubt,  however,  if,  amid  all  tlio  hcsH  | 
of  controversy  and  faction,  there  is  a  <\v,i 
Spanish  writer  of  that  ago,  or  indoel  if  ar| 
subsequent  one,  wlio  has  ventured  to  iii)|ii 
to  tlio  contrivanc  of  Isabella  any  one  of  tht  | 
f  rttinate   coincidences  to  which  the  autU 
alludes. 

'  Lebrija.  Rerum  Gestarum  Decaiko,  lib 
1,  cap.  2.-  Zurita,  An.iles,  lib.  is,  cap.  1"- 
Ca.stillo,  Cronica,  cap.  93,  97. — Alniiso  i'- 
raleiicia,  Coronica,  MS  ,  part.  1,  cap.  ""i. 

■'"  Alonto  de  Palencia,  Coronica,  Ms.,caF 
82. 


Jvery  rity,  nay,  al 

r,u'"aii'l  in  Cord( 

\iuA  tlio>e  in  ano 

lodies  of  arme 

jn,l.    In  Toledo 

.eiieral  contlagn 
jt  lioii>es  of  (jiu 
irii'd  now  (hvision 

he  country,  the  n 
ti.'vless  traveller, 
iioavier  ransom 

i'atioii  ou  the  hi:. 

i  uKtve  aliroad  h 
|)!t.    The  organizii 

iiaiiie  of  Henna 
liiiii'ler  of  this 

'iie  fearlessness  wi 
iLe  hi_'hest  rank, 

r>.    Hilt  this  relii 

leniiaiidad  somet 

liorrors  of  the  s( 
nt^of  sU'  h  tioubl 
1  the  ordinary  o 
Kh  of  nien  were  HI 

cli  o\erulieIiaed  tl 
\{  this  ( ri.>is,  a  cir( 

Jiy  (ILsconcerteil  i 
Itl.eir  young  leade 
filly,  r4()S,  at  the  v 
I  so  recently  been  t 
Jie  usual  suspicion: 
conveyed  to  hi 
k?rs  attriliuted  it 

desiilated  this  ui 
krief  reiun,  if  reigr 
]ice,  who,  under  h 
iiis  (Duntry  with 

;iu'  di>advaiitageo 
matioii.s  of  future  ( 
uark,  on  witness 

I  Z'lfilcs,  .\Tiftlps  de  S( 

ni  >M  l.e\aiitamienl 

IlK-.  t'ruima,  p.    109.- 

P''  !  a-"  fiiioted  an  an 

•il  til  tlie   citizens 

prill  tliis  s-ason  of  d 

'■liiiii:i  Sevilla  en  la 

■  Oh  tij..s,  i  tus  ca 

'!'>  C'licihigo  te  tie 

■»m  rdiiiludcs    wil 

•iTtlio  yoke  of  their 

'Mitna  Si' villa  e  san 

•  liie  a  tuz  nobles  ta 


lii'  fai 


1'^ 


MARRIAGE  OF   FERDINAND  AND   ISABELLA. 


83 


Jvt^rv  rity,  nay,  almost  every  family,  Wcame  now  divided  witliin  it.  elf.  In 
r.ic  iini  ill  Cordova,  tlie  inlialtitants  of  one  street  carried  oa  open  war 
liii>t  tlio.>e  in  another.  Tlie  ciuircljes,  which  were  fortified,  and  occupied 
lodii's  (if  armed  men,  were  many  of  them  sacked  and  Inirnt  to  the 
Kiii'l.    In  Toledo  no  less  than  four  thousand  dwellings  were  con  luued  in 

.t'lioral  (ontla^^ration.     The  ancient  family  feuds,  as  those  between  the 

it  houses  of  Guzman  and  J*once  de  Leon  in  Andalusia,  beinu'  revived, 

rii'ii  lu'w  divi.-ion  into  the  cities,  whose  streets  literally  ran  witli  Mood." 

(tlic  c'liuiitry,  the  nobles  and  gentry,  issuing  from  their  castles,  captured  the 

Ei.rcliNs  traveller,  wlio  was  obliged  to  redeem  his  liberty  by  the  jiayment 

iieavitT  ransom  than  was  exacted  even  by  the  IMahometans.     All  com- 

iatiiiii  oil  the  higin'oads  was  suspended,  and  no  man,  says  a  contemporary, 

i  iiKivc  abroad  Ix'yond  the  walls  of  his  city,  unless  attended  by  an  armed 
pit.    The  or^ani/xition  of  one  of  those  jiopular  confederacies  known  under 

iiiiiiic  of  llermandad^  in  14()o,  wiiicli  continue<l  in  operation  during  the 


liumlcr  of  this  gloomy 
the  fearlessness  with  wfiic 


leriod,  1  wrought  some   mitigation  to  these   evils, 

1  it  exercised  its  functions,  even  against  of  lenders 

highest  rank,  some  of  whose  castles  were  razed  to  the  grotmd  bv  its 

r>.    Hut  this  relief  was  only  jiartial ;  and  the  successful  opposition  wliich 

ItTiiiandad  sometimes  encountered  on  these  occasions  served  to  agtrravato 

liorrors  of  the  scene.     Meanwhile,  fearful   omens,  the  usual  accompani- 
iit>  iif  Ml'  li  troubled  times,  were  witnessed  ;  the  lieated  imagination  inter- 
the  (inliiiary  operations  of  natiire  as  signs  of  celestial  wrath  ;  "  and  the 
Bihnf  men  were  tilled  with  dismal  bodings  of  >ome  inevitable  evil,  like  that 

(II  o\fruli(>liiied  the  monarchy  in  the  days  of  their  (Jothic  ancestors.'* 

\\  this  ( ri>is,  a  circumstance  occurred  which  gave  a  new  face  to  all'airs,  and 

liy  disconcerted  the  ojieration.s  of  tha  confederates.  Tliis  was  the  loss 
ltl,eir  young  leader,  Alfonso,  who  was  found  dead  in  his  bed,  on  the  Ath 
fulv,  l"4iiS,  at  the  village  of  Cardenosa,  about  two  leagues  from  Avila,  which 
Ihi  recently  been  the  theatre  of  his  glory.  His  sudden  death  was  imputed, 
lie  usual  suspicious  temper  of  that  corrupt  age,  to  jioison,  supj^osed  to  have 
^  (Oiiveyed  to  him  in  a  trout  on  winch  lie  dined  the  day  preceding. 
k?rs  attributed  it  to  the  plague,  which  had  followed  in  the  train  of  evils 

desolated  this  unhappy  country.     Thus  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  after 
krief  reiun,  if  reign  it  may  be  called,  of  three  years,  ]ierished  this  young 
\n\  will),  under  happier  auspices  and  in  maturer  life,  might  have  ruled 
his  (ountry  with  a  wisdom  e([ual  to  that  of  any  of  its  monarchs.     Kven 

:iie  disadvantageous  jiosition  in  which  he  had  been  jilaced,  he  gave  clear 
Si.uiiihs  of  future  excellence.     A  short  time  before  liis  death,  he  was  heard 

eiiuuk,  (til  witnessing  the  opi)ressive  acts  of  some  of  the  nobles,  "  1  must 


IZ'ifiicra,  Aiialps  de  SeviUa.  pp.  .151,  3.S2. 
pni  .11  I.i\aiitaniiento  do  Toledo,  a]>ud 
)ii  ,  'n'nua,  p.    109. — The    historian  of 
''AS  fpiiitiii  an  animated  ;ipostroph«' 
'1  til  ttif  titizens    liy  one    of    their 
P'Mii  tliis  s.'ason  of  discord  : 
•'  iiiin:i  Si'viUa  en  la  Panpre  bafiad.i 
-  tin  tijus,  i  tus  cuvalJiTos, 
(li'  failii  eiiiiiiigi)  te  ticne  niinpuada,"  etc. 
\-<<m  nnnludi's   with    a  RunimonB    to 
"(T  tho  Volte  of  their  opprensors : 
ti'T'a  .'^I'viila  e  sacude  el  imp  rlo, 
laie  ii  tuz  nobles  tanto  vituperio." 

Bee  Anaies,  p.  359. 


"''  "Quod  in  pace  fors,  sen  natuia.  tunc 
futnm  et  ira  dei  vocatiatiir,"  H.iy*  'Jacitus 
(.llistoriie,  lil).  4,  cap.  'J6),  adverlioK  lo  a 
siniihir  state  of  e.xciti  incnt. 

'■  Saez  quotf'S  a  M.S.  htter  of  a  rontempo- 
rnry,  exhiljitinp  a  fritrhttul  picture  of  ities- 
disonlers.  (.Moiodas  (!>■  liiricine  IV'.,  j).  1, 
note.— ('astilio,  Cronii.t,  cap.  Ki,  h",  et  pa-- 
sini. — Mariiiia.  Hist,  di'  i'ispana.  t(.in.  ii  \\. 
•t."!).  Marina.  Ti'"ri'.i,  torn  ii.  p.  4~7.— Alon^o 
d<>  I'aleneia,  Cori'iniea,  MS.,  piirt.  I,  cup.  tl".).) 
Tiie  active  force  (;•  jit  on  duty  liy  tin'  In  rnian- 
dad  amounted  to  30uu  horse.  Ibid.,  cap. 
89,  UO. 


84 


CASTILE   CNDER  HENRY   IV. 


piulure   this  patiently  until    I   am  a   little    older."    On  another   orc^^ 
)t('\u<^  solicited  by  the  citizens  of  Toledo  to  apjirove  of  some  a(  t  (if  c,:] 
tion  which   they  had   conui.i^ted,  he  rcjilieil,    "God  forhid  1  sIikhIiI 
tcnance   such   injustice!"     And  on  bein^'  told  that  the  city,  in  thiit 
would  probaldy  transfer  its  allegiance  to  Henry,  he  added,  "Aliuii  jh  1 
nower,  I  am  not  willinj;  to  purchase  it  at  such  a  price."    Noble  s«'iiiii) 
r>ut  not  at  all  palatable  to  the  .urandees  of  his  party,  who  saw  with  alaim 
theyoun;,'  lion,  when  he  had  reached  his  strength,  would  lie  likely  to  buM; 
bonds  with  which  they  had  enthralled  him." 

It  is  not  easy  to  consider  the  reign  of  Alfonso  in  any  other  light  thai; 
of  a  usurpation  ;  although  some  }S|ianish  writers,  and  among  the  rest  M;i, 
a  competent  critic  when  not  blinded  ])V  prejudice,  regard  him  as  a  riL'!:^ 
sovereign,  and  as  such  to   be  enrolled  among  tlie  n)onarch.s  of  Cib'.i. 
Marina,  indeed,  admits  the  ceremony  at  Avila  to  have  been  originally 
work  of  a  faction,  and  in  itself  informal  and  unconstitutional ;  but  ho  consid 
it  to  have  received  a  legitimate  sanction  from  its  subse(pientrecogniti(iiiliv:J 
people.     But  I  do  not  find  that  the  denosition  of  Ileiny  the  Fourth  \va>t;] 
confirmed  by  an  act  of  cortes.     lie  still  continued  to  reign  with  the  coiw 
of  a  large  j>ortion,  probably  the  majority,  of  his  subjects ;  and  it  is  cvi 
that  proceedings  so  irregular  as  those  jtt  Avila  could  have  no  pretciir] 
constitutional  validity,  without  a  very  general  expression  of  approbatioi; 
the  iiart  of  the  nation. 


Tlie  leaders  of  the  confederates  were  thrown  into  constem.ation  byaiiH 
which  threatened  to  dirolve  their  league  and  to  leave  them  exposed  tr: 
resentment  of  an   offended  sovereign.     In  this  coniuncture,  they  iiiituri 
turned  their  eyes  on    Isabella,  whose   dignified  and  conunanding  diaraq 
might  counterbal.ance  the  disai [vantages  arising  from  tlie  nnsuitatikiu- 
her  sex  for  so   perilous  a  situation,  and  justify  her  election  in  the  n- 
tlie  people.     8lie  had  continued  in  the  family  of  Henry  during  the  -r- 
part  of  the   civil   war  ;  until  the  occupation  of  Segovia  by  the  iiisiii. 
after  the  battle  of  Olmedo,  enabled  her  to  seek  the  protection  of  iier  yoiiii.^ 
brother  Alfonso,  to  which  she  was  the  more  inclined  by  her  disgust 
the  license  of  a  court  where  the  love  of  pleasure  scorned  even  the  veiij 
hypocrisy.    On  the  death  of   lier  brother,  she  withdrew  to  a  moiuvsterjl 
Avila,  where   she  was  visited  by  the  arcnliishop  of  Toleilo,  who,  in  Wla 
of   the  confederates,  requested   her   to   occupy  the   station  lately  filWs 
Alfonso,  and  allow  herself  to  be  proclaimed  ([ueen  of  Castile.'* 

Isabella  discerned  too  clearly,  however,  the  path  of  duty  and  prulmlivi 
interest.    She  unhesitatingly  refused  the  seductive  proti'er,  and  reiiliedtiJ 
"while  her  brother  Henry  lived,  none  otlier  had  a  right  to  the  cmwiiMiaj 
the  country  had  been  divided  long  enough  under  the  rule  of  two  {■K\m 
ing  monarchs  ;  and  that  the  death  of  Alfonso  might  perhaps  be  iiittr 
inio  an  indication  from  Heaven  of  i  s  disapprobation  of  their  caibc' 
expre..sed  herself  desirous  of  establishing  a  reconciliation  between  the  lan-j 
and  oliered  heartily  to  co-oj^erate  with  her  brother  in  the  refonnatk 
existing  abuses.     Neither  the  eloipience  nor  entreaties  of  tiie  iirimate! 
move  her  from  her  purpose;  and  when  a  deputation  from  Seville  anntnii. 
to  her  that  that  city,  in  common  with  the  rest  of  Andalusia,  had  luifurloi:! 


**  Alonso  dp  Palpncla,  Coronica,  MS.,  cap. 
87,  92.— CaHtillo,  Croiiiiu,  cap.  94. — Garibay, 
Conipondio,  lib.  17,  cap.  ^0. 

•*'  lUariiia,  Tcuria,  part.  Z,  cap.  38. 


'"  Lobrija,  Rerum  GeRtarum  iwcadN 
l.cap.  3.-  Aloiisode  Paleiicia,  ('(in'mHi.'i'j 
jtart.  1,  cap.  92. — Florez,  Keynas  Catbi-^ 
turn.  ii.  p.  790. 


MARRIAGE  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


85 


i:i  !;iriK  in  licr  name  and  proclaimed  her  sovereign  of  Castile,  she  still  per- 
il.'1  ill  tilt'  same  wise  and  tempt>rate  policy." 

ITlii' luiitVileratts  were  not  preparoil  for  tliis  nia;,nianimons  art  from  one  so 

liin.'.  and  in  opposition  to  the  advice  of  her  m'tst  venerated  counsellors. 

iiUtTiiative  remained,  however,  hut  that  of  nc'^otiating  an  accommodation 

the  lit'-t  terms  i)Ossil)le  with  Henry,  wliose  facility  of  temper  and  love 

\J^ ,,.  iKitunilly  disposed  him  to  an  amicable  adjustment  of  his  ditlerences. 

litli  these  dispositions,  a  reconciliation  was  ellected  Itetween  the  parties  on 

f..ll,i\viii.:  coniliti(»ns  :  namely,  that  a  general  anmesty  should  he  granted 

the  kiir^  for  all  i>ast  ofrences  ;  that  the  fuieen,  whose  dissolute  condiKit  was 

litte.l  to  he  matter  of  notoriety,  should  be  divorced  from  her  husband  and 

It  ha  k  to  I'ortugal ;  that  Isal)ella  should  have  the  principality  of  the 

fturia^  (the  usual  demesne  of  the  heir  apparent  to  the  crown)  settled  on  her, 

iciher  with  a  siiecirtc  i»rovi;  ion  suitable  to  her  rank  ;  that  she  should  be 

fiiii-  tiately  recognized  heir  to  the  crowns  of  Castile  and  Le  »n  ;  that  a  coi'tes 

Dull  he  conv  ked  within  forty  days  for  the  purpose  of  bestowing  a  legal 

tioii  (Ml  her  title,  as  well  as  of  reforming  the  various  abuses  of  government ; 

.  tiiially,  that  Isabella  should  not  be  constrained  to  marry  in  opposition  to 

i.ua  wishes  nor  should  she  do  so  without  the  consent  of  lier  brother."* 

Ill  imrsiiaiico  of  the^e  arrangements,  an  interview   took  place  between 

Biirv  and  I>a1)ella,  each  attended  by  a  brilliant  cortege  of  cavaliers  ami 

le-,  at  a  place  called  Toros  de  Guisand  ),"  in  New  Castile.      (Sept.  9, 

)s.)    The  inoiiarch  end)raced  his  sister  with  the  tenderest  marks  of  allec- 

[ii,  and  then  uroceeded  solemidy  to  recognize  her  as  his  future  and  rightful 

\:.     \n  oatli  of  allegiance  was  repeated  by  the  attendant  nol)les,  who 

[nhiile  1  tlie  ceremony  l)y  kissing  the  hand  of  the  princess  in  token  of  their 

Biiu'e.    Ill  due  time  the  rejire^entativesof  the  nation,  convened  in  cortesat 

_  a.  iiiiaiumously  concurred  in  their  approbation  of  these  preliminary  pro- 

uliiiu'N  and  thus  Isabella  was  aunouncea  to  the  w  )rkl  as  the  lawful  successor 

Ithe  crowns  of  Castile  and  Leon." 

It  r;in  hardly  be  believed  that  Henry  was  sincere  in  .sulKscribing  conditions 
|liiiiiii!iating ;  nor  can  his  easy  and  lethargic  temper  account  for  his  so 
Iv  ivHiniuishing  the  pretensions  of  the  iirincevs  .Joanna,  whom,  notwith- 
i'v.v:  the  popular  imputations  on  her  nirth,  he  seems  always  to  have 
feri>ht'd  as  his  own  offspring.*    He  was  accused,  even  while  actually  signing 

2,  cap.  4. — Castillo,  Cronica,  cap.  IIH. — Muri- 
ana.  Hist,  de  Espaila,  torn.  ii.  pp.  401,  402. — 
Pulgar,  Rpyes  Cat61i(;<)H,  part.  1,  cap.  U.— 
Castilli)  aflfirins  that  Hi-nty,  iiicotisi-d  hy  his 
sisti'i's  rffu-<al  of  the  kiii>;  of  I'ortu^ral,  dis- 
solved the  cortex  at  Ocafia  hidbri'  it  had  taken 
th<;  oath  of  all'jriiitico  to  Iht.  (Cronica,  cap. 
127.)  This  ass  rtion,  howovor,  is  cunnitT- 
bal  iriced  by  tiii-  opixwif"  one  of  I'ulttar,  a  coti- 
t"mporary  writer  liki'  hiiiis;>lf,  (lleyis  (,'aru- 
licos,  cap.  5  )  .\Tid  as  FiMilinaiid  aii(i  I-i  il)  11a, 
ill  a  letter  .iddre,.>sed,  after  tlieir  niarriaue,  to 
Henry  I\'.,  traiiserild'd  also  hv  C,i«till.>,  allucl! 
iiK'identally  to  sueii  a  reciigniticin  as  itj  a 
well-kiiMwn  fut.  th.'  lialance  r)f  testiuiniiy 
must  he  adniitt<'il  to  be  in  favour  of  it.  ."See 
Castillo,  Cronic.i,  cap.  114. 


I.ilirijii,  R.rum  Gestarum  Decades,  lib. 
!.— Ferreras,   Hist.  d'F.spagne,  toni. 

p.  -H.— AlonsD  de  I'aleiicia,  Ooronica, 
Leap.  92,— part.  2,  cap.  5. 
S.i'a(iii)y  of  the  original  compact  cited 
iiu'ili  liy  Marina,  Teon'a,  Apend.  no.  11. 
li;ar,  11  yes  Catolicos,  part.  1,  cap.  2. 
.S"  called  ir. mi  four  buli.s,  sculptured  in 
.  'ii-civrreii  there,  with  Latin  inscrlp- 
tluTfon,  iudJeatinK  it  to  have  been  the 

"f  ■iieef  .lulius  -.^a'sar's  victories  during 

1*  il  w  ir.  [  p^trada,  Poblacion  general  d<; 
1..1  M,i,lri(l,  l74-<\totn.  i.  p.  :»oti.)— Cr.i- 
'  I  t'lrliajal,  a  contemporary,  fixes  the 
■t  this  eoiiveiition  iri  Aucii-it.     Anales 

Ii  >•  K'Ttnii  lo  ,■!  (Jitnlic),  M-;  ,  ai^o  I4GS. 
Vliisode  Palencia,  Coronic.i,  MS.,  part. 


'ft  is  linuever,  asserted  in  a  document 
Nev.iiil„.r  27,  147u,  that  Henry  liad 
c-nf-MPii  the  illegitim  icv  of  Juana  and 

^n  a  ."..I  niri  oath  to  that  effect.     (S.-iC  tho 


Protest  of  Diego  Ferrandesde  Quifionr's,  cotule 
de  I, una,  when  sumnioii'il  bv  Henry  IV.  to 
RW'  ar  fealty  t)  the  pr  ncess  /nana,  i  oloicioti 
de  Docum  ntos  Incditos  para  li  Hi-itKrli  do 


86 


CASTILE   UNDER  HENRY  IV. 


tlic  treaty,  of  a  secret  collusion  with  the  inaniuis  of  Villena  for  tlic  purpwl 
cviidiug  it, — an  accusation  which  derives  a  plausil^le  colouiingfroin  Mitbei^ 
events. 

The  new  and  legitimate  basis  on  which  the  pretensions  of  Isabella 
throne  now  rcsteil  drew  tlie  attention  of  neiiihbourin;^  princes,  who  cnntt-.^ 
with  e;u  h  other  for  the  honour  of  her  hand.  Amon^^these  suitors  wusalir- 
of  Kdwurd  the  Fourth  of  England,  not  iniprol)ably  Richard,  duke  of  (ilmi ,-,, 
since  Claience  was  then  en,Ljaged  in  liis  intrigues  with  the  cjirl  nf  War-j 
whidi  led  a  few  months  later  to  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  that 
man.     Had  she  .istened  to  his  proposals,  the  tluke  would  in  all  likelilioiHi  J 
exchanged  his  residence  in  England  for  Castile,  where  his  ambition,  MitiJ 
with  the  certain  reversion  of  a  crown,  nu'ght  have  been  spared  the  c(iiii!i,;...| 
of  the  catalogue  of  crimes  whiih  blackens  his  menn'ry.*' 

Another  suitor  was  the  duke  of  Guienne,  the  unfortunate  l>rotlier  ofL] 
the  Eleventh,  and  at  that  time  the  presumptive  heir  of  the  French  111,1 
Although  the  ancient  intinuicy  which  subsisted  between  the  royal  faiiiii- 
France  and  Castile  in  some  measure  favoured  his  pretensions,  thedisadvan'iA^ 
resulting  from  such  a  union  were  too  obvious  to  escape  attention.    TI1-" 
countries  were  too  remote  from  each  other,"  and  their  inhabitants  to 
similar  in  character  and  institutions,  to  jiermit  the  iilea  of  their  ever  cm  - 
coalescing  as  one  people  under  a  conunon  sovereign.      Should  tlio  d; 
Guienne  fail  in  the  inheritance  of  the  crown,  it  was  argued,  he  would  Uc 
way  an  uneipuU  juatch  for  the  heiress  of  Castile;  should  he  succeed  t^. 
might  be  feared  that,  in  case  of  a  union,  the  smaller  kingdom  would  k 
sidered  only  as  an  appendage,  and  sacrificed  to  the  interests  of  the  lari;i'r'^| 


*'  Isabiila,  who  in  a  leUcr  to  Honry  IV., 
dated  Oct.  I'itli,  1409,  udvirts  to  these  pro- 
l»osals  ol' Uk;  Eiiglisli  |priiice,  as  being  under 
consideration  at  tlie  time  of  the  convention 
ofJ'oros  de  tiuisando,  docs  not  sitecify  wliich 
ol  tlie  brotliers  of  Edward  IV.  was  intended. 
(Casiillo,  Cionica,  cap.  l.Jli.)— Mr.  Turnrr,  in 
1)18  History  of  England  during  the  .Middle 
Ages  (^London,  l-<.i.'>),  quotes  p.irt  of  the  ad- 
dress (k-livered  by  the  Spanish  envoy  to 
I'iihard  III.,  in  1483,  in  wliiih  the  orator 
siicaks  of  '"the  unkindness  which  liis  queen 
Isaliell.i  had  conceived  for  E«i\vard  IV.,  for 
his  refusal-  of  her,  and  his  taking  instead  to 
w  ife  a  widow  of  England."  (Vol.  iii.  p.  '274.) 
The  old  chronicler  Hall,  on  the  other  hand, 


mentions  th.it    it    was    currently  rkt 
althougli  he  do^'s  not  appear  ti>  eruilli  :■_. 
the   earl   of  Warwick    h.id    been  lii.^p 
into  Spain  in  ordi  r  to  retjuest  the  Iwnl  'I 
princess  Isabella  lor  his  nuwter,  E(lwir;.| 
in  1463.     (_ .See  hi:.  Chronicle  of  EiinUiiii 
don,  lrf09),  pp.  2G3,  2C4.)— I  find  iiDtiiiiii,'!! 
Spanish  accounts  of  that  period  wliiciiiif 
any  light  on  these  obvious  contratintivri- 

"^    The  territories  of  France  ami  ^ 
touched,  indeed,   on  one  point,  (uuipw 
but  were  separated  along  the  wliou'  rs 
ing    line    of   fiontler   by    the    kingJ.»| 
Aragon  and  Navaire. 

■"  Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cip.  *  -\i 
de  Palencia,  Coronica,  M.S.,  p.irt.  J,  mj  .1 


r^pafia,  toin.  xiv.)  This  testimony  is,  per- 
haps, insufficit'iit;  but  it  is  at  least  evident 
that,  on  the  occasions  lelerred  to,  Henry,  by 
con.sentmg  to  recognize  first  Alfonso,  and 
Kubsetjuently  Isalxdla,  as  rightful  heir  to  the 
crown,  abandoned  the  claims  of  Jwana  and 
gave  an  iniplu'd  rianclion  to  the  poiiular  belief 
in  regard  to  Ikt  iiatcTiiity.  Such  an  act,  if  it 
(•prang  from  nwv  we.ikuess,  would  leave  the 
liistiiric.il  (luestiiin  unsettled  ;  but  it  certainly 
justilied  the  ac  jipii  of  the  corti  s  and  also  th  • 
course  of  Isal)ella  in  asseriing  her  right  to  tlie 
sucees.sion.  Yet  Bergen; oth,  in  speaking  of 
tue.se  events,  s.iys,  "  Tue  history  of  this 
usurpation  is  one  of  the  most  disgraceful  on 
record.  .  .  .  Isabel  branded  the  heire-s  to  the 
throne  with  the  dispiraging  name  of  la  liel- 
trantj.i,  fjrccd  lit r  to  fl;.',  and  siated  herself 


on  the  throne  of  Castile."    (Siiii|il'!ii-:: 
Volume  I.   and  V»diinie  II.    of  Lit  r-. 
spatches,  and  State  I'aj)  rs,   IiiinKlikt:- 
xxvii.)    Isabella,  however,  was  ii<,t  [: 
to  assert  the  illegiiiuiacy  of  .luiria,  icH 
the  assertion  originally  made  in  h  r  i!!i-"j 
On  the  contrary,  it  had  given  ri<'toi.' 
war  at  a  time  when  she  could  taki'  ii"! 
the  dispute  and  had  no  claim  wliiili  i 
affected  by  the  decision,    'i'he  cl.iiiii  «!■■ 
volvrd  upon  her  on  the  deaih  of  .Ml:- 
establish  (i.  while  she  still  rcuiaiiiiil  [■■■\ 
by   a  treaty   to    which  the  soveri;."^  •'( 
pary  and  which  was  ratified  bytii': 
seiitalives  of  the  nation.     How,  tmn,  >il 
a.^sertion  of  it  after    Henry's  dratbU; 
sidered  an  act  of  usuipation  i—iLn.] 


MARRIAGE  OF  FERDINAND   AND  ISABELLA. 


87 


The  I'crson  on  uluuu  Isabella  turned  the  most  favrtnraltle  eve  was  her  kins- 
iiiiiii  Kt'iilinaiid  of  Arau'on.  The  suiieriur  advantaLie-!  of  a  connection  which 
mh'mM  1»c  tilt'  means  of  uniting  the  people  of  Ara.iron  and  (,'a^tile  into  one 
iiiiti'iu  were  indeed  manifest.  They  were  tlie  descemhints  of  one  common  stock, 
♦  ]cakiii-'  one  lan^iau'e,  and  livini,'  under  the  inHuence  of  similar  institutions, 
wliidi  had  nioidded  them  into  a  connnon  resem])lance  of  character  and  manners. 
F;">iii  tlicir  geo^'iaiihical  position,  too,  they  seemed  destined  by  nature  to  bo 
Mic  nation  ;  ancl,  while  separately  they  were  condemned  to  the  rank  of  petty 
mid  siili.irdinate  states,  they  mij^dit  hope,  when  consolidated  into  one  monarchy, 
ti)  rise  at  once  to  the  first  class  of  European  j>owers.  'NVhile  ar^^nnents  of  this 
piiltlic  nature  jiressed  on  tie  mind  of  Isabella,  she  was  not  insensiltle  to  those 
\Wiitli  lll"^t  pnwerfully  alfect  the  female  heart.  Ferdinand  was  then  in  the 
l.lddiii  of  life,  and  distini^Miished  for  the  comeliness  of  his  nerson.  In  the  busy 
.'fciics  in  which  he  had  lieen  enga^'ed  from  his  boyhood,  he  had  displayed  a 
(hivalrniis  valour,  C(»nd)ined  with  maturity  of  judgment  far  above  his  years. 
Indeoil,  lie  was  decidedly  superior  to  his  rivals  in  personal  merit  and  attrac- 
tmiis."  lint,  while  private  inclinations  thus  liappily  coincided  with  consider- 
atiiin<  of  expediency  for  inclining  her  to  i)refer  the  Aragonese  match,  a  scheme 
\\;is  (Icvi-cd  in  another  (quarter  for  the  express  purpose  of  defeating  it. 

A  friutinii  nf  the  r<tyal  jiarty,  with  the  faimly  of  Mendoza  at  their  head, 
had  retired  in  disgust  with  the  convention  of  Toros  de  Giiisando,  and  openly 
c  |H>Msc(l  the  cause  of  the  princess  Joanna.  They  even  instructed  her  to 
iiiNtituto  an  ap]ieal  before  the  tribunal  of  the  supreme  pontitt',  and  caused  a 
jihuanl,  exiiiltiting  a  protest  against  the  validity  of  the  late  proceedings,  to 
he  nailed  secretly  in  the  niglit  to  the  gate  of  Isabella's  mansion."  Thus  were 
Hiwn  the  seeds  of  new  dissensions,  before  the  old  were  completely  eradicated. 
With  this  disaffected  party  the  manpiis  of  Villena,  who,  since  his  reconcilia- 
tiuii.  had  resumed  his  ancient  ascendency  over  Henry,  now  associated  himself. 
Nnthiiij:,  in  the  opinion  of  this  noldeman,  could  l)e  more  rejmgnant  to  his 
interests  than  the  projected  union  between  the  houses  of  Castile  and  Aragon  ; 
tn  the  latter  of  winch,  as  already  notice<l,"  once  belonged  the  ample  domains 
cf  his  own  niarquisate,  which  he  imagined  would  be  held  by  a  very  precarious 
tenure  should  any  of  this  family  obtain  a  footing  in  Castile. 

Ill  the  hope  of  counteracting  this  project,  lie  endeavoured  to  revive  the  ob- 
snlete  pretensions  of  Alfonso,  king  of  rortugal  ;  and,  the  more  etl'ectually  to 
Secure  the  co-operation  of  Henry,  he  connected  with  his  scheme  a  proposition 
fr  marrying  his  daughter  Joanna  with  the  son  and  heir  of  the  Portuguese 
iiiiiuarch  ;  and  thus  this  unfortunate  princess  might  be  enabled  to  assume  at 
I  :iie  a  station  suitable  to  her  birth,  and  at  some  future  opportunity  assert  with 
Mil  (CSS  her  claim  to  the  Castilian  crown.  In  furtherance  of  this  complicate*! 
intrigue,  Alfonso  was  invited  to  renew  his  addresses  to  Isabella  in  a  more  public 
iKauner  than  he  had  hitherto  done  ;  and  a  pompous  embassy,  with  the  aich- 
hidiop  of  Lisbon  at  his  head,  appeared  at  Ocafia,  where  Isabel'a  was  then 


"  I'^.it.<'Uii,  in  ordpr  to  acquaint  hcr-^olf 
nmrc  intiniatdy  witlitlie  p.-rsoniil  qujlitiea 
if  'fr  r-spcciivo  siiiturs,  had  iTivatclj'  tle- 
fliatclii'd  licr  toiilidpiiti.l  chaplain,  Alonso 
li'  Ci^a,  to  tlip  courts  of  France  and  of  Ara- 
p"i,  and  his  report  on  liis  return  was  altu- 
j-'ticr  tavourahlo  to  Ferdimind.  The  duke 
'f  Ouiciiiie  ho  represented  as  "a  feeble, 
•  fT'iiiin.ite  prince,  with  "linibs  so  emaciated 
s-  to  h."  idiii"st  deformed,  and  with  eyes  so 
"•alcand  w.itery  as  to  incapacitate  him  for 
Hi"  ordinary  oxercist's  of   chivalry ;    while 


Ferdinand,  on  the  otlier  hand,  was  possessed 
of  a  c(.niely,  syninietrical  ti|.nir<',  a  frraciful 
demeanour,  and  a  spirit  that  was  up  to  any- 
thing ;  "  iinii  d.i.j>i,e.-t()  jxirn  dxla  cosa  (/iih 
hacer  ijuisies''.  It  is  not  inipn'hable  liiat  tlio 
queen  of  A'^apim  cotiilescendid  to  practise 
pome  of  thiis"  agreeiilj'.c  arts  on  the  woiMiy 
chaphlin  w)ii»h  made  so  sensible  an  impres- 
sion on  the  maniiiis  if  \'ill<na. 

^  Alonso  de  Valencia,  Cor6nica,  MS.,  part. 
2,  cap.  5. 

•"  See  ante,  note  10. 


88 


CASTILE   UNDER  HENRY   IV. 


residing',  lioarini;  the  j)roi)Osals  of  their  master.    The  princess  returned,  as  Itofrc, 
a  (h'cided  though  tenn)erate  refusal.^''   Henry,  or  rather  the  niari|uis  of  Villci4 1 
l»ii|ue<l  at  this  opposition  to  his  wishes,  resolved  to  intiniichite  her  into  •■oiii|-i, 
ance,  and  menaced  her  with  impiisonment  in  the  royal  fortress  at  Mmln: 
Neither  her  tears  nor  entreaties  would  have  availed  against  tliis  tyraniiia^i 
jiroccedin^' ;  and  the  manpiis  was  only  deterred  from  puttinj,'  it  in  excditMj 
liy  his  fear  of  the  inhal)itants  of  Ucana,  who  opeidy  espoused  the  cau,M-,i 
Isaltella.     Indeed,  the  connnon  people  of  Ciustile  very  generally  supiiortcil  l„r 
in  her  preference  of  the  Aragone;  e  match.     Boys  j)araded  the  streets,  hcariii; 
Itanners  emhlazone<l  with  the  arms  of  Aragon,  anu  singing  verses  propjictir.; 
the  glories  of  the  auspicious  union.     They  even  assembled  roiiiKl  the  palaiel 
gates,  and  insulted  the  ears  (tf  Henry  and  his  minister  l»y  the  renetition 
satirical  stanzjus  which  c(»ntrasted  Alfons(»'s  years  witli  the  youthful  gracis 
PVrdinand.''*     Notwithstanding  this  pojudar  expression  of  opinion,  hnwcver,! 
the  constancy  of  Isaluflla  might  at  length  have  yielded  to  the  imj»ortuiiityii 
her  j)ersecut(trs.  liad  she  not  been  encouraged  })y  her  friend  the  archliislinjni 
Toledo,  who  luui  warmly  entered  into  the  interests  of  Aragon,  and  who  prniiii>eii 
sliould  matters  come  to  extremity,  to  march  in  person  to  her  relief  at  the  litaj 
of  a  suflicient  force  to  insure  it.     (14(59.) 

Isabella,  indignant  at  the  o])pressive  treatment  which  she  experienced  friiir; 
her  brother,  as  well  as  at  his  notorious  infraction  of  almost  every  article  in  tlie  I 
tieaty  of   Toros  de  Guisando,  felt  lierself  released  from  her  correspuiidiHj 
engagements,  and  determined  to  conclude  the  negotiations  relative  to  her  I 
marriage  without  any  further  deference  to  Ids  o[»inion.     Before  taking  aiiv 
decisive  ste]>,  however,  she  was  desirous  of  obtaining  the  concurrence  "f  tiie 
leading  nobles  of  her  i)arty.     Tliis  was  effected  without  dithculty,  througii  tlie  | 
intervention  of  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  and  of  Don  Frederick  Ileiiriiimi 
admiral  of  Castile,  and  the  maternal  grandfather  of  Ferdimmd  ;  a  ixtmiUij 
liigh  consideration,  both  from  his  rank  and  character,  and  connected  by  l)l(«»i 
"with  the  jirincipal  families  in  the  kingdom."    Fortified  by  their  appro! latimi, 
Isabella  dismissed  the  Aragonese  envoy  with  a  favourable  ansAver  to  his 
master's  suit.*" 

Her  reply  was  received  with  almost  as  much  satisfaction  by  the  old  kinjr  "f 
Aragon,  John  the  Second,  as  by  his  son.  This  monarch,  who  was  one  of  tL^ 
shrewdest  princes  of  his  time,  had  always  been  deeply  sensi])le  of  the  imiHirt- 
ance  of  consolidating  the  scattered  monarchies  of  Spain  under  one  head,  lie 
had  solicited  the  hand  of  Lsabella  for  his  son  when  she  possessed  only  a 
contingent  reversion  of  the  crown.  But,  when  her  succession  had  been  settid 
on  a  more  secure  basis,  he  lost  no  time  in  eflecting  this  favourite  object  of  lii> 
jiolicy.  With  the  consent  of  the  states,  he  had  transferred  to  his  son  tiie  title 
of  king  of  Sicily,  and  associated  him  with  himself  in  the  government  at  home, 
in  order  to  give  him  greater  conse(iuence  in  the  eyes  of  his  mistress.  IIo  then 
despatched  a  confidential  agent  into  Castile,  with  instructions  to  gain  (tvert'i 
his  intere  t-i  all  w!io  exercised  any  influence  on  the  mind  of  the  princess 
furnishing  him  for  this  })ur]iose  with  cartes  bl<(nc/u's,  signed  l^y  himself  ai.i 
Ferdinand,  which  he  was  empowered  to  fill  at  his  discretion.*' 


*'  Faria  y  Sousa,  Eiimpa  Purtugiiosa,  torn, 
ii.  p.  :!01.— Castillo,  Cn'iiiioi,  oaj)  121.  127.— 
Alonso  de  I'alciK-ia,  Coronica,  MS.,  part.  2, 
caj).  7. — Lt'bi'ja,  llerum  Gustarum  Decades, 
lib.  1.  cup.  7. 

"  Beriialdez,  Reyes  Cat61icoR,  MS.,  cap.  7. 
—  Alonao  de  Palcncia,  Cor6nlca,  MS.,  part.  2, 
cip.  7. 


'"  Pulgar,  Claros  Varonos,  tit.  2. 

'■"  L.  Marineo,  Cosas  memorables.  f^'l.  15' 
—  Ziiiita.  Analcs,  toni.  iv.  fol  u;2.-  Al'|;i''^ 
di'  I'alcncia,  Coronica,  M.S.,  part.  2,  cip. "  - 
Pulgar,  Rcyc:  Catolfcos,  cap.  9 

'■'  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  Iv.  fol.  157,  163. 


MARIUAGE  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISAlillLI.A. 


80 


|r..  t"(vn  parties  thus  fjivonniMy  «.lispose<l  tlierc  was  no  unnorossary  delay. 

lie  n:;iiri;i.»' ii'li*'^'''  wen?  si/^'iu'd,  and  sworn  to  l».v  Ferdinand  at  Ct-rvera  on 

7tli  nf  January,  14(1!).     lie  promised  faithfnlly  to  respect  the  laws  and 

„.(•>  nf  ('a^ti!e^to  li\  liis  n.'sidence  in  that  kinirdom,  and  not  to  ipiit  it 

tlwiit  the  consent  of  I>al»elia  ;  to  aHenato  no  property  helonu'ln^,'  to  the 

Uii;  to  prefer  no  foreii,Miers  to  nnniieipal  ot!iees,  and  indeed  to  make  no 

ijHiiiitiiiciits  of  a  <ivil  or  military  nature,  without  her  consent  and  appruba- 

Vi :  ii!id  to  resii^n  to  her  exclusively  the  ri^dit  of  nomination  to  ecclesia>tical 

|ir;iros.    All  ordinance^  of  a  pid)li(:  nature  were  to  he  subscribed  equally  by 

h.    Ferdinand  en,L,'ai,M'd,  moreover,  to  i»rose(.'ute  the  war  a^uin  t  the  Moors  ; 

frt'^itoit  KniA  Henry;  to  snil'er  every  noble  to  remain  unmolested  in  the 

iMoinii  of  his  dignities ;  and  not  to  demand  restitution  of  the  domains 

(iii.iiy  nwncil  ]>y  his  father  in  Castile,     The    reaty  concluded  with  a  specifi- 

li'ii  nf  a  nia^iiiticent  dower  to  be  settled  on  Isabelhi,  far  more  ample  than 

lit  i;siiiilly  assii,'ned  to  the  ([ueens  of  Aragon,"    The  circiniispection  t»f  the 

kiiif'iNnf  this  instrument  is  apparent  from  the  various  provisions  introduced 

fo  It  solely  to  calm  the  apprenensions  and  to  conciliate  the  K'K>d  will  of  the 

ty  (lisiitiected  to  the  niarria''e  ;  while  the  national  |»artialities  of  the  Cas- 

iio  in  i^cncral  were  ^'ratifieil  by  the  jealous  restrictions  imposed  on  Ferdi- 

.  ami  the  relin(inishnient  of  all  the  essential  rights  of  sovereignty  to  his 

■rt. 

liii'o  these  affairs  were  in  r)ro<rress,  Isabella's  situation  was  l)ecoming 

ri'iiii'ly  critical.     She  had  availed  herself  of  the  absence  of  her  bntther  and 

ii;iri[uis  of  Villena  in  the  south,  whither  they  had  gone  for  the  purpose  of 

I)|iriN.>iir,'  the  still  lingering  spark  of  insurrection,  to  transfer  her  residence 

[ill  OijiDii  to  Madri^'al,  ^vlIcre,  under  the  protection  of  her  mother,  she 

emlcil  to  abide  the  issue  of  the  i)ending  negotiations  with  Aragon.     Far, 

r.vtT.  from  escaping  the  vigilant  eye  of  the  nianiuis  of  Villena  by  this 

|v(iii('iit,  she  laid  herself  more  open  to  it.     She  found  the  bishop  of  Burgos, 

iifpliew  of  the  inanjuis,  stationed  at  Madrigal,  where  he  served  as  an 

rt  i;il  spy  upon  her  actions.    Her  most  confidential  servants  were  corrupted, 

,  I  "live, (m1  intelligence  of  her  proceedings  to  her  enemy.     Alarmed  at  the 

|u;il  iirouTess  inaile  in  the  negotiations  for  her  marriage,  the  nianpiis  was 

•  oiiviiicoil  that  he  could  only  lio])e  to  defeat  them  by  resorting  to  the 

ivc  system  which  he  had  before  abandoned.     lie  accordingly  instructed 

i;inlilii-.hop  of  Seville  to  inarch  at  once  to  Madrigal  with  a  sulticient  force 

lire  Isabella's  person  ;  and  letters  were  at  the  same  time  addressed  by 

|nrv  to  the  citizens  of  that  place,  menacing  thein  with  his  resentment  if 

\)  -liMiilil  presume  to  interpose  in  her  behalf.     The  timid  inhabitants  dis- 

I  the  pur|)ort  of  the  mandate  to  Isal)ella,  and  besought  her  to  provide 

mr  DWii  safety.     This  was  perhaps  the  most  critical  period  in  her  life. 

jrayeil  liy  her  own  domestics,  deserted  even  ])y  those  friends  of  her  own  sex 

III  Jit  have  afforded  her  sympathy  and  counsel,  but  who  fled  atlrighted 

HI  the  scene  of  danger,  and  on  the  eve  of  falling  into  the  snares  of  her 

piii's.  she  beheld  the  sudden  extinction  of  those  hopes  which  she  had  so 

;iii(|  so  fondly  cherished.*^ 
In  tills  exigency,  she  contrived  to  convey  a  knowledge  of  her  situation  to 


^■>^  the  copy  of  the  origin;il   marriage 

t.  11  it  c.\isi>  in  tiie  archives  of  Siman- 
fxTactoi  in  t.nn.  vi.  of  Moniorias  dc  la 

!'Hi«t.,  Apenil.  no.  1.-  Zurita,  AnaUs. 

■  i«p  31,  — I-Vrrpraa,  Hist.  d'E-'pagne, 

ii  p.  .■;«. 


'■'  Alonso  df>  Pal  ncia,  Coronira,  M'>.,  part. 
2,  cap.  I'i.— Ca-^tillo,  Croiiiid,  cap.  l'2-<,  131, 
130.  — Ziirita,  Aiml.'S,  torn.  iv.  f.l.  1G2.- 
Beatriz  de  Hobadilla  and  Mf^ncia  d<'  la  Torre, 
the  two  ladi  's  mo«t  in  her  coiifi(i''ncc,  had 
escip^d  to  the  neighbouring  town  of  Coca. 


93 


CASTILE   rXDKR  IIEXRY   IV. 


Adiiiiriil    IIonn<[noz  and  thn  ftrdihi-iliop  of  Toledo.     TIk?  artivo  ]T(!,iV| 
rccciviiii;  tlio  smiiiiioii-i,  colk'ctcd  a  l)oily  of   liorst',  mil,  rtMiifonrl 
adiiiiiars  troops,  advanced  with  siu'h  expedition  to  Mailri.cal   that  hf.] 
ct'cdi'd  in  anticipatin,;  the  arrival  of  the  enemy.     IsaU'lla  reeiveil  ||»r  f 
with  inifi'i^ned  sati-ifai-tion  ;  and  hiddin;,'  ailieii  to  her  dismayed  irnarli.i 
Itishopof  l{ur;;()s,  and  his  attendants,  she  wa-i  home  olf  hy  her  little  arin 
Nort  of  military  triinnph  to  the  friendly  city  of  Valhulolid,  where  >\\t\ 
welcomed  l)y  the  citizens  with  a  fjcMieral  hnrst  of  enthusiasm.^* 

In  the  mean  time,  (Intierre  de  (Jardenas,  one  of   the  honselioKl  „!] 
]»rince:s,**  and  Alonso  de  I'alencia,  thefaithfid  chroidcler  of  these  eventsH 
des|)atched  into  Ara^'on  in  order  to  (ini(;ken  Ferdinand's  oj»eratii)iis  >i  ■ 
the  an-ipicions  interval  afforded  l)y  the  alvstMice  of  Henry  in  .Vndahisja. 
arriving'  at  the  frontier  town  of  ()snia,  they  were  dismayed  to  find  tlia; 
bishop  of  that  place,  to,i,^ether  witli  the  dnke  of  .Medina  Celi,  on  wIm^o  f. 
co-operation  they  had  relied  for  the  safe  Intro  Inction  of    Fenlinanl 
Castile,  had  l)een  gained  over  to  the  interests  of  the  marquis  of  Vilhp 
The  envoys,  liowever,  adroitly  concealin,i.j  the  real  object  of  their  mission.  i( 
l»ermitte(i  to  pass  unmolested  to    Sara^^ossa,   where   Ferdinand  was  '4 
residing.     They  could  not  have  arrived  at  a  more  inop[>ortune  season, 
olil  king  of  .\ragon  was  in  the  very  heat  of  the  war  against  the  iii>:ir.' 
Catalans,   headed  by   the   victorious  John   of   Anjoii.     .Vltliougli  sd  - 
])res>ed,  Ids  forces  were  on  the  eve  of  did>an  ling,  for  want  of  the  rc'i 
funds  to  maintain  them.     His  exhausted  treasury  did  not  contain  mure 
three  hundred  "nriiiues."     In  this  exigency  he  was  agitated  by  tlio 
distressing  doul»ts.      As  he  could  spare   neither  the  funds   nnr  the  i 
necessiiry  for  covering  his  son's  entrance  into  Castile,  he  nnist  either  scui; 
unprotected  into  a  hostile  country  already  aware  of  his  intended  ciiterj^ 
and  in  arm-!  to  defeat  it,  or  abandon  the  long-cherished  object  of  hi-;  poli 
the  moment  when  his  plans  were  rine  fot  execution.     Unable  tit  ('xtr:i 
himself  from  this  dilemma,  he  referred  the  whole  matter  to  FenUnaud  an;] 
council.** 

It  was  at  length  determined  that  the  prince  should  undertake  the  jmr 
accompanied  by  half  a  dozen  attendants  only,  in  the  disguise  of  iiierciii! 
by  the  direct  route  from  Saragossa  ;  while  another  j)arty,  in  order  to  i  j 
the  attention  of  the  Castilians,  should  proceed  in  a  different  direction,  \vi;:| 
the  ostentation  of  a  public  embassy  from  the  king  of  Aragon  to  IK'nn; 
Fourth.     The  distance  was  not  great  which  Ferdinand  and  his  suitiMW 
travel  l)efore  reaidiing  a  place  of  safety ;  but  this  intervening  coimrrv 
patrolled  by  scpiadrons  of  cavalry  for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  their 3 
gress  ;  and  the  whole  extent  of  the  frontier,  from  Almazan  to  (JiKuiaki 
was  defended  by  a  line  of  fortified  castles  in  the  hands  of  the  family  of 
dozji.**     The  greatest  circumspection,  therefore,  was  necessary.    The; 


'*  Cu^stiUo,  Cronica,  cap.  1.36. — Alonso  de 
PiiliMicia,  <?uronioa,  MS.,  part.  2,  cap.  12. — 
(."arlM.j.il,  Anah's,  .M.S.,  afio  U!t. 

■  Tliis  cavalior,  who  was  of  an  ancient  and 
hi>n"uril)lt'  I'aiaily  in  (."astil',  was  introduced 
to  tlr,>  prill  'css's  S('rvioL'  liy  ttio  arililiisliop  of 
Tol 'do.  H','  is  rppresonted  !)>•  lioii/.al')  de 
t>vi('do  as  a  man  of  nuicli  saijacity  and  itnuw- 
li'd're  of  tin;  wor  d,  qiialiti  '^  witli  wliicli  lie 
nnitod  ft  stpaily  devotion  to  tlie  interests  of 
his  mistress.  Ovi<do,  Quincuagenas,  MS., 
but.  1,  quiuc.  2,  dial.  1. 


'•  Alonso  dp  Palencla,  Ooronica,  ^!^■ 
14.— The  bishop  told  Paloneia  tliai, " 
own  servants  des-rted  him,  he  wdtiU  ' 
the  entrance  of  Ferdinand  into  tlio  ki  ■;« 

"  Zurita,  Anales,  lib.  Is,  cap  -*' 
evriqite  was  a  gold  coin,  so  denoiuiiin 
Henry  H. 

"  Zurita,  Ana'es,  lib.  is,  cap.  20, -A^ 
Reyes  de  Aragon,  toni.  ii.  )p.  'jT:!. 

'  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  turn. 
Hust.  2. 


VI 


MAUniAGE  OF  FEUDIN'AND  AND  LSARKLLA. 


91 


ion  iioyed  cliiflly  in  the  ni^lit ;  Kt'iiliniinil  jismiumnI  the  (Usmiise  <tf  ft  sorvnnt, 
a:i.|,  mIu'II  they  haltf  I  on  thi'  luiul,  tudk  caiv  of  the  iini!('->,  uinl  mmvciI  hiH 
,,.iii|aiiioii>  ill  talilc.  In  tliis  miise,  with  no  oiht-r  ihsji>t»'r  i-xtcpt  that  of 
I..1UI11:  at  un  inn  the  jiur.>c  whi' h  .ontiinod  the  funds  for  fhe  •'X|»«'thtiou, 
t;u'V  airivc'l,  late  un  tlic  second  ni;,dit,  at  a  httle  jthue  called  the  Hiir^'o, 
(I  I5"rnii-h,  of  Usnia,  uhich  the  count  of  Trevino,  one  (»f  the  paitisaiis 
i,t  l>ul«l!a,  had  occupied  with  a  consideralile  liody  of  iDenat-umis.  «  n 
kiio(kiiu'at  the  ^ate,  cold  and  faint  wiih  travi'!lin;,^  d!iiin«,'  whii  h  the  priiKe 
li.i'l  ailnwed  hiin.M'lf  to  take  no  repose,  they  were  saluted  hy  a  !ar;ci'  ^t"ne 
.ii(liai\:cil  I'V  a  sentinel  from  the  battlements,  which,  ^lancin„'  near  Kcr- 
(liiiamrs  head,  had  wellni^'h  l)rou;4ht  ids  romantic  enterprise  to  a  traL^iial 
cinliisinii  ;  wlu'u  his  voice  was  reco;,nii/.ed  hy  his  frien<ls  within,  and,  the 
triiiiiiift>  proclaimin;^'  his  arrival,  he  was  received  with  j^reat  joy  and  festi\iiy 
ly  the  (oiinr  and  his  followers.  Tin;  remainder  of  his  Journey,  which  he 
(niiiiiit'iiced  before  ihvwn,  was  performecl  under  the  convoy  of  a  nunierous  and 
vcl  aimed  escort ;  and  on  the  Dth  of  ( k'toher  he  reached  Duenas  in  the 
kiii:ili>iiiof  Leon,  wheie  the  Castilian  nohles  and  cavaliers  of  his  party  ea;;erly 
thniii.t'd  to  reuder  him  the  homa^r;  due.to  his  rank."' 

'IJic  iiitciliuence  of  Ferdinand's  arrival  dillused  univeral  joy  in  the  little 

oHirt  of  Katu'lla  at  Valladulid.     Her  first  stci»  was  to  transtuit  a  K'tter  to  her 

li'  tlicr  Henry,  in  wliich  she  informed  him  of  the  i>resence  of  the  prince  in  hi{ 

(li'iiiiiiiniis,  and  of  their  intended  marriage.     She  excused  thecouneshe  had 

t.ikrii  liv  the  embarrassments  in  which  she  had  ])eon  involved  by  the  malice 

ci  her  L'lieiiiies.    Sl\e  represented  the  nolitical  advantages  of  the  connection, 

iniil  the  sanction  it  had  received  from  the  Castilian  nobles;  and  she  concludccl 

nulli  Milicitiug  his  approbation  of  it,  giving  liim  at  the  same  time  allectionate 

nvMiraiKos  of  the  most  dutiful  sultj  -ission  on  the  ^tart  b  )th  of  Ferdinand  and 

|(if  htMself."'  Arrangements  were  then  made  for  an  interview  between  the  royal 

hair,  ill  which  some  courtly  parasites  would  fain  liave  persuaded  their  mistress 

Itirt'iiiirc!  some  act  of  homage  from  Ferdinand,  in  token  of  the  inferiority  of 

tliiMKjwii  of  Aragon  to  that  of  (Jastile  ;  a  proposition  which  she  rejected  with 

llicr  usual  cliscretion.^' 

ALTeoulily  to  these  arrangements,  Ferdinand,  on  the  evening  of  the  loth  of 
Ibaolic  ,  pj-vssed  privately  from  Duenas,  accompanied  by  only  tour  attendants, 
|ti  the  lu'iglibouring  city  of  Valladoliil,  where  he  was  received  by  tiie  arch- 

Im],  of  Toledo  and  cojiducted  to  the  apartment  cjf  his  misti  ass.**  Ferdinand 
hva.>  at  this  time  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  his  age.  His  com|>lexion  was  fair, 
jtl.iiugh  somewhat  bronzed  by  constant  exposure  to  the  sun  ;  his  eye  cpiick 
|aii<l  ciieciful ;  his  forehead  ample,  and  approaching  to  Italdness.  His  muscular 
lainhveil  proportioned  frame  was  invigo  ated  by  the  toils  of  war,  and  l)y  tlie 
Idiivalnnis  exerci.ses  in  which  he  delighted.  He  was  one  of  the  best  horsemen 
liii  his  fdurt,  and  excelled  in  field  sports  of  every  kind.  His  voice  was  sonic- 
piiat  sharp,  but  he  possessed  a  fluent  elociuence  ;  and,  when  lie  had  a  jtoiiit 
jtMairy,  lii.s  address  was  courteous  and  even  insinuating.  He  secured  hi-; 
ILealth  hy  extreme  temperance  in  his  diet,  and  by  such  habits  of  activity  that 


'Alnnsodc?  Palcncia,  Coronica,  MS.,  i)art. 

|J,  cap  U,— Zurita,  AnalfH,  loc.  tit. 

Tlii<  Iritir,  dated  Octi.btT  r.Jth,  is  cited 
lltl-nirtii  l,y  c  a^tillu,  Croiiiea.  cap.  i;tG. 
I      Aiuii.^o  de  I'ttlencia,  Coronica,  MS.,  part. 

I*,  tap.  15, 

'•utiirro  de  Caidonas  was  the  first  who 
Ip^iritcd  Liin  out  to  tlie  piincess,  exclaiming 


at  the  f-anie  timo,  "  Ese  se,  t$e  «»■,"  "Tiii-i  is 
he ; "  in  cmnmenKiration  of  wliieli  lie  wa.s 
pi'iinitt>'d  to  place  on  liis  cscutiiieciti  tin- 
letters  S.S,  whose  jironiineiatiun  in  Sp.inish 
reseniiiles  that  of  tiie  e.xcianuitioii  wlii'  li  lie 
uttered.  Ibid.,  part.  2,  cii[).  10.  — Oviedo, 
Qiiincudgena!^,  Mb.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  2,  dial.  1. 


02 


CASTILK   I'NDKR   IIKNUY   IV. 


it  wa.s  said  lie  socmcil  t<»  fitid  n'p(ts(!  in  IjiisIucss.**     Isuliclla  was  a  year  (Iiif:| 
tliuii  ln'r  lover.     In  stature  slu;  was  soiiu'uliat  aliovc  the  iiiiddU'  hi/e.    \l- 
cniii{i|(>\iuii  was  fair  ;  her  hair  of  a  hii^ht  i'hr>tiiiit  colour,  iricliiMii^  ti>riv 
and   her  mild  Mne  eye  heanied   with  intellii^ence  and  .oensiliility.     Mic  a^ 
exieedin^ly   heantifnl  ;    the  "  liandMinie.st   hidy, '  .-ays  one  of  hi-r  hoiiMl.i  c 
"  whom  1  ever  heheid,  and  the  mo.st  ^raciou.sin  her  manner-H.'"*    The  |nirtr;i,:| 
Ntill  e.xi.stin^  of  her  in  the  royal  palace  i.s  <  onspi( non.s  for  an  open  .sviiiiint . 
of  features,  indicative  of  the  natural   serenity  of  temper,  and  that  Vcan;]! 
harmony  of  intellectual  and  moral  ijualitie.s,  whicli  most  distinuui>lii'i|  I..- 
She  was  di;;iiitied  in  lu'r  demoan<»ur,  and  modest  even  to  a  de^'iee  of  rc-tri' 
She  spok((  the  Castilian   lanLMuij,'e  with  more  than  usual  eU'.uance,  aii(|  cir: 
iud>il»eil  a  relish  f(»r  letters,  m  which  she  was  superior  to  Ferdinaml,  \\\, . 
ediuation  in  this  jtarticular  seems  to  have  heen  nei:le<-tcd."*     It  is  u<\  ca-r, 
•  thtain  a  dispjissioiuito  portrait  of  JvalielJa.     Tht'  S|  aniards  who  revert  t^  \.<^\ 


ulorious  rei;;n  are  so  smitten  with  hermoial  j'e.fections  that, even  in  (lcpiiti;,.| 
her  itersonal,  they  lH)rrow'  somewhat  of  the  exa^^^erated  colouring  of  niuai 
The  interview  lasted  more  than  two  hours,  w lien  Ferdinand  retindti 


quarters  at   Dueuas  as  privately   lus  he   eame.      The  pn-linnnaries  <if  th'i 

marria;;e.  however,  wen;  rirst  adjusted  ;  l»ut  so  i^cni  was  the  |io\erty  of  ti? 

jarlies  tliat  it  was  found  nece.ssary  to  horrow  money  to  defray  the  e.\|i('ii-«i 


ot 


the  ceremony."'  Such  were  the  humiliating  ciicumstances  attendinjr  t  •! 
comuu'ncenu'ut  of  a  union  destined  to  oiien  the  way  to  the  highest  iiro.s|iir:;i| 
and  ^randcMir  of  the  Spanish  monaichy  ! 

The  marriage  hetween  Fc^rdinand  and  Isa]»ella  vva.s  pul)licly  celeliriittd,  •. 
the  morning  of  the  19''    of  ('ctol)er,  l-KH),  in  the  jialace  of  .Idhn  i\v  \i\(r, 
the  temporary  lesidenco  of  the  princess,  and  sul)se(|uentlv  a|»propriatci|  tut!it| 
chancery  of   V'alladolid.     The  nuptials  were  solemnized  in  the  prcMiiceitl 
Ferdinand's  grandfather,  the  admiral  of  Castile,  of  the  aichhishop  of  Tnlcii, 
and  a  multitude  of  iie;sons  of  lank,  as  well  tus  (>f  inferior  condition,  aim  until,: 
in  all  to  no  less  tnan  two  thousand.**     A  pajial  bull  of  dispen.satun  n\ 
produced   by   the    archbishop,   relieving   the  jtarties   from   the  iiu]  ciiiiifi:; 
incurred  by  their  falling  within   the   prohibited   degrees  of  consaiiLiiiiiiitjl 
This  snurious  document  was  afterwards  discovered  to  have  been  desindt; 
the  old  king  of  Aragon,  Ferdinand,  and  the  archbishop,  who  were  (Icii-rrrt 
from  a]>plying  to  the  court  of  Rome  liy  the  zeal  with  which  it  openly  csioiiv^i 
the  interests  of  Henry,  and  who  knew  that  T.^abella  would  never  consnit  iJ 
a  union  re|tugiiant  to  the  canons  of  the  estaldished  church,  and  one  wlidi 
involved  such  heavy  ecclesiastical  censures.     A  genuine  bull  of  dis]it'ii>ati':. 
was  obtained,  some  years  later,  from  Sixtus  tlie  Fourth  ;  l)ut  IsabeHa,  wl:x 
lioiiest  mind  abhorred  everything  like  artifice,  was  filled  with  no  little  mf 
easiness  and  mortification  at  the  discovery  of  the  imposition."'*    'Ihc  ciisiii:;' 
week  was  consumed  in  the  usual  festivities  of  this  joyous  season;  atiwi 


"'  Tj.  M:irln<'o,  Cosiia  mpmi)riil)ti  s,  fol.  IS'2. 
— (iiirib.iy, Ci>iii|)iiiilio,  Ub.  is,  c'li).  I.  — "T,m 
aini(-'i'  <|i'  \i)H  III  pxicis."  s:iys  Mariana,  "qui! 

i)!iri(  i.'i  run  c\  trali.ijo  descausttba."     Hist,  ile 
•.>liaiia.  lih,  l!r>,  cap.  is. 

"*  "  Kii  ln'rmosura,  jnu'stan  dolanto  S.  A. 
ti  (lis  las  iniintTfS  (|ii('  Vd  In'  vistu,  iiiiif^uiia 
\  i  tan  praciosa,  iii  tanto  di-  vt  r  conio  sii  jier- 
poiia,  ni  (Ic  tal  iiiaiicra  o  sanctidad  Imui  sli- 
eiina  "     Oviodo,  Quinciiaufnas,  MS. 

'■"  Bernaldez,  Ittyi.-s  Catolicos,  M'^.  cap. 
201. — Abiroa,  Reyes  de  Aiajjun,  foni.  li.  p. 
sua. — tJuril)ay,  Cuinpondio,  lib.  is,  cap.  l. 


"  Mariana,  Hist,  d--  Espafia,  torn  ii  p  <•'  i 
"'  Cirbiijil,  Aiial.'s,  ,MS..ano  lu;'.".- A.'wl 
do  Paltiicia,  Coroiiica,   MS.,  jinrt.  'J,  cup. 
-   Zurita,    Aiial.'s,    lib.    1m,    ta|..    '.'t;     S.p  i) 
copy  of  tlio  oflitial    rccorcl  (if  tin'  iiisiT''" 
ISIcin.  dc  la   Acad.,  toin.  vi.   Ai<iiil.  4.   ~- 
also  tilt'  lliist.  '2. 

"•'  Tilt'  intricacies  of  this  nfTnir.  nt  mi'  "■ 
pcaiidal    ainl    tlio    stnuiblirp-block    't   '' 
Spariisti  liistoriaiis,  liavr  been   uniin'il' 
Sen  r  Clcuii'iitiii,  with  bis   usual  p'r-ii> 
Spe  Mem.  di'  la  AcaU.,  torn.  vi.  pp.  M-- 
Ilust.  2. 


M.VKI 

fK|inifi"n  of  whi 
|ii.iv.  a^'ri'cahly  I 
1  Maria.  ■• 

.\ii  ciiihassy  u 
li"|iiaiiit  luiii  uii 
|t!.iiii.  Tlicy  rt'Ut 
jtl.i'  iiu'^sa^e  witli 
\]\  their  import,  v 
jliciiry  cnl.jly  jcpj 

■'  AI'iU'o  'le  PaJenc 

.  i|i.  Hi  —A    liv.  ly 

i;r"<  "f  I'rinc''   h'l  rd 
i.ij  ii  r,  luay  be  fuui 

(iiiti/ili>  Ft'rnandi'2 

l|ii!'"r  cpf   til,,    "(^iiii 
lli'l  i'l  llii"  llittorv, 
JKv    II"  was  of  nil 
ir|,,-,l.  i\rry  |i,'a.saiit 

I  biiity  !!■>   Ills    biitlii 
|»,  \,    In-   was    IntuH 

«i.ti'.  «'  I'll,,  (,r  till' 

•■lltlllll  l|  V\ltll  till 
Ul'l  Hd-  |iiixi||(,  'lliill(J 

»iii|,iik'iis  ,,f  till-    .Ml. 
"iiiiiii:  til  his  (iwn  m 

li'    llhlirs,  w  lii-le, 
|ih  u^itlvi-  iiiiiiiiry  sevei 
I  ri'iL'  llie  ri'liirtind'T  i 
Uiii>'  "I  lii'i  ili'iiih  jH  mil 
"I  «ivithI  iiii|nirtant 
trijin  lit.  uihI  he  was 
■'Mry  iiiitiire,  (,>r  whj 
■I  liy  Ills  lorij^   resjd 
l-i'Ti  iirrftpliir  of  iIh-  j 
ipi'itytlial  he  prndiici 
fllMiiru  K"''iiral   de 
•■^*.    Lis  C.i.sas  di'iu 
Hi'  I'Nilcfabrliatjon, 

I  p;iu'i«."     ((j-.uvrcs,  li 

P  >■■!  )    ifut    [,a.s   t, 

fii't.v  an  HViTsJoii   for 

'li.  lymriMMl  of  rupa 

ll«ti«l|i.-l  i,|,.,||y  ,,pj„,s„ 

l»\Tmiiiii(  of  tt„,  |,„|i 
^l'i|",tiiiiii^;||.s,,i,„.\xl,^ 
i»i...v,i  ,.\tiiisive  Hton 

|lll':itli.i.i.  \\j,,,  liiiv,.   I, 

Jli-lraik  liave  liberal! 

I  I'l'MMirk  with  which 
"."iiiii.iiai,'i.,ias.  It  is 
•'"I'li-  il''  liis  (reneio 
'"<  fauii,s,,s  I{,.y,.s, 
f'l'i''«  s  y  Ciindi's'et  I 
' "'  'ai'l-s  di'  I>,,ana, 
'"■ii/ali)  Keriiandez  , 

F'^Jf  d«  8U8  Magestad. 


MAIIKIAOK  OF   FKKDINAND   AND   ISABELLA. 


fMiriti'iii  "f  «lii(h  tlu'  ncwinarricil  jiiiir  jittcmlt'il  inililidy  tlic  cflt'ltrutiiiii  «if 
|iii.i>.  ii-Tiwil'ly  to  the  iiMigo  of  tlio  tiuu',  iii  tlio  tolli'j;i;ilo  clmnli  ul  Santa 

J  All  fiiiliaHsy  \vii.H  (lt's|tjU(lit'(l  jiy  Frnliiwuul  and  LsaiM'lIa  to  Henry,  to 
L.  iiukiiit  liiiii'willi  tlifir  procci'tliii  s,  aiitl  au-iiin  r('(|in'st  his  aii|»riil'ati<>i<  i.f 
Itl.iiii.  ll't'y  ri'iit'ati'ii  thoir  ussuran<  js  t.f  li>\;il  sultiiiis>iuii,  ami  a<((iin|iutiirtl 
I-  iiio»aut'  with  a  coitioiw  oxtnK  t  from  s»uh  <tf  th«i  artiilcs  of  niarria.:*'  a>, 
|l>\  tlitir  iiii|'ort,  Moiilil  he  nio>t  hkfly  to  conriliate  his  favoiirahlo  disposition, 
jlliiiry  tnldly  it'iihcd  that  "he  nui:4  udsiso  with  his  nnnisiers.' " 


Al"!!"')'!!'  I'dlcncla,  forrtiilin.  Ml.,  p.trt. 

111.  n;  — A  liv.  ly  iiftrrailvp  nt'  tlif  ailvi-ii. 

,.  .r  I'riiic-'  FiTilinaiKl,  (iiinllitl    in  tliin 

luit.r,  limy  Ix.*  fuiiml  In  ('ii>lijiig'«  Uiinl- 


i;..ti/«l"  K<rniiiii|i'«  lie  Ovicdo    y    V«l K^n, 

|iil!i..r  ipf   llif    '•l^iiliniiaK«'iiii-t "    l'rp<niiiitly 

;|ii.|  i>i  llii-'  IliJitorv,  wa-M  Imrii  «t  Miulriil,  in 

litv    11"  uas  (*r  tiiil)|i>    AHliiriiin    iii'Ai'i'iit. 

il,  rviry  |ii'iisnii(  in  tlic  AstiiriaN  rl.iinin 

ibiliiy  a^  ill'*    l>iiiliii)(lit.     At   tip-   d)^"   of 

|K.  \<-  ill-   uiiM    iiitiiHJtu'i'tl    into    tli<>    loyal 

il.',  11'  iiip'  of  till-  paKi'M  of  I'riiio.'  .lolni. 

(..iitiini  il  witli  till-  tiiiirt  Bt'viral    Vfart, 

ml  v.i'  |i'iHi.||i,  )|ioiikIi  a  l>oy,  III  till'  cioHiiig 

niil.iii.'M'*  nl   till'    .Mixirlsli    war.      In    irili, 

..iMiiiu'  Id  lii-*  own  .xhiti'ini-nt,  lie  iMiil>ark>'il 

for   II    lii<lii"<,  ulii'i'i-,  tlltllol|^ll  li*>  ri'Vlsihil 

.  y.itivi'iciiiiitry  st'Vfral  timi'M,  In?  coiiiiiiiicd 

Hiiritik'  til)-  r-'iimiiiil-T  of  liiH  lout;  llt'i-,     'I'lii! 

Hii I  lii-i  i|c-iiili  I-*  iinci-rtaiii.     Ovinlooccu- 

■1  MM-ral  iiiiiHirtiiiit  jio-^ts  niiilcr  tlif  ^'o- 

iriiiii  ;it,  aiiij  In-  was  appoiiit*>ii  to  oiit>  of  a 

bt>r.iry  iMtiin-,  lor  wlijcli  lie  was  nm-II  (piali- 

M  I'V  III-*  liiiiK   n-siili'iKi'  al)MiaiI, — that  of 

•[•■n 'L'r.iiilnr  of  till-  Imiii-M.      It  w«.h  in  tlii« 

l|iMityllKil  he  pro<tiiri>(l  Iiih  prilK'ipal  wori<, 

flli«tijri:i  tiiiicral   dc    his   Imlias,"   in    fifly 

■k'     Ijis  c.iMi-t  ili'iiouiii("<  till'  l)ooI<  as  a 

rii  iiMili'fiilirli  iition,  "as  full  of  lii'«,  almost, 

lidL''"."    (il.uvns,  trail,  ilc  lilort'iitr,  toiii. 

]i  .1'.! )    Ifiit    I,a.s  Casaa   (MitiTtaiix-il    too 

»ii!ty  uii  Hvirsjoii    for  the    man,   whom   li« 

n'  !i  ly  UK  u-i'd  of  rapacity  and  iriit-lty,  ami 

mIi-i  iilnlly  opposi-d  to  Ills  iili'as  on  flu; 

D\niiii>iii  (if  till-  Indies,  to  Ix-  a  fair  critic. 

vi"l '.tliDiitilisoim-wliat  loose  and  ranihling, 

.1.1 1  xtcdsivi-  ston-s  of  information,  hy 

Hii  I  tlio.i-  wli,,  huvt'  liad  occasion  to  follow 

'traik  Imvi'  lil)i-rally  jirofiti-d. 
llip-wurk  with  wliich  we  are  conccrnod  Is 
VuiiKiiai^'Miias.     It  is  entitled  "  Las  t,)iiin- 
•la^  il-'   his  p-nerosos  <4    ilustn-s   e    no 
'•<    fHUiiisi.s    Heyes,    Prilici|)rs,    l)u<|Ues, 
ifH'*  s  y  Cotiilis  et  Calialleros,  ei  IVrso- 
i  ti  tiiMi-s  i|.-  Mvpana,  rpie  escrihio  el  Capi- 
'ii/alo  l-'criiiiiidez  tie  Ovicdo  y  Valdcz, 
pia.Jf  dt;  sua  .Magestadt'8  de  la  Fortaleza  de 


nlsronres  of  Spain  (Iloston,  1833),  Vul.  I.  pp. 

'  (-'af'tllln,  ('ronica,  cap.  137.— Alon«u  do 
I'alciKitt,  Cofoiilca,  M.S  ,  part,  'i,  cap.  16. 


la  ('ilxiad  «'  Puerto  do  Sancfo  ponilnjfo  de  U 
Isia  I'.spaiiola,  Coroiiista  d'-  las  Indias,"  etc. 
At  the  I  lose  of  the  third  Volume  is  thi<« 
record  of  the  oitofcenarl  iii  anllmr:  "  AciUi 
de  escrihlr  d'-  nil  inaiio  esle  fimo-44)  tractadu 
de  la  nolili"/.a  de  Kspaiia.  domin^o  1  '  dia  d') 
I'asciia  de  I'elitecostes  XXIIl,  de  inaMi  d'» 
l.'i.'iti  iifioH.  I, mis  |)eo,  Y  de  mi  ed.id  7!t  «no»»  " 
This  very  curious  work  is  in  tin-  form  of  dhi- 
lo^Mies,  in  which  the  aiith-ir  is  the  clil-f 
iiiti  rlociitor.     It   contains   a   very   full   ami, 

inderd,  prolix  notice  of  the  princip.ll   pelHolH 

in  .Spain,  tlieii  iinraf^e,  reveimi-s  ami  iirms, 
\vith  an  ine.\liaustilile  fund  of  private  anic- 
dote.  Tile  author,  whowitswi'll  aci|u.iiiit''d 
with  most  of  the  imllvidiials  of  noti-  in  his 
time,  amused  liimselt,  ituiiuk;  his  ahsenci-  in 
the  New  World,  with  keipinn  alive  the 
images  of  hoin>>  Ity  this  minute  record  of 
early  ri-minisceuces.  In  this  mass  of  nos>-i|) 
thi-re  is  a  Hood  deal,  ind  id,  ot  very  littln 
valii".  It  contains,  howevi-r,  much  fir  th-! 
illustration  of  domestic  manni-rs,  and  copioii.s 
particulars,  as  1  liave  intimatid.  nspictiiin 
th'-  ciiaracti-rs  and  haliils  of  eminent  perso- 
na^eH,  whicli  could  liave  Ih-i-ii  known  only  tn 
ono  familiar  with  tliiin.  On  all  topics  of 
de>cont  and  heraldry,  lie  is  uiicoinmnnly  full ; 
and  one  wiiulu  think  lii.s  services  in  this 
department  alone  llli^;ht  have  secured  liim, 
in  a  land  wliere  tliese  are  so  much  respected, 
tlie  lioiiours  of  tlie  press,  lli.s  hook,  however, 
still  r  ■mains  in  nmniiscript,  aiiiiarently  littlo 
known,  and  less  used,  hy  (."a^iilian  scholars. 
Besides  the  tiiree  luho  volilims  in  till-  ItiMal 
l-ihrary  at  Madrid,  from  which  the  transcript 
in  my  jiossession  was  ohtaini'd,  ('leiiieiirin. 
who-e  CMiiini'-nii'ilions  of  this  work,  as  illns. 
trative  of  IsaUdla's  ri'i(.'n,  an-  nni|ualilii'd 
(.Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  liist.,  toiu.  vi.  Iln»t. 
10),  enumerates  three  otiurs,  two  in  tlii; 
king's  private  library,  and  oue  in  that  of 
the  Academy. 


94 


TROUBLES  IN   CASTILE  AND  ARAGON. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


PACTIONS   IN   CASTILE. — WAR   BETWEEN   FRANCE   AND   ARAGON. — DEATH 

OF    HENRY    IV.    OF   CASTILE. 

1469-1474. 

Factions  in  Castilo— Fordinand  and  Isahn'la— CJallant  Dofencn  of  Porpipnan  aRainst  tlin  Frpprt; 
—  Ferdinand  raises  tin-  Sjcf^o— Isabolla's  I'aity  pains  Strenutli  — Interview  betweon  Kin; 
Ilonry  IV.  and  lsal)ella— Tlic  French  invade  Roiissilluu— Ferdinand's  summary  Justict-- 
Death  of  Henry  IV.  of  Castile— Influence  of  liis  Ileign. 

The  nuirriau'o  of  Fenrmaiul  and  Isabella  discoiiccrtcfl  the  operations  of  tli.^ 
inanjuis  of  Villena,  or,  as  he  shoukl  be  styled,  the  ^'rand  master  of  St.  Jaiiie-, 
.since  he  had  resi^'ned  his  manjuisate  to  his  elder  son  on  his  appoiiitiiipiit  ti 
the  connnand  of  tlie  military  order  above  mentioned,  a  di^niity  inferior  only  to 
the  primacy  in  importance.  It  was  determined,  however,  in  the  councils  of 
Ilenrv  to  oi)pose  at  once  the  pretensions  of  the  princess  .Joanna  to  tlubc  of 
Lsalu^lla  ;  and  an  embassy  was  gladly  received  from  the  kin;; of  France,  ollerin: 
to  the  former  lady  th.e  hand  of  his  brother  the  thike  of  Guienne,  the  reit'dci 
suitor  of  Isabella.  Louis  the  Eleventh  was  willing  to  engage  his  relative  in 
the  unsettled  politics  of  a  distant  state,  in  order  to  relieve  himself  from  lii> 
pretensions  at  home.' 

An  interview  took  place  between  Henry  the  Fourth  and  tlie  French  am- 
bassadors in  a  little  village  in  the  vale  of  liozoya,  in  October,  1470.  A  iiro'l;i- 
matiou  was  read,  in  whicti  Ileiu'v  declared  his  sister  to  have  forfeited  wliatcver 
claims  she  had  derived  from  the  treaty  of  Toros  de  Guisando,  by  marrviii,' 
contrary  to  his  approbation.  lie  then  with  his  (pieen  swore  to  the  legitima-r 
of  the  princess  Joanna,  and  announced  her  as  his  true  and  lawful  succes-or. 
The  attendant  nobles  took  the  usual  oaths  of  allegiance  ;  and  the  ceroinony 
was  concluded  by  athancing  the  princess,  then  in  the  ninth  year  of  licra.f, 
with  the  formalities  ordinai'ily  practised  on  such  occasions,  to  the  count  of 
Boulogne,  the  representative  of  tJie  duke  of  Guienne.' 

This  farce,  in  which  many  of  the  actors  were  the  same  persons  who  per- 
foi'ined  the  principal  parts  at  the  convention  of  Toros  de  Gui.^^ndo,  had  on  the 
whole  an  uufavcmrable  influence  on  Isabella's  cause.  It  exhibited  her  rival  t<) 
the  world  as  one  whose  claims  were  to  be  supported  bv  the  whole  authority  f 
the  court  of  Castile,  with  the  probable  co-oi>eration  of  France,  ^^any  of  tlu' 
most  considerable  families  in  tlie  kingdom,  as  the  Bacheco-s,'  the  ^Mendozas  i 


'  Alonso  de  Palencia  Cor^nica,  MS.,  part. 
2.  cap.  21.— Gaillard,  Rivalite,  torn.  iii.  p. 
2H4.  Rades  y  Andratla,  Las  tres  Ordonos, 
fol.  05. — Caro  de  Torres,  Ordenes  militares, 
fol.  4:1. 

^  dviedo,  Quincnapena",  IMS.,  bat.  l.quinc. 
l.dial.  2:i. — CastiUo,  Cronica,  p. '.i9s. — Alwnso 
de  Falencia,  Con'mica,  MS.,  part.  2,  cap.  21. 
— Henry,  "■ell  knowinp  how  little  all  this 
would  avail  without  the  constitutional  sanc- 
tion of  the  cortes,  twice  issued  his  summons 
In  1470  for  the  convocation  of  the  deputies,  to 
obtain  a  recopnition  of  the  title  <){  Jo:irnia  ; 
but  without  effect.  In  the  letters  of  convoca- 
tion issued  for  a  tliird  assembly  of  the  states, 


in  ItTl.tliis  purpose  was  prudently  oniitteil 
and  thus  the  claims  of  .foanna  fiiled  to  r  • 
C'  ive  the  countenance  of  the  onh'  body  wliiiii 
could  pive  them  validity.  See  tlie  copji.'H  f 
the  oripinal  writs,  adilressed  to  tiie  ci'io't 
Toledo  and  Sepovia,  cited  by  ^larina,  Twrii, 
torn.  ii.  pp.  f<7-H9. 

■"  The  prand  master  of  St.  .Tames,  ami  liii 
eoii,  the  martinis  of  Villena,  afterwards  dii';^ 
of  Escalona.  The  rents  of  the  fciriiier  noil*'- 
man,  whose  avarice  was  as  insatiaM"  a^  li' 
influence  ovi  r  the  feeble  mind  ef  Ibiiry  IV, 
was  uTilimited,  exceeded  those  of  any  "thT 
prandee  in  the  kingdom.  .See  Pulga!,  I'IjM 
Vaniues  tit.  0. 


DEATH  OF   IIKXIIY   IV. 


95 


their  extensivp  raniificatioiis,*  the  Znfiigas,  the  Wasco?,*  the  Piinentol  ," 
Iniiiiinlfiil  t'f  the  homage  so  recently  rciulered  to  Isabella,  now  openly  testified 
li',.,r  adhesion  to  lier  niece. 

Kriliiiiind  and  his  consort,  who  held  their  little  court  at  Ducnas,'  were  so 

K,.  ras  t"  I'C  scarcely  capable  of  defraying  the  ordinary  charges  of  their  tahle, 

I,,,  northern  pnivinces  of  Hiscay  andGuipuscoa  hail,  however,  loudly  declared 

L;;iiii>t  the  French  match  ;  *  and  tin;  poi)ulous  province  of  Andalusia,  with  the 

V-o  of  .Meilina  Sidonia  at  its  head,  still  maintained  its  loyalty  to  Isabella 

.,-iiakeii.     But  her  i»rincipal  reliance  was  on  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  whose 

[livateil  stiition  in  the  church  and  ample  revemies  gave  him  perhaps  less  real 

liiliifiue  than  his  conunanding  and  resolute  character,  wliidi  had  enal)led  him 

triumph  over  every  obstacle  devised  by  his  more  crafty  adversary,  the  grand 

.;i<i.';-  nf  St.  James.   The  prelate,  however,  with  all  his  generous  self-devotion, 

[f;i-  tar  friiiii  being  a  comfortable  ally.    lie  would  willingly  have  raised  Isabella 

itlit' throne,  but  he  would  have  her  indebtL'd  for  her  elevation  exclusively  to 

iiiiiH'If.    He  looked  with  a  jealous  eye  on  her  most  intimate  friends,  and  com- 

Jbufd  that  neither  she  nor  her  husluvnd  defeire<i  sutticiently  to  his  counsel. 

lie  liriiiLt'ss  could  not  always  conceal  her  disgust  at  these  humours  ;  and  Fer- 

lii.ainl.  on  one  occasion,  ]ilainly  told  him  that  "  he  was  not  to  l)e  put  in  leading- 

triii;s  like  so  many  of  the  sovereigns  of  Castile."    The  old  king  of  Aragon, 

la  iiii'il  at  the  consequences  of  a  ru[)ture  with  so  indispensalde  an  ally,  wrote 

jie  most  wirnest  manner  to  his  son,  representing  the  necessity  of  pro[)i- 

hatiiii:  the  ollended  prelate.    But  Ferdinand,  although  educated  in  the  school 

ifiliN>imii!ation,  had  not  yet  acipiired  that  self-connnand  which  enabled  him  in 

ifio:  liic  to  sacrifice  his  pa.ssions,  and  sometimes  indeed  his  principles,  to  his 

Dtercsts.* 

The  most  frightful  anarchy  at  this  period  prevailed  throughout  Castile. 
Hhilethe  (omtwas  abandoned  to  corrupt  or  frivolous  pleasure,  the  admin- 
Istratou  of  justice  was  neglected,  until  crimes  were  committed  with  a 
it'iiieiicy  and  on  a  scale  which  menaced  the  very  foinidations  of  society.  The 
kii'les  conducted  their  personal  feuds  with  an  array  of  nund)ers  which  might 


'  Til"  marquis  of  Santillana,  first  duke  of 
jr'iitad",  aii<l  liis  brotlicrs,  the  c^  uiits  of 
,!ia  and  'rciKlillii,  and  abovo  all  I'l^iro 
fiiiziliz (ic  M.niloza,  at'Orwanls  Cardinal  of 
Jiii:i  and  an  lildsliop  of  Toledo,  wjio  was 
Itid  f  r  the  liij!;iiost  <iigiiitio8  in  the 
bunli  less  to  his  i)irth  than  his  ahilitics. 
I'lilirar,  Clams  Vnroncs  tit.  4,  i»,  ami 
liisr  di^'  .Mondoza,  Diguidades,  lib.  3,  cap. 

Alvaro  i\(^  Znniga,  count  of  Palcncia,  and 
I'd  ],y  Hfiry   IV.  duko   of   Ar./valo.— 
r.i  rerii;ui<li>/  de  Velasco,  count  of  Haro, 
ki^raisid  lu  the  post  of  constable  of  Ca.slile 


in  147.3,  and  the  offlcp  continued  to  be  hcro- 
ditary  in  the  family  from  that  n<Tiod.  I'lil- 
gar,  Claros  V'aroncs,  tit.  li. — Salazar  de  Mcn- 
do/a,  Dinnidades,  lilt.  ;i,  cap.  'Jl. 

"  The  I'inirnti'ls,  counis  of  Henavonte,  had 
estates  winch  ^avc  tlicm  tiii.uoo  ducats  a  j'('ar  ; 
a  very  larf^f  income  for  that  period,  and  f.ir 
exceeding  tiiat  of  any  other  grandee  of  similar 
rank  in  the  kingdom.  L.  Marineo,  Cosas 
memorables.  fol.  'J,"). 

'  Carbiij.il,  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  70. 

"  Zuiita,  .Anales.  toin.  iv.  fol.  ITO. — .\lonso 
de  I'.ilencia,  Curonica,  MS.,  c^ip.  45. 


;iii  Ipttrrs  addressed  to  Louis  XI.  by  the 

i'.'  and  (lueen   of    Castile   and   the    grind 

fci-ttr,  in  1471,  the  French  .imnarch  is  urged 

I'vclprate  the  departure   of  his   bn^ther, 

".  Ii''  is  assured,  will   be   cordially   wel- 

:"1  in    Hi-cay   a!ui   »;uipiiscoa,    receiving 

■  tr'atnient  due  to  the  eldest    son  of  the 

•Mtn.    As  a  furth.  r  bait,  Henry  repre- 

^'t-  liiiiiself  a.s  weary  of  the   government 

■  1  d'^irnus  to  resign'  it  to  his  son-in-l,i\v. 

■ii-'lit,  .Mem.  de   Cornines,  I'reuves,   tom. 

'  !'•  15".)    A  similar  eagerness  for  the  con- 


clusion of  the  marriage  is  shown  in  a  letter 
from  the  chancellor  of  the  ])rincess  .luana  to 
the  duke  of  (iuiemie,  whom  the  writer  ad- 
dres-^es  as  Prince  of  .Astnrias  and  the  "  eldest 
son"  "f  Castile  and  Leon,  illdd..  j).  l.SC).) 
I?ut  altliongh  Louis,  in  a  li  tt'  r  to  li^nry  IV., 
cxpressi  s  satisfaction  with  the  match  i  ibid, 
ul)i  sui)ra\  liis  real  wi-<heR  in  regard  to  liis 
brother  were  of  a  dift'erent  nature  :  they  re- 
ceived their  accomplisliment,  two  years  later, 
in  Charles's  death.— Ed. J 


96 


TROUBLES   IN  CASTILE  AND  ARAGON. 


comjioto  witli  tli'ip  of  ])Oworful  princos.     Tlio  flnko  of  Iiif;inta<!n,  the  lica' 
lli(>  lioiisc  of  ]\I('ii(!m/;i,"  could  brin.uj  into  tlio  fit'ld,  nt  foiir-iind-twcnty  !,,  • 
notice,  ono   tliousiiii<l  lanres  and  ten  thousand  foot.     The  battles,  far  fr 
assiHiiin.u'  tlie  character  of   those  wa.L,^ed  liy  the  Itahan  c<ni<Jotth'ri  at  * 
jieriod,  were  of  the  most  sanguinary  and  destructive  kind.     Andalusia  vj 
in  particular  the  theatre  of  this  sava]L;e  warfare.     The  whole  of  that  extcn-: 
district  was  divided  by  the  factions  of  tlie  Giizinans  and   Ponces  do  1/ 
The  chiefs  of  these  ancient  liouse.^  liavinj,^  recentlv  died,  the  inlieritaii'v  . 
scended  to  yonn<,'  men,  whose  hot  blood  soon  revived  the  feuds  which  hailUt'.i 
]iermitteil  to  cool  under  the  temperate  sway  of  their  fathers.     One  of  \\f\ 
fiery  cavaliers  was  Rodrigo  Ponce  de  Leon,  ,so  deservedly  (elebratcd  aftcrw.ir 
in  the  wars  of  Granada  as  tlie  manpiis  of  Cadiz.     He  was  an  ille,t;itiiiiaU'a;| 
youn,t;er  son  of  the  cotnit  of  Arcos,  but  was  ]»referre<l  by  liis  father  to  lii^n'i'l 
children  in  conseiiuence  of  the  extraordinary  (lualities  which  he  eviiicoiijj 
a  very  early  ]»erio(i.     He  served  liis  apprenticeshii)  to  the  art  of  war  in  t[i| 
camjiaiyns  airainst  the  Moors,  displayini,'  on  several  occasions  an  uikoiiih,; 
decree  of  enterprise  and  jiersonal   lieroism.     On  succeedimj  to  his  jiatcrui 
lionours,  his  haui^dity  spirit,  imjiatient  of  a  rival,  led  him  to  revive  the  oM  it ; 
with  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  tlie  head  of  the  Guzmans,  who,  tli'n,.; 
the  mo4  powerful  nobleman  in  Andalusia,  was  far  his  inferior  in  capacity  n;; 
military  science." 

On  one  octasion  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia  mustered  an  army  of  twc;;: 
thousand  men  auainst    his  anta'^onist ;    on   another,   no   less   than  tiiti^:! 
hundred  houses  of  the  I'once  faction  were  luirnt  to  the  ground  in  Sf'viitl 
Such  were   the  jjotent  engines  employed  \^y  these  petty  sovereign^  in  tlrj 
conllicts  with  one  another,  and  such  the  havoc  which  they  brought  o 
fairest  jiortion  of  the  Peninsula.     The  husbandman,  stripi)ed  of  his  hant-j 
and  driven  from  his  fields,  a))andoned  himself  to  idleness,  or  sought  suliMtP* 
by  phuider.     A  scarcity  enstied  in  the  years   1472  and  M73,  in  whiiji  \> 
prices  of  the  most  necessary  commo<lities  rose  to  such  an  exorbitant  In;.  ■ 
as  jint  them  beyond  the  reach  of  any  but  the  atlluent.     Rut  it  woiilii  * 
wearisome  to  go  into  all  the  loathsome  details  of   wretchedness  and  en.' 
brought  on  this  unhai)i»y  country  by   an  imbecile  government  and  a  (:;• 
Jilted  succession,  and  portrayed  with    lively  fidelity  in   the  chronicles,  t::f 
letters,  and  the  satires  of  the  time." 

"This  nolMoinan,  DicRo  Ilintado,  "  uiuy 
pciitil  calmUiro  y  gran  sofior,"  a-<  Ovii-ilo 
calls  him,  was  at  tliis  timo  only  in.iniuis  of 
SantiUdiiii,  luid  was  not  raised  to  llic  title  of 


toKiii^'  John,  as 


duke  of  Inlaiilado  till  tlio  rcif^ii  of  Isabella 
((^iiiiiicnagc'iias,  MS.,  h.it.  1,  qtiiiic,  1,  dial.  y). 
'I'o  avoid  confusion,  iKPWcvcr,  1  liavc  j;ivcii 
h'lii  the  title  hy  which  he  is  usually  recog- 
nized by  Cii'-tiliaii  writers. 

'"  iii'rnalde/,  h'oyes  ("at(^lico8,  MS.,  cap.  3. 
—  Sala/.arde  .Mendoza,  Cronici  del  lirai>  Car- 
(lenal  d.'  F>(mfia,  Don  I'-dro  Gmi/ak'/.  de 
]\Iendo/.a  (.Toledo,  ICJ")),  p)).  ISS,  150.— 
Ziiiiij:  ,  .\nale8  de  .Sovilla,  p.  liO'i. 

■  Bcrn.ildez,  Iteves  Citoliios,  MS.,  cap.  4, 
5,  7.  •  Ziifiiga,  Atiales  de  Sevilla,  ]ip.  ;!(') ;, 
3G4. — .Monso  de  Palencia,  Coionita,  MS., 
part.  2,  cap.  .'15,  3«,  39,  42. — Sue/.,  .Mouedas 
de  Kuriipie  I\'.,  pp.  1-5. — I'ulf^ar,  in  an 
epistle  addres-^ed,  in  tiic  aiituum  of  14T3,  to 
the  bisliop  of  ("oria.  adverts  to --everal  circum- 
stances which  set  in  a  strong  light  the  anar- 


chical  state  of  the  kingdom  and  tliefd 
deficiency  of  police.     The  colebratcii  -^atii!.! 
eclogue,    also,   entitled    "Mingo    UcMiic'l 
exposes,    with    coarse   but   cutiin^'  "^arc'i 
the  license  of  tlie  court,  the  corrniitinu  .f ; 
clergy,  and   the   prevalent   depra\itv  (f  i 
jieojile.     In  one  of  its  stanzas  ii   hulillv  v-l 
tures  to  promise  anotherand  a  better  sever'ir.| 
to    the    country.      This    performuiKO.  • 
more  interesting  to   the   anti(Hiary  tla'; 
the  hi>^torian,  has  been  attribntt d  liy  -iiir 
Pulgar  ('■ee  .Mariana,  Hist,  de  Es]i.ina, ' 
ii.  p.  4"r)\  and  by  others  to  Rodri^ro  Oi'a 
Nic.  Antonio,  mbliotheca  \'etus,  t"in.  ii 
i!64),    but   without    satisfactory  e\iii<iK< 
favour  of  either.      Routerwek  is  niiahi!"! 
taken  iu  assorting  it  to  have  been  aini''»j| 
the  government  of  .John    II.     Tin'  gl  ">  ' 
Pulgar,  whose  authority  as   a  cond  iiil''*-" 
must  be  consid  rtd  decisive,  jdaiiil.v  |  r.  ve;:! 
to  have  been  directed  against  Il'.nry  IV. 


DEATH  OF  HENRY  IV. 


VJ 


Wliile  Ferdinand's  presence  was  more  than  ever  necessary  to  support  the 

|drwi""r  'Spirits  of  his  partv  in  Castile,  he  was  unexiiectedly  sunnuonetl  into 

Ara^on  to  the  assistance  of  his  father.     No  sooner  had  J3arcelona  sul)n)itted 

[to  Kill;:  John,  as  mentioned  in  a  preceding  chapter,'*  tlian  the  inhahitants 

of  HDUssillon  and  Cerdagne,  which  province.s,  it  will  ha  reineinlKn-ed,  were 

Llicol  in  tlie  custody  of  France,  as  a  guaranty  for  the  king  of   Aragon's 

L,|^rairein(>;its,  opi)re.>*sed  by  the  grievous  exactions  of  tlieir  new  rulers,  detcr- 

iiiiiieTl  to  break  the  yoke,  and  to  nut  themselves  again  under  tiie  protection  of 

their  ancient  master,  provided  tney  could  obtain  liis  support.     The  opj)()r- 

tuiiity  was  favourable.     A  large  part  of  the  garrisons  in  the  princii)al  cities 

lial  l)oeii  withdrawn  by  Louis  the  EleveiUh,  to  cover  the  frontier  on  the  side 

of  Biir^nindy  and  Brittany.     John,  therefore,  gladly  embraced  the  i)roi>osal  ; 

ftiid  on  a  concerted  day  a  simultaneous  insurrection  took  place  tiiroughuut  the 

jfovinces,  when  such  of  the  French,  in  the  principal  towns,  as  had  liot  tl.e 

k'(>Kl  fortune  to  escai)e  into  the  citadels,  were  indiscriminately  massacred.    Of 

all  tlie  coiuitry,  Salces,  Collioure.  and  tlie  castle  of  Ferpignan  alone  remained 

in  the  hands  of  the  French.    John  then  threw  liimself  into  the  last-named 

(ity  with  a  small  body  of  troops,  and  instantly  set  about  the  construction 

of  \vork>!  to  i)rotect  tne  inhabitants  against  the  fire  of  the  French  garrison 

1  ill  the  castle,  as  well  as  from  the  army  which  might  soon  be  expected  to 

\k<\ts.^.  them  from  without." 

Louis  the  Eleventh,  deeply  incensed  at  tlie  defection  of  his  new  subjects, 

inr'icred  the   most  formidal)le  preparations  for  the  siege  of  their  capital. 

I  John's  otHcers,  alarmed  at  these  prei)arations,  besought  him  not  to  exi)0se 

|lii>  ]tersoii  at  his  advanced  age  to  tlie  perils  of  a  siege  and  of  cai>tivity. 

Hit  the  lion-hearted  monarch  saw  the  necessity  of  animating  the  s|)irits 

i of  the  besieged   by  his  own    presence;  and,  assembling  the  inhabitants  in 

I  one  of  the  churches   of  the  city,  he  exhorted  them  resob'.tely  to  sUmd  to 

their  defence,  and  made  a  solemn  oath  to  abide  the  issue  with  them  to 

tlie  last 

Louis,  in  the  mean  while,  had  convoked  the  ban  and  arriere-ban  of  tliQ 
contiguous  French  provinces,  and  mustered  an  array  of  chivalry  and  feudal 
militia  amounting,  according  to  the  Spanish  historians,  to  thirty  thousand 
men.  Witii  these  ample  forces,  his  lieutenant-general,  the  duke  of  Savoy,* 
rlo>ely  invested  Perpignan,  and,  as  he  was  provided  with  a  numerous  train  of 
lettering  artilleiv,  instantly  opened  a  heavy  fire  on  the  inhabitants.  John, 
thih  exposed  to  tlie  doable  fire  of  the  fortress  and  the  besiegers,  was  in  a  very 
critical  situation.  Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen,  armed 
cap  a]  lie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  till  evening,  rallying  the  spirits  of  his 
tiiHips,  and  always  pre.«ent  at  the  point  of  danger.  He  succeeded  perfectly  in 
c'liiniiunicating  his  own  enthusiasm  to  the  soldiers.  The  Frencn  garrisons 
were  defeated  in  several  sortie.'*,  and  their  governor  taken  i)risoner ;  while 
supplies  were  iutroduced  into  the  city  in  the  very  face  of  the  blockading 
anny.'* 


"  Sec  chap.  il. 

'  Aloiiso  do  I'aloncia,  Coronica,  MS.,  nip. 
5« -.Mariana,  Hist,  de  KspHiia,  torn.  ii.  p. 
|-1 -Ztiritii,  Analcs,  tcin.  iv.  lol.  l!tl.— 
lii^ant",  llistoiro  dos  Dues  do  Muurgogue 
il'irb,  \>-ii>),  torn.  ix.  pp.  lol-lOtt. 


•*  Alonso  dp  Palcncia,  Coronic.i,  MS,,  rap. 
70.— Mariana,  Ili.st.  <1('  K-Hjiaiia,  tmii.  ii.  p. 
4-12. — \,.  M.iriiico,  Ci)sa.s  inciiidratiles,  lol.  1-1 -i. 
— Ziirita,  AiKiJiH,  totii.  iv.  fd.  195.  -  Aii<|U'  til, 
Histoirc  de  France  ^i'aris,  1»U6),  torn.  v.  pp. 
6U,  til 


*  rriie  pprson  hero  Bpokon  of    Pliilip  of 
^  ".v.  Sfigueur  de  Bresne,  did  not   become 


duke  until  1496,  the  year  before  his  death.— 
El..] 

II 


98 


TROUBLES   IN   CASTILE   AND   AKA(i()N. 


'^1 


Ferdinanfl,  on  receiving  intelli.s^ence  of  his  father's  pprilnus  situation.  ;•. 
stantly  resolved,  by  Isabella's  advice,  to  march  to  his  relief.  Puttiiiu'  liim^' 
at  the  head  of  a  IkkIv  of  Castilian  hor.se,  generously  furnislied  him  by  thoar: 
bishon  of  Toledo  ami  hi.s  friends,  he  passed  into  Aragon,  where  he  was  sfK^; , 
joined  by  the  principal  nobility  of  the  kingdom,  and  an  .ariiiv  amoinitiiii:  i; 
to  thirteen  Inmdred  lances  ami  seven  thousand  infantry.  With  this  coqis' 
rapidly  descended  the  Pyrenees,  by  the  way  6f  Manzanara,  in  the  faoefJi 
driving  tenipe.st,  which  concealed  him  for  some  time  from  the  view  nf  •  J 
enemy.  The  latter,  during  their  protracted  orK'rations,  for  ne.-irly  tiir'* 
months,  had  sustained  a  serious  dimiiuition  of  numliers  in  their  rcix^v, 
skirniislies  with  the  besieged,  and  still  more  from  an  epidemic  which  hrvi 
out  in  their  camp.  They  also  Ix^gan  to  suffer  not  a  little  from  want  of  pr. 
visions.  At  this  crisis,  the  apparition  of  this  new  army,  thus  unexpeott^iit 
descending  on  their  rear,  filled  them  with  such  consternation  that  tlicv  m<f. 
the  siege  at  once,  .setting  tire  to  their  tents,  and  retreating  M'ith  .suclipreoiif 
tation  as  to  leave  most  of  the  sick  and  wounded  a  prey  to  the  dovoiiriii; 
element.  John  marched  out,  with  colours  flying  and  music  playing,  at  w 
head  of  his  little  band,  to  gree'  his  deliverers  ;  and,  after  an  atlectin;;  m, 
view  in  the  presence  of  the  two  armies,  the  father  and  son  returned  in  triiimid 
into  Perpignan." 

The  French  army,  reinforced  by  command  of  Louis,  made  a  second  in?! 
fectual  attempt  (their  oNvn  writers  call  it  only  a  feint)  upon  the  city ;  amit!/' 
camjiaign  wa;  finally  concluded  by  a  treaty  betAveen  the  two  n)<)iiarch\:: 
which  it  was  arranged  that  the  king  of  Aragon  should  disburse  within  t:» 
year  the  sum  originally  stipulated  for  the  services  rendered  him  by  Louis- 
his  late  war  with  his  Catalan  su]))ect.«,  and  that,  in  case  of  failure,  the  jirovino 
of  Roussillon  and  Cerdagne  should  be  permanently  ceded  to  the  Frenchman 
The  connnanders  of  the  fortified  ])laces  in  the  contested  territory,  seloete'l  h 
one  monjirch  from  the  nominations  of  the  other,  were  excused  dnriii::t:' 
interim  from  obedience  to  the  mandates  of  either, — at  least  so  far  .%s  tiiff 
might  contravene  their  reciprocal  engagements."    (Sept.  1473.) 

There  is  little  reason  to  believe  that  this  singular  compact  was  subscribe]  :i 
good  faith  by  either  party.  John,  notwithstantMng  the  temporary  .suc-oi.' 
which  he  had  received  from  Louis  at  the  commencement  of  his  dithcultieswi:; 
the  Catalans,  might  justly  complain  of  the  infraction  of  his  engagements  at  i 
subsequent  period  of  the  war,  when  he  not  only  withheld  the  stipulated " . 
but  indirectly  gave  every  facility  in  his  power  to  the  invasion  of  the  duke : 
Lorraine.  Neither  was  the  king  of  Aragon  in  a  situation,  had  he  been ! 
posed,  to  make  the  reiuiisite  disbursements.  Louis,  on  the  other  hand,  as!:; 
event  soon  proved,  had  no  other  object  in  view  but  to  gain  time  to  reorirap.;i 
his  army,  and  to  lull  his  adversary  into  security,  while  he  took  efiecti 
measures  for  recovering  the  prize  whicli  had  so  u->expectedly  eluded  him. 

During  these  occurrences  Isabella's  pro.^pects  were  daily  Inightenin? :: 
Castile.  The  duke  of  Guienne,  the  destined  spouse  of  her  rival  Joanna,  b; 
died  in  France  ;  but  not  until  ho  had  testified  his  contempt  of  his  en:;'..- 
ments  with  the  Castilian  [trincess  by  openly  soliciting  fhe  hand  of  tiio  \\&^ 
of  Burgundy.'^     Sub.seipient  negotiations  for  her  marriage  with  two  o;':.:: 


'''  /uritft,  .Analps,  torn.  iv.  fol.  106.— R.a- 
ranto,  H:si.  dcs  Dues  (if  I5imri;iipno,  toni.  x. 
jip.  10.'),  106.- -I,.  Mariiifo,  Ciisas  mi'iiioral)|p«, 
f  ■!.  14!).  —  .\lonso  de  I'alentia,  Curuiiica,  .M.S., 
cap.  70,  71,  12. 

'"  Zurita.  .\nalos.  torn.  iv.  ful.  200.  ~  G.iil- 


lini,  Rivalit^,  torn.  iii.  p.  Sfifi.-Sr  thi"' 
ticlns  of  thr  trfaty  citpci  by  Diiclos,  Hi';;  - 
Louis  XI..  to-.ii.  i'i.  pp.  '.)0,  101.— Al-n-  ■ 
I'al  ncia.  Chronica,  >n.,  cap.  T3. 

'"  l.duis  Xf.  is  fuppo-ed  with  nimbv 
bability  to    h.ivo  a>sassinatyd    lii>  b''-'*' 


DEATH  OF  HEXRY  IV. 


09 


rinros  had  entirely  failed.  The  doubts  wjiioh  hunc  over  her  hirth,  and  whidi 
li,'  imhlic  i)rote.st<ations  of  Henry  and  his  queen,  tar  from  disitelliu^,  soitimI 
only  to  ;ui;:nient,  i)y  the  necessity  which  tliey  implied  for  such  an  extraordinary 
pnxwdini:,  were  sutHcient  to  ueter  any  one  from  a  connection  which  nnist 
liiivdlve  tlie  party  in  all  the  disasters  of  a  civil  war.'* 

I>iil>ella's  own  character,  moreover,  contributed  essentially  to  strengthen  her 
|Ciiii>e.  Her  sedate  conduct,  and  the  decorum  maintained  in  her  court,  formed 
Lstroiii:  contrast  with  the  frivolity  and  license  which  disgraced  that  of  Henry 
jaii'l  lii^  consort.  Thinking  men  were  led  to  conclude  that  the  sagacious 
|aiiiiiiiii>tration  of  Isabella  must  eventually  secure  to  her  the  ascendency  over 
jhcr  rival ;  while  all  who  sincerely  loved  their  country  coulil  not  but  j)rognos- 
ticatc  for  it,  under  her  beneficent  sway,  a  degree  of  i)rosperity  which  it  coiild 
bever  reach  imder  the  rapacious  and  profligate  ministers  wlio  directed  the 
(ouiKilsof  Henry,  and  most  probably  would  continue  to  direct  those  of  his 
|{l<aii,i:liter. 

Among  the  persons  whose  opinions  experienced  a  decided  revolution  from 
I  tlip>e  considerations,  was  Pedro  Gonzalez  de  Mendoza,  an  hbishop  of  Seville 
I  ami  cardinal  of  Si)ain  ;  a  prelate  whose  lofty  station  in  the  church  was 
!fiiiI)liortod  by  talents  of  the  highest  order,  and  whose  restless  ambition  led 
I  liiiii,  like  many  of  the  churchmen  of  the  time,  to  take  an  active  interest  in 
I  iMjJitics,  for  which  he  was  admirably  ada|)ted  l)y  his  knowledge  of  aflairs  and 
j  (lisccrnnient  of  character.  Without  deserting  his  former  master,  he  privately 
jontcrcd  into  a  correspondence  with  Isabella  ;  and  a  service  which  Ferdinancl, 
;  on  his  return  from  Aragon,  had  an  opportunity  of  rendering  the  duke  of 
liifaiitado,  the  head  of  the  Mendozas,"  secured  the  attachment  of  the  other 
iiiciiilicrs  of  this  powerfid  family." 

.\  circiunstance  occurred  at  tfiis  time  which  seemed  to  promise  an  acconuno- 
(liitiiiu  between  the  adverse  factions,  or  at  least  between  Henry  and  his  sister. 
Tlic  f:overnmcnt  of  Segovia,  whose  impregnable  citadel  had  been  nia<le  thj 
di'iiository  of  the  royal  treasure,  was  intrusted  to  Andres  de  Cabrera,  an  officer 
of  the  king's  household.  This  cavalier,  influenced  in  part  by  personal  piipie 
to  the  ^rand  master  of  St.  James,  and  still  more  perhaps  by  the  importunities 
of  his  wife,  Beatriz  de  Bobadilla,  the  early  friend  and  companion  of  Isabella, 
entered  into  a  correspondence  with  the  princess,  and  sought  to  open  the  way 
for  her  permanent  reconciliation  with  her  brother.  He  accordmgly  invited 
her  to  Segovia,  where  Henry  occasionally  resided,  and,  to  dispel  any  suspicions 
which  she  might  entertain  of  his  sincerity,  despatched  his  wife  secretly  by 
iiitiht,  disguised  in  the  garb  of  a  peasant,  to  Aranda,  where  Isabella  then  held 
her  court.    The  latter,  confirmed  by  the  assurances  of  her  friend,  did  not 


M  de  Rarante  sums  up  his  examination' of 
till'  evidciicp  with  this  remarlc :  "  Le  roi 
l.<mi<  XI.  nt'  fit  peut-etre  pas  mourir  son 
f  ere,  uuiis  personne  ne  pensa  qu'il  en  fut 
iiicaiwhl-."  Hist,  des  Dues  de  liourgogne, 
ti'iii  ix.  p.  4,'?3. 

■  Till'  I  wo  princes  alluded  to  were  the 
iiiik<>  of  S<'g(ir)M',  a  cousin  of  Ferdinand,  and 
ilii'  kinp  of  I'ortURal.  The  former,  on  his 
'iitraiirc  into  Castile,  assumed  such  sovereign 
Mate  (niviiip  his  hand,  for  instance,  to  the 
praniit'cs  to  kiss)  as  disgusted  these  haughty 
ii"Mis,  and  was  eventually  the  occasion  of 
bre,ikin«  off  the  match.  Alonso  de  Paleiicia, 
•ooiiica,  MS.,  part.  2,  cap.  62.— Farla y  Sousa, 
Eurupa  I^Ttugue^a,  torn.  ii.  p.  392. 

'  Oviedo  assigns  another  reason   for  this 


change,— the  disgust  occasioned  by  Henry 
IV'.'s  transferring  tlie  custody  ot  his  daug'ter 
from  the  family  of  Mendo/a  to  the  I'adiccos. 
Quincuagenas,  MS.,  hat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial.  h. 

-"  Siilazarde  Mendoza.  Cion.  del  Gran  Car- 
denal,  p.  133. — Alonso  de  Palciicia,  Coronica, 
MS.,  part.  2,  cap.  4G,  92.— f'astiUo,  Crnnica, 
tap.  163. — Thi'  influcncf  of  tliese  new  alli''s, 
especially  of  thf  cardinal,  over  Isabella's 
councils,  was  an  additional  ground  of  unilirage 
to  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  who.  in  a  com- 
munication with  the  king  of  Aragon,  declared 
himself,  thoUL'h  friendly  to  thi  ir  cause,  to  be 
released  from  all  further  obligations  to  serve 
it.  See  Zurita,  Analos,  torn.  iv.  lib.  46, 
cap.  19. 


100 


TROUBLES  IN  CASTILE  AND  ARAGON. 


hesitate  to  comi»ly  with  the  invitation,  and,  accompanied  by  the  arf  hliishon 
of  'I'oleilo,  proceeded  to  Segovia,  where  an  interview  tooic  place  between  her 
aii(»  lieiiry  tiie  Fourth,  in  which  she  vindicated  her  past  conduct,  and  en 
deavoured  to  obtain  her  brother's  sanction  to  her  union  with  Feniniaini 
(Dec.  1473.)  Henry,  wiio  wa.s  naturally  of  a  placable  temper,  receiveil  \w; 
coniniunication  with  complacency,  and,  in  order  to  ^dve  public  denionstratio!i 
of  the  good  understanding  now  subsisting  between  hi»n  and  his  sister,  coiKle- 
scentled  to  walk  by  her  side,  holding  the  bridle  of  lier  palfrey,  as  slie  a«'e 
along  the  streets  or  the  city.  Ferdinand,  on  his  return  into  Castile,  hastenei 
to  Segovia,  where  he  was  welcomed  V)V  the  monarch  with  every  appoariiiKt'if 
satisfaction.  A  succession  oifdes  and  splendid  entertainments,  at  which  l«ith 
parties  assisted,  seemed  to  announce  an  entire  oblivion  of  .all  past  anini(i>itieN 
and  the  nation  welcomed  with  satisfaction  these  symptoms  of  repose  after  the 
vexatious  stniggle  by  which  it  had  been  so  long  agitated.*' 

The  repose,  however,  was  of  no  great  duration.  The  slavish  mind  of  IIchit 
gradually  relapsed  under  its  ancient  lx)ndage ;  and  the  grand  master  of  si 
James  succeeded,  in  conse([uence  of  an  illness  with  which  the  monardi  wa< 
suddenly  seized  after  an  entertainment  given  by  Cabrera,  in  infusing  into  lii> 
mind  susjiicions  of  an  attempt  at  assassination.  Henry  was  so  far  incenso-l 
or  alarmed  by  the  suggestion  that  he  concerted  a  scheme  for  privately  sei/in: 
the  person  of  his  sister,  which  was  defeated  by  hiT  own  prudence  and  the 
vigilance  of  her  friends.'*  But,  if  the  visit  to  Segovia  failed  in  its  destiiiei 
purpose  of  a  reconciliation  with  Henry,  it  was  attended  with  the  important 
consequence  of  securing  to  Isabella  a  faithful  partisan  in  Cabrera,  who,  from 
the  control  which  his  situation  gave  him  over  the  royal  coflers,  proved  a  most 
seasonable  ally  in  her  su])se(pient  struggle  with  Joanna. 

Not  long  after  this  event,  Ferdinand  received  another  summons  from  his 
father  to  attend  him  in  Aragon,  where  the  storm  of  war,  which  had  been  U 
some  time  gathering  in  the  distance,  now  burst  with  pitiless  fury.  In  the 
beginning  of  February,  1474,  an  embassy  consisting  of  t\\o  of  his  prin(:i]ial 
noble  ,  accompanied  by  a  brilliant  train  of  cavaliers  and  attendants,  had  bivn 
deputed  by  John  to  the  court  of  Louis  XL,  for  the  ostensible  purpose  of 
settling  the  )reliminaries  of  the  marriage,  previously  agreed  on,  between  the 
dauphin  and  the  infanta  Isabella,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  then 
little  more  than  three  years  of  age.*'  The  real  object  of  the  mission  wa^  to 
efl'ect  some  definitive  adjustment  or  compromise  of  the  difl'erences  relatin:;  to 
the  contested  territories  of  Koussillon  and  Cerdagne.  The  king  of  France, 
who,  notwithstanding  his  late  convention  with  John,  was  making  active 
])reparations  for  the  forcible  occupation  of  these  provinces,  determined  to  gain 
time  by  amusing  the  ambassadors  with  a  show  of  negotiation,  and  intcriiosiii;' 
every  obstacle  which  his  ingenuity  coidd  devise  to  tlieir  progress  through  his 
dominions,  lie  succeeded  so  well  in  this  latter  part  of  nis  scheme  that  the 
embassy  did  not  reach  Paris  until  the  close  of  Lent.  Louis,  who  sehlom 
resided  in  his  cap'itiil,  took  good  care  to  be  absent  at  this  season.  The 
ambassadors  in  the  interim  were  entertained  with  \)-A\h,fttes,  military  reviews. 


"  Carbajal,  Annlos,  MS.,  aftos  73,  74.— 
I'ulftar,  llcyea  Catolicos,  p.  '27. — (aftilio,  (Jn'i- 
ni*;i,  c  ij).  \M. — Alonsode  FaU'iK'ia.  (.'(iruniia, 
MS.,  part.  2,  C41J).  75. — Oviedi),  yuiiicuagciias, 
MS.,  i)at.  1,  quiiir.  1,  liial.  'lA. 

'■'  Meiido/-!,  Cron.  del  (Jraii  Cardunal,  i>p. 
141,  142. — Castillo.  Crouica,  cap.  li;4.— Ovicdo 
lia<  giviMi  a  full  account  of  this  cuvalicr,  wiio 
was  allied  to  an  ancient  Catalan  family,  hut 


who  raisfni  himself  to  nuch  pre-eminence  by 
his  own  deserts,  says  tiiat  wriicr.that  lie  nmy 
well  be  considered  the  f-e^nder  of  his  Louso. 
I,oe.  cit. 

-•'  Carbaial.  .vnal"s,  MS  ,  afio  70.— This 
was  the  eiu.  .St  child  of  Ferdinand  ami  l>al)fll(i, 
born  Oct.  l8t,  147u,  afterwards  queeu  ul  I'or- 
tugal. 


and  whatever  els 
All  coniiiiuiiicatic 
wore  stopped  and 
his  envoys  or  thei 
the  mean  time,  fo 
for  a  descent  on 
attemi)t  at  negot 
rriiiiination,  set  o 
Lvoiis  and  .Montp 
('\|.resse(l  it,  to  as( 
armies ;  and  all 
\\\\<  ?\)\um)i  dispo 
will  and  the  law  o 
I  abseil  for  the  wis 
In  the  mean  wh 
if  nine  hundred  \ 
I>owerfiil  train  of 
siiiiplies,  accompai 
.>;turdy  resistance 
shamefully  behead 
Periiiunan.    The  1 
wars  in  which  he  h 
army,  but  was  ever 
ih'fi'nd  his  pei-son  n 
e.xpense  of  transpo 
aiiiiointed  in  the  cc 
the  dukes  of  Burff 
avsistance,  who,  ait 
1"  Saragossa,  to  sol 
-Vn  incident  occu 
cliaracte  istic  of  tin 
Ximenes  Gordo,  of 
his  rank  in  order 
a>cendency  over  hii 
the  city  for  himself 
li'ss  manner,  makin 
I'tTpetration  of  the 
}vt  such  were  his  pi 
despairing  of  briny 
iimre  sinnmary  proi 
ri'>p8cts  to  the  prin 
fiiyour,  showing  hiii 
"ived  of  him.     Goi 
witlulraw  into  a  re 
i-.iii  on  business  of 
,  till'  .sight  of  the  pu' 
1 1 '.'ether  with  that 
apartment  was  gari 
He  was  then  clia 
I  and  sentence  of  d« 

"  Gailliird,  Rivalit^, 
-budus,  Hist,  de  Loui 


^.■i 


DEA'^TI  OF  HENRY  IV. 


101 


anl  wliatover  else  might  divert  them  from  the  re.al  objects  of  their  mission. 

All  (oiiiiminicAtion  was  cut  off  wit!i  their  own  govenunent,  as  their  couriers 
were  stoppeil  and  tiieir  desj)atclies  intercepted,  so  that  John  knew  as  httle  of 
his  envoys  or  their  j)rocee(lings  as  if  they  had  In^en  in  Siberia  or  Janan.  In 
the  nioaii  time,  formidable  preparations  were  making  in  the  south  of  France 
fir  a  (l('s<ent  on  Uoussiilon  ;  and  when  the  anibassadois,  after  a  fruitless 
atN'iiipt  at  negotiation,  which  evaiK)rated   in  nnitual   crimination  and  .'e- 

riiiiination,  set  out  on  their  return  to  Aragon,  they  were  twice  detanied,  at 
LvDiis  and  Montpellier^  from  an  extreme  solicitude,  as  the  French  government 
(■\|irisscd  it,  to  ascertani  the  safest  route  through  a  country  infested  by  hostile 
armies ;  and  all  this,  notwithstanding  their  repeated  protesUitions  against 
thi^  olili,'iiig  disposition,  which  lield  them  nrisoners  in  opposition  to  their  own 
will  and  the  law  of  nations.  The  prince  wno  descended  to  such  petty  trickery 
]  iKseil  for  the  wisest  of  his  time." 

In  the  mean  while,  the  Seigneur  du  Lnde  liad  invaded  Roussillon  at  the  head 
if  nine  hundred  French  lances  and  ten  thousand  infantry,  supported  by  a 
]Nnverful  train  of  artillery,  wliile  a  fleet  of  Genoese  transports,  laden  with 
supiilios,  accompanied  the  army  along  the  coast.  EIna  surrendered  after  a 
stunly  resistance  ;  the  governor  and  some  of  the  principal  prisoners  were 
shainefully  beheaded  as  traitors ;  and  the  French  then  i)roceeded  to  invest 
PerpiiiMan.  The  king  of  Aragon  was  so  much  impoverished  bv  the  incessant 
wars  in  which  he  had  l)een  engaged,  tliat  he  was  not  only  unable  to  recruit  his 
army,  hut  was  even  obliged  to  j)aAvn  the  robe  of  costly  fur  which  he  wore  to 
ijt'ft nd  his  peison  against  the  inclemencies  of  the  season,  in  order  to  defrav  the 
expense  of  transporting  his  baggage.  In  this  extremity,  finding  himself  dis- 
aiipdinted  in  the  co-operation,  on  which  he  had  reckoned,  of  his  ancient  allies 
the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Brittany,  he  again  summoned  Feidinand  to  his 
ivsistance,  who,  after  a  brief  ir.terview  with  liis  father  in  Barcelona,  proceede«^l 
til  Sarag(»ssa,  to  solicit  aid  from  the  estates  of  Aragon. 

An  incident  occiirred  on  this  visit  of  the  prince,  worth  noticing,  as  strongly 
(Iiaracte  istic  of  the  lawless  habits  of  the  age.  A  citizen  of  t^^aragossa,  named 
Xiinenes  Gordo,  of  noble  family,  but  who  had  relin(iuished  the  privileges  of 
liis  rank  in  order  to  ([ualify  himself  for  municipal  office,  had  ac([uired  such 
.iMcndency  over  his  townsmen  as  to  engross  the  most  considerable  posts  in 
the  city  for  himself  and  his  creatures.  This  authority  he  abused  in  a  shame- 
less maimer,  making  use  of  it  not  only  for  the  perversion  of  justice,  but  for  the 
I'Tpetration  of  the  most  flagrant  crimes.  Although  these  facts  were  notorious, 
•  I't  such  were  his  power  and  popularity  with  the  Tower  classes  that  Ferdinand, 
despairing  of  bringing  him  to  justice  in  the  ordinary  way,  determined  on  a 
iii'tre  summary  process.  As  Gordo  occasionally  visited  the  palace  to  [lay  his 
f'-ipects  to  the  prince,  the  latter  affected  to  regard  him  with  more  than  usual 
!;ivour,  showing  him  such  courtesy  as  might  dissipate  any  distrust  he  had  con- 
"'ived  of  him.  Gordo,  thus  assured,  was  invited  at  one  of  these  interviews  to 
)v;tlidraw  into  a  retired  apartment,  where  the  prince  wished  to  confer  with 
!  Ill  on  l)usiness  of  moment.  On  entering  the  chamber  he  was  surprised  by 
tiie  sii,rht  of  the  public  executioner,  the  hangman  of  the  city,  whose  presence, 
t  '.'etlier  with  that  of  a  priest,  and  the  ai)paratus  of  death  with  wliich  the 
ai'iirtnient  was  garnished,  revealed  at  once  the  dreadful  nature  of  his  destiny. 

He  was  then  charged  with  the  manifold  crimes  (jf  which  he  had  been  guilty, 
and  sentence  of  death  was  pronounced  on  him.     In  vain  did  he  appeal  to 


''  ^laillard,  Rivallt^,  torn.  ill.  pp.  267-276. 
-i'utlij!*,  Hist,  de  Louis  XI.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  113, 


11. "5. — Chroniqni'  scandaleuse,  ed.  Petitot,  torn. 
xiii.  pp.  443,  444. 


102 


TROUBLES  IN  CASTILE  AND  ARAOON. 


Ferdinand,  jjleading  the  services  wliicli  lie  had  rendered  on  more  than  fr* 
oceasion  to  l>is  father.  Ferdinand  assured  him  that  tliese  sliould  l)e  grateful!; 
renienilKired  in  the  |»rotcctii>n  of  his  ehildri'U,  and  then,  l)iddin;(  him  uiilniri!,;, 
liis  conscience  to  ins  confessor,  consi-^ned  him  to  the  iiand  of  tlie  ex(Hiitinii,.f 
His  body  was  ex[)os(!d  that  very  day  in  tlie  market-j)Iace  of  tlie  city,  totli-| 
dismay  of  his  friends  and  adlierents,  most  of  whom  paid  tiie  penalty  nf  tli.  • 
crimes  in  tlie  ordinary  course  of  Justice.  This  extraordinary  procccilin,'  . 
hi^dily  characteristic  of  the  unsettled  times  in  which  it  occurred;  whcnai; 

of  violence  often  superseiled  the  reguk.r  operation  of  the  law,  even  in  th 

countries  whose  forms  of  >;overnmenta|»proached  the  nearest  to  a  deteriiiiua;. 
constitution.  It  will  doubtless  reniincl  the  reader  of  the  similar  prt»Cfe(lii,. 
imputed  to  liouis  the  Eleventh,  in  the  admirable  sketch  given  us  of  tla: 
monai  ch  in  "  Quentin  Durward."  " 

The  supplies  furnished  by  the  Aragonese  cortes  were  inadetmate  to  kii:: 
John's  necessities,  and  he  was  compelled,  while  hovering  with  his  little  foni-  , 
the  confines  of  Roussillon,  to  witness  the  gradual  reduction  of  its  capital,  wiii. 
out  being  able  to  strike  a  blow  in  its  defence.  The  inhabitants,  indeeil,  wi, 
fought  with  a  resolution  worthy  of  ancient  Niunantia  or  Saginitum,  wcro  r-^ 
duced  to  the  last  extremity  of  tanune,  su[)piirting  life  by  feeding  on  the  uiu^ 
loathsome  ollal,  on  aits,  dogs,  the  corjtses  of  their  enemies,  and  even  onsutt 
of  their  own  dead  as  had  fallen  in  battle  !  And  when  at  length  an  hnndiiralr 
capitulation  was  granted  theni  on  the  14th  of  March,  1475,  the  garrison  «!, 
esacuated  the  city,  reduced  to  the  number  of  four  hundred,  were  obli;;eil ; 
march  on  foot  to  Barcelona,  as  they  had  consumed  their  horses  durin;;  [l. 


26 


sie^e. 

The  terms  of  capitulation,  which  permitted  every  inliabitant  to  evacuate,  : 
reside  unmolested  in  the  city,  at  his  option,  were  too  liberal  to  satisfy  tl.r 
vindictive  temper  of  the  king  of  France.  He  instantly  wrote  to  his  gcmni.-, 
instructing  theni  to  denart  from  their  engagements,  to  keep  the  city  so  short 
of  supplies  as  to  compel  an  emigration  of  its  oiiginal  inhabitants,  and  tin  ; 
fiscate  for  their  own  use  the  estates  of  the  principal  nobility ;  and  after  i- 
lineating  in  detail  the  perfidious  policy  which  tney  were  to  pursue,  he  ((nicluiit'; 
with  the  assurance  "  tnat,  by  the  blessing  of  God  and  our  Lady, and  Mdnsit;: 
St.  Martin,  he  would  be  with  them  before  the  winter,  in  order  to  aid  tlioiii  i: 
its  execution."  -'  Such  was  the  miserable  medley  of  hypocrisy  and  superstitii ;, 
which  characterized  the  politics  of  the  European  courts  in  this  corrupt  &^- 
and  wliich  dimmed  the  lustre  of  names  most  conspicuous  on  the  page  <'. 
history. 

The  occupation  of  Roussillon  was  followed  by  a  truce  of  six  months  betwciii 


"'  Alonso  de  Palencta,  Cor6nica,  MS.,  part. 
2.  cap.  Ha. — Fcrroriis,  Hist.  d'K«pagne,  torn, 
vii.  p.  400. — Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  lib.  19, 
cap.  I'i. 

"  L.  Marineo.Cosas  memorabli'9,  fol.  150.— 
Zuilta,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  lib.  lit,  cap.  13. — 
Clir()i»i(iue  scandaleuse,  od.  Petitot,  torn.  xiii. 
p.  40t). — Alonso  de  Paiencia,  Coronica,  MS., 


part.  2,  cap.  91. 

^'  See  copies  of  the  original  lettor?,  i' 
given  by  M.  IJarante,  in  his  Ilistury  of  ■ 
Dukes  of  Hurgundy,  in  which  the  aiulmr  i.v 
Ro  hapi>ily  seized  tlie  tone  and  jiiiiur--;': 
colouring  of  the  ancient  chronicles ;  torn  i 
pp.  289-298.* 


*  [These  letters  and  InKtruct.ion!'  were  ad- 
dressed, not  t*)  the  generals  wlio  had  granted 
tiic  obnoxious  terms,  and  whom  Louis,  on 
this  account,  denounced  as  rank  traitors,  but 
to  the  Sire  du  Bouchage,  wlioni  he  had  sent 
to  remove  them,  to  appoint  others  in  their 
places,  and  to  lake  the  most  effective  measures 


for  securing  the  possession  of  RousfsiU "D. 'b^ 
restoration  of  whicli  to  Aragon  liail  jn^t  W'. 
formally  demanded,  through  a  sp<tial  fi- 
biissy,  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  (Leirnn; 
MSS.,  IMbliotliequo  Nationale,  I'ari.s.)  Ti' 
king's  orders  in  regard  to  the  inhabitants  ' 
Perpignan  were  not  carried  out.— Em.] 


1H 


DEATH  OF  HKXRY   IV. 


103 


the  U'lli-'criMit  jiarties.  Tlio  re;,Milar  coiirso  of  the  narrativo  has  Vieon  somewhat 
aiitiii|i'il»'«l,  ill  onler  to  coiK.luile  that  portioii  of  it  ivliitiii;,'  to  the  war  with 
Ki;ii'''t'i  U'Une  ai^ain  reveitiiiL;  to  the  atlhirs  of  C'astile.  wlicn*  Henry  the 
l'(,iiitli.  ]iiiiiii.u  umler  an  incurable  niulaily,  was  gradually  aiiproaohiii;^^  the 
Icriiiiiiatioii  of  his  (iisastioiis  rei^'n. 

This  e\t'Mt,  wliich,  from  the  momentous  conse(iueiK'es  it  involved,  w)is  eon- 
t.'iiiiilatt'il  with  the  deepest  solicitude,  not  oidy  l)y  tiiose  who  had  an  innnediate 
nil, I  iKMsonai  inttirest  at  sUike,  hut  hv  the  whole  nation,  took  jtlace  on  tlie 
iiiulit  uf  tlie  11th  of  De(end)er,  1474.**  It  was  precipitated  by  the  death  of 
the  ;:raiid  master  of  St.  James,  on  whom  the  feeble  nund  of  Henry  luul  ''cen 
joii;,'  a(<'iistomed  to  rest  for  its  sup|iort,  and  who  was  cut  otl"  by  an  acute 
(hN»nlt'r  hilt  a  few  months  previous,  in  the  full  prime  of  his  ambitious  schemes. 
The  kin;,',  notwithst^indinx  the  lin;j;erin;^^  nature  of  his  disease  gave  him 
amiilc  time  for  jirejjaration,  e.xjiired  witliout  a  will,  or  even,  as  generally 
iivHTteil,  the  designation  of  a  successor.  ^Ihis  was  the  more  remarkable,  not 
(iiily  a.s  being  contrary  to  established  usage,  but  as  occurring  at  a  period  when 
the' succession  had  been  so  long  and  hotly  debated."  The  testaments  of  the" 
(';i«tili;ui  s(»vereigiis,  Ihou.uh  never  esteemed  positively  binding,  and  occasion- 
ally, indeed,  set  aside,'"  when  deemed  unconstitutional  or  even  inexpedient  by 
the  legislature,  were  always  allowed  to  have  great  weight  with  the  nation. 

With  Henry  the  Fourth  terminated  the  iriale  line  of  the  house  of  Tms- 
taiiKUii,  who  had  kept  posses.siou  of  the  throne  for  more  than  a  century,  and 
ill  the  couDe  of  only  four  generations  had  exhibited  every  gradation  of 
(haracter,  from  the  bold  and  chivalrous  enterprise  of  the  first  Henry  of  that 
iiaiiic,  (jdwn  to  the  drivelling  imlxjcility  of  the  last. 

The  (h'lracter  of  Heniy  the  Fourth  has  k'en  sufliciently  delineated  in  that 
of  liis  rei;:n.  He  was  not  without  certain  amiable  ipialiiies,  and  nuiy  be 
(i>iisi(|i're(i  as  a  weak  rather  than  a  wicked  prince.  In  jKirsons,  however, 
intrusted  with  the  de^^ree  of  power  exercised  by  sovereigns  of  even  the  most 


■  DtTiialdcz,  Reyes  Catolieis,  MS,  cap.  10. 
-Carliajul,  Aimlea,  MS.,  afio  7l.— Castillo, 
C'loniia,  lup.  14s. 

•  Jlii-i  ((Jiiic  in  involvt'd  in  no  liUle  ob- 
sturity,  and  lias  been  reported  with  niiuii  dis- 
(r>  paiicy  as  well  as  inaccuracy  by  tlie  modern 
Sjiaiii-li  liisiorians.  Among  the  ancient,  Cas- 
tilli',  the  historiographer  of  Henry  IV^.,  men- 
tions certain  "  testamentary  execut^irs," 
without,  liowever,  noticin;;  in  any  more 
(lina  way  tlie  existence  of  a  will.  (Cron., 
c.  Ms.)  The  Curate  of  Los  I'alacios  relers  to 
adaiist*  reported,  he  says,  to  have  existed  in 
tli<'  testament  of  Henry  IV.,  in  which  lie 
diilans  Jtjaniia  his  daughter  and  heir.  (Reyes 
C.itolict's,  .M.S.,  cup.  10.)  Aloiisode  ralencia 
ft.ites  positively  that  there  was  no  such  in- 
piruuiiiit,  and  tliat  Henry,  on  being  a.sked 
wiiouasto  succeed  him,  referred  to  his  sec- 
r.tary  .hiaii  ( ionzalez  for  a  knowledge  of  liis 
iiiti'iitiori.  {Ct6'i.,  c.  92.)  L.  Marineo  also 
"tatc-  tliut  the  k-!g,  "with  his  usual  im- 
Jiruvidijice,"  left  no  will.  (Cosas  memora- 
I'li'S,  ful.  i.'»5.)  I'ulgar,  another  contemjiorary, 
t-.\prt>sly  declares  that  he  executed  no  will, 
and  quotes  tlie  words  dictated  by  him  to  liis 
snntary,  in  which  he  simply  designates  two 
of  tlie  grandees  as  "executors  of  his  soul" 
(ii/'|aau.v  de  an  anima),  and  four  others  in 
tuujuuctiou  with  them  aa  the  guardians  of 


his  daughter  Joanna.  (Reyes  Cat.,  p.  31.)  It 
Be' nis  not  ini|irol)able  that  the  exisl(  nee  of 
tliis  document  has  been  confoinided  w  ith  that 
of  a  testament,  and  tliat,  with  reference  to  it, 
the  jjlirase  alH)ve  quoted  of  Castillo,  as  well 
as  the  passage  of  Rernaldez,  is  to  Ix.-  inter- 
preted. Carbajal's  wild  story  of  thi-  existence 
ol  a  will,  of  its  secretion  for  more  tlian  tliirty 
years,  and  its  final  suppression  by  Ferdinand, 
is  tiM)  naked  of  ti'stimony  to  deserve  tlie  least 
weight  \\itli  the  liistoriati.  (See  liis  Anales, 
MS.,  afio  74.)  It  should  be  reniemliered, 
however,  that  most  of  the  atxive-inentioned 
writers  compiled  their  works  aller  the  acces- 
sion of  Isalx'Ua,  and  that  none,  save  Castillo, 
were  the  partisans  of  her  rival.  It  siiouUl 
also  Ik"  added  that  in  the  letters  addressed  li.y 
the  princess  Joanna  to  the  different  cities  of 
the  kingdom,  on  her  nssnniiiig  tlie  title  of 
queen  of  (Jastile  (Ixaring  date  May,  147.5),  it 
is  expressly  stated  that  Henry  iV  ,  on  his 
death-l)ed,  solemnly  aflirmed  her  to  i«>  his  only 
daughter  and  lawful  li'ir.  These  letters  were 
draftcfl  by  John  de  Oviedo  (.Mian  (Jonzalez), 
tiie  conti(iential  secretary  of  Henry  IV'.  See 
Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  fol.  Xi(>-2M. 

'"'  As  was  the  case  with  the  testaments  of 
Alfonso  of  Leon  and  Alfonso  the  Wise,  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  with  that  of  I'eter 
the  Cruel,  in  the  fourteenth. 


104 


TKOUHLES  IN  CASTILE  AND  AKAGON. 


limitod  inniiarcliios  of  this  period,  a  woak  man  may  bf  decme^l  nmro  inis 
chit'vuiis  to  tliu  t<tate  over  viU'uU  ho  prt'sidcs  than  a  wicktil  oiu*.  Thr  latt.r 
fecliii;;  himself  rcsiKtiisihle  in  the  eyes  of  the  nati(»n  for  his  actions,  is  in  if 
likely  to  consnlt  aj»iiearances,  and,  where  liis  own  j^assions  or  interests  aivint 
immediately  involved,  to  h'^islate  with  reference  Kt  the  general  intensts  "f 
his  s»d»jeets.  TIk!  former,  on  the  contrary,  is  too  often  a  mere  tool  in  th. 
hands  (tf  favourites,  who  finding  tliemselves  screened  hy  tlie  interpoMtii.n  „i 
royal  authority  from  the  conse(iuences  of  measu.es  for  which  they  sIkhi!,] 
l>e  justly  resiionsil)le,  sacrifice  without  remorse  the  puhlic  weal  to  thead\uiirr 
ment  of  tiieir  j»rivate  fortunes.  Tims  the  state,  made  to  minister  t(t  \y 
voracidus  ajipetites  of  many  tyrants,  sutlers  incale\dal)lv  more  tlian  it  uhiM 
from  one.  N»  fared  it  with  Castile  under  Ilenr;;  the  i<\turth  ;  di.-meiiilitnil 
Ity  faction,  her  revenues  s(piandered  on  wortliless  jarasites,  the  ginssH 
violations  of  justice  iinredressed,  public  faith  become  a  jest,  the  tnasnry 
Ijankrupt,  the  court  a  brothel,  and  jirivate  morals  too  loose  and  audaciuis  h 
♦ieek  even  the  veil  of  hypocrisy  !  Never  had  the  fortunes  of  the  kiii^^dmn 
readied  so  low  an  ebb  since  the  great  Saracen  invasion. 


Hon  nf  Scjfovia  by  tli«« 
hiiitli'  "I  oliiii'do,  Ir 
ii,i:f'tli<r  Nviili  IIk'  jHirtii 
i.inpilnl,  uAM  iinlorttiii 
llic  (•n''iiiv  n  IiiiiiiIh. 
miiiiii"!""!  t"  till'  |iii'sc 
r.iiiitillcrt,  to  lii'iir  aiK 
rrtiin  |iii>»''Hi:''N  "f  >^ 
•lal«o  aii'l  Irl villous 
i  l>iiiK  littlf  truiii  a  ( 
prjiiiii'i'il  triliiiiiiil,  rr--i 
Ui^l  It  uiiKl'l  l'»^''  K'"" 
ti.t  Ik'i'ii  liir  Inn  <•(•(  li'sin 
utHi'ilui'iitly  rm-ajM'tl,  |i 

Bl:lIlUi*.ript8,  wllirll  Wt'I 

1 1,  in  tli<'  IiilrcHluctli 
«miiit'<  timt  lie  has  1>« 
tirtt  liHlt'nf  Ills  inns 

N.,t»itti(»tiiiiiilii(?  OiM 

ii'  ii.  «(T,ilrs,  liis  \vorl> 

bu.-ino9»-ltko  style  of  V: 


Tlio  hlHtorlan  cannot  complain  of  a  want 
of  autlicntic  iimtcrials  for  the  reign  of  Henry 
IV.    Two  of  tlie  clironitlcrH  of  tlint  ixriod, 
Alons<j  (If  I'ftlenela  and  iMiricjuiz  del  Cu  tiUo, 
Were    ej'e-\\  itncHHCH   and   eonsiiienous   aetorn 
in  tlie  Keciies  wliieh   tliey  recorded,  and  con- 
nieted   with   ojiposite    fat'tiiiiiH.     The  former 
of  tlieHO    writers,    Alonso  de    I'aleneia,    was 
born,   as  ajipears  from  his  worlt,  "HeSyrio- 
nyinis,"    eited    by    Tellieer    (Hibliotheca    do 
Traductores,    p    7),    in    14.i:j.     Nic.   Antonio 
lias  tall(  n  into  'lie  <  rror  of  dating  his  birtli 
nini'  years  later.     (IJibliotheea  Vetup,  torn.  ii. 
p.  ;t.ll.>     At  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  became 
P".ge   to  Alfonso   of    (.'artliagena.    bishop    of 
Ibirgos,  and,  in  the   family  ol  that  estimable 
jirel.ite,    ac(|Uired   a   taste  for  letters,  which 
n«  ver  deserti  d   him  during  a  busy  politiial 
career,     lie   afterwards  visited   Italy,   where 
he  b<'came  acciuainttd  with  Cardinal  Bessa- 
rion,  and  through  him  with  the  learned  (ireek 
Trape/.untiuH,  whose  hctures  on  phllosopliy 
and  rhetoric  he  attended.    On  his  return  to 
his   native    couijtry,    h     was    raised    to   the 
dignity  of  royal  historic  grnplier  by  Alfonso, 
younger  brother  of  Henry  IV'.,  and  competi- 
tor with   him   for  the  crown.     He  attached 
himself   to    'he    fortunes  of   IsaWUa,   after 
Alfonso's  death,   and   was  employed  i)y  the 
archbishop  of  Toledo  in  many  delicate  nego- 
tiations, particularly  in  arranging  tlie  mar- 
riage   of  the    princess    with    Ferdinand,    for 
which  purpose  he  made  a  secret  journey  into 
Aragon.     On  the  accession  of  Isabella,  ho  was 
conlinned  in  the  ofllce  oi  national  chronicler, 
and  pa.ssed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
composition    of    philological    and    historical 
works    and    translations    from    the    ancient 
classics.     The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 
He  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  lu'wever,  since  it 
appears  from  his  own  statement  (see  Mendez, 
Ty[iographia  Kspaftola  (.Madrid,  179G),  p.  I'JO) 
tliat   liis  version  of  .losephus  was  not  com- 
pleted till  the  year  1492. 


The  most  popular  of  Palencia's  writinirnar* 
Ills  "Chronicle  of  Henry  IV.,"  and  liis  1,.,;:;. 
"  Decades,"  continuing  tlie  reign  of  l>.di,  i 
down  to  the  capture  of  'Jaza,  in  ll".i  id, 
historical  Bt>.  le,  far  from  8cliola»»tic  lul.uiin, 
e.xhibits  the  business-lilie  manner  ot  n  nmii  ( 
the  world.  His  Chronicle,  which,  beiiifroii]. 
l)osed  in  the  Castilian,  was  protiably  jutiinl"! 
for  popular  use,  is  conducted  with  iitilr  an;- 
lice,  and  indeeti  witli  a  prolixity  and  iiiiimtr. 
nesH  of  detail,  arising  uo  doubt  from  tlnd.,]! 
interest  wliich  as  an  actor  he  tooli  in  iL' 
scenes  he  deKTibes.  His  sentiments  ari'  ix- 
pressrd  with  iHjidness,  and  sometiim  s  wii;i 
the  acerbity  of  party  feeling.  He  Ims  Ir.u 
much  comniiixled  by  the  best  Sj)anish  writir-, 
such  as  Zurita,  Zuiiiga,  .Marina,  Cliiiniidii, 
for  his  veracity.  The  internal  eviilcinf .  t 
this  is  sulTlciently  strong  in  his  diliinaticn 
of  those  scenes  in  which  he  wa.s  jxTsi.iiaHy 
engaged;  in  liis  account  of  others,  it  will  iii.t 
be  difUcult  to  find  examples  of  negligeiueand 
inaccuracy.  His  Latin  *'  Kecadcs  "  wi  rci^'- 
bably  comi)osed  with  more  care,  as  aiklrrsMii 
to  a  learned  chi.'ss  of  readers ;  and  tiny  arf 
lauded  by  Nic.  Antonio  as  an  elegant  couuui  n- 
tary,  worthy  to  be  assiduously  studied  by  all 
who  would  acquaint  themselves  with  tlii'  his- 
tory of  their  countrj'.  The  art  of  iirintinir 
has  done  less  perliaj)s  for  Spain  than  l^r  any 
other  country  in  Europe ;  and  tlie,<?  H» 
valuable  histories  are  still  permitted  to  swHl 
the  rich  treasure  of  manuscripts  witi;  whkh 
her  libraries  are  overloaded. 

Enriiiuez  del  Castillo,  a  native  of  Sesrovin, 
was  the  chaplain  and  historiographer  ulKini; 
Henry  IV.,  and  a  memberof  his  jirivyimnKil. 
Ills  situation  mat'.e  him  acquainted  not  cnly 
with  the  policy  and  intrigues  of  the  cmirt, 
but  with  the  personal  feelings  of  the  monarch, 
who  reposed  entire  confidence  in  him,  wliirh 
Castillo  repaid  with  uniform  loyalty.  Ii" 
appears  very  early  to  have  comracin  oii  !ii« 
Chronicle  of  Henry's  reign.    On  the  occupa- 


ACCESSION  OP  FI 


»!>■  Ila  priK'lalnKHi  Que 
lilv.iili'S  Castile— lU 
Mliuii  of  tlie  .\rm 
France  and  Portuga 

M'ST  of  the  conten 
own  of  Castile  froi 

latcvcr  jiruliabilit 
biit'cii,  aiitl  some  otl 
pviijeiioc,  (ir  even  nn 

liio'ij  as  alibrdii 
J.'.aU'lla.' 

The  piijiiilar  t)elief 
|Bai-y  «as  luiiiidi'd  on  tl 
ti!iii's:_i.  Kiiijf  Honrj 
Kaiii  lip  i)f  Navarre  wi 
"iihsi-itiil  tvvtlve  y 
l'i'iI  ^.thukI  of  "inipti 
rill'  princi'ss  Joanna, 
I  i|iiri'ii,  .Joanna  i 
k'n.  until  the  eiglitli  y 
I'i  i  iii:  aftiT  she  had" 
>fr  jralluiitries.  3.  All 
|(V'  ral  Miistrfsses,  whou 
p  iitatiims  a  manner 
tnlil,  l:o  was  never 
»u.  hy  anyone  of  tliem 
ITMuniption  atTonl' 
■M  I'l'  stated  that  H 
*y  f  liis,|..ath,  to  hav( 
N  J-'ami,i  as  Lis  owi 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSION. 


105 


.on  if  S«'(t«'vi»  by  tlip  yuunn  AlfonRo,  after 
ii.  liftttl"' <•!  I'luicdo,  111  1IG7,  tlir  cliMnit  hr, 
M;otli''r  witli  tlir  jHirtiiin  of  lilx  INtory  tlim 
>>iii|>il<'<l.  ''''1^  uiitortunatcrniiu;^!)  to  fall  into 
D,i'  iiii'iiivM  hiiiiili*.  I'll)*  aiitlmr  \^aM  mxin 
liiiimi'>iiiii  t"  IIk'  picHciK  (>  of  AlfoiiHo  and  liU 
inii-M  IK'rM,  to  lic'iir  and  Justify,  aM  In-  lould, 
irtiiii  lia-^^Hiits  of  what  tlit-y  toriniMl  IiIh 
maIv'  aii'l  trivolous  nnrrativp."  CaNllUo, 
.i|.;m){  litilc  fruMi  A  ilrfcnco  Ix'fore  hu»  h  a 
brjii'li"'!  iriliiniiil,  rt'Kolutfly  kept  IiIh  jwat')' ; 
uil  It  iiiIkIiI  Ii'^^''  ^'"'>''  '"^'''l  ^^'t'l  ''''■'•  'kuI  it 
)i>t  ln'fn  liir  hw  (•(•(  IcHlHHticttl  |irofy'H«ion.  He 
ii'-ui|(ii'riily  cHi'aiH'd,  Imt  never  rccovcnni  lils 
Di;imisi  rlptH,  wliitli  were  |pri>liat>ly  drstroyt'd  ; 
»Ti  I,  in  till'  Inlrodiutlon  to  Ids  ("hronlcl<>,  lio 
iiiiiiitM  tliftt  lit-  ItaH  iK-rn  oMlj^cd  to  n^wrlto 
|ili   tirtt  Imlf  of  his  niasfr's  rcitoi- 

N'..t\^itiiHtiiii<lln^'  CuMiillo'H  familiarity  ultli 
hi.'ii.  nlT.ilr'i,  iiis  worli  In  not  written  in  tlio 
bu>iue8»-iike  style  of  Taleuci^i's.     'i'Le  Bt'ntl- 


montN  rxldbit  a  moral  KonMililllty  xrarroly  to 
have  lK>on  exiK'cted,  even  from  a  jninister  of 
religion,  in  tlie  eorrupl  court  of  Henry  IV.; 
and   tlie  Imneit  indlKnatiun  of  tlie  writer  at 

the    alillSeH    widcll     lie     W  itneHned     HoiiietlnieH 

l)real(H  fortii  in  a  ntraln  of  eonHidiTAliic  e|u. 
(|iien(e.  riio  Hplrit  of  IiIn  work,  iiotwith- 
HtiiiidiiiK  its  abunduiit  loyalty,  may  Im>  also 
conuiieiided  for  its  tandoiir  in  relation  to  tho 
liartiHaiiH  of  Isalxdla;  whicli  liaH  led  Homo 
critieH  to  siip|Mise  that  it  underwent  a  n/uci- 
viivlo  after  iLe  a«cf8«ion  of  that  priiiieHs  to 
tlio  tlirone. 

(lowtillo'H  Ohnmiclo,  nior»»  fortiinato  than 
that  (d°  IiIh  rival,  hoH  lK>en  piililislied  In  n 
handsome  form  under  the  care  of  |)on  .Iom*) 
MlKU'd  <!•'  FloreB,  Secretary  of  the  Spniiisli 
Academy  of  History,  to  wlioHe  Iranied  lalNHirs 
in  this  way  (Jaatilian  literature  ia  so  much 
Indebted. 


CHAPTER  V. 

ACCESSIUX  OP   FERDINAND   AND   ISABELLA. — WAU   OF  THE   SUCCESSION. — 

BATTLE  OF  TuUo. 

1474-1476. 


at)-  lla  proclainuMi  Queen — S<'ttlenient  of  th««  Crown — Alfonso  of  Portugal  supports  Joanna — 
Inv.Mles  Castile— Retreat  of  the  Casliliaiis — Appropriation  of  the  t  liiirch  I'lute— Heor^anl- 
Mliiiti  of  tlie  .\rmy — Hnttle  of  Toro  Siilimissjon  of  the  whole  ivingdoin — I'eace  willi 
traiKf  and  Portugal — Joanna  takes  the  Veil-  Ueulh  of  John  11.  of  Aragon. 

Most  of  the  contemporary  writers  are  content  to  derive  Isabella's  title  to  the 
wii  of  Castile  from  the  illej^itiniajy  of  her  rival  Joanna.  Jiiit  as  this  fact, 
fhatincr  jiroljability  it  may  receive  from  the  avowed  licentiousness  of  the 
liitrii,  aii(l  some  other  collateral  circumstances,  was  never  establisheil  liy  \{i\^iii 
tviik'iKi',  or  even  made  the  subject  of  le^al  inquiry,  it  cannot  reasonaldy  be 
liKt'd  as  afl'ordinLf  in  itself  a  satisfactory  basis  for  the  pretensions  of 

iKll^'llll." 


Tlip  popular   nelief  of  Joanna's   illegitl- 

Bai-y  wa.s  touiided  on  the  following  circum- 

"a!U(w:_i.  K  inn  Henry's  first  nmrringe  with 

Naiiilip  of  Navarre   was  dissolved,  after  it 

I'l  sulisistcd  ivNclve  years,  on  the  publicly 

■:"'\  ^.Touiid  of  "  impotence  in  the  parties." 

I!i'>  jiriiKess  .foanna,  the  only  child  of  his 

ii'l  i|UiM'ii,  Joanna  of  Portugal,  was  not 

kf.  iiiiiil  the  eifrhtti  year  of  her  marriage, 

I'i !  iiir  after  she  had  become  notorious  for 

*r  K'aliaiitries.     3.    Although    Henry    kept 

jtvi  ral  mistn-Rses,  whom  he  maintained  in  so 

|»''iit»tii/ii8  a  manner  as  to  excite  general 

■■nLil,  lie  was  never   known  to   have  hod 

»ui'  l.y  any  one  of  tliem.— To  counterbalance 

»  prn^uiiiptlon  afTord"d   by  these  facts,  it 

"  iM  l.e  stated  that  Henry  appears,  to  the 

».V'if  his  .jcatli,  to  have  cherished  the  prin- 

"'°  Joanna  as  his  own  offspring,  and  that 


Beltran  de  la  Cucva,  duke  of  Allmquerqne, 
her  reputed  father,  instead  of  sui)portiiig  her 
claims  to  the  crown  on  tiie  demise  of  Henry, 
as  would  have  Ix-en  natural  had  he  l)e<n  en- 
titled to  the  honours  of  paternity,  attached 
himself  to  the  aiiverse  faction  of  IsaUdla. 

t^ueen  Joanna  survived  her  husband  al)out 
six  months  only.  Father  Florez  (iJeynas 
Catholicas,  torn.  ii.  jip.  "Oil-TsG)  lias  made  ii 
flimsy  attempt  to  w  hitewash  her  character  : 
but,  to  say  nothing  of  almost  every  contem- 
porary historian,  tx  well  as  of  the  ofllii  i.il 
documents  of  tliat  day  (see  Marina,  Teori'a, 
torn.  iii.  part.  2,  num.  U),  the  stain  has  been 
too  deeply  iixed  by  tlie  repeated  testimony  u( 
Castillo,  the  loyal  adherent  of  htr  own  party, 
to  be  thus  easily  effaced. 

It  is  !.aid,  however,  that  the  queen  died  in 
the  odour  of  sanctity;    and  Ferdinand  aud 


100 


ACCESSION  OF  FKIIDINANI)  AND  ISAHELLA. 


Tlit'so  aro  to  In;  (UtIvwI  from  the  will  of  tin*  nation  on  oxpn'ssrd  Iv  • 
rciircsi'iiLativoH   in   <ort«'.s.     'Vhv.  yowvr  of  this  ImmIv  to  intcniret  the  ,a. 
n'.;iiliitiii;,'  till!  siicccssioii,  and  to  (Uitrriiiitie  tho  Hucwssitiii  itself,  in  the  ii,,; 
altsoluti!  numner,  is  incontroviMtildc,  liavin'^  Ihh'm   estul>lisli«'<|  by  rcttav.! 
IMcctMlcnts  from  a  very  nncirnt  period.'     In  tlu?  present  instance,  tlie  lij.^l 
tiMO,  soon  after  tlio  l»irtli  of  .loanMa,  ten(lero<l  the  nsiial  (Kiths  (tf  ulle-iaiir. 
her  a.s  liiMr  apjiarent  to  tlie  monanliy.     On  n  Hubsi'oiient  oetusion,  iiiiwn,'! 
till!  eortes,  for  ri'usons  ileciued  siUtieient  by  itself,  ami  under  a  conNictiiii'l'l 
its  consent  to  the  precedin;,'  measure  had  been  obUiineil  throu);li  an  i;ik 
inlliience  on  the  part  of  the  crown,  reverse<l  its  former  acts,  and  did  liinia,'! 
to  JsabeJIa  as  the  only  true  antl  lawful  successor.*     In  this  dispoMtidii  ti^j 
legislature  continued  so  resolute  that,  notwithstanding,'  llenr^  twice  cdiiv. li- 
the states  for  the  express  purpose  of  renewiuL'  their  alleitiance  to  .hiiiim 
they  refused  to  I'omply  with  the  sunmions ; '  and  thus  IsaUdla,  at  the  tim.' ; 
ber  brother's  dejitli,  possessed  a  title  t(t  the  crown  \inim|taired,  and  dinw; 
from  the  s(»le  authority  which  could  dve  it  a  constitutional  validity.    It  iut| 
be  added  that  the  princess  was  sd  well  aware  of  the  real  basis  of  her  jiri- 
sinus  that  in  her  several  manifestoes,  aIthouL,di  she  ailverts  to  th  >  |Hi[.a| 
notion  of  her  rival's  illegitimacy,  she  rests  the  strength  of  her  cause  uii!:/| 
san<'tion  of  the  cortes. 

On  learning  Henry's  death,  IsalteIJa  .signifie<l  to  the  inhabitants  of  S('l.w,'i| 
uliere  she  then  resided,  her  desire  of  being  nroclaimed  (pieen  in  that  v\[y,v 
the  solemnities  usual  on   such   occa.sions.*     Accordingly,  on   the  f(ill"> 
morning,  being  the  l.'Uh  of  J>ecember,  1474,  a  numerous  assendtly,  cdihii: 
of  the  nobles,  clergy,  and  |)ublie  magistrates  in  their  rol)es  of  otlice,  waiti., 
ber  at  the  alcawir,  or  castle,  and,  reieiving  her  mider  a  canoi»y  of  rich  liri-a/.l 
escorted  her  in  solemn  proce.s.sion  to  tlie  })rinci|ial  S(piare  of  the  city,  whwi 
broad  platform  or  scatlbld  had  l)een  erected  for  the  i>erformance  oif  tlic  <r- 
nioiiy.     IsalK'lIa,  royally  attired,  rode  on  a  Spanish  jennet,  whose  liriillc"! 
belli  l»y  two  of  the  civic  functionaries,  while  an  ollicer  of  her  court  -irvi-r; 
her  on  horseUick,  Ix'aring  aloft  a  naked  sword,  the  symbol  of  sovereignty.  i:| 
arriving  at  the  Sijuare,  she  alighted  frou)  h  m-  palfrey,   and,  a.sceii(liiiL' ti.« 
i)latform,  .seated  lierself  on  a  throne  which  1.    '  l>een  jtrejtared  for  her.  A 
lierald  with  a  loud  voice  iiroclaimed,  "Caslde,  Castile  for  the  kin;',  I''i| 
Ferdinand  and  his  consort  Dona  Isabella,  queiMi  pro[)rietor  (reina  ;/ro///vr/'/r 
of  these  kingdoms  !"     The  royal  standards  were  then  unfurled,  while  tiit'i'*! 
of  bells  and  the  discharge  of  ordnance  from  the  castle  publicly  announced  w| 
acce.ssion  of  the  new  sovereign,     l.saltella,  after  receiving  the  homaue  of  ■ 
subjects,  and  swearing  to  maintain  inviolate  the  lil)erties  of  the  rtu 
descended  from  the  platform,  and,  attended  by  the  same  cortege,  wm'', 
slowly  towarils  the  cathedral  church  ;    where,  after  Te  Deum  liail  !»*: 
chanted,   she  ])rostrated   herself  before   the  princij)al  altar,  and,  retnri::: 
thanks  to  the  Alnnghty  for  the  protection  hitherto  vouchsafed  her,  iiiii)k'r*;;[ 
him  to  enlighten  her  future  counsels,  so  that  she  might  discharge  the  k- 


IsiiWUa  caused  her  to  be  dopoBited  In  a  rich 
luuusiilcuui,  erected  by  the  anibiissador  to  the 
(■(lurt  of  the  Gnat  Tamerlane  for  lilmself, 
but  from  which  liiH  n  niaiim  were  Koniewhat 
unceremoniously  ejected,  in  order  to  make 
room  for  tliose  of  liis  royal  mislresH. 

■'  See  tills  subject  dlKcusHed  in  eoctfnso,  by 
Marina,  Teoria,  part.  '2,  cap.  l-lo. — See  also 
lntr(xl.  sect.  1  of  this  History. 

*  See  Part  I.  chap.  3. 


*  See  Part  I.  chap.  4,  note  2. 

'  Fortunately,  this  strong  plnco,  In  »!: 
the  roj'al  treasure  was  deposited,  \\&^  in'^l 
k"epinfr  of  Andres  de  Cabrera,  tlie  liii-b4:ii  ■ 
lsal)ella's  friend,  Reatriz  de  B.itia.lilU  k- 
CO  oj>eration  ai  this  juncture  was  w  iirt'" 
taut  that  Oviedo  does  not  hesitnto  tod'^i*-" 
**  It  lay  with  him  to  make  IshIm  11a  '  - ■ 
rival  queen,  as  he  listed."  l^"'"'^'^'''* | 
MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial.  23. 


iitir  and  jnoprieto 


tiial  Itclielices,  wer 


WAR  OF  TlIK  SUCCKSSIoN. 


107 


|tru>t  npoM'il  ill  Imt  with  tMniity  mu\  wisdmu.  Siicli  wrro  tho  siiiijth'  funiiH 
Itiuit  iiUt'inli'tl  the  turoiiutioii  of  the  luomirLh.s  of  Castile,  previou.sly  to  the 
IliMctiilli  irlitlliy." 

ill,'  <iti»'>  favoiiriibli'  to  Isaliclhi's  oiuise,  coriipreheiKhiiK  fur  the  most 
iiMfiiliiib  aiitl  WL'iilthy  thr*iii;^'hnut  the  kinpioin,  followol  the  cxainplc  of 
|l«<v"\ii'.  iiinl  raised  the  royal  stniiihirtl  for  tlieir  new  novereijiiii.  'I'he  iniii- 
Itiuil  (.'lainltr^,  as  well  as  most  of  the  inferior  nohility,  soon  presented  tliem- 
Livc-.  fpiiii  all  ipiarlers,  in  order  to  temler  the  eustunmry  oaths  of  allesjiance  ; 
|aii<l  ail  asM'iiiMy  of  the  estates,  convened  for  the  ensuing  month  of  Kelmiary 
Ut  St'.'itvia,  iiii[«irl<'d,  hy  u  similar  ceremony,  a  constitutional  siinction  to  these 
jjiiiHt't'iliiiLrs.' 

Ill)  Kenlinand's  arrival  from  Arauon,  wliere  he  was  staying  at  the  time  of 
llfurvs  (lealli,  oeciipietl  with  the  war  of  ilttiissilloii,  a  disa^reealtle  dis(  iissiun 
tiNik  iila< e  ill  regard  to  the  resjieetive  authority  to  Im  enioyed  ]>y  the  Imshand 
All!  wife  ill  the  administration  of  tlu;  ^oveinment.  Ferdinand's  relatives, 
vitli  till'  aijiiiiral  lleiiritpiez  at  their  head,  contended  thai  the  crown  of  Castile, 
aii<l  of  course  the  exclusive  novereiLTiity,  was  limited  to  him,  as  the  nearest 
liiiii*'  -eiiroeiitative  of  the  house  of  Trastamara.  Jsahella's  friends,  on  the 
olIiiT  hand,  iiiMsted  that  tlies<»  ri^dits  devolved  solely  on  her,  as  the  lawful 
litir  mid  proprietor  of  the  kingdom.  The  athvir  was  fii;allv  n'ferred  to  the 
arl'itnitioii  of  the  cardinal  of  Spain  anti  the  archhishop  of  1'oledo,  who,  after 
(iircfiil  e.xaiuination,  esUihlished  hy  uudoultted  precedent  that  the  exclusion  of 
fiiiiiilfs  from  the  succession  did  not  obtain  in  Castile  and  Ii<'on,  as  was  the 
Ciw  ill  Ara^on  ;"  that  Isabella  was  conse(|uently  sole  heir  of  these  dominions  ; 
Bill  tliat  wliatever  authority  Ferdinaml  mif^ht  i»ossess  could  only  lie  derived 
thniiiirh  her.  A  settlement  was  then  mmle  on  the  liasis  of  the  ori^^dnal 
luarriiige  contract.*  All  municipal  appointments,  and  collation  to  ecclesias- 
tiuilliciioiircs,  were  to  be  made  in  the  name  of  both  with  the  advice  and 
((tii.eiit  of  the  (jueen.  All  fiscal  nominations,  and  issues  from  the  treasury, 
|«iivto  he  subject  to  her  order.  The  commanders  of  the  fortified  places 
\urL'  to  render  homafje  to  her  alone.  Justice  was  to  lie  a(lmini> tered  by 
Initli  conjointly  when  residinj^  in  the  same  jilace,  and  by  each  independently 
wiicii  M'|iaiate.  J'roclamations  and  letters  patent  were  U>  be  subscrilM-d 
v.iili  llie  si^Miatures  of  both  ;  their  images  were  to  be  stamped  on  tiie  public 
tuin,  and  the  united  arms  of  Castile  and  Aragon  emblazoned  on  a  connnon 


'  It-maldcz,  Rpyps  rat^Hcos,  MS.,  cap.  10. 
-•'sriiajal,  Analos,  MS.,  afto  75. — AIohho  de 
I'lil'inhi,  Coruiiica,  MS.,  part.  '2,  cap. '.til. —  L. 
Miriiiiii, Cii-iaHiiiciiiorablcs,  fol.  155, — Oviedo, 
l^iiiUiiiiiK'ri.iH,  .M.S.,  bat.  1,  quiiic.  2.  dial.  3. 

Marina,  whose  poculiar  rcHearclifs  and 
'('["Tiiiiiitifs  make  liiiii  the  l)08t,  is  uiy  ouly 
iniliurity  IWr  this  convention  of  the  cortes. 
ir'<ria,  toiii.  ii.  pp.  6;i,  89.)  The  extracts 
li<-  makes  fnun  tlie  writ  of  Buuinions,  liow- 
fviT,  Sfcin  to  iiii|)ly  that  the  object  wa^  not 
tlie  ri'dipiiition  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  but 
ofthi-ir  (iau^'hter,  as  succesBor  to  the  crown. 
Aniciiif;  tlie  iiubles  who  openly  testiHed  their 
fcliicM,  n  to  Isalx'lla  were  no  fess  than  four  of 
111"  ^ix  imiividuals  to  whom  the  late  kin(j  had 
intru<te<i  tlie  nuardianship  of  bis  daughter 
J'Sima;  viz.  tiie  urand  cardinal  of  Spain,  the 

^'«''le  of  Ca.«file,  the  duke  of  lufantado, 

aiiJ  the  count  of  licnaveute. 


•  A  precedent  for  female  Inlierltance,  In  the 
latter  kingdom,  was  hulmequently  furnislied 
by  thf  tiiiilisjmted  sticcession  antl  lonj;  p  i(rii 
of  Joanna,  dHU|.'ht<'r  of  I'lTdiiiand  aii<t  Isnlx'ila, 
and  niotli'T  oiCliai  les  \'.  The  introduction 
of  the  Salit  law,  tinder  the  liouiboii  (lvr>H«ty, 
opp<jsed  a  new  barrier,  Indeed  ;  bnt  this  has 
been  sltice  swept  away  by  the  decree  of  the 
late  monarch.  FenlinHn  i  Vll.,  and  the  jiara- 
mount  atithority  of  the  eortes  ;  and  we  may 
hope  that  the  smtesi-rul  assertion  of  her  law- 
ful rij;lits  by  Isabella  11.  will  put  this  much- 
vexed  (|uestion  at  rest  lor  ever. 

"  S«'e  I'art  1.  cliap.  .  .-  Icidlnand's  powers 
are  not  so  narrowly  limitfd,  at  bast  n<>t  so 
carefully  defined,  in  this  settlement  as  in  the 
marriage  articles.  Indei  d,  the  instninient  is 
much  more  concise  and  general  in  Its  whole 
import. 

'"  Sulazar  de  Mcndoza,  Cron.  del  Gran  Car- 


108 


ACCESSION  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


Ferdinand,  it  is  paid,  was  so  nrmch  dissatisfied  with  an  arranpeniPDt  whil 
vested  the  essential  ri,t,dits  of  sovereignty  in  liis  consort,  that  lie  threatcnwl  •,;, 
return  to  Aragon  ;  hut  Isahella  reminded  him  that  this  distrihntion  of  im^l 
was  rather  nominal  than  real ;  that  their  interests  were  indivisihie  ;  that  1,;. 
will  wonld  he  hers  ;  and  tliat  the  principle  of  the  exclusion  of  females  fronitlf 
succession,  if  now  estal)lish('d,  would  operate  to  the  discjualification  of  tlifr] 
only  child,  who  Avas  a  daughter.     By  these  and  similar  arguments  tlie  queen  | 
succeeded  in  soothing  her  ofiiended  husband,  without  compromising  the  pre 
rogatives  of  her  crown. 

Although  the  ]>rincipal  bofly  of  the  nobility,  as  has  been  stated,  sniiporteil  I 
Isabella's  cause,  there  were  a  few  families,  and  some  of  them  the  most  lotcH 
in  Castile,  who  seemed  determined  to  abide  the  fortunes  of  her  rival.  Aiihi,; 
tliese  was  the  niarcjuiis  of  Vi"  jna,  who,  inferior  to  liis  father  in  talent  f  i 
intrigue,  was  of  an  mtrepid  spirit,  and  is  commended  by  one  of  the  Spanib 
historians  as  "the  best  lance  in  the  kingdom."  His  immense  estate 
f'tretching  from  Toleclo  to  Murcia,  gave  him  an  extensive  influence  over  \\n 
southern  regions  of  New  Castile.  The  duke  of  Arevalo  possessed  a  siniiliif 
interest  in  the  frontier  province  cf  Estremadnra.  With  these  were  coiiibiid 
the  grand  master  of  Calatrava  and  his  brother,  together  with  the  yoi;!i: 
maniuis  of  Cadiz,  and,  as  it  soon  appeared,  the  archbishop  of  Toledo.  Tliis 
latter  dignitary,  whose  heart  had  long  swelled  with  secret  jealousy  at  the 
rising  fortunes  of  the  cardinal  Mendoza,  could  no  longer  brook  the  asoeiideiKT 
which  that  prelate's  consummate  sagacity  and  insinuating  address  had  {dvei 
him  over  the  cotnisels  of  his  young  sovereigns.  After  some  awkward  cxtu*, 
he  abniptly  withdrew  to  his  own  estates ;  nor  coidd  the  most  conriliat'  r? 
advances  on  the  part  of  the  (lueen,  nor  the  dejirecatory  letters  of  the  old  kin: 
of  Aragon,  soften  his  inflexible  temjjer,  or  induce  him  to  resume  his  station  at 
the  court ;  until  it  soon  became  apparent,  from  his  correspondence  vntli 
lsa])ella's  enemies,  that  he  was  busy  m  undermining  the  fortunes  of  the  verj 
individual  whom  he  had  so  zealously  laboured  to  elevate." 

Under  the  auspices  of  this  coalition,  propositions  were  made  to  Alfonso  the 
Fifth,  king  of  Portugal,  to  vindicate  the  title  of  his  niece  Joanna  to  the 
throne  of  Castile,  and,  by  es])Ousing  her,  to  secure  to  hinjself  the  same  rith 
inheritance.  An  exaggerated  estimate  was  at  the  same  time  exhibiteii  of  the 
resources  of  the  confederates,  which,  when  combined  with  those  of  Portni.'al 
would  readily  enable  them  to  crush  the  usuqjers,  unsupported  as  the  latter 
must  be  by  the  co-operation  of  Aragon,  whose  arms  alreiidy  found  sullicbt 
occuj»ation  with  the  French. 

Alfonso,  whose  victories  over  the  Barbary  Moors  had  given  him  the  cog 


denal.  lib.  i,  cap.  40. — L.  Marlneo,  Co8a» 
niPuiorttl)l('s,  fol.  165,  156.— Zurita,  Anales, 
toni.  ' •■  fol.  2i!2-2'24.  — I'ulgar,  Rcyos  Cato- 
li(-<)8,  pp.  ;i5,  ae.-Sec  the  (iriKinal  instrument 
pignod  by  Ferdinand  and  Isalx?lla,  cited  at 
liiiptli  in  Dormer's  Diseursos  varlos  de  His- 
toi Irt  ( Zaran<)/a,  16h3\  pp.  295-313.— It  does 
not  appear  thnt  the  settlement  was  ever  con- 
firmed by,  or  indeed  presented  to,  the  cortes. 
Marina  speak.s  of  it.  liowever,  as  emanating 
from  that  body.  (Tcorfa.  tom.  ii.  pp.  63,  64.) 
From  Pulgar'R  8tatPn\ent,  as  well  anfrovi  the 
iuitrument  itself,  it  seems  to  have  been  made 
under  no  other  auspices  or  sanction  than  that 
of  the  great  nobility  and  cavaliers.  Marina's 
eagerness  Uy  find  a  precedent  fur  the  inter- 


ference of  tl)e  popular  branch  in  all  tliep't' 
concema  of  govtrnment  lias  usually  f|«ul;- 
ened,  but  sometimes  clouded,  hisnitiis  I'. 
the  present  instance  he  has  umldulitwliT 
confounded  the  irregular  proceedings  nf  tt* 
aristocracy  exclusively  with  the  dilikrik 
acts  of  the  legislature. 

' '  Alonso  de  Palencia,  CottSnica,  MS .  part 
2,  cap.  94.— Garibay,  Compendio,  lib.  1^,  c«p. 
3. — Hemaldez,  Reyes  Catftlicoa,  MS  ,  cap  H 
11.— Pulgar,  Letras  (Madrid,  1"75\  H  3, 
al  Arzobispo  de  Toledo.— The  arcliMshopi 
J'alousy  of  Cardinal  Mendoza  Is  uniformly 
report(<l  by  the  Spanish  writers  aa  the  inn 
cause  of  bis  defection  from  the  quetn, 


homcnof  "the  Af 
nature  of  this  en 
relative,  was  congi 
opulent  territory, 
glorv,  but  the  mur 
tiriiiel  I'V  hi.s  son, 
[iiiiltler  scope  for  a 
I  African  savages.'* 
Still  there  were 
[ciiolness  to  discern 
[thai  the  Castilian 
[vho  ha-l  formerly 
Und  sei.-iiring  the 
[bh'o<]  with  the  mo. 
Ipeople,  the  middle 
Kith  a  conviction  ( 
>i  her  person  ;  wh 
Ivoidd  make  them 
prosi)ect  of  periiiai 
Tnese  objections 
ind  the  ambition  o 
iiid  Alfonso,  after 
t()  the  Castilian  sov 
^or  the  immediate  : 
iivordiiig  to  the  l'( 
Ifdiirteon  thousand 
Dii^ht  have  l>ee':  ( 
burning  with  the  h 
athers  on  the  plan 
Ik^  amply  compensa 
Ml  lid  eagerly  Hock 
aine  time  negotia 
ivited  to  make  a  d 
i  cession  of  the  coi 
Early  in  May  (J 
ir.terin'g  Castile  by 
Plaa^nria,  where  he 
id  by  the  latter 
bride.    ( )n  the  12t 
)  this  livdy,  then  SCI 
the  court  of  Re 
fussary  by  the  c( 
daiiaed.'with  the  i 


"  Hny  (\o  I'ina,  Phrr 
.i.ip  IT.t,  aimdColle 
llhtnria    I'urtuifue 
Bill.  I. 

The  ancient   rlva 

i'i  n^  \va,«  •  xasporate 

urliy  the  fatal  de 

p'-'.m  ttlii.li  f,.ll  the 

<''i!ity.    Kinn  ■John  . 

ill  t'j  t.ie  day  of  his  i 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSION-. 


109 


iinmon  of "  thfi  African,"  M'as  precisely  of  a  character  to  be  dazzled  by  the 
1  nature  uf  tliis  enterprise.  The  itrotection  of  an  injured  princess,  his  near 
relative,  was  conj^eniai  with  the  spirit  of  chivalry  ;  while  the  conquest  of  an 
(iiiiilent  territory,  adjacent  to  his  own,  would  nut  only  satisfy  his  dreams  of 
Jorv,  but  the  niore  solid  cravings  of  avarice.  In  this  dis][«osition  he  was  con- 
firiiie'l  hy  liis  son,  Prince  John,  whose  liot  and  enteri)risuig  temper  found  a 
Lil'ler  scoite  for  ambition  in  such  a  war  than  in  the  conciuest  of  a  horde  of 
lAfnoaii  savages.'* 

fitill  there  were  a  few  among  Alfonso's  counsellors  possessed  of  sufticient 
|ci>oliiess  to  discern  the  ditiiculties  of  the  undertaking.  They  reminded  him 
jtliat  tlie  Castilian  nobles  on  whom  he  principally  relied  were  the  very  persons 
(vh't  lia<l  formerly  been  most  instnnnental  in  defeating  the  claims  of  Joanna 
LihI  seiMuiii.sj:  the  succession  to  her  rival ;  that  Ferdinand  was  connected  by 
IbliMHl  with  llie  most  powerful  families  of  Castile  ;  that  the  great  l)ody  of  the 
||)K)|)le,  tlie  middle  as  well  as  the  lower  classes,  were  fully  j)enetrated  not  only 
Uith  a  conviction  of  the  legality  of  Isaljella's  title,  but  with  a  deep  attachment 
It  I  her  person  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  their  proverbial  hatred  of  Portugal 
Koiilil  iiijike  them  too  impatient  of  interference  from  that  ijuarter  to  admit  the 
lprn>i»e(t  of  permanent  success.*' 

These  objections,  sound  as  they  were,  were  overruled  by  John's  impetuosity 
ind  tlie  ambition  or  avarice  of  his  father.  War  was  accordingly  resolved  on  ; 
iml  .Vlfoiiso,  after  a  vaunting  and,  as  may  be  8Upi)0sed,  inetiectual  summons 
thet'astiliaii  sovereigns  to  resign  their  crown  in  favour  of  .Joanna,  prepared 
for  the  immediate  invasion  of  the  kingdom  at  the  he^dof  an  army  amounting. 
(Voiding  to  the  I'ortuguese  historians,  to  live  thousand  six  hundred  horse  aiul 
Ifuiirteeii  thoiisan']  foot.  This  force,  though  numerically  not  so  formidable  as 
iiii:ht  have  l)ee".  expected,  comprised  the  flower  of  the  Portuguese  chivalry, 
bnriiiiig  with  the  h  jpe  of  reaping  similar  laurels  to  those  won  of  old  by  their 
"atheis  on  the  i)lains  of  Aljubarrotta  ;  while  its  deficiency  in  numbers  was  to 
amply  compensated  by  recmits  from  the  disaffected  party  in  Castile,  who 
jould  eagerly  Hock  to  its  banners  on  its  advance  across  the  borders.  At  the 
iiiic  time  negotiations  were  entered  into  with  the  king  of  France,  who  was 
ivited  to  make  a  descent  upon  Biscay,  by  a  promise,  somewhat  premature,  of 
1  ces<ion  of  the  conquered  territory. 

Early  in  May  (147.>),  tlie  king  of  Portugal  put  his  army  in  motion,  and, 
ii'.teriiig  Castile  by  the  way  of  Estremadura,  held  a  northerly  course  towards 
?ia  eneia,  where  he  was  met  by  the  duke  of  Arevalo  and  the  marquis  of  Villena. 
ml  by  the  latter  nobleman  presented  to  the  princess  Joanna,  his  destined 
;.    <  'n  the  l'2th  of  the  month,  he  was  afhanced  with  all  becoming  pomp 
I  this  liidy,  then  scarcely  thirteen  years  of  age  ;  and  a  messenger  was  despatched 
the  court  of  Rome,  to  solicit  a  dispensation  f ^r  their  marriage,  rendered 
■^1  I '^sary  by  the  consanguinity  of  the  parties.    The  royal  pair  were  then  pro- 
fill  iifil,  with  the  u.sual  solemnitievS,  sovereigns  of  Castile  ;  and  circulars  were 


"■  Kiiv  >\o  I'ina.  Clironira  dVl  Rpy  Alfonso 
'M'  i"t.  «|'iiil  ("mUi'ci.'Au  (I(>  l.ivnx*  inoditoB 
lli'tnria    iVirtiigucza    (Lisbw    17'JO-9a), 
0!ii.  i. 

rii>>  atii  iont  rivalry  bptwpfn  the  two 
iti'iiv  witi  •  xrtsii.Tatcd  Into  thp  most  doadly 
»n>.  ur  liythc  latiil  dcfVat  at  Aljuharrulta,  ill 
l!i.  Ml  wlii,  h  f,.ll  the  flower  of  thp  (."astdian 
oM'ity.  King  .Joini  I.  wore  mourning,  it  is 
11.  t^t.ie  day  of  his  death,  In  commeniora- 


tion  of  this  dlsaatpr.  (!■  aria  y  Sousa,  Europa 
Portiignpsa,  torn.  ii.  pp.  ;)94-;ut«i.  — La  ('led", 
Hist  de  l'.irtii;ral,  toiu.  iii.  pp.  357-;J59.)  I'lil- 
par,  tlie  secretary  (d'  l-'erdinand  and  I>ai>ell;i, 
addressed,  by  tli  ir  order,  :v  letter  "f  remcin- 
Btraneo  to  the  king  of  I'ortiittal,  in  wliicli  he, 
endeavours,  by  numerous  arguments  founded 
on  expediency  and  justlie,  to  dissuaile  him 
from  Ids  meditated  euterprise.  Pulgar,  Lo- 
tras,  no.  7. 


no 


ACCESSION  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


transmitted  to  the  different  cities,  setting  forth  Joanna's  title  and  rrqnirin: 
their  allegiance.'* 

After  some  dajs  given  to  festivity,  the  army  resumed  its  march,  still  in  a 
northerly  direction,  upon  Arevalo,  where  Alfonso  determined  to  await  t;* 
a  rival  of  the  reinforcements  which  he  expected  from  his  Castilian  allios.   Hi; 
he  struck  at  once  into  the  southern  districts  of  Castile,  where  most  <>{  thu^ 
friendly  to  his  cause  were  to  l)e  found,  and  immediately  commenced  aotiv*  I 
operations  with  the  aid  of  the  manpiis  of  Cadi x,  who  it  was  understiifxi  vi. 
prepared  to  support  him  in  that  (piarter,  it  is  dithcult  to  say  what  mi>,dit  ha  - 
i)een  the  result.     Ferdinand  and  Isal)ella  were  so  wholly  unpreparei]  at  tb| 
time  of  Alfonso's  invasion,  that  it  is  said  they  could  scarcely  hring  five  hiinilr^ 
horse  to  oppose  it.     By  this  opportune  delay  at  Arevalo  they  ol)taiii('(l  .v|,a.v 
for  preparation.     Both  of  them  were  indefatigable  in  their  efforts.    IsaWiii  i 
we  are  told,  was  frequently  engaged  througn  the  wliole  night  in  (licutiii.l 
despatches  to  her  secretaries.     She  visited  in  jierson  such  or  the  garrisonf^i 
towns  as  reipiired  to  be  confirmed  in  their  allegiance,  i)erforming  Idiiuanil 
painful  journeys  on  horseback  with  surprising  celerity,  and  enduring  fati^'^w 
which,  as  she  was  at  that  time  in  delicate  liealth,  wellnigh  proveil  fatal  to  h^  I 
constitution.'*    On  an  excursion  to  Toledo,  she  determined  to  make  orieeii'r: 
more  to  regain  the  confidence  of  her  ancient  minister,  the  archbislidp.  ^k\ 
accordingly  sent  an  envoy  to  inform  him  of  her  intention  to  wait  on  liii.. .. 

fierson  at  nis  residence  in  Alcala  de  Henares.  But  as  the  surly  ]>reiato,  faf 
rom  being  moved  by  this  condescension,  returned  for  answer  that,  "if  tfrf 
queen  entered  by  one  door,  he  would  go  out  at  the  other,"  she  did  not  chii<x| 
to  compromise  lier  dignity  ]>y  any  further  advances. 

By  Isabella's  extraordinary  exertions,  as  well  as  those  of  her  liusbaiid.tfei 
latter  found  himself,  in  the  beginning  of  July,  at  the  head  of  a  force  aiiioiinti;.: 
in  all  to  four  thousand  men-at-arms,  eight  thousand  light  horse,  and  tliim I 
thousand  foot,  an  ill  disciplined  militia,  chiefly  drawn  from  the  moinitain:;} 
districts  of  the  north,  which  manifested  peculiar  devotion  to  his  cause;  iijj 
partisans  in  the  south  being  preoccupied  with  suppressing  domestic  revolt, s 
with  incursions  on  the  frontiers  of  Portugal." 

Meanwhile  Alfonso,  after  an  unprofitable  detention  of  nearly  two  nionth'sil 
Arevalo,  marched  on  Toro,  which,  by  a  preconcerted  agreement,  was  dpiver«| 
into  his  hands  by  the  governor  of  the  city,  although  the  fortiess,  under  t:.M 
conduct  of  a  woman,  continued  to  maintain' a  gallant  defence.  ''V'hile  occiipirtl 
with  its  reduction,  Alfonso  was  invited  to  receive  the  submission  of  m 
adjacent  city  and  castle  of  Zamora.  The  defection  of  these  places,  twoofi^rfj 
most  considerable  in  the  province  of  Leon,  and  peculiarly  important  to  ifel 
king  of  Portugal  from  their  vicinity  to  his  dominions,  was  severely  feitw| 
Ferdinand,  who  determined  to  advance  at  once  against  his  rival  and  hvs:\ 
tlieir  (juarrel  to  the  issue  of  a  battle  ;  in  this,  actikig  in  opposition  to  tiie  nioi<j 


'*  Ruy  do  Tina,  Clironica  d'ol  Roy  Alfonso 
v.,  cap.  174-1 7s.— IicmaliU'7..  Hoye.xC.itoUcos, 
iMS.,  lap.  It),  17,  IS.  —  |{('rnalcl->/  stitcs  that 
Alf'iiiiso,  jirtviously  to  liis  inva'^ioii,  cau.spil 
larffcsscs  of  plate  atiil  uioiicy  to  In-  (li.strilnUt'il 
among  theCa>*lili.iii  ncil)lo,s  whom  he  iiiiuKiiicd 
t''  Iw  well  iiffcctod  towards  him.  Some  of 
tlu-m,  tlic  duke  of  Alva  in  partlcuia!,  rc- 
ceivfd  liis  prcspiits  and  u.srd  thi'm  in  the  cause 
of  Isab  Ha. — Faria  y  .Sou«a,  Europa  Portu- 
gu  <»a.  torn.  ii.  pp.  :ii.i6-3!'S. — Ziirita,  Aiiak's, 
toui.   iv.    fol.    '.iJO-'JlO.— La   Cu'do,   Hist,    de 


Portugal,  tcm.  ill.  pp.  3fiO-.^r,2.— I'ii'-tJ 
Cronica,  p.  .'il.— Ii.  M..rinco.  i'ij^h.-'  ni'iii'i-| 
bl'H,  fol.  ir)6. — Ovifdo,  (juiiicuagena.'i.  Jlij 
bat.  1,  (|uinc.  '2,  dial.  li. 

'•  The  queen,  who  was  at  il...;  ani"  i 
pfate  of  pregnani-y,  brought  on  a  mi*«n».''| 
by  her  incessant  personal  exposure.   Zi;r.'.4| 
Ancles,  torn.  iv.  fol.  234. 

'"  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  T,'i.-I'«fn 
Rpves  Caiolicos,  pp.  45-56. — I"trr(>MS  Hs' 
d'Eispagne,    torn.    vli.    p.    411.  — Bernw 
Keyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  23. 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSION. 


Ill 


'5 


.rtitious  counsel  of  his  father,  who  recommended  the  poHcy,  usually  jndjred 
most  iinnleiit  for  an  invaded  country,  of  acting  on  the  defensive,  in.steacl  of 
ri>kini:  all  on  the  chances  of  a  sintjle  action. 

Fopliii.'uid  arrived  before  Toro  on  the  10th  of  July,  and  immediately  drew 
i:ii  his  armv  before  its  walls  in  order  of  battle.  As  the  king  of  Portugal, 
however,  still  ke[it  within  his  defences,  Ferdinand  sent  a  herald  into  his  camp, 
t.i  ilefv  him  to  a  fair  field  of  fight  with  his  whole  army,  or,  if  he  declined  this 
to  invito  liiiii  to  decide  their  dilierences  by  personal  condwvt.  Alfonso  acceptf 
tiie  latter  alternative  ;  but,  a  dispute  arising  respecting  the  guaranty  for  the 
j^rfoiinaiKe  of  the  engagements  on  either  side,  the  whole  ailiair  evaporated, 
as  usual,  ill  an  empty  vaunt  of  chivalry. 

The  Castilian  army,  from  the  haste  with  which  it  had  been  mustered,  was 
flhiilly  (Ictif  lent  in  battering  artillery,  and  in  other  means  for  annoying  a 
fnrtitietl  city  ;  and,  as  its  comnnuiications  were  cut  off  in  conRe<pience  of  the 
nei^'hliOiniuK  fortresses  being  in  possession  of  the  enemy,  it  soon  Waine 
straiteiu'il  for  provisions.  It  was  accordingly  decided  in  a  council  of  war  to 
retreat  without  further  delay.  No  sooner  was  this  determination  known  than 
it  excited  LTiieral  dissatisfaction  throughout  the  camp.  The  soldiers  kiidly 
coiimlaiiieilthat  the  king  was  betrayed  )»y  his  nobles  ;  and  a  party  of  over- 
loyal  l^iscayans,  inflamed  by  the  suspicions  of  a  consi)iracy  against  his  person, 
actually  broke  into  the  church  where  Ferdinand  wa.s  conferring  with  his  olKcers 
and  liore  liim  off  in  their  arms  to  his  own  tent,  notwithstanding  his  reiterated 
cxtilauatious  and  remonstrances.  The  ensuing  retreat  was  conducted  in  so  dis- 
onierly  a  manner  by  the  nuitinous  soldiery  that  Alfonso,  says  a  contemporary, 
liail  he  liut  sallied  with  two  thousand  horse,  might  have  routed  and  ]»erhaps 
aimihilateil  the  whole  army.  Some  of  the  troops  were  detached  to  reinforce 
the  garrisons  of  the  loyal  cities,  but  most  of  them  disjjersed  again  among 
their  native  mountains.  The  citaflel  of  Toro  soon  afterwards  capitulate(C 
The  archl)ishop  of  Toledo,  considering  these  events  as  decisive  of  the  fortune.s 
of  the  war,  now  openly  joined  the  king  of  Portugal  at  the  liead  of  five 
liuiulred  lances,  boasting  at  the  same  time  that  lie  "ha/l  raised  Isabella 
frmii  the  distaf  and  would  soon  send  her  back  to  it  again."  " 

So  disastrous  an  introduction  to  the  campaign  might  indeed  well  fill 
^aklla's  bosom  with  anxiety.  The  revolutionary  movements  which  had  so 
long  agitated  Castile  had  so  far  unsettled  every  man's  political  principles,  and 
the  allegiance  of  even  the  most  loyal  hung  so  loosely  about  them,  that  it  was 
ditticult  to  estimate  how  far  it  might  be  snaken  by  such  a  blow  occurring  at 
this  crisis.'*  Fortunately,  Alfonso  was  in  no  condition  to  profit  by  his  su.ccess. 
His  Castilian  allies  had  experienced  the  greatest  dilhculty  in  enlisting  their 
va.<sals  in  the  Portugiiese  cause,  and,  far  from  furnishing  him  with  the  con- 
tinizents  which  he  had  expected,  foruid  sufficient  occupation  in  the  defence  of 
their  owu  territories  aganist  the  loyal  jiartisans  of  Isabella.  At  the  same 
time,  uuiticrous  squadrons  of  light  cavalry  from  Estremadura  and  Andalusia, 
[eiietratiiiic  into  Portugal,  carried  the  most  terrible  desolation  c  er  the  whole 
extent  of  its  unjirotected  lx»rders.  The  Portugue.se  knights  loudly  nnirmured 
at  lieiug  cooped  up  in  Toro  while  their  own  country  was  made  the  theatre  of 
«ar;  and  Alfonso  sawhim.self  under  the  necessity  of  detaching  .so  considerable 

■  Fk'riialilc'7,,  IJoyoH  Catolii'DS,  MS.,  cap.  18.  "  "  Puph  ho  os  iiiaravilleis  de  psn,"  Rays 

l-fariay  Simsa,  Kurojw  I'ortugueHa,  torn.  il.  Ch'iedo,  in  relation  to  tlipso  troublfn,  "(|ui>ii6 

Iff  Mh-401).-  IMii^rar,  C'ronica,  pp.  55-60. —  solo  entre  hermano!' hupIc  haber  rsa.s  liilor  n- 

IRuydf  Tina,  Chroii.   d'cl   Hey  Alfonso  V.,  cias,  mas  entro  padro  p  hijo  lo  vinins  ayf-r, 

jap.  179  _|^,,,  (_'i^jp^  Hist,  do  Portugal,  torn.  cmno  suelendfcir."    (juincuugenas,  MS.,  bat. 

:;;  p.  366.— Zurlta,  Analis,  torn.  iv.  fol.  240-  1,  quinc.  2,  dial.  3. 


112 


ACCESSION  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


a  portion  of  his  army  for  the  defence  of  his  frontier  as  entirely  to  cripple  hii 
future  O])erations.  80  deeply,  indeed,  was  he  impressed  by  these  orciin, 
stances  with  the  difficulty  of  his  enterprise,  that,  m  a  negotiation  with  \k 
Castilian  sovereigns  at  this  time,  he  expressed  a  willingness  to  resitm  hi, 
claims  to  their  crown  in  consideration  of  the  cession  of  Galicia,  togetlierwiti, 
the  cities  of  Toro  and  Zamora,  and  a  considerable  sum  of  money.  Fcnliiiaii,; 
and  his  ministers,  it  is  reported,  would  have  accepted  the  proposal ;  l,i;; 
Isaliella,  although  acquieschig  in  the  stipulate<l  money  payment,  would  n ; 
consent  to  the  dismend)ernient  of  a  single  inch  of  the  Castilian  territory. 

In  the  mean  time  l)0th  the  queen  and  her  husband,  undismayed  by  f„v; 
reverses,  were  making  every  exertion  for  the  reorganization  of  an  army  on  1 
more  efficient  fo(»ting.    To  accomplish  tliis  object,  an  additional  su]ii)ly  ft 
funds  became  necessary,  since  the  treasure  of  King  Henry,  delivered  into  ilm 
hands  by  Andres  de  Cabrera  at  Hegovia,had  been  exhausted  by  the  precodii!.' 
operations."    The  old  king  of  Aragon  advised  them  to  imitate  their  anresti 
IJenry  the  Second,  of  glorious  memorv,  by  making  liberal  grants  ami  alieiia 
tions  in  favour  of  their  subiects,  which  they  might,  when  more  firmly  seat^ni 
on  the  throiie,  resume  at  lieasure.     Isabella,  however,  chose  rather  to  trM 
to  the  patriotism  of  her  people  than  have  recourse  to  so  unworthy  a  strataj;eiL 
8he  accordingly  convened  an  assembly  of  the  states,  in  the  month  of  Aiipn 
1475,  at  Medina  del  Campo.    As  the  nation  had  been  too  far  impoverish^ 
under  the  late  reign  to  aumit  of  fresh  exactions,  a  most  extraordinary  exj* 
dient  was  devised  for  meeting  the  stii)ulated  recpiisitions.    It  was  proiiosed  t.i 
deliver  into  the  royal  treasury  half  the  amount  of  plate  belonging  to  tie 
churches  throughout  the  kingdom,  to  be  redeemed  in  the  term  of  three  yearv 
for  the  sum  of  thirty  cuentos,  or  millions,  of  maravedis.    The  clergy,  who  were  | 
very  generally  attached  to  Isal)ella's  interests,  far  from  discouraging  this  start 
ling  projiosal,  endeavoured  to  vanquish  the  queen's  repugnance  toit]\var-T, 
nients  and  pertinent  illustrations  drawn  from  Scripture.     This  transadion 
certainly  exhibits  a  degree  of  disinterestedness,  on  the  part  of  this  body,  iii">t 
unusual  in  that  age  and  country,  as  well  as  a  generous  confidence  in  the  gt-i 
faith  of  Isaliella,  of  which  she  proved  herself  worthy  by  the  punctuality  wiir, 
which  she  redeemed  it.'* 

Thus  provided  with  the  necessary  funds,  the  sovereigns  set  about  enfordi;:  | 
new  levies  and  bringing  them  under  better  discipline,  as  Avell  as  providing  f! 
their  equinment  in  a  manner  more  suitable  to  the  exigencies  of  the  scrvi^f 
than  was  aone  for  the  preceding  army.    The  ren^.ainder  of  the  summer  ami  1 
the  ensuing  autumn  were  consumed  in  these  preparations,  as  well  as  in  iilari.', 
their  fortified  towns  in  a  proper  posture  of  defence,  and  in  the  redintiii 
of  such  places  as  held  out  against  them.    The  king  of  Portugal,  all  this  uliilfJ 
lay  with  his  diminished  forces  in  Toro,  making  a  sally  on  one  occasion  od!}, 


'"  The  royal  cofTcrs  wef  found  to  contain 
alwut  10,000  marks  of  Hilvor.  (J'ulgar,  Reyes 
C'atnl.,  p.  54.)  Isalwlla  presciitod  CalTora 
\\itliag')lil('ri  goMct  from  lior  talilo,  ellca^rinJ^ 
tlmt  a  Fiiniilar  proHent  nhoiild  be  ro^iilarly 
nuulfi  to  him  and  Ids  successors  on  tlie  anid- 
vtrsary  of  his  sui render  of  Sepovia.  She 
puhseiiuently  gave  a  more  solid  testimony  of 
her  gratitude,  by  raising  1dm  to  the  ranli  of 
niarfjuis  of  Moya,  with  the  grant  of  an  estate 
Buitiible  to  his  new  dignity. — Oviedo,  C^uin- 
cuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial.  23. 

'"  The  indignation  of  Dr.  Salazar  de  Mcn- 
doza  is  rousetl  by  this  ndsapidicatiou  of  tho 


church's  money,  which  ho  avers  "  no  nw«:.f 
whatever  could  justify."    This  wdrtiiyiiniij 
flourished  in  the  seventeenth  century.   (O™. 
del  Gr.m   Cardeuiil,   p.    147.  -  I'ulpir,  \\> 
Catol.,  pp.  Co-62. — Faria  y  .S»usa,  Kiin.iis  I 
tugue.sa,  torn.  ii.  p.  400. — Hades  vAiilrikl 
Las  tres    Ordenes,   part.   1,  lol.   (IT.— /iir"; 
An, lies,  toni.  iv.  fol.  243.— BernaMcz,  i:-. 
Catolicos,    MS.,  cap.   is,  20)     Ziinip  t'i> 
some    additional  particulars  respciiinir  i  • 
grant  of  the  cortos,  which  ^  do  n"t  liinl  ^''-H 
fled  by  any  contemporar'"      thor.    Aust.*! 
de  Sevilla,  p.  372, 


for  the  relief  of 
of  I.sjiliolia. 

Kaily  in  Deo 
('a4il(',  t(t  Zanii 
iiiiiient  a!l('^ian< 
a  lar,:.;o  detach ni 
As  tii(!  j)o.vse.s>ioi 
tions  wiih  lii.s  o\ 
/•jf  this  ]inrpu,se 
i'niice  John,  to  i 
pai-tit'.s  now  look 
nation  of  the  evil 
The  J'ortiignesi 
to  t"u  thoii.sand  I 
roiiiid  (Jaiiciji,  an 
of  J'VliMiary,  J47G 
to  tiie  jH»).t',  the 
to  him  in  Ca.stile, 
•■rof  dri\ing  hi/u 
provided  for  the 
.Ufoiiso  (hew  oil'  ti 
tlioit.siui,!  five  hum, 
and  with  anjuebu.s 
fiinstriiction   as  n 
Kiiroj)ean   warfare 
jHirsned  their  mar 
Zamora,  di,st;int  on 
At  hreak  of  da' 
liannens,  and  mari 
of  the    river,   whi 
announced  the  pre.s 
the  Portuguese  im 
•'i^tle  of  Zamora, 
f'jr  this  jiurjicse.     ' 
sitiwted  at  the  nor 
It,  either  by  throw 
"no,  intrenched  in 
"ty,  wpre  enabled 
artillery,  to  in«ict 
possibly  receive  froii 
t't  the  fortress  and  t 
«'th  the  latter ;  but 
and  the  bridge,  the  ( 
;'"iii'.n,  so  as  to  re 
^;'""y  this  time,  b 
'-''  the  Portuguese 
,;  to  great  straits 
liidiiii^sof  the  rapid 

I  ;  .V  |lc_  I'li.a,  Chron.  d' 
p.  In,  Is:».-iJernalde 

hp  6j-,s,_L    Marinco, 


v^ 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSION. 


113 


tv  wilt 


11 


norfWJ 
V. '  ii'''"' 

iiv,  i;"> 

^-Ztl^•i. 
If?.,  i'.' ■  ■ 
litia  |.'i^ 


for  tlio  relief  of  liis  friends,  which  was  frustrated  by  tlic  sleepless  vigilance 

of  I  si  1  id  la. 

Kaily  in  Derenil)cr,  Ferdinand  passed  from  the  siege  of  IJurgos,  in  Old 
(■ii>lili'  to  Zivnioni,  wliose  iidiabitiints  expressed  a  desire  to  return  to  their 
iii'iiii'iit  alle^iiince  ;  and,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  citizens,  supi>orted  by 
ii  liimo  (ictaciinient  from  his  main  army,  ho  jtrejjared  to  invest  its  cit.'vde!. 
As  tilt'  ]i().;ses>ion  of  this  i)0st  would  etlectually  intercept  Alfonso's  connnuni<a- 
t:oii.s  \uLh  lii.s  own  country,  he  determined  to  relieve  it  at  every  hazanl,  and 

son. 


I 


ioT  tiii>  pur[)ose  despatched  a  messenger  into   Portn^'al,  rc'iuiiing  his 
i'liine  Julm,  to  reinforce  him  with  such  levies  as  he  coiilii  speedily  raise.     Ail 
parties  now  looked  forward  with  eagerness  to  a  general  battle,  as  to  a  tcrmi- 
iiatioii  of  the  evils  of  this  long-protracted  Avar. 

Tiie  Portuguese  prince,  having  with  difficulty  assembled  a  corps  amounting 
to  two  thousand  lances  and  eight  thousand  infantry,  took  a  northerly  ciniuit 
pMiml  (ialicia,  and  etl'ected  a  junction  with  his  father  in  Toro,  on  the  14tli 
(,f  l'Vl)riiary,  1470.  Alfonso,  thus  reinforced,  transmitted  a  pompous  circular 
to  liie  liope,  the  king  of  France,  his  own  dominions,  and  those  well  ati'ected 
to  liiin  ill  Castile,  proclaiming  his  immediate  intention  of  Uiking  the  usurper, 
(.rof  ilriving  him  from  the  kingdom.  On  the  night  of  the  17th,  having  hrst 
proviilcd  for  the  security  of  the  city  by  leiiving  in  it  a  i)owerful  reserve, 
Alfonso  (hew  oil"  the  residue  of  his  army,  i)robably  not  much  exceeding  three 
thoiisiuid  live  hundred  horse  and  five  thousand  foot,  well  jirovided  with  artillery 
and  with  aripiebuses,  which  latter  engine  was  still  of  so  clumsy  and  unwielily 
(iiiistnirtion  as  not  to  liave  entirely  superseded  the  ancient  weapons  of 
Kiiro]H.'ivn  warfare.  The  Portuguese  army,  traversing  the  bridge  of  Toro, 
iiiirsuod  their  marcli  along  the  southern  side  of  the  Douro,  and  reached 
Zaiuora,  distjint  only  a  few  leagues,  before  the  dawn.*' 

At  hrcitk  of  day,  the  Castilians  were  surprised  by  the  array  of  tioating 

kiiuers,  and  martial  ])anor)Iy  glittering  in  the  sun,  from  the  opposite  side 

uf  the    river,  while    the  discharges    of  artillery  still    more   unecniivocally 

aunoiiiiced  the  presence  of  the  enemy.    Ferdinand  could  scarcely  believe  that 

the  I'ortuguese  monarch,  whose  avowed  object  had  been  the  relief  of  the 

castle  of  Zamora,  should  liave  selected  a  position  so  obviously  unsuitable 

fortius  purjtose.    The  intervention  of  the  river,  between  him  and  the  fortre.s 

siuuited  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  town,  prevented  him  from  relieving 

it,  eitiier  by  throwing  succours  into  it,  or  by  annoying  the  Castilian  troops, 

who,  intrenched  in  compamtive  security  within  the  walls  and  houses  of  the 

(ity,  wore  enabled  by  means  of  certaii\  elevated  positions,  well  garnished  with 

artillery,  to  intiict  much  heavier  injury  on  their  opjionents  than  they  could 

lussibly  receive  fi'om  them.    Still  Ferdinand's  men,  exposed  to  the  double  tire 

of  tlie  fortress  and  the  besiegers,  would  willingly  have  come  to  an  engagement 

with  tlie  latter ;  but  the  river,  swollen  by  winter  torrents,  was  not  fordable, 

and  the  bridge,  the  only  direct  avenue  to  the  city,  was  enfila<led  by  the  enemy's 

caiuion,  so  as  to  render  a  sally  in  that  direction  altogether  imijracticable. 

during  this  time,  Isabella's  squadrons  of  light  cavalry,  hovering  on  the  skirts 

of  the  Portuguese  camp,  effectually  cut  oft"  its  supplies,  and  soon  reduced 

[it  to  great  straits  for  subsistence.    This  circumstance,  together  with  the 

hidings  of  the  rapid  advance  of  additional  forces  to  t'  e  su[)port  of  Ferdinand, 


Carbajal,   Analen,   MS.,   afioa  V5,   76.— 

\h\  (le  Tina,  Clin'n.  d'el   Roy  Alfonso  V., 

I'sp  1"",  !■<!».— Bornaldez,    Reyes  Cat61ico8, 

MS,  cap.  2t),  2'2. — Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat6licos, 

fp  6J-7S.— L.  Marineo,  Cosas  mcmorables, 


fol.  156. — Farla  y  Sousa,  Eiiropa  Portuf?uosa, 
torn.  li.  pp.  401,  404. — .Several  of  the  eonteiii- 
porary  Castilian  historians  compute  th(!  I'or- 
tugucse  army  at  double  the  tmount  given,  in 
the  text. 


_J 


114 


ACCESSION  OF  FFIIDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


doterniiiieil  Alfonso,  contrary  to  all  expoctntion,  on  an  innncdirvjo  rotrrat ;  a:  i 
acL'onlin.'^ly,  on  tlio  niornin,:,'  of  the  1st  of  March,  behii;  little  less  than  t 
fortni,:;ht  from  the  time  in  which  he  commenced  this  empty  fjasconaili',  t!;. 
rortu^iuese  army  nnitted  its  positi(.n  before  Zamora,  with  the  same  sik'iw 
and  celerity  with  wliich  it  had  occniiied  it. 

Ferdinand's  troons  woidd  instantly  have  pnslied  after  the  fugitives,  hnttlio 
latter  had  demolished  the  southern  extremity  of  the  hrid^t  lx.fore  ttuT 
dep.vrture;  so  that,  although  some  few  elt'ected  an  immediate  passa.'p  i 
boats,  the  great  body  of  the  army  wa.'i  necessarily  detained  iintil  the  H'liar, 
were  completed,  which  occujiied  more  than  three  hours.  With  all  the  exiitiii 
tion  they  could  use,  therefore,  and  leaving  their  artillery  behind  tliciii,  thiv 
did  not  sucxieed  in  coming  un  with  the  enemy  until  nearly  four  o'clock  in  tin' 
afternoon,  as  the  latter  was  defiling  through  a  narrow  pass  formed  by  a  ere ; 
of  i)recipitous  hills  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Douro  on  the  other,  at  tliedi 
tance  of  about  five  miles  from  the  city  of  Toro.*' 

A  council  of  war  was  then  called,  to  decide  on  the  expedienr'y  of  an  vn- 
mediate  assault.  It  was  objected,  that  the  strong  position  of  Toro  wnnH 
eiiectually  cover  the  retreat  of  the  Portuguese  in  case  of  their  discnn;. 
<iture  ;  th.at  they  wo\dd  speedily  be  reinforced  by  fresh  recruits  from  that 
city,  which  wo\dd  make  them  more  than  a  matdi  for  Ferdinand's  ariiiv, 
exhausted  by  a  toilsome  march,  as  well  as  bv  its  long  fast,  which  it  IkkI  iiit 
broken  since  the  morning;  and  that  the  (elerity  with  which  it  had  inowl 
had  compelled  it  not  oidy  to  abandon  its  artillery,  but  to  kvive  a  considoraMi' 
portion  of  the  heavy-armed  infantry  in  the  rear.  Notwithstanding-  the  \voii;ht 
of  the-<e  objections,  such  were  the  high  spirit  of  the  troops  and  their  wigonie-; 
to  come  to  action,  sharpened  bv  the  view  of  the  quarry,  which  after  a  wean- 
some  chase  seemed  ready  to  fall  into  their  liands,  that  tliey  were  thought  more 
than  surticient  to  counterbalance  every  physical  disatlvantage  ;  aud  the 
question  of  battle  was  decided  in  the  athrmative. 

As  the  Castilian  army  emerged  from  the  defile  into  a  wide  and  open  rilaiii. 
they  found  that  the  enemy  had  halted,  and  was  already  forming  in  order  >i 
battle.  The  king  of  Portugal  led  the  centre,  with  the  archbishop  of  Toh-d  i 
on  his  right  wing,  its  extremity  resting  on  the  Douro  ;  while  the  left,  com- 
prehending the  arquebusiers  and  the  strength  of  the  cavalry,  was  placed  iiinlcr 
thecoimnand  of  his  son.  Prince  John.  The  numericiil  force  of  the  two  armies, 
although  ill  favour  of  the  Portumiese,  was  nearly  equal,  amounting  prohahly 
in  each  to  less  than  ten  thousand  men,  about  one-third  beiiig  cavalry.  Fer- 
dinand took  his  station  in  the  centre,  opposite  his  rival,  having  the  adiiiinil 
and  the  duke  of  Alva  on  his  left ;  while  liis  right  wing,  distributed  into  six 
battles  or  divisions,  under  their  several  commanders,  was  supported  by  a 
detachment  of  men-at-arms  from  the  provinces  of  Leon  and  Galicia, 

The  action  commenced  in  this  quarter.  The  Castilians,  raising  the  war-orv 
of  "  St.  James  and  St.  Lazarus,"  advanced  on  the  enemy's  left  under  Priine 
John,  but  were  saluted  with  such  a  brisk  and  well-directed  fire  fnun  his 
aniuebusiers, that  their  ranks  were  disconcerted.  The  Portuguese  luenat- 
arms,  charging  them  at  the  same  time,  augmented  their  confusion,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  fall  back  precipitately  on  the  narrow  pass  in  their  rear,  where, 
being  supported  by  some  fresh  detachments  from  tlie  reserve,  they  were  witii 
difiiculiv  rallied  by  tlieir  olHcers,  and  again  brought  into  the  field.  In  the 
n.^an  wnile,  Ferdinand  closed  with  the  "enemy's  centre,  and  the  action  soon 

'•"  rul^ar,  Hcyes  Catfilicos,  pj).  82-85. —  404,  405.— Bernaldoz,  Roycs  Catolicus,  M\, 
Zurita,  Analcs,  torn,  iv.  ful.  '.i5'2,  'J'):!. — Faria  cap.  2.1. — Ruy  de  Tina,  CLrou.  d'cl  Hoy  Al- 
y  Sousa,   Europa   Portuguesa,  torn.  ii.  pp.        fonso  V.,  cap.  190. 


I': 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSIOIT. 


115 


lioi^amfi  poneral  aloncj  the  wliolo  lino.  The  liattlo  rn^j^eil  with  redoubled  ficrce- 
iKss  in  tiio  (iimrter  wlicre  tht>  iiro^eiice  of  the  two  iiioiwirchs  infused  new 
iirilniir  into  tlieir  soldiers,  who  foii^dit  as  if  consoious  that  this  strugyle  was 
tn  ,!(viile  the  fate  nf  their  masters.  The  hiiu-es  were  sh'vered  at  the  first 
iiicnunter.  and,  as  the  ranks  of  the  two  armies  min,u;kHl  with  each  otlier,  the 

II  fnii^^lit  hand  to  hand  with  their  swums,  with  a  fury  sharpened  by  the 

ancient  rivahy  of  tlie  two  nations  making  the  whole  a  rontest  of  physical 
.tri'ii^th  rather  than  skill." 

The  rnval  standard  of  I'ortuixal  wf.s  torn  to  shreds  in  the  atteni]it  to  seize 
it  on  tlie  one  si(k^  and  to  preserve  it  on  the  other  ;  while  its  gallant  bearer, 
K(hvanl  de  Almeyda,  after  losini,'  first  his  right  arm,  and  then  liis  left,  in  its 
i'('f('n(  f,  lieM  it  firmly  with  his  teeth  until  he  was  cut  down  ])y  the  assailants. 
The  armour  of  this  knight  was  to  be  seen  as  late  as  Mariana's  time,  in 
tiie  rathedral  church  of  Toled(»,  where  it  was  preserved  as  a  trophy  of  this 
ilts]i('rate  act  of  heroism,  whicii  brings  to  mind  a  similar  feat  recorded  in 
(lrf(  ian  story. 

The  old  archbishop  of  Toledo,  and  the  cardinal  Mendoza,  who,  like  his 
reverend  lival,  had  exchanged  the  crosier  for  the  corselet,  were  to  be  sei^n  on 
that  (lay  in  tlie  thicke^st  of  the  mfUe.  The  holy  wars  with  the  infidel  i)er- 
ictimteil  the  unbecoming  Bpcctacle  of  militant  ecclesiastics  among  the 
Spaiiianis,  to  a  still  later  penod,  and  long  after  it  had  disappeared  from  the 
R'st  of  civilized  Europe. 

.\t  loiiLith,  after  an  obstinate  stniggle  of  more  than  three  hotirs,  the  valour 
I'f  the  Castilian  troops  prevailed,  and  the  Portuguese  were  seen  to  give  way 
ill  al!  directions.  The  duke  of  Alva,  by  succee<]ing  in  turning  their  Hank 
wliile  they  were  thus  vigorously  pressed  in  front,  comi)leted  their  disorder, 
ami  soon  converted  their  retreat  into  a  rout.  Home,  attempting  to  cross  the 
honrn,  were  drowned  ;  and  many,  who  endeavoured  to  eirect  an  entrance 
into  Toro,  were  entangled  in  the  narrow  defib  of  the  bridge,  and  fell  by  the 
>\v(ir(l  of  their  pursuers,  or  miserably  perished  in  the  river,  which,  bearing 
ali'ii;:  their  nuitilated  cornses,  brought  tidings  of  the  fatal  victory  to  Zamora. 
Siuli  were  the  heat  and  fury  of  the  pursuit,  that  the  intervening  night, 
remlcred  darker  than  usual  by  a  driving  rain-storm,  alone  saved  the  scattennl 
remains  of  the  army  from  destmction.  Several  Portuguese  companies,  under 
favour  of  this  ol>scurity,  contrived  to  elude  their  foes  by  shouting  the  Castilian 
lattle-ory.  Prince  Jo^-  ,  retiring  >vith  a  fragment  of  his  broken  scpiadrons  to 
a  neifrlihouring  eminence,  succeede<l,  by  lighting  fires  and  sounding  his 
triiiiii)ets,  in  rallying  round  him  a  number  of  fugitives  ;  and,  as  the  position 
lieoocupied  was  too  strong  to  be  readily  forced,  and  the  Castilian  -troops  were 
tof^  weary,  and  well  satisfied  with  their  victory,  to  attemj)t  it,  he  retained 
I'ssession  of  it  till  morning,  when  he  made  good  his  retreat  into  Toro.  The 
kill.:  of  Portugal,  who  was  missing  was  supj)osed  to  have  ])erished  in  the 
iattle,  until,  by  advices  received  from  him  late  on  the  follo\\ing  day,  it  wa-s 
1  cortained  that  he  had  escaped  without  personal  injury,  and  with  three  or 
fur  attendants  only,  to  the  fortified  ca.stle  of  Castro  Nuno,  some  leagues 
'i>tuiit  from  the  field  of  action.  Nmnbers  of  his  troops,  attempting  to  escape 
across  the  neighbouring  frontiers  into  their  own  country,  were  maimed  or 


ia.>i>aort'(l  by  the  Spanish  peasants,  in  retaliation  of  the  excesses  wantonly 
)iiiiiiitted  by  them  in  their  invasion  of  Castile.     Ferdinand,  shocked  at  this 


"  Carbajal,  Analcs,  MS.,  afto  76.— L.  Ma- 

"H'^i,  Oiiiiis  mcmorables,  fol.  158. — Pul^^ar, 
\>\co  Catollcofl,  pp.  85-89.— Faria  y  Sousa, 
t'Jrijfii  Purtuguesa,  torn.  ii.  pp.  404,  405. — 


RemaldPZ,  Rryes  Cat/Iicos,  MS.,  cap.  23. — 
La  Clede,  Hist,  do  I'drtufral,  tum,  iii.  pp. 
.•{7X-383.— Zurita,  Aualca,  torn.  \\ .  f)l.  20'i- 
255. 


116 


ACCESSION   OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISAIJELLA. 


liarlarity,  issued  orders  for  tlic  jtrotection  of  their  persons,  and  freely  j^Tive 
.•-.•ife-coiHlucts  to  such  as  (Uisiied  to  rettu'M  into  I'orlUKal.  He  even,  uitli.i 
de^^'reo  of  Innnanity  more  houourahle,  as  well  as  ni(»re  rare,  than  inilita  y 
success,  distnl)Ute((  clMthes  and  money  to  several  prisonerH  hrouj^dit  int'i 
Zaniora  in  a  stivte  <if  utter  destitution,  and  enahled  ♦  leni  to  return  in  ,siit  ly 
to  their  own  country.** 

The  Castilian  monarch  remained  on  the  field  of  hattle  till  after  midniJit, 
when  lie  returned  to  Zaniora.  hein;^^  followed  in  the  mornin;^  hy  the  caniiui 
of  Sr>ain  and  the  admiral  ilenrifiuez,  at  the  head  of  the  victorious  Uuidi s. 
Eij^ht  standards,  with  the  greaU>r  part  of  the  l)aggage,  were  taken  in  tie 
enf;agement,  and  more  tha.i  two  thousand  of  the  enemy  slain  or  mai.i' 
prisoners.  Queen  Isabella,  on  receiving  tidings  of  the  event  at  Tonlc^illa . 
where  she  then  was,  ordered  a  ^irocessioii  to  the  church  of  St.  I'aul  in  the 
suburbs,  in  which  she  herself  jouietl,  walking  barefoot  with  all  humility,  iiinl 
ofl'ered  tip  a  devout  thanksgiving  to  the  God  of  battles  for  the  victory  wiiii 
which  he  had  crowned  her  arms.** 

It  was  indeed  a  most  auspicious  victory,  not  so  nnich  from  the  ininicdiate 
loss  inflicted  on  the  enemy,  as  from  its  moral  influence  on  the  Castilian  nation. 
Such  as  had  before  vacillated  in  their  faith,  and,  in  the  exjiressive  language  uf 
Bernaldez,  "estabau  aviva  (iuien  vence," — were  prepared  to  take  sides  witii 
the  strongest, — now  o]ienly  proclaimed  their  allegiance  to  Ferdinand  nii'l 
Isaliella ;  while  most  of  those  who  had  been  arrayed  in  arms,  or  had  iiiani 
fested  by  any  other  overt  act  their  hostility  to  the  government,  vied  with  earli 
other  in  demonstrations  of  the  most  loyal  submission,  and  sought  to  make  the 
best  terms  for  themselves  which  they  could.  Among  these  latter,  the  duke  of 
Arevalo,  who  indeed  liad  made  overtures  to  this  effect  some  time  jircvitms 
through  the  .agency  of  his  son,  together  with  tlie  grand  master  of  Calatiava, 
and  his  brother,  the  count  of  Uruefia,  experienced  the  lenity  of  govern- 
nient,  and  were  confirmed  in  the  entire  possession  of  their  estates.  The  two 
jirincipal  deliiKiuents,  the  mar(|uis  of  Villena  and  the  archbishop  of  Tnled', 
m.ade  a  show  of  resistance  for  some  time  longer,  but,  after  witnessing  the 
demolition  of  their  castles,  the  capture  of  their  town.s,  the  desertion  of  their 
vas.sals,  and  the  se<iuestration  of  tlieir  revenues,  were  fain  to  purchase  a 
pardon  at  the  jirice  of  the  most  humble  concessions,  and  the  forfeiture  of  an 
anmle  portion  of  their  domains. 

The  castle  of  Zamora,  expecting  no  further  succours  from  Portugal,  speedily 
siirrendered,  and  this  event  was  soon  followed  by  the  reduction  of  JMadiiil, 
Baeza,  Toro,  and  other  i)rincipal  cities  ;  so  that,  in  little  more  than  six  nmntlb 
from  the  date  of  the  battle,  the  whole  kingdom,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
insignificant,  posts  still  garrisoned  by  the  enemy,  had  acknowledged  the 
supremacy  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella."" 


26 


-■*  Faria  y  Souea  claims  the  honours  of  the 
victory  for  tlie  Portuj^uosc,  because  Prince 
Jolin  kept  tlip  field  till  niorniuR.  Even  M. 
la  Cletle,  with  all  liis  deference  to  the  Portu- 
(;ueHe  liiHtorian,  cannot  swallow  this.  Faria 
y  N.iU8a,  Europa  Portnguesa,  toni.  ii.  pp. 
4u.')-41o.— Ovledu,  Quinci'afrenaw,  MS.,  bat.  1, 
(lulnc.  1,  dial.  h. — Sala/.ar  de  Mendoza,  Cron. 
del  Oan  Cardenal,  lih.  1,  cap.  46. — Pulgar, 
Keyes  Cnti'ilicoH,  pp.  H5-'.to. — L.  Marinco, 
Cosaa nieujorahles,  fol.  l.'ss.— Carliajal,  Anales, 
jMS.,  ano  "G.— liernaldez,  HeycH  Catolicos, 
MS.,  cap.  23 — Huy  do  Piiia,  Clin'm.  d'el  Roy 
Alfonso  v.,  cap.  191. — FerUiiiaud,  in  allusion 


to  Prince  John,  wrote  to  his  wife,  tliat.  "if 
it  had  not  been  for  tlie  chicken,  the  nM  imk 
would  have  l)een  taken."  Claribay,  Conipen- 
dio,  lib.  18,  cap.  s. 

-'  Pulga-,  llcyes  Cat61icos,  p.  90.— TLe 
sovereigns,  in  couipliance  with  a  jmniius 
vow,  cause*  a  superb  monastery,  derjic ati'il  t' 
St.  Francis,  to  1h»  erected  in  Toledo,  witli  tlie 
title  of  San  .'uan  do  los  Keyes,  in  couiiiicii]"- 
ration  of  their  victory  over  the  PortiiL'ihS'\ 
This  edifice  was  still  to  be  seen  iu  Mariana'* 
time. 

■-'  Rades  y  Andrada,  Las  Ordenes,  Idiu. 
ii.  fol.  79,  eo.-  Pulgar,  Reyes  v^atolicos,  cap. 


which  Louis  had  af 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCESSION. 


117 


Soon  aftor  the  victory  of  Tore,  Ferdinand  was  ei\al)led  to  conoentnite  a  forre 
aiiiiiuiitinu'  to  fifty  thousand  men,  for  the  jmrposo  of  rt'|)elUnir  the  French 
fr>iii  (iiii|»iiscoa,  from  which  they  had  ulrejidy  twi(e  been  d''iven  by  ihe 
1  ,;,t|ii  I  natives  and  wlience  they  again  retired  with  precipitation  on  re(ei\ing 
ii,.w.,  (if  the  kiii;;'.s  apiu-oaih.'*' 

Alfonso,  tindinj^  his  authority  in  Castile  thus  rapidly  melting  away  before 
the  ri  in^'  inlluence  of  Ferdinand  and  IsabeUa,  withdrew  with  his  virgin  bride 
i.iii'  I'lirtiigal,  where  he  formed  tlie  rcsohition  of  visiting  France  in  person, 
iiiiil  sitliciting  succour  from  las  ancient  ally,  Louis  the  Eleventh.  In  spite  of 
(vcrv  nviionstrance,  he  put  this  extraordinary  scheme  into  execution.  Ho 
n'inlH'd  France,  with  a  retinue  of  two  himdre<l  followers,  in  the  month  of 
Sfiitt'iiilttT.  He  experienced  everywhere  the  honours  due  to  his  exalted  rank, 
aiil  to  tlie  signal  mark  of  conhilence  winch  he  thus  exhibited  towards  the 
Fifii  h  king.  The  keys  of  the  cities  were  delivered  into  his  hantls,  the 
iirioiicr-i  were  released  from  their  dungeons,  and  his  progres.s  was  attended 
jiv  a  u'cnt'rul  jul)ilee.  His  lirother  monarcli,  however,  excn.sed  himself  from 
aittinliiig  more  substantial  proofs  of  Ins  regard,  until  he  should  have  close<l  the 
war  tlu'u  pending  Ixitween  him  and  Burgundy,  and  until  Alfonso  should  have 
fdrtifu'l  hi-i  title  to  the  Castilian  crown  by  obtaining  from  tiie  pope  a  di.spen- 
i  ti  Ml  for  Lis  marriage  with  .Foanna, 

Tilt'  dt'feat  and  death  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  whose  camp  l>efore  Nancy 
Ahull  ()  visited  in  the  depth  of  winter,  with  the  chimerical  purpose  of  ellect- 
iii;'  a  reconciliation  between  him  and  Louis,  removed  the  former  of  these 
iiii|K' liiiients ;  *  as,  in  good  time,  the  compliance  of  the  pope  did  the  latter. 
Jill  tiie  king  of  Portugal  found  himself  no  nearer  the  object  of  Jus  negotia- 
tion;;  and,  after  waiting  a  whole  year  a  needy  suppliant  at  the  court  of  Louis, 
lit- at  Inigth  ascertained  that  his  insidious  host  was  concerting  an  arrangement 
with  his  mortiil  foes,  Ferdinand  and  Isal>ella.  Alfonso,  whose  character 
alwiivs  had  a  spice  of  Quixotian';  in  it,  seems  fco  have  completely  lost  his  wits 
at  this  list  reverse  of  fortune.  Overwhelmed  with  shame  at  ids  own  credulity, 
lie  f.'lt  liiuiself  unable  to  encounter  the  ridicule  which  awaited  his  return  to 
Pnrtiii^iil,  and  secretly  withdrew,  with  two  or  three  domestics  only,  to  an 
u!i>Lure  village  in  Normandy,  whence  he  transmitted  an  epistle  to  Prince 
.Iiihu,  his  son,  declaring  "that,  as  all  earthly  vanities  were  dead  within  his 
1m.(iiii,  he  resolved  to  lay  up  an  imperishable  crown  by  performing  a  pilgrimage 
to  the  Holy  Land,  and  devoting  hnnself  to  the  service  of  Gotl  in  some  retired 
iDiKiastery ; "  and  he  concluded  with  re^iuesting  his  son  "to  assume  the 
sovcreJLCiity  at  once,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  he  had  heard  of  his  father's 
deaih."  " 

Furtiinately  Alfonso's  retreat  was  detected  before  he  had  time  to  put  his 
extravagant  project  in  execution,  and  his  trusty  followers  succeeded,  though 
with  considerable  difficulty,  in  diverting  him  from  it ;  while  the  king  of 


^-50,  5.'),  C!).— Ztuita,.  Anales.  lib.  19,  cap. 
^^  4H,  j.t,  08.— ForreraH,  HiHt.  d'EHpaj^ne, 
t'lu.  vii.  pp.  476-47S,  517-519,  546.— IJoriial- 
di,  kry.'s  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  10. — Oviedo, 
•^uiiKua„'(iia.s,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial.  8. 

"  liaillar.l,  Uivalite.  torn.  iii.  pp,  29U-292. 
-('arhajal,  Anali's,  MS.,  afio  76. 
'  Ikrualdfz,  Key 68  CsU^licu.s,    MS.,    cap. 


*  [Tlir;  death  of  the  duke  of  Rurgundy,  in- 
8!  ad  of  closing,  or  averting,  tlie  war  for 
which  Louis  bad  assembled  his  forces,  was 


27.  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  cap.  56,  57. — 
GaiUard,  Kivalitd,  torn.  iii.  pp.  290-2<)'2 — 
Zuritft,  Anaios,  lib,  19,  oap.  50,;  lib.  2o,  mii. 
10. — Iluy  do  Tina,  Clironica  d'el  licy  Alfoiisit 
v.,  cap.  194-202.— F'aria  y  .Sousa,  Eiirupa 
Portunu'~sa,  toni.  ii.  pp.  412-415. — Coiuiiies, 
Meinoinis,  liv.  5,  chap.  7. 


th«  signal  for  its  commencoment,  Ix'ing  fol- 
lowed by  an  iutiuediate  invauiuu  ot  the  Bur« 
gundiaa  domiuioas.  —  Eo.] 


113 


ACCESSION  OF  FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


Fmnro,  willing  to  \)ei  rid  of  his  iinportnnate  ffuost,  and  iinwillintj  jiPrhnp 
to  incur  tlu^  jdiiitn  of  having,'  drivon  him  to  so  (U*.-<t)erato  an  extn'tnitv  iv><  th.i; 
of  his  projected  pil;;riiiiaj,'e,  provided  a  Heet  of  snips  to  transj»ort  liim  l«vi( 
to  his  own  dominions,  wliero,  to  cotn[»lete  the  farce,  he  arrived  just  tiw 
days  after  the  ceremony  of  his  son's  coronation  aa  kinj?  of  Portntral  (Nov.  i:,, 
147H).  Nor  was  it  destined  that  the  hickless  monarch  should  solace  liiiiisclf, 
as  he  had  hoped,  in  the  arms  of  his  youthful  bride  ;  since  the  pliant  pfintii' 
Sixtus  the  Fourth,  was  ultimately  persuaded  by  the  court  of  Castile  to  Ismi.^ 
a  new  hull  overruling'  the  dispensation  formerly  conceded,  on  the  groiinl 
that  it  hail  been  obtained  l)y  a  misrenresentatioti  of  facts. 

Prince  John,  whether  iuHuenced  ny  filial  piety  or  {jrndence,  resiirnrvj  tli- 
crown  of  l*ortuj,'aI  to  his  father,  soon  after  his  return  ; "  and  the  old  iiionai  ii 
•was  no  sooner  reinstated  in  his  authority  than,  burnin;^'  with  a  thirst  for 
ven;eance,  which  made  him  insensible  to  every  remonstrance,  he  ajiin 
prepared  to  throw  liis  country  into  combustion  hy  reviving  his  entcriiriy 
aganist  Castile.** 

While  these  hostile  movements  were  in  progress  (1478),  Ferdinand,  loavinj 
his  consort  in  pos.session  of  a  sutHcient  force  for  the  protection  of  the  froiititr-, 
n^ade  a  journey  into  Biscay  for  the  purpose  of  an  interview  with  his  ffitlier, 
the  king  of  Aragon,  to  concert  measures  lor  the  pacification  of  Navarre,  wliid; 
still  continued  to  be  rent  with  those  sanguinary  feuds  that  were  bet|iifatlitl 
like  a  jtrecious  legacy  from  one  generation  to  another."  In  the  aiitniiin 
of  the  same  year  a  treaty  of  peace  was  definitively  adjusted  >)etwt't'ii  tli-- 
plenipotentiaries  of  Castile  and  France,  at  St.  Jean  de  liUZ,  in  which  it  wa, 
stipulated,  as  a  principal  article,  that  Louis  the  Eleventh  should  disconnpit 
himself  from  his  alliance  with  Portugal,  and  give  no  further  support  to  the 
pretensions  of  .Joanna." 

Thus  releaseil  from  apprehension  in  this  quarter,  the  sovereigns  were 
enal)led  to  give  their  undivided  attention  to  the  defence  of  the  wpstcn 
borders.  Isabelhv,  accordingly,  early  in  the  ensuing  winter,  nassed  intH 
Estremadura  for  the  purpose  of  repelling  the  Portuguese,  ana  still  more 
of  suppressing  the  insurrectionary  movements  of  certain  of  her  own  siilijei  t\ 
who,  encouraged  by  the  vicinity  of  Portugal,  carried  on  from  their  private 
fortresses  a  most  desolating  and  predatory  warfare  over  the  circuiiijaocn: 
territory.  Private  mansions  and  farm-houses  were  pillaged  and  burnt  to  the 
ground,  the  cattle  and  croj)S  swept  away  in  their  forays,  the  highways  k'set. 


"  Accordinf?  to  Faria  y  Sousa.  John  was 
Maltiinj^  iiliini;  the  Hhuros  of  the  TaRus,  with 
the  (hike  of  nra«an/a,  and  the  cardinal  ardi- 
hinhop  of  Lislxm,  when  he  received  the  un- 
c.\i>eited  tidings  of  his  father's  return  to 
I'.)rlU(;al.  On  his  inquiring  of  his  attendants 
htw  he  should  receive  him,  "  llow  but  as 
your  kin;?  and  father?"  was  the  replj' ;  at 
which  .Jolin,  knitting  his  brow,  skimmed  a 
stone  which  he  held  in  his  hand,  with  much 
violence,  across  the  water.  The  cardinal, 
olnerving  this,  whispered  to  the  duke  of 
Urajjanza,  "  I  will  take  good  care  that  that 
stone  does  not  relM)und  on  me."  Soon  after, 
he  left  Portugal  for  Rome,  where  he  fixed  his 
residence.  The  duke  lost  his  life  on  the 
Bcaffold  for  imputed  treason,  soon  after  John's 
accession. — Europa  Portuguesa,  torn.  ii.  p. 
416. 

■'"  Comlnes,  M^moires,  liv.  5,  chap.  1. — 
Faria  y  Sousa,  Europa  Portuguesa,  torn.  ii.  p. 


116.— Zurlta,  Anales,  Hb.  20,  cap.  25.-Ifer- 
naldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  Ml^.,  cap.  27. 

"  Tl)i^  was  the  first  meeting  Ix'twein  fatlur 
and  son  since  the  jclevation  of  the  latdr  i 
the  Castilian  throne.  King  .John  wouM  ti  t 
allow  Ferdinand  to  kiss  Ids  iiaml;  lifl  cli**^ 
to  walk  on  his  left ;  he  attended  liiiii  b<  i.i> 
quarters,  and,  in  short,  during  tlio  «li  '.- 
twenty  days  of  their  cmference,  niiiiiili-^!  ■! 
towards  his  son  all  the  deference  wliid:,  a-s 
parent,  he  was  entitled  to  receive  irniii  liiii: 
Tills  he  did  on  the  ground  that  Fenliiminl.  i< 
king  of  Castile,  represented  the  elder  bran.:. 
of  rrastamara,  wl)ile  he  represented  iniy 
the  Nounger.  It  will  not  be  ea.«y  to  lU't 
witli  an  instance  of  more  punctili'iU'<  >'■'■ 
quette,  even  in  Spanish  history.— I'uL'ir, 
Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  75. 

"  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Cr6n.  del  Qm 
Cardenal,  p.  162.— Zurita,  Analeo.  lib.  2'. 
cap.  2.').— Carbajiil,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  79. 


aniiorial  l>earings 


Succession.     It  h 


the  moral  di-sory 


WAR  OF  THE  SUCCK8SI0N. 


110 


so  tlmt  all  iravplliiii,'  was  at  an  end,  all  romniuniration  cut  oflT,  and  a  rich  and 
i.,,|iiili)iis  district  convt'rt<'d  at  onco  into  a  dos«'rt.  Is^ilu'lla,  snpnortod  l>y 
;i  l,niiv(»f  n'lridar  troops  and  a  ilftjulinjent  of  the  Holy  ]iroth«'rh(HMi,  took  her 
>t.itinn  Jit  Tnixillo,  as  a  ('(Mitriil  position,  MJicnce  she  might  opi'iate  on  the 
\ariiiiis  pdiiits  with  greatest  facility.  Her  coiinsejl  -s  remonstrated  against 
llii>  cxpo-iire  of  her  jterson  in  the  very  heart  of  tiie  disatlected  country;  l>nt 
slie  rt'plicd  that  ''it  was  not  for  her  to  calculate  perils  or  fatigues  in  her  own 
(Wbc  nor  hy  an  unseasonahle  timidity  to  dishearten  her  friends,  witli  wliom 
viic  was  now  ros(»lve('.  to  remain  until  she  had  hrought  the  war  to  a  eunclu- 
Miiii.'  Sill'  then  gave  iiinnediate  orders  for  laying  siego  at  the  fame  time 
t.i  the  foitilieil  towns  of  Medellin,  Merida,  and  i)eleytt>sa. 

At  this  juncture  the  infanta  l>ofia  Ik'atriz  of  Portugal,  sister-in  law  of 
Kin:,'  Alfonso,  and  maternal  aunt  of  Isahella,  touched  with  grief  at  the 
(.ilaiiiilics  in  which  she  saw  her  country  involved  hy  tlie  cliimerical  and)ition 
( f  iicr  brother,  otlered  herself  as  the  mediator  of  peace  lietwccn  the  U'lligerent 
natiiiiH.  Airreeably  to  her  j)roposal,  an  interview  to<»k  jdace  ])etween  her  and 
(^iiiccii  Isahella  at  the  frontier  town  of  Alcantara.  As  the  conferences  of  the 
fairiii'irotiators  experienced  nom;  of  the  endMirrassments  usually  incident  to 
>iiili  (k'liherations,  growing  out  of  jealousy,  distrust,  and  a  nnitual  design 
to  ovcrrc'vch,  hut  were  conducted  in  perfect  goiwl  faith,  and  a  sincere  desire, 
III  iKitii  sides,  of  estahlishing  a  cordial  reconciliation,  tliey  resulted,  after 
t'iu'lit  diivs"  discussion,  in  a  treaty  of  jieace,  with  whicli  tlie  I'ortuguese  infanta 
nttinicil  into  her  own  country,  in  order  to  ohtain  the  sanction  of  her  royal 
ludther.  The  articles  contained  in  it,  liowever,  were  t<io  unpalatahle  to 
rt<rivt'  an  immediate  assent ;  and  it  was  not  until  the  exjiiration  of  six 
iiioiitlis,  during  which  Isahella,  far  from  relaxing,  jiersevered  witli  increasetl 
(•i)ir::y  in  her  original  jilan  of  ojjerations,  that  the  treaty  was  formally  ratified 
liy  tiie  courr  of  Lishon  (Sept.  24,  1479)." 

It  was  stijtulated  in  this  compact  that  Alfonso  should  relinquish  the  title  and 
armorial  liearings  which  he  had  assumed  asking  of  Castile ;  that  he  shoidd 
rt'^^i^^ii  his  claims  to  the  hand  of  Joanna,  and  no  longer  maintain  her  jire- 
tt'iisioiis  to  the  Castilian  throne  ;  that  that  lady  slioidd  make  tlie  election 
within  six  months,  either  to  (juit  Portugal  for  ever,  or  to  remain  there  on  the 
(Hiiilitioii  of  wedding  Don  John,  the  infant  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isalxjlla,**  so 
sdiiii  as  he  should  attain  a  marriageable  age,  or  to  retire  into  a  convent  and 
take  the  veil ;  that  a  general  amnesty  shouhl  be  granted  to  all  such  Castilians 
as  had  supported  Joanna's  cause  ;  and,  finally,  that  tl;e  concord  l)etween  the 
two  nations  should  be  cemented  by  the  union  of  Alonso,  son  of  tne  prince  of 
I'^rtiigal,  with  the  infanta  Isabella  of  Castile." 

Thus  terminated,  after  a  duration  of  four  years  and  a  half,  the  War  of  the 
Snccrssioii.  Tt  had  fallen  with  peculiar  fury  on  the  l>order  provinces  of  Leon 
ami  Estremadura,  which,  from  tlieir  local  position,  had  necessarily  been  kept 
ill  constant  collision  with  the  enemy.  Its  baneinl  etlects  were  long  visimo 
tlioro,  not  only  in  the  general  devastation  and  distress  of  the  country,  but  in 
the  moral  disorganizxation  which  tho  licentious  and  predatory  habits  of  the 


_"  Ruy  do  Pina.  Clir6n.  d'ol  Rcy  Alfonso 
V.,(a[i.  liitG.-L.  ^iarineo,  C<>sa»  uiPmorablcs, 
f'l.  ItiO,  "67.— Pulgar,  Rpyf's  Cat^licos,  cap. 
•■'.  s:t,  90.—  Faria  y  Sousa.  Europa  I'ortu- 
L-Ksa,  t..i>  .  11.  pp.  420,  421.— Ferroras,  Hist. 
•!  K-])aj:iie,  torn.  vii.  p.  538.— Carbajal,  Anales, 
Ms,  afio  79  — Bemaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos, 
MS.,  cap.  28,  36,  37. 


'*  Born  the  proccdlnp  yoar,  June  2Pth, 
147H.     Carbajal,  AnalcR,  MS.,  anno  e(Hlpni. 

'  L.  ;uarini'o,  Cosas  uioniorubloc,  fol.  168. 
— Pulgar,  Reyes  Catfilicos,  tap.  'Jl.-Faria  y 
S<jusa,  Kuropa  Portuffuesa,  toni.  ii.  pp.  420, 
421.— Ruyde  Pino,  Cbr6n.  d'el  Key  Alfonso 
v.,  cap.  206. 


I'M 


ACCKSSION  OK  FERDINAND  AND   ISABKLLA. 


Ktltliors  noroRfinrily  intrn<liirofl  aninnfj  a  simple  r»Pa>jantry.  Tn  n  ro  Pdiial  nu?, 
Ii(iw«'v<'r,  tin'  war  lia<l  tcrmiiiatt'sl  nmst  triiiinpnantlv  fur  I.alx'lla,  wlox'^si, 
anil  viptntns  adininistratinn, M'<'oi»(lt'<lliy  her  hiisljainlH  vijjilaiicr,  lia<l  "li-tellii; 
tli(>  storm  wliicli  tlii'i'aU'iirtl  to  ovcrwiiclin  hrr  fmin  alimad,  ami  <>>talili.>U| 
lnT  ill  umli-tiirln'il  |»os,st's,si»tn  nf  the  tliiuiu'  nf  her  ainestors. 

Joanna's  intt'ivsts  alone  wi  re  conipromised,  or  rather  sacrifKcd,  1  y  tl^ 
treaty.  Slic  readily  <liscerned  in  the  jirovision  for  her  man iaj:e  with  nn  infai' 
still  ill  the  cradle,  only  a  flimsy  veil  intended  to  dismiise  the  kinj,' of  roiiii.n,. 
(UM'itioii  of  her  cause.  Disgusted  witii  a  world  in  which  she  had  jiitlnrt. 
e.\|ierieiiced  iKithinj^  hut  misfortuiui  herself,  and  iK'en  the  innocent  (uiiNtM! 
so  iiiiich  to  others,  she  determined  to  renoiiiMJO  it  for  ever,  and  seek  a  sjicite: 
ill  tlu!  ixuicefiil  shades  of  the  cloistor.  She  accordinj,'ly  entered  the  coii\«'!iti; 
Santa  Clara  at  Coimhra,  where,  in  the  following;  year,  she  ]»rononii(t'(|  il. 
irrev(K'alile  vows  which  divorce  the  unhappy  snltject  of  them  for  "ver  fnuiilnr 
8p(!cies.  Two  envoys  from  Ciustiie,  Ferdinand  de  Talaveui,  Isaheila's  (onfcw,!, 
and  Dr.  Diaz  de  Madrigal,  one  of  her  council,  assisted  at  tliis  allectiii^'  (crn 
nioiiy  ;  and  the  reverend  father,  in  a  copious  exh(»rtation  aihlressed  tn  ti,-- 
voiitlifiil  novice,  assured  her  "that  she  had  chosen  the  hetter  part  aiprovci 
in  tli((  Fvanj,'elists  ;  that,  as  spouse  of  the  church,  her  chastity  w(»iild  ) c  pr 
lilie  of  all  spiritual  delights;  her  s\ibjection,  liberty,— the  only  true  liU'rty, 
jiartakinj;  more  of  Heaven  than  of  earth.  No  kinsman,"  continued  tlie  liiv 
niterested  jtreacher,  "  no  true  friend,  or  faithful  counsellor,  would  divert  vun 


V  30 


from  so  holy  a  piiroose. 

Not  long  after  this  event.  King  Alfonso,  penetrated  with  grief  at  the  loss  of 
hi.s  destiiKMl  bride, — "the  excellent  lady,"  as  the  Portuguese  continued  tofiv; 
her, — resolved  to  imitate  her  examjile,  and  exchange  his  royal  robes  for  tl.>^ 
humble  habit  of  a  Franciscan  friar.  lie  conseciuently  made  iirei)aiati()ii  ir 
resigning  his  crown  anew',  and  retiring  to  the  monastery  of  Varatojo,  on  a  Mr;ik 
eminence  near  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  when  he  suddenly  fell  ill,  at  Oiiuiii,  n  i 
disorder  which  terminated  his  exi.stence,  on  the!28th  of  Aiigust,  1481.  Aifdii  i.« 
fiery  character,  in  which  all  the  elements  of  love,  chivalry,  and  religion  wtiv 
blended  together,  resembled  that  of  some  paladin  of  romance  ;  as  the  chiineriial 
enterprises  in  which  he  was  perpetually  engaged  seem  rather  to  belong  to  the 
age  of  knight-eirantry  than  tu  the  fifteenth  century.*' 

In  the  beginning  of  the  same  year  in  which  the  pacification  with  Portud 
secured  to  the  sovereigns  the  undisjuitcnl  possession  of  Castile,  another  crown 
(U'volved  on  Ferdinand  by  the  death  of  his  father,  the  king  of  Aragon,  «li" 
expired  at  liartelona,  on  the  20th  of  January,  1479,  in  the  eighty-thin!  year 


■'"  Euy  de  Pinii,  Cliron.  d'cl  Roy  Alfonso 
v.,  Ciij).  20.  Farla  y  Sous.i,  Kuropa  Fortu- 
KUisa,  loni.  \\.  p.  421.  — I'lilgar,  Iliye.s  ('at6- 
licos.  Clip.  92.—  L.  Marinco  Hpeuks  of  the 
.sV/loro  tiiuy  txcehnle,  as  an  inniato  of  the 
( loi-tcr  at  iho  pi'ri< d  in  whicli  ho  was  writing, 
ir)22(f()l.  KJs).  Notwithstanding  lior  "  irro- 
VDcahlo  vows,"  liDWCvcr,  .Joanna  si  vcral  times 
(|uiltc(l  tlio  mnnastory,  and  maintained  a 
royal  sta'o  nn.I'T  the  jirotcction  of  the  Portu- 
guese iiiouare'is,  who  occasiunally  threatened 
to  revive  I  or  dorinant  claims  to  the  prejudice 
of  the  Castlliuii  sovereigns.  She  may  W  said, 
conseque'itlv,  to  have  formed  the  pivot  on 
w  hich  turned,  lurl  ig  her  whole  life,  tlie  diplo- 
matic  relatiors  between  the  courts  of  Ca^tUe 
ai  d  roitugal,  and  to  have  been  a  principal 


cause  of  those  frequent  intemiarriap'^s  be- 
tween the  royal  families  of  tlie  two  rumitri" 
by  which  Fi  rdinand  and  Isabella  IioikhI  to 
detach  the  Portuguese  crown  from  lii  r  ii  t" 
rests.  Joanna  affected  a  roj-al  style  ami  mac- 
nificence,  and  (*ub8cril)od  herself  •'  I  th' 
Queen,"  to  the  last.  She  died  in  the  )iaUi> 
at  Lis»x)n,  in  l.VtO,  in  the  69lh  year^flir 
age,  having  survived  most  of  her  anciot 
friends,  suitors,  and  competitors. — F(iania> 
hi-t(>ry  subsefjuent  to  her  taking  the  vdl  hi- 
been  collectcKl,  with  his  usual  pre(  i-ioii,  ly 
Reftor  Clemencin,  Mem.  de  la  Aciid.  do  Hi*'  • 
torn,  vi.,  Ilnst.  19. 

"  Faria  v  .Sousa,  Europa  Portugueca,  torn 
11.  p.  423.— Ruy  de  Plna,  Chr6n.  del  lui 
Alfonso  v.,  cap.  212. 


H;-t  deE  pHiia(ed.'Vi 


ADMIN ISTRATIDN  OF  CASTILK. 


Itl 


of  his  aL'f."  Such  wf.s  his  ailmimhle  constitution,  tliat  Ih»  rotiinod  not  only 
111-  iiiti'|;t'<  tual  iMit  his  IkmUIv  vicoiir  unini|<air«><t  U>  the  Iftst.  liis  lon'4  lifV  was 
,,.ii>iiiiit"l  in  <ivil  faction  or  Toreiun  wars  ;  and  his  restless  spirit  scchumI  to  tako 
M'.i.lit  111  these  tMinnltU(»iiss(«'n«'s,  as  liest  fitted  to  develop  its  various  ener^^e.s. 
II,'  iiiiiilpiiied,  however,  with  this  intrepid  anil  even  ferocious  tenij»er,  an  addres.s 
1,1  the  iii:iiia^einent  of  allaiis,  whirli  h-d  him  to  rely,  fur  the  a<ronii»lishnieiit 
,,f  |ii»  |iiiipo.<es  iiiut  h  iiKtre  on  ne.u'otiation  than  on  p(»sitive  force.  Uv  inav  )•(» 
>i\\<\  til  have  Inrn  one  of  the  lirst  nionarchs  who  hr'^O'^l-.t  into  voltuo  that  refnied 
s, itiice  i.f  the  cahinet,  which  was  so  profoundly  8tii(iie<l  hv  statesmen  at  tlie 
,|(WM)f  the  tift«'enth  century,  and  on  which  his  own  son  l«Vrdinan(l  furnished 
tlie  iiiDst  practical  comnu-ntary. 

The  Clown  of  Navarro,  which  ho  hafl  so  shftTnel«»ssIy  usuri)ed,  (h'vojved,  on 
hi,  ilecease,  on  his  },^uilty  (hiu^diter  Leonora,  countess  of  Koix,  who,  jis  we  havo 
U  furc  noticed,  siirviveil  to  enjoy  it  only  three  short  weeks.  Am^on,  with  its 
txtcnsive  deiK'ndencies,  descendwl  to  Ferdinand.  Thus  the  two  crowns  of 
.Vnu'iiii  and  Castile,  after  a  separation  of  more  than  four  centuri<vs,  heramci 
iiiilissnliii)ly  iniited.  and  the  foundations  were  laid  of  the  ma<,MiiHcent  einpiro 
HJach  was  destined  to  overshadow  every  other  European  monarchy. 


CHAPTEP   VI. 


INTBRNAL  ADMINISTUATIOX  OF  OASTILB. 


1475-1482. 

Schemes  of  Ilcforni— Holy  Rrothcrlxxxl  -  Tumult  at  Sf  RovLa— Tho  Queen'R  Presence  of  Mind— 

St-vcrc  Kxei  uiioii  of  Just icf— Royal  rroure8«  through   AniUlu.'-la— U^'orgHiiiialloii  of  the 

Trilmmiis— C'ustiliai'  .JurispruJi.'iice — I'l.uis  for  nduciug  thf  Nobles     FlcvtKMtloii  of  (Jraiits 

—  Miliiiry  OnliTs  of  Ciistiie -Mantorslilps  aiiiicxt'd  to  thi!  Crown— Ecclesij.stlcal  Usurjm- 

iis  resisted — Restoration  of  Trade— Prowperity  of  the  Kingduiu. 

I  iiAVK  ileferred  to  the  present  chapter  a  consideration  of  the  im[)onant 
ihiiii^cs  introduced  into  the  interior  aihninistration  of  Castile,  after  the 
atrosion  of  IsalKilla,  in  order  to  present  a  connected  and  comprehensive 
MiHv  iif  tlicin  to  the  reader  without  interrupting  the  progress  of  the  military 
luirrativi".  The  subject  mav  alibrd  an  ai^reeable  relief  to  tlie  dreary  (h  t^iils  of 
l>i'Hii|  and  battle  with  which  wo  have  been  so  long  occupied,  and  wiiich  v.ero 
:i|iHv  converting  the  garden  of  Europe  into  a  wildenu«s.  Such  details, 
r.Aw\  strin  to  have  the  deepest  interest  for  contemporary  writers  ;  but  the 
i.v  of  jiosterity,  unclouded  by  personal  interest  or  passion,  turns  with  satis- 
li  lion  from  them  to  those  cultivated  arts  which  can  make  the  wilderness  to 
■  -^oiii  ;is  the  rose, 

li  there  be  any  being  on  earth  that  may  be  permitted  to  remind  us  of  the 
!'•  ity  liiiiiH'lf,  it  is  the  ruler  of  a  mighty  empire,  who  employs  the  high  p  iwers 
■'T .stcl  to  him  exclusively  for  the  benefit  of  his  people  ;  who,  endowed  with 
! 't''.'ectiial  gifts  corresponding  with  his  station,  in  an  age  of  comparative 
i>ir!;ui,iii,  endeavours  to  impart  to  his  land  the  light  of  civilization  wiiicii  illu- 
I'.iif^  ills  own  bosom,  and  to  create  from  the  elements  of  discord  the  beautiful 


J^srbajal.  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  79.— IfV-nial- 
''U  Kejes  Cuiollcos,  MS.,  cap.  42.-Mariaua, 
ili>i  deLpHnH(od.  Valeiicirt),  toni.  viii.  p. 


204,  note. — Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragon,  torn, 
ii.  fol.  295. 


122 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


fa])i-ic  of  social  order.  Such  was  Isabella ;  and  such  the  age  in  Avliich  shf 
lived.  And  fortunate  was  it  for  Spain  tliat  her  sceptre,  at  this  crisis,  wjt 
swayed  by  a  sovereii(n  possessed  of  sutticient  wisdom  to  devise,  and  ener^Tt,, 
execute,  the  most  salutary  schemes  of  reform,  and  thus  to  infuse  a  new  jini,. 
cii)le  of  vitality  into  a  j^overnment  fast  sinking  into  premature  decrcpitiuie. 

The  whoie  plan  of  reform  introduced  into  the  government  by  FerdiiuuKlan: 
Isabella,  or  more  properly  by  the  latter,  to  whom  the  internal  adiuinistratk 


of  Castile  was  princi 
of  her  reign.  But  t 
t.)  the  war  of  Granai 


)ally  referretl,  was  not  fully  unfolded  until  the  C()iii|)ietio; 
»e  most  important  modifications  were  adojjted  pieviini>;T 
a  in  1482,  liiese  may  be  embraced  under  the  folldwnij 
heads.  I.  The  elHcient  administration  of  justice.  11.  The  codihcatiun  nfthi 
laws.  111.  The  dejjression  of  the  nobles.  IV,  The  vindication  of  cale-Lv 
tical  rights  belon^ang  to  the  crown  from  the  usurpation  of  the  i)ai)al  see.  V. 
The  regulation  of  trade.    VI.  The  pre-eminence  of  the  royal  authority. 

I.  The  administration  of  justice.  In  the  dismal  anarchy  which  prevailed  i; 
Henry  the  Fourth's  reign,  the  authority  of  the  monarch  and  of  the  royai 
iutlges  had  fallen  into  such  contempt  that  the  law  was  entirely  withcjiit  kit 
The  cities  afforded  r.:-  better  protection  than  the  open  country.  Every  maii! 
hand  seemed  to  be  lifted  against  his  neighbour.  Projierty  was  plumlei^; 
persons  were  violated  -,  the  most  holy  sanctuaries  i)rofaned  ;  and  the  iiiiiin'r"!!- 
fortresses  scattered  througliout  the  country,  instead  of  sheltering  the  •  ak. 
converted  into  dens  of  robbers.'  Isabella  saw  no  better  way  of  checkiii;  &;■.■> 
imbounded  license  than  to  direct  against  it  that  popular  engine,  tlie  ^nnii 
Jlermaaddd,  or  Holy  Brotherhood,  which  had  more  than  once  shaken  \k 
Castilian  monarchs  on  their  throne. 

The  i)rojeot  for  the  reorganization  of  this  institution  was  introduced  into 
the  cortes  held,  the  year  after  Isabella's  accession,  at  Madrigal,  in  147().  I: 
was  carried  into  effect  by  the  junta  of  deputies  from  the  diil'erent  cities  i 
the  kingdom,  convened  at  Duefias  in  the  same  year.  The  new  institution 
dillered  essential'y  from  the  ancient  hermandades,  since,  instead  of  \mx 
])artial  in  its  extent,  it  was  designed  to  embrace  the  whole  kingdom ;  aini 
instead  of  l)eing  directed,  as  luid  often  been  the  case,  against  the  crown  itseii, 
it  was  set  in  motion  at  the  suggestion  of  the  latter,  -and  limited  in  its  Optra- 
tion  to  the  maintenance  of  public  order.  The  crimes  reserved  for  its  jurisdic- 
tion were  all  violence  or  theft  committed  on  the  highways  or  in  the  oiien 
country,  and  in  cities  by  such  offenders  as  escaped  into  the  country ;  house- 
breaking  ;  rape  ;  and  resistance  of  justice.  The  specification  of  these  crimen 
•shows  their  f renuency ;  and  the  reason  for  designating  the  open  country, aj 
the  particidar  tneiitre  for  the  operations  of  the  hermandad,  was  the  fa(ility 
which  criminals  possessed  there  for  eluding  the  pursuit  of  justice,  especially 
under  shelter  of  ths  strongholds  or  fortresses  with  which  it  was  plontifiiiiy 
studded. 

An  annual  contribution  of  eighteen  thousand  maravedis  was  assessed  on 
every  hundred  vecinos  or  householders,  for  the  equipment  and  maintenance ci 
a  horseman,  whose  duty  it  was  to  arrest  ottenders  and  enforce  the  sentence  ot 
the  law.    On  the  flight  of  a  criminal,  the  tocsins  of  the  villages  through  whiiii 


'  Among  other  examples,  Pulpar  mentions 
tliat  of  the  alcaydi'  of  Caftro-Nuno,  Pcdni  de 
^l('!K^^la,  who,  from  ♦he  fitroiifthulds  \:\  his 
possession,  committed  Bucli  grievous  dcviisla- 
tioiis  tiiiougiiout  tlie  country,  that  the  cities 
of  Burp  H,  Avila,  Salam  .nca,  Segovia,  Valla- 
dolid,  Medina,  and  others  in  tliat,  quarter, 
were  fain  to  pay  him  a  trilxite  ^blaclt  mail) 


to  protect  their  territories  from  his  rapaciij 
His  successful  example  was  iniitatril  Irviiiry 
other  kniglitly  frei-lwoters  of  the  }K'ri'«l 
(Reyes  'Ji'toUcos,  part,  'i,  cap.  6C.)— Si'f  a>' 
extracts  cited  by  Suez  from  manuscript  in'.irt- 
I  y  contemp'irafiesof  H,enry  IV.  Moiiedasds 
Pinrique  IV.,  pp.  1,  2. 


I  h'  was  snppn^od  to 

(if  the  Imithorhood, 

ui:il)  jiri>niiitne<s  a: 

|e>tahlislK'(l  in  ever; 

huthin  tilt' jurisdici 

js'i't'ciried  ca.'^os  to  a 

[fnini  the  cities  thrc 

lation  of  affairs,  an 

kho  siiperintendetl 

in  these  a.sseml)lies 

I  jrcneral,  at  Tordela 

hvritten  in  Mood,  ai 

jK'tty  larceny  was  j 

an  r the  law  was  a 

the  extreme  necessi 

diicteil  liv  shooting 

|.nni(les  that  "  the 

and  after  that  be  e: 

jiiiss  the  int>re  seem 

Notwithstanding 
ii'lvanta::t'sattendh 
an  u|ijiosition  from 
)io.e  on  their  author 
t.i  ettect  its  general 
p'at  wei:j;ht  from  ] 
irietor  in  the  nort 
vassals.  His  exam 
and  when  the  city  • 
t'l  receive  it,  it  spec 
standing  body  of  t 
iiK.nntetl,  was  place 
jToss  domestic  insu 
cftlie  hermamlad,  c 
exi^'encies  of  govern 
I'V  iniiiortant  suppli 
"'lice,  the  country  i 
'.mihtti,  as  well  as  ( 
tHJefy  the  law.  Tl 
(ieiiendeiitflischarge 
fii«'ial  onler,  so  long" 

The  important  b 
se  I'.retl  its  confirm.' 
}v;irs,  in  sjiite  of  tl 
iws,  the  objects  for 

'  Tbf  Qnaderno  of  the 

|il4'i  lii>  iiiw  lii'coni.-  vcr 
[«'-<->i()ii  u;isi)'iijt(>(i  ai 
u^ -iiu*' he.'i)  iiicorpurat 
l"-fM<iMii,  into  the  Reco] 
I  vu  d'Tiiode  las  Leyi 
|lin!id»d(liurgos,  1527\ 
[''•  '\  X  3ti,  37.— Pulg 
If  '^,  cap.  51.— L.  Ms 
I"",  ful.  160,  ed.  15.39. 


|i  H 


ADMINISTRATIOX  OF  CASTILE. 


123 


i  ho  w/i";  supposed  to  have  passed  were  sounded,  and  the  qvaflrilleros  or  officers 
i(,f  the  liriitlicrliood,  stationed  on  the  ditferent  points,  took  up  the  pursuit  with 


up 
of 


iHiili  iipiniptne^s  as  left  little  chance  of  escape.     A  court  of  two  alcaldes  was 
p^tiihlislie'l  in  every  town  containinii;  thirty  families,  for  the  trial  of  all  crimes 
I  \Mtliiii  tilt' .jurisdiction  of  the  hermandad ;  and  an  ajjpeal  lay  from  them  in 
Kjn'citiod  cases  to  a  supreme  council.     A  general  junt^i,  composed  of  deputies 
I  from  tlic  cities  throughout  the  kingdom,  was  annually  convened  for  the  regu- 
lation of  artairs,  and  their  instructions  were  transmitted  to  provincial  juntas 
I  who  suiicriiitended  the  execution  of  them.    The  laws  enacted  at  dillereut  times 
in  these  assemblies  were  compiled  into  a  code,  under  the  sanction  of  the  junta 
Lviieral,  at  Tordelagmia,  in  148.">.*    The  penalties  for  theft,  which  are  literally 
1  written  in  lilood,  are  specified  in  this  code  with  singular  precision.     The  most 
jkttv  larceny  was  jjumshed  with  stripes,  the  loss  of  a  member,  or  of  life  itself  ; 
[an  1  the  law  was  administered  with  an  unsparing  rigour,  which  nothing  but 
!  the  extreme  necessity  of  the  case  could  justify.     Capital  executions  were  con- 
Idinteii  liv  shooting  the  criminal  with  arrows.    The  enactment  relating  to  tliis 
l^roviile-  that  "  the  convict  shall  receive  the  sacrament  like  a  Catholic  Christian, 
lanlafter  that  be  executed  as  sj  jedily  as  possible,  in  order  that  his  soul  may 
j  jass  the  nidre  securely," ' 

Notwitlistiinding  the  popular  constitution  of  the  hermandadj  and  the  obvious 

j  alvaiitaizes  attending  its  introtlnction  at  this  juncture,  itexjterienced  so  decided 

an  oiijiosition  from  the  nobility,  who  discerned  the  check  it  was  likely  to  im- 

|io.e  on  their  authority,  that  it  required  all  the  queen's  address  and  j>erseverance 

[til  etieet  its  general  adojttion.   The  constable  de  Ilaro,  however,  a  nobleman  of 

kn-at  \veii!;iit  from  his  personal  character,  and  the  most  extensive  landed  pro- 

jirietor  in  the  north,  was  at  length  prevailed  on  to  introduce  it  among  his 

|va>>als.    His  example  was  gradually  followed  by  others  of  the  same  rank  ; 

ami  when  the  city  of  Seville  and  the  great  lords  of  Andalusia  had  consented 

|t  1  receive  it,  it  sj)eedily  became  established  throughout  the  kingdom.    Thus  a 

istaiulini,'  Iwdy  of  troops,  two  thousand  in  number,  thoroughly  etjuipped  and 

iiKunted,  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  crown,  to  enforce  the  law  and  sup- 

Ijiross  domestic  insurrection.   The  supreme  junta,  which  regulated  the  counsels 

(f  the  hermandad,  constituted  moreover  a  sort  of  inferior  cortes,  relieving  the 

exi.encies  of  government,  as  we  sliall  see  hereafter,  on  more  than  one  occasion, 

ly  iiiiiiortaut  supplies  of  men  and  money.    By  the  activity  of  this  new  military 

e,  the  country  was,  in  the  course  or  a  few  years,  cleare<l  of  its  swarms  of 

liunhtti,  as  well  as  of  the  robber  chieftains,  whose  strength  had  enabled  them 

t  nlefv  the  law.    The  ministers  of  justice  found  a  sure  protection  in  the  in- 

(ieiieiulent  discharge  of  their  duties  ;  and  the  blessings  of  personal  security  and 

RK'ial  oaler,  so  long  estranged  from  the  nation,  were  again  restored  to  it. 

The  important  l)enefits  resulting  from  the  institution  of  the  hermandad 
secured  its  contirmation  by  successive  cortes,  for  the  period  of  twenty-two 
Vt'ars,  in  spite  of  the  repeated  opposition  of  the  aristocracy.  At  length,  in 
lWS.the  objects  for  which  it  was  established  having  been  completely  obtained, 


'  The  Qnaikmo  of  tlie  laws  of  the  lierman- 

lii'l  Lis  II  iw  hcconi' viTy  ran'.    'I'liat  in  my 

i....,«>i„ii  was  p'iiitod  at  Hurpis.  in  l^JT.    It 

Ik ■incc iK>i'ii  iiieorporatid,  wjili  coiHidorablc 

|n:Hwiun,  into  the  Eeci.p.Lci.in  of  Philip  11. 

V"  d'Tiioilo  las  Lcyes  iiuevas  de  la  Her- 

jiiitoiad  1  IJurgos,   15'27\  leyes  1,  2,  ;t,  4,  5,  G, 

»'•  '■'•,  2U,  ;iti,  37.— Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos, 

It  ■■  .;,  rail.  51. — L.  .Marinoo,  Co^as  niemo- 

lf>'",  ful,  160,  ed.  1539. -Mem.  de  la  Acad. 


de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust.  4.— Carhaj.il,  Anales, 
M.S.,  afii)  76.— Lehrija,  Ucruin  (it".taruiii  De- 
cade.**, fil.  36.  —  Ky  one  of  tin-  Ihwh,  tlie  In- 
h.il)itaiit-(  of  such  seiKnorial  towns  as  rftus.'d 
to  pay  tlv  contributions  of  tlie  h^  ruiandad 
were  e.xcluil'd  tVoni  its  hi-netifs,  as  well  as 
from  trafllc  witli,  and  even  the  p<j\vfr  of 
II  covering  theli- debts  from,  oth;  r  nativeH  of 
the  kingdom.     Ley  33. 


124 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


it  was  deeme'.l  a(lvi.sa])le  to  relieve  the  nation  from  the  heavy  char:ros  wlii 
its  maintenance  imposed.    The  j.,Teat  salaried  oHicers  were  dismissed  ;  a  fn 
subordinate  functionaries  were  retained  for  the  administration  of  jiMiie.  o;.. 
whom  the  regular  courts  of  criminal  law  possessed  appellate  jurisdiction; »; 
the  ma^^Miificent  ajtparatus  of  the  Santa  Hennandad,  stripped  of  all  \m\\\ 
terrors  of  its  name,  dwindled  into  an  ordinary  jjolice,  such  as  it  has  exist,- 
with  various  inodirtca.tionH  of  form,  down  to  the  present  century.* 

Isabella  was  so  intent  on  the  prosecution  of  her  schemes  -^f  reform,  thi'  I 
even  in  the  mimiter  details,  she  fre(iueutlv  superintended  the  exeiiition  • 
them  herself.     For  this  she  was  admirably  ntted  by  her  personal  adij.-ess.ar: 
presence  of  mind  in  danger,  and  by  the  influence  which  a  conviction  of  he 
integrity  gave  her  over  the  minds  of  the  people.  A  remarkable  exeiiiiilifirati,;  [ 
of  this  occurred,  the  year  but  one  after  ner  coronation,  at  Segovia.    Thej 
liabitants,  secretly  instigated  by  the  bishop  of  that  place  and  sonieoftlid 
principal  citizens,  rose  .against  Cabrera,  maripiis  of  Moya,  to  whom  the  {rover. 
ment  of  the  city  had  l)een  intrusted,  and  who  had  made  himself  ireiierair 
unpopular  by  his  strict  discipline.    They  even  proceeded  so  far  as  to  ohu 
possession  of  the  outworks  of  the  citadel,  and  to  compel  the  deimty  o( 
alcdi/de,  who  was  himself  absent,  to  take  shelter,  together  with  the 'iirinrv i 
Isabella,  then  the  only  daughter  of  the  sovereigns,  in  the  interior  defennl 
where  they  were  rigorously  blockaded. 

The  queen,  on  receiving  tidings  of  the  event  at  Tordesillas,  mounted  hfr  I 
horse  and  proceeded  with  all  possible  despatch  towards  Segovia,  attended  \<\ 
Cardinal  Mendoza,  the  count  of  Benavente,  and  a  few  others  of  her  cjiirJ 
At  some  distiince  from  the  city,  she  was  met  by  a  deputtition  of  the  inhatiitai:;<J 
recpiesting  her  to  leave  behind  the  count  of  Benavente  and  the  inarchioiiess  i 
Moya  (the  former  of  whom  as  the  intimate  friend,  and  the  latter  as  thewiff.i 
of  the  alcayde,  we: e  peculiarly  obnoxious  to  the  citizens),  oi-  they  could  n; 
answer  for  the  consequences.     Isabella  haughtily  replied  that  "she  was mitviij 
of  Castile  ;  that  the  city  was  hers,  moreover,  by  right  of  inheritance ;  and  thatj 
she  was  not  used  to  receive  conditions  froia  rebellious  subjects."    Then,  iires>Lvj 
forward  with  her  little  retinue  through  one  of  the  gates,  which  remained  inth^j 
hands  of  her  friends,  she  effected  her  entrance  into  the  citadel. 

The  i)opulace,  in  the  mean  while,  assembling  in  greater  numbers  than! 
before,  continued  to  show  the  most  hostile  dispositions,  calling  out.  "Drtitlij 
to  the  alcayde  !  Attack  the  castle  ! "  Isabella  s  attendants,  territic^l  at  tlifj 
tumult,  and  at  the  preparations  which  the  people  were  making  tu  imt  theirj 
menaces  into  execution,  besought  their  mistress  to  cause  the  tiates  to  bel 
secured  more  strongly,  as  the  only  mode  of  defence  against  the  infuriate:!! 
iiiol).  liut,  instead  of  listening  to  their  counsel,  she  bade  them  ri'iiiaiij 
quietly  in  the  apartment,  and  descended  herself  into  the  court-yard,  where  4)?j 
(M'dered  the  portals  io  be  thrown  open  for  the  admissioii  of  the  ]ioi)]de.  >^i< 
stationed  herself  at  the  further  extremity  of  the  area,  and,  as  the  iiojiu1*d 
l»o,ued  in,  calmly  demanded  tlie  cause  of  the  insurrection.  "Tell  me,' si:! 
she,  "what  are  your  grievances,  and  I  will  do  all  in  my  power  to  redie-j 
them  ;  for  I  am  sure  tJiat  what  is  for  your  interest  must  be  also  for  mine, ail 
for  that  of  the  whole  city."  The  insurgents,  abashed  by  the  unexpc'.iol 
presence  of  their  sovereign,  .^s  well  as  by  her  cool  and  dignifie  1  (lenKaiiO'irJ 
rei  lied  that  all  they  desired  w .  x,he  removal  of  Cabrera  f it  m  the  guveniiiieif 


'  Recopilaclon  de  las  Lpyes  (Madiid,  1640\ 
lib.  8,  tit.  13,  ley  4J.— Zufliga,  Annalis  dii 
Sevilla,  p  379. — Pulaar,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  purt. 
2,  cap,  51  —Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  toiii. 


vi.  Uust.  6.— Lebrija,  Koriiin  'Ic^tirum 
cad.,  fol.  37,  38,— Las  Pragimitiiii'^  df'  K-: 
(SfiviUa,   loao),  fol,  85,— li,  Mciriiitv,  ' 
momorables,  fol  160. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


125 


the  citv.    "  He  is  deposed  already,"  an-^wered  the  qneen,  "  and  yon  liave 

av  iiulhnrity  to  turn  out  sncli  of  his  olticers  as  are  still  in  the  castle,  wlii'di 

i^hall  iiitrii".-;t  to  one  of  my  own  servants,  on  whom  I  can  rely."    The  people, 

icirioil  liy  these  assurances,  shouted,  "  Long  live  the  (pieeii  ! "  and  eagerly 

i^em'tl  to  ol»ey  her  mandates. 

After  thus  tuVnitu;  aside  the  edge  of  popular  fury,  Isabella  proceeded  with 

her  retinue  to  the  roval  residence  in  the  city,  attended  by  the  fickle  uniltitndo, 

ifiiMin  she  au'ain  addressed  on  arriving  there,  admonishing  them  to  return 

to  their  vitcatiniis,  as  this  was  no  time  for  calm  incpiiry,  and  promising  that,  if 

tii.v  woiilti  send  three  or   four  of  their  immber  to  her  on  the  morrow  to 

e'liirt  the  extent  of  their  grievances,  she  would  examine  into  the  atl'air, 

'l  render  j\istice  to  all  parties.     The  mob  accordingly  dispersed,  and  the 

iju.yii,  after  a  candid  examination,   having  ascertained  the  groundlessne-;s 

or  i:ro.^'>  exaggeration  of  the  charges  against  Cabrera,  and  traced  the  source 

f  the  conspiracy  to  the  jealousy  of  the  bishop  of  Segovia  and  his  associates, 

p'listjiteil  the  de[)Osed  alcayde  in  the  full  possession  of  his  dignities,  which 

nis  enemies,  either  convinced  of   the   altered  dispositions  of  the  people,  or 

..'lievuit,'  that   the   favourable   moment   for   resistjince  had   esciped,  made 

po  furtlier  attempts  to   disturb.    Thus  by  a  happy  presence  of  mind,  an 

i;lair  whidi  threatened,  at   its  outset,  disastrous  conse<piences,  was  settled 

Vithmit  bluudshed,  or  compromise  of  the  royal  dignity.* 

Ill  the  siunmer  of  the  following  year,  1477,  lsal)ella  resolved  to  pay  a  visit 

lE^treni.ulura  and  Andalusia,  for  the  purpose  of  com[)Osing  the  dissensions, 

ind  introducing  a  more  etbcient  poUce,  in  these  unhappy  provinces  ;  which, 

Mill  their  proximity  to   the   stormy  frontier  of  Portugjil,  as  well  as  from 

he  feiuls  la'tween  tlie  great  houses  of   Guzman  and   l*once  de  Leon,  were 

)liiiii;ed  in  tlie  most  frightful  anarchy.    Cardinal   Mendoza  and  her  other 

Diuisters  remonstrated  against  this  imprudent  exposure  of  her  person,  where 

(t  wfvs  so  little  likely  to  be  respected.     But  she  replied,  "  it  was  true  there 

lere  danu'ers  and  inconveniences  to  be  eiicountered ;  but  her  fate  was  in 

Is  hands,  and  she  felt  a  confidence  that  he  would  guide  to  a  prosperous 

;ie  such  designs  as  were  righteous  in  themselves  and  resolutely  conducted." 

UlK'lla  exi)erienced  the  most  loyal  and  magnificent  recei)tion  from  the 

ptialiitants  of  Seville,  where   she  established  her  head-cpiarters.    The  first 

'ays  of  her  residence  there  were  consumed  in  fHe^^  tourneys,  tilts  of  reeds, 

id  other  exercises  of  the  Castilian   chivalry.     After  this  she  devoted  her 

hole  tune  to  the  great  purpose  of  her  visit,  the  reformation  of  abuses. 

held  her  court  in  the  saloon  of  the  alcazar,  or  royal  castle,  where  she 

t>  t'd  the  ancient  practice  of  the  Castilian  sovereigns,  of  presiding  in  person 

ijer  'lie  administration  of  justice.     Every  Friday,  she  took  her  seat  \\\  her 

'air    f  state,  on   an   elevate<l  platform   covered  with  cloth  of  gold,  and 

nrroiiiiled  by  her  council,  together  with  the  subordinate  functionaries,  aul 

V  iibii;nia  of  a  court  of  justice.    The  meml>ers  of  her  privy  council,  and 

'  lilt  hij,di  court  of  criminal   law,  sat   in  their  official  capacity  every  day 

the  week,  and  the  ipieen  herself  received  such  suits  as  were  referred  to 

fr  aiijiidication,  saving  the  parties  the  usual  expense  and  procrastination 

f justice. 


-malefi,  MS.,  aflo  Y6. — Pulsar, 

JV"  (MoIhu,,  part.  2,  cap.  59. — Fcrrcras 

|i"i  1  E-paKiif,  torn,  viii,  p.  477.— Lebrija, 

fninniestaruiii  Decail,  fol.  41.  42.— tionzalo 

'"kilo  lavislies  many  eiiccmlums  oii  Ca- 

[*f».  fjr "  liis  generous  (luaUties,  his  singular 

'Jeace  la  government,  and  hiu  Bolicitude 


for  his  vassals,  whotn  he  Inspired  with  tlo 
deepest  attaehmctit."  ((^uiricu.iniiia'*,  M.S., 
bat.  1,  qiiiiic.  1,  dial.  '.Jt.)  Tlic  lK;st  pane- 
gyric on  his  character  is  the  unshaken  confi- 
dence which  his  royal  ralstresa  reposed  In  him 
to  the  day  of  her  death. 


120 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


Hy  the  extraordinary  despatch  of  the  queen  and  her  niiiiistors,  durir, 
the  two  months  that  she  resided  in  the  city,  a  vast  nunil)er  of  civil  a  . 
criminal  causes  were  disposed  of,  a  lar;;e  amount  of  phuidered  propcrty^v 
restored  to  its  hiwful  owners,  and  so  many  oli'enders  were  brou^dit  to  coni;."; 
jiunishnuMit,  tliat  no  less  than  four  tliousand  suspected  persons,  it  is  nm. 
puted,  terrjtied  by  the  i)rospect  of  speedy  retribution  for  tlicir  criiiif., 
e-icaped  into  the  neighbouring  kingdoms  of  Portugal  and  Gran;ulii.  Tw 
worthy  l)urghers  cf  Seville,  alarmed  at  this  rai»id  dei)opulation  of  the  o:tv. 
sent  a  (Ici)utation  to  tiie  (pieen,  to  deprecate  her  anger,  and  to  rcpn'r- 
that  faction  had  been  so  busy  of  late  years  in  their  unhappy  town,  ti ^ 
tliere  was  scarcely  a  family  to  be  found  in  it  some  of  whose  menitu'rswv- 
not  more  or  less  involved  in  the  guilt.  Isal)ella,  who  was  naturally  »!  i 
benign  disjjosition,  considering  that  enougdi  hail  i)robably  been  done  ; 
strike  a  salutary  terror  into  the  remaining  delimiuents,  was  willin.' ' 
temper  justice  with  mercy,  and  accordingly  grante<l  an  amnesty  for  a 
])ast  odences,  save  heresy,  on  the  condition,  however,  of  a  general  restitiith 
of  sucli  property  as  hjul  been  unlawfully  seized  and  retained  during  the  \m>. 
of  anarchy." 

IJut  Isabella  became  convinced  that  all  arrangements  for  establishin.:  ]»r 
manent  tran(juillity  in  Seville  would  be  inetlectual  so  long  as  the  feud  (■;: 
tinned  between  the  great  families  of  Guzman  and  Ponce  de  iieon.  The  iliike 
of  Medina  Sidonia  and  the  manpiis  of  Cadiz,  the  heads  of  these  houses.  h;i: 
possessed  themselves  of  the  royal  towns  and  fortresses,  as  well  as  of  tlio^ 
which,  belonging  to  the  city,  were  scattered  over  its  circumjacent  territ  r., 
where,  as  has  been  previously  stated,  they  carried  on  war  against  euch  (jtht:. 
like  indei)endent  potentates.  The  former  of  these  grandees  had  h\  i  tii» 
loyal  supporter  of  Isabella  in  the  War  of  the  Succession.  The  niiui[ui>  oi 
Cadiz,  on  the  other  hand,  connected  by  marriage  with  the  liouse  of  P;uh('<  ^ 
had  cautiously  withheld  his  allegiance,  although  lie  had  not  testified  his  Imstili:;. 
by  any  overt  act.  While  the  queen  was  hesitating  as  to  the  course  she  shoiii 
pursue  in  reference  to  the  marquis,  who  ntill  kept  himself  aloof  in  his  foititiei 
castle  of  Xerez,  he  suddeidy  presented  himself  by  Uj^ht  at  her  resilience  in 
Seville,  acconqjanied  only  by  two  or  three  attendants.  He  took  this  >t<';, 
doubtless,  from  the  conviction  that  the  Portuguese  faction  had  nothing  further 
to  hope  in  a  kingdom  where  Isabella  reigned  not  only  by  the  fortune  of  war, 
but  by  the  affections  of  the  people  ;  and  he  now  eagerly  proffered  hisallei.wi' 
to  her,  excusing  his  previous  conduct  as  he  best  coulu.  The  queen  was  tiv 
well  satisfied  with  the  submission,  however  tardy,  of  this  fornudahle  va^silL 
to  civU  him  to  severe  account  for  past  delinquencies.  She  exacted  froin  liiin. 
however,  the  full  restitution  of  such  domains  and  fortresses  as  he  had  filohei 
from  the  crown  and  from  the  city  of  Seville,  on  condition  of  similar  coneessiniii 
by  his  rival,  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia.  She  next  attempted  to  est<il>li>ii  '^ 
reconciliation  between^these  belligerent  grandees ;  but,  aware  tnat,  however 
pacific  might  be  their  demonstrations  for  the  present,  there  could  he  litte 
hope  of  permanently  allaying  the  inherited  feuds  of  a  century  whilst  tlie 
neighbourhood  of  the  parties  to  each  other  must  necessarily  multiply  fre>:i 
causes  of  disgust,  she  caused  them  to  withdraw  from  Seville  to  their  estate; 
in  the  country,  and  by  this  expedient  succeeded  in  extinguishing  the  llaiue  ei 
discord.^ 


"  ZuftiK'i,  Annale.H  de  SevUla,  p.  391.— 
Pulgar,  Reyes  CatoUcop,  part.  '2,  cap.  65,  7i), 
71.-  Bernaliloz,  Ri-yos  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  29. 
-— Carbajttl,  Aiiales,aIioT7. — L.  Marineo,  Cosaa 


luemorablcs,  fol.  162  ;  who  says  no  less  thi3 
8000  guiUv  lied  from  .Seville  an<l  <'<'nlovi 

'  Ikrnaidpz,  Heyes  Catollcos,  MS.,  (■'?'■>■ 
— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  fol.  2-i3.-Zumg^ 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


127 


In  the  followini,'  year,  147S,  Isalx'lla  accompanied  her  hushand  in  a  tour 

IthroiiLrh  Aii'laliisia,  for  the  iinnie(Hate  puri>ose  of  reconnoitring  the  coast. 

In  tilt"  *"""r^e  of  this  prof^resa,  tiiev  were  spfendiiliy  entertained  by  the  (hike 

L,„l  inaniuis  at  tlicir  patrimonial   estates.     They  afterwards  proceedtvl  to 

[Oinlnva,  where  they  adopted  a  similar  policy  to  that  nnrsned  at  Seville, 

(^inint'lliiii:  the  count  de  Cabra,  comiecteil  witli  the  I)1(km1  royal,  and  Alonso 

d'' Auniiliir,  lonl  of  Montilla,  whose  factions  had  long  desolated  this  fair  city, 

t'l  uitlnlnvw  into  the  country,  and  restore  the  iinnieiise  possessions  which 

tlit'V  had  usuri»ed  both  from  the  nnmicipality  and  the  crown.* 

("iiieoxaiuplo  among  others  may  be  mentionedj  of  the  rectitude  and  severe 
impartiality  witii  »vhich  Isabella  administered  justice,  that  occurred  in  the 
ca'^e  t'f  a  wealthy  Galician  knight,  named  Alvaro  Yahez  de  l^ugo.  This 
iicrsnn,  Wing  convicted  of  a  capital  oft'ence,  attended  with  the  most  aggra- 
vatiiiiT  (ininnstances,  sought  to  obtain  a  connnutation  of  his  punishment  by 
tht'iiayiiiciit  of  forty  thousand  dohlas  of  gold  to  the  queen,  a  sum  excet^ding  at 
Itliat  time  the  annual  rents  of  the  crown.  Some  of  Isal)ella's  counsellors  would 
|li;ive  iii'r>iiaded  her  to  accept  the  donative  and  anpronriate  it  to  the  pious 
I  jmrposcs  of  the  Moorish  war.  But,  far  from  being  blinde*!  by  their  so[)histry, 
f.h<'  sulh'red  the  law  to  take  its  course,  and,  in  order  to  place  lier  conduct 
alK)\T  .ncry  sus|)icion  of  a  mercenary  motive,  allowed  his  estates,  which  might 
It'.'ally  have  been  confiscated  to  the  crown,  to  descend  to  his  natural  heii-s. 
>otliing  contributed  more  to  re-establish  trie  supremacy  of  law  in  this  reign 
than  the  certainty  of  its  execution,  without  res])ect  to  wealth  or  rank  ;  for  the 
iiisiilK)nliiiatiun  prevalent  throughout  Castile  was  chietiy  imputable  to  persons 
of  this  (le-criiition,  who,  if  they  failed  to  defeat  justice  by  force,  were  sure  of 
duins:  so  by  the  corru|>tion  of  its  ministers." 

Fcnliiiaiid  and  Isabella  employed  the  same  vigorous  measures  in  the  other 
jkirts  of  their  dominions,  whicli  had  proved  so  successful  in  Andalusia,  for  the 
extirpation  of  the  hordes  of  banditti,  and  of  the  robber-knights,  who  ditl'eretl 
ill  no  respect  from  the  former  but  in  their  superior  power.  In  Galicia  aloiu\ 
tifty  fortresses,  the  strongholds  of  tyranny,  were  razed  to  the  ground,  ana 
fiteen  hundred  malefactors,  it  was  computed,  were  compelled  to  liy  the  king- 
dom. "  The  wretched  iidiabitants  of  the  mountains,"  says  a  writer  of  that 
a^re, "  who  had  long  since  despaired  of  justice,  blessed  God  for  their  deliverance, 
as  it  were,  from  a  deplorable  captivity."  '"^ 

While  the  sovereigns  were  thus  personally  occupied  with  the  suppression  of 
domestic  discord,  and  the  establishment  of  an  ethcient  i)olice,  they  were  not 
inattentive  to  the  higher  tribunals,  to  whose  keeping,  chieHy,  were  intrusted 
the  personal  rights  and  property  of  the  stibject.  They  reorganized  the  royal 
or  [irivy  coimcil,  whose  powers,  although,  as  has  been  noticed  in  the  Introduc- 
ti'ii  principally  of  an  administrative  nature,  had  been  gradually  encroacliing 
"ii  tlmso  of  the  superior  courts  of  law.  During  the  last  century,  this  body 
la  1  ( onsi^ted  of  prelates,  knights,  and  lawyers,  Avhose  nmnl)ers  and  relative 
I'l'tortions  had  varied  in  diflcrent  times.  The  right  of  the  great  ecclesiastics 
and  nobles  to  a  seat  in  it  was,  indeed,  recognized,  but  the  transaction  of 
W>iness  was  reserved  for  the  counsellors  specially  appointed."     Much  the 

A  .iialps  do  Sovilla,  p.  382.— Lebrija,  Rerum 
''•■'tiriim  Decades,  lib.  7.— L.  Maiinco,  Cosas 
i!.fiii.,ral)h-s,  iiln  supra.  Garibay,  Compendio, 
ll'lScap.  11. 

•  Biriialdoz,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  MS.,  cap.  30. 
-Pulsar,  Itcyos  Catolicoa,  part.  '2,  cap.  78. 
'•Kn  limy  iiicliiiada,"  says  Pulgar,  "& 
I  iKer justicia,  taiito  que  le  era  iiiiputado  seguir 


Ilk 


maa  la  via  de  rigor  que  de  la  pi<dad  ;  y  esto 
facia  pnr  remediar  i  la  pvan  corriipcion  de 
crfuiiiies  que  fallo  en  el  Ueyno  quaiido  sul)- 
cedio  <ii  el."     Reyes  ("at<'>licos,  p.  37. 

'"  I*ulf?ar,  ReyeH  Catolico'  part.  "2,  cap.  97, 
98. — Ij.  Marliiio,  Cosas  inciuoiables,  fol.  ]6'2. 

"  Ordeiiain;as  Reales  de  Ca^tilla  ilhir^^os, 
1528),  Ub.  '2,  tit.  3,  ley  31. -ibis  coiiBtitu- 


128 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


larger  proportion  of  tliese,  ])y  the  new  arrangement,  was  made  nn  of  jnrivt, 
whose  professional  education  and  experience  eminently  (pialitied  tneiii  for  ti,i> 
stjition.  The  si)ecific  duties  and  interior  management  of  the  coiunil  Ht:> 
jirescriljed  with  sutiicient  accuraov.  Its  authority  as  a  court  of  justice  n;v, 
carefully  limited  ;  but,  as  it  was  charged  with  the  principal  executive  dnth 
of  government,  it  was  consulted  in  all  imi)ortant  transactions  by  the  sm>. 
reigns,  who  paid  great  deference  to  its  opinions,  and  very  fre(piently  as^i.^talat 
its  deliberations.'* 

No  change  was  made  in  the  high  criminal  court  of  alcaldes  de  corte,  exajt 
in  its  f(jruis  of  proceeding.  But  the  royal  audience,  or  chancery,  the  sii]iri'i!..' 
and  final  court  of  aj^peal  in  civil  causes,  was  entirely  remodelled.  Tlie  \l\ut 
of  its  sittings,  before  indeterminate,  and  consequently  occasioning^  siiiiili 
trouble  and  cost  to  the  litigants,  was  fixed  at  Valladolid.  J^aws  were  jiasx-i 
to  ])rotect  the  tribunal  from  the  interference  of  the  crown,  and  the  (luwinva, 
careful  to  fill  the  bench  with  magistrates  whose  wisdom  and  integrity  woiiid 
atlbrd  the  best  gUiarantee  for  a  faithful  interpretation  of  the  law.'* 

In  the  cortes  of  iMadrigal  (1476),  and  still  more  in  the  celebratcil  one  f 
Toledo  (1480),  many  excellent  provisions  were  made  for  the  etpiitable  adiiiim.. 
tration  of  justice,  as  well  as  for  regulating  the  tribunals.  The  judges  weret" 
ascertain  every  week,  either  by  personal  insj)ection  or  report,  the  comlitioii  li 
the  prisons,  the  number  of  the  prisoners,  and  the  nature  of  the  oiiciices  fftr 
which  they  were  confined.  They  were  re<iuired  to  bring  them  to  a  s])e  'it 
trial,  and  aft'ord  every  facility  for  their  defence.  An  attorney  was  providtii 
at  the  public  ex[)ense,  under  the  title  of  "advocate  for  the  poor,"  wlio^e  duty 
it  was  to  defend  the  suits  of  such  as  were  unable  to  maintain  them  at  tlin: 
own  cost.  Severe  penalties  were  enacted  against  venality  in  the  jii(Lt\,i 
gross  evil  under  the  preceding  reigns,  as  well  as  against  such  counsel  as  t'*  k 
exorbitant  fees,  or  even  maintained  actions  that  were  manifestly  unjust. 
Finally,  commissioners  were  appointed  to  inspect  and  make  rei»ort  oif  theiiFM- 
ceedings  of  mimicipal  and  other  inferior  courts  throughout  the  kingdom.'^ 


The  sovereigns 


tional— though,  as  it  would  seem,  impotent — 
right  of  the  nobility  is  noticed  by  Sempere. 
(Hist,  des  Cortes,  pp.  123,  129.)  It  should 
not  liave  i^scaped  Maiina. 

'^  \Ah.  2,  tit.  3,  of  the  Ordenan^as  Rcales  is 
devoted  to  the  royal  council  The  number 
of  the  members  was  limited  to  one  prelate,  aa 
president,  tlin-e  knights,  and  eight  or  nine 
jurists.  (I'rrtlogo.)  The  sessions  were  to  be 
held  everyday,  in  the  palace.  (Ijcyes  1,  2.) 
Tliey  were  inatructid  to  refer  to  the  other 
tribunals  all  matters  not  s'.rictly  coming 
within  their  own  jurisdiction.  (Ley  4.)  Their 
acts,  in  all  cases  except  those  specially  re- 
served, were  to  have  the  force  of  law  without 
tiie  royal  signature.  (Leyes  23,  24.)  See  al.so 
Los  Doctores  Asso  y  Manuel.  Instituciones 
del  Derecho  civil  de  Castilla  (Jiadrid,  1T1»J), 
Introd.  p.  Ill;  and  Santiago  Agustin  Riol, 
Informe,  apud  Semanario  erudito  (Madrid, 
17.^8),  toin.  iii.  p.  114,  who  is  mistaken  in 
stating  the  nunil)er  of  jurists  in  the  council, 
at  this  time,  at  sixteen,— a  change  which  did 
not  tjike  j)lace  till  Philip  II. 's  reign.  (Uecop. 
de  las  Leyes,  lib.  2,  tit.  4,  ley  1.) 

Marina  di^nies  that  the  council  could  con- 
stitutionally exercise  any  judicial  authority, 
at  It'ast  in  suits  Ix'tween  private  parties,  and 
quotes  a  passage  from  Pulgar,  showing  that 


its  usurpations  in  this  way  were  restrained  bjr 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  (Teorli,  pan.  i 
cap.  29.)  Po.vers  of  this  nature,  iiowevi-r.tj 
a  considerable  extent,  appear  to  liave  b^s 
conceded  to  it  by  more  than  one  statute  undT 
this  reign.  See  Recop.  de  las  Leyts(iib2. 
tit.  4,  leyes  20,  22,  and  tit.  5,  ley  ri),  m\  th- 
unqualified  testimony  ot  Iliol,  lufuriue,  apuJ 
Semanario  erudito,  ubi  supra. 

'■*  Ordenan<jas  Reales,  lib.  9,  tit.  4.— Mariiis. 
Teorfa  de  la.s  Cortes,  part.  2,  cap. '.  5. 

By  one  of  the  statutes  (ley  4),  the  ojmnii*- 
sion  of  the  judges,  which  befire  e.xtiiidiJ ;.' 
life,  or  a  long  period,  was  abridpd  to  > ;: 
year.  This  important  innovation  was  mad-' 
at  the  earnest  and  repeated  remoimtranc-  f 
cortes,  who  traced  the  remissness  ami  toiriii- 
tion,  too  frequent  of  l;\te  In  the  court,  lu  tl- 
circumstance  that  its  decisions  were  notliab!* 
to  be  reviewed  during  life.  (Teorii,  uhi 
supra.)  The  legisl.iture  probably  mi-HHik  ;1.- 
true  cause  of  the  evil.  Few  will  iloiibt,  »i 
any  rate,  that  the  remedy  proposed  must  l:«v^ 
been  fraught  with  far  greater. 

'*  Ordonan(;as  locales,  lib.  2,  tit.  1,3, 4, '.J. 
16,  17,  19;  lib.  ;t,  tit.  2.— Recop.  do  las  Leys 
lib.  2,  tit.  4,  5,  Hi.— Pulgar,  Reyes  CatolioA 
part.  2,  cap.  94. 


ADMINISTRATION  OP  CASTILE. 


I '20 


The  soverei;;ns  testified  their  respect  for  the  law  by  rcviviiiLj  the  ancient  hut 
oiixilftc  ipractice  of  presiding  personally  in  the  tribunals,  at  least  once  a  \*cek. 
"1  well  remeniher,"  says  one  of  their  court,  *'  to  have  seen  the  ([ueen,  to-etlu-r 
witli  the  Catliolic  kin];,  lier  husband,  sittinij  in  judi;nieiit  in  the  alia/iir  of 
M;i'lii'l,  every  Friilay,  (iisi)ensii)cc  justice  to  all  such,  ^n-eat  and  small,  as  came 
to  (leniaiid  it.  This  was  indeed  the  golden  age  oif  justice,"  continues  the 
oiithusiiistic  writer,  "and  since  our  sainted  mistress  has  been  taken  from  ns, 
it  has  liot'u  more  ditlicult,  and  far  more  costly,  to  transact  business  with  a 
.stiiiilin:,'  "f  a  secretary,  than  it  was  with  the  (pieen  and  all  her  ministers."  '* 

jU  the  nii»diticationa  then  introduced,  the  basis  was  laid  of  the  judiciary 
system,  su<'li  as  it  has  been  perjtetuated  to  the  present  age.  The  lawac<[uirrd 
an  aiitliniity  which,  in  the  language  of  a  Spanish  write,  "caused  a  di'cree, 
si,'n('(l  hy  two  or  three  judges,  to  Ikj  more  respected  since  that  time  than  an 
iiniiy  hefore.''  "  But  i)erhaps  the  results  of  this  Imj)roved  administration 
laiiiKit  l)e  better  conveyed  than  in  the  words  of  an  eye-witness.  "Whereas," 
siiys  i'ulgar,  "  the  kingdom  was  previously  filled  with  banditti  and  malefactors 
of  every  description,  who  committed  the  most  diabolic^il  excesses,  in  c»pen 
(oiitoii)i>t  of  law,  there  was  now  such  terror  impressed  on  the  hearts  of  all, 
that  no  one  dared  to  lift  his  arm  against  another,  or  even  to  assail  him  with 
ciiiitnnclioiis  or  discourteons  language.  The  knight  and  the  S(piire,  who  had 
hi-fore  ojiiiressed  the  labourer,  ^'ere  intimidated  by  the  fear  of  that  justice 
which  was  sure  to  be  executed  on  them  ;  the  roads  were  swept  of  the  banditti ; 
the  fortresses,  the  .strongholds  of  violence,  were  tlirown  open,  a!^d  the  whole 
iiatiun,  restored  to  tran(piillity  and  order,  sought  no  other  redress  than  that 
attonlfd  by  the  operation  of  the  law,"  " 

II.  Codification  of  the  Iaw.s.  Whatever  reforms  might  have  been  introduced 
into  the  Castilian  judicatures,  they  would  have  been  of  little  avail  without  a 
(orresponding  improvement  in  the  system  of  jurisprudence  Ity  which  their 
decisions  were  to  be  regulated.  This  was  made  up  of  the  Visigothic  code,  as 
the  hasis,  ihofueros  of  the  Castilian  princes,  as  far  back  as  the  eleventh  century, 
and  the  "Siete  Partidas,"  the  famous  compilation  of  Alfonso  the  Tenth, 
(li,'ested  chiefly  from  maxims  of  the  civil  law.'*  The  deficiencies  of  these 
ancient  codes  had  been  gradually  supplied  by  such  an  accunndation  of 
statutes  and  ordinances  as  rendered  the  legislation  of  Castile  in  the  highest 
(le^Tce  complex,  and  often  contradictory.  The  embarra.ssment  resulting  from 
this  occasioned,  as  may  be  imagined,  much  tardiness,  as  well  as  uncertainty, 
ill  the  flecisions  of  the  courts,  who,  despairing  of  reconciling  the  discrepancies 
ill  their  own  law,  governed  themselves  almost  exclusively  bv  the  Roman,  so 
imuh  less  accommodated,  as  it  was,  than  their  own,  to  the  genius  of  the 
national  institutions,  as  well  as  to  the  principles  of  freedom.'* 


"  Ovipdo,  QuincuaRenas,  MS.  By  one  of 
the  stiUutcs  of  tlie  cortes  of  Toledo,  in  1480, 
iho  kin;;  wasreiniirnd  to  take  his  seat  in  the 
dmncil  ev(ry  Friday.  (Ordcnan^as  Kcales, 
lil'. 'J,  tit.  :i,  loy  ;t2.)  It  was  not  wi  new  for 
thoCiistilians  to  liave  good  laws,  as  for  their 
fljiimn lis  to  olisorve  them. 

"  S<'iiippre,  Hist,  des  Cortes,  p.  263. 

'■  Pulizar,  lloyps  Catolicos,  p.  167. — See  the 
ftrcn^'  lan^'imKe^also,  of  Peter  ^Lirtyr,  ajiotlier 
C'iitfinp,irary  witness  of  the  i>onefieiul  changes 
ill  ilip  niivcrnment.  Opus  Epistulariun  (.\m- 
5tfl>«laiiii,  iGTw),  ep.  .'U. 

'  I'rii-to  y  Sotelo,  Historia  del  Derecho  real 
ii  t^Y&m  (.Madrid,  1T3S),  lib.  3,  cap.  16-21.— 


Marina  has  made  an  elal^orate  commentary 
on  Alfiiiiso's  ccleiirated  i-nde,  in  his,  En>ayo 
historicD-crlticii  sohre  la  antigua  l.ef;isla<ion 
de  C'iistilla  (,.Miilrid,  Istj-,),  pp.  26'.t  ct  seq. 
The  pjiLrli.-^h  n^ailcr  uill  riiul  a  more  8iuciiiit 
analysis  in  I)r.  Duniiani'.s  History  of  Spain 
and  I'nrtunal  (Lon<l(in,  1^32),  in  Lardnpr's 
Cyili)p,i'dia,  vol.  iv.  \>\h  121-150.  The  latter 
ha.s  ^iven  a  nmri'  exact  and,  at  the  same 
time,  ''.xtcnded  view  nf  the  early  Castilian 
lepisjation,  pntlialily,  tlian  is  to  he  fiund,  in 
the  saniL'  compass,  in  any  of  the  I'cninsular 
writerH. 

"  Marina  (ii>  his  Ensayo  historico-crftico, 
p.  388)  quotes  a  popular  satire  "f  tlip  fiftecntU 

K 


^TX. 


130 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


The  nation  liad  Ion;,'  fcslt  the  presstire  of  these  evils,  and  made  attetiint*;  to 
redress  tlieni  in  repeated  cortcs.  Hut  every  etl'ort  proved  unavailing,'  (lurii!.' 
the  stormy  or  imbecile  reigns  of  the  princes  of  Tnistaniara,  At  len^tli.  tlii> 
sn])ject  having  ))een  resumed  in  the  c.ortes  of  Toledo,  in  1480,  Dr.  Alfonso  Pm; 
de  .\lontalvo,  whose  i)rofessional  science  had  been  matured  under  the  r('i.'ii>o( 
three  successive  sovereigns,  was  charged  with  the  commission  of  revisin;;  the 
laws  of  Castile,  and  of  compiling  a  co<le  which  should  be  of  general  application 
throughout  tiu;  kingdom. 

This  laborious  undertaking  was  accomplished  in  little  more  than  four  yean; 
and  his  work,  which  sul)se(piently  Iwre  the  title  of  (h'dfmingaH  lunh's^  wu^ 
published,  or,  as  the  privilege  expresses  it,  "  written  with  types,"  e.vcrifo  >h 
letrn  de  moff/e,  at  IIu(!te,  in  tie  beginning  of  1485.  It  wus  one  of  the  )ir>i 
works,  therefore,  which  received  thehonoiu's  of  the  press  in  Spain  ;  and  surely 
none  could  have  been  found,  at  that  [)eriod,  more  deserving  of  them.  It  went 
through  repeated  editions  in  the  course  of  that  and  the  "onnnencement  of  the 
following  century.^"  It  was  admitted  as  itaramount  auJiority  throiii;lioiit 
Castile  ;  and,  altliough  the  many  iiuiovations  which  were  introduced  in  tliat 
age  of  reform  reiiuired  the  addition  of  two  sul)sidiary  codes  in  the  latter  years 
t)f  Isabella,  the  "Ordenancas"  of  Moiitalvo  continued  to  be  the  guide  of  the 
tribunals  down  to  the  time  of  Philip  the  Second,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
suggested  the  idea,  as  indeed  it  was  the  basis,  of  the  comprehensive  coiii|iilii 
tion,  "  Nueva  Ilec(»[)ilacion,"  which  has  since  formed  the  law  of  the  8paiii>h 
monarchy.*' 

III.  Depression  of  the  nobles.  In  tlie  coiu-se  of  the  preceding  cliai>ters 
we  have  seen  the  extent  of  the  privileges  constitutionally  enjoyed  by  the 
aristocracy,  as  well  as  the  enormous  height  to  which  tl)ey  liad  swollen  uiuler 
the  profuse  reigns  of  John  the  Second  and  Henry  the  Fourth.  This  wa.'* 
8uch,  at  the  accession  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  as  to  disturb  the  lialance  nf 
the  constitution,  and  to  gi\e  serious  cause  of  aitprehension  both  to  the 
monarch  and  the  jieople.  The  nobles  had  introduced  themselves  into  every 
grwit  post  of  i)rofit  or  authority.  They  had  ravished  from  the  crown  the 
estates  on  which  it  depended  for  its  maintenance  as  well  as  dignity.  They 
coined  money  in  their  own  mints,  like  sovereign  princes  ;  and  they  covered 
the  country  with  their  fortified  castles,  whence  they  defied  tlie  law,  and 
desolated  the  unhappy  land  with  interminal)le  feuds.  It  was  obviously 
necessary  for  the  new  sovereigns  to  proceed  with  the  grejitest  caution  against 
this  powerful  and  jealous  body,  and,  above  all,  to  attempt  no  measure  of 


century,  dirocto(K  with  cuiisidcralile  humour, 
atrninst  t.hcso  abuses,  wliicli  lead  the  writer 
ill  till'  last  Mtaii/a  tn  envy  even  the  Buiuuiary 
style  of  Maiionietan  justice  : 

"En  tierra  de  Moros  un  solo  alcalde 
Lilira  lo  cevil  e  lo  creniiital, 
K  lodi)  el  dia  se  esta  de  valde 
I'lir  lajustiiia  and.ir  nitiy  iirunl :      * 
Alii  iKin  es  A/i),  nin  es  DcHTctitl, 
Kin  cs  Kol)erti(,  ni)i  la  (Uenii'iitiiia, 
Salvo  (liscreciiin  o  lun'tia  doc  triiia, 
La  qual  uuicstra  a  todos  vcvir  coiuniunal." 

p.  ;is9. 

'"  Mendez  enumerates  no  1  ss  than  fi\o 
edition'^  of  tliis  code,  by  1500;  a  sufficient 
evidence  of  its  authority,  and  (leUvTal  recep- 
tion throujrhout  Castile.  Typographia  Espa- 
fiola,  pp.  20:),  2G1,  270. 


"'  Ordenancas  Reales,  PrciloRo.— Mem.  de 
la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  toui.  vi.  llust.  9.— Marina, 
Knsiiyo  historic! -critico.  pp.  :t90  et  sc'i.— 
Mendez,  'I'yponrajiliia  Esi>afiola.  p.  'JiU,- 
The  authors  of  the  three  lasi-meiitiniiedwcrks 
aliundantly  disprove  Asso  y  Manuel's  in^iiiu- 
ati<ii;,  that  .Montalvo's  code  was  the  I'niit  if 
his  private  study,  without  any  comini'^si'n 
for  it,  and  that  it  gradually  usiirii"ii  .in 
authority  which  it  had  not  in  itsoricin.  iHis- 
curso  ])ridiniiiiar  al  Ord.  de  Alcal.i.)  The 
injustice  of  the  last  remark,  indeed,  i'  ap- 
parent from  the  ])ositive  declaration  of  P<'r- 
naldez :  •'  Los  Reyes  nuindarm  tiiier  0:1 
totlas  las  ciudades,  \  lllas  e  lujiares  el  libri'  li'' 
Montalvo,  ('  pir  el  dilenninar  i;kUis  hif  oi.<fl.« 
di'.  Jiisti  id  para  cortar  lus  pUiioi."  Rejfs 
Catdlicos,  M.S.,  cap.  42. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


131 


imiMirUiKO  in  which  tlicy  would  not  he  supported  hy  the  hearty  co-op<'niti(in 
,,f  ihf  !i;iti(iM. 

Till'  lirst  measure  wliicli  inav  be  said  to  have  cKuvrly  developed  their  i)olicy 
was  the  or;;ani/ati(in  of  the  hermaudad,  wiiiih,  allhou^^di  ostensil)ly  directed 
a:aiii>t  (ilU'iiders  of  a  more  humhle  descriptioM,  was  made  to  In-ar  indirectly 
imuii  tlie  noltility,  whom  it  kept  in  awe  hy  tlie  nund»er  and  disciitline  t>f  its 
force-S  ii'"l  the  pronmtness  with  which  it  could  assemble  them  on  the  most 
rt'iiii'te  jfoiuts  of  tlie  kingdom  ;  while  its  rights  of  jurisdiction  tended  mate- 
rially to  abrid^^e  those  of  the  sei;,^norial  tril)unals.  It  was  accordingly  resisted 
with  the ;i,Teate>t  pertinacity  Ity  the  aristocracy  ;  alth(»u^h,  a.s  we  have  seen,  tho 
rt'Milutioii  of  the  (pieen,  sujiported  by  the  constancy  of  the  commoiis,  enabled 
liir  tM  triuiiiiih  over  all  o]tposition,  until  the  ^reat  objects  of  the  institution 
wiToaccoiniilisheiL 

Aiinthcr  measure,  which  insensibly  operated  to  tlie  depression  of  the 
iioliility,  was  makinj,^  ollicial  preferment  clepend  less  exclusively  on  rank,  and 
luiuh  iiKire  on  jiersonal  merit,  than  before.  "Since  the  hope  of  pierdon," 
says  niic  of  the  statutes  enacted  at  Toledo,  "is  the  spur  ti»  just  and  honour- 
alili'iidious,  when  men  perceive  that  olhces  of  trust  are  not  to  descend  by  in- 
lii'iitaiue,  but  to  be  conferred  on  merit,  they  will  strive  to  e.xcel  in  virtue, 
that  they  may  attain  its  reward,"'-'^  The  soverei.uns,  instead  of  confininj^ 
tlitiiiHlves  to  the  grandees,  freiiuently  advanced  i)erson.s  of  hundile  origin, 
ami  csiiccially  those  learned  in  the  law,  to  the  most  responsilde  stations, 
fnii>iiltiii,u'  them,  and  paying  great  deference  to  their  opinions,  on  all  matters 
uf  iiiiiMiitance.  The  nobles,  hnding  that  rank  was  no  longer  the  sole,  or 
iiiilct'U  the  necessary,  avenue  to  promotion,  sought  to  secure  it  by  attention  to 
iimii'  lilicral  studies,  in  which  they  were  greatly  encouraged  by  Isabella,  who 
ailiiiittcd  their  children  into  her  palace,  where  they  were  reared  under  her 
own  eye." 

But  the  boldest  assaults  on  the  power  of  the  aristocracy  were  mmle  in 
the  famous  cortes  of  Toledo,  in  1480,  which  (Jarliajal  enthusiastically  styles 
"cosa  (livina  ^ara  reformacion  y  remedio  de  las  desordenes  pasadas.""  The 
fir>t  olijcct  of  Its  attentimi  was  the  condition  of  the  excheiiuer,  which  Henry 
thf'  Fdiuth  had  so  exhausted  by  his  reckless  prodigality  that  the  clenvr  annual 
revenue  amounted  to  no  more  than  thirty  thousand  ducats,  a  sum  much 
inferior  to  that  enjoyed  by  m.any  private  individuals  ;  so  that,  stripped  of  his 
I'auimoiiy,  it  at  last  c<ame  to  be  said,  he  was  "king  only  of  the  highways." 
Such  had  been  the  royal  necessities  that  blank  certificates  of  annuities 
a.vipiO(l  on  the  public  rents  were  hawked  about  the  market,  and  sold  at 
mil  a  depreciated  rate  that  tlie  price  of  an  annuity  did  not  exceed  the 
amount  of  one  year's  income.  Tlie  commons  saw  with  alarm  the  weight  of  the 
i'linleiis  which  must  devolve  on  them  for  the  maintenance  of  the  crown  thus 
ii:i|iuyeri>he(l  in  its  resources  ;  and  they  resolved  to  meet  the  diliiculty  by 
advising  vt  once  a  resumption  of  the  grants  unconstitutionally  made  during 
the  latter  half  of  Henry  the  Fourth's  reign,  and  the  commencement  of  the 
Ite^ent."  This  measure,  however  violent  and  it^pugnant  to  good  faith  it  may 
appear  at  the  present  time,  seems  then  to  have  aihnitted  of  justification,  as  far 


"  Onl(iifln(;as  Rnalos,  Ift).  7,  tit.  2,  loy  13. 

"  Ovitild,  (jiiiiiKiiagoniLs,  M.S.,  Iiat.  1,  iiuinc. 
!,  dial.  •11.— Sciiippro  iiutices  iliiH  fonturc  uf 
thi'  rnyal  iMilicy.     Uisi.  .U-s  Cortes,  chap.  'J4. 

■'  c'arl'Mjal,  Atiatfs,  MS.,  anu  xo. 

■  S(c  tho  finpliutic  larifTuace,  nn  this  ami 
MlitT  t'vit.'N auccs,  of  tlie  Castilian  commous, 


in  tlipjr  nipnmrial  to  the  Bovcroinns,  Appiidicp, 
No.  II),  (if  Cl-'Uiciuin's  valiiaMp  cunipilatidii. 
Tho  (ouiiiioiiH  liad  prc-sucd  the  uicu.sure,  as 
one  of  the  la.'il  necessity  to  tiie  crown,  as 
early  as  the  curtes  of  Madrijiai,  in  1 176  The 
reader  will  liml  the  whole  petition  (xtracted 
by  Marina,  Teoria,  torn.  ii.  cap.  5. 


132 


ADiMINJSTKATION  OF  CASTILE. 


a"  the  nation  was  cojkoi-jkmI  ;  siiire  such  alicniition  of  u\v  rtublic  rovcnnowa; 
ill  itK'lf  illoj^al,  iiiKi  (..iitiiiry  t(»  the  conui.tion  oath  nf  tiio  sovereign  ;  fli,,i 
those  who  a(,f;('i>t('<l  his  (ilili;,^aiions  hold  tlitiii  snhjoct  to  the  Hal uhty  of  their 
revocation,  wliicli  iiad  frequently  occurred  ruder  the  precedinj:  reigns. 

As  the  intended  measure  involved  J.'  interests  of  most  of  the  considrral',' 
projtrietors  in  the  kin;^'dom,  \\ho  liad  tlirivui  on  the  necessities  of  the  nuv.u^ 
it  was  deemed  jiroper  to  rfquire  the  attendance  of  the  noi,;iiiy  and  ^icat 
ecclesiastics  in  cortes  hy  a  spefial  siuniiions,  uhich  it  seems  had  hecii  |.n 
viously  omitted.  Thus  convened,  tin;  legislature  jntjiears,  with  j^rcat  iiiia 
rii?i)ity,  and  much  to  the  creilit  of  tliose  most  dee[)Iy  atl'ected  hy  it,  to  ||;(\, 
ac<iuiesce^l  in  the  jtrojuised  resumption  of  the  .tcnints.  as  a  measure  of  alisoluto 
i»3cessity.  The  only  difliculty  was  to  settle  the  principles  on  wliich  tin' 
retrenchment  might  he  most  efpiitahly  made,  with  reference  to  creditors 
whose  claims  rested  on  a  great  vaiiety  of  grounds.  The  plan  sn^Lrestoii 
]iy  Cardinal  Men(!«.7^i  seems  to  have  hen  jiartialiy  adopted.  It  was  diriilet! 
that  all  whose  pensions  ha<l  hei'n  confeire*!  without  any  corre.  ponding  ^'rvicp^ 
on  their  jtart  should  forfeit  them  entirely  ;  that  thosj  who  iia<l  piinlianM 
aiumitiev  should  retiirn  their  ^ertilicates  on  a  reimhursement  of  tiic  iiirv 
jtaid  for  liiem  ;  and  that  the  remaining  creditors,  who  comjiosed  the  laivcvt 
class,  shoidd  retain  such  a  proitorti;>n  only  of  their  pensions  as  niigiit  It 
jmlged  commensurate  aiili  their  services  to  the  state." 

Jiy  this  important  reduction,  the  fmal  adjustment  and  execution  of  wliidi 
were  intrusted  to  t'ernando  de  Talavera,  the  oueen's  confessor,  a  man  i{ 
austere  proMty,  the  gross  amount  of  thirty  millions  oC  maravedis,  a  .Mini 
equal  to  three-fourths  of  the  Avhole  revenue  on  Isabella's  accession,  \va> 
annually  saved  lo  ti.e  crown.  The  retrenchment  was  conducted  with  such 
strict  impnrt;ality  that  the  mo.-;t  confidential  servants  of  the  (lueen,  and  the 
relatives  of  her  husband,  were  among  those  who  sutl'ered  the  mo!-;t  severely.'' 
It  is  worthv  of  remark  that  no  diminution  whatever  was  made  of  the  stiiioiUls 
settled  on  literary  and  charitable  establishments.  It  m«ay  ])e  also  addctl  diat 
Isabella  ai»proiiriated  the  first-friiits  ( '  this  measure,  by  distributing  the  sum 
of  twenty  millions  of  maravedis  among  the  widows  land  orphans  of  th'i^o 
loyalists  who  iiad  fallen  in  the  War  of  the  Succession."*  This  resumption  "f 
grants  may  be  consiilered  as  tl  e  basis  of  those  economical  reforms  which, 
without  oppression  to  the  subject,  augmented  the  public  revenue  more  than 
twelvefold  during  this  auspicious  reign."* 

Several  other  acts  were  passed  by  the  same  cortes,  which  had  a  more 
exchisive  bearing  on  the  nobility.  They  were  prohibited  from  quarterin::  the 
royal  arms  on  their  escutcheons,  from  being  attended  by  a  macebeunr  ami 
a  body-guard,  from  imitating  the  regal  style  of  address  in  their  written 


""  Salazar  de  Mondoza,  Cr6n  dol  (Iran  Car- 
drnal,  oap.  ."il. — Mcui.  dc  lu  Aiad.  dp  Hist., 
toil),  vi.  llust.  5.  -  I'ul^'ar,  Royps  Catolicus, 
part.  ?,  rap.  95.— OrdpiiaiiQas  IJi'alps,  lib.  (5, 
tit.  4,  ley  26;--iiu'orp()ratPd  also  into  the 
llecopilacion  of  riiilip  11.,  lib.  5,  tit.  10,  cap. 
17.     Sep  also  l(>ypH  3  and  15. 

-^  Admiral  Eiiriiiupz,  llr  instance,  resigned 
240,000  maravedis  of  his  annual  inconi'^ ;  — 
the  duke  of  Alva,  575,000  ;-thp  duke  of  Me- 
dina .Sidonia  lso,ouo.— The  hiyal  family  of 
the  "*lendo/,as  were  also  great  losers,  hut  none 
forfpited  bo  much  a.s  tiie  overgrown  favourite 
of  Henry  IV.,  Bcltran  de  la  Cueva,  duke  of 
Albuciuerque,  who  had  uniformly  supported 


the  royal  cause,  and  whose  retrenclimcnt 
amounted  to  l,4(i0.ooo  maravedis  of  yearly 
rent.  See  tiie  scale  of  reduction  (riven  at 
length  hy  Senor  C'lemencin,  in  .Meui.  de  li 
Acad.,  tom.  vi.  loc.  cit. 

■■'"  "No  monarch,"  said  the  hitih-iuinii'^d 
queen,  "should  consent  to  aliemito  liis  h- 
mesnes  ;  since  the  loss  of  revenue  neti>sarily 
deprives  him  of  the  best  means  of  nwapHiii: 
the  attachment  of  his  friends,  and  of  iniikiiie 
himself  feared  by  his  enemies."  I'lilgar, 
Reyes  Catolicos,  part.  1,  cap.  4. 

^'  I'ulKar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  uhi  supra.— 
Mem.  de  la  Acad,  dc  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  luc.  cit. 


U'l'     the  roval 


ADMINISTKATIuN   UF  CA8T1LK. 


\?,:\ 


rnrrt'-|ioinloM((\  and  other  ijisiu'iiia  of  royalty  wliirh  tlir^'  had  a-rn^'anlly 
jv>>iiiiii''l-  Tht'V  wcri!  forliidilt'ii  to  vu'*t  new  furtrcs^o^',  and  \\v  have  aircady 
M't'ii  till'  activity  of  thu  <nun'ii  in  imMiiriii;,'  the  (l('iin»liii(»n  fir  restitution  of 
tilt'  oM.  They  were  expressly  restrained  fnmi  (hiels,  an  inveterate  source 
(if  mi>iliief,  fur  enLra,Lnn.r  in  which  the  [>artie>,  ln.th  |>rincijials  and  seconds, 
NuMf  -ul'jectt'd  to  tiio  penalliesof  treason.  Isabella  eviiK  ed  her  deti'rniinatii'U 
to  t'iifi)ri.o  this  law  on  tlie  hi;,dKst  oll'endcrs,  hy  imprisoning,  sooi,  after  its 
I'liiicliiient,  tlie  counts  of  Luna  and  Valencia  for  exchanicni^^  a  cartel  (»f  delijince, 
uiilil  the  piiint  at  issue  slmiild  he  settled  l>y  the  regidar  ct»urse  of  justice." 

It  is  true  the  iiauj^dity  nohijity  of  C'vstile  winced  more  than  once  at  finding 
themselves  so  tijuhtly  curbed  l)y  their  new  masters.  On  one  occasion,  a 
nuuiiicr  of  the  principal  grandees,  with  the  duke  of  Infantado  at  tlnMr  head, 
aililrt'ssed  a  letter  of  remonstrance  to  the  king  ami  (jueen,  reiiuiring  them  to 
abolish  tlie  hermanilad,  as  an  institution  liunlensonie  to  the  nation,  denre- 
catiii;,'  the  slight  degree  of  contidiwice  which  their  highnesses  re|>osed  in  their 
oilier,  ivinl  rei[uesting  that  four  of  their  nundn'r  mi;;ht  he  selecti'd  to  form  a 
ciiiiiicil  for  tlu;  general  direction  of  all'airs  of  state,  Ity  whose  advice  the  king 
and  i|iu'en  should  be  governed  in  all  matters  of  imiiortance,  as  in  the  time  of 
lloiiry  the  Foiuth. 

Kt^nliiiand  and  Isabella  received  this  unse^-isonable  remonstrance  with  ^reat 
iiiiliLriiiition,  and  returned  an  answer  couched  in  the  haughtiest  terms.  "The 
lii'iiiKiinlad,"'  they  said,  "is  an  institution  most  sahitary  to  the  luition,  and  is 
aii|ip>ve  1  by  it  as  such.  It  is  our  province  to  dett-rmine  who  are  be^t  entitled 
ti)  iircfcriueut,  anil  to  make  merit  the  standard  of  it.  You  may  follow  the 
C'Mirt,  or  retire  to  your  estate^,  as  you  think  best;  but,  so  long  as  Heaven 
]M'iiiiils  us  to  retain  the  rank  with  which  we  have  been  intrusted,  we  shall 
take  care  not  to  imitate  the  example  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  in  becoming  a 
tool  ill  the  hands  of  our  nobility."  The  discontenteil  lords,  who  had  carried 
Ml  lii-li  a  hand  under  the  preceding  imbecile  reign,  f(X'ling  the  weight  of  an 
aiithnrity  wliich  rested  on  the  atlections  of  the  people,  were  so  disconcerted 
hy  the  rebuke,  that  they  made  no  attemjjt  to  rally,  but  condescended  to  make 
tiit'i."  peace  separately  as  they  could,  by  the  most  ample  acknowledgments.'' 

An  example  of  the  im[)artialicy  as  well  as  spirit  with  which  Isubella  asserted 
the  iliu'iiity  of  the  crown  is  wor.li  recording.  During  her  husband's  absence 
in  Aia^oi)  in  the  spring  of  1481,  a  quarrel  occurred,  in  the  antechamber  of 
the  jiahice  at  Valladolid,  between  two  young  noldemen,  lijuiiip)  NinU'/  do 
Giiziiiiui,  lord  of  Toral.  and  Frederick  ilenriquez,  son  of  the  admiral  of  Castile, 
Kini:  Ferdinand's  micle.  The  queen,  on  receiving  intelligence  of  it,  granted 
a  safe-eoiiduct  to  the  lord  of  Toral,  as  the  weaker  party,  until  the  atl'air  should 
he  adjusted  between  them.  Don  Frederick,  however,  disregarding  this  [)ro- 
tectiiiii,  caused  his  enemy  to  be  waylaid  by  three  of  his  followers,  armed  with 
blr  .   'Oils,  and  sorely  beaten  one  evening  in  the  streets  of  V^alladolid. 

I-  'K'lla  was  no  sooner  informed  of  this  outrage  on  one  whom  she  had  taken 

111 '     the  royal  protection,  than,  burning  with  indignation,  she  immediately 

'itcd  her  horse,  though  in  the  midst  of  a  heavy  storm  of  rain,  and  proceeded 

aii.i.   towards  the  castle  of  8imancas,  then  in  possession  of  tlie  admiral,  the 


"  OniiMianijas  Reales,  lib.  2,  tit.  1,  ley  2; 
lil>  4,  tit.  y,  ley  11.— I'lilriir,  K('.vi'S  Catolicos, 
part.  2,  cap.  !)(j,  101. — Ui'i-oj).  de  ia«  Loyt.'H, 
iil).  ■<,  lit.  -,  ii.y  lo  et  ul. —  Tlioso  affairs  were 
ci'iiiinctiMl  ill  till-  true  spirit  of  kiiii^tit-orrantry. 
iivi'il)  mentions  one,  in  wliii'li  two  youn;; 
uii'ii  iif  the  nolde  houses  of  Vcla,s<_o  ami  INmce 
i<:  Leuu  agreed  to  tight  on  horseback,  with 


sharp  spear8(/)«n/a8(Z«(Z('amaH<*s\  in  doublet 
aiiil  liosi',  witlioiit  defensive  arnjour  of  any 
kind.  'l"he  place  apiniinted  for  the  combat 
was  a  narrow  brid^je  across  tlie  Xarama,  tliri;« 
lea^^iies  from  .Mailrid.  l^uincuagcnas,  .MS., 
bat.  ?.,  (ininc.  I,  di.d.  2A. 

■"  Forreras,  Hist.  d'Espagnc,  torn.  vii.  py. 
4s7,  43^. 


134 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


father  (if  the  olftMidcr,  when;  she  siipposc-l  him  to  have  taken  rcfii^rc,  travo|. 
liii'4  all  the  while  with  such  ra|ti"lity  that  she  was  iidt  overtaken  hy  tin 
olhcers  of  h(!r  ijMaril  iiiilil  sh<!  hail  reacheil  the  furtre-is.  She  instantly  sinn, 
nioneil  th(!  ailniira!  to  deliver  iij)  hin  son  to  ju-iiice  ;  ami,  on  his  replying;  tlint 
"I)hii  l-'reijerick  was  imt  there,  and  that  he  was  ignorant  where  he  was/'vli,. 
Connuamled  him  to  snriender  th(^  keys  of  tlie  eastle,  and,  after  a  friiifli'» 
swirch,  a,'ii  in  returned  to  Vailadolid.  The  next  day  Isabel  la  was  coniincij  to 
lier  hed  hy  an  illntss  oee^tsioncid  us  nnich  by  ('ha^:rin  as  hy  the  exrfxvi\,i 
fati^me  which  slu.  had  nmlerizDne.  "My  body  is  lame,'' said  she,  "with  iho 
blows  ^'iven  by  Don  Frederick  in  contempt  of  my  sjifci-eonduct." 

The  admiral,  perceiving;  hmv  deeply  he  and  his  family  had  incurred  the  ili- 

Iileasure  of  the  queen,  todk  counsel  with  his  friends,  who  were  led  by  tluir 
:nowledi,'e  of  Isal»ella"s  character  to  l>elieve  that  ho  would  have  more  to  li'i|,e 
from  the  surrender  of  his  son  than  from  fuither  attempts  at  concealincnf. 
The  yomi,L(  man  was  Hccordin.L,dy  conducted  t»»  the  palace  by  his  un^  Ic,  the 
constal)le  de  Ilaro,  who  deprecated  the  cpieen's  resentment  l)y  representing' 
the  a.ne  of  his  nephew,  sc^ircely  amonntin;;  to  twenty  years.  Isabella,  however, 
thou.udit  proiier  t(»  punish  the  youthful  (h'limiuent,  by  onlerin;;  him  td  !»' 
puldicly  conducted  as  a  prisoner,  by  one  of  the  alcaldes  of  her  court,  thnHii:h 
the  ^reat  s(piare  of  V'alladolid  to  the  fortress  of  Arevalo,  where  \n\  \\n< 
detained  iu  strict  confinement,  all  privile;,'e  (tf  access  Imw^  denied  to  him; 
and  when  at  lem^th,  moved  by  the  consiileration  of  his  consanLruinity  with 
the  kin.i,',  she  consented  to  his  release,  sin;  banished  him  to  Sicily,  until  he 
should  njceive  the  royal  permission  to  return  to  his  own  country.'* 

Notwithstandin;^  the  stri(!t  impartiality  as  well  as  vi^^our  of  the  admini>tra- 
tion,  it  could  never  have  maintained  itself  by  its  own  resources  alone,  in  it^ 
oflensive  oj»erations  a,i;ainst  the  hii,di-spirited  aiistocracy  of  Castile.  Its  ninvt 
direct  ajiproaches,  jiowever,  were  made,  as  we  have  seen,  under  cover  <<i  the 
corttis.  The  sovtnvi^ns  showed  ;,a'eat  deference,  especially  in  this  early  pcrinij 
of  their  reiijn,  to  the  jiopiilar  branch  of  this  body  ;  and,  far  from  pursuing  the 
odious  jjolicy  of  prei  ('(lin,i,'  princes  in  diminishin,!.,'  the  amount  of  represented 
cities,  they  never  failed  to  direct  their  writs  to  all  those  which,  at  their 
accession,  retained  the  ri,i;ht  of  representiition,  and  subseipiently  enlari;i'(l  the 
numlter  l)y  the  comiuest  of  Granada;  while  they  exerciseil  the  anomalous 
l)rivile;;e,  noticeil  in  tin;  Introduction  to  this  History,  of  omitting  altom'thcr, 
or  issuing  only  a  jiartial  sununons  to  the  noliility.^'  By  making  merit  the 
standard  of  preferment,  thev  opened  the  jiatii  of  honour  to  every  class  of  the 
comnuniity.  They  uniformly  manifested  the  greatest  tenderness  for  the  ri^^lits 
t»f  the  connnons  in  reference  to  taxation;  and,  as  their  patriotic  jiolicy  w:i> 
obviously  directed  to  secure  the  jiersonal  rights  and  general  prosi)erity  of  the 
]>eoj»le,  it  insured  the  co-operation  of  an  ally  whose  weight,  combined  with 
that  of  the  crown,  enabled  them  eventually  to  restore  the  eipiilibrium  which 
had  been  disturbed  by  the  undue  preitonderance  of  the  aristocracy. 

It  may  be  well  t(^  state  here  the  jiolicy  piu'sued  by  Ferdinand  and  Isaiiclli 
in  refi^rence  to  the  Military  OnU'rs  of  Castile,  since,  althougii  not  fiiHv 
develojied  until  a  nuicli  later  period,  it  was  first  conceived,  and  indeed  partly 
executed,  in  that  nnw  under  ciiscussion. 

The  uninterruiited  warfare,  which  the  Spaniards  Avere  compelled  to  main- 


'■-  Carl):i,ial,  A  naif  s,  MS.,  afio  80.— Vulgar, 
RcyoH  I'.ituliios,  jiait.  2,  cap,  loo. 

•"  For  t'xanipli',  at  tlic  grfiit  oort'  s  of  To- 
ledo, ill  llsi),  it  (Im's  not  appoar  that  any  of 
the  nobility  were  summoned,  except  those  in 


immodiato  attendance  on  the  cotirt,  until  llic 
nii'd-^ure  for  tlic  resumption  of  tlie  ^T.int', 
wliicli  BO  nearly  affect"  <l  that  budy,  was 
brought  before  the  legislature. 


"  roinlfpivesthel 
iliiviilric    nsH«K'i:itiiii 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


ns 


tain  fiT  \ho  rcfovory  of  their  imtivr  Imul  fn'H\  the  iiifiilcl,  nourisliod  in  tln'ir 
b«)SMiii'<  a  tiamc  of  cntliiisiasni  similar  to  that  kimllcil  hy  the  cnisaiK's  for  ihr 
firovt-rv  "f  ralcstiiio,  partakin;;  in  an  ahun>t  ('i|iial  (h'-rct'  df  a  rchj^inus  arnl 
n  iiiilitiuy  (haractcr.  This  simi'arity  of  MMitinuMit  ^^ave  hirth  ulsu  to  similar 
institntji'ns  of  chivalry.  NVhctlirr  the  miMtary  ortU-rs  of  Castilo  wrro 
(iu"i.'('stt'il  hy  tho*;!'  (if  Palestine,  or  whetlier  they  p)  Imck  to  a  remoter  lu'rioil, 
as  is  (M.ntenileil  hy  their  chrnniclers  or  whether,  in  tine,  its  ConMe  intimate^'. 
tlu>v  were  imitateil  frnni  eorres|i(in(liM};  associations  known  to  have  oxisteil 
aiii'iiii:  the  Spanish  Arahs,  *Mhere  can  h(>  no  donbt  that  the  forms  nnder 
\\lii(h  they  were  j»ernianently  or^'anized  wcro  (h'.ived,  in  the  hitter  part  of 
the  twelfth  eentury,  from  tlie  monastic  orders  cstahM^lied  for  the  jirotection 
,.f  the  li"ly  liand.  Thtt  Ilospitahers,  and  espreially  the  Temjihirs,  olttained 
imn'  e\tcn>ive  accpiisitions  in  Spain  than  in  any,  perhaps  every,  other  conntry 
ill  Christendom  ;  and  it  was  j^artiy  from  the  rnins  of  their  empire  that  were 
oii-tnnted  the  mairniticent  fortunes  of  the  Spanish  orders." 

Tlie  most  eminent  of  these  was  the  orih-r  of  St.  .la^o,  or  St.  James,  of 
('niiipostella.  The  mitacnhms  revehitiftn  of  the  hody  of  the  aposthv  after  the 
Iii]'-e  of  nj:]\t  centuries  from  the  date  of  his  interment,  and  his  frecjucnt 
aii'arition  in  tlie  ranks  of  the  Christian  armies  in  their  desperate  stru^rules 
uith  the  iiitidel,  had  ^iven  .so  wide  a  eeleltrity  to  the  obscure  town  of  Coin- 
]nstclla  in  (lalicia,  whiih  contained  the  saint<'(l  relics,**  that  it  h«'came  the 
ri'M'tt  of  jiiliirims  from  every  part  of  Christendom  dnrin.i:  the  Middle  A,i;es  ; 
ami  the  escalop  shell,  the  device  of  St.  James,  was  ailopted  as  the  universal 
lailiit'  of  the  iialmer.  Inns  fitr  the  refreshment  and  secmity  of  the  pioiis 
itiiicrants  were  scattered  alonj,'  the  whole  line  of  the  mute  from  France  ;  hut, 
as  they  were  exjtosed  to  jierpetual  annoyance  from  the  jiredatory  incursions 
of  the  Arahs,  a  number  of  kni;;hts  and  ;:('ntlemen  associated  thems('lv(>s,  for 
their  protection,  with  the  monks  of  St.  IjoJo,  or  Eloy,  adoptinu'  the  rule  of 
.St.  Au,:;ustine,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  the  chivalric  onler  of  St. 

"  e(,iHl.'  pivos  tlic  fdUowiiiff  accMimt  of  tlicpe 
chivalric  ass<)i-i:iti()iis  (iiiinnn  tlic  Siiunish 
Artil'S,  wliicli,  us  far  as  I  know,  liavc  liitlicrto 
(s*';i|if<l  tlir  iiotno  of  European  liistorians. 
"  riir  Mo-ilciii  /rtiiitenit!  |irofi'Ss«'d  ^roat  aus- 
t.iity  in  tlicir  liven,  wliicli  fiicy  con.sccratcd 
tiijirriv  tiial  war.  and  Ixtuiul  tlicnmelves  liy  a 
S'lliiiiii  viiw  to  defend  tlie  frontier  anai"'-*  '''c 
ImiirsiiJii-i  of  the  Christ iatm.  'I'hey  were 
(iiei(i>  (avaliers,  poHsesped  of  conKuniniato 
laiicin'c,  and  cndnrinp  f.lti^r^e,  and  always 
rip  pan  <i  to  die  rather  ilian  desert  their  jioKts. 
lia|ipar>  highly  iindiaMe  that  the  Moorish 
fr;it'iriitie-(  siifip^tecl  the  idea  of  those  nilli- 
Ury  order-;,  so  reiiowned  for  theii'  valonr  In 
Sjiaiii  ,iiid  in  Palestine,  which  rendered  sneli 
f"-s<mi;il  services  to  (iirist'udoni ;  for  lv)th 
till-  iiKtiiufionR  were  establisiied  on  Pliiiilar 
ITiiuiplis."  Condo,  HiPtoria  do  la  Douiina- 
liun  (Ic  los  Arahes  en  Espafia  (Madrid,  Is'io), 
tcai  i.  ]i.  619,  note. 

S.e  tlie  details,  ptiven  by  Mariana,  of  the 
I'Vi-rurou n  i>o.«sesnions  of  the  TenijdarH  in 
'a-tij.'  at  tlie  period  of  tlieir  extinction,  in 

iHjrinning  of  the  fonrteontli  century, 
de    Kspafia,    lil).    1.1,  cap.    10.")      Tlie 


lii^i, 

kiiiKlit>  of  the  Teinple  and'  tlie  HoPi.'itallers 
i-i  m  to  liave  ae(|uire(l  still  greater  power  in 
ArnTuii,  wliero  OOP  of  the  iiiunarclis  was  so 
iii'Jtuatcd  aa  to  bt-queath  them  hia  whole 


dominions, — a  Iwcuiest  which,  it  may  well  he 
believed,  was  set  aside  tiy  his  hinli-spirited 
Biibjects.     Zurita.  An.iles,  lib.  I,  cap.  ."i'i. 

•'  Tlie  apparition  of  certain  preternatural 
lights  in  a  forest  discovered  to  a  <iuli(iati 
peasant,  in  the  l)l•^^iIlnin^'of  the  ninth  cciitnry, 
tlie  spot  in  which  was  dejHisited  a  niarhiu 
HejMilchre  containing  the  aslies  of  St.  .lames. 
'1  he  miracle  is  reported  with  siiflicient  cir- 
cnmstaiitiJility  by  i'lorez  (liistoria  Compo- 
HtcUana,  lili  1,  cap.  2,  ui>iid  lispafia  sa^rrada, 
tom.  x\.)and  Ambr^isio  de  .Morales  (Coronica 
general  de  Kspafni  (Oliras,  Madrid,  17!»l-.'{) 
lib.  9,  cap.  7),  wlio  eslablislies,  to  his  own 
Hatisfuctioii,  the  advent  of  St.  .James  info 
Spain.  .Mariana,  witli  more  skepticism  tlian 
Ills  biethreii,  donbts  the  pennineness  of  the 
lH>dy,  as  well  as  the  visit  of  tlie  apostle,  luit, 
like  a  pciod  .Jesuit,  concludes,  "It  is  not  ex- 
pedient t')  disturb  with  such  disputes  tlic 
devotion  of  the  people,  so  llinily  settled  us  it 
is."  (Lib.  7,  cip.  10.)  'I  lie  tutelar  saint  of 
Spain  iniiiinnid  to  sU)p|ioit  his  jicciple  by 
takiiip  ]iart  with  them  in  battli'  apaiiist  ilio 
infidel  down  to  a  viry  late  period.  Ca'oclc; 
Torres  mentions  two  enuupemi  nts  in  which 
he  cheered  on  the  srpiadrons  of  ('(jrtes  and 
J'izarro,  "  with  his  sword  fl.ishinp  liplitning 
In  the  eyes  of  the  Indians."  Orileues  mili- 
tares,  foi.  5. 


130 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


James,  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  cavaliers  of  the 
frateinit'',  which  received  its  i  apal  Imll  of  approbation  five  years  later,  in  li;,j^ 
were  distinguished  hy  a  white  mantle  end)roidered  with  a  red  cross,  in  faslui^a 
of  a  sword,  with  the  estalop  shell  below  the  guard,  in  imitation  of  the  deviie 
wliich  glittered  on  the  )anner  of  their  tutelar  saint  when  he  condescended  u, 
take  iiart  in  their  engagements  with  the  Moors.  The  red  colour  deiiotMj, 
according  to  an  ancient  conmientator,  "  that  it  was  stained  with  the  l)l(xiil  „f 
the  infidel."  The  rules  of  the  new  order  imposed  on  its  members  the  u>iial 
obligations  of  obedience,  conununity  of  i)roperty,  and  of  conjugal  ciiastitv, 
instead  of  celibacy.  Tliey  were,  moreover,  reciuired  to  relieve  the  puir, 
defend  the  traveller,  and  maintain  i)eriietual  war  upon  the  Mussulman.^' 

The  institution  of  the  Knights  of  Calatrava  was  somewhat  more  roinantic 
in  its  origui.  That  town,  fnjm  its  situation  on  the  frontiers  of  the  Mudri.-h 
territory  of  Andalusia,  where  it  commanded  the  passes  into  Castile,  liecaihtr 
of  vital  importiince  to  the  latter  kingdom.  Its  defence  had  accordingly  luti, 
intrusted  to  the  valiant  order  of  the  Temnlars,  who,  unable  to  ket'ij  tlair 
ground  against  the  pertinacious  assaults  of  tlie  Moslems,  abandoned  it,  at  ihf 
exi>iration  of  eight  years,  as  untenable.  This  occurred  about  the  middk'  of  tin- 
twelfth  century  ;  and  the  Castilian  monarch,  Sancho  the  Beloved,  as  the  k>t 
resort,  oll'ered  it  to  whatever  good  knights  would  undertake  its  defence. 

The  emprise  was  eiigerly  sought  by  a  monk  of  a  distant  convent  in  Xavarre, 
who  had  once  been  a  soldier,  and  whose  military  ardour  seems  to  have  Iwn 
exalted,  instead  of  being  extinguished,  in  the  solitude  of  the  cloister.  The 
monk,  supported  by  Ids  conventual  brethren,  and  a  throng  of  cavaliers  aiM 
more  humble  followers,  who  sought  redemption  under  tlie  banner  of  the 
church,  was  enabled  to  make  good  liis  word.  From  the  confederation  of  the.e 
knights  and  ecclesiastics  sprung  the  military  fraternity  of  Calatrava,  whidi 
received  the  confirmation  of  the  jJontifF,  Alexander  the  Third,  in  11  (i4.  The 
rules  which  it  adojjted  were  tliose  of  St.  Benedict,  and  its  discipline  was  hi 
the  highest  degree  austere. 

The  cavaliers  were  sworn  to  perpetual  celibacy,  from  which  they  wore  not 
released  till  so  late  as  the  sixteenth  century.  Their  diet  was  of  the  iilaine^t 
kind.  They  were  allowed  meat  only  thrice  a  week,  and  then  only  one  di4 
They  were  to  maintain  unbroken  silence  at  the  table,  in  the  chapel,  and  the 
dormitory ;  and  they  were  enjoined  both  to  sleep  and  to  worship  ^vith  the 
sword  girt  on  their  side,  in  token  of  readiness  for  action.  In  the  earlier  days 
of  the  institution,  the  si)iritual  as  well  as  the  military  brethren  were  alluwcl 
to  make  part  of  the  martial  array  against  the  infidel,  until  this  was  proliihitcl, 
as  indecorous,  hy  the  Holy  See.  From  this  order  branched  of!"  that  of  Muii- 
tesa,  in  Valencia,  which  was  instituted  at  the  commencement  of  the  fourteenth 
centuiy,  and  ccntinued  dependent  on  the  parent  stock.'* 

The  thinl  great  order  of  religious  chivalry  in  Castile  was  that  of  Al(  antara, 
which  also  received  its  confirmation  from  Pope  Alexander  the  Third,  in  ].,i. 
It  was  long  held  in  nominal  suliordination  to  the  knights  of  Calatrava,  from 
which  it  was  relieved  by  Julius  the  Second,  and  eventually  rose  to  an  import- 
ance little  inferior  to  that  i»f  its  rival." 

The  internal  economy  of  these  three  fratcrniticj  was  regulated  by  the  s<aiiie 


"  Kaiies  y  Amlrnda,  T.a-<  frcs  Onloiios,  fol. 
3-15.— Caio  do  'l\)rres,  OriiiMii's  militarc;*,  fol. 
2-8. — Oaribay,  Coiupcndio,  toin.  ii.  pp.  110- 
UH. 

"  Kadesy  Andruda,  I.as  tresOrd  ties,  part. 
2,  fol.  3-9,  4».— Caro  de  Torres,  Ordenes  luili- 


tares,  fol.  19,  50. — Garibay,  Compendiu, turn. 
11.  jip.  100-104. 

"'  Kadi's  y  Andrada,  T..iS  tresOrdinos.r*'^' 
.1,  fol.  1-C.--Tlit>  knigbts  of  Altantjira  "le 
a  wbite  mantle,  enibioiilered  with  a  grwu 
cross. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


137 


r.-'iieral  principles.  The  diroction  of  afTtiirs  was  intrusted  to  a  connril,  con- 
M>tiim"i  ti'*'  ,'-,'r''i'i'l  master  an<l  a  number  of  the  commnndevn  (comeiii/'n/orcn), 
iiiniiiil'  wlioiii  tlie  extensive  territories  of  the  order  were  distributed.  This 
'(■  mill il,  (•oujiiintly  with  tlie  irrand  master,  or  the  latter  exclusively,  as  in  the 
fniternity  of  Calatrava,  supplied  the  vacancies.  Tiie  master  himself  was 
tin  U'll  Ity  a  uencral  chapter  of  these  military  functionaries  alone,  or  combined 
with  tlie  rnnventual  clergy,  as  in  the  order  of  Calatrava,  wliich  seems  to  have 
recojiiizt'd  the  supremacy  of  the  military  over  the  spiritual  division  of  the 
cMiiiiimiiitv  more  unreservedly  than  that  of  St.  James. 

Tho^f  institutions  ai)[)ear  to  have  completely  answered  tlie  objects  of  their 
(leatiiiii.     hi  the  earlier  history  of  the  Peninsula,  we  find  the  Christian 
chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the  brunt  of  battle  against  the  Moors.     Set 
apart  l^r  this  i)eculiar  duty,  their  services  in  the  sanctuary  only  tended  to 
iirtMiarc  them  for  their  sterner  duties  in  the  field  of  battle,  where  the  ze<il  of 
the  (,'liristian  .soldier  may  be  supposed  to  have  been  somewhat  sharpened  by 
iho  prospect  of  the  rich  temporal  ac(|uisitions  which  the  success  of  liis  arms 
was  sure  to  secure  to  his  fraternity ;  for  the  superstitious  princes  of  those 
times,  ill  addition  to  the  wealth  lavislied  so  liberally  on  all  mona.stic  institu- 
tions, granted  the  military  orders  almost  unlimited  rights  over  the  coniiuests 
arhit'veil  hy  their  own  valour.     In  the  sixteenth  century,  we  find  tlie  order  of 
St.  .hiiiies,"\vhich  had  shot  up  to  a  pre-enunence  above"^the  rest,  pos.sessed  of 
eii'lity-foMr  coiuinanderies  and  two  hundred  inferior  benefices.     The  same 
inler  cuuld  Itring  into  the  field,  according  to  Garibay,  four  hundred  belted 
kiii,'hts,  and  one  thousand  lances,  which,  with  the  usual  complement  of  a 
l;iiH r  ill  that  day,  formed  a  very  considerable  force.     The  rents  of  the  master- 
ship of  St.  James  amounted,  in  the  time  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  to  six'v 
|tiioiisand  ducats,  those  of  Alcantara  to  forty-five  thousand,  and  those  uf 
I  Calatrava  to  forty  thousand.     There  was  scarcely  a  district  of  the  Peninsula 
■nhich  was  not  covered  with  their  castles,  towns,  and  convents.     Their  rich 
(MiiiiiiiuKlcries  gradually  became  objects  of  cupidity  to  men  of  the  highest 
I  Milk,  ami  more  especially  the  grand-mastership.s,  which,  from  their  extensive 
liatMiiaue,  and  the  authority  they  conferred  over  an  organized  militia  pledged 
itwiiimliiit  obedience  and  knit  together  by  the  strong  tie  of  connnon  interest, 
[rai-ed  their  ])os.sessor8  almost  to  tlie  level  of  royalty  itself.      Hence  the 
Itie  tiiiiis  tu  the.se  im]iortant  dignities  came  to  be  a  fruitful  source  of  intrigue, 
ml  freijuently  of  violent  collision.    The  monarchs,  who  had  anciently  reserved 
[till'  right  of  testifving  their  approbation  of  an  election,  l)y  presenting  the 
Ht.iiiilanl  of  the  order  to  the  new  dignitary,  began  personally  to  niterferc  in  the 
(Itlilierations  of  the  chapter  ;  while  the  pope,  to  whom  a  contested  point  was 
ii 't  mifrequently  referred,  assumed  at  length  the  prerogative  of  granting  the 
J!ii;btershi|)s  in  administration  on  a  vacancy,  and  even  that  of  nomination 
[it-lf,  which,  if  disputed,  he  enforced  by  his  spiritual  thunders.*" 

I 'wing  to  these  circumstances,  there  was  probably  no  one  cause,  among  the 
Ipiany  which  occurred  in  Castile  during  the  tifteentli  century,  more  prolific  of 
jiiitcstiiK'  discord  than  the  election  to  these  posts,  far  too  important  to  be 
liiitnisted  to  any  subject,  and  the  succession  to  which  was  sure  to  be  contested 
IK  a  JKjst  of  comi)etitors.  Isabella  seems  to  have  settled  in  her.  mind  the 
|C'Ur>e  of  policy  to  be  adopted  in  this  matter,  at  a  very  early  period  of  her 
|rei:ii.    On  occasion  of  a  vacancy  in  the  grand-mastership  of  St.  James,  by  the 


Uadt's  y  Aiidrada,  Las  fr<'«  Ordenos,  part. 
Il.f'il.  ij-lf),  -iA,  54,  01,  (i4,  m,   67  ;  part.  2, 

'l,.M;  part.  ;(,  fol.  42,  49,  50.— Cam  ile 
r.rns,  Ordfue.s  mllitures,  pa,s8iui.— L.  Marl« 


noo,  Cosa'i  miniorablos,  fol.  33.— CJarihay, 
Conipoiidio,  lib.  11,  rap.  la.— Zuiitii,  .An.ilcs, 
toiii.  V.  111).  I, cap.  19.— Ovk'do, C^uincuageiias, 
M.S.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  2,  dial.  I. 


138 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


death  of  the  incuml)ent,  in  1470,  she  ma<le  a  rapid  journey  on  horsphark.  Lr; 
usual  mode  of  trav<'llini,',  from  Valladolid  to  the  tOAvnof  Urles,  whercadiaitHr 
of  the  order  was  doliheratinK  on  the  eleftioii  of  a  new  princijal.  The  (|ii(fn 
presentiuff  herself  before  this  Ixxly,  rejiresented  with  so  ujuch  eiu'ri.7  \{, 
inconvenience  of  dev(dving  jjowers  of  such  magnitude  on  any  private" in ii' 
vidual,  and  its  utter  incomi)atibility  with  public  order,  that  she  pi  tvaihl  r- 
them,  smartiiig,  as  they  were,  under  the  evils  of  a  disputed  succession,  \ 
solicit  the  administration  for  tlie  king,  her  husband.  That  monarch,  iiiiie^i 
consented  to  waive  this  i)rivilege  in  favour  of  Alonso  de  Cardenas,  one  of  ti* 
competitors  for  the  olHce,  and  a  loyal  servant  of  the  crown  ;  but,  at  his 
decease  in  1499,  the  sovereigns  retained  the  possession  of  the  vacant  iiiasto- 
ship,  conformably  to  a  papal  decree,  which  granted  tlieni  its  a<lininistrati-'. 
for  life,  in  the  same  manner  as  had  been  done  with  that  of  Calatrava  in  IK. 
and  of  Alcajitara  in  1494.*' 

The  sovereigns  were  no  sooner  vested  with  ^he  control  of  the  military orkr- 
than  they  began,  with  their  characteristic  promptness,  to  reform  thcvariwn 
corruptions  Avhicii  had  impaired  their  ancient  discijiiine.  They  erecttM  a 
council  for  the  general  superintendence  of  attairs  relating  to  the  orders,  aii'. 
invested  it  with  extensive  powers  lx)th  of  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction.  Tinv 
supplied  the  vacant  ])enetices  with  persons  of  acknowledged  worth,  c.\err■i^lll.■ 
an  impartiality  which  could  never  be  maintained  by  any  private  iniliviilna, 
necessarily  exposed  to  the  intiuence  of  personal  interests  and  aireotimis,  lij 
this  harmonious  distribution,  the  honours  which  had  l)efore  been  lielij  up  to 
the  highest  bidder,  or  made  the  su'oject  of  a  furious  canvass,  became  theiiuci: 
tive  and  sure  recompense  of  desert.*^ 

In  the  following  reign,  the  grand-mastershijts  of  these  fraternities  ww 
annexed  in  iH'rpetuity  to  the  crown  of  Castile  by  a  bull  of  Poiie -ViliiantLe 
Sixth  ;  while  their  sul)ordinate  dignities,  having  survived  the  object  vi  tlit-:: 
original  creation,  the  subjugation  of  the  Moors,  degenerated  into  the  em|'tv 
decorations,  the  stars  and  garters,  of  an  order  of  nobility.*^ 

IV.  Vindication  of  ecclesiastical  riLdits  belon.ging  to  the  crown  from  pajvil 
usurpation.  In  the  earlier  stages  of  the  Castilian  monarchy,  the  soveroi.T.s 
appear  to  have  held  a  sui)remacy  in  spiritual,  very  similar  to  that  exenix"! 
by  them  in  temuoral  matters.  It  was  comparatively  late  that  the  nati;! 
submitted  its  neck  to  the  papal  yoke,  so  closely  riveted  at  a  subsequent  ]K'rW.; 
and  even  the  Ilomish  ritual  was  not  adnutted  into  its  cluu'ches  till  long  aftT 
it  had  been  adopted  in  the  rest  of  Europe.**  But,  when  the  code  of  the 
Tartidas  was  pronndgated  in  the  thirteenth  century,  the  maxims  of  the  caiK'n 


*'  Caro  do  Torrt'S,  Ordencs  niilitares,  fol. 
46,74,  h;{.— Pulgar,  llcyos  C'at^licos,  part.  2, 
cap,  61. — HadcKy  Andrada,  Liis  trcs  (jrdcnos, 
part.  1,  fol.  6'J,  70;  part.  2,  fol.  w2,  X3;  part. 
3,  fol.  54.— Ovifdo,  (iuiiicuiij^cnas,  M.^.,  bat.  1, 
quinc.  2,  dial.  1.- Tlic  suvcrtiuiis  gave  great 
offiMice  to  the  jealous  giaiidees  \vi>o  were  eoni- 
l)ctitor8  for  tiie  mastership  of  St.  James,  by 
coiiforriiigtli.it  dignit.v  on  Alonso  de  Carde- 
nas, with  tlieir  usual  policy  of  making  merit 
rather  th;iii  birtti  the  st;nidavd  of  jirelernii  lit. 

■•Ciro  de  Torres,  Ordeni's  niilitari's,  fol. 
84. —  lliid  has  given  a  full  aei  ount  of  the  con- 
ptitutioii  of  this  eountil,  Ii  'ornie,  apud  Se- 
nianario  erudito,  toin.  iii.  pp.  IGt  et  secj. 

'■'  The  reader  will  tiiul  a  view  of  the  con- 
dition and  general  resources  of  the  military 
orders  as  existing  in  the  present  century  in 


Spain,  in  Lalrorde,  Itin^'raire  dcscripiif  i'. 
I'Ksp.tgue  (2nd  edition,  Paris,  1827-JU;,  Ujii, 
V.  jip.  102-117. 

^'  Most  readers  are  acquainted  with  tl:» 
curious  story,  related  by  Knbertson,  ul  ijf 
ordeal  to  which  the  Romish  and  Muzarabic 
rituals  were  subjected, in  tlie  reiguof  All"ii-« 
VI.,  and  the  ascendency  wliicli  the  coiiiliM- 
tion  of  kingcraft  and  priestcraft  Hiuafitedin 
securing  to  tlie  former  in  (.pjiositimi  lo  tas 
will  of  tlie  nation.  Cardinal  Xiiiniirs  aftir- 
wards  established  a  ningtiificent  ihainlini!.? 
cathidral  churcl)  of  Toli'do  for  Hie  p'tfiirtri- 
ance  of  the  Mu/.irabic  serviced,  wliiili  in*" 
been  retained  there  to  I  lie  priS'iit  tiinf 
riechier,  Histoire  du  Cardinal  XiMe!ie''(,l'i»iK 
1093),  p.  142.— Itourgoaniie, Travels  iujpii:i. 
Eng.  traiiH  ,  vol.  iii.  chap.  1. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILF. 


i.-^n 


ijf  til.-:: 
lie  emiity 


Willi  I'- 
ll, ut  '■'.■ 

Muzaril'!; 

uf  All"ii-« 

ciiinl'ini- 

crOnW  ill 

nil  to  tae 
iios  afii-r- 

jicrftirm- 
liii'li  liav 

lit  tiiiH-. 
iit's(l'aris 
S  iu  >pii:ii 


tlnw  cMW  to  l>o  pernianently  established.  The  ecelpsiastical  oncroachod  on 
ItliL'av  tril'iinals.  Appeals  wore  }ierpetnally  carried  up  to  the  Roman  court : 
ad  Itic  popes,  pretend in.^'  to  reundate  the  minutest  details  of  church  economy, 
Init  iiiilv  disposed  of  inferior  heneticcs,  hut  gradually  converted  the  ri;;ht  of 
[ciiiiti  iiiinu'  elections  to  the  episcopal  and  higher  ecclesiastical  dignities  into 
khal  ut  appointment.*^ 

Ih'^i'  Usurpations  of  the  church  had  been  ropeate<lly  the  .subject  of  grave 
|rt'iiiiiii>trance  in  cortes.  Several  remedial  enactments  had  passed  that  i)ody 
during'  tlie  present  leign,  especially  in  relation  to  the  papal  jirovision  of 
[fu:L'i;:nerN  to  benefices  ;  an  evil  of  much  greater  magnitude  in  Spain  than  in 
[othercoiuitries  of  Europe,  .since  the  episconal  demesnes,  frequently  covering 
jtho  .Moorisli  frontier,  l)ecame  an  important  line  of  national  defence,  obviously 
iiiipntor  to  be  intrusted  to  the  keeping  of  foreigners  and  al)sentees.  Not- 
{vitli>tuiidiiig  the  etlorts  of  cortes,  no  eflectual  remedy  was  devised  for  this 
I hlK'i- grievance,  untd  it  became  the  .subject  of  actual  collision  between  the 
iwu  and  tlie  pontiH',  iu  reference  to  the  see  of  Tara9ona.  and  afterwards  of 
lliu'iua.*'* 

Si.xtus  the  Foiu'th  h.ad  conferred  the  latter  benefice,  on  its  becoming  vacant 
[ill  Uvi,  «»n  his  nephew,  Cardinal  San  Giorgio,  a  Genoese,  in  direct  opjiosition 
h"  till'  wishes  of  the  (pieen,  who  would  have  bestowed  it  on  her  chaplain, 
IAIioiiso  (le  Burgos,  in  exchange  for  the  bishopric  of  Cordova.  An  aml)a.ssjidor 
\%\x>  iViKinlingly  desiiatched  by  the  Castilian  sovereigns  to  Rome,  to  reinon- 
fBtiati'nii  the  pajial  appointment ;  but  without  ellect,  as  Sixtus  replied,  with 
,iii','reeof  presiunption  which  might  better  have  liecome  his  predecessors  of 
[till'  t\v('Ifth  centuy,  that  "ue  was  head  ()f  the  church,  and,  as  such,  ]>osspsse(l 
lot  luiliiiiiteil  power  in  the  di.stribution  of  bejietices,  and  that  he  was  not  bound 
itjcmisult  the  inclination  of  any  potentate  on  earth,  any  further  than  might 
suliscrve  the  interests  of  religion. 

The  sovereigns,  highly  dissatisfied  with  this  respon.se,  ordered  their  subjects, 
le-vlesia^tical  as  well  .as  lay,  to  (put  the  i),apal  dominions  ;  an  injunction  which 
[till'  foiiuer,  fearful  of  the  se(piestration  of  their  temj»oralities  ij.  Ca.stile,  obeyed 
Ivith  us  much  jiromptness  as  the  latter.  At  the  .same  time,  Ferdinand  jind 
jkilellii  proclaimed  their  intention  of  inviting  the  i)rinces  of  Christendom  to 
[uiiite  with  them  in  convoking  a  general  council  for  the  reformation  of  the 
[niaiiifnlil  abuses  which  dishonoured  the  church.  No  sound  could  have  grated 
Ini'ie  unpleasantly  on  the  pontifical  ear  than  the  menace  of  a  general  council, 
Ipurticularly  ut  this  period,  Avhen  ecclesiastical  cc^rruptions  had  reached  a  height 
piii'li  (uuld  but  ill  endure  its  scrutiny.  The  i>oi)e  became  convinced  that  he 
iLai  ventured  too  far,  and  that  Henry  the  Fourth  was  no  longer  monarch  of 
ICa^tile.  He  accordingly  des{)atched  a  legate  to  Si)ain,  fully  empowered  to 
|a:raiiL;e  the  matter  on  an  anucable  ba.sis. 
Tilt'  legate,  who  was  a  layman,  by  name  Domingo  Centurion,  no  sooner 
nived  ill  Castile  than  he  caused  the  sovereigns  to  be  informed  of  his  pres(>nce 
'<!.';re.  anu  the  jiurjjose  of  his  mi.ssion  ;  but  he  received  orders  instantly  to 
]uit  the  kingdom,  without  attemoting  so  nuich  as  to  disclose  the  nature  of 
Bb  iiisliMKtioiis,  since  they  could  not  but  be  tlerogatory  to  the  dignity  of  the 
lowii,    A  .safe-conduct  was  granted  for  himself  and  his  suite  ;  but,  at  the 


'  Marina,  EiHayohlstc^rlco-crftico,  nos.  322, 
.  ^;U.  -Uidl,  liifi)rmc',  ajiud  Scniuiuirio 
■U",  I'll.  9'j  et  8oq. 

Vduiia,   Eiisavo    hl>it(^ricocritico,    no<«. 

'337.-onlfiiaii(;as   Kcalps,   Uh.    1,  tit.   \ 

tt-  :  1'.',  2u ,  lib.  2,  til.  7,  ley  i,  lib.  3,  tit.  1. 


If.y  6. — Klol,  Inform",  npud  .^mnn.irio  oni- 
(Htf),  Inc.  c'it.  — Ill  the  Litter  [)ait  of  Ilciirv 
IV. 'i'  roi^ii,  a  jiaiMl  h  ill  hiul  Imtii  piaiitt'd 
apaiiiHt  tho  jirovisioii  of  f<.r<'i(nHTs  to  bciie- 
flieM  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  vli. 
p.  196,  ed.  Vuk'iicla. 


140 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


samo  timo,  jjrcat  siirytrise  wa«  oxnressed  that  any  oiio  should  venture  toajiVa: 
as  envoy  from  his  Holiness,  at  tne  eourt  of  (Jastile,  after  it  liud  been  treav; 
by  him  with  such  unmerited  indignity. 

Far  from  resentinj,'  this  nnj;rarionsrece])tion,  tlie  le^^atc  afT'ected  the  (le.[<N' I 
humihty,  professing  himself  willing  to  waive  whatever  immunities  lie  in;..; 
claim  as  pajjal  ambassador,  and  to  submit  to  the  jurisdietion  of  the  soverc/'j 
as  one  of  their  own  sultjects,  so  that  he  might  olitain  an  audience.  C'aniiU 
Men(h)za,  whose  intluenee  in  the  cabinet  had  gaine<l  liim  the  title  of  "[y^\ 
king  of  Soain,''aiiitreliciisivo  of  the  consequences  of  a  protracted  rnpturc'«:i 
the  cliurcli,  ijiterposcd  in  hehalf  of  tlie  envoy,  whose  conciliatory  deiMirtiiK:.; 
at  length  so  far  mitigated  the  resentment  of  the  sovereigns  that  they  cnnseiix 
to  open  negotiations  with  the  court  of  Rome.  The  result  was  the  iMililiiatn 
of  a  bull  by  Sixtus  the  Fourth,  in  which  his  Holiness  engaged  to  pruviijc  Mift 
natives  to  the  higher  dignities  of  the  church  in  Castile  as  shoiild  he  maninaw 
l)y  the  nionarchs  of  that  kingdom  ; ""  and  Alfonso  de  Burgos  was  acninlin-T 
translatetl  to  the  see  of  Cuenca.  Isabella,  on  whom  the  duties  of  ecclcsiiisti  i 
l)referment  devolved  1)y  the  act  of  settlement,  avaiku  herself  of  tlK'ri,'!;:. 
thus  wrested  from  the  grasp  of  Rome,  to  exalt  to  the  vacant  sees  in'isi.i.s  • 
exemplary  piety  and  learning,  holding  light,  in  comparison  with  the  faith:.; 
discharge  of  this  duty,  every  minor  consideration  of  interest,  nnd  even  the 
solicitations  of  her  husband,  as  we  shall  see  liereafter/*  And  the  <  hmnjilfi 
of  her  reign  dwells  with  comi)lacency  on  those  good  old  times,  wlR'ncliiirdiiiirt 
were  to  be  found  of  siich  singular  modesty  as  to  require  to  be  urged  to  aceeii 
the  dignities  to  whicli  their  merits  entitled  them/^ 

V.  The  regulation  of  trade.    It  will  be  readily  conceived  that  trade,  &m- 

culture,  and  every  branch  of  industry  must  have  languished  under  the  !iiim.> 

of  precedmg  leigns.     For  Avhat  [)uri)0se,  inileed,  strive  to  accumulate  weaiii^ 

when  it  wofdd  only  serve  to  sharpen  the  appetite  of  tlie  spoiler  ?    Forwkt 

turi)ose  cultivate  the  earth,  when  the  fruits  were  sure  to  be  swept  a^vay, ev:; 

jefore  harvest  time,  in  some  ruthless  foray  1    The  fre(|uent  famines  luul  \k<: 

ences,  which  occurred  in  the  latter  jiart  of  Henry's  reign  and  the  coiiiinei.ce- 

ment  of  his  successor's,  show  too  plainly  the  stpialid  condition  of  the  \ie»\k 

and  their  utter  destitution  of  all  useful  arts.     We  are  assured  by  the  diratf 

of  Los  Palacios  that  the  plague  broke  out  in  the  southern  districts  nf  \b 

kingdom,  carryhig  olf  eight,  or  nine,  or  even  fifteen  thousand  inlwbitaiits  fnTi 

the  various  cities  ;  while  the  prices  of  the  ordinary  aliments  of  life  nw  t^a 

height  which  put  them  above  the  reach  of  the  ]»oorer  classes  of  the  conmii;ni;v 

In  addition  to  these  physical  evils,  a  fatal  shock  was  given  to  coniiiurudi 

credit  l)y  the  adulteration  of  tlie  coin.     Under  Henry  the  Fourth,  it  is  Oir 

nited  that  there  were  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  mints  openly  lioeii^ei 

)y  the  crown,  in  addition  to  many  others  erected  liy  individuals  withmitaiv 

egal  authority,     The  al)use  came  to  such  a  height  that  people  at  length  ivfi^i . 

to  receive  in  payir.entof  their  debts  the  debased  coin,  whose  value  di'ineciate'] 


*'  R!ol,  In  Ills  account  of  this  cololiratrd 
cotioordit,  refers  to  tlie  origin;il  ins'ininent, 
as  exi-^tinf;  in  liis  time  in  tlio  areliives  of 
Simanc'.is,  Seiiiiinurlo  eiudito,  toin.  iii.  ]).  05. 

■"  "l.o  qno  o-i  publico  lioy  ell  I'>ii,ifia  (5 
notorio."  siys  lioiizalo  tie  Oviedo,  "  iniinii  los 
l^eye-*  ('atliolico>  ili'seaniii  ni  itrocuraroii  sino 
<|ue  jiroveer  6.  jiresentar  jiara  las  tlijrniilailes 
lie  la  I;^li  ^ia  luiiiil'ros  capa/.es  e  iilouros  luni 
l.i  huena  niiniinistracioii  ilel  Msrvieio  del  culto 
(ilvinn.  6  a  la  bueim  onsefianzu  u  utiliilail  do 
lo8  t'hrlstiauos  sua  vusallus;   y  cutrc  tudoa 


los  varonps  de  sun  Reynos  asf  por  larpiio':  - 
Kciniifnto  conio  por  largae  secrcia  ;::•"'  nnau  i 
aciird.ii'ou  (  iciijer  e  ele^jir,"  etc.  qiii:.i'iJ* 
genus,  iij*'.,  liiul  (le  Talavera. 

"''  ^^ali/ar  dc  Mendoza,  C'n'n.  del  Ctniiur- 
deiial.  lib.  1,  cap.  ;/l — idem,  ^li^'Ili^t.1'!••  li 
(.'astilla,  p.  a"4.— Pulgar,  lleyes  Cuieiii  •, 
jiart.  '2,  cap.  lut. — See  also  IIk'  fiiiuliria- 
dependent  conduct  jMirsued  by  IVniiiW'J. 
tlireo  years  j)icvious,  \\i;li  referr'ii'i' t"  ite 
seo  uf  'rara(;ona,  rcktcd  by  Zurita,  -VUiicSi 
toui,  iv.  t'ol.  Mi, 


lii'itwithstanding  tin 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


Ill 


IniMro  and  niore  every  day  ;  and  the  little  trade  which  remained  in  Castile  was 
carrii'tl  on  liy  liarter,  as  In  the  primitive  stages  of  society.^" 
'  The  iua,::iiitii<le  of  the  evil  was  such  as  to  i.laini  the  earliest  attention  of  the 
jc.irt*^  under  the  new  monarchs.     Acts  were  passed  fixin;;  the  standard  and 
||..ro|  value  of  the  ditl'erent  denominations  of  coin. 


A  new  coinairo  was  subse- 


(iiu'iitly  made.    Five  royal  mints  were  alone  authorized,  afterwards  au^nnented 
ti' seven,  and  severe  penalties  denounced  airainst  the  fabrication  of  money  el.-.e- 

Uiiore.  The  reform  of  the  currency  gradually  infused  new  life  into  comme.ce, 
a-  the  return  of  the  circulations,  wliich  iiave  been  interrupted  for  a  while, 
(ii;i  kens  the  animal  b(nly.     This  was  furthered  by  salutary  laws  for  the  en- 

jc'iiiriU'enient  of  domestic  nidustry.  Internal  connnunication  was  facilit;-ted  by 
theiiHistruction  of  roads  and  brid;j;es.  Absurd  restrictions  on  chan;,^e  of  resi- 
dt'iue,  as  well  as  the  onerous  duties  which  had  l)een  imposed  on  conunercial 
jiitenourse  lietween  Ca-tile  and  Aragon,  were  repealed.    Several  judicious  laws 

Ui're  enaited  for  the  j»rotection  of  foreign  trade  ;  and  the  nourishing  condition 
of  the  iiiereantile  marine  may  be  inferred  from  that  of  the  military,  which 
eiiiihleil  tiie  sovereigns  to  fit  out  an  arnian)entof  seventy  sail  in  14S-J,  from  the 
limits  tif  IJiscay  an(I  Andalusia,  for  the  defence  of  x>aples  against  the  Turks. 
Nino  of  their  regulations,  indeed,  as  those  jirohibiting  the  exportation  of  the 

Ipreciiiiis  metals,  savour  too  stronglv  of  the  ignorance  of  the  true  i)rinciples  of 

{ci'iniiien  ial  legislation  Avhich  has  distinguished  the  Spaniards  to  the  present 
day.  JJut  others,  again,  as  that  for  relieving  the  importation  of  ft)reign  books 
from  all  duties,  "because,"  says  the  statute,  "they  bring  both  honour  and 

jj)p  tit  to  the  kingdom,  by  the  facilities  which  they  atlbrd  for  making  men 
lariiel,"  are  not  only  in  advance  of  that  age,  but  may  sustain  an  advant^igeous 
C'liiparison  with  i)rovisions  on  corresponding  subjects  in  Spain  at  the  jnesent 

jtiiie.    rublic  credit  was  re-established  by  the  punctuality  with  which  the 

Igveiiunent  redeemed  the  debt  contracted  during  the  P(»rtuguese  war  ;  and, 
ri'iiwithstanding  the  repeal  of  various  arbitrary  imjiosts,  which  enriched  the 

!e\  heiiucr  under  Henry  the  Fourth,  «uch  was  the  advance  of  the  country  under 

Itiio  wix'  ecimoniy  of  the  present  reign,  that  the  revenue  was  augmented  neiirly 

jfixfnkl  between  the  yeiirs  1477  and  1482.*' 
Thus  released  from  the  heavy  burdens  imposed  on  it,  the  spring  of  enter- 

jpri-e  reoiivered  its  former  elasticity.  The  productive  cajtital  of  tlie  country 
(as  made  to  How  through  the  various  channels  of  domestic  industry.  The 
iills  and  the  valleys  again  rejoiced  in  the  labour  of  the  husbandman  ;  and  the 

1  cities  were  enihellished  with  stately  edifices,  both  public  and  private,  which 


'  IVrnaliii'z,  Royis  Ciitolicos,  MS.,  cap.  44. 

[—>•■•' a  lettiT  Iruin  one  of  Henrj''s  sulijects, 

I  c  t'l  by  Sd'-z,  .MdiK'das  de  Enrique  IV.,  p.  3. 

—  \l<i)tli.'  iciarse satire (composi'd  in  Henry's 

jM.-n)  uf  Mingu  ilevulgo,  especially  coplas 

Prapniiitica-J  del  Royno,  fol.  64.— Orde- 

Inm^is,  R.alis,  lib.  4,  tit.  4.  ley  22  ;  lib.  5,  tit. 

b.liv',';  lib.  (i,  tit.  9,  ley  49;  lib.  6.  tit.   10, 

h- 13.-0,1.  d"  Cedulas,  torn.  v.  no.  182.— 

IS-  al<o  (itlitT  wholesome  laws  for  the  en- 

I  c  irag-nii  nt  of  commerce  and  general  security 

I<1  iTMpi.ity,   a.'^    that     respecting    contracts 

[('■'t'tiancas  H.'alcs,   lib,   5,  tit.  8,  )ey  5),— 

[IriuJiilciit  trad.'smcn  (lib.  5,  tit.  8,  ley  5),— 

{mvvaiio>  ^lib    0.  tit.    U,   ley  2  ct  al.).— 

l^f  tiiiici"!!  de  las  Leyes,  lib.'s,  tit.  2i>,  21, 

\'i-  liK  6,  tit.  la,  ley  l.— Pulgar,  lieyeaCato- 

•''.  pait.  2,  cap.  99.— Zurita,  Anales,  torn. 


iv.  fol.  312. — Mem.  do  la  Acad,  de  FIist.,tom. 
vi.  llust.  11. — The  revenue,  it  appears,  in 
1477,  amountoil  to  27,41 5, 22s  maravedis;  and 
in  tlie  year  14s2,  we  find  it  increased  to 
150,69;'), 2.Hfs  maravedis.  (Ibid.,  llust.  5.) — X 
survey  of  the  kingdom  was  made  between  tho 
years  llTT  and  1479,  for  the  piirpose  of  a^icer- 
taining  the  value  of  tin;  r(>,yal  rents,  which 
formed  the  basis  of  the  economical  regula- 
tions adopted  >\v  the  cortes  of  Toledo.  Al- 
though tills  survey  was  conducted  on  no 
uniform  plan,  yet,  according  to  Sefior  Cle^ 
mencin,  it  e.\hibits  such  a  variety  of  im- 
portant details  respecting  thi'  resources  and 
population  of  the  (Dimlry  that  it  must  ma- 
terially contribute  towanl-i  an  e.xai  t  history 
of  this  p(Miod.  The  com[)ilation,  whicii  coiir 
sists  of  twelve  folio  volumes  in  manuscript, 
is  deposited  in  the  achives  of  Simancas. 


142 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CASTILE. 


I     i 


attracted  the  gaze  and  comrnondation  of  forei^^ners.**  Tlic  writers  of  tlj; 
day  are  tinbounded  in  their  jdaiidits  of  Isalx-lla,  to  whom  tliev  ]iriiirii,a;v 
as(;nl)e  this  aiispitiotis  revohitiou  in  the  coiuHtioii  of  the  country  ainl  ^^ 
inliahitaiits,*'  which  seems  ahnost  as  mai,dcal  as  one  of  those  transforniatii.nj 
hi  romance  wro)ij,dit  l)y  the  hands  of  some  benevolent  fairy.** 

VI.  The  pre-eminence  ui'  tl'e  royal  authority.  This,  whicli,  as  we  have^en. 
apjiears  to  have  been  the  natural  result  of  the  policy  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  was  derived  quite  as  much  from  the  influence  of  their  jirivatt; 
characters  as  from  their  i)ublic  measures.  Their  acknijwled^^ed  tak'iits  wi^ 
supported  by  a  dignified  demeanour,  which  formed  a  striking'  fontra>! 
with  the  meanness  in  mind  and  manners  that  had  distinguished  tlicir 
predecessor.  They  both  exhibited  a  practical  wisdom  in  their  own  ]ier>mi 
relations,  which  always  connnands  resi)ect,  and  which,  however  it  nm 
have  savoured  of  worldly  policy  in  Ferdinand,  was,  in  his  consort,  fmiiidedori 
the  purest  and  most  exalted  princijde.  Tender  such  a  soverei/xn,  the  cnun, 
which  had  been  little  better  than  a  bn/itiel  under  the  itreceding  reign,  hcoanie 
the  nursery  of  virtue  and  generous  amldtion.  Isabella  watched  assi(hioii>lT 
over  the  nurture  of  the  high-born  damsels  of  her  court,  whom  she  wcmi 
into  the  royal  palace,  causing  them  to  be  educated  under  her  own  eye,  ul 
endowing  them  with  liberal  j)ortions  on  their  marriage.**  By  these  ani 
similar  acts  of  affectionate  solicitude,  she  endeared  herself  to  the  hi^'lie; 
classes  of  her  subjects,  while  the  patriotic  tendency  of  her  public  conduct 
established  her  in  the  hearts  of  the  people.  She  possessed,  in  conihinatin 
with  the  feminine  qualities  which  beget  love,  a  masculine  energy  (jf  tharaftir, 
which  struck  terror  into  the  guilty.  She  enforced  the  execution  of  her  ^m. 
plans,  oftentimes  even  at  great  personal  hazard,  with  a  resolution  siirjia  ^Li: 
that  of  her  husband.  Both  were  singularly  teni])erate,  indeed  frugal,  in  tliei: 
dress,  equipage,  and  general  style  of  living ;  seeking  to  affect  others  kvs  |.v 
external  pomp  than  l)y  the  silent  though  more  potent  influence  of  iieMia 
qualities.  On  all  such  occasions  as  demanded  it,  however,  they  (h^jdiiyt'l  a 
princely  magnificence,  which  dazzled  the  multitude,  and  is  blazoned  with  givat 
solemnity  in  the  garrulous  chronicles  of  the  day.** 

The  tendencies  of  the  present  administration  were  undoubtedly  to  strength™ 
the  power  of  the  crown.  This  was  the  j)oint  to  which  most  of  the  femial 
governments  of  Europe  at  this  epoch  were  tending.  But  Isabella  was  far 
from  being  actuated  by  the  selfish  aim  or  unscrui)ulous  policy  of  many  cnii- 
tempera  y  princes,  who,  like  Louis  the  Eleventh,  sought  to  govern  by  tlieim> 

'•"  Onp  of  tho  statutes  passed  a(,  Toledo 
exprosply  provides  for  tlie  erection  of  spacious 
and  handsome  editiccs  (casas  urcnides  y  bien 
fechax)  for  the  transaction  of  municipal  affairs, 
in  all  the  principal  towns  iind  cities  in  the 
kingdom.  Ordenan^as  Reales,  lib.  7,  tit.  1, 
li  y  1. — See  also  L.  Maiineo,  Cosas  memo- 
rabies,  passim, — et  al.  auct. 

'  "Cosa  fue  por  cierto  maravillosa,"  ex- 
claims Pul>?ar,  in  hia  (tlosa  on  tlie  Miujio 
Rovulgo,  •'((ue  lo  que  mnchos  liombres  y 
grandes  scfiorcs  no  so  acordaron  it  hacer  en 
muchos  anos,  sola  una  muiier,  con  s\i  trabajo 
y  gobernacion,  lo  hiz'>  en  poco  ticaipo." 
Copla'il. 

'  The  beautiful  lines  of  Virgil,  so  often 
misapplied,— 

"Jam    rcdit    et    Virgo;    rcdcunt    Saturnia 
regna ; 
Jam  nova  progenies,"  etc.—. 


seem  to  admit  hereof  a  pertinent  appliii- 
tion. 

■•'■  Carro  de  las  Dofms.  apud  ]\rfm.  d-  '« 
Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn  ...  Ilust  2I.-.\- f'!:e 
example  of  the  mi-.al  discipline  iiUinducoil'T 
Isabella  in  her  court,  we  may  cite  tli'-  "nact- 
ments  i\gainst  gaming,  which  liii'i  t^"'' 
carried  to  great  excess  under  the  prfcpiline 
rriiins.  (See  Oidenantjas  Reales,  lib. '.',  tit  U. 
ley  31;  lib.  s,  tit.  10,  ley  7.)  L.  Mamw, 
according  to  wIkjui  "hellisfull  of  gambl'^rt." 
hitjlily  commends  the  sovereigns  fur  th'ir 
efforts  to  discountenance  this  vice.  Ct>i* 
niemorahles,  fol.  105. 

'•''■  See,  for  exatnple,  the  splendiil  rercniniiy 
of  lYince  .Tohn's  baptism,  to  wliii  h  th'- 1<'-*'-\- 
ing  Curate  of  L<is  I'alacios  d-'votes  the  3JnJ 
and  33rd  chapters  of  his  History. 


Itho  ,T()ssest  abuses 


THE  INQUISITION. 


143 


,,f  (lissiinulation,  itnd  to  establish  their  own  authority  by  fomontinff  the 
ilivi>ions  nf  their  iiow«>rfiil  vassals.  On  tlie  contrary,  sho  ondeavoiircd  to 
Mild  t('i,'othi'r  the  disjfdnted  fragments  of  the  state,  to  assi^^n  to  each  of  its 
Tpat  divisions  its  constitutional  limits,  and,  by  depressing;  the  aristocracy  to 
[ts  itn  Iter  level  and  elevating  the  commons,  to  consolidate  the  \\holo  under 
tiie  liiwfid  siipremaey  of  the  crown.  At  least,  such  was  the  tendencv  of  her 
administration  up  to  the  present  period  of  our  history.  These  laudable 
•ilijects  were  jrradually  achieved,  without  f^aud  or  violence,  by  a  course  of 
iiicii^iu'es  e'lually  laudable  ,  and  the  various  orders  of  the  monarchy,  brought 
inrii  liariiiouious  action  with  -uich  other,  were  enalded  to  turn  the  foices  which 
}vm\  liefore  been  wasted  in  civil  contiict  to  the  {glorious  career  of  discovery 
and  cuiiiiue.st  which  it  was  destined  to  run  durinj,^  the  remainder  of  the 
(t'litiiry. 


The  fiixtli  volnmp  of  tho  :\IonioiTN  of  thi' 
RiivalSiiaiii^li  Aciuli-myot  History,  I)u1)11s1ip(I 
ill  i-Jl,  i'  ili'Vtitcd  altoi^t'thtT  to  the  ri'ij?n  of 
I-atx'Ua.  It  i''  liistribiitcil  iiit.u  Illustraliuns, 
«.  tlify  arc  trrined,  of  tlic  various  briincln  h  of 
til.'  aclMiinistiHtivc  policy  of  the  rpieen.  of  lier 
t..ri<Jiiul  cliariu'HT,  aii<l  of  the  condition  of 
sii'Mir  iiiniiT  hiT  ffoveriuiieiit.  These  ei^^aya 
.•\liili;t  iiMiih  <iirii>\iH  rcsearfh,  beinj;  derived 
frmn  nii'|iii'Kiii)nHltle  roiitemiiornry  diK-u- 
ni'iiin,  jiriiiit d  and  iniinu.script,  and  fn'iu  the 
public  ariliivfs.     They  are   couipiled  with 


much  discernment,  and,  as  tliey  ttinnv  lip;lit 
on  some  of  tlw  most  recondite  transactions  of 
ttiis  n'inn,  are  of  inestinial)le  service  to  tlie 
historian.  'I'iie  auilior  of  tlie  volume  is  the 
lite  lanient<>d  sfcrctary  of  tlie  Aciuleniy,  I)oii 
l)ii'go(Miineii('in  ;  one  of  t  hi-  few  who  survived 
the  wreck  of  scholarship  in  Spiin,  and  who, 
with  till- erudition  whicli  has  freipuntly  dis- 
tinpiiishi  d  iiis  countrymen,  eunihiiied  the 
iibeial  and  enhirf^ed  opiuions  which  would  do 
honour  to  any  country. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


ESTABLISHMENT   OP   THE   MODERN   INQUISITION. 

I  Origin  of  the  Ancient  Inquisition — Retrospective  View  of  the  Jews  in  Spain — Their  Wealth 
aii'l 'ivili/ation— l!i^?otry  of  the  Ape— Its  Influence  on  Isaljella— Her  Confessor,  Tor<iue- 
inada— Kiill  untlioriiang  tlie  Inqui>ition  Tribunal  at  Seville — Forms  of  Trial — Torture — 
Autos  lia  Ke  -Number  of  Convictions — Perfidious  Policy  of  Home. 

IIt  i>  painful,  after  having  dwelt  so  long  on  the  important  benefits  resulting 
itit.'astile  finin  the  comprehensive  pfdicy  of  Isal)eila,  to  be  comptdlod  to  turn  to 
jtlii' ijarkor  side  of  the  picture,  and  to  exhibit  her  as  accomniodating  herself 
[t'tM'  illilieral  spirit  of  the  age  in  which  she  lived,  so  far  as  to  sanction  one  of 
Itiio  uTOssest  abuses  that  ever  disgraced  humanity.  The  juesent  chapter  will 
|b'ilev(itod  to  the  estaidishincnt  and  early  jirogress  of  tlie  Modern  In(piisi- 
Itu;  an  institution  which  has  jmibably  contiibutod  more  than  any  other 
pi>e  to  depres;;  the  lofty  character  of  the  ancient  Spaniard,  and  which  has 
Itlir  ivn  the  gloom  of  fanaticism  over  those  lovely  regions  which  seem  to  be  tlie 
|li;U:iral  ahode  of  I'estivity  and  pleasure. 

Ill  the  ])resont  liberal  state  of  knowledge,  we  look  with  d'sgust  at  the  pre- 
Ittiisiiins  of  any  human  being,  however  exalted,  to  invade  the  sacred  rights  of 
"flM iouio, inalienably  possessed bv  every  man.  We  feel  that  the  sjiiritual  con- 
n-i  iif  an  individual  may  be  safely  left  to  himsidf,  as  most  interested  in  them, 
vept  so  far  as  they  can' lie  afVected  by  argument  or  friendly  monition  ;  that 
•■idea  of  compelling  belief  in  particular  diutrines  is  a  solecism,  as  absurd 
wirked  ;  and,  so  far  from  condemning  to  the  stake,  or  the  gibbet,  men  who 
htiiiaciou^ly  adhere  to  their  conscientious  opinions  in  contempt  of  personal 


144 


THE  INQUISITION. 


iiitcrosts  and  in  the  faro  of  danf,'er,  we  slimild  nitlicr  feel  disposed  to  imitat.' 
the  spirit  nf  aiititpiity  in  raisin;^'  altars  and  statues  t(»  tlicir  incniKrv,  a*;  liavi!.. 
displayed  tlie  hi^^liest  ellnrts  of  human  virtue.  IJut,  altluni^Ii  tlic,>('  triiii." 
are  now  so  obvious  as  rather  to  deserve  the  name  of  truisms,  tlie  world  Li. 
l)een  slow,  very  sUtw,  in  arriving  at  them,  after  many  centuries  of  unspcakallr 
oi)pression  and  misery. 

Acts  of  intolerance  are  to  be  discerned  from  the  earliest  period  in  wliirfc 
Christianity  ]»ecame  the  estaMislied  religion  of  the  Roman  empire.  HuttiiK 
do  not  seem  to  liave  tlowed  fnwu  any  systematized  f»lan  of  iiersccutioii,  iiii;'; 
the  ]»ai)al  authority  had  sw(>llen  to  a  considerable  hei;;ht      The  jMipes,  wL 

L'i''nc(M»f  all  Christendom,  re;,^arded  lieresy  as  trea-.'. 
>uch,  deserving  all  the  jienalties  which  soveici:ii> 
this,,  in  their  eyes  unpardonable  oflence.  T;:e 
ii-,  ^art  of  the  thirt(-  ,ith  century,  swept  so  fuTie'v 
>«>.  "^f  Franee,  exteri  -ating  their  inhabitants  a;.i 
civili  M  'on  which  had  put  forth  after  the  loni:  feii'lai 


claime(l  the  s))iritual  alk 
against  th(Mnselvi  Mud. 
have  uniformly  vt  .  v' 
crusades  whicli,  in  ...r'  «. 
over  the  southern  \)i  ■'■  ^ 
Idasting  the  fair  buds  u. 


winter,  opened  the  way  to  the  ii.  piisition  :  nd  it  was  on  tlie  ruins  of  th;. 
once  hajijyy  land  that  were  first  ere(;ted  the  Idoody  altars  of  that  trilniiial.' 

After  various  modifications,  the  province  of  detecting  and  i)iini.sliiiiij  lu'r(*>_T 
was  exclusively  conuiiitted  to  the  hands  of  the  Dominican  friars ;  aiil  ;r, 
1'2.S3,  in  the  reigi^  of  St.  Louis,  and  under  the  pontificate  (»f  Giregoiy  t!.e 
Ninth,  a  code  for  tlie  regulation  (  f  their  proceedings  was  finally  (li,L'e>tiii 
The  triliiiual,  after  having  been  successively  adopted  in  Italy  and  riermanj, 
was  introduced  into  Arag<in,  where,  in  1242,  additional  ])rovisi(>ns  wi.-. 
frameil  by  the  council  of  Tarragona,  on  the  basis  of  those  of  12,'W,  which  may 
properly  be  con.sidered  as  the  primitive  instructions  of  the  Holy  Otiice 
m  Spain.* 

This  Ancient  Inquisition,  as  it  is  termed,  bore  the  same  odious  poculirtritie; 
in  its  leading  features  as  the  Modern;  the  same  imjienetrable  secrecy  in  is 
proceedings,  the  same  insidious  modes  of  accusation,  a  similar  use  of  torture, 
and  similar  penalties  for  the  offender.  A  sort  of  manual,  drawn  up  h 
Eymerich,  an  Aragonese  inquisitor  of  the  fourteenth  century,  for  the  instrac- 


'  ^loshfini,  Ecclopiastical  History,  trans- 
lated l)y  Jlaciaiiii'  (C'liarlcstow  n,  Imio),  cent, 
i:!,  P.  2,  diap.  5. — Sisnioiuli,  IIi>toire  dos 
Fran^iiis  (I'arin,  iH'in,  t.nn.  vi.  cliap.  '2t-'2S; 
toin.  vii.  clia]i.  '2,  ;i.--Idi'ni,  De  la  Litierature 
du  Midi  (li-  ri;i'r-)i)o  (Paris,  Isia),  tmn.  i. 
chap.  6. — In  ttu'  furnicr  of  these  work.s  M. 
Sismondi  has  dcsciihod  the  iiliysical  ravapcd 
of  the  crvisades  in  Routhcrn  Fiance,  with  the 
same  .spirit  and  eloqu(>nce  with  wliich  he  has 
exiiibited  their  des'ilatinK  moral  influence  in 
the  latter.  Some  Catholic  writers  would  fain 
excuse  .St.  Dominic  from  the  imputation  of 
haviiiR  founded  the  Inquisition.  It  is  true 
htvlied  some  years  before  tlie  periect  organiz- 
ation  of  that  tribunal  ;  but,  as  he  establislied 
the  principles  on  which,  and  the  monkish 
militia  by  whom,  it  was  administered,  it  is 
doing  him  no  injustice  to  regard  him  as  its 
real  author. — The  Sicilian  Paramo,  indeed,  in 
his  heavy  quarto  (De  Origine  et  Progre'^su 
Oflicii  Saneta>  Inquisitionis,  Matriti,  lu9S), 
traces  it  up  to  a  much  more  remote  antiquity, 
which,  to  a  Protestant  ear  at  least,  savours 
not  a  little  of  blaspheujy.  Acconling  to  him, 
CJod  was  the  first  inquisitor,  and  Lis  condem- 


nation of  ,\dam  and  Eve  furnished  th"nii>!'i 
of  the  judicial  forms  observed  in  tlietrial^f 
the  Holy  Oftlce,  The  sentence  of  Adanixu 
the  type  of  the  in(itiisitorial  reroncitintiun. 
his  subsequent  raiment  of  tli.>  fkins  f 
animals  was  the  model  of  the  snnlienito.iii 
his  expulsion  from  Paradise  the  iireccdt'iitfo' 
the  conliscation  of  the  goods  of  heretics.  Tb:- 
leariu'd  per.M)iuige  deduces  a  successinn  ^f 
inquisitors  through  the  patriarclis,  .Mo.<-5. 
Nebuchatlnezzar,  and  King  David,  down  to 
John  the  IJajitist,  and  even  our  Saviour.  :2 
whose  jirecejits  and  conduct  he  find-  abuiiJ  r.; 
authority  for  the  tribunal!  Paramo,  K 
Origine  Inquisitionis.  lib.  l,tit.  1,  2,.!. 

-  Sismondi.  Hist,  dos  rran(;ai^,  tem.  vi; 
chap.  3.— Limlwrch,  History  ol  the  Iiiqu- 
pition,  transl.ited  by  Chandler  (l.nndon  K  r. 
book  1,  chap.  24.— Llorente,  Ilistoire  critiqi:^  j 
de  ITnquisition  d'E^pagJie  (Pari.',  liH\t!ii 
i.  p.  110.— Refore  this  time  we  find  »  «!• 
stitntion  of  Peter  I.  of  Aragon  against  li'rf- 
tics,  jirescribing  in  certain  cases  the  I'uni"?  j 
of  heretics  and  tlie  confiscation  ef  tl)'' 
estates,  in  1197.  Marca  Ili'^panica.  '^'^ 
Limes  Hispanicus  (Parisiis,  16sd\  p.  '3^^. 


im  of  the  judge 

iiitt^rrogatioii  bv 

nimvcntc'l.*    Tl 

arc  no  less  reiMi 

a!tlioii:.di  the  roi 

The  arm  of   per 

(luring  the  tliirtei 

who,  ifroiii  the  pn 

Ikvoiiio  iiiiiiierouN 

toh;ive  heeii  chie 

that  the  Holy  O 

orC'iiiizi'ii  in  Cast 

to  the  paucity  ol 

I  harL'cd  to  any  h 

St.  Kordinand,  wl 

(iiiwii  to  that  of  J 

lieretic><  of  Hiscay 

eviiico<i  a  lively  ze 

Hy  the  middle 

nearly  extir^tated 

iiiL'ht  have  .')een  s 

keep  it  in  niotioi 

iinfortiinato  race 

So  unsparingly    ^ 

tlicy  have   sojouri 

people,  who  .seem 

till'  thousand  fra' 

prrliajts  to  greater 

and  as  the  efforts 

'  N'ic.  Antonio,  Ribl 
p.  IKB.-Lliiri'nte,  Hist 
i  pp  llu-r.'l.— I'uigi, 
iiKtructioiis  from  Eyi 
authuriiy  in  the  courts 
ci'ni[iares  to  that  of 
oherH.Ylo.si,i,>tical  judi 
nijysnflice  to  show  th 
"Whtn  the  inquisitor 
li''  !>hall  manage  so  a.' 
conwrxatiun  of  the  prif 
itcuniplices,  or  any  otl 
«!..j  shall  feign  that  1 
liw!>y,  tellirn;  him  th 
lii' i^ilc  purpose  of  esc, 
iie.«iviiiK  III,' inquisitor 
iiMuntidciire,  heehali 
ilir  after  (jiniier,  and, 
^'•^atiijti  til  night,  si 
oi'l'T pret'.\t  of  its  bei 
Muriilioine.    Ib'sliall 
[•  I'll  liim  all  the  paitii 
Mwne  first  told  him  til 
I'll  ifi  the  mean  time  e 
'"•"fin?  at  the  dixir,  as 
w\>-j  to  certilV  what 
™|!t.laiuh,  Inquisition 
JnUltiin  (London,   l 


THE  INQUISITION. 


149 


im  of  the  jnfl;^cs  of  the  Holy  Otfiro,  pn-srrihos  all  those  aml)iguous  fonns  of 
iiitfrmuation  hv  whicli  the  iii'nvarv  juhI  pcrhjips  iiinoociit  victim  niij,'ht  Ik;  eir- 
(iiiiivciitt'il.*  'rhe  iiriiiciiilos  nil  wliich  the  ancient  In(iiiisition  Wivscstahlishtui 
jirt'  no  less  reim^nant^  t<>  justice  than  tlmse  wlii<  h  repilated  the  nioilern ; 
a!tlioii:.'h  the  toinier,  it  is  true,  was  nmch  less  extensive  in  its  oi)eration. 
Tilt'  arm  of  persecution,  however,  fell  with  sntHoient  heaviness,  csperially 
(luriiii:  tlie  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries, on  the  unfortunate  Alhi^'enses. 
who,  frniii  the  jiroxiniity  and  political  relations  of  Araucon  and  Provence,  had 
Ikmuihc  nniiuTous  in  the  f(»riner  kinploni.  The  persecution  ajjjjears,  however, 
til  JKivc  hcen  chietly  confine<l  to  this  unfortunate  sect,  and  there  is  no  evidence 
th;it  the  Holy  Office,  notwithstandinjf  i)aiial  briefs  to  that  ett'ect,  was  fully 
(rL'iUiizeii  in  Oastile  Iteforc  the  rei,u,n  of  Isabella.  This  is  i>erhaps  imputable 
10  the  jiaucity  of  heretics  in  that  kingdom.  It  cannot,  at  any  rate,  be 
(ImrL'i'd  to  any  lukewarmness  in  its  soverei^^ns  ;  since  they,  from  the  time  of 
St.  Ferdinand,  who  heaiied  the  fa;;ots  on  the  blazing  pile  with  his  own  hands, 
down  to  that  of  John  tne  Second,  lsaV)ella's  father,  who  hunted  the  unhappy 
hfretic^  of  Biscay  like  so  many  wild  ]>easts  among  the  mountains,  h>,  •  er 
eviiicod  a  lively  z^uil  tor  the  orth(j<iox  faith.* 

Hv  tiie  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Albigensian  heresy  I  ^d  b- ■  ~i 
nearly  extirpated  by  the  In([uisition  of  Aragon  ;  so  that  this  inferr'.t  n^nj.e 
mi.'ht  have  iieen  suH'ered  to  sleep  undisturbed  froni  want  of  suthc'  .'  fi  1  to 
keep  it  in  motion,  when  new  and  ample  mateiials  were  discovced  '  the 
iiiifortiinate  race  of  Israel,  on  whom  the  sins  of  their  fathers  nave  been 
so  unsparingly  visited  by  every  nation  in  Oiristendom,  ai  r  vhom 
tlicy  have  sojourned  almost  to  the  present  century.  As  this  i.,i;.irkable 
\\>v\)\c,  who  seem  to  have  preserved  their  unity  of  character  unbroken  amid 
tlio  thousand  fragments  into  vhich  they  have  Iteen  scattered,  attained 
porhaps  to  greater  consideration  in  Spain  than  in  any  other  part  of  EuroiK?, 
aivl  as  the  etlbrts  of  the  Inquisition  were  directed  pfincii)ally  against  them 


'  Nic.  Antonio,  RibUotliPca  VetuH,  torn  ii. 

1)  1H6.— Lli>n'iiU',  iliHt.df  riiiquisition,  torn. 
i.jip  llD-r.'l.— I'uii^lilanch  cites  sonic  <if  tiie 
innnictioiis  from  Eyniericirs  worli,  whose 
outliuriiy  in  tlic  courts  of  the  Inr|uisition  he 
C'liipares  to  tlmt  of  (Jnit'aii's  DccTotals  in 
(1  iifr  eci'lt'si,i>tical  judicatures.  One  of  ihese 
niivstiffice  to  sliow  the  spirit  of  the  wiiole. 
"Whtn  ill"  inquisitor  ha.s  ttie  opportunity, 
lie  jhall  manage  so  as  to  intnxluce  to  tlie 
conwrsatioii  of  the  prisoner  some  one  ot  his 
icumplices,  or  any  otlier  convert«Hl  heretic, 
» ni  j^liall  feign  that  he  still  persists  in  his 
h''--sy,  tellinu'  him  that  lie  had  at)jur.d  for 
til' Kill' (nirpose  of  escaping  punislimi'iit,  by 
4!  eiviiig  (111' inquisitors.  Having  thus  j^uined 
iMuiitidcnce,  he  sliiill  go  into  his  cell  Koine 
iliy  after  dinner,  and,  Iceeping  up  the  c<)!i- 
T':-atii)ii  I  11  niglit,  shall  remain  with  him 
B'l'lrpret 'Xt  of  its  being  too  iavi'  for  liim  to 
Murnliiitne.  H"8halllhen  urge  the  pri-oni-r 
t  I'llliiin  iill  the  paiticulars  of  his  ))ast  life, 
iiavinz  first  toUl  him  tihe  whole  of  his  own  ; 
•nl  ifi  tbe  inran  time  spies  shall  be  kept  in 
ii'iring  at  tlie  diMjr,  as  well  as  a  notary,  in 
wlif  u  cortify  what  may  be  said  within." 
J*ai|!Uaii(li,  Inquisition  Unmasked,  translated 
ty  Haltun  (^ London,  1816),  vol.  i.  pp.  2'M, 


*  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  lib.  12,  cap, 
11;  lib.  21,  cap.  17.  — Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'ln- 
quisition,  tom.  i.  chap.  3. — The  natin<>  of  the 
penance  imposed  on  reconciled  heretics  by  the 
ancient  Inqtiisition  was  much  more  severe 
than  that  of  later  time«.  Llorente  cites  an 
act  of  St.  Donihiic  respecting  a  person  of  this 
description,  named  Ptmce  Roger.  Tlie  peni- 
tent was  commanded  to  Ije  "stripped  of  hix 
clothes  and  beaten  with,  rods  by  a  prirst, 
three  Sundays  in  tucefssion,  from  the  yate  of 
the  city  to  the  door  of  the  church  ;  not  to  eat 
any  kind  of  animal  f<KHl  during  his  whole 
life  ;  to  keep  tliret'  Lents  a  year,  witliout  even 
eating  llsli ;  to  alwtain  from  fish,  oil,  and  wine 
three  days  in  the  week  during  life,  except  in 
case  of  sickness  orex>-essive  lalxmr;  to  wear 
a  religious  dress  with  a  small  cross  emliroidered 
on  eai'h  side  of  the  breast;  to  attend  mass 
every  day,  if  he  had  the  means  of  iloing  so, 
and  vesjiiTs  on  Sundays  and  fe>tivals ;  to 
rec  t-  tiie  service  for  the  day  and  the  night, 
and  to  repeat  the  pater  nost'.r  seven  tiiueH  in 
the  day,  ten  times  in  the  evening,  and  tnmtij 
timen  at  midniffht."  (Ibid.,  cliap.  4.)  If  the 
said  lioger  failed  in  any  of  tlie  alx>ve  requisi- 
tions, he  was  to  be  burnt  as  a  relajwed  heretic ! 
This  was  the  eiicouragemcnt  held  out  by  St. 
Dominic  to  penitence. 


140 


tup:  inquisition. 


during'  tlu'  present  roi^^n,  it  may  ])G  well  to  t«kc  a  brief  review  of  their  (n?. 
ceding'  liistory  in  the  Peninsula. 

Under  the  Visj^^othic  empire  the  Jews  mnltiiilie^  exoee(lii\t,dy  in  the  (•(uintn-, 
and  were  permitteil  to  acquire  consider.ihle  power  and  weulth.  Hut  mi  siHiner 
liad  their  Arian  niiisters  embraeed  the  orthodox  faith  than  they  lH'j;aii  to 
testify  their  zeal  hy  punrin;,'  on  the  Jews  the  most  pitiless  storm  of  perM-ciition. 
One  of  their  laws  alone  condemned  tl  e  whole  race  to  slavery  ;  and  Moi,. 
tes(piien  r<'marks,  without  nmch  exaj^^eration,  that  to  the  (iothic;  cihIc  mav 
1k!  traced  all  the  maxims  of  the  modern  Imiuisition,  the  monks  of  the  tiftccinh 
century  only  copying,  in  reference  to  tne  Isnwlitcs,  the  bishops  of  the 
seventh.* 

After  the  Saracenic  invasion,  wliich  the  Jew.s,  perhaps  with  rejison,  are 
accused  of  havim,'  facilitat(id,  they  resided  in  the  concpiered  cities,  and  ww. 
]»ermitte(l  to  min^de  with  th(!  Arabs  on  nearly  e<[ual  terms.  Their  coiiimwh 
Oriental  ori;,dn  produced  a  similarity  of  taste.s,  to  a  certain  extent,  not 
unfav(tiirable  to  such  a  coalition.  At  any  rate,  the  early  Spanish  AraU 
were  characterized  by  a  spirit  of  toleration  towards  l)oth  Jews  and  Christians, 
"the  people  of  the  book,"  as  they  were  called,  which  had  scarcely  Itccn  foimi 
among  later  Moslems."  The  Jews  acconlingly,  muier  these  favoiiraMe 
auspices,  not  only  accumulated  wealth  with  their  usual  diligence,  but  ^Tiuliially 
rose  to  the  highest  civil  dignities,  and  made  great  advances  in  variou^ 
departments  of  letters.  The  schools  of  Cordova,  Toledo,  Jijircelona,  aiiil 
(jiranada  were  crowded  with  numerous  disciides,  who  emulated  the  Araliiaii< 
in  kee^iing  alive  tlu;  ilame  of  learning  during  the  deep  darkness  of  the  Middle 
Ages.'  Whatever  may  l)e  thought  of  their  success  in  speculative  philosopliy,' 
they  cannot  reasonably  be  denied  to  have  contributed  largely  to  iiractical 
anil  experimental  science.  They  were  diligent  travellers  in  all  parts  of  the 
known  worhl,  compiling  itineraries  which  liave  proveil  of  extensive  use  in 
later  times   and  bringing  home  hoards  of  foreign  specimens  and  Onental 


'  MontcsqiUeii,  Esprit  ilea  Lois,  11  v.  18, 
chap.  I. — See  the  canon  of  the  nth  council 
of  Toleilo,  condoninint?  the  Lsroelltish  race  to 
l)()n(laKo,  in  I'lorcx,  Kspafia  Htt^raila  (Mailrid, 
1747-75),  torn.  vl.  p.  229. — The  Fuero  Juzgo 
(cd.  do  la  Acad.  (Maddii,  1815),  lib.  12,  tit.  2 
and  :i)  is  conij)oHod  of  the  most  inhuman 
ordhiances  against  tlds  unfortunate  ix'ople. 

"  The  Koran  urants  protection  to  tlie  .Jews 
on  j)ayiui'iit  of  tril)ute.  .S(!c  the  Koran,  trans- 
lated iiy  Sale  (.London,  ls2r)),  ciiap.  9.  Still, 
there  is  ground  enougli  (thougli  lens  among 
tlie  Si)anisli  Arabs  than  tiic  otlier  Moslems) 
for  the  following  caustic  remark  of  the  author 
above  quoted:  '*  La  religion  juive  est  un 
vieux  tronc  qui  a  produit  deu.\  branches  qui 
ont  rouvcrt  toute  la  tcrre  ;  je  veu.\  dire,  le 
Muhometisme  ct  le  Cliristianisme:  ou  plutot 
c'est  une  mere  qui  a  eugcndre  ileux  fiUcs,  qrd 
I'ont  accablee  d^i  millo  plaios  ;  car,  en  fait  de 
religion,  Ics  plus  pruchcs  sont  les  plus  grands 
des  enneuiis."  Montesquieu,  Lettres  Per- 
sanes,  let.  60. 

'  Tlie  first  academy  fnimded  by  the  learned 
Jews  in  Spain  wius  that  of  Cordova,  a.d.  918. 
Ca-tro,  Bibliotcca  Espafuda,  torn.  i.  p.  2. — 
B.isnage,  liistory  of  tiie  Jews,  translated  by 
Taylor  (.London,  1708),  lxK)k  7,  chap.  5. 

•  In  addition  to  their  Talmudic  lore  and 


Cabalistic  mysteries,  the  Spanish  .Jews  wr" 
well  read  in  the  philosophy  of  Aristxil-. 
They  pretended  that  the  Stagirite  wa'<  a  om- 
vert  to  .Judaism  and  had  borrowed  his  wieme 
from  the  writings  of  Solomon.  (Hruckfr, 
Historia  critica  rhilosophia>  (Lipsia',  i;66, 
tom.  il.  p.  853.)  M.  bi'gerando,  oiioptir.ij 
siudlar  conclusions  with  Brucker,  in  repwJ 
to  the  value  of  the  philosophical  speculations 
of  the  .Jews,  passes  the  following  severe  sen- 
tence upon  the  intellectual,  and  iiidoeU  moral, 
character  of  the  nation  :  " Ce  peui)lp,  par  sn 
caractere,  ses  ma-urs,  sos  institutions,  som- 
blait  ctre  destine  a  rester  stationnaire.  la 
attachement  excessif  a  leurs  propies  traditions 
dominait  cliez  les  Jtiifs  tous  les  in'mhansJe 
I'esprit :  ils  restaient  prescjue  etraimers  aux 
progres  de  la  civilisation,  au  in 'iivenicnt 
general  de  la  societe;  ils  etaient  en  iiuelijue 
sorte  moralement  isoles,  alois  nn'me  'lu'iu 
comnmiii(iuaieiii  avec  totis  les  ]iiiipli'5,  et 
l>arcoiiraient  toiites  les  contrdes,  .\iis«i  iion* 
t  herchoiis  en  vain,  dans  ceux  de  b  nrs  krl'i 
qui  nous  sout  connus,  noti-seuifineiit  le 
vraies  decouvertes,  mais  mcme  Ji's  idecs  re- 
ellement  originales."  Hi.stoire  coutparee'ls 
Systemes  de  Philosophic  (Paris,  l»'.J^},  Unu- 
iv.  p.  299. 


THE  INQUISITION. 


147 


Inips  t'''*^*  ftiniishod  iniportAnt  cniitribiitinrH  tntlio  domcstir  pliiirmaropcrias.' 
Ill  tlio  |inv<ti(r  of  iiKMlicino,  iiidcnl,  tlicy  laraiiie  so  oxpcrt  as  in  a  iiiantuT 
to  nioixtolizo  that  iirt)fc>Hion.  Tlit'y  made  p:mit  iiroficii'iicy  in  niutlu'inatics, 
ami  iiurtiiiilarly  in  astronomy ;  while  in  the  cultivation  of  clc^'ant  letters 
llii'V  rrvivcd  the  ancient  Kh'nt'f^  <'f  the  Hebrew  nnise.'"  This  wjus  indeed 
tln'\'u|(lcii  ai.'e  of  !no<lorn  Jewisji  literature,  which,  under  the  Spanish  calijihs, 
(■x|i('rien<i'd  a  protection  so  henifin,  altliouL'h  occasionally  checkered  by  tho 
,it|Mi«t's  of  despotism,  that  it  was  enabled  to  attain  )ii;:her  beauty  and 
a  iiMiiT  perfect  development  in  the  tenth,  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth 
cviitiirics,  than  it  has  reached  in  any  otiier  nart  of  Christendom." 

Till' ancient  Castilians  of  the  same  pcrioA,  very  dillerent  from  their  Oothic 
aiKvstors,  seem  to  have  conceded  to  the  Israelites  somewhat  of  the  feelings  of 
rr>|«'<'t  which  were  extorted  from  them  by  the  superior  civiliwition  of  tho 
S|iaiii>-li  Aralis.  We  find  eminent  Jews  residing:  in  the  courts  of  the  Chris- 
tian piiiites,  directing,'  their  studies,  attendin;,'  them  as  jdiysicians,  or  more 
frcinifiitlv  administering:  their  finances.  For  this  last  vocation  tliev  seem  to 
liavc  liaif  a  natural  aptitude  ;  and,  indeed,  the  correspondence  w)nch  they 
iiiiiiiitaiiicd  with  the  dillerent  countries  of  Europe  by  means  of  their  own 
(iiuiitryiiien,  who  acted  jis  the  brokers  of  almost  <'very  people  anioiij:  whom 
tht'V  were  scattered  during'  the  Middle  A^es,  adorded  them  pe(  uliar  facilities 
)«itli  in  politics  and  commerce.  We  rnef^t  with  Jewish  scholars  and  statesman 
attiu  licii  to  the  courts  of  Alfonso  the  Tenth,  Alfonso  the  Eleventh,  IVter  tho 
Cniul,  Henry  the  Second,  and  other  princes.  Their  astronomical  scienco 
rcioiiiiiiended  then?  in  a  special  maimer  to  Alfonso  the  Wise,  who  employed 
them  ill  the  construction  of  his  celebrated  Tallies.  James  the  First  of  Ara;,^on 
(■oink'scoiided  to  receive  instniction  from  thorn  in  ethics  ;  and,  in  tlie  fifteentli 
iriitiiry,  we  notice  John  tlie  Second  of  Castile  employing  a  Jewish  secretary 
ill  the  cdiniiilation  of  a  national  Cancionero.'* 

Hut  all  tliis  royal  patronage  proved  incompetent  to  protect  the  Jews  when 
thi'ir  tlourishing  fortunes  had  risen  to  a  sutHcient  height  to  excite  popular 
tuvv,  augmented  as  it  wfis  by  that  proluse  ostentation  of  ecjuijiage  and 
apiiarel  for  which  this  singular  people,  notwithstanding  tlieir  avarice,  havo 
usually  shown  a  predilection."    Stories  were  circulated  of  their  contempt  for 


•  Castro,  Itibliotpca  Espaflola,  toni.  1.  pp. 
21,  X),  If  aliM.— Utiijamin  of  Tntltla's  celc- 
liralc<l  Itiiirriiry,  liaviiig  boon  traiiHlatod  into 
'.ill'  varioii>  laniiuafjoH  of  Europe,  paa><'d  into 
■ixifi'ii  editions  bofore  tho  middle  of  the  last 
cHitury.     11)1(1.,  torn.  1.  pp.  79,  HO. 

■"  The  iMiiiitiful  lament  wblch  tho  royal 
r'tlmist  lias  put  into  the  mouths*  of  his 
"iinlrjincii,  when  commanded  to  ning  tho 
"iifrs  (jf  Siun  in  a  strange  land,  cannot  be 
•lipliwl  to  tho  Spanish  Jews,  who,  far  from 
hainriiij:  tlnh  Imrps  upon  the  willows,  poured 
f'nli  tii'ir  lays  witli  a  freedom  and  vivacity 
■*lii(h  may  be  thouuhl  to  savour  more  of  the 
ii'.krii  troubadour  than  of  the  ancient  He- 
Irevv  minstrel.  Castro  h:is  collected,  under 
•"it'lo  XV.,  a  few  (gleanings  of  such  as,  by 
iMr  incorporation  itito  a  Christian  Cancio- 
iiTo,  csiapdl  the  fury  of  the  Inqtiisition. 
WMiiitcca  Ksj)iifiola,  torn.  i.  j)p.  'Jt)5-364. 

Castro  lias  diino  for  tho  Hebrew  what 
'aMri  ii  few  yeiirs  bt  fcjre  did  for  the  Arabic 
'iTitiiri- ot  Sjiidti,  liy  giving  notices  of  such 
*"iks  as  liiivc  Mirvived  the  ravages  of  time 
mi  suiRTstition.     The  first  volume  of  his 


Biblioteca  Kspaftola  contains  an  analysis  ac- 
companied with  extracts  from  more  than 
seven  hundred  different  works,  witii  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  tliidr  authors;  tho 
wholo  Ix'iiring  most  honourable  testimony 
to  the  talent  and  variou.i  erudition  of  tho 
Spanish  .Jews. 

"  Basnage,  History  of  the  Jews,  book  7, 
chap.  5,  15,  16.- Castro,  Biblioteca  Ksjiaiiola, 
tom.  i.  pp.  116,  26.S,  267.  — Mariana,  Hist,  de 
Espana,  tom.  1  p  906;  tom.  ii.  pp.  6;i,  147, 
4W.  —  Samuel  Levi,  treasurer  of  I'ctir  tho 
Cruel,  who  was  sacrificeil  to  tin-  cupi<iit\'  of 
his  mastor,  is  roportod  by  .M,iriaii;>  to  have 
left  behind  him  the  incredible  sum  of  t(to,i)00 
ducats  to  swell  the  royal  cofl'ers.  See  tom. 
ii.  p.  s'i. 

"  Sir  WaltiT  Sc<  tt,  with  his  usual  discern- 
ment, has  availed  himself  ;)f  these  opposite 
traits  in  his  portraits  of  Itelxcca  and  Isaac  in 
Jvanhoe,  in  wliicli  he  seems  to  have  con- 
trasted  the  lights  and  sliadows  of  the  Jewish 
character.  The  humiliating  state  of  tho 
Jews,  however,  exhibited  in  this  romance, 
affords  no  analogy  to  their  social  condition 


148 


THE   INQUISITION. 


tli(«  ('iitliolic  worship,  thoir  (l«»Hermti<ti\  of  its  most  holy  symlxtls,  nnd  of  tli,.r 
cnicitixioii,  or  other  sivrifii-c,  of  Cliristiiin  ('liil<h«'n  jit  the  crh-linilidii  uf  tfie;r 
own  jtussovcr.'*  With  these  fo()Ii>h  (•uliiniiiies,  the  iimre  jirohalile  cliar;;i' i,( 
usury  and  extdrtion  was  iiidiistriuu.sly  preferred  a^^uiiist  th«'iii  ;  till  at  Icinnh, 
towards  the  close  of  the  fourte«'nth  feiit\iry,  the  fanatical  popidace,  stiinulau.. 
in  many  instances  Ity  the  no  less  fanatical  el(!r;,'y,  and  perhaps  enconraKHtJl.t 
the  nnmerons  class  of  del)tors  to  the  .lews,  who  fonnd  this  a  conveiiicnt  n,,,;",. 
(if  settlin;,'  tlieir  accoinits,  made  a  fierce  assanlt  nn  tiiis  unfortnnato  p«'u|p|n!, 
Castile  and  Ara;,'(tn,  hreakinj;  into  tlieir  honses,  violatin;,'  their  mi»st  prnat^ 
sanctnari(^s,  s<;itt<'rin^'  tlieir  costly  collections  and  furniture,  and  cdnsi^'iijuj 
the  wretched  i»roi»rietors  to  indiscriminate  massacre,  without  regard  ty  su 
or  a^'e, 


IS 


In  this  crisiSj  the  only  remedy  left  to  the  .Jews  was  a  real  or  fei; 


IH'(1  Mifl. 


version  to  Christianity.  St.  Vincent  Keriier,  a  Dominican  of  Valencia, ]« 
formed  such  a  iiuantity  of  miracles,  ii<  furtherance  of  this  ourpose,  as  iiii;lit 
have  excite(l  the  envy  of  any  saint  in  the  Calendar  ;  and  tliese,  aided  IivIh- 
elo(jiieiice,  are  said  to  have  chan/pTd  th(^  hearts  of  no  less  than  tliirtyfuv 
thousand  of  the  race  of  Israel,  which  douhtless  must  be  reckoned  the  pi'at.^t 
miracle  of  all.'* 

The  leuislative  enactments  of  this  {leriod,  and  still  more  under  John  the 
Second,  (hiring'  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  were  uncomiiionly  scvtre 
iinon  the  .Jc^ws.  While  they  were  prohibited  from  minj^ling  freely  with  the 
Cnristians,  and  from  exercising'  the  profe.ssions  for  which  they  wciv  U< 
qualified,"  their  resid(Mice  was  restricted  within  certain  nrescribed  iiiiiit>  f 
tlie  cities  which  they  inhabited  ;  and  they  wvra  not  only  uebarred  from  tin:: 
usual  luxury  of  ornament  in  dress,  but  were  held  up  to  public  scum,  ii.>  it 
were,  by  .some  jieculiar  badge  or  embleui  embroidered  on  their  garments." 


in  Spain ;  p,h  1«  ovlncod  not  nirrply  by  tlieir 
Vf'iiltli,  \\liicli  WHS  also  conHiiiciKiiiH  iti  tlin 
EiifiMsli  .lews,  l)Ht  liy  the  iiinh  (icgrcc  of 
c'ivili/atiiiii,  and  fvcii  pnlitical  consernn'iu-c, 
wliicl),  notwillist.iiuliiiK  the  occasional  clmlli- 
tioiis  of  popular  prcjmlicp,  tliey  were  per- 
mitted to  rcMcli  tliere. 

"  Caiumnies  of  thin  kind  wore  curront  all 
over  Kurope.  The  EngliKh  reader  will  call 
to  mind  the  uioiikish  fiction  uf  the  little 
Ciiri>tian. 

"  Slain  with  onrsed  .Tewen,  as  it  Is  notable," 

pinging  most  devoutly  after  Ida  throtit  was 
cut  ironi  ear  to  ear,  in  Clia\icer's  I'rioresse'fl 
Tale.  See  another  instanci!  in  the  old  Scottish 
ballad  of  "The  .Jew's  Daujjshter "  in  Percy's 
"Jicliqnes  of  Ancient  Toetry." 

"  Hernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicon,.  MS.,  cap. 
43.— Mariana,  Hist,  de  Esjiafia,  toni.  ji.  pp. 
IM,  l.s7. — In  i;t!»I,  ,5000  .Jews  were  sacrificed 
to  the  pojuilar  fin\v,  and,  nceording  to  Ma- 
riana, no  less  tlian  lO.O'JO  had  ]ietisliid  from 
the  same  cause  iu  Navarre  about  sixty  years 
before.     See  toni.  i.  p.  9r2. 

"•  Accordinp  to  .Mariana,  the  restoration  of 
fiiglit  to  tlio  blind,  feet  to  the  lame,  even  life 
to  the  dead,  were  miracles  of  ordinary  occur- 
rence witii  St.  Vincent.  (Hist,  de  Espafia, 
toni.  ii.  ))]>.  i;2'.»,  HHO.)  The  ape  ol  niinicles 
bad  probably  ceased  liy  Isabella's  time,  or 
the  Inquisition    might"  have    been    spand. 


Nic.  Antonio,  in  his  notice  of  tlip  life  ani 
labours  of  this  Dominican  (l^ililiotlicca  Vetw 
toni.  ii.  j>p.  ■_'().'■),  •2U"^,  states  that  Ih'  pnacW 
Ills  iusidred  sermons  in  liis  vernu<uliir\»i'n- 
clan  dialect  to  audiences  of  Fren*  ii,  Knj:li«li, 
and  Italians  indiscriminately,  xnIio  ail  iiinlir- 
stood  him  perfecii.y  \vell ;  "a  circniii!'t;iii  >, 
says  Dr.  Mcf!iie,  in  his  valuable  ••ilisturv'f 
the  Progress  and  Supjirc-sion  of  the  li'f'irun- 
tion  in  .Spain"  (Edinburgh,  is^'.i),  "ttliidi.if 
it  piove  anything,  proves  that  till' lH«ririf 
St.  Vincent  possessed  more  niiraculniis  [Niwcr' 
than  liimself,  and  that  they  should  liiivt' becD 
canonized,  rather  than  the  preacher. "  p.  't, 
note. 

"  They  were  interdicted  from  the  railing 
of  vintners,  grocers,  taverners,  espiciallvu 
apothecaries,  and  of  physicians  uinl  mT^>. 
Ordenun(;as  Reales,  lib.  8,  tit.  3,  leycs  11, 15, 
18, 

'"  No  law  was  more  frequently  nitorstod 
than  tliat  prohiliiting  the  .Jews  Ireiii  adine 
as  stewards  of  tiie  nobilit.v,  or  I'ariiiPrs  ur.d 
collectors  of  tile  jjublic  rents.  The  p  [lOlili'D 
of  the  law  shows  to  what  extent  liii"  lif"!'* 
bad  engrossed  what  iittlc  \vas  kn'ittn  ff 
financial  science  in  thai  day.  i'or  tin'  iinilti- 
pli  d  enactments  in  Caf.tile  against  tlioiii,  »'* 
Ordcnancas  Reales  (iio.  8,  tit.  ;i>.  I'T  ili' 
regulations  respecting  tlie  Jews  in  Anipn, 
many  of  them  oppressive,  particularly  at  ili'' 
commencement  of  the  fifteenth  ceutury.  m 


THE  INQUISITION. 


119 


Siidi  w.i-i  tliP  rniiilition  of  tho  Spnnisli  Jews  at  iho  arccssion  of  FiMtlinaiid 
.111,1  Nal'fll.i.  Tlic  ncitf  Clirii^tiittii*,  «»r  t'o)nrrfn,iu  tlioso  \\ii.»  h.vil  n'nniinccd 
tin'  fiiitli  iif  tlii'ir  fatliors  wen'  th'miiiiiiiato<l,  \\m>  oct  jisioiuilly  proft'iivd  to 
hi'li  I'll lo^iftstiiul  dignities  which  they  ilhistratrd  l»y  their  intt'jfiity  niid 
liariiiii  '•  They  wt-rc  iiitnist«*d  with  nmnif-ipal  olliccs  in  the  vuritnis  citirs  of 
ra!'til»s  ''^i"'i  'i"^  ^''*''''  wealth  furni>hed  an  ohvioii.s  n'sdiinc  for  ri'pairinj,',  liy 
tt'iV  of  iiiarriau'ts  the  decayed  fortunes  of  the  nohihty,  there  wjih  stareely  a 
faiiiilv  of  rank  in  the  land  whose  Mood  hail  not  lu'^n  contaniinatt'ij,  at  some 
iViiiiil  or  other,  l)y  mixture  with  tlu'  mnf'i  minijre,  as  it  came  afterwards  to  l»o 
ttniit-ilof  tlie  house  of  Judah  ;  an  iKUominiuus  stain,  wiiich  nu  time  has  Ix'eii 
(Itviiitvi  siitlicicnt  wholly  to  pur^^'  away.'* 

N(.twitli>laiidiu;;  the  show  of  pntsperity  enjoyed  by  the  converted  Jews, 
itifir  >itiiatitin  was  far  from  secure.  Tlu-ir  jtroselytism  hiul  l)een  tcx)  sudden 
toU' L.'t'iii'rally  sincere  ;  and,  as  the  task  of  dissimulation  was  t«M»  irksome  to 
U'  jM'niiaiit'atly  endured,  thev  ^Miidiially  heoame  less  circumspect,  and  e,\- 
liiliiteil  tlie  scandalous  spectacle  of  apostates  returniu},'  to  wallow  in  the  ancient 
iiiirp  of  .Fudaism.  Tho  cler^'V,  especially  the  Dominicans,  who  seem  to  have 
iiihi'riti'il  the  ipiick  scent  for  heresy  which  distin;,Miished  their  frantic  founder, 
wtre  not  slow  in  soundinu;  the  alarm  ;  and  the  siii>erstitious  popuhice,  easily 
r.Hist',1  to  acts  (»f  violence  in  the  name  of  reli;^'ion,  iH'^'an  to  exhibit  the  most 
tuiiiiiltiiotis  movements,  and  actually  massacred  the  constable  of  (Jastile  in 

'ssioii  of 
•ame 
^till  more  clamorous,  ami  the  throne  was  repeatedly  beset  with  iietitions  to 
(li'vise  some  etlectual  means  for  its  extirpation."    (1478.) 

A  ('lia|iter  of  the  Chronicle  of  the  Curate  of  Los  Palacios,  who  lived  at  tliisj 
tiiiii' in  .\iiilalusia,  where  the  Jews  seem  to  have  most  abounded,  throws  con- 
siijcratile  li^bt  on  the  real  as  well  as  pretended  motives  of  the  subseipient 
iHM'iiition.  "  This  accursed  race,"  he  says,  speaking'  of  the  Israelites,  "  were 
tithiT  iinwillinj;  to  bring  their  children  to  be  baptized,  or  if  they  did,  they 
wiishtil  away  the  stain  on  returning  home,  'i'hey  dressed  their  stewH  and 
other  (lislies  with  oil,  instead  of  lard ;  abstaine<l  from  pork  ;  kept  the  pas.sover  ; 
atf  lut'at  ill  licnt ;  and  sent  oil  to  replenish  the  lamps  of  their  synaijog\ies  ; 
with  many  other  abominable  ceremonies  of  their  religion.  They  entertained 
no  resjtect  for  monastic  life,  and  fre<iuently  profaneil  the  sanctity  of  religious 
liDiises  Iiv  the  violation  or  seduction  of  their  inmates.  They  were  an  exceed- 
iii;'ly  politic  ami  ambitioiLs  people,  engrossing  the  most  lucrative  nmniciiial 
I'ttict's,  and  preferred  to  gain  their  livelihood  by  tratlic,  in  which  they  made 
pxirhitant  uains,  rather  than  by  manual  labour  or  mechaniail  arts.  They 
OHiisiiJertMl  themselves  in  the  hands  of  the  Egyjjtians,  whom  it  was  a  merit  to 
d'vcive  and  plunder.  By  their  wicked  contrivances  they  amassed  great 
wealth,  and  thus  were  oft"n  able  to  ally  themselves  by  marriage  with  noble 
Christian  families."  " 


fill  attempt  to  suppress  them  at  Jaen,  the  year  jirecwling  the  accessioi 
l<;iK('lla.    After  tins  period,  the  complaints  against  the  Jewish  heresy  beci 


F'lcros  y  ()l)<<prvanciii9  del  Reyno  de  Arapon 
/.lugnza,  looT).  u.  i,  i.  fol.  6.— M-vrca  His- 
!*ma,  pp.  Ulfi,  1433.— Zurita,  Anti>os,  torn. 
ui.  lib  VI,  cap.  45. 

'  Ilorimldc/.,  Ucyes  Cat61ico8,  MS.,  cap.  43. 
-Uurpiitc,  Hist,  de  l'In(|uisition,  pr6f.  p.  26. 
-\  maniisiTipt  entitled  Tizon  (Ui  K.<}>ana 
Briml  uf  Spain  \  tracing  up  many  a  noble 
I  P^i'rr"e  tu  a  Jowisli  ur  Mahometan  root, 
t'tiiiK^d  a  circulation,  to  tlie  great  scandal 
odiif  country,  which  the  efforts  of  the  govem- 
EiDt,  combined  with  those  of  the  Inquisition, 


have  not  been  wholly  able  to  snppreps. 
Copies  of  it,  however,  are  now  rarely  to  )>e 
met  with.  (I)oblatlo,  I^etters  from  Spain 
(London,  1H2'.!),  let.  2.)  Clemeniiri  notices 
two  workH  witli  this  title,  one  a.s  a'lcient  as 
Ferdinand  and  Isnl«'lla'H  time,  and  Uith  writ- 
ten by  Ijisliops.  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hint,. 
torn.  vi.  p.  125. 

''"  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafla,  torn,  ii.  p 
479. — Pulgar,  Keyes  Catolicos,  part.  ii.  vap, 
77. 

-'  Reyes  (Jat^licos,  MS.,  cap.  43. 


150 


THE  INQUISITION. 


It  is  easy  to  discern,  in  tliis  medley  of  credidity  and  superstition,  tlio  wrf^t 
envy  ent('rt;iiMed  by  tiie  Castilians  of  tlie  suiicrior  skill  and  industry  nf  tWir 
Hebrew  brethren,  and  of  the  superior  riches  which  these  qualities  secured  to 
them  ;  and  it  is  impossil>le  not  to  suspect  that  the  zeal  of  the  most  orthodoi 
was  considerably  shar[H'ned  by  worldly  motives. 

JJe  that  as  it  may,  the  cry  a<;ainst  the  Jewish  abominations  no.,  "k-tiiiie 

feneral.  Amonj;  those  most  active  i.'  raisini,'  it  were  Alfonso  de  Ojc'ila.a 
)ominican,  jnior  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Paul  in  Seville,  and  Diego  do  Merlo, 
assistant  of  that  city,  who  should  not  be  defrauded  of  the  meed  of  glon'  t'^ 
which  they  are  justly  entitled  ]»y  their  exertions  for  tiie  establishment  of  ti;e 
i.iodern  IiHjuisition,  These  persons,  after  urpng  on  the  sovereigns  the  alarih- 
ing  extent  to  which  the  Jewish  lei)rosy  prevailed  in  Andalusia,  loudly  callt-i 
for  the  introduction  of  the  Holy  (Jtlice,  as  the  only  etFec'tual  means  of  hcaliii: 
it.  Jn  tliis  they  were  vigorously  sujipported  by  Niccolo  Franco,  the  jia|.a, 
nimcio  then  residing  "t  the  court  of  Castile.  Ferdinand  listened  with  r.  i:. 
placeu<"y  to  a  schcniu  which  pronused  an  amjile  source  of  revenue  in  the oi. 
fisciitions  it  involved.  But  it  was  not  so  easy  to  vanquish  Isabella's  ;iver>i.ii 
to  measures  so  repugusint  to  the  natural  benevolence  and  magnanimity  of  lur 
character.  Her  scruples,  indeed,  were  founded  ratiier  on  sentiment  than'  rea^iVi. 
the  exercise  of  wliich  was  little  countenanced  in  matters  of  faith  in  that  day, 
when  the  dangerous  maxim,  that  the  end  justifies  the  means,  was  mHver>al!v 
received,  and  learned  theologians  seriously  disnuted  wdiether  it  were  pcrriiittf ! 
to  make  peace  witli  the  infidel,  and  even  whether  promises  made  to  tlieiu  wm 
obliL'atory  on  Christians.^* 

Tlie  policy  of  the  Roman  church,  at  that  time,  was  not  onlv  shown  in  !t> 
perversion  of  some  of  the  most  obvious  principles  of  morality,  but  in  liiediy 
couragement  of  all  free  in(|uiry  in  its  disciples,  whom  it  instructed  to  rolyiiii- 
plicitly  in  matters  of  conscience  on  their  spiritual  advisers.  The  artful  instituti  in 
of  the  tribunal  of  confession,  established  witli  this  view,  brought,  as  it  n% 
the  whole  Christian  world  at  the  feet  of  the  clergy,  who,  far  from  being  always 
animated  by  the  meek  spirit  of  the  gospel,  almost  justified  the  reiiroach  .f 
Voltaire,  that  confessors  have  Ix^en  the  source  of  most  of  the  violent  iiieaiiire^ 
pursued  by  princes  of  the  Catholic  faith.*^ 

Isabella  s  serious  temper,  as  well  as  early  education,  naturally  disjjosed  her 
to  religious  intiuences.  Notwithstanding  the  independence  exhilntcd  bylw 
in  all  secular  altairs,  in  her  own  spiritual  concerns  she  uniformly  testified  tiie 
deejjest  humility,  and  deferred  too  implicitly  to  what  she  deemed  the  suin'ri  : 
sagacity,  or  sanctity,  of  her  ghostly  counsellors.  An  instance  of  this  liiiiiiility 
may  be  worth  recording.  When  Fray  Fernando  de  Talavera,  afterwards  ai'  Ir 
bishop  of  Granada,  who  had  been  ai)pointed  confessor  to  the  queen,  atton  If^! 
her  for  the  first  time  in  that  cai)acity,  he  continued  seated,  after  she  liad  kiirlt 
down  to  make  her  confession,  which  drew  from  her  the  remark,  "that  it  was 
usual  for  ])oth  parties  to  kneel."    "No,"  replied  the  priest,  "this  is  God's 


"  Bcrnalliv,,  Royos  Catulicoa,  ubi  Bupra.— 
Pulgar,  Itcycs  CatoIicdS,  part.  2,  cap.  77. — 
Zufiiga,  Aniialos  de  Sevilla,  p.  3s6. — Mem. 
de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  p.  44. — Llorente, 
torn.  i.  pp.  143,  145. — Some  writers  are  in- 
clined to  view  tiie  Spani.sh  Inquifiitidn,  in  its 
origin,  as  little  else  than  a  political  ennine. 
Guizot  remarks  of  the  tribunal,  in  one  of  his 
lectures,  "  Kile  contcnait  en  germe  ce  qu'elle 
est  devenuc ;  mnia  elle  ne  I'etait  pas  en  com- 
men(;ant ;  elle  fnt  d'alxjrd  plus  jtolitifiue  que 
religieuse,  et  destincSe  k   maintenlr    I'ordre 


plut.'t  qu'iv  defendre  la  foi."  (Omrs  d'Hi*- 
toirc  modome  (Paris,  l82H-:{()'),  t"Ui.  v.  k. 
11.)  This  statement  is  inaccurate  in  refer- 
ence to  Castile,  where  the  facts  do  iMtwarrsit 
us  in  imputing  any  other  nutive  for  !t> 
adoi)tion  than  religious  zeal.  Tlie  gencrsl 
character  of  Ferdinand,  as  well  as  'hecircui:;- 
stances  under  which  it  was  Intreduced  ii'^ 
AragMU,  may  justily  the  inferenn'  of  a  ui'rt 
worldly  policy  in  its  establishniciit  there. 

"  Essai  sui-  les  Mujurs  et  I'Esprit  de  Ni- 
tions,  chap.  176. 


THE  INQUISITION. 


151 


triliiiiifil ;  I  act  here  as  his  minister,  and  it  is  fitting'  that  I  should  keep  nij 
M';it,  wliile  your  Ili^'hness  kneels  before  me."  Isalu'lla,  far  from  taking' um- 
iiraJcat  the  ecclesiastic's  arro;;ant  demeanour,  complied  with  all  hiunility,  and 
wii'aftt'i  wards  heard  to  say,  "This  is  the  confessor  that  I  wanted."  '-* 

Well  had  it  been  for  the  land,  if  the  (jueeu's  conscience  had  always  ])een 
intrusted  to  the  keeping  of  ])ersons  of  such  exemplary  piety  as  Ta!avera. 
rnfortunately,  in  her  early  days,  durinix  the  lihitime  of  her  hrother  Henry, 
that  cliarjxe  was  committed'  to  a  Dominican  monk,  Thomas  de  Tonpiemada,  a 
native  I'f  uld  Castile,  sid)se(piently  raised  to  the  rank  of  prior  of  .*^anta  Cruz 
ill  St'p'via,  and  condemned  to  infamous  immortality  l)y  the  signal  jiart  which 
lie  iierfnriiied  in  the  tragedy  of  the  Inquisition.  This  man,  who  concealed  more 
j,ri(k'  uiidiT  his  monastic  weeds  than  might  have  furnished  forth  a  convent  of 
his  onler,  was  one  of  that  class  with  whom  zeal  passes  for  religion,  and  who 
tt'stify  their  zeal  by  a  fiery  persecution  of  those  whose  creed  difiers  from  their 
own  ;  who  compensate  for  tneir  abstinence  from  sensual  indulgence  by  giving 
sf(i\)e  l<  those  deadlier  vices  of  the  heart,  jtride,  bigotry,  and  intolerance,  whicli 
are  no  less  opposed  to  virtue,  and  are  far  more  extensively  mischievous  to 
sixiety.  Tlii<  personage  had  earnestly  laboured  to  infuse  into  Isabella's  young 
niin(l,'t(i  whicli  his  situation  as  her  confessor  gave  him  such  ready  access,  the 
same  sjiirit  of  fanaticism  tliat  glowed  in  his  own.  Fortunately  this  was  greatly 
ciiiuiteracted  bvher  sound  understanding  and  natural  kindness  of  heart.  Tor- 
iiueinaila  urged  her,  or  indeed,  as  is  stated  by  some,  extorted  a  pronuse,  that, 
'•sliiiuld  she  ever  come  to  the  throne,  she  would  devote  herself  to  the  extirpa- 
tion of  heresy,  for  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  exaltation  of  the  Catholic  faith.  ^^ 
The  time  was  now  arrived  when  this  fatal  promise  was  to  be  discharged. 

It  is  due  to  Isabella's  fame  to  state  thus  much  in  palliation  of  the  unfortunate 
erriir  into  which  she  was  led  by  her  misguided  zeal ;  an  error  so  grave,  that, 
like  a  vein  in  .some  noble  piece  of  statuary,  it  gives  a  sinister  exi»ressi(»n  to  her 
otherwise  unblemished  character.'®     It  was  not  until  the  queen  had  endured 


the  rei)eated  importunities  of  the  clergy,  particularly  of  those  reverend  iiersons 

"w  the  arguments  of  Ferdinand,  tiiat  she 
consented  to  solicit  from  the  pope  a  bull  for  the  introduction  of  the  Holy  OlHce 


ill  whiiii:  she  most  confided,  seconded  by  the  arguments  of  Ferdinand, 


into  Castile.  Sixtus  the  Fourtn,  who  at  that  time  filled  the  pontifical  chair, 
wisily  discerning  the  sources  of  wealth  and  influence  which  this  measure  opened 
to  the  court  of  Kome,  readily  complied  with  the  petition  of  the  sovereigns,  and 
expedited  a  bull  bearing  date  November  1st,  1478,  authorizing  them  to  aojioint 
two  or  three  ecclesiastics,  inquisitors  for  the  detection  and  suppression  of  lieresy 
throughout  their  dominions.*' 

The  queen,  however,  still  averse  to  violent  measures,  suspended  the  operation 
of  the  ordinance  until  a  more  lenient  policy  had  been  first  tried.    By  her  com- 


"  Sij^iioiH'a,  HiHtoria  de  la  Orden  de  Sun 
Geroninio,  nimii  Meui.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist., 
torn.  vi.  Iliist.  13. — This  miecdnte  is  more 
clmractfTistic  uf  the  order  than  the  indi\  idual. 
ovieiiii  has  given  a  brief  notice  of  this  i)re- 
litp,  whose  virtues  raised  him  from  the 
Ijuaibh'st  condition  to  the  highest  posts  in 
thn  church,  and  gained  him,  to  quote  that 
«'it>r'9  words,  tlie  uijpellation  of  "  el  sancto, 
0  el  hucn  arzobispo  en  toda  Espafia."  Quin- 
cusgcnas,  .M.S.,  dial,  de  Talavera, 

'_'  Ziirita,  Anales,  ».om.  iv.  fol.  323. 

"  Tlic  uniform  tenderness  with  which  the 
mof<t  lihcral  Spanish  writers  of  the  present 
f'^iaparatively  enlightened  age,  as  Jlarina, 
Ll'jreutc,  c'lemenciu,  etc.,  regard  the  memory 


of  Isal)ena,  affords  an  honourable  testimony 
to  the  unsuspected  integrity  of  her  motives. 
Even  in  relation  to  the  Inquisition,  her 
countrymen  would  seem  willing  to  draw  a 
veil  over  her  errors,  or  to  excuse  her  by 
charging  them  on  the  age  in  which  she  lived. 
''■  I'ulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  part.  2,  cap.  77. 
— Bernaldez,  Keye/.  Catolicos,  M.S.,  cap.  43.— 
Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'Inqnisition,  tom.  I.  pp. 
14;(-)4,').  — Much  discrepancy  exists  in  the  nar- 
ratives of  I'ulgar.  Hernalde/.,  and  other  con- 
temporary \\rit(  rs,  in  referem  e  to  the  era  if 
the  establishment  of  the  modern  Inijuif-ition. 
I  have  followed  Llorente,  whose  cliroiiologiial 
acciiraiy,  here  and  elsewhere,  rests  on  the 
most  authentic  documents. 


152 


TIE  INQUISITION. 


niand,  accordingly,  the  archbishop  of  Seville,  Carrlinal  Mendoza,  drew  up  a 
.  techisni  exhibiting  the  diflirent  pointK  of  the  Catholic  faith,  and  iiistnutod 
tl.  clergy  throughont  his  diocese  to  sjiare  no  jiains  in  illuininatin^^  the  lie- 
nigntod  Israelites,  ])y  means  of  friendly  exhortation  and  a  canditl  cxiiositk.n 
of  the  true  princinle.s  of  Christianity."  How  far  the  spirit  of  these  iniunctidn; 
was  complied  with,  amid  the  excitement  then  prevailing,  may  he  rt'ji.Nonallv 
doubted.  There  could  be  little  doubt,  however,  that  a  re{)ort,  made  tvo  yean, 
later,  by  a  commission  of  ecclesiastics  with  Alfonso  de  (Jjeda  at  his  lu-iiil,  re- 
8j)ecting  the  progress  of  the  reformation,  would  be  necessarily  unfavoiuaMeio 
ttie  Jews."  In  consequence  of  this  rei)ort  the  papal  jjrovisions  were  (.'iifom-1 
by  the  nomination,  on  the  17th  of  Septend)er,  1480,  of  two  Dominican  iiKmb 
as  in(pusitors,  with  two  other  ecclesiastics,  the  one  as  assessor,  and  the  other 
as  procurator  fiscal,  with  instructions  to  proceed  at  once  to  Seville  and  enter 
on  the  duties  of  iheir  othce.  Orders  were  also  issued  to  the  authorities  of  the 
city  to  support  the  inquisitors  by  all  the  aid  in  their  pcwer.  lint  the  new 
institution,  which  has  since  become  the  miserable  boast  of  the  Castilians 
proved  so  distasteful  to  them  in  its  origin  that  they  refused  any  co-oiieratinn 
with  its  ministers,  and  indeed  opposed  such  delays  and  endiarrassmcnts  that, 
during  the  first  years,  it  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  obtained  a  footing  in  any 
other  places  in  Andalusia  than  those  belonging  to  the  crown.'" 

On  the  2nd  of  January,  1481,  the  court  commenced  operations  by  the 
publication  of  an  edict,  followed  by  several  others,  recpiiiingall  persdus  to  aid 
in  api)rehending  and  accusing  all  such  as  they  might  know  or  suspect  to  he 
guilty  of  heresy,'*  and  holding  out  the  illusory  promise  of  absolutitm  to  snth 
as  should  confess  their  errors  within  a  limitecl  period.  As  every  im de  of 
accusation,  even  anonymous,  was  invited,  the  number  of  victims  niultii'litt! 
so  fust  that  the  tribunal  found  it  convenient  to  remove  its  sittings  fioni  tlie 
convent  of  St.  Paul,  within  the  city,  to  the  spacious  fortress  of  Triana,  in  the 
suburbs." 

The  presumptive  proofs  by  which  the  charge  of  Judaism  was  established 


'"  Bernaldoz,  Reyes  CatolicoB,  MS.,  ubi 
Sv-^pra. — Vulgar,  Reyes  CatoUcos,  part.  2,  cap. 
77.-  -I  find  no  content porsry  authority  for 
imputing  to  Cardinal  Mendoza  an  active 
agency  in  the  e8tal)lislinient  of  the  In((uiRi- 
tion,  as  is  claimed  for  liini  by  later  writers, 
and  especially  his  kinsman  and  bionrnpher, 
the  canon  Siilazar  de  Mendoza.  (Cron.  dei 
Griin  Cardeniil,  lib.  1,  cap.  '19. — Moiiarqufa, 
toni.  i.  p.  ;t;)6.)  'I'he  conduct  of  this  eminent 
minister  in  tliis  affair  s^jenis.  on  tlie  contrary, 
to  lia%e  been  ecjnally  j-olitic  and  liumane. 
The  imputation  of  bigotry  wan  not  ca-t  ujion 
it  until  the  age  when  bigotry  was  esteemed  a 
virtue. 

-"  In  the  interim,  a  caustic  juiblication  by 
a  Jew  appeared,  containing  stricturi's  on  tlio 
conduct  of  file  administration,  and  even  on 
the  t^hristian  religion,  whicii  was  controverted 
at  length  by  Talavera,  afterwards  archbishop 
of  Granada.  The  scandal  occasioned  by  tlds 
ill-timed  prwiuction  undoubtedly  contrilnited 
to  exacerbate  the  popular  odium  against  the 
Israelites. 

'"  It  is  worthy  of  r(>mark  t^'ot  the  f.iiuous 
Cortes  of  Toledo,  assembled  hut  a  siu/rt  tinie 
previous  to  the  above-mentioned  ordinancis, 
and  which  enacted  several  oppressive  laws  in 


relation  to  the  Jews,  made  no  allusinn  wUi- 
ever  to  the  proposeti  establislinieut  uf  a  in- 
buiuil  wliich  was  to  Ije  armed  with  >u(h 
terrific  jM)wer8. 

"'  I'liis  ordinance,  in  which  T.lorente  dij- 
ceriis  tlie  first  regular  encroaclmn  nt  uf  tiie 
new  tribuiuil  on  the  civil  juri.sdiitidii,  »dj 
aimed  partly  at  the  Andalusian  iiuMlity,  who 
affiirded  a  shelter  to  the  Jewihii  f'ujritiv.s. 
Llorente  has  fallen  into  the  error,  ninri-  tlian 
once,  of  speaking  of  tlie  count  of  Anoc,  ,iii>! 
marquis  of  Cadiz,  as  separate  jier^inn.-i.  The 
possessor  of  Iwth  titles  was  Kodrip)  iNiiKni- 
Leon,  who  inlierited  tlie  former  of  tlicui  Irum 
his  fatlier.  The  latter  (whicli  he  niltrwatoi 
made  so  illustrious  in  the  Moorish  waistta* 
conferred  on  him  by  Henry  IV.,  iN-mg  (Wa  1 
from  the  citv  of  that  name,  which  Imd  1 
usurped  from  the  crown. 

'-  The  historian  of  Seville  quotes  tlic-  Unn 
inscription  on  the  portal  of  the  ulifiie  in 
w  liich  the  sittings  of  the  dread  trihumU  n.rc 
held.  Its  ■.uncluding  apostropiie  to  the  ji'.ity 
is  one  thai  the  persecuted  miplit  j^iii  in. ^u' 
lieartily  as  their  oppressors;  "  K.Nurnc,  1'- 
mine;  judica  causani  tuam ;  cajiue  iiuiii 
vulpes."    Zuiiiga,  Auuales  de  Sevill  i,  p  i-f 


THE  INQUISITION. 


153 


rcntp  ili*- 
jilt  cf  (■■■( 
Itioii,  »•»* 
lility,  «lio 
lfii|:itiv.f. 
lujrf  llian 

ItCIK",   illlil 

Tins.    Tirf 

riiiHTi; 

lii'Ui  triim 

I'iidd  ['■•A 

iht  Unn 
[ilifice  m 
linul  »''* 
It  he  Ixiiy 
Till  ill.  1' 


ft  'ainst  the  .vcnsod  are  so  curious  tluit  a  few  of  them  may  deservo  notice.  It 
\va\  (on^iilcrod  good  evidence  of  tlie  fact,  if  the  prisoner  wore  l)etter  clothes 
or  cloaiicr  linen  on  the  Jewish  sahbath  than  on  other  days  of  the  week  ; 
if  ho  had  no  tire  in  his  house  the  prectnlini;  evcnina;;  if  he  sat  at  table 
with  .b'U's,  or  ate  the  meat  of  aninuils  slaughtered  by  their  hands,  or  drank  a 
ciTtiiin  heverage  held  in  nnich  estimation  liy  them  ;  if  he  washed  a  cori)se  in 
wiiHii  water,  (»r  when  dying  turned  his  face  to  the  wall  ;  or,  finally,  if  he 
iravi"  llcl)r('w  names  to  his  children, — a  provision  most  whimsically  cniel,  since, 
liv  a  law  of  Henry  the  Second,  lie  was  i)rohibited  under  severe  i)enalties  from 
u'lviiiu  tlu'm  Christian  names.  He  must  liave  found  it  dilhcult  to  extricate 
hiiii>flf  frtiiu  the  horns  of  this  dilemma.''  Such  are  a  few  of  the  circum- 
.stances,  .-.onie  of  them  purely  accidentiil  in  their  nature,  others  the  result  of 
tarh"  haliit,  which  might  well  have  continueil  after  a  sincere  conversion  to 
Cliri.stiaiiity,  and  all  of  them  trivial,  on  which  capital  accusations  were  to  be 
alle<;cil,  anil  even  satisfactorily  established.'* 

Tlie  iiuiuisitors,  a(h)pting  the   wily  and  tortuous  policy   of  the  ancient 

tribunal,  proceeded  with  a  despatch  which  shows  that  they  could  have  i)ai(l 

little  deference  even  to  this  allectation  of  legal  form.     On  the  sixth  day  of 

iuii'iary  six  convicts  sutVered  at  the  stake.    Seventeen  more  were  executed 

in  March,  and  a  still  greater  nund^er  in  the  month  following  ;  and  by  the  4th 

of  Nuveinlier  in  the  same  year  no  less  than  two  hundred  and  ninety-eight 

individuals  had  l)een  sacrificed  in  the  autos  dafe  of  Seville,     jiesides  these, 

thf  mouldering  remains  of  many,  who  had  been  tried  and  convicted  after  their 

(k-ath,  were  torn  up  from  their  graves,  with  a  hyena-like  ferocity  which  has 

liis.'raced  no  other  court,  Christian  or  Pagan,  and  condemned  to  the  common 

fuiit'ral  i>ile.    This  was  prepared  on  a  spacious  stone  scatibld,  erected  in  the 

siiliiirlx  of  the  city,  with  the  statues  of  four  prophets  attached  to  the  corners, 

to  which  the  unhaj^py  sufferers  were  bound  for  the  sacrifice,  and  which  the 

worthy  Curate  of  Los  Palacios  celebrates  with  much  complacency  ba  the  spot 

"where  heretics  were  burnt,  and  ought  to  })urn  as  long  as  any  can  l)e  founil."" 

Many  of  the  convicts  were  persons  estimable  for  learnings  and  probity  ;  and 

f»moiig  these  three  clergymen  are  named,  together  with  other  individuals 

nlliii;'  judicial  or  high  municipal  stations.     The  sword  of  justice  was  observed, 

in  particular,  to  strike  at  the  wealthy,  the  least  pardonable  offenders  in  times 

of  firuscriiition. 

The  plague  which  desolated  Seville  this  year,  sweeping  off  fifteen  thou.sand 
iiibabitauts,  as  if  in  token  of  the  wrath  of  Heaven  at  these  enormities,  did 
III  pal'^y  for  a  moment  the  arm  of  the  Inquisition,  which,  adjourning  to 
Araiena,  continued  as  indefatigable  as  before.  A  similar  persecution  went 
'  -ward  in  other  parts  of  the  province  of  Andalusia  ;  so  that  within  the  same 
\var,  14H1,  the  number  of  the  sufferers  was  comj)uted  at  two  thousand  burnt 
alive,  a  still  gTeater  numbfn*  in  efHtry,  and  seventeen  tliousand  reconcileil ;  a 
tmn  which  must  not  lie  understtKHl  by  the  reader  to  signify  anything  like  a 
[prdoii  ur  amnesty,  but  only  the  commutation  of  a  capital  sentence  for  inferior 


"  Ordcnangas  RealeR,  lib.  8,  tit.  3,  ley  26. 
'■*  Llonnt",  Hist,  de  I'lnquisition,  torn.  I. 

I  pp.  ri:i-l,5it. 

'•  IVrnaldoz,  Rpyrs  Catolicos,  IMS.,  cap.  44. 

•1.1  rfiiti',   Iljst.    lie  I'liuiuisitiim,   torn.   i. 

iSi— L.  Mariiieo,  To.sas  nii'imiralik'S,  fol. 

■■'    Till'  lanirii,ij:p  of  ilcrnalilt'/  as  ajiiiUcd 

' ji^  four  statutes  of  tlie  quemadiTit,  "eu 

■  .'r<(liii'niaviin,"  is  so  oquivaciiL  that  it  has 

I  led  t'j  sumo  Joubts  whether  he  meant  to  assert 


that  the  persons  to  be  btirnt  were  inclosed  in 
the  statues  ur  fa.-<t(ned  to  tlieui.  Llorente's 
sibse((Uiur  e.xaiiiination  lias  led  hiui  to  dis- 
card tiif  first  hiirrible  Buppusition,  wliicii 
realized  tlie  I'alilid  cnu'lty  of  I'halaris. — This 
niiiiiumi'tit  uf  faiiatieisiii  eontiia.fd  t<»  dis- 
grace S<.'villi' till  Hid,  whi  II  it  was  reiiiuv.d 
ill  order  to  make  niDiu  fir  the  coiistructiou  of 
a  battery  agaiust  the  French. 


154 


THE  INQUISITION. 


jienaltios,  «as  fiiios,  civil  incapacity,  very  generally  total  confiscation  of  jiroprrtv, 
and  ni»t  nnfre(Hiently  imprisonment  f(»r  life." 

The  .Jews  were  astonndtsd  by  the  bult  which  had  foHen  so  unexpeotcllv 
upon  them.  Some  succeeded  in  making  their  escape  to  Grana<la,  others  ii 
Jb  lance,  Germany,  or  Italy,  where  they  ai)pealed  from  the  decisions  of  the 
Holy  OtHcc  to  the  soverei<,ni  pontiff."  8ixtus  the  Fourth  a[)pears  f^r  a 
moment  to  have  been  touched  with  something  like  compunction  ;  for  he 
rebuked  the  intemiierate  zeal  of  the  inquisitors,  and  even  menaced  them  with 
(lei)rivation.  But  these  feelings,  it  Avould  seem,  were  but  transient ;  fur  i;; 
14,S8  we  find  the  same  pontifi'  quieting  the  scruples  of  Isabella  respecting  the 
appropriation  of  the  confiscated  i)roperty,  and  encouraging  lx)th  sovert'ii;ii> 
to  proceed  in  the  great  work  of  purification,  by  an  audacious  reference  to  »he 
example  of  Jesus  Christ,  who,  says  he,  consolidated  liis  kingdom  on  earth  hy 
the  destruction  of  idolatry  ;  and  he  concludes  with  imputing  their  surc('>»'> 
in  the  iMoorish  war,  unon  which  they  had  then  entered,  to  their  zeal  for  the 
faith,  and  promising  tliem  the  like  in  future.  In  the  course  of  the  same 
year  he  expedited  two  briefs,  appointing  Thomas  de  Tor(|ueniada  iuM visitor- 
general  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  and  clotning  him  with  full  i)0wera  to  frame 
a  new  constitution  for  the  Holy  Office.  (Aug.  2  and  Oct.  17,  1483.)  This 
was  the  origin  of  that  terri'ule  tribunal,  the  Spanish  or  Modern  In(|uisitiii!i, 
familiar  to  most  readers  whether  of  history  or  romance,  which  fur  three 
centuries  has  extended  its  iron  sway  over  the  dominions  of  Spci';  and 
Portugal.'*  Without  going  into  details  respecting  the  organizatinn  ol  its 
various  courts,  which  gradually  swelled  to  thirteen  durir.g  the  {■  rest  .m  vi-igii, 
1  shall  endeavour  to  exhibit  the  principles  which  regulated  their  proc'  etlinps, 
as  deduced  in  part  fnmi  the  code  digested  under  Tor([U'jnia<.la,  and  partly 
from  the  practice  which  obtained  during  his  supremacy.'" 

Edicts  were  ordered  to  be  published  annually,  on  the  first  !<■  '^  8inuiayi 
in  Lent,  throughout  the  churches,  enjoining  it  as  u  sacred  d'Hy  .  all  who 
knew  or  suspected  another  to  be  guilty  of  heresy  to  lodgt  ir  lormat/)!!  agai;.; 


*"  L.  Marineo,  Cosas  mpmorablcs,  fol.  Ifi4 
— Roriialdcz,  Reyes  Catolicos,  M.S.,  caj).  i-  -  - 
jMariana,  lib.  24,  cap.  l7.--Llorente,  liist.  i  ■ 
riiifniisition,  uM  supra. — L.  Marineo  diffuses 
the  two  thousand  capital  executions  over 
several  years.  He  sums  ui>the  varici:  severi- 
ties of  tlie  Holy  OHic(^  in  the  following  gentle 
terms:  **  Tlie  church,  who  is  tiie  mother  of 
mercy  and  tlie  fountain  of  cliarity,  content 
witli  the  imposition  of  penances,  generously 
accords  life  to  inai\y  who  do  not  deserve  it; 
while  those  who  persist  obstinately  in  their 
errors,  after  being  imprisoned  on  tlie  testi- 
monj'  of  trustwortliy  witnesses,  she  causes  to 
\<e  put  to  the  torture,  and  condemned  to  tlie 
f\  lines.  Some  miseral)ly  perisli,  l>,nv ailing 
till  ir  errors,  and  Invoking  the  name  of  Christ, 
while  others  call  upon  th  X  of  .Moses.  Many, 
again,  who  sincerely  repent,  she,  notwitli- 
Btanding  the  heinousness  t)f  their  transgres- 
sions, viereljf  smtoires  to  per}X'tunl  impriMtn- 
\ten:.:"  {\)  Such  were  the  tender  mercies  of 
ilie  .-']«. f\isli  HI  juisition. 

"'"  liernaldei,  states  that  gur.rds  were  posted 
at  the  gates  of  tlie  city  of  Seville  in  or.ior  to 
jji"«VMr  tlo  emi^'ration  of  the  ic  vish  inhabit- 
vMf;  wl  i<  '  inder- 1  was  forMdii>  n  under  pain 
f  '  i<  M\,  i  iie  tr'o.nal,  however,  had  greater 
•..i.in.13  i.r    them,   aud   ir,.inv  succeeded   in 


effecting  their  escape,     llc^ef  Cs.i'llicos,  MS, 
cap.  44. 

'"■  I,.  Marineo,  Cosas  rr;fe.r«orablcs,  fol.  164 
-  Zuu'i^a,  Annales  de  Sev;Ua,  p.  39i".— I'ul- 
gar,  lie  is  Catolicos,  part.  2.  con.  "7— <jan- 
iuty,  C-  upendio,  tom.  ii.  li'.j.  .i!<,  '"sp.  IT- 
r  iamo,  De  Origine  Inquisitionis,  lib  :, tit, 
2,  cap.  2. — [Jorente,  Hist,  de  I'liKiuLsitioii, 
tom.  i.  pp.  1G3-I73. 

•'*  Over  these  subordinate  tribiinais  For- 
dinand  erected  a  court  of  supcrvisi'm.  wit!. 
appellate  jurisdiction,  under  tlip  iiaiuo  f 
Council  of  the  Supreme,  consistinp  »if  tiiO 
grand  inquisitor  as  president,  and  three  utiiir 
ecclesiastics,  two  of  them  doi-iurs  nf  ls« 
The  principal  purpose  of  this  n^'w  croati  n 
was  to  secure  the  interest  of  the  trown  in  t!i- 
confiscated  property,  and  to  guard  atraiii-^t  ty 
encroachment  of  tlie  IiKiuisitiun  on  stvuii.* 
jurisdiction.  The  expedient,  howos'or,  wiwily 
failed,  lx>cause  most  of  the  questions  broueht 
before  this  court  wer'  detenniiii'd  by  tb* 
principles  of  the  canon  law,  of  which  t:.e 
gnmd  inquisitor  was  to  be  sole  inii'rpri't'r, 
the  others  having  only,  as  it  was  iovcwA.  i 
"  consultative  voice."  Llorente,  torn.  1. 1'P 
17.3.  171.— Zurita,  Anales,  tom.  iv.  f'l.  '■^^^■ 
—Iliol,  i.iforme,  apud  Seuianario  eruJuiJ. 
tcm.  iii.  pp.  156  tit  Beq. 


The  acciisiMl,  ii 


THE  INQUISITION. 


155 


him  boforo  the  Holy  Office  ;  and  the  ministers  of  relipon  were  instructed 
to  nfiiso  ahsohition  to  such  as  hesitated  to  comply  with  this,  althoiifj;h  the 
>ii-;iictt<'d  jKTson  mi^'}it  stand  in  the  relation  of  iiarent,  child,  husl)an<l,  or 
v\U'.  All  accusations,  anonymous  as  well  as  si^Mied,  were  admitteil ;  it  hv'iuii, 
i,iiiv  necessary  to  specify  the  names  of  tlie  witnesses,  whose  testimony  was 
takt'ii  flown  in  writing  by  a  secretary,  and  afterwards  read  to  them,  which, 
iiiilt'>s  the  inaccnraries  were  so  gross  ,'>s  to  force  themselves  upon  their  atten- 
tion, they  seldom  failed  to  confirm." 

Tlie  iuciised,  in  the  mean  time,  whose  mysterious  disappearance  was  per- 
lia]is  the  only  pu])lic  evidence  of  his  arrest,  was  conveyed  to  the  secret 
I  haiiilKTs  tif  the  In(|uisition,  where  he  was  jealously  excluded  froni  intercourse 
with  all  save  a  priest  of  the  Romish  church  and  his  iailer,  l)oth  of  wliom 
iiii::lit  he  regarded  as  tlie  spies  of  the  tribunal.  In  this  desolate  condition, 
the  uiitoriMnate  man,  cut  otl'  from  external  communication  and  all  cheering 
sviiii'iitliy  or  support,  was  kejit  for  sf»me  time  in  ignorance  even  of  the  nature 
iif  the  charges  i)referred  against  him,  and  at  length,  instead  of  the  original 
]inxe-;s,  was  favouroil  only  with  e>  tracts  fr()ni  the  depositions  of  the  witnesses, 
SMiriuii't'd  as  to  conceal  every  possible  clue  to  their  name  and  quality.  With 
still  greater  unfairness,  no  mention  whatever  was  made  of  such  testimony 
II.  liinl  arisen,  in  the  course  of  the  examination,  in  his  own  favour.  Counsel 
vas  in(lee(l  allowed  from  a  list  j)resentetl  by  his  judges.  But  this  privilege 
avaih'il  little,  since  the  parties  were  not  permitted  to  confer  together,  and  the 
advoiate  was  furnished  with  no  other  sources  of  information  than  what  had 
U'en  granted  to  his  client.  To  add  to  the  injustice  of  these  proreedings, 
evorv  iliscrejiancy  in  the  statements  of  the  witnesses  was  converted  into  a 
st'iiiirate  charge  against  the  prisoner,  who  thus,  instead  of  one  crime,  stood 
iKdiscd  of  several.  This,  taken  in  connection  with  the  concealment  of  time, 
pliee,  and  circumstance  in  the  accusations,  created  such  embarrassment  that, 
link' s  the  accused  was  possessed  of  unusual  acuteness  and  presence  of  mind, 
it  was  sure  to  involve  him,  in  his  attempts  to  explain,  in  inextricable  contra- 
dii  tion.*' 

If  tlie  i)risoner  refused  to  confess  his  guilt,  or,  as  was  usual,  was  suspected 
(if  evasion  or  an  attempt  to  conceal  the  truth,  he  was  subjected  to  the  torture. 
Tiiis,  which  was  administereil  in  the  deepest  vaults  of  Incpiisition,  where  tiit 
tries  of  the  victim  could  fall  on  no  ear  save  th  .t  of  his  tormentors,  is  a<Iinitted 
by  the  secretary  of  the  Holy  Otlice,  who  ha;  furni.shed  the  most  ai  'ientic 
report  of  its  transactions,  not  to  have  been  exaggerated  in  any  of  the  i:  orous 
narratives  which  have  dragged  the.se  subterranean  horrors  into  light  If  the 
intensity  of  pain  extorted  a  confession  from  the  suff^^rer,  he  was  jiected, 
if  he  survived,  which  did  not  always  happen,  to  confirm  it  on  ne  next 
ilay.  Should  he  refuse  to  do  this,  his  mutilated  members  were  '  denmed 
toa  rci»etition  of  the  same  sufferings,  until  his  obstmacy  (it  shi'ild  rather 
have  l)een  termed  his  heroism)  might  be  vanquished.*'    Shou'     the  rack, 


"  Puij;hlanch,  Inquisition  lJnnia.skcd,  vo!. 
I.  chap.  4.— Llorente,  Hist,  de  riiuiui^itioii, 
(•m.  i.  clmp.  6,  art.  1  ;  chap.  9,  art.  1,  2.— 
Tlie  witiii'ssos  were  queBtioiicd  in  sucli  genp- 
n\  terms  tiiat  they  were  even  kept  in  if^no- 
rince  of  the  particular  matter  respecting 
«liicli  tlii'T  were  expected  to  testify.  Tlius, 
tlifv  wiTt'  asked  "  if  they  knew  anything 
»iiicli  liad  heen  said  or  done  contrary  to  the 
'  iilicilic  faith  and  the  interests  of  the  tri- 
bunal," Tlieir  answers  often  openfd  a  now 
^«Dtto  the  Judges,  and  thus,  lu  the  language 


of  Montanus,  "  bnmglit  more  lislies  into  tlie 
inquisiiors'  holy  angle."  Si'C  Montanus,  Dis- 
covery and  I'layue  Declaration  of  sundry 
Bul)till  Tractises  of  the  Holy  lu'iuisitlon  of 
Spayne,  Eiig.  trans.  (London,  I5t;.t),  fol.  u. 

*'  Linil)orch.  Inquisition,  book  4,  ciiaji.  '20. 
— Montanus,  In(|uisiiion  of  Spayne,  fol.  0-15. 
— Llorentc,  Hist,  de  I'lnqiiisition,  torn.  i. 
chap.  6,  art.  1  ;  chap.  U,  art.  4-9.— Puig- 
blanch,  Inquisition  irnniaskcil,  v(.,.  '.chap.  4. 

*"  Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'lnquisiii  n,  torn.  I. 
chap.  9,  art,  7. — By  a  subsequent  regulation 


156 


THE  INQUISITION. 


however,  prove  ineffectual  to  force  a  confession  of  his  piilt,  he  was  so  far  fnrn 
being  considered  as  liavini;  estjililisiied  his  iiinnccnce,  that,  with  a  liarliar  tv 
unknown  to  any  tribunal  wliere  tlie  tort\n-e  has  Iwen  achnittecl,  and  wiiidi  /,j 
itself  proves  its  utter  inconijietency  to  the  ends  it  proposes,  he  was  not  imfre. 
quently  convicted  on  the  depi.sitidns  of  the  witnessts.  At  the  c(in(lu.siun  of 
Jiis  mock  trial,  tlu;  prisoner  was  a,u%ain  returned  to  his  dunixeon.  wlicrc,  witii. 
out  tiie  blaze  of  a  sm.gle  fagot  to  dispel  the  cold  or  illuminate  the  <Iarkiies>cf 
the  long  winter  night,  lie  was  left  in  unbroken  silence  to  await  the  doom  which 
was  to  consign  him  to  an  ignominious  dejith,  or  a  life  scivrcely  less  ignoininiou.v." 
The  proceedings  of  the  tribunal,  as  1  have  stated  them,  "were  jilainjv 
characterized  throughout  by  the  most  flagrant  injustice  and  iidiumanitv  i, 
the  accused.  Instead  of  presuming  his  innocence  until  his  guilt  hail  iK-fu 
established,  it  acted  on  exactly  the  opposite  principle.  Instead  of  aHonlin^ 
him  the  protection  accorded  by  every  other  judicature,  and  esjicciallv  ill 
nianded  in  his  forlorn  situation,  it  used  the  most  insidious  arts  to  circumvent 
and  to  crush  him.  He  had  no  remedy  against  malice  or  misapi)rehciisi(,n  on 
the  part  of  his  accusers,  or  the  witnesses  .against  him,  who  might  bo  ]\\, 
bitterest  enemies  ;  since  they  were  never  revealed  to,  nor  confronted  with, 
the  prisoner,  nor  sul)jec^ed  to  a  cross-examination,  which  can  best  expove 
error  or  wilful  collusion  in  the  evidence.**  Even  the  jioor  forms  of  justie 
recognizeil  in  this  court  might  be  rejidily  dispensed  with,  as  its  [)roc('e(liii;:s 
were  impenetrably  shrouded  from  the  public  eye  by  the  appalling  oath  "f 
secrecy  ini))Osed  on  all,  whether  functionaries,  witnesses,  or  jirisonors,  whn 
entered  within  its  i)recincts.  The  last  and  not  the  least  odious  featun;  of  the 
whole  was  the  connection  esta])lished  between  the  condemnation  df  the 
accused  and  the  interests  of  his  judges  ;  since  the  confiscations,  which  wct"^ 
the  uniform  ])*^nalties  of  heresy,^^  were  not  Dermitted  to  flow  into  the  rov;il 
exchecjuer  until  they  had  first  discharged  th  expenses,  whether  in  the  shqie 
of  salaries  or  other  msq,  incident  to  the  Holy  Othce.*® 


hot  unfrciuieni!} 


of  PliiUp  II.,  the  repetition  of  toriure  in  tlie 
same  process  was  strictly  proliibited  to  the 
inquisitors.  But  thoy,  rn.ikinf;  use  of  a  so- 
l)liism  worthy  of  th"  arch-fioiui  liimscli,  con- 
trived to  evade  this  hiw,  l)y  nrtteiuiinp,  after 
each  new  infliction,  that  th\»  ha(i  onlj'  sus- 
pended, and  no*  terminated,  the  torture! 

■'■'  Montanus,  In(ini:ition  of  Spayne,  f  1.  'J-t 
et  seq. — T.inihi'rcli,  Inquisition,  vol.  ii.  chap. 
29. — Puiphl.iuch,  Inquisition  Unmasked,  vol. 
i.  chap.  4. — Llorentc,  H!-t.  de  riii<inisition, 
nld  supra.— I  shall  spare  the  reader  the  de- 
scription of  the  various  modes  of  torture,  the 
rack,  fire,  and  pulley,  practised  by  the  in- 
quisitors, wl'.ich  liave  l)een  so  often  detailed 
in  tlie  (loh  fi-1  narratives  of  such  as  have  hatl 
the  fortune  to  escape  with  life  from  the  fangs 
of  tlie  trihmial.  If  we  aretolnlieve  l.lorente, 
these  barbarities  have  not  been  decreed  for  a 
lonR  time.  Yet  some  recent  statements  are 
at  variance  \sitli  this  assertion.  See,  among 
otliers,  thecelclirated  adventurer  Van  Halen's 
'«  Narrative  of  his  Imprisonment  in  the  Dun- 
peons  of  the  Iiiqni«iti«  n  at  Madrid,  and  his 
Escape,  in  1817-1."." 

^^  The  prisoner  had  indeed  the  ripht  of 
challcnij'nf;  any  witness  on  the  pround  of 
personal  ''nuiity.  (Llorento.  Ilist.  di  I'ln- 
(liiisition,  torn,  1.  chap.  9,  art.  lu.)  But  as  he 
was  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  names  of  the 


witnesses  employed  against  him,  and  as,  even 
if  he  Conjectured  right,  the  degree  of  ciiinity 
comi)etent  to  set  aside  testimony  wa.s  t" !»; 
determined  by  liis  judges,  t  is  evident  tl.it 
his  iirivilege  of  challenge  was  wholly  nuga- 
tory. 

*'  Confiscation  has  long  been  decreed  ;i8 
the  punishnunt  of  convicted  heretics  by  ti;e 
statutes  of  ('astile.  (Ordenan^as  Ilealoo,  lili. 
s,  tit.  4.)  Tlie  avarice  of  the  present  systi'm, 
however,  is  exemi)lified  by  the  fact  tliattlmsi' 
who  confessed  and  sought  abs<dutiiin  wiiliin 
the  brief  term  of  grace  allowed  by  the  i;  ■ 
qnisitors  from  the  publication  of  their  edi. . 
were  liable  to  arbitrary  fines  ;  and  thiwe  wii" 
confessed  after  that  period  escaped  with 
nothing  slmrt  of  confiscation.  Llorente,  Hist, 
de  rimiuisition,  tom.  i.  pp.  1V6,  177. 

"  Il)id.,  torn.  1,  i>.  216.— Zurita.  Anm*, 
tom.  iv.  fol.  :;24. — .Salazar  de  Mendn/a,  .Mo- 
nar<|uia,  tom.  i  fol.,'«7.— It  is  easy  tn  discern, 
in  every  part  of  the  c<ii<iU8  schem*  "f  the 
I:iquisition,  tbo  cnntrivaiwe  of  the  iw-nk'. » 
class  of  men  rut  off  by  ti«*'ir  i)rofet;-i'  i  fri.m 
the  usual  sympathies  of  H.x!ial  lif»-.  and  who, 
accustomed  ti  tlie  tyanny  of  the  cMifessions!, 
aimed  at  e^tiibli>»liing  the  same  ji'ri<(lictk>u 
over  thouirlitrt  Ahlch  secular  tribunals  biiv<? 
wisely  confined  t.)  actloos.  Time,  in>tfad  . 
softeiiinir,   jjave   increased    bar.shiii  •     t    '• 


THE  INQUISITION. 


i:)7 


The  last  scene  in  tliii^  dismal  tragedy  was  the  act  of  faith  (auto  da  fo)i  th*' 
ni'isi  imposing  sportailo,  i)iol»al.>!y,  which  has  bet'ii  witnessed  since  iiu^ 
aiiiit'iit  liNiiiaii  triiiniiili,  and  wliicli,  as  intimated  liy  a  Sjianish  write", 
va.>  intended,  siMuewhat  ])rutHntiv,  to  represent  the  terrors  <»{  the  l)ay  of 
Jinliriiit'iit.'*'  Tlie  i"roudt.st  yrandces  of  the  land,  on  this  occasion,  itiittiiiLC 
111  the  >al)le  livery  of  familiars  of  the  Holy  (;ihce  and  Ix^arint:  aloft  its  banners, 
ciiiKk'scende  1  to  act  as  the  escort  of  its  ministers  ;  while  tlie  ceremony  was 
nut  unfreiiuenily  countenanced  l)y  the  royal  presence.  It  should  he  stati'd, 
li.iwi'vor,  tliut  neither  of  tlie-e  at;  of  condt'sconsion,  or,  more  projterly,  innni- 
liatii)n,  was  witnessed  initil  a  jieriod  {losterior  to  the  jiresent  rci;,^!.  The 
illcLt  >vas  further  heightened  l»y  the  con(,'(jin*se  of  ecclesiastics  in  their 
surnl'itid  robes,  and  the  jiompous  ceremonial  which  the  church  of  llouic 
knows  Ml  well  how  to  di.sj»lay  on  tittin^^  occasions,  and  which  was  intende(l  to 
om-emite,  as  it  were,  this  l)loody  sacrifice  by  the  authority  of  a  religion  wdiicli 
hasexprcvdy  declared  that  it  desires  mercy  and  not  sacrifice.*' 

The  most  important  actors  in  the  scene  were  the  unfortunate  convicts,  who 
were  imw  dis^orj^cd  for  the  first  time  from  the  dungeons  of  the  tribunal. 
TlifV  were  clad  in  coarse  woollen  garments,  style<l  s<ta  Uiu'toK,  ])rought  close 
rniiiiil  the  neck  and  desetinding  like  a  f;ock  down  to  the  knees.***  These  were 
.if  ay.'lluw  colour,  end)roidered  with  a  scarlet  cross,  and  well  garnished  with 
fi.iires  uf  devils  and  flames  of  fire,  which,  typical  of  the  heretic's  destiny 
liiivufter,  served  to  make  him  iu(jre  odious  in  the  eyes  of  the  sujierstitiou-s 
iimltitiuie."  The  greater  i>art  of  the  sufferers  were  condemned  to  be  re- 
couciled,  the  mardfold  meanings  of   which  soft  phrase  have  l)een  alreaciy 


r, 'iiiros  (if  tlip  new  systoni.  The  niof=t 
huiniiiic  ))rnvisions  were  constAntly  ovi.tlpd  in 
}iraetiie ;  aiul  llie  tuils  lor  i-nsnurinR  the 
vidim  wore  so  int^ciiiuUHly  mnltipUod  that 
f.«,  very  few,  wcro,  porinitteil  to  cf'Cftpo 
withniit  SMiiif  cftisurc.  Not  iiiDre  than  ')ne 
]»rvin,  s:iys  Llcircnto,  in  one  or  pcrliapH  t'.\ij 
!!."U<ancl  iiroci'8st'8,  previous  to  the  time  of 
I'iiilip  111.,  n.'teivcd  entire  absolution.  So 
tiiit  it  laino  to  be  proverbial  that  all  who 
were  not  roasted  were  at  least  singed. 

"It'Viini  rinfjuisition,  quand  on  vlent  a  jul)e, 
si  I'un  II''  sort   rotl,    Ton   sort    au   uioins 
flambe." 

'■  Montanus,  Inquisition  of  Spayr",  fol. 
46— riiiirlilanch,  inquisition  UiiiUGsked,  vol. 
i.  chap,  t.  — Every  reader  of  Tacitus  and 
)uvin;il  will  ri'memlxT  how  early  the  Chris- 
tians were  i  iinilcrnnetl  to  endure  the  piMi.iUy 
'jf  tirp.  P'Tliajis  the  earliest  inst.iuce  of 
buniiiijf  tn  .|,-at!i  for  heresy  in  niodi-nr  limes 
occurred  iinier  tlie  rei^n  of  lloljert  of  I'rance, 
i.'i  (he  lai'y  part  of  the  eleventh  century. 
^wuMiidi,  Mist,  des  Francjais,  toni.  iv.  eiiap. 
*  I'arjiiiio,  as  usual,  finds  authority  fur  in- 
;  -""rial  iiutos  da  fe,  wiiere  one  would  h'ast 
T^i»it  ii,  iii  the  New  TestaunMit.  Ainons 
uiaer  exaiiiiiles,  he  (iimtes  tin'  remark  of 
Ws  and  .biliii,  uho,  win  n  tlie  villai^e  of 
kaijT\»  cfiised  to  admit  Clirist  within  its 
«ili\  iild  have  called  down  lire  from 
iraveii  •  ronsunif-  its  inhabitants.  "*Lo  !  " 
s«'^  l'iiriii6(u..i.  »'  tire,  the  punishment  <if  here- 
';-,  tur  In*- .Samaritans  vsen'  the  heretics  of 
Ui'.'se  times  "    rUeUrjgine  Inquisitionis,  lib. 


1,  tit.  ^,  cap.  5.)  The  'wnn;  father  omits 
to  add  llie  impressive  rei  'ik',  of  our  Saviour 
to  his  over-zealous  discipl'-s  :  *•  \%>  know  init 
w  hat  m.uiner  of  spirit  ye  are  of.  'I'he  .Son  of 
Man  is  not  come  to  destroy  men's  lives,  but 
to  save  tlnin." 

•"'  !'ii.if;l)laneh,  vol.  1.  chap.  4. — The  in- 
quisitors ufter  the  celebration  of  an  autu  dii  fe 
atfJuadaldupe.iri  14K,^(,vvi.-hiii^;  probably  to  jus- 
tify tlH'se  bloo<ly  executions  in  the  (ye>of  the 
people,  wlio  had  nut  yet  Lx'ccimi-  familiar  with 
them,  solicit, 'd  a  sign  from  the  Virgin  (whose 
Phrine  in  that  place  is  not-d  all  over  Spain) 
in  testimony  of  her  npprob.ition  of  the  Ibily 
Office.  Th"ir  petition  waaanswer''d  by  such  a 
profusion  m  ..iirades  that  Dr.  Francis  Sanctius 
de  la  Fuente,  who  acted  as  scribe  on  the  occa- 
sion, b<*c,ime  out  of  breath,  ami,  after  record- 
ing si.xty,  gave  up  in  despair,  unable  to  ki  ip 
j)ace  with  their  inarvidlous  rapidity.  I'aranei, 
De  Origine  ln((uisitioiiis,  lib.  2,  tit.  2,  cap.  If. 

'"'  .s'u»/,  lienito,  according  to  Morente  (toin. 
i.  p.  127),  is  a  Corruption  of  mro  heiidito, 
l)^i>.„  the  name  givi'ii  to  the  dresses  worti  by 
peniti'iits  previously  to  the  thirteenth  century. 

'-"  Lloreiite,  Hist,  di-  I'Inqiii'-itioii,  torn.  i. 
chap,  it,  art.  16. — I'uigblaiieh,  Inquisition 
rnnia-sk'-t,  vid.  i.  chaj).  4. — Volt. lire  remarks 
(_Ks.sai  - '.r  l"s  Mo'urs,  chap,  llo)  that  "  \n 
Asiati- .  arriving  at  .Madrid  on  the  day  of  an 
aut"  da  If,  wouid  doulit  whether  it  were  a 
festival,  reiigi'iiis  cidel)ration,  sacrifice,  or 
Uias*a«ir»'  :  it  is  all  of  th-  in.  They  ri']iroach 
Moiif^tima  with  sa.  riticlng  b  uuan  cayitivi's 
to  thi'  gixl.<«.  What  would  he  have  said  had 
be  w  itnessod  an  auto  cU  U'  f  " 


158 


THE  INQUISITION. 


exjdainod.  Those  who  wore  to  bo  relaxed^  a.«  it  was  railed,  were  (lolivrrfd 
ovor,  as  iinponitciit  horotics,  to  tlio  soiMilar  arm,  in  order  to  oxpiiitc  tlmr 
oH'oiiee  Ity  the  most  paiiifid  of  deaths,  with  the  consijousness,  still  nidr,. 
miiiful,  tliat  they  were  to  leave  hehiiid  them  names  branded  with  infamy,  aiil 
families  involved  in  irretrievjible  ruin.*' 

It  is  remarkable  that  a  system  so  monstrous  as  that  of  the  Inquisition,  pre. 
senting  the  most  etlectual  barrier,  jtrobably,  that  Avas  ever  opposed  to  the 
])ro^'ress  of  knowledge,  should  hav(^  been  revived  at  the  <lose  of  the  fiftwiith 
oenlury,  when  the  li^dit  of  civili/iition  was  rajtidly  advancin.L,' over  every  part 
of  Euroije.  It  is  more  remarkalile  that  it  should  have  occurred  in  Soiiin,  at 
this  time  under  a  .uovennnent  which  had  displayed  ^reat  relipous  indcjicndciin' 
on  more  than  one  occasion,  an<l  which  had  jiaid  uniform  n^^^ard  to  tlic  liirJn^ 
of  its  subjects  and  pursued  a  generous  policy  in  reference  to  their  intcllectiia! 
'  •"iure.  Where,  we  are  tempted  to  ask,  when  we  beliold  the  persecution  of  an 
iiiuocent,  industiious  people  for  the  crime  of  adhesion  to  tne  faith  of  their 
ancestors, — where  was  the  charity  which  led  the  old  Castilian  to  rcvereiue 
valour  and  virtue  in  an  iulidel.  thouiih  an  enemy, — where  the  chivalrous  self- 
devotion  whid'  led  an  Ara;^n»nese  monarch,  three  centuries  before,  to  ;;ive  away 
his  life  in  defence  of  the  persecuted  sectaries  of  I'rovence, — where  the  inde- 
pendent spirit  which  prompted  the  Castilian  nobles,  during'  the  very  last  n'i;;ii. 
to  reject  with  scorn  the  purposed  interference  of  the  pope  himself  in  their 
fonc(>rns,  that  they  wore  now  reduce<l  to  bow  their  necks  to  a  few  frantic 
l>riests,  the  members  of  an  order  which,  in  Spain  at  least,  was  quite  as  eon- 
spicuous  for  iiinorance  as  intolerance  ^  Tnie,  indeed,  the  Castilians,  and  the 
Ara,ii(Uiese  subseijuently  still  more,  uave  such  evidence  of  their  aversion  V^  the 
institution,  that  it  can  hardly  be  believed  the  cler^^  would  have  succeeded  in 
fasteninj,^  it  upon  them,  had  they  not  availed  themselves  of  the  popular  pre- 
judices a^^ainst  the. Jews. ''^    Providence,  however, i)ermitted  that  the  sutlerin.s 


thus  heapetl  on  the  heads  of  this  unfortunate  people  should  be  requited  in  fii 
meiisure  to  the  nation  that  inliicted  them.  The  hrcs  of  the  IiKniisitiuii,  uhirli 
were  lighted  (ixclusively  for  the  Jews,  were  destined  eventually  to  consiime 
their  ojijirt'sors.  They  were  still  more  deeply  aven,i,'ed  in  the  moral  inliueme 
of  this  tribunal,  which,  eating  like  a  pestilent  canker  into  the  heart  uf  the 
monarchy,  at  the  very  time  when  it  was  exhibiting  a  most  goodly  promise, 
left  it  at  length  a  bare  and  sajiless  trunk. 

Notwithstanding  the  persecutions  under  Torquemada  were  confined  almost 
Avholly  to  the  Jews,  his  .activity  was  such  as  to  furnisli  abundant  preceilcnt,  in 
regard  to  forms  of  i»roceeding,  for  his  successors  ;  if,  indeeii,  the  word  l^xm 
maybe  apjdied  to  the  conduct  of  trials  so  summary  that  the  tribunal  of  Toledo 
alone,  under  the  sui)erintendence  of  two  inquisitors,  disposed  of  three  tlioiisaiid 


"  The  govern  incut,  at  least,  cannot  be 
cliarned  witli  remissness  in  promoting  this. 
I  linil  two  ordinances  in  tiie  royal  cijlection 
of  pragmuticas,  dated  in  Soptcniber,  150 1 
(tliere  must  l>e  s.  me  error  in  tlie  date  of  one 
(d  lliem),  inliibitinjr,  under  juin  of  confisca- 
tion of  prii]!'  riy,  sucli  as  tiad  liecn  recoticUcd, 
ami  tiieir  cliildren  Ijy  the  motlier's  8i(i(>,  ami 
grandi'lilllren  l»y  tlie  fither's,  from  Imlding 
any  ollice  in  the  privy  coiiniii,  courts  of 
Justice,  or  iu  the  muiiicii)alities,  or  any  otlier 
place  of  trust  or  liotiour.  They  were  also 
excluded  from  tiie  vocations  of  notaries,  sur- 
geons, and  aiiothecaries.  (Pra^uiiiticas  del 
Keyno,  fol.  5,  G.)  'I'his  was  visiting  thi'  sins 
of  the  fathers,  to  an  extent  unparalleled  in 


modern  legislation.  The  eovcreipii-*  niistit 
find  a  precedent  in  a  law  of  Sylla,  .xcliiding 
the  ciiililieii  of  tlie  proscribed  Iiniiiaiis  fruin 
political  honours;  tims  indignantly  ivticej 
liy  Sallust:  "'.^uin  solus  omnium,  post  iiiciii- 
liam  honunum,  sujinlida  in  po>t  fiittif"* 
contposidt ;  quis  prius  injuria  iinam  nM 
certa  exset."     Hist.  p>agmenta,  lih.  1. 

■■'  The  Aragonese,  as  we  shall  ste  lion'aft'r, 
made  a  manly  though  inefTectual  resistaiio>, 
Iroui  the  t'w-H,  to  the  iiitrodiiction  of  the  In- 
quisition among  them  by  Kenilnaini.  In 
e'astile,  its  enormous  abuses  provokol  tlie 
spiritetl  interpo'^ition  of  the  letiislatiirt'  at 
the  commencement  of  the  following  rtlijti. 
But  it  w  as  then  too  late. 


THE  INQUISITION. 


159 


throo  hiindrod  and  twenty-seven  proresse-;  in  little  more  than  a  year."  The 
iiuiiilior  of  convicts  was  ^'rently  swelled  by  the  blunders  of  the  Dominican 
iiiniiks,  who  acted  as  (|ualilicators  or  interjtreters  of  what  constituU'd  heresy, 
mill  whose  iirnorance  led  them  fre(iuently  to  condenni,  as  heterodox,  projiosi- 
tmiis  actiiaiiy  derived  from  the  fathers  of  the  church.  The  iirisoners  for  life, 
aioiic,  U'caiiie  so  numerous  that  it  was  necessary  to  assign  them  their  own 
liMii.HS  as  the  places  of  tlieir  incarceration. 

The  data  for  an  accurate  calculation  of  the  number  of  victims  .sacrificed  by 
iho  liii|ui>ition  diu'in;,'  this  rei^n  are  not  very  satisfactory.  Fnun  such  a.s 
t\i-t,  iiowever,  Llorejite  has  been  led  to  the  most  fri,i;htful  results.  lie  com- 
iiiLi's  that  during  the  eitihteen  yt-ars  of  Toniueuuvla's  ministry  there  were  no 
i-^  tliiiii  l(),'J-0  burnt,  (WOO  condenmed  and  i)tn"nt  in  elligy  as  absent  or  dead, 
;iiiil*J7,."VJl  reconciled  by  various  other  penances  ;  ati'ordini;  an  average  of  more 
thaii  'KHX)  convicted  persons  annually.**  In  this  enormous  sum  of  human 
iiii.MT)  is  not  included  the  multitude  of  orphans  who,  from  tiie  contiscation  of 
thfir  iiaternal  inheritance,  were  turned  over  to  indigence  and  vice.**  Many  of 
tlie  reconciled  were  afterwards  sentenced  as  relapsed  ;  ami  the  Curate  of  Los 
i'aliu.ios  e.xpres.ses  the  charitable  wish  that  "the  whole  accursed  racc^  of  .lew.s, 
inaleiiiid  female,  of  twenty  ywirs  of  age  and  ui)wards,  might  be  purified  with 
tire  and  fagot ! "  *« 

The  va>t  apparatus  of  the  In(piisition  involved  so  heavy  an  expenditure  that 
a  very  siiiuli  sum,  comparatively,  foiuul  its  way  into  the  exchetjuer,  to  counter- 
talaiue  tiie  great  detrnnent  resulting  to  Mie  state  from  the  sacrifice  of  the  most 
aitivean  I  skilful  part  of  its  jwpulation.  All  temijoral  interests,  however,  were 
lit'lil  li;rht  in  compari.son  with  the  purgation  of  the  land  from  heresy  ;  and  such 
aii^'ineiitutions  as  the  revenue  did  receive,  we  are  assured,  were  conscientiously 
ikvMted  to  pious  purposes,  and  the  Moorish  war  !  *' 

The  Koiuau  see,  during  all  this  time,  conducting  itself  with  its  usual  duplicity, 
coiitrivcil  to  make  a  gainful  trathc  by  the  sale  of  dispensations  from  the  penal. 


"  14S5-6.  (Llorpnto,  Hist,  do  riiiquisition, 

im.  i.  ]).  'j;!'.t.)— In  Seville,  with  prol)!il)ly  no 
kT'M'T  :ii)piriUus,  In  M«'J,  '21,000  processes 
«ri'ili-]i')S((l  of.  These  were  tlie  first-fruits 
if  ilic  .(ewi!*li  jieresy,  when  ToPiuemadii, 
sitlii  iipli  an  iii'|ni-:itor,  had  not  tlie  supreme 
("iiirnj  (i|  til''  triluHial. 

'  l.lnrfiitc  aftirwards  reduces  tliis  estimate 
ti  "UU  hiiriit,  96,504  otiiervvise  punislied  ; 
ili'ili'icf'sc  iif  (luenca  Ix'iDj;  conipn^iiendcd  in 
liiit  of  Miiriia.  (I'om.  iv.  p.  'ihl.)  Zurita 
lyMliat,  by  1520,  tlie  Inquisition  of  .S«;ville 
blsciuciiciil  more  than  4000  persons  to  l>e 
luriit,  and  .io.ooo  to  other  puiiisiunents. 
Aiwtiifr  autlior,  wliom  he  quotes,  uirriea  up 
thf  estimate  of  tlie  total  oondemiu'il  liy  this 
«ni:lp  tribunal,  within  the  same  term  of  time, 
t"liHi,()oo.     Anales,  tom.  iv.  fol.  324. 

'  liy  an  article  of  the  primitive  instruc- 
lins  tiio  inquisitors  were  requin'd  to  set 
sii!^  a  Pinall  portion  of  the  confiscated  es- 
w-sfiirthi'  fdiication  and  fMiristian  nurture 
■f  iiiinurs,  children  of  the  condemned.  Llo- 
rnt-  Mys  tliut,  in  the  immense  number  of 
fros.'ies  which  lie  had  occasion  to  consult, 
■'•mrl  with  no  instince  of  ilieir  attention  to 
'.Vfitp ut  thrse  unfortimato  orphans !  Hist. 
I'l'liniuisitiun,  tom.  i.  chap.  ». 

"  Kiyes  t'atolicos,  MS.,  cap.  44. — Torquc- 


maila  waged  war  uiwh  freedom  of  thought  in 
every  form.  In  1490,  he  causci  several  lie- 
brew  Kililes  to  Ix'  publicly  btirnt,  ami  some 
time  after,  more  tliaii  tiooo  volumes  of  Oriental 
learning,  on  tlie  imputation  of  .Judaism,  sor- 
cery, or  heresy,  at  the  autos  da  fe  of  Sala- 
manca, the  very  nursery  of  science.  (Llonnte, 
Hist,  de  rin<iuisition,  tom.  1.  clia]).  h,  art.  5.) 
This  may  remind  one  of  tlie  similar  sentence 
passe<l  by  Lojie  de  ffcirrientos,  another  I»o- 
rainicati,  about  fifty  years  Itefoie,  upon  the 
books  (d'  the  marq'.iis  of  \'illena.  Fortunately 
for  the  dawning  liter.iture  of  Spain,  Isalxdla 
did  not,  iis  was  done  by  her  successors,  commit 
the  censorship  of  the  press  to  the  judges  of 
the  Holy  Office,  notwithstanding  such  occa- 
sional assumption  of  power  by  the  grand 
inquisitor. 

•'  I'ulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  purt.  2,  cap.  77. 
— \j.  .Nlarineo,  Cosas  memoraljles,  fol.  Kit.— 
The  pnxiigioiis  desolation  of  the  land  may 
be  inferred  from  tlie  estimates,  although 
somewhat  discordant,  of  deserted  houses  in 
Andalusia,  (laribay  (C'ompendio,  lib.  in, 
cap.  17)  puts  these  at  three  thousaiiri,  I'ulgar 
(Keyes  Catolicos,  part.  2,  caj).  7")  at  four,  L. 
Marineo  (Cosas  meniorables,  fol.  104)  a^  liigli 
as  live. 


ICO 


THE  INQUISITION. 


tics  innirrofl  by  surh  as  fell  nn<lor  the  Imii  of  tlio  Inquisition,  provirloi]  th.v 
were  rich  etioiij^h  t<>  pay  for  them,  mid  ftftcrwiinls  revokinu  them,  jit  thciustmie 
<.>f  the (,'astihun  cuurt.  Meiiiiwiiilo,  the ("liinn  excited  hy  tlie  iiiiN|i(vriiij;ri-(,ij 
of  Tonmeinada  raistMl  up  so  many  acriisatinns  a;;ain.st  him  tliat  lie  wus  thrift 
coinpelled  t(^  send  an  nL;ent  to  J{ome  to  defend  his  eause  hefure  the  [K.iitiif; 
until,  at  len^^h,  Alexander  the  Sixth,  in  141)4,  moved  l)y  these  reiteratcil  ci;i.- 
lilaints,  apjxdiiled  four  coadjutors,  out  of  a  j)retended  rei^ard  to  the  intiriuitit^ 
of  his  a.ue,  to  share  with  him  tlie  hurdens  of  his  ollicc!.*" 

This  persona;;e,  wlio  is  entitled  to  so  hi,i,di  a  rank  anjonu;  those  wiui  hav, 
l)een  the  authors  of  unmixeil  evil  to  their  sj^ecies,  was  jierndtted  to  leadi  a 
very  old  a^e,  and  to  (he  (juicitly  in  his  l)ed.  Yet  lie  li\«!d  in  such  ci»ii>ta!,t 
aiiprehension  of  assassination,  that  he  is  said  to  have  kept  a  n^puted  iiiiimiii, 
horn  always  on  his  Uiltle,  which  was  ima;4ined  to  have  the  power  of  (jctfctii,; 
and  neutrali/inj;  poisons  ;  w  hile,  for  the  more  complete  i)r(jt(ution  of  liis  [itTv.!,. 
lie.  was  allow(Ml  an  escort  of  litty  horse  and  two  hundred  foot  in  his  piognsH', 
tlirou,i;h  tlu!  kin/^Mloni/" 

'J'hls  man's  zeal  was  of  such  an  extrava^'ant  character  that  it  may  aliiiu>t 
sluilter  itself  under  the  name  of  insanity.  His  history  may  he  tliDiicht  Im 
l»rove  that  of  all  human  intirniities,  or  rather  vices,  there  is  none  pniuuclive 
of  more  extensive  mischief  to  society  than  fanaticism.  The  opposite  i)riiiri]i!8 
of  atheism,  whi(;li  refu.s(>s  to  reco';iiize  the  most  im])ortaat  wmctions  ti  virtin', 
does  not  necessarily  imply  any  (lestitution  of  just  moral  perceptions,  that  is 
of  a  power  of  discriminating^  hetween  ri^dit  and  wrong,  in  its  disciples.  iJut 
fanaticism  is  so  far  sul)versiv(!  of  the  mo.st  estahlished  principles  of  morality. 
that,  under  the  dangerous  maxim,  "For  the  advancement  of  the  fiiitli,  ail 
means  are  lawful,"  which  Tasso  has  rightly,  though  perhaps  undcsiunt'ijlv, 
derived  from  tlu;  spirits  of  hell,""  it  not  only  excu.ses  hut  enjoins  the  C'Piiiiii;>- 
Kion  of  the  most  revolting  crimes,  as  a  sacred  duty.  The  more  rei)iiy:iiiiiit, 
iiuh^ed,  such  crimes  may  he  to  nitural  feeling  or  puhlic  sentiment,  the  greater 
their  merit,  from  the  sacrifice  wliicli  the  commission  of  them  invnlves.  Many 
a  hloody  i)age  of  history  attests  the  fact  that  fanaticism  armed  with  power  b 
the  sorest  evil  which  can  befall  a  nation. 


"  Llorentt  Hist,  do  I'lnqulwitlon,  torn.  i. 
chap.  7,  art.  « ;  <iiai».  s,  art.  (j. 

■'■'  Nic.  Aiituiiio,  l{iijlii)tlii'c:i  Vctus,  torn.  ii. 
p.  310. — Llureiite,  .'list,  de  I'lnquisition,  torn. 


i.  tliap.  H,  art.  6. 

""  •'  iVr  Li  ie— it  tutto  lice."   Genisaluuims 
LibcTuta,  cant,  i,  staiii^a  M. 


Don  Juan  Antdilo  Llorcnte  is  the  only 
writiT  who  lias  sijc(  I'ciled  coniplotcly  in  lifting 
th"  veil  from  tlic  drfail  mysteries  of  the  In- 
quisition. It  is  olivious  liow  very  few  could 
lie  CO  i.petcnt  to  this  task,  since  tiie  proceed- 
ings (if  the  Holy  Oflice  were  shroudi'd  in  such 
impenetrable  secrecy  tliiit  even  the  prisoners 
who  wore  arrfiigned  Ix'fure  it,  as  has  been 
already  >tiited,  were  kept  in  ignorance  of  their 
own  proi  csfs.  Even  sucii  of  its  fuiution- 
aries  MS  have  at  different  times  jiretendi/d  to 
give  it^  transMctions  to  the  worhl  have  con- 
lined  themselves  to  an  historical  cut  line,  with 
meagre  notices  of  such  jiarts  of  its  internal 
di--(ipline  as  might  be  safely  disclost d  to  the 
])ul)lic.  I.lori'Ute  was  sicri'tary  to  the  tri- 
Ijuiial  of  Madrid  from  IT'.lu  to  1792.  His 
ofllcial  station  conse(iuently  affordetl  him 
every  facility  for  an  acquaintance  with  the 


most  recondite  affairs  of  the  Inquisition;  aiid 
on  its  suppression  at  the  close  of  !■<()>!  h(-  de- 
voted sever.il  year.s  to  a  car -ful  iiivistipat^'n 
of  th(-'  registers  of  the  tribunals,  lintli  nf  th? 
capital  and  the  provinces,  as  well  as  uf  jucti 
other  original  diK'uments  contained  within 
their  archives  as  had  not  hitherto  tieiii uptii -il 
to  the  liglit  of  day.  In  tiie  progns.s  of  his 
work  lie  lias  anatomized  the  most  u(liuii>  fu- 
tures of  the  insiituti(jn  with  ui  siniriJiL'  .se- 
verity; and  his  relleetions  are  wannni  "  th 
a  generous  and  eiiliglitened  spirit,  cert. liniy 
not  to  iiave  been  exjiected  in  ane.x-iiniuisit  r. 
Tilt!  arrangement  •  f  his  immeiii^c  iias.-  'f 
materials  is  indeed  somewhat  faulty,  au'l  h" 
work  might  W  recist  in  a  more  popular  frm, 
espeei.iUy  by  means  of  a  coiiiou>  ntr-inh- 
meiit.  ^Vitll  all  its  subordinate  def'ct.s.  h iV>- 
ever,  it  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  Ixiug  the 


in.«f,  lni|''>d  f  ho  only, 
M  .I'm  liM|iii-itlori; 
; ,riii<  "f  [iraciice,  an 
i,v  «lii(  li  tlvy  were  d 
..f  till'  institution  dow 
.itl'in.  It  weU  des  rv 
r crl  iif  llie  most  hiii 
tiiutlcl»m  htm  ever  b. 


KKVIEW  Ok'  TUB   r 
Al 

'  ■iiifii'xt  of  Spain  by 
j)i«iiii  iiilieriiii'tit 
if  till'  Spaiiisli  Ar. 
Hiiil  l^iiiiancc — In! 

Wk  jiiivo  now  arri 
•i|iii:h  teriiii Mated  i 
iiail  .siiltsisted  for  n 
til  the  Civstilian  crt 
to  a  better  under.>^ 
who  exercised  an 
t!ie  present  cliaptei 
1 ;  the  I'eiiinsula,  v 
than  ih  any  other  ] 
It  is  licit  necessa 
hoiiietiUiisiii  at  its  t 
it  wa.s  raised  upon 
M>:ts;  the  military 
.v)tli;it  the  iiiiiltifa 
''He  vast,  well-ordei 
Hitrii^ted  to  the  cal 
ij  the  Roman  poiil 

'  ^f  Introduction, 
thl«  ilistiiry. 

■  Tiip  Ivoran,  in  ad( 
i-uraiucs  of  Paradise 
MU  ill  liattle,  contain; 
[>Mi«>  niilitiry  code. 
•■imi'8hape(ir  o'tlier  is  e 
>rnisiij  |m<  prej-cribed  I 
^»'i'|in<||fi.|,  tiie  divisi 
*"i<'jii8  of  lawful  true 
"hicli  tile  coniparatlvt 
-xempt-i  are  p.rmilted  t 
'■'iirit.'lv  (1, •lined.  (.S. 
■■  ■'•'•!  alil'i.)  When  t 
'a-ian  criN.ule,  wliich, 
"'iimmniiiiies,  bore  a 
'■'■■■  '  iirisiian.  was  prea 
j  '^"'•y  trii,.  hi'lii'ver  wa 

"taii.iaril  of  h  s  chii' 

j'W  „,|M„f  th*    e.irlv 

•-e  LiiMiT  of  I^lratli8l■. 


THE  SPANISH   ARABS. 


ir,i 


inrot,  Iml  ■''il  fhoonly,  AUtJiPtitlc  liloloiy  ofihe 
M  «l.'ru  liiiiiil-illixi";  fxlii'  ItliiK  llr,  inimUcst 
'  ,riii<  .if  praftiif,  uiid  tin'  lii-'idioiit  piiluy 
i.v  *lilili  'Ivy  wiTf  (lir«H-itMi.  froin  the  Dii^flii 
.  f  thfl  itKiitiition  diiwn  to  its  tfiiiiiontry  uIm)- 
I'h'n.  It  w<'ll  il<'«  rvi'N  til  l)«'  stiiill  <l,  an  tlio 
roriot  tli*>  m<«t  liiiiiilli.tMiiK  iriuni|ili  wlilch 
UMtldMU  liiw  Lvcr  b  en  abio  to  obtuiii  ovur 


liumnn  n'nton,  nnd  thnt,  to<i,  diirlnft  the  inii>*l 
(■ivitl/.i'd  |Mri<NU  Hiiil  In  tin'  iiiusi  luiit/ctl 
jmriioii  (if  till'  world.  I'll''  1)1  iwi'iiitdiim  cii- 
duit'd  by  til''  iiiif'irliinati'  iiiitliur  >pf  tli<'  wmk 
i)ri>vt'  tlint  tli<'  •'iiiImT'*  nf  this  ruii^ilicisiu  in  iv 
W'  rt'kinillod 
century. 


toii  oaiily,  fvt'D  In  tUe  |mi  h  nt 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


HKVIKW  OF  THE   POLITICAL  AND     INTELLKOTUAL   CONDITIOM  OP    THE   SPAXIStl 
AKAIl.S    I'UEVlOUt)   TO    THE    WAtt   OF    UKANADA. 

i.,iir|iip"t  "if  S|>ftlii  by  tho  Arabs — Cfrdoviiii  Knipirc — MIkIi  (Ijvili/atiim  and  Prnxp^Tlty  Its 
|)i«ni.irilirriiiriu  Kiiij;di>in  of  Uraiiidii  — Luxiiriium  and  Cliivalrnus  ClLiriK ti'r— j.ittr.ituro 
if  till'  S|iiiin-ili  Arabs  — I'mjir  nh  in  Science — llistorlcal  Merits — Useful  I UMcoverie.i — I'ot'try 
mil  Kiiiimiicc— Induence  uu  the  SpaniardH. 

\Vk  liiuT  now  arrived  at  the  commenoonicnt  nf  tlio  famous  war  of  Granada, 
vliicli  tt'iiiii'iated  in  the  subversion  of  the  Araltian  cminre  in  S[iaiii  alU-r  it 
'iKvl  siil'sistt'd  for  nearly  ei^ht  centuries,  and  \vitl\  the  conseiinent  restoration 
til  till' Cast ilian  crown  of  the  fairest  portion  of  its  ancient  domain.  In  order 
t')  a  lutlcr  understanding  of  the  character  of  the  S|iani>h  Arabs,  or  Moors, 
wliij  ext'reise<l  an  important  iiifhience  on  that  <»f  their  Christian  neii,dibours, 
t!ii']ires('iit  chapter  will  be  devoted  to  a  considciration  of  their  previous  history 
;  1  tlie  iViiinsula,  where  they  proital)ly  reached  a  higher  degree  of  civili/atioii 
tliJiii  ill  any  other  part  of  the  world.' 

It  is  Mdt  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the  caiUses  of  the  brilliant  successes  of  Ma- 
hoiiiotiinisiii  at  its  outset, — the  dexterity  with  which,  unlike  all  other  religions, 
it  wiv.s  raised  upon,  not  agaiir;t,  the  |»rincii)los  and  jtrejudices  of  preceding 
<^'ts;  the  military  spirit  and  discij)line  whicn  it  established  among  all  classes, 
>  I  that  the  multifarious  nations  who  embraced  it  assumed  the  appearance  of 
aevast,  well-ordered  canij) ;'  the  union  of  ecclesiastical  with  civd  authority 
Hitrn-Jted  to  the  caliphs,  which  enabled  them  to  control  o|)inions  as  absolutely 
.!>  the  Roman  poutitfs  in  their  most  despotic  hour  ;'  or,  lastly,  tlie  peculiar 


S.>p  Intrfxluction,   Section    1,  Note  2,  of 

this  History. 

•  Tlip  Koran,  in  addition  to  the  repeated 

i>uraiui's  I  if  Paradise   to  the   martyr   who 

filN  ill  liattli',  contains  the  regiilatimis  of  a 

I'M'Kp  iiiilit  iry  code.     Military  service   In 

"mn shape  "T  other  is  exacted  from  all.     The 

•iTiiistii  be  prescribed  to  the  enemy  and  the 

uiii|iiislifi  I,   the  division   of  the   spoil,   tins 

Mixjiis  of  lawful    truce,  the  conditions  on 

•Inch  tlic  coiuparatively   small  nuiulK'r  of 

'•xempt'i  are  p'rmiiled  to  remain  atlioiiie,  are 

wrati'lv  (lelined.     ^.Sile's   Koran,  chap.   2, 

:Mt  alibi.)     When  the  ali/iiirjl,  dt  Maho- 

'u-taii  triiside,  which,  in  its'  general  desij^n 

'i  imiiiniiiiie-i,  bore  a  dose  resiunblaiice  to 

>  '  iirisiiaii.  was  preached  In  the  moH(pie, 

'T.v  true  lu'lii'ver  was  bound  to  repair  to 

1 1  ''taii.lanl  ut'  h  s  chief.     "The  holy  war," 

; 'IV*  1.11..  ,,f  th'  e.irly  .Siracen  generals,  "  is 

I '-e bill r. if  l\iradis''.     The  Apostle  of  iJod 


styled  himself  the  son  of  the  sword.  He 
loved  to  repose  in  the  shadow  of  banners  and 
on  the  field  of  battle." 

■'  The  successors,  caliphs  or  vicars,  as  they 
won.'  styled,  of  .Mahomet,  represented  both 
his  spiritual  and  temporal  authority.  'I'lieir 
olHce  involved  almost  equally  ecejesiastii-al 
and  military  tinu'tiotis.  It  was  their  duty  to 
leailthe  army  in  battle,  and  on  the  pilgrimage 
to  .Mecca.  Tiiey  were  to  preach  a  sermon 
and  offer  up  public  jirayers  in  the  mosi|Ues 
every  b'riday.  .M.iiiy(d' their  prerog.iiives  re- 
semble tho>e  issiimed  a'lcii'iiily  by  the  ))opes, 
Tliey  conierred  investitures  on  the  .Moslem 
princes  bv  tlie  symbol  of  a  nnif,  a  sword, 
or  a  standard.  They  compliineiited  tliein 
with  the  titles  of  "defender  ot  the  faith," 
''column  of  religion,"  and  the  like.  'I'he 
proudest  potenrate  held  the  bridle  of  tlieir 
mules,  and  piid  his  homage  by  toucliiiig  t'leir 
tliieshold  with  his  fureheatl,     The  authority 


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162 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


alaf>tation  of  the  doctrines  of  M.ahomet  to  the  character  of  the  wilil  trlli^: 
aiiioiiL;  whom  they  were  preached.*  It  is  siitticient  to  say  that  these  latttr, 
within  a  century  after  the  coming  of  their  apostle,  having  siit(<r(lf.l  nl 
e-itabUshing  their  rehglon  over  vast  regions  in  Asia,  and  on  the  nnrtherii 
shores  of  Africa,  arrived  before  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  which,  tlidii^h  a 
temporary,  were  destiiieil  to  [)rove  an  ineffectual  bulwark  for  (Jhristeiidi m. 

The  causes  which  have  been  currently  assigned  for  the  invasion  and  nin. 
quest  of  S|»ain,  even  })y  the  most  credible  modern  historians,  have  scATffy 
any  foundation  in  contemporary  records.  The  true  causes  are  to  be  fiHiinJ  iii 
the  ri(;h  spoils  offered  by  the  (jrothic  monarchy,  and  in  the  thirst  of  cnttTiirivH 
in  till!  Saracens,  which  their  long-uninterrupted  career  of  victory  seems  i< 
have  siiarpened,  rather  than  satisfied.*  The  fatal  battle  which  teruiiiiati! 
with  the  slaughter  of  King  llo.leric  and  the  flower  of  his  nobility  was  fuii.ii'. 
in  the  summer  of  711,  on  a  plain  washed  bv  the  Guadalete  near  Xerez,  alvint 
two  leagues  distant  from  Cadiz.'  The  Goths  api>ear  never  to  have  afterward 
rallied  under  one  head,  but  their  broken  detachments  made  many  a  gallan! 


of  tlie  caliphs  was  in  this  manner  foiindi^il  on 
opinion  no  Ifss  than  on  pnwor;  and  thfir 
or.linanccB,  howi-ver  frivolous  or  inkiuitoiis  in 
themselves,  liemg  t^nforceil,  as  it  wore,  l>y  a 
divine  sanction,  became  laws  wliich  it  was 
Harilegp  to  disolx'y.  See  D'Herlx-lot,  llihiio' 
tlicqne  Oricntale  (Ija  llaye,  1777-H),  voce 
Khali  fall. 

*  llio  character  of  tlio  Arabs,  before  tlio 
intro(lu(;tion  of  Islam,  like  tiiat  of  ni'ist  riuio 
niitions,  is  to  be  gathered  from  tlieir  iialioiial 
songs  and  romances.  The  jjoems  Haspende<l 
at  Mecca,  familiar  to  us  in  tlie  elegant  version 
of  Sir  William  Jones,  and,  still  more,  tho 
recent  translation  of  "  Antar," — a  composi- 
tion indeed  of  tiie  age  of  A I  llascliiti.  but 
wiiolly  devoted  to  the  primitive  IJedouins  — 
present  us  with  a  lively  picture  of  tlnir 
peculiar  habits,  which,  notwithstanding  fho 
infiiionce  of  a  temporary  civilization,  n)ay  be 
thought  to  bear  great  resemblance  to  those  of 
their  descendants  at  the  present  day. 

'  Startling  as  it  may  be,  there  Is  scarcely  a 
vestige  of  any  of  the  particiUars  circumstan- 
tially narrated.by  the  national  historians  (Ma- 
riana, Zurita,  Abarca,  Morct,  etc.)  as  tlie 
Immediate  causes  of  the  subversion  of  Spain, 
to  be  fouml  in  the  chronicles  of  the  period. 
No  intimation  of  the  persecution,  or  of  the 
treason,  of  the  two  sons  of  Witi/a  is  to  be 
met  with  In  any  Spanish  writer,  as  far  as  I 
know,  until  nearly  two  centuries  after  the 
<oniiuest ;  none  earlier  than  this,  of  the  de- 
fection of  archbishop  Oppas  during  the  fatal 
conllict  near  Xere«;  and  none,  of  the  tragical 
amours  of  lloderic  and  the  revenge  of  Onmt 
Juli.in,  before  the  writers  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  Nothing,  indeed,  can  Iw  more 
jejune  than  the  original  narratives  of  the 
invasion.  The  continuation  of  the  Ohnmicon 
del  Hiclarense,  .mil  the  Cliroiiicon  do  Isidoro 
Paceii-^e  or  de  Ueja,  which  arc  contained  in 
the  voluminous  collection  of  Flore/,  (Kspana 
saRraiia,  tom.  vi.  and  viii.),  afford  tlie  only 
hiatories  contemporary  with  the  event.  Conde 
is  misia't  m  in  his  assertion  (Domlnacion  de 
los  Arab^s,  Prol.  p.  vii.)  that  the  work  of 


Isidore  de  Beja  was  the  only  narrative  wii'Wn 
dunng  that  perio<l.  Spain  lial  imt  tli*'  \m\  f 
a  Hede  or  an  Eginhart  to  desci ibe  tli  ■  ni'iii- 
rablejCatastroplie.  Hut  the  few  ami  im-aff 
touches  of  the  contemporary  chniniciiis  hav 
left  ample  scope  for  conjectural  history,  wlnh 
has  been  most  industriously  iniprovul.  Iik 
reports,  acording  t»  (Jonde  (i)oiuiiia;ion  !- 
los  .Vrabes,  ~om.  i.  p.  .^G),  greeilily  tirniU:-l 
among  the  .Saracens,  of  tlic  maKtiiliiftiKunl 
general  prosperity  of  the  (Jotliic  iiinn.'Aiiv. 
may  snitlciciitly  account  for  its  iiiva!*iiiii  i,- 
an  enemy  flushed  with  iiniiiternipttil  om- 
quests,  and  whose  fanatical  uiiihiiini  waxwi'l 
illustrated  by  one  of  their  own  gi'ii'-r.ils  wii , 
on  reaching  the  western  extremity  of  Afri  i, 
plunged  his  horse  into  the  Atluiitii-,  41,1 
sighed  for  other  shores  on  whi^li  to  plant  tv 
banners  of  Islam.  S,*e  CJardoiine,  lli-t'iir-'l-' 
r.\rri.(ue  et  ile  I'Espigne  sous  la  horniiiati'n 
des  .-Vrabes  (Paris,  1763),  torn.  i.  p.  M. 

"  The  laborious  diligence  of  .M.^'iiou  miv 
be  thought  to  have  settled  the  epodi,  «!.;i 
which  so  much  learncHl  dust  has  Ixen  nii*-l 
The    fourteenth    volume    of   his    "  Hi'turii 
critica  de  Espafla  y  de  la  Cultura  E^pafi 'U' 
(Madrid,     17s;j-l803)    contains    an    ;uciira'' 
table,  by  which  the    minutest   iliiti"!  »f  1 1" 
Mahometan  lunar  year  are  adjusted  by  iii<i«' 
of  the  Christian  era.     The  fill  of  Koierlo  1 
the  Held  of  battle   is   atte.sted  hy  Uitii  lii' ; 
domestic  chionicleia  of  that  period,  a<  wH  ^  I 
by  the  Saracens.     (Incertl   Auctor;,'  .'.ili'i'i  I 
ad    loann"iii    Hiclarensem,   ajiiid  Klorf?,.  K" 
patia  sagrada,  tom.  vi.  p.  4.30.— Nidori  Rio i- 
sis  Episcopi  Ciironicon,  apud  Kloro/..  E'liii*  1 
sagraiia,  tom.  viii.  p.  'iOO.)     The  t.ih^-i'f  H" 
ivory  and  marble  cjiariot,  of  the  i:.ill.iiit«i'''l 
Oielia  and  magniftcent  vestments  of  ll.lin'. I 
discovered  after  the  figlit  on  thi'  hiiiik-"!  '•■'j 
(Juadalete,  of  Ins   probable  e.scape  aii'l  ^"H 
se(|uent  seclusion  among  the  moiiiitain*  I'll 
Tortugal.  wliicli  have   Ix-en  th'  a,'lit  witirj 
of  Spiiilsh  history,  have  found  a  iinuli"!""' 
a\>propriate   place   in   the  roiiiaiuii'  iiati'»"j 
ballads,  as  well  as  in  the  more  elaborate  p^J* 
ductloiis  of  Scott  and  .Soutliey. 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


163 


ii^h  a 
ill. 

(I  roil- 
car'-f'y 
mill  111 
iTjiri^f 

I'Uh  t ' 

iiiii;Ui-l 

f"u:ii' 
^  ^\*< 
(>i\var'l> 

gullaiit 

vowriU'i 

111  ■  lucni  - 
111  mt'iKr" 

icllMS  hii'.' 

(iry.  wlii'h 

iVnl.     Ill" 

liiituion  '!- 
■  ciriuUi'-i 
I'lii'ni'M'il 
imm.'niiv. 
iivasi"!!  I'/ 
nuilt'il  oiii- 


^tand  in  siioli  strong  positions  as  were  afforded  throupliout  the  kiii,2;doin  ;  so 
that  nearly  three  years  elapsed  Iwfore  the  final  achievement  of  the  coiKiuest. 
Tht'  p'lli'y  of  the'  cont^uerors,  after  making  tlie  re»iuisite  allowance  for  the 
evils  ne<essaril>  attenduig  such  an  invasion/  may  J)e cnnsidereil  liheral.  Huch 
(.{ the  ('hristians  as  chose  were  i>ermitted  to  renmin  in  the  con<|nere<l  territory 
in  un<li-*turl>e(l  possession  of  their  j)roi)erty,  Thev  were  aliowe<l  to  woiNhip  in 
their  own  way  ;  to  be  governed,  within  prescril)ed  limits,  by  their  own  laws  ; 
t-i  till  ( ert^vin  civil  offices,  and  serve  in  the  army  ;  their  women  were  invited 
to  iiittM iiiairy  with  the  concpierors  ; »  and,  in  short,  tliey  were  condemned  to 
n.,  iitlur  leiral  badge  of  servitude  than  the  payment  of  somewhat  heavier 
iiii|p(ists  than  those  exacted  from  tlieir  Mahometan  i)rethren.  It  is  true  the 
Christians  were  occasionally  exjjosed  to  suffering  from  the  caprices  of  despotism, 
and,  it  may  be  added,  of  popular  fanaticism.*  lint,  on  the  whole,  their  con- 
ilitioii  niiiv  sustain  an  advantageous  comparison  with  that  of  any  Christian 
]K'nple  niiAer  the  Mussulman  dominion  of  later  times,  and  affords  a  striking 
contrast  with  that  of  our  Saxon  ancestors  after  the  Norman  concinest,  which 
sii;.'L'ests  ail  obvious  parallel  in  niany  of  its  circumstances  to  the  Saracen." 

After  the  further  progress  of  the  Arabs  in  Europe  had  been  checked  by  the 
mpiii'tralile  defeat  at  Tours,  their  energies,  no  longer  allowe<l  to  exjjand  in  the 
career  of  concjuest,  recoiled  on  themselves,  and  speedily  produced  the  dis- 
meiiil)ornRMit  of  their  overgrown  empire,  Spain  was  the  first  of  the  provinces 
wjiirh  fell  off  The  family  of  Omeya,  under  whom  this  revolution  was  effecte<l, 
omtimied  to  occupy  her  throne  as  independent  princes  from  the  middle  of  the 
(•ix'lith  to  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century,  a  period  which  forms  the  most 
hoiioiirahle  portion  of  her  Arabian  annals. 

The  now  government  was  modelled  on  the  Eivstern  caliphate.  Freedom 
shows  itself  under  a  variety  of  forms  ;  while  despotism,  at  least  in  the  institu- 
ti  Ills  foiiiided  on  the  Koran,  seems  to  wear  l)ut  one.  The  sovereign  was  the 
ile|»ositaiy  of  all  power,  the  fountain  of  honour,  the  sole  arl>iter  of  life  an«l 
fiirtiiiie.  fie  styled  himself  "Connnander  of  the  Faithful,"  and,  like  the 
ra'iphs  of  the  East,  assumed  an  entire  spiritual  as  well  as  temporal  supremacy. 
The  country  was  distributed  Into  six  capitanuis,  or  provinces,  each  under  the 
aliiiinisi ration  of  a  wali,  or  governor,  with  subordinate  officers,  to  whom  was 
intrusted  a  more  immediate  jurisdiction  over  the  principal  cities.  The 
immense  authority  and  pretensions  of  these  petty  satraps  became  a  fruitful 
source  of  rebellion  in  later  times.    The  calipn  administered  the  government 


"Whatever  curses,"  says  an  eye-witness, 

«how  uioatfro  diction  is  quickened  on  tliis 

"CLisiim  iiuu    soinetliing    lilce    Rublimity, — 

"whaievfr  ciirsos    were    denounced  by  the 

pripliets  c.f  old  against  Jerusalem,  whatever 

("il  upon  ancient  lUbylon,  whatever  miseries 

I  K'liuf  innictfd  upon  the  tilorious  company  of 

iti"  martyrs,  all  these  were  visited  upon  the 

I  w(  liappy  ami  prosperous,  but  now  desolated, 

ppain."     J'actMisls  Chroiiicon,   apud   Florez, 

[tiwiasatirada,  torn.  viil.  p.  292. 

I   '  Tht' froc|ii'iKy  of  this  alliance  may  ha 

jW'rri'il  lYnin  un  I'xtraonUnary, '  'lough  doubt- 

r*"*-  ''\trava>:aiit,  statement  cited  by  Zurita. 

IT  I"  amliassadors  of  James  II.  of  Aragon,  In 

I'Jll,  n pnsvnted  to  the  sovereign   pontiff, 

ICifnuut  v.,  that  of  the  200,000  souls  which 

|i»u  coinpuscd   the   population   of  (jranada 

J^'^f.  were  nm  more  than  600  of  pure  Moorish 

wit.    Aiiali     torn.  iv.  fol.  314. 
1  iie  faiiiuus  pet  secutions  of  Cordova  under 


the  reigns  of  Abderrahman  II.  and  his  son, 
which,  to  judge  from  the  tone  of  Ca.stiliaii 
writi'rs,  might  vie  with  those  of  Nero  and 
Diocletian,  are  admitted  by  Morales  (Obras, 
torn.  X.  p.  (4)  to  have  occasioned  the  destruc- 
tion of  only  forty  Individuals.  Most  of  these 
unhappy  fanatics  solicited  the  crown  of  mar- 
tyrdom by  an  open  violation  of  the  Maho- 
metan laws  and  usagis.  The  details  are 
given  by  Florez  in  the  tenth  volume  of  his 
collection. 

'°  Hleiia,  Corc'mlca  de  los  Moros  de  ?>paf^a 
(Valencia,  Hjl>),  lib.  2,  cap.  16,  17.— I'ar- 
doiine.  Hist,  do  rAfri(|ue  it  de  rEspagne, 
tom.  i.  pp.  H3  et  seq.,  179. — (!oiidc,  llomina- 
cion  de  los  Arabes,  I'rol.  p.  vii.  and  torn.  I. 
pp.  29-54,  75,  «7. — .Morahs,  Obnts,  torn.  vi. 
j>p.  407-417;  tom.  vii.  pp.  2li2-.'t.4.— !•  lore/,, 
Espafia  sagrada,  tom.  x.  j>p.  237-270. — Fucro 
Juzgo,  Int.  p.  40. 


104 


THE  SPANISH   ARABS. 


with  tlie  advice  of  his  mexnnr,  or  council  of  state,  composed  of  his  prinriial 
cudii  and  hi'jihs^  or  secretaries.  The  otHce  of  prime  mniister,  or  <  Incf  li;iv|i, 
corresponded,  in  the  nature  and  variety  of  its  functions,  with  that  of  a  Ti.rk;  a 
jirand  vizier.  The  caUph  reserved  to  hin)self  the  right  of  selecting  his  mk  cc  or 
from  among  his  numerous  i)rogeny  ;  and  tliis  a<li)ption  was  innnediately  ratitii  i 
by  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  neir  apparent  from  the  principal  otticers  of  statt, ' 

The  princes  of  the  blood,  insteail  of  l)eing  condemned,  as  in  Turkey.;, 
■waste  their  youth  in  the  seclusion  of  the  harem,  were  intrusted  to  the  ouie  •  f 
learned  men,  to  !«  instructed  in  the  duties  Ixjfitting  their  station.  They  wpre 
encouraged  to  visit  the  academies,  which  were  jtarticidarly  celcl)iate<l  in 
C<jrdova,  where  they  n)ijigled  in  disputation,  and  frequently  carried  away  th' 
prizes  of  [metry  and  elo(fuence.  Tlieir  riper  years  exhibited  such  fniit>  a« 
were  to  be  exjjected  from  their  early  education.  The  race  of  the  ( )iiieyaiies 
need  not  shrink  from  a  comparison  with  any  other  dynasty  of  e<jual  loii;:th  in 
modern  Euroi)e.  Many  of  them  amused  tlieir  leisure  with  poeti(al  ((iiii|i(hi 
tion,  of  which  numerous  examjdes  are  preserved  in  Conde's  ilistory  ;  aMi|>onie 
left  elaljorate  works  of  learniijg,  which  have  maintained  a  i)ermanent  reimu- 
tion  with  Arabian  scholars.  Their  long  reigns,  the  first  t«n  of  which  einliniH^ 
a  periotl  of  two  centuries  and  a  half,  their  peaceful  deaths,  and  uid»r(ikeii  liin 
of  succession  in  the  same  family  for  so  many  years,  show  that  their  aiillinntv 
nnist  have  been  foundal  in  the  aliettions  of  their  subjects.  Indeed,  thty 
seem,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  to  have  ruled  over  them  with  a  tnilv 
patriarchal  sway ;  and,  on  the  event  of  their  deaths,  the  people,  hatliel  ii 
tears,  are  described  as  accompanying  their  relics  to  the  tomb,  where  tli' 
ceremony  was  concluded  with  a  public  eulogy  on  the  virtues  of  tlie  deceasfl, 
l»y  his  son  and  successor.'*  This  jileasing  moral  picture  aflords  a  stKiimron- 
trast  to  the  sanguinary  scenes  which  so  often  attend  the  transmission  of  the 
sceptre  from  one  generation  to  another  among  the  nations  of  the  East." 

The  Spanish  caliphs  supported  a  large  military  force,  frecpiently  keepii.; 
two  or  three  armies  in  the  field  at  the  same  time.  The  flower  of  the>e  foni> 
Avas  a  body-guard,  gradually  raised  to  twelve  thousand  men,  onetliinl  if 
them  Christians,  superbly  equijtped,  and  otticei^d  by  mendiers  of  the  roval 
family.  Their  feuds  with  the  Eastern  caliphs  and  the  BarViary  piiatts 
required  them  also  to  maintain  a  respectable  navy,  which  was  fitted  out  fniii 
the  numerous  dock-yards  that  lined  tne  coast  from  Cadiz  to  Tarragona. 

The  munificence  of  the  Omeyades  was  most  ostentatiously  displayed  in  their 
public  edifices,  palaces,  mosques,  hospitals,  and  in  the  construction  of  comnio- 
(lions  quays,  fountains,  bridges,  and  aqueducts,  which,  penetrating  the  side; 
of  the  mountains,  or  sweeping  on  lofty  arches  across  the  valleys   rival!p|l 
in  their  proportions  the  monuments  of  ancient  Rome.     These  works,  wlndi 
were  scattered  more  or  less  over  all  the  provinces,  contributed  especially t* 
the  embellishment  of  Cordova,  the  capital  of  the  empire.     The  deli^'htf"!  j 
situation  of  this  city,  in  the  midst  of  a  cultivated  plain  washed  by  the  \nWi  j 
of  the  Guadalquivir,  made  it  very  early  the  favourite  residence  of  the  AhiKn  | 
who  loved  to  surround  their  houses,  even  in  the  cities,  with  groves  and  refre-h 
ing  fountains,  so  delightful  to  the  imagination  of  a  wanderer  of  the  desert." 


"  CDiiile,  Dominacion  de  los  Arabcs,  part. 
2,  cap.  1-46. 

'-  Diodonia  Siciilns,  noticing  a  similar 
usapo  at  the  funorals  of  tlip  E>?.vptian  kings, 
ri'inarks  on  tlie  disinterested  and  honest 
nature  of  the  homage,  wlien  the  ol\jei-t  of  it  is 
hej'ond  tiie  reach  of  flattery.— Diod.,  1.  70  ct 
acq. 


■'  Conde,  r)oniinacion  de  los  Aral'fs  ''' 
supra. — Mastleu,  Historia  cn'tiia,  torn,  .mh 
pp.  178,  187. 

"  Tlie  same  taste  is  noticed  at  tlipprp»""< 
flay,  by  a  traveller  wliose  picturi'>^  pluw  «ili 
tlie  warm  colours  of  the  East  :  "  .V"*"'  ''' 
que  vous  approclnz,  en  Europe  mt  en  ^••' 
d'une  terre  po8s6dee  par  les  Musiiluiau.s  vuu! 


THE  SPAXISH   ARABS. 


165 


eciallv  t'l 
■lifrhtf"! 

ic  waters 
:•  Ara'uN 
R'frt'-li- 
ile>erl." 

torn.  M'l- 

thepr-"" 

An-i  ■!•■« 
II  en  ''■■■• 
inau.S  ^JU' 


T!iP  I'liblic  Sijuares  atul  private  ooiirt-yanls  sparkUnl  with  Jcfs  (Te'ru,  fed  hy 
(Miiioiis  strcjiiiis  from  tlie  Sirrra  Morcna,  wlii<h,  Ix'sides  sniijtjyint,'  nine 
liuiiilrfil  |>ul»lic  Itaths,  were  conducted  into  the  int^'rior  of  the  emtices,  where 
thtv  (liiliised  a  p'ateful  coolness  over  the  slee[)in^'-apartnjents  of  their 
iiixuriniis  inhabiUints.'* 

ivitliiMit  adverting  to  that  nia.u'nificent  freak  of  the  caliphs,  the  construction 
of  tilt'  palace  of  Azjvhra,  of  winch  not  a  vestige  now  exists,  we  may  form 
asiiliiciciit  notion  of  the  tivste  and  inaiihificence  of  this  era  from  the  remains 
of  the  far  famed  inos([ne,  now  the  cathedral  of  Cordova.  This  building, 
wliirli  still  c(»vers  more  groinid  than  any  other  church  in  Cliristendom,  wjis 
ctt'ciiit'il  tlicf  third  in  sanctity  by  the  MahomeUvn  world,  l>eing  inf(!rior  only 
to  the  Alaksa  of  Jerusalem  and  the  temple  of  xMeccA,  Most  of  its  ancient 
.'|(iries  liave  indeed  long  since  departed.  The  rich  bronze  which  embossed  its 
-iites,  the  myriads  of  lan)i)s  which  illuminat<vl  its  aisles,  liave  disappeared  ; 
iiiid  it-^  interior  roof  of  odoriferous  and  curiously  carve<l  wood  has  Uhmi  cut 
ii|)  iiitti  guitars  and  snuft-lnjxes.  But  its  thousand  columns  of  variegated 
marl'lv' still  remain  ;  and  its  general  dimensions,  notwithstanding  some  loose 
a^scrtiiins  to  the  contrary,  seem  to  \\e  much  the  wvme  as  they  were  in  the 
time  (if  the  Saracens.  Euroi»ean  critics,  however,  condenni  its  most  elalwrate 
Uauties  as  "heavy  and  barnarous."  Its  celel)rate«l  portals  are  pronoiniced 
"iliiiiiniitive,  and  m  very  )»ad  taste."  Its  tlirong  of  jnllars  gives  it  the  air 
(if  "a  park  rather  than  a  temple,"  and  the  whole  is  made  still  more  incon- 
;.Tiious  liy  the  une<iual  length  of  their  shafts,  being  grotesquely  comi)ensated 
by  ,1  projiortionate  variation  of  size  in  their  bases  and  capitals,  rudely  fashioned 
after  the  Corinthian  order.'" 

Hut  if  all  this  gives  a  contemptible  idea  of  the  taste  of  the  Saracens  at  this 
[loriod,  whicii  indeed,  in  arc'lntectiu-e,  seems  to  have  l)een  far  inferior  to  that 
if  the  later  princes  of  Granada,  we  cannot  but  be  astonished  at  the  jule<iuacy 
of  their  resources  to  carry  sucli  magnificent  de»signs  into  execution.  Their 
revenue,  we  are  told  in  ex}»Ianation,  amoinited  to  eight  nnllions  of  mitcnles 
4  i:(il(i,  or  nearly  six  millions  sterling ;  a  sum  fifteen-fold  greater  than  that 
which  William  the  Conqueror,  in  the  subse(pient  century,  was  able  to  extort 
from  his  subjects,  with  all  the  ingenuity  of  feudal  exaction.  The  tone  of 
exaiTKeration  which  distinguishes  the  Asiatic  writers  entitles  them  jierhaps 
tM  little  confidence  in  tlieir  numerical  estimates.  This  inunense  wealth, 
however,  is  predicated  of  other  iMahometan  princes  of  that  age  ;  and  their 
vii'Jt  superiority  over  the  Christian  states  of  the  north,  in  arts  and  effective 
industry,  may  well  account  for  a  corresponding  superiority  in  their  resources. 

The  ievemie  of  the  Cordovan  sovereigns  was  cierived  from  the  fifth  of  the 
^loil  Uken  in  battle,  an  important  item  in  an  age  of  unintermitting  war  and 
rapine;  front  the  enormous  exaction  of  one-tenth  of  the  produce  of  com- 
iiierie,  husbandry,  fiocks,  and  mines  ;  from  a  capitation  tax  on  Jews  and 
'.hrisi  ians ;  and  from  certain  tolls  on  the  transportation  of  goods.    They 

'*  Conde,  Dominacion  do  los  AralK'S.tom.  I. 


s  rocoiuiai^^i^z  de  loin  au  rlche  et  8oinhr(> 
V I'ile  dc  vcnluro  qui  flotte  pracieuHcmciit  Kur 
••lie:— <1ph  arbns  p<jur  s'asB  olr  h.  Icur  ombre, 
(I-*  fimtdint'H  jaillissantes  pour  revor  k  leur 
'fuit,  (ill  .-ilonc(>  et  des  mosqu6es  aux  l^girs 
ii'iiiarpts,  s'^levant  a  chaque  pas  du  seln 
1  meterro  pieuse."  Laniartine,  Voyage  en 
Wm.  torn.  i.  p.  172. 

'  Comic,  Duniinacion  de  Iob  Arabps,  torn. 
'pp.  \W,  'Jfifi,  -284,  285,  417.  446,  447,  et  alil)i. 
-'-iinloim..,  Hist,  de  I'Afrique  etde  lEspagne, 
''^Ui.  1.  pp.  227-230  et  seq. 


pp.  211,  212.  226.  —  Swinhurne,  Tiaveln 
tlimuuh  Spain  (liondon.  17<<7\  let.  35-  Xerif 
Aledris.  comioidt)  por  Kl  Nnbienst',  Descrip- 
c'on  de  Espanii,  con  Tradiitcion  y  JJotan 
de  Coiid"  (Madrid.  1799\  jip.  161,  162.-Mo- 
ralis,  Obra",  torn  x.  p.  61. — Clietder,  He- 
eherches  liifitorlqueB  sur  ie-;  Manres,  et  Hi.«- 
tolre  de  I'Kmpire  de  ManK-  ( I'arls,  17h7\ 
torn.  11.  p.  312.— Labordc,  Itin^raire,  torn.  III. 
p.  226. 


166 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


en'^&fr&l  in  commerce  on  their  own  account,  and  drew  from  mines,  whirh 
belon^^ed  tfj  the  crown,  a  conspicuous  part  of  their  income." 

Jtcfore  the  discovery  of  Americjv,  Spain  was  to  the  rest  of  Euro[)e  wliat  iier 
colonies  nave  since  l>ecome,  t})e  ^rcat  source  of  mineral  wealth.  The  Car- 
thai,anians,  and  the  Romans  afterwards,  re^nilarly  (hew  from  her  lar.:e  ma  m> 
of  the  preciojis  metals.  PUny,  wiio  resided  some  time  in  the  country,  rt'la!.-> 
that  three  of  her  provinces  were  said  to  have  annuallv  yielded  the  iiicrediilH 
(piantity  of  sixty  thousand  pounds  of  gold.'*  The  Arabs,  with  tlicji  iMiai 
activity,  i)enetrated  into  these  arcana  of  wealth.  Abundant  tracts  «,f  tlnir 
labours  are  still  to  be  met  with  along  the  Iwirren  ridge  of  mountains  tliat 
covers  the  north  of  An<lalusia ;  and  the  diligent  J3owles  has  eiiuincrat.-i 
no  less  than  five  thousand  of  their  excavations  in  the  kingdom  or  ilistritt 
of  Jaon." 

]iut  the  best  mine  of  the  calinhs  was  in  the  industry  and  sobriety  of  their 
subjects.  The  Arabian  colonies  nave  been  properly  classed  among  the  ai,Ti(  iiI 
tural.  Their  act^uaintance  with  the  science  of  husbandry  is  shown  in  their 
voluminous  treatises  on  the  sul)ject,  and  in  the  monuments  which  they  liave 
everywhere  left  of  their  peculiar  culture.  The  system  of  irngati(jn,'\vhirh 
has  so  long  fertilized  the  south  of  Spain,  was  derived  from  them.  Thev 
introduced  into  the  Peninsula  various  tropical  plants  and  vegetables,  \vhuH> 
cultivation  has  departed  with  them.  Sugar,  which  the  modern  iSiianiaril> 
liave  l>een  obliged  to  import  from  foreign  nations  in  large  quantities  annually 
for  tlieir  domestic  consumption,  until  within  the  last  half-century,  when  thev 
have  been  supplied  by  their  island  of  Cuba,  constituted  one  of  the  jirinciiwi 
exports  of  the  Spanish  Arabs.  The  silk  manufacture  was  carried  on  hy  them 
extensively.  The  Nubian  geographer,  in  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  eeii 
tury,  enumerates  six  hundred  villages  in  Jaen  as  engaged  in  it,  at  a  time 
when  it  was  known  to  the  Europeans  only  from  their  circuitous  trailic  with 
the  Greek  empire.  This,  together  with  fine  fal)rics  of  cotton  and  wnollen, 
formed  the  staple  of  an  active  commerce  with  the  Levant,  and  espeeiai  y  witii 
Constantinople,  whence  they  were  again  difliised,  by  means  of  the  caravan^ 
of  the  North,  over  the  comparatively  barbarous  countries  of  Christenddiii. 

The  population  kept  i)ace  with  this  general  prosperity  of  the  country.  It 
would  appear,  from  a  census  instituted  at  Cordova  at  the  close  of  tlie  tenth 
century,  that  there  were  at  that  time  in  it  six  hundred  temples  and  twu 
liundred  thousand  dwelling-houses ;  many  of  these  latter  being,  iirobahlv, 
mere  huts  or  cabins,  and  occupied  by  separate  families.  Without  pla<  in;:  t«Nj 
much  reliance  on  any  numerical  statements,  however,  we  may  give  due 
weight  to  the  inference  of  an  intelligent  writer,  who  remarks  that  their 
minute  cultivation  of  the  soil,  the  cheapness  of  their  labour,  their  |iaitiiuliir 
attention  to  the  most  nutritious  esculents,  many  of  them  such  as  would  \«' 
rejected  by  Europeans  at  this  day,  are  indicative  of  a  crowded  poiiuhition, 
like  that,  perhaps,  which  swarms  over  Japan  or  China,  where  the  same 
economy  is  necessarily  resorted  to  for  the  mere  sustenance  of  life.*" 


"  Conde,  Domlnacion  de  los  Arabf^s,  toni.  1. 
pp  214,  228,  270,  611. — Masdi'U,  Ilistoria  crf- 
tiiii,  torn.  xiii.  p.  118.— Curdoniie,  Hist,  de 
i'Africpie  et  de  I'EspaKne,  torn.  i.  pp  :i3H-;U3. 
— Ca.'^iri  quotes  from  an  Arabic  hifitorian  tlie 
coiiditioimon  whicli  Abdorrahiiian  I.  profforcd 
his  alliance  to  tlie  Christian  princes  of  Spain, 
viz.  the  annual  tribute  of  10,000  ounces  of  gold, 
I'.OiiO  |H)unds  «f  silver,  10,000  horses,  etc. 
The  absurdity  of  this  story,  inconsiderately 
repeated  by  historians,  if  any  argument  were 


necessary  to  prove  it,  becomes  siiffliit^ntly 
manifest  from  the  fart  that  the  iiistniinHH 
is  dated  in  the  142nd  year  of  ihc  llcpn. 
being  a  little  more  than  fifty  years  aft'  r  tii> 
conquest.  See  Bibliotlieca  Arabico-Hisiiani 
Escuriaiensis  (Matriti.  1760),  toni.  ii.  \>.  M- 

'"  Hist.  Natuialis,  lib.  ,33,  cap.  4. 

'"  Introduction  il  I'Histoire  nnturelleJ'' 
I'Espagne,  traduite  par  Flavigny  (.I'aii-,  l""  • 
p.  411. 

•"  See  a  sensible  essay  by  the  Abbe  Corr«» 


THE  .SPANISH   ARABS. 


1(57 


Whatever  ronsequence  a  nation  may  derive,  in  its  own  aiic,  from  iiliysicnl 
rooiiivt'^,  its  intellectual  development  will  fdrm  the  subject  of  deei>e.-it  interest 
tn  |>u.>teiity.  The  most  tiourishin;;  jeriods  of  both  not  unfre(|UontIy  cuinciile. 
Tims  the  rei<rns  of  Alxierrahman  the  Third,  Alhakenj  tiie  .Setoni'l,  and  the 
rc.ciK y  of  Almanzor,  embracing  the  latter  half  of  the  tenth  (vntury,  during 
\»iii(h  the  .Spanish  Arabs  readied  their  highest  political  importance,  may  be 
regarded  as  the  i>eriod  of  tlieir  highest  civiJiz^ition  under  the  Omeyades, 
altliiiii.:ii  the  impulse  then  given  carried  tliem  forward  to  still  furtlier  luivances 
ill  tht'  turbulent  times  which  followed.  Tliis  iHiieticont  impulse  is,  aUtve  all, 
iiii|iiit<ahle  to  Alliakem.  He  was  one  of  those* rare  beings  who  liave  employed 
the  awful  engine  of  despotism  in  promoting  the  hapi»ines.s  and  intelligence  of 
his  s|)C(ies.  Jn  his  elegant  tastes,  api)etite  for  kno.vledge,  and  munificent 
jiitroiiage,  he  may  Ihj  compared  with  tne  Ijcst  of  the  Mixlici.  He  assend)led 
the  ciiiiiient  scholars  of  his  time,  both  natives  and  foreigners,  at  his  court, 
whi'ie  he  employed  them  in  the  most  confidential  offices.  He  converted  his 
jiaiaie  into  an  academy,  makin<;  it  the  familiar  resort  of  nien  of  letters, 
ill  whose  conferences  he  nersonally  assisted  in  his  ii»tervals  of  leisure  from 
]iiililic  duty.  He  selected  tlie  most  suitable  persons  for  the  composition  of 
works  on  civil  and  natura  history,  requiring  the  prefects  of  his  provinces  and 
(ities  to  furnish,  as  far  as  jMjssible,  the  jiecessary  intelligence.  He  'vas  a 
diiigeiit  student,  and  left  many  ot  the  volumes  whidi  he  rciul  enriched  with 
his  coiiinientarie.s.  Above  all,  he  was  intent  ui»on  the  acijuisition  of  an 
extensive  li])rarv.  He  invited  illustrious  foreigners  to  send  hnn  their  works, 
and  iiiuDificently  recompensed  them.  No  donative  was  so  grateful  to  him 
as  a  Iwuk.  He  employed  agents  in  Egypt,  .Syria,  Irak,  and  Persia,  for 
cDJleitiiig  and  transcribing  the  rarest  majmscrii)ts  ;  and  his  vessels  returned 
ficiiriitcd  with  cargoes  more  precious  than  the  spices  of  tlie  East.  In  this 
\\;'.y  lie  amassed  a  magnificent  collection,  wiiich  was  distribut**d,  according  to 
the  siihjccts,  in  various  apartments  of  his  i)alace,  and  which,  if  we  may  credit 
the  Arabian  historians,  amounted  to  six  hundred  thousand  volumes.'" 

if  all  tiiis  be  thought  to  savour  too  much  of  Eastern  hyperl)ole,  still  it 
(auiiot  l)e  doul)t«d  that  an  amazing  number  of  writers  swarmed  over  tlie 
IViiiiisula  at  this  period.  Casiri's  nuiltifarior.s  catalogue  bears  ample  testi- 
mony to  the  enndation  with  wliich  not  only  men,  but  even  women  of  tlie 
highest  rank,  devoted  themselves  to  letters  ;  the  latter  contending  publicly 
fur  the  prizes,  not  merely  in  eloquence  and  noetry,  but  in  those  recondite 
!>tii<Jies  which  have  usually  been  reserved  for  tiie  other  sex.    Tlie  prefects  of 


(la  Sorra  on  tlie  husbandry  of  tho  Spanish 
Arabs,  contained  iu  torn.  i.  of  Archives  litte- 
riios  (if  I'Europe  (Turis,  1«U4). — Masdeu, 
lli<toriii  cri'tica,  torn,  xiii  pp.  115,  117,  1'27, 
lil— tViiKJe,  Dominaeiou  de  los  Arabes,  torn. 
i  cap.  44.-Casiri,  Bibliotheca  Escurialtnsis, 
t"iii.  i.  p.  SM. — An  absurd  story  has  been 
tLiiistribitl  from  Cardonne,  witli  little  host- 
iiti'ii,  Ity  almost  every  suoteeding  writer 
ui«'ii  tliis  subject.  According  to  him  (Hl.st. 
il  r.Afri(iue  ct  de  I'Kspagne,  torn.  I.  p.  33H), 
"the  banlts  of  the  Guadalquivir  were  lined 
viith  iiii  li'ss  tlian  twelve  thousand  villages 
auil  liaiiili'ts."  The  length  of  the  river,  not 
«nt (iiti^r  three  hundred  miles,  would  scarcely 
alTnnt  room  for  the  same  number  of  fariu- 
li'Miwsi.  Cotide's  version  of  tbe  Arabic  pas- 
siec  represents  twelve  thousand  hamlets, 
furuis,  and  castles  to  have  "  been  scattered 


over  the  regions  watered  by  the  Guadal- 
quivir;" indicating  by  this  indehnite  state- 
ment nothing  more  than  the  extreme  popu- 
lousness  of  the  province  of  Andalusia. 

'■"  Casiri,  IJibliotheca  Escuriabiisis,  torn.  ii. 
pp.  as,  '20J.— Conde.  Domination  de  hm 
Arabes,  part.  '2,  caji.  hh — This  number  will 
ajij.ear  less  start  ling  if  we  consider  that  it  was 
the  ancient  tisage  to  make  a  ^eparate  volume 
of  each  book  into  which  a  work  was  divided  ; 
that  only  one  side  of  the  baf  was  usually 
written  on,  and  that  writing  always  covers 
much  greater  sjiace  than  printing.  The  cor- 
rect grounds  on  which  the  estimates  of  th'  se 
ancient  libraries  are  to  Ik-  formed  are  exhibited 
by  the  learned  and  ingenious  IJaibi,  in  his 
recent  work,  "  Kssal  statistiiiue  sur  Jes  lUij- 
liolheques  de  Vienne."    (Vlenae,  1835.) 


lOS 


THE  SPANISH   ARABS. 


tlic  iiroviiiros,  Ofiiulatiiii,'  tlieir  niivstor,  convertc*!  tln'ir  courts  into  acadcini.-, 
Jiml  dispensed  piciiiiiiins  to  jtocts  and  ithilosojilicis.  The  streuni  (.f  rdviii 
Iwiinity  awakened  life  in  tlie  remotest  districts.  IJiit  its  ellects  were  e.^iKHiallv 
visible  in  tlie  cupitiil.  Ki^lity  free  schools  were  o)»ened  in  Cordova.  '|'i,^ 
circle  cf  letters  and  science  was  jtuldicly  expounded  hy  i)rofessors  wJK)>f 
re|intation  for  wisdom  attracted  not  oidj^  the  scholars  of  (.'hristian  S|  aiii.  Imt 
of  France,  Italy,  (Jermany,  and  the  Hritish  Isles.  For  tliis  jieriiMJ  ui  luilliai.i 
illumination  with  the  Sanuens  corresponds  precisely  with  that  of  the  (Icci^^t 
barbarism  of  Knrope  ;  when  «  library  of  three  or  four  hundred  volinnts  wa, 
a  ma^Miiticent  endowment  for  the  richest  monastery  ;  when  scarcely  a  "  pric  t 
south  of  the  Thames,"  in  the  words  of  Alfred,  "  could  translate  Ijatin  into  lii< 
mother  tongue  ;"  when  not  a  sinj,de  pliilusopher,  according'  to  Tirabosdii,  «ii> 
to  lie  met  with  in  Italy,  save  only  the  French  pope  Sylvester  the  Se<  oml,  wii , 
drew  his  knowledge  from  the  schools  of  the  Spani.sh  Arabs,  and  was  esti'dntil 
a  necromancer  for  his  pains.*' 

Such  is  the  glowing  picture  presented  to  us  of  Arabian  scholarship,  in  the 
tenth  and  succeeding  centuries,  under  a  despotic  government  and  a  stiisiial 
religion  ;  and,  whatever  judgment  mav  l)e  passed  on  the  reiil  value  of  all  tin  ir 
l)oasted  literature,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  nation  exhibited  a  wondtrfnl 
activity  of  intellect,  and  au  apparatus  for  learning  (if  we  are  to  admit  their  own 
statements)  unrivalled  in  the  nest  ages  of  anticiuity. 

The  Mahometan  governments  of  tiiat  period  rested  on  so  unsotmd  a 
liasis  that  the  season  of  their  greatest  prosnerity  was  often  followed  by  |ire- 
cipitate  decay.  This  had  been  the  case  witn  the  Eastern  calii)hate,  and  was 
now  so  with  the  Western.  During  the  life  of  Alhakem's  successor,  tiie  ('iii]/iri' 
of  the  Omeyades  was  broken  up  into  a  hundred  petty  principalities ;  anti 
their  magnificent  capital  of  Cordova,  dwindling  into  a  second-rate  city, 
retained  no  other  distniction  than  that  of  being  the  Mecca  of  Spain.  TIi-h' 
little  states  soon  became  a  prey  to  all  the  evils  arising  out  of  a  vicinu>;  (in- 
stitution of  government  and  religion.  Almost  every  accession  to  the  tlinmi' 
was  contested  by  numerous  competitors  of  the  same  family  ;  and  a  succcs.sidii 
of  sovereigns,  wearing  on  their  brows  but  the  sendjiance  oi  a  crown,  came  and 
departed,  like  the  shadows  of  Macbeth.  The  motley  tril)es  of  Asiatics,  (if 
whom  the  Spanish  Arabian  population  was  composed,  regarded  ejich  other 
with  ill-disguised  jealousy.  Tjie  lawless,  predatory  habits,  Avhich  no  discijiline 
coidd  effectually  control  in  an  Arab,  made  them  ever  ready  for  revolt.  The 
Moslem  states,  thus  reduced  in  size  and  crippled  by  faction,  were  unable  to 
resist  the  Christian  forces,  which  were  pressing  on  them  from  the  noitli.  ii.v 
the  middle  of  the  ninth  century  the  Spaniards  had  reached  the  Douro  and  the 
Ebro.  By  the  close  of  the  eleventh  they  had  advanced  their  line  of  corniest, 
under  the  victorious  banner  of  the  Cid,  to  tlie  Tag^is.  The  swarms  of  Africans 
who  invaded  the  Peninsula,  during  the  two  following  centuries,  gave  sub- 
stantial support  to  their  Mahometan  brethren  ;  and  the  cause  of  Christiiui 
Spain  trembled  in  the  balance  for  a  moment  on  the  memorable  day  of  Na\as 
de  Tolosa.    (1212.)    But  the  foi'tunate  issue  of  that  battle,  in  which,  accord- 


^"  Tiriil)oschi,  Storia  doUa  Lctteratura 
Italiana  (Uonia,  17h'2-97),  torn.  iii.  p.  '231.— 
Tiiriier,  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  (London, 
IM'^K.)  vol.  iii.  p.  137.— Andres,  Dell'  Origine, 
tie'  I'rogresui  e  dello  Stato  attuale  d'ogui 
Letteratura  (Venezia,  17s3),  part.  1,  cap.  h,  9. 
— Casiri,  Bibliotlu-ca  Eseuriulensip,  torn.  ii.  p. 
149. — .\Iii8(ipu,  Historia  cri'tica,  torn.  xiii.  pp. 
165,  171. — Conile,  Dumiiiacion  de  lus  Arabes, 


part.  2,  cap.  93. — Among  the  accomplisbeti 
women  of  this  p<riod,  Valadata,  the  diiiiglit' r 
of  tlie  caliph  Mahomet,  is  celebrated  as  iiaviiij! 
lre((uently  carried  away  tlie  palm  of  eUKiiiPUL'' 
in  her  discussions  with  the  most  liariml 
icademicians.  Others  again,  witii  an  iiitr>- 
pidity  tliat  might  shame  the  dejiemrai .v  nt  a 
nijch'm  blue,  plung<d  boldly  into  the  ptiulks 
of  philosophy,  history,  and  juiisprudtiice. 


THE  .SPANISH   ARABS. 


UIO 


in" to  the  lyin,!,'  letter  of  Alfonso  the  Ninth,  "one  huiulrc^l  and  tML^hty-livc 
tiiMiis;iiiil  iiifidels  |»«'rishetl,  und  (inly  livo  Jind-twt'iiry  Spiiniairds,'  ^iivo  a 
Ii'Miiiiiifiit  ascendt'ncy  to  the  Christian  arms.  The  vipnous  uiiniiaiuns  of 
.liiiiH''  tlie  First  of  Ara.i,'on,  and  of  St.  Ferdinand  of  Cii.'^tile,  ^Tathially  >tri|ii>ed 
;i«;iv  tlu'  rciiiainini,'  territoric^s  of  Valencia,  Min'ciji,  and  Andahisia  ;  m»  tliat 
tvtiii'  middle  of  tlie  thirteenth  o«'ntnry  the  ronst^mtly  eontractin;;  circle  of 
till'  \Ii)nri>li  ilouiinion  iiad  shrunk  into  the  narrow  limits  of  the  province  of 
DraiiHtlii.  Vet  on  this  comparatively  small  point  of  their  ancient  domain  the 
Siriin'iis  erected  a  new  kin'^dom,  of  sullicient  .stren;;th  to  resi.st,  for  more 
t!,aii  tv  (centuries,  the  united  forces  of  the  Spanish  mi>narehie.s. 

Tilt'  .Moorish  territory  of  (jranada  contained,  within  a  circuit  of  al)Out  one 
hiiidivd  an  I  ei.,dity  leagues,  all  the  physical  resources  of  a  K'"t-'at  empire.  Its 
M  ,ail  valleys  w^re  intersecteil  by  mountains  rich  in  nnneral  wenlth,  whose 
h.iply  population  supplied  the  sUite  with  hushantlmen  and  soldiers.  Its 
j;biiirc>  were  fed  by  ahimdant  fountains,  and  its  coasts  .stutldetl  with  eom- 
:iiiili()iis  ports,  the  jirincipal  marts  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  the  midst,  and 
.nwiiiiii;  the  whole  as  with  a  diadem,  rose  the  In^autifid  citv  of  Oranadii.  In 
tiiciiivys  of  the  Moors  it  was  encompasswl  hy  a  wall,  Hanked  by  a  thousaiul 
;iii.|  tliirty  towers,  with  seven  portals."  Its  population,  according'  to  a 
iijiitt'iuporury,  at  tlie  l>eginninL(  of  the  fourteenth  century,  amounted  to  two 
.viiiilii'il  tlioiisand  souls  ;**  anil  various  aiithors  a,i,'ree  in  attesting;  that  at  a 
iiittT  pciiud  it  could  send  forth  fifty  thousand  warriors  from  its  pvtes.  This 
>taieiiieiit  will  not  appear  e.\ai:ijerated,  if  we  consider  that  the  native  popula- 
ti'H  (if  the  city  was  greatly  swelled  by  the  influx  of  the  ancient  inhabitants 
-t  the  districts  lately  con(iuert»il  by  the  Spaniards.  On  the  summit  of  one  of 
tilt'  hills  of  the  city  was  erected  the  royal  fortre.ss  or  palace  of  the  Alhambni, 
\^\\h\\  was  capable  of  containing  within  its  circuit  forty  thousand  men.**  The 
li.lit  and  ekv^ant  architecture  of  this  edifice,  whose  magnificent  niins  still  form 
t.'ie  most  interesting  monument  in  Sjiain  for  the  contemi)lation  of  the  tra- 
u'llcr,  shows  the  great  advancement  of  the  art  since  the  construction  of  the 
•rlthiateil  nios(jue  of  Cordova.  Its  graceful  jtorticos  and  colonnades,  its 
iliiiKS  and  ceihngs,  glowing  with  tints  whi(;h,  in  that  transnarent  atmo- 
siliiTe,  have  lost  notning  of  their  original  l)rillian(;y,  its  airy  nails,  so  con- 
structed as  toa<lmit  the  perfume  of  surrounding  gardens  and  agreeable  venti- 
btiniis  of  the  air,  and  its  fountains,  which  still  shed  their  coolness  over  its 
i'MTteil  courts,  manifest  at  once  the  taste,  opulence,  and  Sybarite  luxury 

I  its  pro])iietors.  The  streets  are  represented  to  have  been  narrow,  many 
'{ the  houses  loftv,  with  turrets  of  curiously  wrought  larch  or  marble,  and 
«itli  cornices  of  shining  metal,  "that  glittered  like  stai-s  through  the  dark 
!  liaise  of  the  orange  groves  ; "  and  the  whole  is  compared  to  "  an  enamelled 
Vii^t',  s])arkling  with  hyacinths  aiid  emeralds."  '*  Such  are  the  Hnrid  strains 
ill  which  the  Arabic  winters  fondly  descant  on  the  glories  of  Granada. 

At  the  foot  of  this  fabric  of  the  genii  lay  the  cultivated  ve(/a,  or  plain,  so 
e  iehrated  as  the  arena,  for  more  than  two  centurias,  of  Moorish  and  Christian 


'  fiiribay.  CotnpenrHo,  lib.  .19,  cap.  3. 

;  Zurita.  .\nalpH,  lib.  'JO,  cap.  42. 

■  L  Mariiieo,  Co«a8  niemorablcs,  fid.  169. 

■' '  oiulc,  Dominaclon  de  los  .Xralx's,  torn. 
i  p  U7.-rasiri,  niblidthoca  Escurlalonsis, 
!  "1  ii.  I>p  24  s  et  spq.  Podra/a,  AntigUedad 
y  KwlPiiiias de  (Jranada  (Madrid,  16i)8).  lib. 
■-I'ftlraza  has  collected  the  variuus  ety- 
="'l'ipifH  of  th''  term  Grana<la,  which  aomn 
''iters  have  traced  to  the  fact  of  the  city 


bavins  been  the  spot  where  the  pomegranate 
was  first  introduced  from  Africa;  otluTs  to 
the  \a,T'S,o  quantity  of  grain  in  which  it-;  vega 
alHJuiidod  ;  others  again  to  the  reseinbl  .nc 
which  the  city,  divide<i  into  two  hills  thickly 
sprinkliHl  with  houses,  bore  to  a  half-<>peiie(l 
pomogranato.  (Lib.  '2,  cap.  17.)  The  anns 
of  the  city,  which  were  in  pan  conipostil  of  a 
pomegranate,  would  seem  to  favour  the  de- 
rivatiuu  of  it!j  name  from  that  of  the  fruit. 


i;o 


THE  SPANISH   AUAIIS. 


chivivlry,  ovory  inch  of  wlioso  soil  may  be  said  to  have  l)Oon  f('rtili/('<h\  • 
huiiiari  hlooil.     The  Arabs  rxliaiistctl  on  it  all  tlu'ir  powers  of  flalMimt*' mlt 
vatioii.     They  «listril>Mt«Nl  tin;  wattTs  of  th«  Xniil,  which  tlow(N|  thrnii;'li  n, 
into  a  thousand  channels  fitr  its  more  |K!rfe<;t  irrigation.    A  conxt'int  mk  (cvio;, 
of  fruits  and  croj»s  was  oliUiined  thron^'hout  th«'  year.     The  products  of  the 
most  opposite  latitudes  were  transphint<'d  there  with  success  ;  and  the  Ihih; 
of  the  north  urew  luxuriant  under  the  siuvlow  of  the  vine  and  the  olive.    SiI'k 
furnished  the  jirincipal  stjiide  of  a  tratHc  that  was  carried  (»n  tlirou^'ii  tlie  |»ir,- 
of  Almeria  and  Malaga.     The  Italian  cities,  then  rWu\i^  into  opuleinc,  dcriw 
their  principal  skill  in  this  ele;^ant  manufacture  from  the  SpaniNli  Aral 
Florence,  in  particular,  imported  lar^e  (piantities  of  the  raw  material  fimii  tin  i. 
us  l;ite  as  the  fifteenth  century.     The  (Senoese  are  mentioned  as  liiiviu^  imr 
cantile  estalilishmcnts  in  (jrana<la ;  and  treaties  of  commerce  were  enter'  1 
into  with  this  nation,  as  well  as  with  the  crown  ftf  Ara;,'on.    Their  port'  swiiriii"', 
with  a  motley  contrihution  from  "  Kurope,  Africa,  and  the  Ijevant, '  so  in,.; 
"  (iranada,"  in  the  words  of  the  historian,  "  liecamo  the  common  city  ><{  \i\ 
uation.s."    "  The  repuUition  of  the  citiz<'ns  for  trustworthiness,"  says  a  Siaiii^h 
writer,  "  wjis  such  that  their  bare  word  wa.s  more  relied  on  than  a  wiiit.ii 
contract  is  now  among  us  ; "  and  he  (luotes  tlio  sayin;^  of  a  Catholic  lii>lini,, 
that  "  Moorish  works  and  Spanish  faith  were  all  that  were  neces.sary  to  imik^ 
a  good  Christian."  " 

The  revenue,  which  was  computed  at  twelve  hundred  thon.sand  (huats,  wa> 
derived  from  similar  but  in  some  respects  luMVvier  impositions  than  tlioe  nf  the 
cjiliiths  of  Cordova.  The  crown,  Itesides  beinji;  possessed  of  valuahle  [ilaiitati'ii' 
in  tlie  vega,  imnosed  the  onerous  tjix  of  one-seventh  on  all  the  a;;ri(:iiltiinil 
ju'oduce  of  the  Kin^dtim.  The  precious  metals  were  also  ol)taine!l  in  coiisik 
aide  (|uantitie.s,  and  the  royal  mint  was  noted  for  the  purity  and  clei;aiice  ui 
its  com." 

The  sovereifjus  of  Granada  were  for  the  most  part  distinj^uished  liy  liKnl 
tastes.  They  freely  disj tensed  their  revenues  in  the  protection  of  lett('r>.  iii 
the  con.struction  of  sumptuous  pu])lic  work.s,  and,  above  all,  in  the  (ii.-iihiyif 
a  courtly  pomp  unrivalled  by  any  of  the  princes  of  that  period.  Eai  h  'lay 
l»re.sented  a  succession  oi  fetes  and  tourneys,  in  which  the  knight  seeiiied  lev 
ambitious  of  the  liardy  prowess  of  Christian  chivalry  than  of  displaying'  lii< 
inimitable  horsemanship,  and  his  dexterity  in  the  elegant  nastimes  peculiai  to 
liis  nation.  The  people  of  Granada,  like  those  of  ancient  Ilome,  seem  to  have 
demanded  a  ixirpetual  spectiicle.  Life  was  with  tliem  one  long  carnival,  anl 
tlie  season  of  revelry  was  prolonged  until  the  enemy  was  at  the  gate. 

During  the  interval  which  had  elapsed  since  the  decay  of  tlie  Oiiieyades  tlio 
Si)aniards  liad  been  gradually  rising  in  civilization  to  the  level  of  their  Sara^eu 
enemies  ;  and,  while  their  increased  consequence  secured  them  from  tho oii 
tempt  with  which  they  had  formerly  been  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  tl" 
latter,  in  their  turn,  had  not  so  far  .sunk  in  the  scale  as  to  become  the  objec'w 


"'  Pedraza,  Antigliediui  do  Granada,  fol. 
101.  -Deiiiiia,  Dtlle  liivuluzumi  d'ltalia 
(Venezia,  1816). -Capmaiiy  y  Montpalau, 
AIcmoriarthisUtrlcasHolirf  la  Marina,  (jomerelo 
y  Artes  de  Uarcelona  (Madrid,  1779-92),  torn, 
iii.  p.  218;  torn.  Iv.  pp.  67  et  Rpq. — Condc, 
Domiiiacion  de  los  Arabea,  torn.  iii.  cap.  "26  — 
Tiio  ambassador  of  tlie  einpror  Frederick 
III ,  <iu  Ills  jtassago  to  tlie  court  of  LiHlxjti  in 
tlio  inidclli-  of  ttio  tiftceiUli  century,  contraxts 
tliu  superior  cultivation,  aa  well  as  general 


civilization,  of  Grannda  at  this  porioi  with 
that  of  tlie  other  countries  of  Eiini|»'  tliP'iiir.i 
wliioh  lie  had  travelled.     Sisumuili.  Hi'*>t  ■ 
doH  Hepubliques  Italiennes  du  Moyt-u- \- 
(Paris,  18 if),  torn.  ix.  p.  405. 

"  Caslri,  Ribliotheca  E.scuriaiensl9,  torn  u 
pp.  250-258.— The  flft!i  volunio  of  tii-^  M- 
moirs  of  tlie  Spanish  Acaiicmy  of  Hi-'  ■* 
contains  an  erudite  essay  by  C<iiuit'  on  Ara''! 
money,  principally  witli  rtfereuce  to  *''*' 
cuiQL-d  iu  Spain ;  pp.  2:5-315. 


TIIK  SPANISH   AKAHS. 


171 


(f  the  lii-'otod  ftvorsinii  wliicli  was,  in  after  days,  so  heartily  visitrd  on  thcin  by 
tti,.  S|aiii;irils.  At  this  jH'riod,  tluMrforc,  the  two  nations  viewed  eufh  otlier 
Willi  iiinre  hU'rality,  prolxilily,  than  at  any  previons  or  siieeeethn^'  time.  Their 
r('.|e-tive  inonarchs  conducted  their  nnitual  negotiations  (»n  a  footni^  of  jt-rfect 
iMiiality  We  lind  several  examples  of  Arahic  sovereiLMis  visiting:  in  )  erson  the 
curt  (if  Castile,  These  civilities  were  re(ipr.»("t«'<|  Tiy  the  Chri>tian  prinjcs. 
A -i  late  as  \W.\,  Henry  the  Fourth  had  a  jiersonal  int«'rview  with  the  kin^of 
(iraiiiviiu  in  the  dominions  of  the  latter.  The  two  monarclis  heM  their  (on. 
(ircinc  imder  a  splendid  pavilion  erected  in  the  v«';:a,  before  tlie  pites  of  the 
nty  ;  and,  after  an  e.\chan.t;e  of  presents,  the  Sjianish  soverei^^n  was  esjorted 
t.>  the  frontiers  l»y  a  IxKly  of  M(K)rish  cavaliers.  These  acts  of  court»'sy  relieve 
ill  Mtiiie  nu'a>ine  the  ruder  features  of  an  almost  uninterrupted  warfare,  that 
wii-  iK'( cs^ardy  k(^[tt  up  between  the  rival  nations." 

Tilt'  MiMPrish  and  Chri>tian  kni^dits  were  also  in  the  haliit  of  exdianj^in^' 
viMts  at  tlie  courts  of  their  respective  n  asters.  The  latter  were  wont  to 
rt'ifiir  to  (Jrana(hi  to  settle  their  allairs  of  horuMir,  by  jien-onal  renconnter, 
ill  the  jiroence  of  its  soverei,i,^n.  'J'he  di>aflected  nobles  of  Ca.stile,  amoni,' 
«lioiii  .Mariana  esi)ecially  notices  the  Veliis  and  th(!  t'jvstros,  often  sou^dit 
an  iisvluiii  there,  and  served  under  the  Moslem  iMWiner.  With  this  inter- 
(lirtii;.;t'  of  social  courtesy  between  the  two  nations,  it  could  not  but  liapjK'n 
tii;it  each  should  contract  some  of  the  peculiarities  natural  to  the  other.  The 
>|.iiiiiai(l  n((juired  .somethinji;  of  the  gravity  and  niai^niHcence  of  demeanour 
l'ni|cr  t<i  tlie  Arabian  ;  and  the  latter  relaxed  his  habitual  reserve,  and,  above 
al,  tlie  jealousy  and  gross  sensualit  which  cluiracterize  the  nations  of  the 
Kibt." 

Iiiilet'(i,  if  we  were  to  rely  on  the  ftictures  presented  to  us  in  the  Spanish 
Idliuis  ur  ru/xancen,  we  should  admit  as  nnieserved  an  intercourse  between 
tilt'  .sexes  to  have  existed  amonp;  the  Spanish  Aral».s  as  with  any  other 
l('i[ile  (if  Europe.  The  Moorish  lady  is  represented  there  as  an  undivg'uised 
>|fi  tator  of  the  public  festivals  ;  while  her  knij;ht,  bearing  an  endjroidered 
I;  untie  or  .^carf,  or  some  other  token  of  her  favour,  contends  openly  in  lier 
jri-eiiee  fur  the  prize  of  valour,  mingles  with  her  in  tlie  giaceful  dance  »)f  the 
Aiiiilini,  or  sighs  away  his  soul  in  moonlight  serenades  under  her  balcony.*' 


'^  X  Fpcificatlon  of  a  royal  donative  In 
thii  ilay  limy  sirve  to  show  the  martial  Bpirit 
if  til''  ago.  In  one,  made  by  the  kiiiK  of 
'■r.iiiaila  to  the  Casiillan  sovereign,  we  find 
tiHity  iicibl..  .wteeds  of  the  royal  stud,  reared 
':i  the  li.iiiks  of  the  Xenll,  with  Huperb 
uiiuirisoiiti.  and  tlie  same  niiuil>er  of  seimitaiu 
ruily  gHrniHliitl  with  gold  and  jewels;  and. 
Hi  aiiiitlicr.  iiii.\i(l  np  with  perfumes  and 
(1. til  of  (fi.ld,  wi-  ini'ei  with  a  litter  of  tame 
I'liis.  (Oiiiilt',  Dominacion  de  los  Arabes, 
I'lii.  iii.  pp.  iti.J,  IHH.)  This  latter  symltol  of 
•  vilty  a|i|).  ars  to  have  been  deemed  pecu- 

wly  approjiiiate  to  the  kings  of  Leon. 
1  ri  raw  infurnis  us  that  the  ambaf>sadi)rs 
frui  France  at  the  Castilian  court,  in  1434, 
»-re  rpdivwl  by  John  H.  with  a  full-grown 
0"iii(-sticat(d    lion    crouching    at    his    feet. 

Ilw.  d'Ksp  ijriie,  torn.  vl.  p.  401.)  The  same 
t^t-  ajip.ars  still  to  exist  In  Turki-y.  Dr. 
'  "ki',  ill  iijs  visit  to  (kjnstantlnopie,  met 
"itb  (iiie  uf  these  terrific  pets,  who  used  to 
I' '!  w  his  master,  Has-san  Pacba,  about  like 
idug. 


'°  Conde,  Dominacion  de  los  Arabes,  torn. 
111.  cap.  2H.-  Il<nrl(|ue7.  del  Castillo  (Cronica, 
cap.  \'.iH)  gives  an  account  of  an  intt-ndid 
duel  between  two  Castillan  nobles,  in  the 
presence  of  the  king  of  Granada,  us  late  as 
14711.  One  of  the  jiarlles,  lion  Alfonso  de 
Agullar,  failing  to  keep  his  eiigagenuiit, 
tlie  other  rode  rttiuid  the  lists  in  trinnijili, 
^^ith  his  Adversary's  portrait  contemptuously 
fa.«teiic<l  to  the  lull  of  liis  lior>e. 

-"  It  must  l>e  adinltti'd  that  these  balliids, 
BO  far  lis  lactM  are  concerned,  an-  too  ine.xact 
to  furnish  other  than  a  very  HlipjuTy  foun- 
dation for  history.  The  most  bcautiiul  por- 
tion perhajis  of  the  Moorish  ballads,  for  ex- 
ample, is  taken  U])  with  the  feuds  of  the 
Abeiicerrages  In  the  latter  days  of  (Jranada. 
Y<  t  tills  family,  whose  romaniic  story  is  still 
repeated  to  the  traveller  amid  the  ruins  of  the 
Aih;imbra,  is  scarcely  noticed,  as  far  as  1  am 
aware,  by  contemporary  writers,  foreign  or 
domestic,  and  \\ould  seem  to  owe  its  chief 
ceiebrity  to  the  apocryphal  version  of  Glues 
Terez  d    Ilita,   whose  "Milesian  tales,"  ac- 


17-2 


TIIK   SPANISH    AIIAHS. 


Otiior  rirnirn>taiiro^,  psprciiilly  tli»'  frescos  still  extant  on  tlio  walU  of  il,^ 
Mliiiiiilirii,  MUiv  Iw  eiled  as  enrndionitive  nf  the  coik  liisimis  iitluriltil  liy  tl, 
ntinnnrfu^  iinplyiii;,'  li  Ijitittnle  in  the  |irivileu«';<  uccuriled  tn  the  .se.x,  >iiiii!ar! 
that  in  (Christian  (oiintries,  and  altop-ther  alien  fr<>ni  the  uenins  of  .Maliont 
taiiistn."  The  chivalrMns  <  haraeter  a.s(ril)t'il  to  the  S|tHni.>-h  .M<>,sle.'ii>  ji|  itar . 
nmieoviT,  in  perfect  eonfdrinity  to  this,  'i'hus  some  of  tlieir  ^tlv^•lt•|.|,, 
we  are  told,  after  the  fatij,nies  of  the  tonrnanient,  were  wont  to  rniva;. 
tlieir  spirits  with  "  ele^Miit  p(»etry,  and  Horid  di.^conr^(^s  of  anidrnns  ai,; 
kniu'htly  history."  The  ten  qualities  enninerated  a.s  es>ential  to  a  true  kiiLi.t 
Were  "|»iety,  vulonr,  eourt^'sy,  prowess,  the  ^i^ts  of  poetry  and  cUiiu'Im^. 
and  dexterity  in  the  nianaj,'einent  (»f  tlie  hoiMs  the  sword,  lance,  ami  Uiw.  ' 
The  history  of  the  Spani>h  Arabs,  especially  in  the  latter  wars  (if  (iraiia;.i, 
furnishes  repeal«'i!  examples,  not  merely  (»f  the  h«'roism  which  distiiij,'ui>|ici 
tile  Kuroiiean  chivalry  of  the  thirt«'entli  and  fourteenth  cenliirits,  |.it 
occasionally  of  a  polislied  courtesy  that  mi;.dit  liave  ^^raced  a  Mavard  r 
a  Sidney.  This  combination  of  Oriental  magndicence  and  kni^ditly  pmui-. 
shed  a  ray  of  glory  over  the  ilosini^  days  of  the  Arahic  empire  in  S|iiiiii, 
and  served  to  conceni,  though  it  could  not  (orrect,  tlie  vice.s  whiih  it  pusM-wi 
in  common  with  all  Alahomittiin  institutions. 

The  govermuent  of  (Jranada  wjus  not  administered  with  the  same  trai- 
(juillity  as  that  of  Cordova.  UeV(»lutions  uere  perpetually  occurriii;:,  win  h 
may  l»e  traced  .sometimes  to  the  tyranny  of  the  orince,  hut  more  freinicntly  t 
tile  factions  of  tiu»  .seraglio,  tiie  soldiery,  or  tne  licentious  |  opulan-  of'tl,.' 
cjipitiil.  Tiie  latter,  indee<l,  more  volatile  tiian  tiie  .sands  of  tiie  deMTt.Wiiii 
which  tliey  originally  spnmg,  were  driven  by  every  giust  of  passion  into  the 


Cfinliiip  to  tin'  scvcri'  scnttico  of  NIc.  Antonio, 
"urc  lit  only  to  aniiiHc  th"  lazy  and  the  llst- 
li'HM."    (Mibli.  tlii-iii  Nova,  toni.  i.  p.  &36.) 

Mut,  aliliiin^l>  III)-  S|mnlHli  l)alludH  an-  not 
cniitlid  to  the  trcilit  ol  ntrlct  liist<>riciil  docu- 
iiKiits,  liny  may  y  t  ix'rliaps  Ix-  rectlvcil  in 
cviili'hcf  of  tile  iiri'V.iiliiiK  tliaracifr  of  the 
Boiiiil  nlations  ol  (In-  agr;  a  remark  iiulceil 
jiu'dio.il)!*'  of  most  works  of  lUaion  written  l>y 
auiliorH  eonttni|.or.iry  with  tiie  events  they 
dtscrilie,  aiiil  more  especially  so  of  that  popu- 
lar niiiistrel<y  which,  emanating  frnm  a 
nimi'le,  uiicorruptetl  close,  is  lesn  likely  to 
Bwervc  from  truth  thiin  more  ostentatiouH 
vs'orkH  of  art.  Tlie  loiift  cohabitation  of  tlio 
SaraceuH  w  ith  thi'  Christians  (full  evidence  of 
which  is  afTonled  liy  Capmany  (Mem.  de 
Harcelona,  torn.  iv.  Apend.  no.  II),  who 
cuiotes  a  document  from  the  ptihllc  archives 
of  t'atalonia,  showing  the  great  number  of 
Siraceiis  rsiding  in  Ara(?c)n,  even  in  the 
thirteentli  and  fouriepiitli  centuries,  the  most 
fli'iiri^lilng  period  of  the  (Jraiiadian  empire) 
li.ul  enabl  d  inanj'  of  them  confessedly  to 
speak  and  write  the  .Spniiish  language  with 
]>urify  and  elegance.  Some  of  the  jjraciful 
little  songs  which  are  still  ch.nited  by  the 
peasantry  t)f  Spain  in  their  dances,  to.  the 
accompaniment  of  the  castiinet.  nre  referred 
by  a  competent  critic  (Conde,  De  la  I'oesfa 
Oriental.  MS.>to  an  Arabian  origin.  There 
can  be  little  hazard,  therefore,  in  imputing 
much  of  this  peculiar  minstrelsy  to  the 
Arabians  themselve.-,  the  contemporaries,  and 
perhaps  the  eye-witnesses,  of  the  events  they 


celebrate. 

■'■'  Caslri  (nibllotheca  E-'Curlalenfils,  torn,  i 
J).  'Jf)'.»)  lias  tninscrilx'd  a  jiaKsaui'  jnin  ai. 
Arabian  author  of  the  futirteenili  tniiiiry, 
inveighing  bitterly  against  the  iii.\ur.v<>i  i. 
Mi'orish  latlies,  their  gorgeoii>  iii.|iiiri  I  ai  1 
liabits  of  expense,  "amoiinfirig  aliiii-.t  : 
insanity,"  ill  a  tone  which  may  ri'iiiiinl  iir 
of  the  similar  philippic  by  his  cunt  ui|>i>r,in' 
Dante  against  his  fair  couiitrjwipuicii  .f 
Florence.  Two  ordinances  ut  ii  kiiift  f 
(Sraniida,  cited  by  t'l Hide  in  his  liixinrj-,  jr  • 
Bcriiie  the  separ.it ion  of  the  wonit  ii  Iru)  Hi- 
men  in  the  mos)|ues,  aiui  pr<>liili|t  tlu.r 
attendance  at  certain  festivals  witlmut  tl' 
protection  of  their  liiisbands  or  sdiie  iKa' 
relative.  'I'heir  f't^niiiii:"  mirdvlis,  us  \\v  iiav.- 
seen,  were  in  the  habit  of  coiiferniiK  frif.y 
with  men  of  letters,  and  of  ussistiiiK  iiii"ri«'ii 
at  the  aciideniiial  suttuis  Ainl  lastly,!!; 
frescos  alluded  to  in  the  text  npnsiiii  t:i. 
presence  of  females  at  the  tourii.iiin  iitsaiii 
the  fortimate  knight  receiving  ilie  palnnf 
victory  from  their  liands, 

■"'  donde,  Douiinncion  de  los  Aralies,  torn 
1.  p.  .Tilt;  torn.  ill.  p.  119.— The  i.mlir  i  ay 
compare  these  essentials  of  a  gmxl  M^^^I'Hi 
cavalier  with  those  enumerated  by  ulil  Frui*- 
salt  of  a  giKxl  and  true  (,'liilstiaii  kiiiglit  if 
his  own  day  :  "  Le  geiitil  chevalier  a  t'liit'* 
ces  nobles  vertus  que  un  chevalier  dnitavi'ir: 
il  fut  lie,  loyal,  amonreux,  sage,  secret,  larp, 
pieux,  hardi,  entreprenant,  et  chevaleureux." 
— ChronUiues,  liv.  ii.  cliup.  118. 


Till-:  SPAN'ISII   ARABS. 


173 


m-st  fri;,'l>tfiil  oxcossi's,  de|>o.sitj;i  niul  oven  auKaHsiiuitinc:  their  monanlifj. 
*:.iliiliii>.'''tiifi''  '••'•<M,  Hiitl  sctttteriii;;  alinwul  tlu'ir  iK'uiitiful  CMlU'ctioiiH  und 
iiin'iinos;  will  )  kiii>;il)iii,  uiiliku  tluit  of  Conlnva,  wiis  h«)  ('uiitrii<'t«'<l  in 

iK'xU'iit  tliiit  every  loiiviil.sioii  of  the  nipitjil  was  felt  to  its  fjirtluist  extreiii- 
iiit'\  t^till,  however,  it  held  out,  ulinost  iniriu  iiloiisly,  aKUiitMt  the  ChriNtiati 
.iriiiH ;  ftiid  the  HtoniiH  that  IknU  ii|)oii  it  iiii'es.^uiitly,  for  more  tiuiu  t^o 
ifiitiirif',  scarcely  wore  awuy  anythiii!;  from  its  ori^'iiial  limits. 

S(>vi'nil  cinnmstances  may  he  iiointrd  out  as  t'liahliiiL;  (iraiiada  to  maintain 
this  iimtractel  resistance.  Its  coiicentrateil  |)opiiiatinn  finiiishcil  sncli 
iil.iiiiiliiiil  sii|iiilie-i  of  KoKli'Ts  that  its  Kover«'i;;ns  could  hi  in;;  into  the  firld  an 
aiiiiy  of  a  hundred  thousjind  men."  .Many  of  these  were  tirawn  from  tho 
nvi'iii"*  iif  the  Alpujarras  whose  ru;,';;ed  iniiahiu\nt-t  ha  I  not  heen  corruptrd 
1  \llic  .soft  elleminacy  of  the  plain.s.  The  ranks  were  occasionally  re<Tmle  1, 
iii.irt'over,  from  tho  warlike  trilws  of  Africa.  T\w.  .Moors  of  (iranada  uni 
|r.ii>t'il  Ity  their  enemies  for  tlwir  skill  with  the  cross-liow,  to  the  use  of  which 
tht'V  were  trained  from  childhood."  jhit  their  str»'n,i,'th  lay  thietly  in  their 
(avulry.  Their  si>ft<;ioiis  ve;;jis  all'orded  an  ample  held  for  the  display  of  their 
iiiiiicliless  hor.semanship  ;  while  the  face  of  tho  country,  intersected  hy  moiin- 
taiius  and  intricate  deliles,  pvve  a  manifest  mlvantu-je  to  the  Arahic  lii,'ht  horso 
(ivi-r  the  steel-clful  cavalry  of  the  Christians,  and  was  particularly  switcid  to  tho 
«,M  <fiiirriH(i  warfare  in  which  the  Moors  so  much  excelled.  I>urinK  the  long 
liiistilitit'S  of  the  country,  almost  every  city  \nv\  U'en  converted  into  a  fortre.ss. 
Till-  iiimiher  of  these  fortified  places  in  tho  territory  of  (Jnvnatla  wjis  ten  times 
,i>^routas  is  now  to  he  found  throuj,diout  the  whole  IVninsula."  Ijiistly,  in 
.■vMitioii  to  these  me^ns  of  defence,  may  l>e  mentioned  their  t'arly  ao(iuainliinco 
Willi  ^niiipowder,  which,  like  the  Greek  tire  of  Constantinople,  contrihuted 
[•■rliaps  in  .some  deyreo  to  prolong  a  precarious  existence  beyond  its  natural 
tcriii. 

IJiit,  after  all,  the  stren;;th  of  Oranadii,  like  that  of  Constantinople,  lay  le.ss 
111  its  own  resources  than  in  the  weakness  of  its  enemies,  who,  distracUMl 
tiv  the  feuds  of  a  turbulent  aristocracy,  especially  during;  tho  lon;^  minorities 
with  which  Cjustilo  was  atlUcted  perhaps  more  than  any  other  nation  in  KuroiK^, 
Ntiiied  to  Ik)  more  remote  from  the  con(iuest  of  uranada  at  tii(^  death  of 
llt'iiry  the  Fourth  than  at  that  of  St.  Ferdinand  in  tho  thirteenth  century. 
Ik'fore  entering  on  the  achievement  of  this  conipiest  hy  Ferdinand  and  I.sal)eira, 
It  may  not  be  amiss  to  notice  the  probable  ialluence  exerted  by  the  Spanish 
.\rabs  on  European  civilization. 

Notwithstanding  the  high  advances  made  by  the  Arabians  in  almost  every 
hniiK'h  of  lejirniivf,  and  the  liberal  import  of  certain  sayings  ascribed  to 
Mihoiiict,  the  spirit  of  his  religion  was  eminently  unfavoural)le  to  letters. 
The  Koran,  whatever  be  tho  merit  of  its  literary  e.vecutioii,  does  not,  we 
iK'lieve,  contain  a  single  precept  in  favour  of  general  science.*'     Indeed,  during 


"  t'ltfirl,  on  Arabic  authority,  conipntos  it 
It  2011,11011  men.  IJibiiutluca  EscurialeuHlH, 
i"m.  i  p.  ;i:is. 

I'liL'ar,  ItpyoH  Catolicofl,  p.  250. 

'  Mini,  til'  j.i  Acad,  do  HIhI.,  tmn.  vl.  p. 
ifid _ri„.s,.  riiini?il  lortiHcatioiis  Btill  tliiokly 
'ii.|tlio  iKinltT  torritorios  of  (Jranaila;  &\i\ 
■uwi.v  ati  AiKialusian  uiill,  aloiin  tlic  l)ai\kH 
f  iIk'  "iiwij.iyra  and  <iua<ialquivir,  rotains 
i'«  Ixittl.iii.'ntcd  tower,  which  served  for  tlic 
ii  fill  (>  III  its  iuiuates  against  the  forays  of 
llif  fii"niv. 

'"  1>'H.  rlwlot  (Bib.   Orlentalo,   torn.   i.   p. 


630"),  amonj;  oihor  anthotitlc  tr;iriition«  of 
MahoTiH't,  (|Hiites  one  as  iinlicHtiiit;  liiM  rn- 
coura^cini'iit  of  IcttcrM,  viz.  :  "  That  the  ink 
of  tiic  diH-tors  and  the  blixxl  of  tlw  martyrs  are 
of  erinat  price."  M.  tlllsner  (D^m  KH'  n  dc  la 
Iveli^ioti  de  Mohuuinied,  Paris,  Hlo)  tiax 
riteil  several  others  of  tiie  same  lilxTal  im- 
port. Hut  snch  tratiitiiiiis  cannot  U-  leteivrd 
in  eviilence  of  the  original  diK-trine  of  tho 
propliet.  Tliov  are  reject,  d  iw  aiHX'ryplial  by 
the  Persians  un<l  tl\e  wliole  sect  of  tlie  Shiitos, 
and  are  entitled  to  little  weight  vsith  d  Euro- 
pjau. 


174 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


the  first  century  after  its  promulgation,  almost  as  little  attention  was  bostn^p! 
upon  this  by  the  Saracens  as  in  their  "days  of  ignorance,"  as  the  jicriiKj  \. 
stigmatized  which  preceded  the  advent  of  their  apostle."  But  after  tli.' 
nation  had  reposed  trorn  its  tumultuous  military  career,  the  taste  for  cle^raiit 
jdeasures,  which  naturally  results  from  opulence  and  leisure,  began  to  flow  n, 
upon  it.  It  entered  upon  this  new  field  with  all  its  characteristic  eiithiisjasin, 
and  seen)ed  ambitious  of  attaining  the  same  pre-eminence  in  science  that  it 
had  already  reached  in  aruis. 

It  was  at  the  commencement  of  this  period  of  intellectual  fermentation  that 
the  last  of  the  Umeyades.  esca[»ing  into  Spain,  established  there  thekiiii,'i|oiii(,i 
Cordova,  and  imported  along  with  him  the  fondness  for  luxury  and  letters  that 
had  begun  to  display  itself  in  the  capitals  of  the  East,  His  munificent  s]iiri: 
descended  upon  nis  successors;  ana,  on  the  breaking  up  of  the  eni|iire,  th- 
various  capitals,  Seville,  Murcia,  Alalaga,  Granada,  and  others,  which  nbe 
upon  its  ruins,  became  the  centres  ol  sy  many  intellectual  systems,  that  rnn- 
tinned  to  emit  a  steady  lustre  through  the  clouds  and  darkness  of  sM((ee(Hii.' 
centuries.  T'le  perio(i  of  this  literary  civilization  reached  far  into  the  fmir 
teenth  century,  and  thus,  embracing  an  interval  of  six  hundred  ye;i,rs,  may 
be  said  to  nave  exceeded  in  duration  that  of  any  other  literature,  ancient  or 
mo  lern. 

There  were  several  auspicious  circumstances  in  the  condition  of  tlio Siiaiiih 
Arabs,  which  distinguished  them  from  their  Mahometan  brethren.  Tin- 
temperate  climate  of  Spain  was  far  more  projtitious  to  robustness  and  eiasti{ity 
of  intellect  than  the  sultry  regions  of  Arabia  and  Africa.  Its  long  line  of  coat 
and  convenient  havens  oi)ened  to  it  an  enlarged  commerce.  Its  nuniU'r  "f 
rival  states  encouraged  a  generous  enndation,  like  that  which  glowed  ia 
ancient  Greece  and  modern  Italy,  and  was  infinitely  more  favouraliie  to  the 
development  of  the  mental  powers  than  the  far-extended  and  sluggish  vinjiiro-; 
of  Asia.  Lastly,  a  familiar  intercourse  with  the  Europeans  sorvetl  to  init!i;a;e 
in  the  Spanish  Arabs  some  of  the  more  degrading  superstitions  incident  t) 
their  religion,  and  to  impart  to  them  nobier  ideas  of  the  indepeii'ionce  anl 
moral  dignity  of  man  than  are  to  be  found  in  the  slaves  of  Eastern  desiiotism. 

Under  these  favourable  circumstances,  provisions  for  education  werelilierally 
multiplied,  colleges,  academies,  and  gymnasiums  springing  up  spontaneously, 
as  it  were,  not  merely  in  the  principal  cities,  but  m  the  most  obscure  villap 
of  the  country.  No  less  than  fifty  of  these  colleges  or  schools  could  be  Jiv 
corned  scattered  over  the  suburbs  and  populous  plain  of  Granada,  Every  I'la^e 
of  note  seems  to  have  furnished  materials  for  a  literary  history.  The  copin  ;^ 
catalogues  of  writers,  still  extant  in  the  Escurial,  show  how  extensively  the 
cp.ltivation  of  science  was  pursued,  ev-ti  through  its  minutest  sub(livision< ; 
while  a  biographical  notice  of  blind  men  eminent  for  their  scholarshi|)  in  ^paiii 
proves  how  far  the  general  avidity  for  knowledge  triumphed  over  the  nio>t 
discouraging  obstacles  of  nature.*® 


*"  When  the  caliph  Al  Mamon  encouraRed, 
by  his  example  as  well  as  patronage,  a  more 
eiiliglitcncd  ixilicy,  lie  was  accusetl  by  the 
more  orthodox  Mussulmans  of  attempting  to 
Hubvort  the  principles  of  their  religion.  See 
rociK'ke,  Spec.  Hist.  Arabum  (Oxon.  1650), 
p.  KJG. 

"  AndrpM,  Letteratura,  part.  1,  cap.  8,  10. 
— Casiri,  Hibliotheca  Escurialcnsis,  tom.  ii. 
pp.  71,  251  et  passim. — I  had  stated  in  the 
early  editions,  on  the  authority  of  Casiri,  thpt 


seventy  public  libraries  existed  In  Spsin  at 
tlie  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  cpntury.  A 
sagacious  critic  in  the  Kdiribitrgh  HeriarU 
January,  1839,  in  a  well-desorvrd  struiiir" 
on  this  passage,  remarks  that,  aft'r  a  rarclnl 
examination  of  the  manuscript  in  tlio  l-l<i  «n»l 
to  which  Casiii  refers  for  his  acvmint.  li" 
could  find  no  warrant  for  the  assirii'n  l! 
must  be  confessed  to  Favour  ralLcr  sjiruDt'lj 
of  the  gigautesque. 


THE  SPANISH   ARABS. 


175 


The  Spanish  Arabs  emulated  their  countrymen  of  the  East  in  their  devotion 
t,i  natural  and  matliematical  science.  They  penetrated  into  the  remnte^t 
ri'.'ioiis  of  Africa  and  Asia,  transmitting  an  exact  account  of  tlieir  jjroceedinu.H 
ti  the  national  academies.  They  contributeil  to  astronomical  knowledge  liy 
tisennnibcr  and  accuracy  of  their  observations,  and  by  the  inijirovement  of 
iihtniinents  and  the  erection  of  observatories,  of  which  the  noble  tower  of 
Sfville  is  one  of  the  earliest  examnles.  Tliey  furnished  their  full  proportion 
III  tlic<l('|iartnient  of  history,  whicn,  acconlin.i^  to  an  Arabian  author  cite<^l  by 
lijleiiiolot,  could  boast  of  thirteen  hundred  writers.  The  tre;iti>es  on  lo^ic 
,.iiil  iii('tii|iliysics  amount  to  one-ninth  of  the  surviving  treasures  of  tlio 
KMinial ;  and,  to  conclude  this  sunmiary  of  naked  details,  some  of  their 
Mht'Iars  ai4'ear  to  have  entered  upon  as  various  a  field  of  philosophical 
iiii;;iiry  as  would  be  crowded  into  a  modern  encyclopjedia." 

The  results,  it  nmst  be  confessed,  do  not  appear  to  have  corresponded  with 
thi^  iiia;:niti(ent  apparatus  and  unrivalled  activity  of  research.  The  mind  of 
the  Arabians  was  distin^iished  by  the  most  op])Osite  characteristics,  which 
-iiietiiiies,  indeed,  served  to  neutralize  each  other.  An  acute  and  subtile 
IMTirjition  was  often  clouded  l)y  my.'^ticism  and  abstraction.  They  cond)ined 
a  lial'it  of  classidcatii  n  and  generalization  with  a  marvellous  fondness  for 
iktail ;  a  vivacious  fancy  with  a  patience  of  application  that  a  German  of  our 
(lav  iiii;;lit  envy  ;  and,  while  in  fiction  they  launched  boldly  into  originality, 
iiidoej  extrairavance,  they  were  content  in  philosophy  to  trea<l  servilely  in  the 
trade  of  their  ancient  master.  They  derived  their  science  from  versions  of 
the  Grook  philosophers ;  l)ut,  as  tlieir  i)revious  discipline  had  not  nrepared 
thtiu  for  its  reception,  they  were  oppressed  rather  than  stinndateu  by  the 
wi'i^ht  of  the  inheritance.  They  possessed  an  indefinite  power  of  accumula- 
tiuii,  Imt  they  rarely  ascended  to  general  principles,  or  struck  out  new  and 
iiiijioitant  truths ;  at  least,  this  is  certain  in  regard  to  their  metaphysical  labours. 

HiMuc  Aristotle,  who  taught  them  to  arrange  what  they  had  already 
ao(iuireil,  rather  than  to  advance  to  new  discoveries,  became  the  god  of  their 
iiinlatrv.  They  piled  connnentary  on  commentary,  and,  in  their  blind  admira- 
tion of  his  system,  may  V)e  almost  said  to  have  l)een  more  of  Peripatetics  than 
the  .Staprite  himself.  The  Cordovan  Averroes  was  the  most  eminent  of  his 
Aralijc  commentators,  and  undoubtedly  contributed  more  than  any  other 
individual  to  establish  the  authority  of  Aristotle  over  the  reason  of  mankind 
for  so  many  ages.  Yet  his  various  illustrations  have  served,  in  the  opinion 
of  European  critics,  to  darken  rather  than  dissipate  the  anjbiguities  of  his 
oridnal,  and  have  even  led  to  the  confident  assertion  that  he  was  wholly 
unacquainted  with  the  Greek  language.*' 


"  Casiri  mentions  one  of  these  universal 
j^niusps,  wlio  published  no  less  than  a  tliou- 
fi'Kl  ami  fifty  treatises  on  the  various  topics 
'  t  Kilm«,  History,  Law,  Medicine,  etc. !  Hil>- 
li'tliP(a  f^scuriaicnsis,  torn.  ii.  p.  107. — See 
>^'i  torn.  i.  p.  370;  torn.  ii.  p.  71  ct  alibi.— 
^■■h\f\  Animlos  ile  .Sovilla,  p.  22.— D'Herbo- 
1  t,  Ifjb.  Orioufole,  voce  Thrikh. — Ma«4leii, 
Histnria  oritica,  torn.  xiii.  pp.  203,  205.— 
.Indnw,  Lrttcratura,  part.  1,  cap.  s. 

'  Cuiisult  tlie  sensit)le,  though  perhaps 
ffvfTc,  remarks  of  DoRerando  on  Aral)ian 
-ipnre.  Ojist.  de  la  I'bilosophie.  toui.  iv. 
i«p. 'jj.V-Tlie  reader  may  also  peruse  witli 
»Jv&[it.i^(;  a  disquisition  on  Ar.il)iau  mota- 
pliysics  if,  Turner's  History  "f  England,  vo\. 
!*■  pp.  4ui-44y.— lirucker.Hist.  Piiilosophlie, 


torn.  iii.  p.  105. — Ludoviciis  Vives  seems  to 
have  been  the  atitt)or  of  the  imputation  in 
tlie  te.\t.  (Nic.  Antonio,  Hibliuthcca  V'etus, 
torn.  ii.  p.  .'JiU.)  Avcrrnes  transjatod  some 
ol  the  pliiiopopliical  w(jrks  of  Ari.stotle  trtun 
tiie  (ireek  into  Aral)ic;  a  Latin  version  of 
wliicli  translation  was  afterwards  niado. 
I»'nprl)elot,  liowever,  Is  mi.'-taken  (Hili. 
Orientaie,  art.  /iostchil)  in  saying  tliat  Aver- 
roes was  tlic  first  who  translated  .\ristotle 
into  Arabic;  as  this  liail  l>een  done  two  ci  n- 
turies  iM'fore,  at  least,  by  HonHiii  and  others 
ill  tlie  ninth  century  (s<e  ('asiri,  ililiotbecji 
Lscurialeiisis,  toin.  1.  j).  .'lt)-l),  ami  H.iyle  h.is 
shown  that  a  Latin  version  of  the  Stagiiito 
was  used  by  tlie  Europeans  before  the  ullegi-d 
I>eriod.     See  art.  Averroes. 


176 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


The  Saracens  pave  an  entirely  new  face  to  pharmacy  and  chemistry.  TIk", 
introchiced  a  great  variety  of  sahitary  medicaments  into  Europe.  The  S|iaiiiii 
Arabs,  in  particular,  are  connnended  by  Sprengel  above  their  brctlian  f.r 
their  observations  on  the  practice  of  medicnie."  But  whatever  real  kiirm. 
ledj^e  they  possessed  was  corrupted  by  their  inveterate  propensity  for  iiiystiral 
and  occult  science.  They  too  often  exhausted  both  nealth  and  fortune  m 
fruitless  researches  after  the  elixir  of  life  and  the  philosopher's  stone.  Their 
medical  prescriptions  were  re^ndated  by  the  aspect  of  the  stars.  Their  jiliwis 
were  denased  oy  magic,  their  C'  uustry  degenerated  into  alchemy,  tlicr 
astronomy  into  astrology. 

In  the  fruitful  field  of  history  their  success  was  even  more  equivocal.  Tlin 
seem  to  have  l)een  wholly  destitute  of  the  [)hilosophical  spirit  which  gives  life 
to  this  kind  of  composition.  They  were  the  disciples  of  fatalism  and  the 
subjects  of  a  de.sj)otic  government.  Man  appeared  to  them  only  in  the  (on 
trasted  aspects  ot  slave  and  master.  What  could  they  know  of  the  finer  nmral 
relation.s,  or  of  the  higher  energies  of  the  soul,  which  are  developed  only  imdrr 
free  and  l^eneficent  institutions?  Even  could  they  have  formed  coiiceptiui.s 
of  these,  how  would  they  have  dared  to  express  them  ?  Hence  their  lii>t(iii(> 
are  too  often  mere  barren  chronological  details,  or  fulsome  panegyrics  on  their 
princes,  unenlivened  by  a  single  spark  of  philosophy  or  criticism. 

Although  the  Spanish  Arabs  are  not  entitled  to  the  credit  of  havini' 
wrought  any  important  revolution  in  intellectual  or  moral  science,  tliey  m 
commended  by  a  severe  critic  as  exhibiting  in  their  writings  "  the  gpi liis  if 
many  theories  which  have  been  reproduced  as  discoveries  in  later  ages,"  "  ami 
tliey  silently  perfected  several  of  tnose  useful  arts  which  have  had  r^  sciisihie 
influence  on  the  happiness  and  improvement  of  mankind.  Algebra  ami  the 
liigher  mathematics  were  taught  in  their  schools,  and  thence  dillused  over 
Europe.  The  manufacture  of  pai)er,  which,  since  the  invention  of  jnintin:, 
has  contributed  so  essentially  to  the  rapid  circulation  of  knowle-luc,  va> 
derived  throiigh  them.  Casiri  has  discovered  several  manuscripts  of  (ottiii 
paper  in  the  Escurial  as  early  as  1009,  and  of  linen  paper  of  the  date  of  1 1  (Hi ;  ^' 
tlie  origin  of  which  latter  fabric  Tiraboschi  has  ascriy)ed  to  an  Italian  of 
Trevigi,  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century.**  Lastly,  the  apitlioatiuii 
of  gunpowder  to  military  science,  which  has  wrought  an  equally  important 
revolution,  though  of  a  more  doubtful  complexion,  in  the  condition  of  society, 
wad  derived  through  the  same  channel." 

The  influence  of  the  Spanish  Arabs,  however,  is  discernible  not  so  much  in  the 
amount  of  knowledge  as  in  the  impulse  which  they  communicated  to  the  Irni:' 
dormant  energies  of  Europe.    Their  invasion  was  coeval  >vith  the  conimente 


*"  Sprengel,  Histoire  de  la  Medecine.  tra- 
diiito  par  Jourdan  (Paris,  1815),  toiu.  ii.  pp. 
263  et  seq . 

^'  Dpgerando,  Hist,  de  la  Philosopbie,  torn, 
iv.  ubi  supra. 

"  nibliotlipca  EscurialPiisis,  torn.  ii.  p.  9. 
— Aiidros  I>etttTatura,  part,  l.cap.  10. 

■"*  lit  ttfTiitura  Italiana,  torn.  v.  p.  H7. 

*'•  'I'lie  battle  of  Ci  ecy  furnishos  the  earliest 
iiistnnci' on  record  of  the  use  of  artillery  by 
the  European  t'liristiiins ;  iiltliouph  l)u  Canjice, 
anions  several  exan>j)le8  wbicli  he  cmiiue- 
rates,  has  traced  a  distinct  notice  of  its 
existence  as  far  baclt  as  13. JH.  ((rlossariusn 
ad  Scrijitores  Media'  et  Infiiua'  I.atiiiitatis 
(I'a'is,  17!»3\  an  i  Supplement  (i'aris,  iTtiii'), 
Voce  /'omhariia.)    Tlie  history  of  tlie  Spanisli 


Arabs  carries  it  to  a  much  earlier  period.  It 
was  employed  by  the  Moorisli  l<iii|;  ef  Gri- 
nada  at  tlio  siege  of  IJaza,  in  1312  ami  UJ.i 
(Conde,  Dominacioii  de  los  Arahes,  tiaii.  iii. 
cap.  18. — Ca.siri,  Bibliotlieca  EscinialiiM-, 
torn.  ii.  p.  7.)  It  is  distinctly  notind  in  a:i 
Aral)ic  treatise  as  ancient  as  I'Jl'.i;  ami. 
linaUy,  Casiri  quotes  a  passage  from  a  Spaiu'li 
author  at  the  close  of  the  clevtiitli  r>iiiuiy 
(wiiose  M.S.,  according  to  Nic.  Antmiin,  tlaiiii."^ 
familiar  to  scliolars,  lies  still  entciiilxd  i'i 
tlte  du^t  of  libraries),  which  dfMiil'i'*  tin 
use  of  artillery  in  a  naval  enpajr'  iihii!  ' i 
that  period  between  the  Moors  of  liinisani 
of  Seville.  Casiri,  Bibliotheca  p>(uriuliii-i-. 
tom.  ii.  p.  8.— Nic.  Antonio,  liiblictluca  \  ■ 
tii.s,  torn.  ii.  p.  12. 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


177 


mont  of  that  night  of  darkness  which  divides  tlie  modern  from  the  anrient  world. 
The  soil  had  been  impoverished  by  long,  assiibious  cultivation.  The  Arabians 
laiiip  like  a  torrent,  sweeping  down  and  obliterating  even  the  landmarks  of 
l>rnicr  (ivilization,  but  bringing  nevertheless  a  fertilizing  principle,  v  ich,  a:-? 
the  waters  receded,  gave  new  life  and  loveliness  to  the  landscape.  The  writings 
111  the  Saracens  were  translated  and  diffused  throuirhout  Europe.  Their  schools 
were  visited  by  discii)les  who,  roused  from  their  lethargy,  caught  somewhat  of  the 
generous  enthusiasm  of  their  masters  ;  and  a  healthful  action  was  given  to  the 
Kuni|iean  intellect,  which,  however  ill  directed  at  first,  was  thus  prei>ared  fur 
tlic  more  judicious  and  succes.sful  efforts  of  later  times. 

It  is  comparatively  easy  to  determine  the  value  of  the  scientific  hvbours  of 
a  ]ieoi>le,  for  truth  is  the  same  in  all  languages  ;  but  the  laws  of  taste  diller 
Miuiilely  in  different  nations  that  it  requires  a  nicer  discrimination  to  pronounce 
fairly  ii[)on  such  works  as  are  regulated  by  them.  Nothing  is  more  conunon 
iharl  to  see  the  poetry  of  the  East  conrlenmed  as  tumid,  over-refined,  infected 
with  iiicretricious  ornament  and  conceits,  and,  in  short,  as  every  way  contra- 
vfuin;:  the  principles  of  good  taste.  Few  of  the  critics  who  thus  peremi»torily 
oiiinK'nui  are  capable  of  reading  a  line  of  the  original.  The  merit  of  poetry, 
however,  consists  so  nmch  in  its  literary  execution,  that  a  j)erson,  to  pronounce 
ii]ion  it,  should  be  intimately  ac([uainted  with  the  whole  un])ort  of  the  idiom 
in  which  it  is  written.  The  style  of  poetry,  indeed  of  all  ornamental  writing, 
Hhether  prose  or  verse,  in  order  to  produce  a  proi)er  effect,  must  lie  raised  or 
relieved,  as  it  were,  upon  the  i)revailing  style  of  social  intercourse.  Even  where 
this  is  highly  figurative  and  impassioned,  as  with  the  Arabians,  whose  ordinary 
laiiiniage  is  made  up  of  metaphor,  that  of  the  poet  must  be  still  more  so.  Hence 
t!ip  Ume  of  elegant  literature  varies  so  widely  in  different  countries,  even  those 
of  Eiiroi)e,  which  approach  the  neare.st  to  each  other  in  their  nrinciples  of  taste, 
tlrnt  it  would  be  found  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  ertect  a  close  translation  of 
the  most  admired  specimens  of  eloquence  from  the  language  of  one  nation  into 
that  of  any  other.  A  page  of  Boccaccio  or  Bembo,  for  instance,  done  into  literal 
Eiii;lish,  would  have  an  air  of  intolerable  artifice  and  verbiage.  The  choicest 
iiiiirsels  of  Massillon,  Bossuet,  or  the  rhetorical  Thomas,  would  savour  marvel- 
lously of  lx)mbast ;  and  how  coidd  we  in  any  degree  keep  pace  with  the  mag- 
nificent march  of  the  Castilian  ?  Yet  surely  we  are  not  to  impugn  the  taste 
if  all  those  nations,  who  attach  nmch  more  importance  and  have  paid  (at  least 
this  is  tnie  of  the  French  and  Italian)  nmch  greater  attention  to  the  mere 
beauties  of  literary  finish  than  English  writers. 

Whatever  may  be  the  sins  of  the  Arabians  on  this  head,  they  are  certainly 
not  those  of  negligence.  The  Spanish  Arabs,  in  i)articular,  were  noted  for  the 
inrity  and  elegance  of  their  idiom  ;  insomuch  that  Casiri  affects  to  determine 
the  locality  of  an  author  by  the  superior  refinement  of  his  style.  Their  copious 
I'hilological  and  rhetorical  treatises,  their  arts  of  i)oetry,  grammars,  and  rhyming 
dictionaries,  show  to  what  an  excessive  refinement  they  elaborated  the  art  of 
ciiiii[K)siti()n.  Academies,  far  more  nmnerous  than  those  of  Italy,  to  which  they 
i^nhseijuently  served  for  a  model,  invited  by  their  premiums  fre(|uent  com|)eti- 
tions  in  poetry  and  eloquence.  To  poetry,  indeed,  especially  of  the  tender  kind, 
tlie  Spanish  Arabs  seem  to  have  been  as  indiscriminately  addicted  as  the  Italians 
ill  the  time  of  Petrarch  ;  and  there  was  scarcely  a  doctor  in  church  or  state  b\)t 
at  sometime  or  other  offered  up  his  amorous  incense  on  the  altar  of  the  nuise.*^ 


'"  Petrarch  complains,  in  one  of  liiR  letters 
^m  tlu'  country,  that  "jurisconHults  and 
'linnes,  nay  his  own  valet,  liad  taken  to 
fsyming ;  and  he  was  afraid  the  very  cuttle 


mi(?ht  bpRin  to  low  in  vorse ;  "  apnd  He  Sade, 
Memoires  pour  la  Vie  do  I'etrarriue,  toiu.  iii. 
p.  243. 


178 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


With  all  this  poetic  feeling,  however,  the  Arabs  never  availed  thom<olvo<of 
the  treasures  of  Grecian  eluciuence  which  lay  open  liefore  them.  Not  a  h(n-[ 
or  orator  of  any  eminence  in  that  language  seems  to  have  been  tran>l,'vto  1  l,v 
them."  The  temperate  tone  of  Attic  composition  appeared  tame  to  the  fcrvi  1 
concentions  of  the  East.  Neither  did  they  venture  upon  what  in  l'iUrit|it',ii> 
considered  tlie  higher  walks  of  the  art,  the  drama  and  the  enic  *'^  N(jne  (,f 
their  writers  in  prose  or  verse  show  much  attention  to  the  (levolDjumMit  nr 
dissection  of  character.  Their  inspiration  exhaled  in  lyrical  eflusioiis,  ui  ck'^iis 
ei>igrams,  and  idyls.  They  sometimes,  moreover,  like  the  Italians,  i'nii(lii\>i 
verse  as  the  vehicle  of  instruction  in  the  grave  and  recondite  sciences.  'I'li,^ 
general  character  of  their  poetry  is  bold,  Horid,  impassioned,  richly  oolonred 
with  imagery,  sparkling  with  conceits  and  metaphors,  and  occasionally  lnvathiiu' 
a  deep  tone  of  moral  sensibility,  as  in  some  of  the  plaintive  effiisions  ascritK-,] 
by  Conde  to  the  royal  poets  of  Cordova.  The  compositions  of  the  golden  a.'e 
of  the  Abassides,  and  of  the  preceding  period,  do  not  seem  to  have  been  infc 'tiM 
with  the  taint  of  exaggeration,  so  oU'ensive  to  a  European,  which  distingiiLslietl 
the  latter  productions  in  the  uecay  of  the  empire. 

Whatever  be  thought  of  the  influence  of  the  Arabic  on  European  literature 
in  general,  tliere  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  it  has  been  considerable  0!i 
the  Provenyal  and  the  Castilian.  In  the  latter  especially,  so  far  from  ln;in,' 
confined  to  the  vocabulary  or  to  external  forms  ot  composition,  it  seems  tt 
have  penetrated  deep  into  its  spirit,  and  is  plainly  discernible  in  that  ailectatiori 
of  stateliness  and  Oriental  hyperlwle  which  characterizes  Spanish  writers  even 
at  the  present  day ;  in  the  subtilties  and  conceits  with  which  the  ancient 
Castilian  verse  is  so  liberally  bespangled  ;  and  in  the  relish  for  prov6ri).s  aiil 
prudential  maxims,  which  is  so  general  that  it  may  be  considered  natiuiial." 


*•  Andres,  Letteratura,  part.  1.  cap.  11. — 
Yet  this  popular  assertion  is  contradicti-d  by 
Heiiiesius,  who  states  that  both  Homer  and 
Pindar  were  tran>iattd  into  Arabic  by  tlie 
middle  of  the  eighth  century.  See  Fabricius, 
Diblvotbeca  Grat-ca  (Hamb.  1 7 12-38),  torn, 
xli.  p.  753. 

^"  Sir  William  Jones,  Traite  aur  la  Pocsie 
orientale,  sec.  '2. — Sismondi  says  that  Sir  W. 
•lones  is  mistaken  in  citing  the  history  of 
Timour  by  Ebn  Arabsciiah  as  an  Arabic 
epic.  (Litterature  du  Midi,  torn.  i.  p.  57.) 
It  is  Sismondi  who  is  mi^tiiken,  since  the 
EnKli^^h  critic  ^tates  tlmt  tht  Arabs  have  no 
heroic  poem,  and  that  this  j.'>etical  prose 
history  is  not  accounted  such  even  by  the 
Arabs  thcmw  Ives. 

'"  It  would  require  much  more  learning 
than  I  am  fortified  with,  to  enter  into  tlie 
merits  of  the  question  which  has  been  raised 
resjiecting  tlie  probable  inlluence  of  the 
Arabic  on  the  literature  of  Europe.  A.  W. 
Sclilegel,  in  a  work  of  little  bulk,  but  much 
value,  in  n-futing  with  his  usuul  vivacity  the 
extravagant  theory  of  Andres,  has  been  led 
to  conclusions  of  an  opposite  nature,  which 
may  be  thought  perhaps  scarcely  less  ex- 
travagant, (Observations  sur  la  Langue  et 
la  Litterature  Proven^ales,  p.  64.)  It  must 
indeed  seem  highly  improbable  that  the  Sara- 
cens, who,  during  the  Middle  Ages,  were  so 
far  superior  in  sci  nee  and  literary  culture  to 
the  Europeans,  could  have  resided  so  long  in 
immediate  contact  with  them,  and  in  those 


very  countries  indeed  which  pave  birth  to 
the  most  cultivated  poetry  of  that  pirin.!, 
without  e.xerting  some  perceptible  influemv 
upon  it.  He  this  as  it  may,  its  iiiHncnoon 
the  Castilian  cannot,  reasonably  fx'  disputtil. 
This  has  been  briefly  tracwl  by  Coiulo  in  in 
"  Eysay  on  Oriental  Poetry,"  I'wsin  orieuh!, 
whose  publication  he  anticipates  in  tiip  l'n>- 
face  to  his  "  History  of  the  Spanish  Aralw, ' 
but  which  still  remains  in  maniisiriiit.  (The 
copy  I  have  used  is  in  the  lil)rary  of  Mr. 
George  Ticknor.)  lie  professes  in  tiiiswurk 
to  discern  in  the  earlier  Ca.stilian  ixxtry,  in 
the  Cid,  the  Alexander,  in  Berceo's,  the  arch- 
priest  of  Hita's,  atid  others  of  similar  an- 
tiquity, most  of  the  peculiarities  ami  varieties 
of  Arabian  verse ;  the  same  cadences  ani 
number  of  syllables,  the  same  interiiiixtur? 
of  assonances  and  consonances,  the  doultl' 
hemistich  and  prolonged  repetition  of  tli'? 
final  rhyme.  From  the  same  sonrce  he  lic- 
rives  much  of  the  earlier  rural  luinstrel-yif 
Spain,  as  well  as  the  measures  of  its  roinam'  s 
and  seguidillas;  and  in  the  Preface  to  lii< 
History  he  has  ventured  on  the  bold  asserii^n 
that  the  Castilian  owes  so  much  of  it*<  v.^ 
aibulary  to  the  Arabic  that  it  may  be  ahiw-t 
accounted  a  dialect  of  the  latter.  Con.l '■ 
criticisms,  however,  must  be  quitted  »iili 
reserve.  His  habitual  studies  had  t-'ivf"  •''"' 
such  a  keen  relish  for  Oriental  literature  that 
he  was  in  a  manner  denaturalized  from  Lis 
own. 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS. 


179 


A  decided  effect  has  been  produced  on  the  romantic  literature  of  Euro|'0 
bv  tliose  tales  of  fairy  enohantincnl,  so  characteristic  of  Oriental  j^enius,  and 
in  w)iich  it  seems  to  have  revelled  with  uncontrolled  delij,'ht.  These  tales, 
wliji'li  fiiriiished  the  principal  diversion  of  the  East,  were  imported  by  the 
Siir.veiis  into  Snain  ;  and  we  find  the  inonarchs  of  Cordova  solacini?  their 
leisure  liours  with  Hstening  to  their  ruwis,  or  novelists,  who  sang  to  them 
"Of  l>dye-!ove  and  war,  romance,  and  knightly  worth."  " 

TliP  same  spirit,  penetrating  into  France,  stimulated  the  more  sluggish  inven- 
tions of  the  trouvire,  and,  at  a  later  and  more  polished  period,  called  forth 
the  imperishable  creations  of  the  Itiilian  nuise.*' 

It  is  uiifurtunate  for  the  Arabians  that  their  literature  should  be  locked  up 
in  a  character  and  idiom  so  dithcult  of  access  to  European  scholars.  Their 
wild,  imai^inative  poetry,  scarcely  cipable  of  transfusion  into  a  foreign  tongue, 
is  made  knt)wn  to  us  only  through  the  meilium  of  l>ald  prose  translation  ; 
while  their  scientific  treatises  have  been  done  into  Latin  with  an  inaccuracy 
whiih,  to  make  use  of  a  pun  of  Casiri's,  merits  the  name  of  perversions  rather 
than  versions  of  the  originals.*'  How  obviously  inadecpiate,  then,  are  our 
means  of  forming  any  just  estimate  of  their  literary  merits  !  It  is  unfortu- 
nate for  them,  moreover,  that  the  Turks,  the  only  nation  which,  from  an 
identity  of  religion  and  government  with  the  Araljs,  as  well  as  from  its 
itiijitieal  consequence,  would  seem  to  represent  them  on  the  theatre  of  modern 
Eiirojie.  should  be  a  race  so  degraded  ;  one  which,  during  the  five  centuries 
that  it  lias  been  in  i)Ossession  of  the  finest  climate  and  monuments  of  an- 
tiquity, lias  so  seldom  been  quickened  into  a  disjday  of  genius,  and  added  so 
little  of  positive  value  to  the  literary  treasures  descended  from  its  ancient 


masters.    Yot  this 
imagination  with  t' 


people,  so  .sensual  and  slugo;ish,  we  are  apt  to  confound  in 
le  sprightly,  intellectual  Arab.  Both  indeed  have  been 
subjected  to  the  infiuence  of  the  .same  degrading  political  and  religious  institu- 
tions, which  on  the  Turks  have  produced  the  results  naturally  to  have  been 
exjiected ;  while  the  Arabians,  on  the  other  hand,  exhibit  the  extraordinarv 
|ihenomenon  of  a  nation,  under  all  these  embarrassments,  rising  to  a  hign 
(le;:ree  of  elegance  and  intellectual  culture. 

The  empire,  which  once  embraced  more  than  half  of  the  ancient  world,  has 
now  shrunk  within  its  original  limits ;  and  the  Bedouin  wanders  over  his 
native  desert  as  free,  and  almost  as  uncivilized,  as  before  the  conung  of  his 
ai'Ostle.  The  language  which  was  once  spoken  along  the  southern  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  whole  extent  of  the  Indian  Ocean  is  broken  up 
into  a  variety  of  discordant  dialects.  Darkness  has  again  settled  over  those 
redous  of  Africa  which  were  illumined  by  the  light  of  learning.  The  elegant 
lialect  of  the  Koran  is  studied  as  a  dead  language  even  in  the  birthi)lace  of  the 
l'ro[ihet.  Not  a  printing-press  at  this  day  is  to  ne  found  throughout  the  whole 
Arabian  Peninsula.  Even  in  Spain,  ia  Christian  Spain,  alas  !  the  contrast 
is  scarcely  less  degraduig,    A  deathlike  torpor  has  succeeded  to  her  former 


"  Byron's  beautiful  line  may  seem  almost 
a  version  of  Conde's  Spanish  text,  "  eucesos 
de  iirnias  y  de  amores  con  muy  estranos 
l»ncps  y  en  elegante  estilo." — Dominacion  de 
ios.\ral)e8,  torn.  i.  p.  457. 

"  Sismondi,  in  his  Litterature  du  Midi 
tim.  i.  pp.  267  et  seq.),  and  more  fully  in 
hi*  Republiques  Italiennes  (torn.  xvi.  pp.  448 
•■t'<''q.),  derives  the  jealousy  of  the  sex,  the 
i'i**  of  lionour,  and  the  deadly  spirit  of 
revenge,  which  distinguished  the  southern 


nations  of  Europe  in  the  fifteenth  and  six- 
teentii  centuries,  from  the  Arabians.  Wlmt- 
ever  be  thouglit  of  ihe  jealousy  of  the  sex,  it 
might  liave  been  supposed  that  tiio  principles 
of  lionour  and  the  8{>irit  of  revenge  minht, 
without  seelcing  further,  find  abundant  pre- 
cedent in  the  feudal  habits  and  institutions  of 
our  European  ancestors. 

•"  "  Quas  perversiones  potius,  quam  ver- 
tUmes  mi'rit5  dixeris."  Bibliotheca  Escu- 
rialensis,  torn.  1.  p.  266. 


180 


THE  SPANISH  ARABS 


intellectual  activity.  Her  cities  are  emptied  of  the  population  with  wl.i  h 
they  teemed  in  the  days  of  the  Saracens.  Her  climate  is  as  fair,  Imt  I,,,- 
fields  no  longer  bloom  with  the  same  rich  and  variegate^l  hu.sl>an(lry.  lid 
most  interesting  monuments  are  those  constructed  by  the  Arabs ;  "ami  tl. 
traveller,  as  he  wanders  amid  their  desolate  but  beautiful  ruins,  poiiilm  > 
the  destinies  of  a  iMjople  whose  very  existence  seems  now  to  iiave  beiii 
almost  as  fanciful  as  the  magical  creations  in  one  of  their  own  fairy  Uiles. 


NotwitliBtanding  the  history  of  the  Arabs 
in  flu  intimately  connected  with  that  ot  tlie 
Spaniards  tiiat  it  niuy  be  JuHtly  said  to  form 
tiie  reverse  side  of  it,  and  notwithstanding 
tlie  amplitude  of  authentic  documents  in  the 
Arabic  tongue  to  be  found  in  tlie  public  libra- 
ries, the  Castilian  writers,  even  the  most 
eminent,  until  tlie  latter  half  of  the  laHt  cen- 
tury, w ith  an  insensibility  which  can  be  im- 
put<'d  to  nothing  but  a  spirit  of  religious 
bigotry,  have  been  content  to  derive  their 
narratives  exclusively  from  national  autho- 
rities. A  Are  whicli  wcurred  in  tlie  Escurial 
in  1671  having  consumed  more  tlian  three- 
quarters  of  the  magnificent  collection  of 
b.istern  manuscripts  \\  hich  it  contained,  the 
Spanish  government,  taking  some  shame  to 
iiself,  as  it  would  appear,  for  its  past  supiue- 
ness,  caused  a  copious  catalogue  of  the  sur- 
viving volumes,  to  the  number  of  1850,  to  1)6 
compiled  by  the  learned  Casiri ;  and  the  re- 
sult was  his  celebrated  work,  "  liibliotheca 
Arubico-Ilispana  Escurialensis,"  which  ap- 
peared in  the  years  1760-7U,  and  which  would 
reflect  credit  from  the  splendour  of  its  lyiMj- 
graphical  execution  on  any  press  of  the  pre- 
sent day.  This  work,  although  censured  by 
some  later  Orienialists  as  hasty  and  super- 
ficial, must  ever  be  highly  valu«-d  as  afTording 
the  only  complete  index  to  the  rich  repertory 
of  Araliic  manuscripts  in  the  Escurial,  and 
fur  the  ample  evidence  which  it  exhibits  of 
the  science  and  mental  culture  of  the  >panish 
Arabs.  Several  other  native  scholars,  among 
whom  Andres  and  Masdeu  may  be  particu- 
larly noticed,  have  made  extensive  nsearches 
into  the  literary  history  of  this  people.  Still 
their  political  history,  so  essential  to  a  correct 
knowledge  of  the  Spanish,  was  comparatively 
neglected,  until  Seizor  Coiidc,  the  late  learned 
librarian  of  the  Academy,  who  had  given 
ample  evidence  of  his  Oriental  learning  in  his 
version  and  illuat'ations  of  the  Nubian  Geo- 
grapher, and  a  Dissertation  on  Arabic  Coins 
published  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Mimuirs 
of  the  Royal  Academyof  History,  compiled  his 
work  entitled  "Hi^torla  de  la  Dominacion  de 
los  Arabes  en  Espafta."  The  first  volume 
appeared  in  1820.  But  unhappily  the  death 
of  its  author,  occurring  in  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year,  prevented  the  completion  of  his 
design.  The  two  remaining  volumes,  how- 
ever, were  printed  in  the  c<>urse  of  that  and 
the  following  year  from  his  own  manuscripts ; 
and,  although  their  comparative  meagreness 
Aud  coafustid  chronology  betray  the  waut  of 


the  same  pntemal  hand,  they  cuntain  ni':  ■, 
interesting  Information.  Thi-  rcUtiun  if  n.. 
coiHjuest  of  (jranada,  especially,  wiili  wi,ic;, 
the  work  concludes,  exhibits  soun'  iiii|)<irt4M 
particulars  in  a  totally  diflerent  imint  uf  vi.-» 
from  that  in  which  they  had  bevii  prestnw 
by  the  principal  Spanish  historians. 

The  first  volume,  which  may  U'  om^ider  >! 
as  having  received  the  last  trnx Ihh  nf  i^ 
author,  embraces  a  circumstaiitiHl  narrative 
of  the  great  Saracen  invasion,  of  tlif  nuh- 
seijuent  condition  of  Spain  unilirthoTJicnys 
and  of  the  empire  of  the  Unnvadis,  m,. 
doubtcdly  the  most  splendid  |Hirtioii  of  ih. 
Ar.iblan  annals,  but  the  one,  iiiiliickily,  uli>\ 
has  l)een  most  c()i)iously  illustratcil  i-;  ti' 
IK)pular  work  compiled  by  Cardoiinc  frnui  th- 
Oriental  manuscripts  in  the  Uoyal  l.ibrarvt; 
I'aris.  But,  as  this  author  lias  fdliuuiil  i\.- 
Spaiiish  and  the  Oriental  autlioritirs  imli*- 
criminately,  no  part  of  his  book  tan  h  cit"i 
as  a  genuine  Arabic  version,  exo-pt  imli-,! 
the  last  sixty  pages,  comprising  tlir  coikiu'-; 
of  Granada,  which  Cardoiine  profisscs  in  hi' 
Preface  to  have  drawn  exclusively  fMiu  «r, 
Arabic  manuscriiH.  Conde,  on  the  itii.r 
hand,  professes  to  have  adhered  tu  liis  i  n- 
ginals  with  such  scrupulous  fid*  lity  that  t!. 
"  Euroi)ean  reailer  may  feel  that  In  \>  i»'ru>- 
ing  an  Arabian  author ; "  and  ctrtainly  vnr 
strong  internal  evidence  is  afforded  <f  tb 
truth  of  this  assertion,  in  the  jk  ciiliar  na- 
tional and  religious  spirit  which  p(rvado«  ti\- 
work,  and  in  a  certain  florid  gasioDddi  .f 
style,  common  with  the  Oriental  writers,  it 
is  this  fidelity  that  constitutes  tlic  jKCuliir 
value  of  Conde's  narrative.  It  is  the  tiM 
time  that  the  Arabians,  at  least  those  of  Siwin, 
— the  part  of  the  nation  which  reachiM  tiif 
highest  degree  of  refinement,  have  Uhi 
allowed  to  speak  for  thenistlves.  The  his- 
tory, or  rather  tissue  of  hisfcjries,  emlxidied  in 
the  translation,  is  certainly  conceived  in  iiu 
very  philosophical  spirit,  and  coiitaii"',  i* 
might  be  expected  from  an  Asiatit  pen,  litti' 
for  the  edification  of  a  European  reader  n 
subjects  of  policy  and  government.  The  nar- 
rative is,  moreover,  encumbered  with  fri- 
volous details  and  a  barren  uiusti  r-rull  uf 
names  and  titles,  wliich  would  b  tter  bettnif 
a  genealogical  table  than  a  history.  !'"<- 
with  evety  deduction,  it  must  l>e  allowed  t« 
exhibit  a  sufficiently  clear  vievs  uf  the  in- 
tricate conflicting  relations  of  the  petty  prin- 
cipalities w  hich  swarmed  over  the  PeiiiiiMii». 
ttud  to  furnish  abundant  evidence  of  a  witic- 


ipr»'«d  IntPlloctmil  imi 
l,„rT'iri  of  anarcljy  ami 
I,,,,  wiirk  lia«  alria( 
r,!hiT  para|ilinis»'<l,  in 
.IV  (if  an  Kiinll^li  vp 
iM  1  ur'at  (l«Krr't!  siipi 
f  Ibe  Spauish    Ara 

'('oni!'"'!'  repntatlon 
ii.»i|.'<l  by  a  If.iriu'd  I 
ji,.n",  who (lia-rilx's  h 
111  \riiWc  lore,  "kno 
ifMlfp  l^yorui  the  ch 
written,  -iiiil)lyiiiK  th( 
III  ntary  knowli-dne  Y 
;i,iiuiiiatii>n  ami  an  i 
firuiiiX  dates  by  the  \ 
tdkto  by  tbu  tiiuU8au( 


WAR  OP  OR A 


Zab.ira  snrpri^rni  bv  tl 
tlie  Citi/.eii'*— DeH| 
Measures  of  the  Q 

Xo  sooner  had  Fe 
iloniiiiions,  and  mj 
imion  umler  one  g 
of  the  I'eninsula 
for  nearly  eight  C( 
the  Moors  furnish 
ninment  when  it 
Granada  (hiring  tl 
luent  of  Henry  th 
firmer  monarch  ; 
ainialile  dis^wsitio 
Christian  princes  i 
natural  enemies  c 
'X'Civsional  border 
s(onilence  was  nia 
freiiiiently  resorte 
iemls,  tiiey  niingh 
chivalry. 

Miiley  Abul  F 
Jiti'erent  temperar 
to  viiilate  the  tnu 
after  his  accession 
fir  forei>,qi  war,  [ 
against  the  Chrisi 
the  condition  of 


*  '•( 


SURPRISE  OF  ALIIAMA. 


181 


«rn'»d  IntPlloftuiil  improvement  amid  all  the 
i,  rr'Ts  of  aiiari  liy  ami  a  ferocious  dc^potlMm. 

I  „.  wnrk  Im*  alradv  boon  traimlatcd,  or 
ri'hir  parapiirasfd,  Into  Frencli.  Tlic  nooos- 
1 IV  (if  an  KtiKli^li  verxlon  will  doiibtlPHB  be 

II  Kfriat  ilinrf't!  supcrwdt'd  by  the  liistury 
I  Ihe  Spauish    Arabs,    preparing    for   the 


Tonilf'd  reputation  hnn  been  vehemently 
,i.»i|.^l  hy  a  Iciriit'd  Dutch  Rcliolar,  K.  P.  A. 
iujy,  who  il' wrilM'R  him  an  a  mere  prptonder 
111  '\riihli-  liirc,  "knowing  little  of  the  lan- 
rnfc  l)o.von(i  the  characters  in  which  it  is 
*n\Wi,  -iipplyiiin  the  lack  of  the  most  ele- 
ni  niiry  kixiwlcdKn  by  an  exiremely  fortlte 
iiiiwiniiiHii  atiii  ai>  unequalled  Impudt'uce, 
f  rt'inu  (latfs  liy  the  hundrwl,  and  1  enting 
tjktii  by  ibu  tituusaud,  while  pruteiiding  to 


Cabinet  Cyrlopajdla,  by  Mr.  Southey,— a 
writer  with  whom  f<'W  Caatilian  Hchoiar)*  will 
be  witling  to  coinpt'te,  «\en  on  tht-lr  own 
ground,  and  wlio  i«,  happily,  not  ex|K»-»«l  to 
the  national  or  religiouH  prejudices  which  can 
interfere  with  hla  rendering  uerfect  Justice  to 
bis  subject. 


give  a  faitliful  translation  of  Arabic  textit." 
The  work  in  whicii  these  charges  apiicar 
(Recherches  sur  I'llistoire  politique  e^  litt^. 
raire  de  rEspagne  pendant  le  moyen  Age)  is 
chiefly  contined  to  the  eleventh  century,  und 
was  left  unflniHiied  at  the  author's  death. 
The  sufflclency  of  his  proofs,  no  far  as  they 
extend.  niu!4t  be  left  to  the  Judgment  of  com- 
petent Arabic  scholars. — Eo.J 


CHAPTER  IX. 

WAR  OP  GR.iJfADA. — SURPRISE   OF   ZAHARA.— CAPTURE  OP   ALHAMA. 

1481-1482. 

Ziihira  surprised  bv  the  Moors— Mirquis  of  Cadiz— His  Expedition  against  Alhama— Valour  of 
tlie  Citi/.iiis — Desperate  Struggle—  Fall  of  Alhuma — Consternation  of  the  Moors— Vigorous 
.Measurt'S  of  the  Queen. 

Xo  sooner  had  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  restored  internal  tranquillity  to  their 
doniiiiioiis,  and  made  the  strength  effective  which  had  been  acquired  by  their 
union  under  one  government,  than  they  turned  their  eyes  to  those  fair  regions 
"f  the  i'eiiinsula  over  which  tlie  Moslem  crescent  had  reigned  triunipliant 
fiir  nearly  eight  centuries.  Fortunately,  an  act  of  aggression  on  the  part  of 
the  Moors  furnished  a  pretext  for  entering  on  their  plan  of  conquest,  at  the 
mnnient  when  it  was  ripe  for  execution.  Aben  Ismail,  who  had  ruled  in 
Granada  during  the  latter  part  of  John  the  Second's  reign  and  the  commence- 
iiient  of  Henry  the  Fourth  s,  had  been  partly  indebted  for  his  throne  to  the 
firmer  monarch  ;  and  sentiments  of  gratitude,  combined  with  a  naturally 
aiiiiahle  disposition,  had  led  him  to  foster  as  amicable  relations  with  the 
Christian  princes  as  the  jealousy  of  two  nations,  that  might  be  considered  the 
natural  enemies  of  each  other,  would  permit ;  so  that,  notwithstiinding  an 
occiisional  border  foray,  or  the  capture  of  a  frontier  fortres.s,  such  a  corre- 
.<[K)ndence  was  maintained  between  the  two  kingdoms  that  the  nobles  of  Castile 
freiiiiently  resorted  to  the  court  of  Granada,  where,  forgetting  their  ancient 
ieiids,  they  mingled  with  the  Moorish  cavaliers  in  the  generous  pastimes  of 
chivalry. 

Muley  Abul  Hacen,  who  succeeded  his  father  in  1466,  was  of  a  very 
(iiilereiit  temperament.  His  fiery  character  promi)ted  him,  when  very  youn,!', 
to  violate  the  truce  by  an  unprovoked  inroad  into  Andalusia  ;  and,  although 
after  his  accession  domestic  troubles  occupied  him  too  closely  to  allow  leisure 
f'T  foreii^qi  war,  he  still  cherished  in  secret  the  same  feelings  of  animosity 
ajiinst  the  Christians.  When,  in  1476,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  required,  as 
the  condition  of  a  renewal  of  the  truce  which  he  solicited,  the  payment  of 


182 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


the  annual  tribute  imposed  on  his  predocessors,  he  proudly  replied  that'';!,, 
mints  of  (Jninatla  coined  no  l(»nger  j^old,  l)Ut  steel."  His  subsetpu-nt  coml. ; 
did  not  belie  the  spirit  of  this  Spaitjin  answer.' 

At  lerisfth,  towards  the  dose  of  thevear  U.SI,  the  storm  which  ha<l  Ww^. 
lon^  uatherin^'  burst  upon  Zahara,  a  small  fortified  tiwn  on  tiic  fiDntur  i 
AiuiahHia,  crowning;  a  l(»fty  eminence,  washed  at  its  Iwvse  by  the  river  (iiiaiLi. 
lete,  which  from  its  jiosition  seemed  almost  inaccessilde.  The  ;rarriv;. 
trustin;,^  to  those  natural  defences,  sutlered  itself  to  be  surprised,  on  tlieiii:ii 
of  the  '2itt\\  of  December,  by  the  M(M)rish  monarch,  who,  scaling  the  wali. 
under  favour  of  a  furious  tempest,  which  nrevented  his  approach  frnm  Uii,, 
readily  iHMvrd,  nut  to  the  sword  such  of  the  Kuard  as  ollered  resistaiirc,  a.ii 
Hwept  away  tne  whole  population  of  the  place,  men,  women,  and  cliiWrwi, 
inti)  slavery  in  Granada. 

The  intellij^ence  of  this  disaster  caused  deep  mortification  to  the  Snanii. 
sovereigns,  especially  to  Ferdinand,  by  whose  grandfather  Zahara  liail  Un 
recovered  from  the  Moors.  Measures  were  accordingly  taken  for  stn  ii,nlii';. 
ing  the  whole  line  of  frontier,  and  the  utmost  vigilance  was  exertt'(l  tod.'U-: 
some  vulnerable  point  of  the  enemy,  on  which  retaliation  might  Ihj  siictw 
fully  inHicte<l.  Neither  were  the  tidings  of  their  own  succe>.s.ses  welccnnol  Iv 
the  people  of  Granada  with  the  joy  that  might  have  been  expccteij.  T.' 
progno.stics,  it  wa.s  .said,  afforded  by  the  appearance  of  the  hejvvens,  \tniM  i, 
good.  More  sure  prognostics  were  atlbrded  in  the  judgments  of  thinkiii,'  iii'i,. 
who  deprecated  the  temerity  of  awakeninj'  the  wrath  of  a  viinliitive  iii,l 
j)()werful  enemy.  "Woe  is  me  !"  exclaimed  an  ancient  Alfaki,  on  iiiiittii.: 
the  hall  of  audience.  "  The  ruins  of  Zahara  will  fall  on  our  own  heads ;  tlie 
days  of  the  Moslem  empire  in  Snain  are  now  numbered  ! "  * 

It  was  not  long  l)efore  the  (lesired  oj)portinnty  for  retaliation  preseiii'M 
itself  to  the  Spaniards.  One  Juan  de  Ortega,  a  captain  of  eacil'i'l'trrf,: 
.scalers,  so  denominated  from  the  peculiar  service  in  which  they  were  eiiuilDVil 
in  besieging  cities,  who  had  accpiired  some  reputation  under  John  the  >V  iil 
in  the  wars  of  Roussillon,  reporte<l  to  Diego  de  Merlo,  assistjiiit  of  Seville, 
that  the  fortress  of  Albania,  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  Moorisli  teniton  ■. 
was  so  negligently  guarded  that  it  might  be  easily  carried  by  an  enemy  win 
had  skill  enough  to  approach  it.  The  fortress,  as  well  as  the  citv  of  the  >;iiw 
name,  which  it  commanded,  was  built,  like  many  others  in  tnat  turliiiit'i; 
T)eriod,  along  the  crest  of  a  rocky  eminence,  encompas.sed  by  a  river  at  i:« 
uase,  and,  from  its  natural  advantages,  might  be  deemed  impregnable.  Tiil< 
strength  of  position,  by  rendering  all  other  precautions  apnarently  suiiertli:"'.N 
hdled  its  defenders  into  a  .seeurity  like  that  which  had  proved  s>i  fatal  t. 
Zahara.  Alhama,  as  this  Arabic  name  implies,  was  famous  for  its  liaths 
whose  annual  rents  are  said  to  have  amounted  to  five  hundreij  thi'iMii 
ducats.  The  monarchs  of  Granada,  indulging  the  taste  common  to  the  ih"  ;  e 
of  the  East,  used  to  frequent  this  place,  with  their  court,  to  refresh  tlieiii  tl'<> 
with  its  delicious  waters,  .so  that  Alhama  became  embellished  with  all  ti'' 
magnificence  of  a  royal  residence.     The  place  was  still  further  eiirichi-'i  iy 

Lobrija  stiitcs  that  the  revenuos  of  <;ran*lv 
at  tlip  cuinmoiirvmi'tit  of  this  war.  ani";''' 
to  a  million  of  g M  ducats,  ami  tliat  ii  k  |^' 
in  pay  Tooo  horsomon  on  it-*  pat?  e«ti!'i--- 
ment,  and  c<juld  send  fortli  'il.uou  wim'! 
from  its  Kates.  Tiie  ia.'^t  of  tli-'*'  ejti"""' 
would  not  seem  to  be  px.ig},'<'rit<>d.  Ktna 
Gi'starum  Decades,  ii.  lib.  l,  cap  l. 


'  Cardonne,  Hist,  de  r.Xfrique  ot  de  I'Ks- 
panni',  torn.  iii.  pp.  467-469.— Conde,  Douii- 
nacioii  di-  los  Arabes,  torn.  iii.  cap.  32,  34. 

-  Jtornaldez,  Reyes  (aiolicos,  MS.,  cap.  .'il. 
— Conde,  Douiinacion  de  los  Arabes,  torn.  iii. 
cap.  34.— Pulgar,  Kcyes  Catolicos,  p.  lao.—  L. 
Marineo,  Cosas  momorables,  fol.  171.— Mar- 
tnoi,  HIstoria  del  Rebelion  y  Castigo  de  los 
Moriscos  (Madrid,   1797),  lib.   1,  cap.   IJ.— 


its  JH'ing  til 
l>niii>  h  of  t 
iiili.'iliitants 
l)ie.;i>  (je 
not  iii>ensil 
.\lliaiiia  wa- 
.sianely  ei::! 

FlloSt  pupllld 

tolls  sitri'ii, 
delay,  liouc\ 
i'oii  Koiirigc 
)ii>  caiiaiity 
siii(e('ilt'i|  hi: 
cf  i'uiia'de  ] 
ayoiiiixer  ai 

OillMMJIU'lli'O 

When  .scarce 
a'ciiiiiiianicd 
f'iniied  a  com 
minister  of  11 
di:nity  of  ma 
Ili'iiry,  in  jii 
l-aU'll.'i,  on  w 
•■ye.    lie  dill 
liiiiiself  witli  I 
'liike  of  .Meiiii 
Hii'ieiit  times  , 
)erti;iacity  wi 
'.irried  not  on 
)i'iti(i'(l  in  th 
repre.s.sed  tlies. 
t»"  nohles,  efic 
fl leiii.    Tfie  fie 
i''  (loine.Ntic  bn 
■■"I'i  at  thi.s  nioi 
"»t'r  the  horde 
i"iild  .spring  iij 
\\'ithout  lies 
'•'  -Merlo,  imj.ji 
•^'.idaiiisia,  a  r 
iiei-lilHMiriiig  fu 


'  f>tra-l,).  Pol.Ia 
[^  •-'<•.  ■^4^.-Ki 

-i'*"l.   p.   222,    II, 

■:-s.p  l.l._Man 

"^'.^I'll.    l.Clip.    1 

_f"'''iga,  Annalr 
-llii!  (•■.rurnM  i[ 
.''"■n  I'oM  |;,^rip 
:^;,^'^-^  «l,i,i,   |,u, 

,  '"^'h  iTisk  u.e  J 
-t.  furwuich  I 


a 


SinirillSE  OF  ALII  AM  A. 


183 


h.it '••,!,.■ 

(I  Wen  V 

rMiiiicr  'i 

pirn>"ii, 

the  iii:ir 

the  «;i'i,< 

"om  W\K 

i  cluldri':,, 

e  Siiaiii-i. 

tri'ii;:ttii';i- 
I  tod.'U-: 

K!  S1U.VI.'" 

ctei   Tic 

;,  lM(le<l  11' 

iikiiii,' "It'll, 
lictivf  iihi 
»M  (iiiitlih: 
heads ;  the 

ji  jiresente'l 
Uhiilorrt,': 
•('  oiniiltvid 

le  NlVnll'l 

,  of  Seville, 
torritoritv, 

lll'lllY  will 
of  i\w>A\\\i 

it  turliiileiit 

river  at  it' 

lahle.   TiiL< 

sui'crtlu"iiN 

so  fatal  tu 

,r  its  baths 

,1  thoiisai,! 

the  ]«■"'.  ^ 
.  them  fl"" 
with  alUi/ 

'iiru:li*''i  !■}' 

ar.aiii"'';'" 

1  that  It  I;;' 

ai'P  o'^t*''  '■-■ 
l.ijuu  wif"'" 
I,,,*,  e^ti'"""  I 
■u.^d.   K«na 
1. 


its  K'irii.'  the  '/f/»/>^  of  the  public  taxes  on  land,  which  crnstitutod  a  principal 
lii-aiiih"»f  thi!  rt'veiiue,  ami  by  its  various  manufactures  of  ch)tli,  for  which  its 
iiili.ihitaiits  were  celebrated  throu>,'hout  the  kin^'tloin  of  (Iranjida.* 

l)i»-o  (If  .Mi'ilo,  although  struck  with  the  advantages  of  this  contpiest,  was 
not  iMM'iiMltle  to  the  ditticidties  with  which  i^  would  be  attende<i ;  since 
Alliaiiiiv  wa-i  sheltered  under  the  very  wings  of  (Jranada,  from  which  it  lay 
sianeiy  ci_'ht  leagues  distant,  and  could  Ik)  reached  only  by  traversing  the 
iii.ist  iiopul(Mis  portion  of  the  Moorish  territory,  or  by  sufmounting  a  precipi- 
tous iicri'ii,  or  chain  of  mount^iins,  which  screened  it  on  the  north.  VVithout 
diL'iv,  linucvcr,  he  conununicated  the  information  which  he  had  receive<l  to 
l).iii"lli"lrii,'o  I'once  (le  Leon,  manpus  of  CadiZj  as  the  person  l>est  fitted  by 
hi>  (iqiai  ity  ami  cotirago  for  such  an  enterjjrise.  This  nobleman,  who  had 
siKrecilod  his  father,  the  cotnit  of  Arcos,  in  14()0,  as  liead  of  the  grejvt  house 
(.f  Tuiicc  lie  Leon,  was  at  this  period  al)0ut  thirty-nine  years  of  age.  Although 
ayniiii;4er  anil  illegitimate  son,  he  had  l)een  j)referred  to  the  succession  in 
(.."iiM'iiueme  of  the  extmordinary  nromlse  which  his  early  youth  exhibited. 
W lull  staiccly  seventeen  years  olu,  he  achieved  a  victory  over  tlie  Moors, 
ariiiiipaiiicd  with  a  signal  display  of  personal  prowess.*  Later  in  life^  ho 
f  irineti  a  connection  with  the  daugliter  of  the  nmnpiis  of  Villena,  the  factious 
iiiiiiiNterof  Henry  the  Fourth,  through  whose  influence  he  was  raised  to  the 
(li.'iiity  of  iiianpus  of  Cadiz.  This  alliance  attached  him  to  the  fortunes  of 
lit'iiry,  ill  his  disputes  with  his  brother  Alfonso,  and  subsetiuently  with 
l-aU'lla,  oil  whose  accession,  of  course,  Don  Kodrigo  looked  with  no  friendly 
eve.  He  did  not,  however,  entrage  in  any  overt  act  of  resistance,  but  occupied 
liimself  with  prosecuting  an  hereditary  feud  which  he  ha<l  revived  with  the 
duke  of  .Mi'diua  Sidonia,  the  Iiead  of  the  Guzmans,  a  family  which  from 
aiK  ieiit  times  ha<l  divided  with  his  own  the  great  interests  of  Andalusia.  The 
IiTtiiiacity  with  whi^U  this  feud  was  conducted,  and  the  desolation  which  it 
tarried  not  only  into  oeville,  but  into  every  quarter  of  the  province,  have  been 
noticed  in  the  nreceding  pages.  The  vigorous  atlininistration  of  Isabella 
rtpressed  those  disorders,  and,  after  abridging  the  overgrown  power  of  the 
t»n  iiohles,  ctlbcted  an  apparent  (it  was  only  a|)parent)  reconciliation  l)etween 
tlieiii.  The  fiery  spirit  of  th6  marquis  of  Cadiz,  no  longer  allowed  to  escape 
ill  (l<iiiie.>tic  broil,  urged  him  to  seek  distinction  in  more  honourable  warfare  ; 
and  at  this  moment  Tie  lay  in  his  castle  at  Arcos,  looking  with  a  watchful  eye 
Mir  the  borders,  and  waiting,  like  a  lion  in  ambu.Nh,  the  moment  when  he 
i"iiid  spring  upon  his  victim. 

\\  ithout  hesitation,  therefore,  he  assumed  the  enterprise  proposed  by  Diego 
ill'  Merlo,  imiiarting  his  piirpose  to  Don  Pedro  Henritiuez,  adelantado  of 
.\iidalusia,  a  relative  of  Ferdinand,  and  to  the  alcaydes  of  two  or  three 
iiii^dilMjiiring  fortresses.    With  the  assistance  of  these  friends  he  assembled 


4' 


'  btriila,  Pdhlacion  de  Espafia,  torn.  II, 
I?  .147,  'J4'<.  -  Kl  Niibipime,  iiescripcion  dc 
J- 1*11  s,  p.  '.!•:■.•,  iKita.— Pulijar,  Ueyes  Caio- 
"  ■<.  p.  HI.— Mannol,  Rebclion  de  lo8  Mo- 
nniis,  lib.  l,cnp.  12. 

Zufiiga,  Aimales  de  Sevilla,  pp.  349,  302. 
-Th'!  I'.rurr.'il  in  th'  tight  of  Madrofto, 
»!i-n  iKiii  H.Hlrigo,  Htooping  to  adjust  his 
nj.slrr,  wliicli  had  Itocn  unlaced,  was  sutl- 
il  !.ly  siirru\iiidi-d  by  a  party  of  Moors.  He 
':  atdi'it  a  uliii^  fn^m  one  of  them,  and  made 
fiich  brisk  use  of  it  that,  after  disabling 
|^*r»l,  \\c  ■■iicceeded  in  putting  them  to 
".::.t,  fur  wuich  IVat,  says  Zufiiga,  the  king 


complimented  him   with  the  title  of  "the 
youthful  iJavid." 

Don  Juan,  count  of  Arcos,  had  no  children 
born  in  wedlock,  but  a  numerous  i>rofreny  by 
his  concubines.  Among  these  latter  was 
Dofla  Lef)nora  Niifiez  de  I'rado,  the  nmtber  of 
Don  Kodrigo.  The  brilliant  and  attractive 
qualities  of  this  youth  so  far  won  tli<'  aflec- 
tions  of  his  fatlier  that  the  latter  obtained  the 
royal  sanction  (a  circumstance  not  infrequent 
In  an  age  when  the  laws  of  descent  were  very 
unsettled)  to  bequeath  him  his  titles  and 
estates,  to  the  prejudice  of  more  legitimate 
heira. 


184 


WAR  OF  GIIAN/DA. 


a  force,  wliich,  inrltuliu^  those  wlio  niftrrho<l  iin<!cr  the  lnuincr  of  Seville, 
juiioiuiUmI  to  twn  tlitiusaiid  five  luiiulretl  lidrM'  lunl  \h\vv  tliniiMiml  futii.  Jl,! 
own  town  of  Miirclu'im  was  ap['oiiit('<l  us  tin'  place  of  rcinU'ZVdiis.  'j'|„, 
lini|ios(Ml  route  lay  by  tin-  way  of  Antet|iiera,  across  the  wild  sii'rrus  (if  Al/i  rifi 
'I'lie  iii(iiiiitaiii-iia^s(N,  MitlK  ieiitly  (litlicult  at  a  sca-soii  when  their  niiiii.r.ii. 
ravines  were  choked  up  hy  the  winter  tiirrents,  were  remU'retl  .siill  uiuf,' 
fttrini(hilile  hy  hein;;  traversed  in  the  (hirkiiess  of  iii^lit ;  for  the  jm  ty.  iii 
order  to  conceal  their  ninveinents,  lay  hy  (hiring;  the  day.  Leaviii;;  thtlr 
haui;a;;e  on  th(f  lianks  df  the  Ye^uas,  that  they  nii;;ht  move  forwunl  «itli 
j,'reater  ceU'rity,  the  whole  IkmI^  at  len>;th  arrived,  after  a  rapid  und  iiiu«t 
painful  inarch,  on  the  third  ni^dit  front  their  departine,  in  a  deep  v;i||,.s 
ahout  half  a  leA;t;ue  from  Alhaina.  Here  the  nuinpiis  first  revuded  tlicrd 
(dijectof  the  expe<lition  to  his  soldiers,  who,  little  dreaming  of  anything'  Ik  vi  nl 
a  mere  horder  inroa<l,  were  transported  with  joy  at  the  prospect  of  the  rich 
booty  so  nearly  within  their  urasp,* 

The  next  morning,  In'inj,'  tiie  2Hth  of  Fehniary,  a  small  party  was  ditadini, 
alK)ut  two  hours  before  dawn,  under  the  command  of  John  de  Orte;;a,  fnrtLi 
i)urpose  of  scalinti  the  citadel,  while  the  main  iKxly  movtHl  forwanl  mui, 
leisurely  under  the  marquis  of  Cadiz,  in  order  to  support  them.  The  ni^lit 
',vns  dark  and  temi)estuous,  a  circumstance  which  favoured  their  npiirmrl, 
in  the  same  manner  as  with  the  Moors  at  Zahara.  After  asceiiijinn  tin 
rocky  heijrhts  which  were  crowned  hy  the  citadel,  the  ladders  were  siTcntly 
placed  a^'ainst  the  walls,  and  ( )rte^oi,  followed  hy  al)Oiit  thirty  others,  mic- 
(■ceded  in  gaining  the  battlements  unol)served.  A  sentinel,  who  was  ItmA 
sleeping  on  his  jmst,  they  at  once  despatched,  and,  proceeding  (aiitii'iblv 
forward  to  tlu!  guard-room,  put  the  whole  of  the  little  garrison  to  tlio  swdril, 
after  the  s'  'rt  and  ineflectual  resistance  that  could  be  opposed  hy  iiici 
suddenly  roused  frouj  slund)er.  The  city  in  the  mean  time  was  alariiicHl,  liii 
it  was  too  late  ;  the  citadel  was  taken  ;  and  the  outer  gates,  whidi  <>\n'],>-\ 
into  the  country,  being  thrown  open,  the  manjuis  of  Cadiz  eiitcrcij,  \wt:i 
trumpet  sounding  and  banner  flying,  at  the  head  of  his  army,  and  took 
possession  of  the  fortress.* 

After  allowing  the  refreshment  necessary  to  the  exhausted  spirits  of  his 
soldiers,  the  manpiis  resolved  to  sally  forth  at  once  upon  the  town,  before  it? 
inhabitants  could  muster  in  sufficient  force  to  ojtpose  him.  But  tlie  citi/eii> 
of  Alhama,  showing  a  resolution  rather  to  have  been  expected  from  iiiin 
trained  in  a  caujp  than  from  peaceful  burghers  of  a  manufacturing  town,  liail 
sprung  to  arms  at  the  first  ah.rm,  and,  gatliering  in  the  narrow  street  ci 
which  the  [lortal  of  the  castle  o{)ened,  so  comnletely  conunanded  it  with  tlitir 
anjuebuses  and  crossbows,  that  the  Spaniards,  after  an  inefi'ectual  attemit 
t(t  force  a  jiassage,  were  compelled  to  recoil  upon  their  defences,  amid  slioivtr^ 
of  bolts  and  balls,  which  occasioned  the  loss,  among  others,  of  two  of  their 
principal  ali^aydes. 

A  council  (tf  war  was  then  called,  in  which  it  was  even  advised  l\v  some 
that  the  fortress,  after  having  been  dismantled,  should  be  abaiuldiiod  a< 
incapable  of  defence  against  the  citizens  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  sllea^^ 
whicli  might  be  expected  speedily  to  arrive  from  Granada  on  the  other.   But 


'•  B'rna'ilcz,  Iloyos  Catf'licos  MS.,  cap.  52. 
— L.  Marlnpo,  Cosas  memorublt's,  tol.  171. — 
Pulpar  computeH  the  marquis'n  army  at  3000 
horsp  and  4000  foot.  Reyes  CatoUcos,  p  isi. 
<^>n(ie,  Doiuinacion  de  lo8  Arabes,  torn.  iii. 
cap.  .'It. 


•  Lebrija,  Ilcrnm  Opstannn  Decaiiof".  n 
lib.  1,  cap.  2.— Carbajal.  Aiiales,  MS,  ado 
1482.— Rornaldoz.  Ueyes  Catolio-s  MS,  c;p 
52.  -Zurlta,  Analps,  torn,  iv  fol.  .^IS -<'*•• 
dotuip.  Hi't.  de  I'Afiique  et  de  TE^pagn" 
toin.  iii.  pp.  252,  253. 


1h 


8UU1»UISE  OF  ALIIAMA. 


It^'S 


this  rniinw'l  was  rpjjTtt^l  witli  imlijjnation  by  tlie  innrquis  of  Cjidiz,  who<e 
ticrv  siiiritrusc  with  the  orcnsioii ;  iudeod,  it  vvjus  not  vt'iv  paluUvltU'  lo  most 
iif  ills  fill  lowers,  wliost'  cii|)i*lity  wan  iiioru  tliaii  cvci*  intlaineil  by  tlic  si^'ht 
of  tilt'  ril  li  s|M)il  wliii-h,  after  so  many  fatiuucs,  now  lay  at  tlu'ir  feet.  It 
uii>  a<riM(liiiuly  ri'solvc*!  to  (ioiitolish  part  of  tltu  furtiticatioiis  wiiicli  louki'«l 
t  .w»nl>  the  town,  and  at  all  ha/uinls  to  force  a  {xussa^e  into  it.  This  resolii- 
tini  wiis  at  oiiic  |)i>t  into  execution  ;  an*l  the  inari|iiis,  throwing;  himself  into 
tiic  liirncli  thus  made,  at  the  head  of  his  inen-at  arms,  and  shouting  his 
warm  of  "St.  James  and  the  Vir^'in,"  n-ecipitHted  himself  into  the  thickest 
f  tlio  ciieiny.  Others  of  the  Spanianls,  running  alon;;  the  outworks  con- 
t.'iKiiis  to  the  huilthnics  of  the  city,  leaped  into  the  street,  and  joined  their 
<''iii|)Uiiioiis  there,  while  uthers  again  sallied  from  the  ^'ate.s,  now  o|>ened  for 
ii;i'  ^^'^^||l|  time.' 

Tht'  .Mi>ors,  unshaken  by  the  fury  of  this  assault,  receive<l  tlie  assjiilants 
Hitli  I'risk  and  well-directed  volleys  of  shot  and  arrows ;  while  the  women 
itiil  chiMrcii,  thron^ini;  the  ro<»fs  and  l)alconieH  of  the  houses,  discharged  on 
their  heads  iKiilini'  oil,  pitch,  and  missiles  of  every  description.  But  the 
\wA\»m  of  the  Aloors  glanced  com|taratively  jjarmless  from  the  maileil 
iiniioiir  (if  th(^  Spaniards,  while  their  own  Utdies,  loosely  arraye<l  in  such 
iuiliiliiiit'uts  as  they  could  throw  over  them  in  the  confusion  of  the  ni^dit, 
inM'iited  a  fatal  mark  to  their  enemies.  Still  they  continued  to  maintain 
a  stout  re^istance,  checking  the  progress  of  the  Spaniards  l)y  Iwirricades  of 
tiiiikr  hastily  thrown  across  the  streets;  and,  as  their  intrenchments  we.e 
fori'od  one  after  another,  they  dispute<l  every  inch  of  ground  with  tlio 
ii'''|ii'nitinu  of  men  who  fouj,dit  for  life,  fortune,  lii)ortv, — all  that  wius  niost 
ikir  to  them.  The  contest  hardly  slackened  till  the  close  of  day,  while  the 
kciiiii'ls  litcrallv  ran  with  blood,  and  every  avenue  was  choked  up  with 
till'  Uxlies  of  the  slain.  At  len^^th,  however.  Spanish  valour  proved  trium- 
liiiiiit  in  every  (piarter,  except  where  a  small  and  desperate  reumant  of  the 
Moirs,  havinj,'  j^'athered  their  wives  and  children  around  them,  retreated  as 
a  l;i-t  rpsitrt  into  a  large  mostiue  near  the  walls  of  the  city,  from  which  they 
kt'|it  up  a  ^'ailing  fire  on  the  close  ranks  of  the  Christians.  The  latter,  after 
•riiiliirin,!,'  some  Toss,  succeeded  in  sheltering  themselves  so  eHectually  under 
a  rmjf  or  canopy  constructed  of  their  own  shields,  in  the  maimer  practised 
ill  war  previous  to  the  exclusive  use  of  firearms,  that  they  were  enabltsl  to 
a}i|iri)acn  so  near  the  niostpie  as  to  set  fire  to  its  dooi's  ;  when  its  tenants, 
bituaoei  with  suffocation,  made  a  desperate  sally,  in  which  many  perishe<l, 
1  aiij  the  remainder  surrendered  at  discretion.  The  prisoners  thus  made  were 
I  a!i  massacred  on  the  spot,  without  distinction  of  sex  or  age,  according  to  the 
"arairn  accounts.  But  the  Castilian  writers  make  no  mention  of  this  ;  and, 
a>  t!ie  apiK'tites  of  the  Spaniards  were  not  vet  stinnilated  l)y  that  love  of 
«ania.'e  which  they  afterwards  displayed  in  their  Amerium  wars,  and  which 
h'l^  rqtugiiant  to  the  chivalrous  spirit  with  which  their  contests  with  the 

-M'>leiiis  wore  usually  conducted,  we  may  be  justified  in  regarding  it  as  an 
I i.vtMitiun  of  the  enemy.' 

Aliiaiaa  was  now  delivered  up  to  the  sack  of  the  soldiery,  and  rich  indeed 
h;i>  tlie  Itooty  which  fell  into  their  liaiuls, — gold  and  silver  plate,  pearls, 
P'Vels,  tine  silks  and  cloths,  curious  and  costly  furniture,  and  all  the  various 
|«i'purtunances  of  a  thriving,  luxurious  city.     In  addition  to  this,  the  maga- 


Btrnaliiei,    Reyes   Cat61lco9,    MS.,    ubl 

•  •pri--('„i)j,.,   l)ouilnaclon  de   los   Arabes, 

|<^P  H.-L.  Mariueo,  Cosas  memurables,  fol. 


'  Conde,  Dominncion  de  los  Arabes,  ubl 
Biipra. — I'ulnar,  Ueyi's  Cttt6licos,  pp.  18'J,  18:{. 
— Mariana,  ilist  de  Eupofia,  torn.  ii.  pp.  545, 
54t>. 


186 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


zines  were  found  well  stored  with  the  more  substantial,  and  at  the  pre^ert 
juncture  more  serviceable,  supplies  of  grain,  oil,  and  other  provisions.  Nejirjv 
a  (piarter  of  the  population  is  said  to  nave  perished  in  the  various  contlii  t.^  <'i 
the  day,  and  the  remainder,  according  to  tne  usage  of  the  time,  hccaine  the 
l)rize  of  the  victors.  A  considerable  nundjcr  of  Christian  captives,  wlm  w^p 
found  imiruired  in  the  public  prisons,  were  restored  to  freedom,  funl  swfllci 
the  general  jtibilee  with  their  grateful  acclamations.  The  conteniiiora.T 
(Jastilian  chroniclers  record  also,  with  no  less  satisfaction,  the  (U'tectinii  if 
a  Christian  renegade,  notorious  for  his  depredations  on  his  countrymen,  wlidv 
misdeeds  the  marquis  of  Cadiz  requited  by  causing  him  to  be  luuit;  up  mt 
the  battlements  of  the  castle,  in  the  face  of  the  whole  city.  Tims  fell  tie 
ancient  city  of  Albania,  the  first  conquest,  and  achieved  with  a  gallantrr 
and  daring  unsurpassed  l>y  any  other  during  this  memorable  war." 

The  report  of  this  disaster  fell  like  the  knell  of  their  own  donm  on  the 
ears  of  tne  inhabitants  of  Granada.  It  seemed  as  if  the  hand  of  I'roviiltnre 
itself  must  have  been  stretched  forth  to  smite  the  stately  city,  whirh,  re]xisjii.' 
as  it  were  under  the  shadow  of  their  own  walls,  and  in  the  bosom  of  a  [»e.vifij 
and  i)opulous  country,  was  thus  suddenly  laid  low  in  blood  and  ashes.  Men 
now  read  the  fulfilment  of  the  disastrous  omens  and  predictions  wliifh  usherei 
in  the  capture  of  Zahara.  The  melancholy  romance  or  ballad,  with  the  burden 
oi  Ay  de  mi  Alhama!  "Woe  is  me,  Alhama  !"  composed  probably  hy  s-ine 
one  of  the  nation  not  lonp  after  this  event,  shows  how  deep  was  t'le  (Icjivti.  ,t 
which  settled  on  the  spirits  of  the  people.  The  old  king,  Aluii  llacen. 
however,  far  from  resigning  himself  to  useless  lamentation,  sought  to  retrieve 
his  loss  by  the  most  vigorous  measures.  A  body  of  a  thousand  horse  w;i< 
sent  forward  to  reconnoitre  the  city,  while  he  prepared  to  follow  wth  u 
powerful  levies  as  he  could  enforce  of  the  militia  of  Granada."* 

The  intelligence  of  the  conquest  of  Alhama  diffused  general  satisfacti'n 
throughout  Castile,  and  Avas  especially  grateful  to  the  sovereigns,  who  wel- 
comed it  as  an  auspicious  omen  of  the  ultimate  success  of  their  (lesi;:ns  up  n 
the  Moors.  They  were  attending  mass  in  their  royal  palace  of  Medina  Jii 
Cam])o,  when  they  received  despatches  from  the  marquis  of  Cadiz,  iiifonnin: 
them  of  the  issue  of  his  enterpnse.  "  During  all  the  while  he  sat  at  diiuier,' 
says  a  precise  chronicler  of  the  period,  "  the  pnident  Ferdinand  was  revolvin.' 
in  his  mind  the  course  best  to  be  adopted."  He  reflected  that  the  Castilian> 
would  soon  be  beleaguered  by  an  overwhelming  force  from  Granada,  and  he 
determined  it  all  hazards  to  support  them.  He  accordingly  gave  orders  to 
make  instant  preparation  for  departure,  but  first  accompanied  tiie  (jurtii, 

Lloravan  todas  las  damas 

Quuntas  en  (Jranada  avia. 

Ay  de  mi  Alhama  ! 


"  Bomaldpz,  Reyes  Cat6licos,  MS.,  cap.  52. 
— Pulgar,  Reyes  Ciit61icos,  ubi  supra. — Car- 
don  ne,  Hist,  de  I'Afrique  et  de  TEspagne, 
t  m.  iii.  p.  254. 


'"  «'  Passeavase  el  Rey  Moro 
I'or  la  ciudad  de  Granada, 
Desde  las  pucrtas  de  Elvira 
Hasta  las  di'  Hivarambla. 
•    Ay  dc  mi  Alhama ! 

"  CartiP  le  fiientn  venidas 
Qiii'  Albania  era  panada. 
Las  caitas  echo  en  ol  fuego 
Y  al  men!<ag('ro  matava. 
Ay  de  mi  Alliama  ! 

"  Hombres,  niflos  y  mnperfs, 
Lloran  tan  grande  pcrdida. 


♦•  Por  las  calles  y  veiitanas 
Mucho  luto  parecia ; 
Llora  el  Rey  como  fVnibra, 
Qu'  es  mncho  lo  que  ji'Tiiia. 
Ay  de  ml  Alhanui  I  " 

The  rrimavce,  accordinp;  to  Ilita  (imt  thf  M 
vouchor  for  a  fact),  cauRe<i  such  ponoral  l»ni*r.- 
tation  that  it  was  not  allowed  to  lie  sund'yt;? 
Moors  after  the  conquest.  (Ouorrasrivile!' i' 
Granada,  torn.  i.  p.  350.)  I.oni  Hyron,  a«ta? 
redder  rec<jllpcts,  has  done  tlii>  ho.\\u\  v'a' 
English.  Tlie  version  has  the  uprit  nt  tW-'liiJ 
It  is  not  his  fault  if  his  uiu«e  appears  t"  liti> 
advantage  in  the  plebeian  dress uf  the. Mouriw 
minstrel. 


dicad  of  infect 


'^;ti 


SURPRISE  OF  ALIIAMA. 


187 


atteinled  by  a  solemn  procession  of  the  court  and  clergy,  to  the  c<atho<lral 
cliiirch  "f '*^t.  James,  where  Te  Deuni  was  chanted,  ana  a  hinnhle  thanks- 
•:W\i\ji  otlered  up  to  the  Lord  of  hosts  for  the  success  with  wliich  he  had 
crowned  tlieir  arms.  Towards  eveuinj^,  the  kinjj;  set  forAvard  on  his  journey 
to  tilt'  south,  escorted  hy  such  nol>Ies  and  cavahers  as  were  in  attendance  on 
!ii-i  iicrsnii,  leaving  the  (lueen  to  follow  more  leisurely,  after  having  jiruvided 
rtinfcneincnts  and  supplies  rei^uisite  for  the  nrosecution  of  the  war." 

Oil  the  ")th  of  March,  the  knii;  of  Granada  appeared  l>efore  the  walls  of 
Ailiaiiia,  with  an  army  which  amounted  to  three  thousand  horse  and  fifty 
tiiiiusand  foot.  The  first  object  which  encountered  his  eyes  was  the  mangled 
rt'iiiains  of  his  mifortunate  subjects,  which  the  Christians,  who  would  have 
Uvn  s(aii(ialized  by  an  attempt  to  give  them  the  lites  of  sepulture,  had  from 
('.icivldf  infection  thrown  over  the  walls,  where  they  now  lay  half  devoured 
liv  liinN  of  jirev  and  the  ravenous  dogs  of  the  city.  Tlie  Moslem  troops. 
ti~in<iKirted  with  horror  and  indignation  at  this  hideous  spectacle,  calleil 
loiidiy  to  l>e  led  to  the  attack.  They  had  marclied  from  Granada  with  so 
iiiiuli  jirccipitation  that  they  were  wholly  unjirovided  with  Jirtillery,  in  tlie 
use  of  which  they  were  expert  for  that  period,  and  which  was  now  the  more 
necessary,  as  the  Spaniards  had  diligently  emjiloyed  tlie  few  days  which  inter- 
vene<l  since  their  occui)ation  of  the  place  in  repairing  the  breaches  in  the 
fortilioations  and  in  nutting  them  in  a  posture  of  defence.  But  the  Moorish 
ranks  were  filled  with  the  flower  of  chivalry  ;  and  their  immense  superiority  of 
miMilic:  <  enabled  them  to  make  thei'*  attacks  simultaneously  on  the  most  distant 
iiuarters  of  the  town,  with  such  unintermitted  vivacity  that  the  little  garrison, 
si^arceiy  allowed  a  moment  for  repose,  was  well-nigh  exhausted  with  fatigue." 

At  length,  however,  Abul  Hacen,  after  a  loss  of  more  than  two  thousand  of 
his  bravest  troops  in  these  precipitate  assaults,  became  con\  inced  of  the  im- 
iraoticahiHty  of  forcing  a  position  whose  natural  strength  was  so  ably  seconded 
ly  the  valour  of  its  defenders,  and  he  determined  to  reduce  the  place  by  the 
more  tardy  but  certain  method  of  blockade.  In  this  he  was  favomed  by  one 
or  two  circumstances.  The  town,  having  but  a  single  well  within  its  walls,  was 
aluMst  wholly  indebted  for  its  supplies  of  water  to  the  river  which  Howed  at  its 
Uise.  The  Moors,  by  dint  of  great  labour,  succeeded  in  diverting  the  stream 
Ml  effeotiiallv  that  the  only  conununication  with  it  which  remained  open  to 
the  besieged  was  by  a  subterraneous  gallery  or  mine,  that  had  probably  lx»en 
(Miitrived  with  reference  to  some  such  emergency  by  the  origdnal  inhabitants. 
The  month  of  this  passage  was  commanded  in  such  a  manner  by  the  Moorish 
itrhers  that  no  egress  could  be  obtained  without  a  regular  skirmish,  so  that 
fvtTy(lrop  of  water  might  l)e  said  to  be  purchased  with  the  blood  of  Christians, 
'hii,  "if  they  had  not  possessed  the  courage  of  Spaniards,"  says  a  Castilian 
writer,  "would  have  l)een  reduced  to  the  last  extremity."  In  addition  to  this 
'alaniity,  the  garrison  began  to  be  menaced  with  scarcity  of  provisions,  owing 
I  tlie  improvident  waste  of  the  soldiers,  who  supposed  that  the  city,  after 
i'iiii:  plundered,  was  to  be  razed  to  the  ground  and  abandoned.'* 

At  this  crisis  thev  received  the  unwelcome  tidings  of  the  failure  of  an  ex- 
I^'ilition  destined  for  their  relief  by  Alonso  de  Agiiilar.  This  cavalier,  the 
Aief  It  an  illustrious  house  since  rendered  immortal  by  the  renown  of  his 


'I  I-.  Ma'inoo,  Cosas  memorablps,  fol,  172. 
-''oiuic,  Ihiiniiiaciun  dc  los  Arabes,  toin.  lii. 
«[' M.-('rt  h,\jal,  Anales,  MS.,  aHo  1182  — 
Mjriana,  HM.  de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  pp*  545, 

^  Reraaldez,  Reyes  Cat6Ucos,  MS.,  cap.  52. 
-Mrnaldez  sweUg  the  Moslem  army  to  5500 


liorao  and  80,000  foot,  but  I  have  prefprrod 
the  nitiri'  mixicrate  and  prob.ibic  estimate  of 
the  Arabic  authos.  (,'oiide,  Douiiiuicion  de 
los  Arabes,  tom.  iii.  cap.  34. — I'ulgai,  Reyes 
Ciit61icos,  Imc.  cit. 

"  <iaribay,  Comppndio,  tf)m.  Ii.  lib.  18,  cap. 
23.— Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  pp.  183,  184. 


188 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


younger  hrotlior,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  had  assembled  a  considerable  ]»o(lv  ({ 
troops,  on  learning  the  capture  of  AUiania,  for  the  purfjose  of  supi)ortiii(;'|,i, 
friend  and  conii»anion-in-arnis  the  nmnpus  of  Cadiz.  (Jn  reacbiiiy  the  slmres  „i 
Yeguas,  lie  received,  for  the  first  time,  advices  of  the  formidable  Ijost  which  iav 
y)etween  him  and  the  city,  rendering  liojjcless  any  attempt  toijenetrate  intdtlie 
latter  with  his  inadeipiate  force.  Contentir^;  hunself,  therefore,  with  nruver- 
ing  the  baggage  which  the  manpiis's  army  in  its  rapid  march,  as  has  licen 
already  noticed,  had  left  on  the  banks  of  tlie  river,  he  returned  to  Anteiiiura." 

rncler  these  depressing  circumstances,  the  indomitable  spirit  of  the  iiiaii)iii> 
of  Cadiz  seemed  to  infuse  itself  into  the  hearts  of  his  soldiers.  He  was  evtr 
in  the  front  of  danger,  and  shared  the  nrivations  of  the  meanest  of  his  full()W( •^ ; 
encouragdng  them  to  rely  with  undounting  confidence  on  the  sympathies  Mhiih 
their  ca\ise  must  awaken  in  the  breasts  of  their  countrymen,  'i'he  event 
jiroved  that  he  did  not  miscalculate.  8oon  after  the  occupation  of  AlimiiKi, 
tlie  manpiis,  foreseeing  the  difficulties  of  his  situation,  had  despatched  uiIsmvo 
re(piesting  the  su])port  of  the  principal  lords  and  cities  of  Andalusia.  In  thi- 
sunmions  he  fiad  omitted  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  as  one  who  had  f;(xrl 
reason  to  take  uin})rage  at  being  excluded  from  a  share  in  the  original  enter 
prise.  Henrique  de  Guzman,  duke  of  .V;edina  Sidonia,  possessed  a  decree 
of  power  more  considerable  than  any  other  chieftain  in  the  south.  His  yearly 
rents  amounted  to  nearly  sixty  thousand  ducats,  and  he  could  bring  into  the 
field,  it  was  said,  from  his  own  resources  an  army  little  inferior  to  what  niiL'lit 
be  raised  by  a  sovereign  prince.  He  had  succeeded  to  his  inheritance  in  14ia 
and  had  very  early  given  his  su]>port  to  the  pretensions  of  Isabella.  Nutwitli- 
standing  his  deadly  feud  with  the  manjuis  of  Cadez,  he  liad  the  geiiero>ity, 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  present  war,  to  march  to  the  relief  of  tiie  mar 
chioness  when  beleaguered,  during  her  husband's  absence,  by  ajjarty  of  Ahmrs 
from  Ronda,  in  her  own  castle  of  Arcos.  He  now  sliowed  a  similar  alacrity 
m  sacrificing  all  personal  jealousy  at  the  call  of  patriotism." 

No  sooner  did  ne  learn  the  perilous  condition  of  his  countrymen  in  Ailiaiw 
than  he  mustered  the  whole  array  of  his  household  troons  and  retainers,  win  ii 
when  combined  with  those  of  the  marquis  de  Villena,  of  the  count  de  Caltra,  an  1 
those  from  Seville,  in  which  city  the  family  of  the  Guzmans  had  long  excrcis'e'l 
a  sort  of  hereditary  influence,  swelled  to  the  number  of  five  thousand  huiseand 
forty  thousand  foot.  The  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  putting  himself  at  tlie 
head  of  this  powerful  body,  set  forward  without  delay  on  his  expedition. 

When  King  Ferdinand  in  his  progress  to  the  south  had  reached  the  little 
town  of  Adamuz,  about  five  leagues  from  Cordova,  he  was  informed  of  the 
advance  of  the  Andalusian  chivalry,  and  instantly  sent  instructions  to  the  duke 
to  delay  his  march,  as  he  intended  to  come  in  person  and  assume  the  cumniaiiii. 
But  the  latter,  retiirning  a  respectful  ajiology  for  his  disoliedience,  reiire-^ente-l 
to  his  master  the  extremities  to  which  the  besieged  were  already  reduced,  aiiil. 
without  waiting  for  a  reply,  pusheil  on  with  the  utmost  vigour  fur  Alliama. 
The  Moorish  monarch,  alarmed  at  the  ai)pioach  of  so  powerful  a  reinfune 
ment,  saw  himself  in  danger  of  being  hemmed  in  between  the  garrisdu  on  the 
one  side  and  these  new  enemies  on  the  other.  Without  awaiting  their  aiipear- 
ance  on  the  crest  of  the  eminence  which  separated  him  from  them,  he  liastiiv 
broke  up  his  encami)ment,  on  the  '291h  of  March,  after  a  siege  of  mure  than 
three  weeks,  and  retreated  on  his  capital.'^ 


^ina>  it  might  1; 


'*  Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,   MS.,   cap. 
62. 

"  Zufiipa,  Annates  de  Sevllla,  p  360.— L. 
Marineo,  CuPaB  memorablea,  fol.  24,  172. — 


Iz-brija,   Rerum  Gestaruiu    PrcaUes,  lib. 
cap.  :j. 

"  Piilpar,  Reyes  Cat61icos,  pp.  IHf,  1"4 
Berntildez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  53.- 


SURPRISE  OF   ALHAMA. 


180 


Albania 

:TS,  will'  ii 

;alira,airl 
.'xercise'l 
lorseaiiii 
f  at  tht 

lion, 
the  little 
of  the 
I  the  Juke 

L'uiiiiiiauiL 
)re.'>eiite'l 
iced,  ainl 
Alhaiiia. 

reiiifi.'^*'' 
son  oiitlie 

■ir  ait«».r- 
ho  hastily 
mure  than 


ides,  lib.  1. 

1H(,  1*4.- 
.,  cap.  M.- 


TliP  srarrlson  of  Alhama  viewed  with  a.stoiiishinent  the  sudtlon  departure  of 
their  eiu'iiiies ;  but  their  wonder  wa.s  converted  into  joy  wlien  they  l»elu'hl  the 
liriu'lit  arms  and  banners  of  their  countrymen  ^leaniin^'  alon;^'  the  declivities  of 
tlie"iiinuiitains.  They  rushed  out  with  tunudtuous  transnort  to  receive  them 
;uiil  pHiir  forth  tlieir  j^ratefid  acicnowledi^Mnents,  widle  the  two  connnandcr.s, 
,  iilini'  iiiu'  eiU'h  otiier  in  the  presence  of  their  united  armies,  pleil^ued  themselves 
t ,  a  imitual  oblivion  of  all  past  grievances  ;  thus  atlonhng  to  the  nation  tho 
l^Nt  i»"ssilile  eiirnest  of  futuie  successes,  in  the  voluntjiry  extinction  ot  a  feud 
which  had  desolated  it  for  so  many  generations. 

Ndtwithstanding  the  kindly  feelings  excited  between  the  two  arniie.s,  a 
ili^liute  had  wellnigh  ari.sen  respecting  the  division  of  the  soil,  in  whicii  the 
iiiike "s  army  claimed  a  share,  as  having  contributed  to  secure  the  con(iue.st  whi(  h 
tiicir  more  fortunate  countrymen  had  etlected.  Rut  these  discontents  were 
;ijilie;vsod,  though  with  some  ditticultv,  by  their  noble  leader,  who  besought  his 
iiitMi  not  to  tarnish  the  laurels  already  won,  by  nnngling  a  so/did  avarice  with 
tilt'  ;,'enerous  motive.s  which  had  prompted  them  to  the  expedition.  After  t)ie 
i,f 'es-^^ary  time  devoted  to  rei)0se  and  refresiunent,  the  condiineil  armies  pro- 
riH'iled  to  evacuate  Alhama,  and,  having  left  in  garrison  Don  Diego  Merlo, 
with  a  corps  of  troops  of  the  herniandad,  returned  into  their  own  territories." 
Ki'ii;  Ferdinand,  after  receiving  the  reply  of  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia, 
hail  pressed  forward  his  march  bv  the  way  of  Cordova,  as  far  as  Lucena,  with 
the  intention  of  throwing  himself  at  all  hazjirds  into  Alhama.  He  was,  not 
wiihiHit  imich  ditticulty,  dissuaded  from  this  by  his  nobles,  who  represented 
the  t(Mnority  of  the  enterprise,  and  its  incompetency  to  any  good  result,  even 
sli'iild  he  succeed,  with  the  small  force  of  which  he  was  master.  On  receiving 
intelligence  that  the  siege  was  rai.sed,  he  returned  to  Cordova,  where  he  was 
J  lined  l)y  the  (lueen  towards  the  latter  part  of  April.  Isabella  had  l)een 
eiiiiiUyed  in  making  vigorous  preparation  for  carrying  on  the  war,  by  enforcing 
the  requi>ite  supi)lie.s,  and  summoning  the  c.own  vas.sals,  and  the  principal 
iwbilitvof  the  north,  to  hold  themselves  in  readinc-s  to  join  the  royal  stiindard 
ill  Ani'  hisia.  After  this,  she  proceeded  bv  rapid  stages  to  Cordova,  notwilli- 
>taiidi.  :  the  state  of  pregnancy  in  which  she  was  then  far  advanced. 

Here  the  sovereigns  received  the  unwelcome  information  that  the  king  of 
Grauaihv,  on  the  retreat  of  the  Spaniards,  had  again  sat  down  before  Alhama ; 
iiaving  brought  with  hun  artillery,  from  the  want  of  which  he  had  suffered  so 
imich  in  the  preceding  siege.  Tnis  news  struck  a  damp  into  the  hearts  of  the 
la^tilians,  many  of  whom  recommended  the  total  evacuation  of  a  place, 
"which,"'  they  said,  "was  so  near  the  capital  that  it  must  l)e  perpetually 
(xiMised  to  sudden  and  dangerous  a.ssaults  ;  while,  from  the  dithciiltyof  reach- 
iiiL,'  it,  it  .vould  cost  the  Castilians  an  incalculable  waste  of  blood  and  treasure 
in  its  defence.  It  was  experience  of  these  evils  which  had  led  to  its  abandon- 
ment in  fiM-mer  days,  when  it  had  been  recovered  by  the  Siianish  arms  from 
thi'  Saracens." 

Ivihella  was  far  from  being  shaken  by  these  arguments.  "  Glory,"  she  said, 
"was  not  to  be  won  without  danger.  The  j)resent  war  was  one  of  peculiar 
'litticulties  and  danger,  and  these  had  been  well  calculated  before  entering  upon 
it.  The  strong  and  central  position  of  Alhama  made  it  of  the  last  importance, 
^ni'  e  it  might  be  regarded  as  tlie  key  of  the  enemy's  country.  This  was  the 
tirst  hlow  struck  during  the  war,  and  honour  and  policy  alike  forbade  them  to 


Ffrrpras,  Hist.  d'Espagne,  torn.  vli.  p.  572 — 

'ifiiiJa,  Animles  de  SeviUa,  pp.  392,  393- 
-''&r.|onnf,  Hist,  de  I'Afrique  ct  de  I'Espagne. 
Hii.iij.  p.  257. 


"  rulgar,  Reyes  Cat^licos.  pp.  183-186 

Oviedo,  yuiucuagenas,  M.S.,  bat.  1,  quiiic.  1, 
dial.  28. 


190 


SURPRISE  OF  ALIIAMA. 


adopt  a  measure  wliich  couM  not  fail  to  damp  the  ardour  of  the  nation."  This 
o{)inion  of  the  (pieen,  thus  decisively  expressed,  determined  the  niu'^tion,  aiil 
kindled  a  spark  of  her  own  enthusiasm  in  the  breasts  of  the  most  <l('spun(|iii;.',i' 

It  was  settled  that  the  kin.i?  should  march  to  the  relief  of  the  Ihnjc;^',], 
taking  with  him  the  most  ample  supplies  of  foraj^^e  and  provisions,  at  tlio  y^l 
of  a  force  stronjf  enouuh  to  compel  the  retreat  of  the  iMonrish  monarch.  T|,i, 
was  eliected  without  delay  ;  and,  Abul  Hacen  once  more  brwikinix  up  his  can'i 
on  the  ruuiour  of  Ferdinand's  approach,  the  latter  took  possession  of  thf'dtv, 
without  opposition,  on  the  !4th  or  M.ay.  The  kim,'  was  attended  liy  a  s|il»'i; lij 
train  of  his  prelates  and  i)rincipal  nobility  ;  and  lie  prei)ared  with  their  ail  ti 
dedicate  his  new  con(iuest  to  the  service  of  the  cross,  with  all  the  formalitiis 
of  the  Romish  church.  After  the  ceremony  of  purification,  the  tlirce  iiriiiri].al 
mos(pies  of  the  city  were  consecrated  by  tlie  cardinal  of  Spain,  as  teiii|il(s  >\ 
Christian  worship.  Rells,  crosses,  a  sumptuous  service  of  plate,  and  otln'r 
sacred  utensils,  were  liberally  furnished  by  the  (jueen  ;  and  the  principal  cliunli 
of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Encarnacion  long  exhibited  a  covering  of  the  altar,  riiliv 
embroidered  by  her  own  hands.  Isabella  lost  no  opportunity  of  inaiiifevtin: 
that  she  had  entered  into  the  war  less  from  motives  of  amltition  than  of  m\ 
for  the  exaltation  ol  die  true  faith.  After  the  completion  of  these  ceroiiioiiiiN, 
Ferdinand,  having  strengthened  the  garrison  with  new  recruits  undor  tli,' 
command  of  Portocarrero,  lord  of  Palma,  and  victualled  it  with  three  iiiontli- 
provisions,  prepaied  for  a  foray  into  the  vega  of  Granada.  This  lie  execiitoi 
in  the  true  spirit  of  that  merciless  warfare  so  repugnant  to  the  more  rivilizel 
usage  of  later  times,  not  only  by  sweening  awav  the  green,  unripeiied  m\t\ 
but  by  cutting  down  the  trees  and  eradicating  the  vines,  and  then,  withotit  -h 
much  as  having  broken  a  lance  in  the  expedition,  returned  in  triimiiih  to 
Cordova.'* 

Isabella  in  the  mean  while  was  engaged  in  active  measures  for  prosecntin: 
the  war.  She  issuet^l  orders  to  the  various  cities  of  Castile  and  Leon,  as  far  il^ 
the  Iwrders  of  Biscay  and  Guipuscoa,  prescribing  the  remirtimiento,  or  sutbilv 
of  provisions,  and  the  quota  oi  troops,  to  be  furnished  ny  each  district  resinv. 
tively,  together  with  an  adequate  supply  of  ammunition  and  artilh^ry.  Tiie 
whole  were  to  be  in  readiness  before  Loia  by  the  1st  of  July  ;  when  Ferdinaiil 
was  to  take  the  field,  in  person  at  the  head  of  his  chivalry,  and  besip;'e  that 
strong  i)ost.  As  advices  were  received  that  the  Moors  of  Granada  were 
making  etibrts  to  obtain  the  co  operation  of  their  African  brethren  in  snppn 
of  the  Mahometan  empire  in  Spain,  the  queen  caused  a  fleet  to  be  inanncl 
under  the  command  of  her  two  best  admirals,  with  instructions  to  sweep  the 
Mediterranean  a.s  far  as  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  thus  eftectually  cut  oH  all 
communication  with  the  Barbary  coast.** 


'"  Pernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  53, 
54. — Pulgar  states  that  Ferdinand  took  the 
more  Houiliern  route  to  Antequora,  where  1 
rceeived  tlie  tidin«-<  of  the  Moorish  king's 
retreat.  The  discrepancy  is  of  no  great  con- 
sequence ;  but  as  Hernaldez,  wlioni  I  have 
followed,  lived  In  Andalusia,  the  theatre  of 
action,  he  may  be  supposed  to  have  had  more 
accurate  means  of  information.  —  Pulgar, 
Eeyes  Catolicos,  pp.  1«7,  188. 

'•  Oviedo,  Quincuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc. 
1,  dial,  'iti — Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS., 
cap.  54,  55.— Lebrija,  Rerum  (iestiiriim  De- 
cades, lib.  1,  cap.  0. — Conde,  Domlnacioii  de 
lo8   Arabes,  cap.  34. — Salazar  de    Meiidoza, 


Cron  del  Gran  Cardcnal,  pp.  180,  I81.-Mir- 
moi,  Rebelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lit).  1,  i~-ip.  l:l. 
— iniring  this  second  siege,  a  bmly  if  Munii 
knights,  to  the  number  of  forty,  siicct>"''li^i  "i 
scaling  the  walls  of  the  city  in  the  Mi>.'Lt,ati! 
had  nearly  reached  the  gates  wiiii  tlie  ii.t' • 
tion  of  throwing  them  open  to  tiicir  cn;)!iir}- 
men.  when  tliey  were  ovetpowf'nd,  aft^' ' 
desperate  resistance,  by  the  Ciirisiiaiis.  "i"' 
acquired  a  rich  booty,  as  many  of  theciptiv'^ 
Wire  persons  of  ranlt.  Tiiere  is  consid  u.' 
variation  in  the  authorities  in  ri\eftnl  t" ''" 
date  of  Ferdinand's  o<-cupation  of  Allia"'*-  ' 
have  been  guided,  as  before,  by  HemaW"' 
■■'"  Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  pp.  \i*,  l**' 


W.\R  OF  ORi! 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQUIA. 


191 


CHAPTER  X. 


WAR  OF  GRANADA.— UNSUCCESSFUL   ATTKMI'T   ON   LOJA. — DEFEAT   IN   TUB 

AXAR(iUlA. 

1482-1483.      . 

Uii!<ucc<"i^ful  Attempt  on  Loja — Revolution  in  Granada — Expedition  to  the  Axarquin-  Mllit  iry 
Array-Motirisli  I're,  arations—IUoody  Conflict  among  the  Mouutitins — Tljc  Spaniards  lorco 
a  i'aswgc— The  Marquis  of  Cadiz  escapes. 

I/iJA  stands  not  many  leagues  f  i  cm  Alliania,  on  the  banks  of  the  Xenil,  wliioh 
p'lls  its  clear  current  through  a  valley  luxuriant  with  vineyards  and  olive- 
Lardeus ;  but  the  city  is  deeply  intrenched  among  hills  of  so  rugged  an  aspect 
thiit  it  has  l)ecn  led  not  inappropriately  to  assume  as  the  motto  on  its  arms, 
"A flower  among  thorns."  Untler  the  Moors,  it  was  dofendeil  by  a  strong 
fortress,  while  the  Xenil,  circumscribing  it  hke  a  deep  moat  upon  th"  south, 
fdriued  an  excellent  protection  against  the  apprctaches  of  a  besieging  army  ; 
sime  the  river  was  fordable  only  in  one  pla(  e,  and  traversed  by  a  single  bridge, 
fliiich  iiii;,'lit  be  easily  commanded  from  the  city.  In  addition  to  these  ad- 
vaiitaires,  the  king  of  Granada,  taking;  warning  from  the  fate  of  Alhama,  had 
stren;:thened  its  garrison  with  three  thousand  of  his  choicest  troops,  under  the 
piiiiniiui(l  of  a  skilful  and  experienced  Avarrior,  named  Ali  Atar.* 

In  the  mean  while,  the  etiorts  of  the  8panish  sovereigns  to  procure  supplies 
aile<iuate  to  the  undertaking  against  Loja  had  not  been  crowned  with  success. 
Tiie  cities  and  districts,  on  which  the  re({uisitions  ha<.l  been  made,  had  dis- 
cjvered  the  tardiness  usual  in  such  unwieldy  bodies ;  and  their  interests, 
moreover,  was  considerably  impaired  by  their  distance  from  the  theatre  of 
action.  Ferdinand  on  mustering  his  army,  towards  the  latter  part  of  June, 
(oiiud  that  it  did  not  exceed  forr  thousand  horse  and  twelve  thousand,  or 
imleed,  according  to  some  accounts,  eight  thou.sand  foot ;  most  of  them  raw 
militia,  who,  poorly  provide<l  with  military  stores  and  artillery,  formetl  a  force 
obviously  inade(piatc  to  the  magnitude  of  his  enterprise.  8ome  of  his  coun- 
sellors would  have  persuaded  him,  from  these  considerations,  to  turn  his  arms 
against  some  weaker  and  more  assailable  point  than  Loja,  But  Ferdinand 
burned  with  a  desire  for  distinction  in  the  new  war,  and  sutl'ered  his  ardour  for 
f'li'  e  to  jcet  the  better  of  his  prudence.  The  distrust  felt  by  the  leaders  seems 
h  have  infected  the  lower  ranks,  who  drew  the  most  unfavourable  prognostics 
from  the  dejected  mien  of  those  who  bore  the  royal  standawl  to  the  cathedral 
I'l  Cordova  in  order  to  receive  the  benediction  of  the  church  before  entering 
on  the  exjic'ilition.* 

Ferdinand,  crossing  the  Xenil  at  Ecija,  arrived  again  on  its  banks  before  Loja 
on  the  1st  of  July.  The  army  encamped  among  the  hills,  whose  deep  ravines 
obstruited  communication  between  its  different  quarters ;  while  the  level 
\hm  below  were  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  equally  unfavourable  to  the 
niana.uvres  of  the  men-at-arms.  The  duke  of  villa  Hermosa,  the  king's 
brother,  and  captain-general  of  the  hermandad,  an  otHcer  of  large  experience, 


Estrada,  Pol)lacion  de  Espafla,  torn.  il. 
PP  'ii'l,  'm.  Ztirita,  Anales,  t<.in.  iv.  fol. 
■>-  Canlunno,  Hist,  de  I'Afrique  et  de 
'wpdgnc,  torn.  111.  p.  261. 


"  Bemaldez,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  MS.,  cap.  5m. 
— Mariana,  Hist,  de  P^spafia,  torn.  ii.  pp.  249, 
250.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de  I'Afiique  ct  de  i'Es- 
pagne,  turn.  iii.  pp.  259,  26U. 


192 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


would  liave  persuaded  Ferdinand  to  atternrit,  hv  tlirowiiip  lirid^^^^os  across  tU 
river  lower  down  tlie  stream,  to  ajiproach  tlic  city  on  the  other  side.  Hm  |, ! 
Counsel  was  overruled  by  the  Castilian  olHcers,  to  whom  tlie  l(i(ation  nf  ti^ 
camp  lijvl  l)een  intrusteil,  and  wlio  neglected,  according  to  Zurita,  to  a(l\ie 
with  the  Andalusian  chiefs,  although  far  better  instructed  tiian  tliciii.st'lvteia 
JMoorish  warfare.* 

A  large  detachment  of  the  army  was  ordered  to  occupy  a  loftv  eiiiinoiup.at 
some  distance,  called  the  Heights  of  Albojiacen,  and  to  fcrti/y  it  with  s'i.i, 
few  pieces  of  ordnance  as  they  had,  with  the  view  of  annoying  tlic  i  ity.  Tiii< 
commission  was  intrusted  to'  the  maiCjuises  of  Cadiz  and  Villcnji,  and  tie 
grand  master  of  Calatrava ;  which  last  nobleman  ha<l  l)ronght  tu  the  tiii! 
about  four  hundred  horse  and  a  large  body  of  infantry  from  the  yhnv^  heliii:. 
ing  to  his  order  in  Andalusia.  Before  the  intrenchment  coiild  be  fully  (om- 
l»leted,  Ali  Atar,  discerning  the  importance  of  this  conunanding  station'  male 
a  sortie  from  the  town,  for  the  purj^ose  of  dislodging  his  enemies.  The  latter 
poured  out  from  their  works  to  encounter  him ;  but  the  Mosleni  uciurai, 
scarcely  waiting  to  receive  the  shock,  wheeled  his  s(piatlrons  romid,  ami  U'lian 
a  i>recipitate  retreat  The  Spaniards  eagerly  pursued  ;  but,  when  they  i,ail 
been  drawn  to  a  sufficient  distance  from  the  redoubt,  a  ]>arty  of  Moori-n 
(/iuetes,  or  light  cavalry,  who  had  crossed  the  river  unobserved  durini:  ti,e 
night  and  lain  in  aml)ush,  after  the  wily  fashion  of  Arabian  tactics,  daHoi 
from  their  j»lace  of  concealment,  and,  galloping  into  the  deserted  can)|i,  i  Inn- 
dered  it  of  its  contents,  including  the  lombards,  or  small  iiieces  of  aitillfry, 
with  which  it  was  garnished.  The  Castilians,  too  late  i»erceiving  tiieir  errr, 
halted  from  the  pursuit,  and  returned  with  as  much  speed  as  possilile  tu  tiie 
defence  of  their  canip.  Ali  Atar,  turning  also,  hung  c'ose  on  their  icar,  sd  that 
when  the  Christians  arrived  at  the  summit  of  the  hill  they  found  thein>elve3 
hemmeil  in  between  the  two  divisions  of  the  Moorish  army.  A  biisk  acti'ii 
now  ensued,  and  lasted  nearly  an  hour  ;  when  the  advance  of  rciiifnicenieiik 
from  the  main  body  of  the  Spanish  army,  which  had  been  delayed  liy  ili>t<iiitt 
and  impediments  on  the  roau,  compelleu  the  Moors  to  a  prompt  but  orderly 
retreat  into  their  own  city.  The  Christians  sustained  a  heavy  loss,  lartini 
larly  in  the  death  of  Rodrigo  Tellez  Giron,  grand  master  of  Calatrava.  He 
was  hit  by  two  arrows,  one  of  which,  penetrating  the  joints  of  his  l.anieNi 
beneath  his  sword-arm  as  he  was  in  the  act  of  raising  it,  inflicted  on  him  a 
mortal  wound,  of  which  he  expired  in  a  few  hours,  says  an  old  chronirler, 
after  having  confessed,  and  performed  the  last  duties  of  a  good  and  faitlifui 
Christian.  Although  scarcely  twenty-four  years  of  age,  this  cavalier  li;v; 
given  proofs  of  such  signal  prowess  that  he  was  esteemed  one  t»f  the  ImA 
knights  of  Castile  ;  and  his  de?th  threw  a  general  gloom  over  the  army.* 

Ferdinand  now  liecame  convinced  of  the  unsuitableness  of  a  position  whiii 
neither  admitted  of  easy  connnunication  between  the  ditferent  (piarters  of  Li; 
own  camp  nor  enabled  him  to  intercept  the  supjdies  daily  passing  into  that '  i 
his  enemy.  Other  inconvehiences  also  pressed  upon  him.  His  men  were  >■' 
badly  provided  with  the  necessary  utensils  for  dressing  their  food  that  tl;ey 
were  ooliged  to  devour  it  raw,  or  only  half  cooked.  Most  of  them  beiii^  iie« 
recruits,  imaccustomed  to  the  privations  of  war,  and  many  e\liau>ted  hy  a 
wearisome  length  of  march  before  joining  the  army,  they  began  ojieuly  to 


"  L.  ^larlnon,  Cosas  meniorablcs,  fol.  173. — 
Piil(.;ar,  Ueyca  CatoUcos,  p.  187. — Zurita, 
AiialPH,  torn.  iv.  fol.  316,  317. 

*  Rttdes  y  Andrada,  Las  tree  Ordones,  fol. 
80,  81. — L.  Marineo,  Cosas  memorublos,  fol. 


173.— Lehrija,  Roruni  Gestaniin  Iiocmi'?-  ' 
lib.  1,  cap.  7.— Conde,  Dmiiitiiuitm  do  1< 
Arab'8,  torn.  iii.  p.  214.— Carbajal,  AWifts 
MS.,  afio  1482. 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQUIA. 


193 


niiirnmr,  aiul  oven  to  desert  in  ^Teat  niinjl)ors.  Ferdinand  therefore  resolved 
tifaii  I'iK'k  f^'^  fj*'*  '^^  1^'^  ^'•'•'N  '^"•l  await  there  patiently  the  arrival  of  such 
frt'^h  ri'iiiforcenients  as  might  put  him  in  condition  to  enforce  a  more  rigorous 
ti|(ii  kailf. 

(inleis  were  accordingly  issued  to  the  cavaliers  occnpyihg  the  Heights  of 
AllKiliiveii  to  l)re<'ik  up  their  camp  and  fall  back  on  the  main  hody  of  the 
army.  This  was  executed  on  the  following  morniuif  l)efore  dawn,  being  the 
4th  iif  July.  No  sooner  did  the  Moors  of  Loja  perceive  their  enemy  abandon- 
iiii:  his  strong  position,  than  they  sallied  forth  in  considerable  force  to  take 
l^ivsossioii  (if  it.  Ferdinand's  men,  who  had  not  been  advised  of  the  i)r()j)()seil 
iiaiia'iivro,  no  sooner  beheld  the  Moorish  array  brightening  the  crest  of  the 
iiniiiiitaiii,  and  their  own  countrymen  rai»idly  clescending,  than  tl  3y  imagined 
tii;it  these  latter  had  been  sur|»rised  in  their  intrenchments  during  the  night, 
ami  were  now  Hying  before  the  enemy.  An  alarm  insUmtly  sprwid  through 
the  whole  ramp.  Instead  of  standing  to  their  defence,  each  one  thought  only 
nt  saving  himself  by  as  sj^eedy  a  Might  na  possible.  In  vain  did  Ferdinand, 
ruliii^' ailing  their  broken  hies,  endeavour  to  reanimate  their  spirits  and  restore 
I'nlei'.  He  might  as  easily  have  calmed  the  winds,  as  the  disorder  of  a  panic- 
struck  mob,  unschooled  by  discipline  or  exi)erience.  Ali  Atar's  practised  eye 
sjiwlily  discerned  the  conhision  which  prevailed  through  the  Christian  aimp. 
niihoiit  delay,  he  rushed  forth  impetuously  at  the  head  of  his  whole  array 
from  the  gates  of  Loja,  and  converted  into  a  real  danger  what  liad  before 
k't'ii  only  an  imaginary  one.* 

At  this  jierilous  moment,  nothing  but  Ferdinand's  coolness  could  have  saved 
the  army  fmni  total  destruction.  Putting  himself  at  the  head  of  the  royal 
-7ia;(l,  and  accomnanied  by  a  gallant  ban<l  of  cavaliers,  who  hefd  honour 
ilearer  than  life,  lie  made  such  a  determined  stand  against  the  Moorish 
alvame  that  Ali  Atar  was  compelled  to  pause  in  his  career.  A  furious 
>;nii,i;le  ensueJ  betwixt  this  devoted  little  band  and  the  whole  strength  of 
the  Moslem  army.  Ferdinand  was  repeatedly  exposed  to  innninent  peril. 
"11  one  occasion  he  was  indebted  for  his  safety  to  the  marrpiis  of  Cadiz, 
stio,  (;li;irging  at  the  head  of  about  sixty  lan:;es,  broke  the  deep  ranks  of 
the  Moorish  columns,  and.  compelling  it  to  recoil,  succeeded  in  rescuing 
his  sovereign.  In  this  adventure  he  narrowly  escaped  with  his  own  life, 
his  horse  l)eing  shot  under  him  at  the  very  moment  when  he  had  lost 
his  lance  in  the  body  of  a  Moor.  Never  did  the  Spanish  chivalry  shed  its 
hJiHiil  niore  freely.  The  constable,  coiuit  de  Ilaro,  received  three  wounds  in 
the  face.  Tlie  duke  of  Medina  Celi  was  unhorsed  and  brought  to  the  groinul, 
and  saved  with  dithculty  by  his  own  men  ;  and  the  count  of  Tendill.-i,  whose 
eiieanmment  lay  nearest  tne  city,  received  several  severe  blows,  and  would 
liave  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  had  it  not  been  for  the  timely  aid  of 
hw  frieii'l  tlie  young  count  of  Zufiiga. 

The  .Moors,  finding  it  so  dithcult  to  make  an  impression  on  this  iron  band 
of  warriurs,  Ix^gan  at  length  to  slacken  their  etibrts,  and  finally  allowed 
f'T'liiiand  to  draw  ofi  the  remnant  of  his  forces  without  further  opjKtsitiiui. 
Tiie  kiiij;  Continued  his  retreat,  without  halting,  as  far  as  the  romantic  site  of 
tae  IVfia  de  Jos  Enamorados,  about  seven  leagues  distant  from  Loja,  and, 
arwploiiiuir  all  thoughts  of  offensive  o]>erations  for  the  present,  soon  after 
Murneil  tn  Cordova.  Muley  Abul  Hacen  arrived  the  following  day  with  a 
I'jwerful  reinforcement  from  Granada,  and  swept  the  country  as  far  as  Uio 


I'lilgar, 
R^niilJ''/,,  i; 
|t':i.ic,  Domiuaeiun  du  los  Arabe>< 


I'vPycs  CatoUcos,  pp.  189-191.— 
l!<yt's  C'atnlicKS,  MS.,  cap.  r)>4. — 


ap 
lorn.  iii. 


pp.  214-217.— Canlnniic,  Hist,  do  I'Afrique  et 
de  ri'^Hpiignc,  toll!,  iii.  pp.  200,  201. 


194 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


Frio,  ITad  he  come  but  a  few  hours  sooner,  there  would  have  l)een  fpw 
kSpjiiiiards  h,'ft  to  tell  tlie  tale  of  the  rout  of  Loja.' 

The  loss  of  the  Christians  must  have  been  very  considerable,  includinir  the 
j,T('ater  part  of  the  baj^^KJ^Ko  aiid  the  artillery.  It  ocaisionod  deep  luortiti. 
cation  to  the  (jueen  ;  but,  though  a  severe,  it  i)roved  a  salutivry  Icssun.  It 
showed  the  importance  of  niore  extensive  pieparations  for  a  war  which  iinivt 
of  necessity  be  a  war  of  j)osts ;  and  it  tau,i;ht  the  nation  to  entertain  ^,'reatcr 
respect  for  an  enemy  who,  whatever  might  be  his  natural  strength,  niibt 
become  formidable  when  armed  with  the  energy  of  despair. 

At  this  jimcture,  a  d:  /'.sion  among  the  Moors  themselves  did  more  for 
the  Christians  tiian  any  successes  of  their  own.  This  division  grew  mit  "f 
the  vicious  system  of  polygamy,  which  sows  the  seeds  of  discord  anidnt:  tli"<f 
whom  nature  and  our  own  happier  institutions  iiiute  most  closely.  The  oM 
king  of  Granada  had  become  so  deeply  enamoured  of  a  Greek  slave  thiitt.e 
Sultana  Zoraya,  jealous  lest  the  oHs|iring  of  her  rival  should  supplant  her  own 
in  the  succession,  secretly  contrived  to  stir  up  a  spirit  of  discontent  with  her 
husband's  government.  The  king,  l)econnng  ac([uainted  with  her  intri,'iics, 
caused  her  to  be  imj)risoned  in  the  fortress  of  the  Alhambra.  But  the  sultaini, 
binding  together  the  scarfs  and  veils  belonging  to  herself  and  atteii<l;iiit', 
succeeded,  by  means  of  this  perilous  conveyance,  in  making  her  es(ai«', 
together  with  her  children,  from  the  upper  apartments  of  the  tower  in  whu  h 
she  v.as  lodired.  She  was  received  witn  joy  by  her  own  faction.  The  insur- 
rection soon  s[)read  among  the  populace,  who,  yielding  to  the  iiMimlses  -( 
nature,  are  readily  roused  by  a  tale  of  oppression  ;  and  the  number  was  >[i\ 
further  swelled  by  many  of  higher  rank,  who  had  various  causes  of  (lis^riM 
with  the  oppressive  government  of  Abul  Hacen.'  The  strong  fortress  of  the 
Alhambra,  however,  remained  faithful  to  him.  A  war  now  burst  forth  in 
tlie  caj)ital  which  deluged  its  streets  with  the  blood  of  its  citizens.  At 
length  the  sultana  triumphed;  Abul  Hacen  was  expelled  from  Gnmada,  an  1 
sought  a  refuge  in  Malaga,  which,  with  liaza,  Guadix,  and  some  other  nb t^ 
of  importance,  still  adhered  to  him  ;  while  Granada,  and  by  far  the  lar.tr 
portion  of  the  kingdom,  i)rocluimed  the  authority  of  his  elder  son,  \U\ 
Abdallah,  or  Boabdil,  as  he  is  usually  called  by  the  Castilian  writers.   Tlie 


•  BcrnaMcz,  Tloyes  CatoUcos,  MS.,  cap.  58. 
— Conde,  Douiiiiacinn  de  los  Arabes,  tom.  iii. 
pj).  "214-217.— I'ulf^ar,  Rcyos  Catoiicos,  ubi 
Hiipra. — Lobrija,  UiTiim  (iestaruin  Decades, 
ii.lib.  l.cap.  7. — The  l^enndelos  Enamonicl'iS 
received  its  name  from  a  traj^ical  incident  in 
Mourisli  history.  ACliristiaii  .slave succeeiled 
in  ins|.iiing  the  daufihier  of  his  master,  a 
wealthy  Mussulman  of  (iranada,  with  a  1)lis- 
Bioii  tor  liimself.  The  two  lovers,  aftrr  some 
time,  I'eiirl'ul  of  the  di'tection  of  their  intrigue, 
resolved  to  make  their  I'scape  into  the  Spauisli 
tei  rilory.  li'.'fore  tliey  could  effcnt  their  pur- 
pose, however,  they  were  hotly  pursued  by 
till'  damsel's  father  at  the  head  ot  a  party  of 
Mooiish  horsemen,  and  overtaken  near  a 
precipice  which  rises  l)etween  .Arciddona  and 
Anti((uera.  The  unfortunate  fugitivi  s,  who 
had  scrambled  to  the  summit  of  the  rocks, 
findiiift  all  further  escape  impracticable,  after 
tendeily  embracing  each  oilier,  thrt'w  them- 
selves lieadKin)^  from  the  dizzy  heij;lits.  pre- 
ferring this  dreadful  death  to  lalling  into  the 
hand-,  of  their  vimliciive  i)ursu.r8.     The  spot 


consecrated  a.s  the  scene  of  thistrapic  inci't<>'t 
has  received  the  name  of  H'>ck'  d/  thf  l.'mn. 
The  leg<  nd  is  prettily  told  by  .Mariana  ,lli>i 
de  Espana,  torn.  ii.  pp.  'Zh.i,  •j,')4),  wiii  i"  • 
eludes  with  the  pithy  reflection  tlint  ••■ii.;i 
constancy  would  have  Itocn  truly  admiral- 
had  it  been  shown  in  defence  of  thi-trin  f.u  :■ 
rather  than  in  the  gratification  of  U«l->^ 
appetite." 

•  Conde,  Dominacion  de  los  .\raboi>.  toni. 
iii.  pp.  '214-217.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de  1  .Vfiiji' 
et  de  I'Espagnc,  torn.  iii.  pj).  2iJ2,  '^ti:i.— Mi- 
mcl,  Rel)eliou  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  l.'-'ap  '■•■ 
—  IJernaldez  stati-8  that  great  uniiirap''  »'^' 
tak>  n  at  the  influence  which  tin'  ki:ic  f 
Uratiaiia allowed  a  person otCliri-^tiaii  liii  a-'- 
named  Benegas,  to  exercise  over  liiiu-  1'"!'^' 
hints  at  the  bloody  massacre  of  the  Al>  ll^•^'• 
rag-s,  which,  without  anv  better  .lUtiiun;,' 
that  I  know  of,  forms  the  inirden  .if  luair. »:' 
anciint  ballad,  and  has  lost  nuthini!  "f  >'* 
romantic  colnuriug  under  the  hand  of  oisd 
I'erez  de  Ilita. 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQUIA. 


105 


Siianish  sovereigns  viewed  with  no  small  interest  these  itroceeiUiijrs  of  the 
\u>r>,  who  were  thus  wantonly  H^'htin^'  the  battles  of  their  enemies.  All 
rollers  (»f  assist^inte  on  their  part,  however,  l)ein^'  warily  rejected  hy  both 
iictiniis.  notwithstanding;  the  mutual  hatred  between  them,  they  could  only 
awiiit  with  patience  the  termination  of  a  struj;;,de  which,  whatever  mi^h't 
W  its  ri'.>ult.s  in  other  respects,  could  not  fail  to  open  the  way  fur  the  success 
uf  tlit'ir  own  arms." 

No  military  operations  worthy  of  notice  occurred  durinjx  the  remainder  of 
tlH'('aiiipai;;n,  except  occasional  C(iV'dij<i<f>is,  or  inroads,  "u  both  sides,  which, 
afttT  till'  usual  unsparing  devastation,  swept  away  whole  lierds  of  cattle,  an(l 
liiiiiiiiii  lifiii^'s,  the  wretched  cultivators  of  the  soil.  The  (|uantity  of  booty 
friMiit'iitly  ( arried  off  on  such  occasions,  amounting,  according  to  the  testimony 
,.(  tiotli  (.'hristian  and  Moorish  writers,  to  twenty,  thirty,  and  even  fifty 
thousand  head  of  cattle,  shews  the  fruitfulness  and  abundant  nasturage  in 
tlio  soiitlicrn  regions  of  the  Peninsula.  The  loss  indicted  by  tnese  terrible 
foravs  fell,  eventually,  most  heavilv  on  Granjwla,  in  consetiuence  of  her  scanty 
territory  and  insulated  position,  which  cut  her  oil  from  all  foreign  resources. 

Towiinls  the  end  of  OctoVter,  the  court  passed  from  Cordova  to  Madrid, 
with  the  intention  of  remaining  there  the  ensuing  winter.  Madriil,  it  may 
beohserveil,  however,  wjus  so  far  from  being  recoginzed  a.s  the  capital  of  the 
nmiiardiy  at  this  time,  that  it  was  inferior  to  several  other  cities  in  -wealth 
ami  iiiijiulation,  and  was  even  less  frequented  than  some  others,  Valladolid  for 
example,  as  a  roval  residence. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  while  the  court  was  at  Cordova,  died  Alfonso  de  Carillo, 
till'  faf  tious  archlHsliop  of  Toledo,  who  contributed  more  than  any  other  to 
rain'  IsalM'lIa  to  the  tiu'one,  and  who,  with  the  same  arm,  had  welhiigh  hurled 
hiT  from  it.  lie  passed  the  close  of  his  life  in  retirement  and  disgrace  at  his 
town  of  Alcala  de  Ilenares,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  science,  esjtecially  to 
al>  heniy  ;  in  which  illusory  pursuit  he  is  said  to  have  scjuandered  his  princely 
ri'venues  with  such  prodigality  as  to  leave  them  encund)ered  with  a  heavy 
iliU.  lie  was  succeeded  in  the  primacy  by  his  ancient  rival,  Don  l*edro 
'ionzalez  de  Mendoza,  cardinal  oi  i>imn  ;  a  prelate  whose  enlarged  and 
sii.'acio\is  views  gained  him  deserved  ascendency  in  the  councils  of  his  sove- 
rdu'iis.' 

The  imjiortance  of  their  domestic  concerns  did  not  prevent  Ferdinand  and 
K^lii'Ila  from  giving  a  vigilant  attention  to  what  was  passing  abroad.  The 
0 'Htlicting  relations  growing  out  of  the  feudal  system  occni>ied  most  princes, 
till  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  too  closely  at  home  to  allow  them  often 


Tardonnp,  Hist,  de  I'Afrique  ct  de  I'Es- 
l<m>;  ubi  >upra.— Cotide,  Doniiiiacion  de  los 
Ar,t).s,  ulii  supra. — IJoabdil  was  surii'imed 
"'1  Cliico,"  the  Little,  by  the  Spanish  writers, 
lodistiiiiiui'^li  him  from  an  uncle  of  tlie  sjime 
njui(>;ai(l  "el  Zoijoyhi,"  the  Unfortunate., 
ly  the  .Ml  ors,  indicating  that  he  was  tlie  last 
'f  tii!<  race  destined  to  wear  tlie  diadem  of 
'iranuia.  The  Arali.s,  with  great  felicity, fre- 
•i-n'ly  select  names  Blgniftcant  of  some 
';'i4lity  ill  tlio  objects  they  represent.  Ex- 
N'les  of  this  m  ly  be  readily  found  in  tlie 
m.\\ym  regioiLS  of  the  Peninsula,  where  the 
>l'"f^  lingered  ilie  longpst.  The  etymology 
w'iii.raltar,  Gebal  Tarik,  Mount  of  TUrik,  is 
»'il  kiiinvn.  'I'lius,  Algeziras  comes  from 
»^  Arahic  woril  wliich  Kignifies  an  island; 
A'pi^iiras  cumes  from  a   term  signifying 


htrhage  or  pasturage;  Arrecife  from  another, 
sipnifying  causeway  or  hiihroail,  etc.  Tlio 
Arabic  word  wad  stands  for  river.  This 
without  much  violence  has  lieon  cliang^d  into 
guad,  and  enters  into  the  names  of  many  of 
the  southern  streams;  for  example,  (iuadal- 
qiii\ir,  gnat  7t«er,  Ouadiana, «ttrrf>u'or  little 
riivr,  (iuadalete,  etc.  In  the  same  manner 
the  term  Medina,  signifying  "  city,"  has  l)eeti 
retained  as  a  piefi.\  to  tlie  names  of  many  of 
the  Spanish  towns,  as  Medina  Cell,  Medina 
del  Campo,  etc.  See  Conde's  notes  to  El 
Nubiense,  Descripcion  de  E-pafia,  passim. 

"  .Salazar  de  Mendoai,  Cion.  del  (iran  Car- 
denal.  p.  Isl. — Pulgar,  (>'laros  Varones,  tit. 
20.— Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  14x3.— AIp- 
Fon,  Anales  de  Navarra.  torn.  v.  p.  11,  ed. 
1766.— I'cter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  158. 


loa 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


to  turn  tlicir  cyos  l)oyoii(l  tlio  ])nr(lers  of  their  own  torritorios.  This  systmi 
was,  iiidi'i'd,  now  niiti<lly  inciting,'  away,  lint  lionis  the  Kh'vmth  mav  pr 
haps  Itc  rej^^arded  as  the  first  monarch  who  showed  anything,'  hke  an  cxIoikI,.! 
interest  in  Knroitean  pohtirs.  lie  informed  himself  of  the  int<'rior  iinKccil. 
in^s  of  most  of  tlie  nei;:hI)onrinf,'  conrts,  l>y  means  of  secret  a^Tiits  wIkhii  he 
jiensioned  there.  Ferdinand  ohtaineda  similar  resnlt  i;y  the  more  liMionniKlt' 
expedient  of  resident  eml«issies,  a  praetice  whieli  h(^  is  said  to  have  in 
troduced,'"  and  wliieh,  wiiile  it  has  j:rc.itly  facilitated  commercial  iIltcr((ll|^|., 
has  serveil  to  jierpetuate  friendly  relations  between  ditl'erent  countries  tv 
accnstoming  them  to  settle  their  diU'erences  by  negotiation  rather  than  thi' 
sword. 

The  i)Osition  of  the  Italian  states  p^  this  jieriod,  whose  petty  fends  sooiiif.| 
to  blind  them  to  the  invasion  which  menaced  them  from  the  <  •ttoinan 
emjtire,  was  such  as  to  excite  a  lively  interest  throughont  (.'hristcndoin,  ainl 
especially  in  Ferdinand,  as  sovereign  of  (Sicily.  He  sncceeded,  by  nicaibMf 
his  ambassadors  at  the  jiapal  conrt,  in  opening  a  negotiation  between  t!ip 
l)elligerents,  and  in  finally  adjnsting  tiie  terms  of  a  general  pacification,  M;:iiti! 
December  I'ith.  1482.  The  8|ianish  court,  in  conse(|nence  of  its  friendly 
mediation  on  tnis  occasion,  received  three  several  emliassies,  with  snitaMf 
acknowledgments,  on  the  part  of  Pope  Sixtns  the  Fourth,  the  cnljcjje  cf 
cardinals,  and  the  city  of  Rome  ;  and  certain  marks  of  distinction  were  ctni. 
ferred  by  his  Holiness  on  the  Castilian  envoys,  not  enjoyed  by  tin ise  of  any 
other  i)btentate.  This  event  is  woithy  of  notice  as  tlie  first  instance  ."f 
Ferdinand's  interference  in  the  politics  of  Italy,  in  which  at  a  later  periud  h'' 
was  destined  to  act  so  prominent  a  part." 

The  affairs  of  Navarre  at  this  time  were  such  as  to  engage  still  n;oro  deoplv 
the  attention  of  the  Sjianish  sovereigns.  The  crown  of  that  kinizdimi  had 
devolved,  on  the  death  of  Leonora,  the  guilty  sister  of  Ferdinaml,  on  lur 
grandchild,  P'rancis  Phcx-bus,  whose  mother,  Magdeleine  of  France,  held  tli' 
reins  of  government  during  her  son's  minority."  The  near  relationshiji  cf 
this  princess  to  Louis  the  Eleventh  gave  that  monarch  an  absolute  iiifinenie 
in  the  councils  of  Navarre.     He  made  use  of  this  to  bring  about  a  iiiarria.c 


'"  Frod.  Marslaar,  De  Lor.  2,  11.— M.  de 
Wicquofort  dorives  the  word  ambasmdeur 
(anciently  in  EngUsh  embassador)  fioui  the 
Spanish  word  emhiar,  "to  sond."  See  Rights 
of  Em  I  issadors,  translated  by  Digby  (London, 
1740),  lK)ok  1.  chap.  1.* 

"  Sismondi,  H/'publiquos  Italiennes,  torn, 
xi.  cap.  Hs. — I'ulgar,  Ke3'eH  Cat61icos,  pp. 
19r)-l'.»s.— Zurita,  Analcs,  torn.  iv.  f(d.  21 S. 

'^  AleRon,  Analcs  de  Naviirra,  lib.  34,  cap. 
1. — Histoire  du  Uoyaume  de  Navarre,  p.  55S. 
Leonora's  son,  Gaston  de  Foix,  prince  of 
Viana,  was  slain  by  an  accidental  wound 


*  [Eihassad^r,  the  older  English  form, 
may  have  come  directly  from  the  Spanish 
emhajador ;  but  ambassiafor,  ambasciator 
and  ambnxintor  are  mcdia-val  1  atin  forms, 
derived  usually  from  amlKictiis  (see  Ducange), 
while  ambassndor,  as  an  Italian  form,  occurs 
at  least  as  early  ns  I47i),  under  which  date 
the  Venetian  diarist  Malipieri  mentions  an 
Instance  of  a  permanent  emba^sy  several 
years  prior  to  Ferdinand's  accession.  ("  J^a 
eignoria  se  iuteudc  ben  co'l  duca   Carlo  de 


from  a  lance,  at  a  tourney  at  Lisbon,  in  H69. 
By  the  princess  Magdeleine.  liis  wife,  si-t'T 
of  Louis  XI.,  he  left  two  children,  a  s<jii  aiil 
daugliter,  each  of  whom  in  turn  sinimlci] i > 
the  crown  of  Navarre.  Francis  I'liu-hih  i<- 
cended  the  throne  on  the  demise  of  liis  pi"''' 
mother  Leonora,  in  1479.  He  was  .ii-ti:- 
guished  by  his  personal  graces  and  tifaiiiy, 
and  esjiecially  by  the  golden  lustre  of  l:i< 
hair,  from  wliich,  ncconling  to  Alesun,  li' 
derived  his  cognomen  of  I'h'elius,  As  it  «i* 
an  ancestral  name,  'nowever,  surli  antn- 
mology  may  be  thought  somewhat  faiulful. 


Borgogna,  al  qual  se  tien  un  amlxnfadnr  fn 
fa  residema,  et  e  ade>so  Bornanlo  Hf-ml'\ 
dottore."  Archivio  storico  itali  ii",  u>m.^i 
But  Venice  and  Milan  had  long  niaiiitaiiiM 
tlie  same  usage  In  their  intercourse  wiilinnn 
other,  as  well  as  with  the  court  of  li'ii'. 
w here,  indeed,  resident  ministers  fp'iu  f  rnp 
states  were  the  rule,  not,  as  elsewluro  d"*' 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  ctit-iry.  th' 
exception.  (See  FJeumoiit,  Delia  Innlunisiu 
italiana  dal  Sicolo  Xlil.  al  XVL)-£i>j 


ROUT  IN  THE   AXAHQFIA. 


107 


l.i'wtvii  tlio  yoiini;  kirn:,  Fnuici-*  IMioubiis,  ami  .Tunnrwi  licit raiiriii,  I>uIm''I;i'.s 
toniiiT  ('iiii|i('tit(»r  for  the  crown  of  (Ja-itilc,  iiutwitlistHinliiiir  llii«i  iiiim  c>.s 
hil  loiiu'  >'^nv,  taken  t\w  veil  in  the  convent  of  Santa  Clara  at  L'oinmra.  It 
1.  not  easy  to  (niiavel  tlie  tortuous  jtolitics  of  Kin,'  lioiiis.  The  SjianiOi 
wiiti'iN  impute  t<>  hini  the  dcNJicn  of  enal)lin<;  Joanna  hy  this  alliance  (o 
,'>iiittli>li  her  pretensions  to  the  Castilian  throne,  or  )it  least  to  ^ive  sncli 
tiiiiilovriicnt  to  its  present  propriett»rs  as  shonM  etlectnally  prevent  them  from 
ili-tiiriiini,'  him  in  the  possession  of  Konssillon.  However  this  may  Ik',  his 
iiitiii,'iies  with  I'ortnjLcal  were  disclosed  to  Ferdinand  ])V  certain  n(»l>les  of  that 
(iiurt,  with  whom  he  was  in  secret  eorre-ipondcnce,  'I'lu'  S|)ani>h  sovi'rei;;iis, 
111  iinltT  to  count(Mact  this  scheme,  ollcred  the  hand  of  their  own  (hin;;ltlt'r 
.i(<;inii:i,  afterwards  mother  of  Charles  the  Fifth,  to  the  kin^'  of  Navarre. 
Hat  nil  iit'Llotiations  relative  to  this  matter  were  eventnally  defeated  by  the 
MuMt'M  death  of  this  yoini^'  prince,  not  witlutut  stron.i;  snspicions  (»f  poison. 
He  \v;is  Miccceded  on  the  throne  hy  his  sister  Catharine.  i*ropositi(»n.s 
wi'if  tlicn  made  hy  Ferdinaml  and  I^aUdla  for  the  niarriaice  of  this  princess, 
tiii'ii  tliirtccn  years  of  a.u'e,  with  their  infant  son  .John,  heir  apparent  of  their 
miitt'l  iiinnarchies.'*  Such  an  alliance,  which  would  hrini,^  under  one  j,'ovcrn- 
iii.'i.t  nations  corresponding  in  ori^'in,  lani;ua^a»,  j^^Mieral  hahits  and  local 
iIltl'rt'st^,  presented  j^reat  and  obvious  a^lvanUiijes.  It  was,  however,  evaded 
hy  the  (|iu'cn  dowa.ijer,  who  still  acted  as  rei^ent,  on  the  j)ret(!Xt  of  disparity 
i'hi,'t' ill  the  parties.  Information  beini^  soon  after  received  that  Loiiis  the 
Kicvt'iitli  was  taking  mejisures  to  make  himself  master  of  the  stroiiLC  places 
lit  N'iivarre,  Isabella  transferred  iier  residence  to  the  frontier  town  of  liOurofio, 
irt'iiart'd  t(»  resist  by  arms,  if  necessary,  the  occupati(»n  of  that  country  by 
liiT  iiisiilious  and  powerful  nei.ujhlx)ur.  The  death  of  the  kinii  of  France, 
whirh  occurred  not  long  after,  fortunately  relieved  the  sovereigns  from 
apliri'Iicnsions  of  any  immediate  annovance  in  that  ouarter.'* 

.Viiiiil  their  manifold  concerns,  Fenlinand  and  Isiibolla  kept  their  thoughts 
anxiously  bent  ou  their  great  enterprise,  the  comiuest  of  Granada.  At  a 
cniii.Toss"  general  of  the  dejiuties  of  the  hermandad,  held  at  I'into  at  the 
roininenccment  ol  the  present  year,  1483,  with  the  view  of  reforming  certain 
ahiises  in  that  inKtitution,  a  lil)eral  grant  was  matle  of  eight  thousand 
iiii'ii,  and  sixteen  thousand  beasts  of  burih'n,  for  the  purpose  of  convey- 
in,'  sii]iplies  to  the  garrison  in  Albania.  Hut  the  sovereigns  experienced 
-Teat  embarrassment  ifroni  the  want  of  funds.  There  is  probably  no  period 
ill  which  the  j»rinces  of  Europe  felt  so  seusil)ly  the'r  own  penury  as  at 
the  diKo  of  the  fifteenth  century  ;  when,  the  demesnes  wf  the  crown  having 
hei'ii  very  generally  wasted  ))y  the  lavishness  t>r  imbecility  of  its  jiroprietors. 
ii'i  substitute  had  as  yet  been  found  in  that  searching  and  well-arranged 
^y^tl'^l  iif  taxation  which  prevails  at  the  present  day.  The  Spanish  .sovereigns, 
ii"twitji>tanding  the  economy  which  they  had  introiluced  into  the  finances, 
f''lt  the  pressure  of  these  eninarrassinents  peculiarly  at  the  present  juncture. 
The  maintenance  of  the  royal  guard  and  of  the  vast  national  police  of 
the  hermandad,  the  incessant  military  operations  of  the  last  canii)aign, 
to-'ether  with  the  equipment  of  a  navy,  not  merely  for  war,  but  for  mari- 


time discovery,  were  so  many  copious  drains  on 


'ly  tor  war 
tne  exchei 


{uer.'*     Under 


'  Fcrlitiaml  and  Isabella  had  at  this  time 
fjur  cliililri'ii ;  the  infant  Don  John,  four 
y'urs  ainl  A  half  old.  hut  who  did  not  live  to 
fume  to  tliH  sucwKsion,  and  the  infanUw 
^ilxlla,  .Iniinna,  and  Maria ;  the  last,  born 
M  L'unl.ivd  .luriiip;  the  summer  of  I4s2. 

"  AU'soii,  Anales  de  Navarra,  lib.  34,  cap. 


2;  lib.  ;{a,  cap.  1.— Histoirc  du  Uoyaiuno  de 
Navarre,  p[).  .'iTm,  fiTit.— La  (Jledi-,  Mist,  do 
Portuf^al,  torn.  iii.  pp.  4;J.s-441.  —  I'ulpir, 
Reyes  Catolicos,  j).  19'j. — Mariana,  Hist,  do 
Kspafta,  torn.  ii.  p.  551. 

'-  Lobiija,  Ueriiiu  (Jestarum   Decades,  H 
lib.   2,   cap.   l.-Bcaidea  the   armada  in  the 


U)H 


WAR   IN  fJRANAPA. 


tlicst'  rirnuiistuiiros,  they  ohtaiiit'd  fnun  tho  itope  a  ;.'miit  of  mii«>  liiiinlr,.,! 
tlp'iisariil  (liicats,  to  !»«'  |•ui^(?•l  out  of  th('  pcclcsiiistioil  ii'vcmuM  m  Catiie 
aiiil  Ara'^oii.  A  ImiII  of  rnisj'dc  was  also  pnlilislicil  Ity  hi^  lloliiM'ss,  (nntuiiijii; 
iiuiiM'i'niis  iiMliil.ut'iirc';  fur  siicli  as  sliuiiltl  Ix-ar  aims  against  tlic  iiitii|t>l.  u>  »,.{[ 
as  tlios*^  will!  slioiiM  prefer  to  coiiiiiiiile  tlirir  military  st'rvice  for  tlii'  imyiiiriit 
of  a  sum  of  mmify.  In  a<Mition  to  tlusc  rc-ioiin'cs,  the  ^,M»v«'riiiii('iit  u.i- 
nia)il«'<l  nil  its  own  crcilit,  jiistitieil  by  tlio  piiin  tiiality  with  wliidi  it  |ia,| 
nNlcemcil  its  past  ('iij;a;,'eim!iits,  to  no^futiato  consideralile  loans  with  .st'Vi'ral 
wealthy  imIivHhials."* 

With  the>(^  funds  the  soverei;i;ns  entered  into  e.\tensiv(>  arratn'oiiifiits  f"  r 
the  ensuing'  campai;,'!!  ;  causing'  cannon,  after  the  ruth'  constriu'tinn  of  tlut 
a;;e,  to  he  fabricated  at  lluesca,  and  a  lar^c  (piantity  of  ston'>  ImlU,  tlim 
jtrincipally  used,  to  be  maniifactMred  in  the  Sierra  lU'  Oonstantina  ;  wluii-tlie 
ma'ia/ines  were  earefullv  providetl  with  ainmunitiun  and  military  stdU's. 

An  incnt  ni»t  unworthy  of  notice  is  recorde(|  by  I'nl^ar  as  hapneiiiii.:  aUmt 
this  time.  A  comniori  soNher,  named  John  de  L'orral,  contrived,  iiinlfr  fuKe 
pretences,  to  obtain  from  the  kin},'  of  (Jranada  a  nimilier  of  Christian 
captises,  together  with  a  lar^^e  sum  of  nutney,  with  which  he  escaiicil  jnt*, 
Andalusia.  The  man  was  apprehen<led  by  tlu>  warden  of  the  fiuiiticr  n\ 
.Jaen  ;  and,  the  transaction  being  reported  to  the  sdvereigns,  they  (■uiiiiioijcil 
an  entire  restitution  of  the  money,  and  cnnsenteil  to  such  a  ransinn  fnr  tin' 
liberatiMl  Christians  as  the  king  of  (irana<hi  should  (UMiiand.  This  ad  nf 
justice,  it  should  be  remembered,  occurred  in  an  age  w  hen  the  clinicli  itself 
stood  ready  to  sanction  any  breach  of  faith,  however  glaring,  towards  heretics 
and  intitlels." 

While  the  court  was  detained  in  the  north,  tidings  were  reooivtHJ  df  a 
reverse  sustained  by  the  Sjianish  arr:is,  whicii  plungiHl  the  nation  In  sdinw 
far  deeper  than  that  occasiuneil  by  the  rout  at  L(»ia.  Don  Alouso  dt'  Car- 
denas, grand  master  of  St.  James,  an  old  and  contidential  servant  of  the 
cmwii,  had  been  intrusted  with  the  defence  of  the  frontier  of  Kcija.  Wliilo 
on  this  station,  he  was  strongly  urged  to  make  a  <le-^cent  on  the  eiivimns  nf 
Malaga,  by  his  (tdalide»  or  scouts,  men  who,  being  for  the  most  part  .M'M>n>!i 
d(!s('rters  or  renegadoes,  were  employed  liy  the  border  chiefs  to  rociiiiiioitn' 
the  enemy's  country  or  to  guide  the  i  in  their  marauding  expeditions.'*    The 


Mpdltorranoan,  a  fleot  mi«lor  Podro  do  V<  ra 
Wiis  proHfcutiuK  a  vdvui^c  of  disiovcry  uiiil 
coiKjiiiHt  to  till'  ('aii;iriis,  wiiiiii  will  hi'  tbe 
siilijci't  of  more  particular  notice  in'rcuftcr. 

'"  PiilKar,  ilcycs  Catolicos,  p.  IM.— Mari- 
ana, torn.  ii.  p.  ^'>1.— ColiHcion  dt*  (Joiliilasy 
otros  Dociiinciitos  (.Madrid,  l^'J!)), toiu.  ill.  no. 
2;"). — For  tidn  iuipoitaiil  collection,  of  which 
only  a  few  c<ipifrt  were  printed  fir  dlstrlhn- 
tlon,  at  the  cxinMiBi!  of  the  Spanish  govcrn- 
mt  111,  I  am  Indi-httd  to  the  politeness  of  Don 
A.  O.ildcron  dc  la  li.irca. 

'  ■   I?tTii;ildi'z,  llcycM  Cati'dicos,  MS.,  cap.  5"^. 

d'nl;iar.  HeyeB  (Catolicos,  p.  2(i'i. — fnan  de 
Corral  impo  ed  on  the  kiiin  of  (Jranada  hy 
means  of  certain  cre<ienti;ils,  wlrch  he  had 
oliiaiiK'd  tVoni  the  Spanish  sovcr  ij:n'<  withont 
any  privity  on  their  part  to  Ids  fraudulent 
iiiteniiohs.  The  story  is  t(dd  in  a  very  blind 
manner  hy  I'ulnar.  It  may  not  he  amiss  to 
mention  liore  a  douphty  feat  performed  by 
another  Castilian  envoy,  of  much  hi(iherrank, 
Don  Juan  dc  Vera.    This  kuight,  while  con- 


vprslnf?  witli  certain  Moorish  cavaliers  in  th' 
Alhainbra.  was  so  much  scand.di/i|  \<\  \U 
freedom  with  which  one  id'  tiiein  tn-at'il  tli'' 
inunaculato  conception,  that  he  ^ive  tlii  rir- 
cnnu'ised  dog  the  lie,  and  smote  him  »  <lmr|' 
blow  on  the  hea»l  with  his  sword,  linlin.inl, 
says  Hernald'Z,  who  tells  the  story,  «ii-^  "niiii 
pratified  with  the  exploit,  and  p niiiiiHiwii 
the  poiMl  kiiinht  wiih  manv  honours. 

"  The  adalid  was  a  puide,  or  ncout,  wb"-'' 
business  it  was  to  make  himself  .minaintiil 
with  the  enemy's  country,  and  to  piii^li'  th" 
Invaders  into  It.  Much  disj)\ite  ims  «ri*'n 
re^pectinp  the  authority  and  lunctimis  ol  tliis 
oflicer.  Some  writers  rcfrurd  liiin  a~  *'■  '"" 
dependent  leader,  or  conimaniier ;  hihI  ''i' 
Dictiomiry  of  the  Academy  defines  tliet'rm 
adiiHd  by  these  very  worda.  The  Siet-'  !'«f- 
tidas,  however,  explains  at  lenjitii  ihep^'ciiliar 
duties  of  this  ofticer,  comfornialMv  I'j  lii* 
account  I  have  given.  (Ed.  de  la  Ke.d  .\w.l 
(Madrid,  iHiiT).  i)art.  2.  tit.  '2,  ley*"*  1-^' 
Bornaldez.  Pulgar,  and  the  other  cbruiiitlcr* 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQ^IIA. 


190 


(li^trict  annuHl  Miilftu'ft  was  fanioim  tinder  the  Sjirnrons  for  its  silk  nmnn- 
factiirt's. <»f  wliicli  it  iimmiilly  niiulc  liirm'  oxports  t<i  other  parts  of  Kiirope.  It 
wii-i  to  Ix'  ;ip|'ro«i<h<'<l  by  tnivorsiii;,'  a  S4i\.i::«»  siorni,  or  cliain  of  tiioiintaiiis 
i;illfil  lilt'  A\ari|iiiji,  whose  iiuiruin  occaxioiiallv  atl(»nlet|  ltimmI  i»Astiira;;e,  aiwl 
Hft<i  s|iriiiklt'il  (»ver  with  iM(»ori^h  vilhiires.  A/ter  threadiiiu  its  defiles,  it  was 
iru|Mi>eil  to  return  hyaii  ojieii  road  that  turned  the  southern  extreniity  of  the 
sierra  aloii;.'  the  sea-shore.  There  was  httle  to  ho  apprehended,  it  was"  statetl, 
fruiii  |iiir^iiit, siiKe  Ma!ai;a  was  almost  wholly  ujiprovidrd  with  cavalrv.'* 

The  ;:raMd  master,  fallin;,'  in  with  the  proposition,  eommimicated  it  to  the 
]Tiii<i|'iil  chiefs  on  tlie  liorders  ;  atnon^'  otliers,  t<i  l)(»n  I'ech'o  llenri<|uez, 
ii'lt'laiitado  of  Andalusia,  I>on  .Juan  de  Silva,  coiuit  of  Cifuentes,  Don  Alonvtt 
(!i'  A-'uilar,  ami  the  inanpiis  of  C'a<liz.  These  iioMein«'n,  collecting'  their 
retainers,  repaired  to  Anti'iiiu'ra,  where  tlie  ranks  were  (piickly  swelled  hy 
rtMriiits  from  (.'ordova,  Seville,  Xerez,  and  other  cities  of  Andalusiii,  whose 
diivftlrv  always  readily  answered  the  sunnnuns  to  an  expedition  over  the 
l-.pl('r> 

III  the  mean  while,  however,  the  nianpiis  of  T'adiz  had  received  sncli 
iiiti'lliu'eiK'e  from  his  own  aihilide^  as  led  him  to  douht  the  expediency  of  a 
iiianli  tlirou  'h  intricate  defiles,  inhabited  hy  a  poor  and  hardy  peasantry  ; 
ami  lie  stron<rly  a^lvised  to  direct  the  ex|»eilition  against  the  nei;,dd)onrin;^ 
t'lwii  of  Almoji'a.  Hut  in  this  he  was  overruled  l»y  the  ^'rand  master  and  the 
I'tlicr  partners  of  his  enterprise  ;  many  of  whom,  with  the  nush  contitlenee 
(if  yniitli.  were  excited  rather  than  intimidated  hy  the  pn^pect  of  danger. 

(In  Wednesday,  the  19th  of  March,  this  j,'allant  little  army  marched  forth 
ffiiiii  the  i,'ates  of  Ante<piera.  The  van  was  intrusted  to  the  adelantado 
lh'iiri(jiiez  and  Don  Alonso  de  A^uilar.  The  c(!ntre  divisions  were  led  by  the 
iiiiin|iiis  of  Cadiz  and  the  count  of  Cifuentes,  and  the  rearjxnard  by  the 
;'raiid  master  of  St.  James.  The  number  of  foot,  which  is  uncertain,  appears 
tn  have  been  consideralily  less  than  that  of  the  horse,  which  amounted 
to  altoiit  three  thousand,  containing,'  the  flower  of  Andalusian  kni;.rhthood, 
tn.'t't!  cr  with  the  array  of  St.  James,  the  most  ojiulent  and  powerful  of  the 
Sjiaiiisli  military  orders.  Never,  says  an  Ara;jonese  historian,  nad  there  been 
wn  in  these  times  a  more  splendnl  body  of  chiva'ry  ;  and  such  was  their 
("iitiileiue,  he  adds,  that  they  deemed  themselves  invincible  by  any  force 
"liirji  the  Moslems  could  brini,'  against  them.  The  leaders  took  care  not  to 
(■iiciiiiilicr  the  movements  of  tlie  arm v  with  artillery,  camp-e<piii»aL'e,  or  even 
iiiiK  h  fora^'o  and  provisions,  for  whicli  they  trusted  to  the  inva«UHl  territory. 
A  mimlier  of  persons,  however,  followed  in  the  train,  who,  influenced  Tiy 


of  ihp  (iraniulinc  war  rcpeatwHy  notice  lilm 
i:i  tliisdjiincctioii.  Wlu'i)  he  is  B|H)ki'n  of  as 
«  laptaiii,  or  leader,  as  he  BOinetlmes  Is  in 
ili'w  ami  Dtlier  ancient  records,  his  authority, 
I  "iispiit,  is  intciiileij  to  be  limited  to  the 
I*rs<iMs  who  aided  liiin  in  the  execution  of 
Ms  iM-iuliiir  ofllc.  It  was  common  fur  the 
pat  iliicfs  iviHi  liveii  on  tlie  Itorders  to  main- 
tain In  their  pay  a  numV)er  of  these  adalide.s, 
tyinfiirm  tiifiii"of  the  fiitiiiR  time  and  place 
f  r  iii.ikiiiu' a  foray.  The  ]>o8t,  as  may  well 
1-  jjclicvt'ii,  was  one  of  great  trust  and 
1' Tv-jiial  luizard. 

"  I'uljiar,  Ui'yps  Catolieos,  p.  203.— L.  Ma- 
rnfo,  Cosds  nu-morahleH,  fol.  173. — Zurita, 
AiialPR,  ti.ni.  iv.  fol.  320. 

'"  Ovit'iiii,  c^uincuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc. 
1.  dial.  30.-Lehrija,  Rerum  Gcstaruni  De- 


cades, ii.  lib.  2,  cap.  2. — The  title  of  aikhintado 
inij|dies  in  its  etymolofty  one  prcft-rreil  or  placed 
befiTf  others  Th"'  ofllce  is  ot  ^reut  anti(|uity ; 
Fonie  have  derivid  it  from  the  ni^Ti  of  St. 
Ferdinand  in  tlie  thirteentli  century.  Imr  Men- 
doza  proves  iise.xistenceat  a  far  eurlier  period. 
The  ad'-lanta/Io  was  misscssed  of  very  exten- 
sive Judicial  authority  in  the  province  or 
district  in  wldidi  he  presided,  and  in  wnr  was 
Invested  with  supreme  militury  coinm.ind. 
His  nnictions,  how.vcr,  as  well  as  the  tcrii- 
torifs  over  wliich  he  ruled,  have  vari<'d  at 
difTcreiit  periods.  An  adeluntadu  seems  to 
have  been  penerally  estaMished  over  a  IxTii'T 
province,  as  Andalusia  for  example.  Marina 
discusses  the  civil  authority  of  tjiis  officer,  in 
his  Teoria,  torn.  ii.  cap.  2.'t.  S<h'  also  Salazar 
de  Mendoza,  DignidadcB,  lib.  2,  cap.  15. 


200 


WAR  IN  GRANADA. 


desire  rather  of  gain  than  of  ,nlory,  had  come  provided  with  money,  as  wp'l 
as  commissions  from  their  friends,  for  the  purcliaso  of  lich  sjioiC  wlu'thcr 
of  slaves,  stuffs,  or  jewels,  which  they  expected  would  be  won  by  the  goi 
swords  of  their  comrades,  as  in  Albania.^' 

After  travelliiiL'  with  little  intermission  through  the  night,  the  army 
entered  the  winding  defiles  of  the  Axanpiia ;  where  their  progress  \v;i> 
necessarily  so  nuich  nnpeded  by  the  character  of  the  gi'ound  that  most  uf  the 
inliabitants  of  the  villages  through  which  they  passed  had  onportunity  t-i 
escai)e  with  the  greiitcr  part  of  their  effects  to  the  inaccessib  e  fastnesxs 
of  the  mountains.  The  Spaniards,  after  plundering  the  deserted  hanilcts  4 
whatever  remained,  as  .veil  as  of  the  few  stragglers,  whether  men  or  cattie, 
found  still  lingering  about  them,  set  them  on  fire.  In  this  wav  they  advanccil, 
marking  tlieir  line  of  march  with  the  usual  devastation  that  aocdinpaiiicil 
these  ferocious  forays,  until  the  columns  of  smoke  and  fire  which  rose  aUive 
the  hill-tops  announced  to  the  people  of  Tdalaga  the  near  approacii  of  an 
enemy. 

The  old  king  Muley  Abul  Ilacen,  who  lay  at  this  time  in  the  city,  with 
a  numerous  and  well-appointed  body  of  horse,  contrary  to  the  rei)orts  uf  the 
adalidcvS,  would  have  rushed  forth  at  once  at  their  head,  ha<l  he  not  Utii 
dissuaded  from  it  by  his  younger  brother  Abdallah,  who  is  better  known  in 
history  by  the  name  of  El  Zagal,  or  "  the  Valiant ; "  an  Arabic  epithet,  giwn 
him  by  his  countrymen  to  distinguish  him  from  his  nephew,  the  ruling  kinirof 
Granada.  To  this  prince  Abul  Hacen  intrusted  the  connnand  of  tlie  lor^s 
of  picked  cavalry,  with  instructions  to  penetrate  at  once  into  the  lower  level  .f 
the  sierra  and  encounter  the  Christians  entangled  in  its  passes  ;  while  anotiier 
division,  consisting  chiefly  erf  anjuebusiers  and  archers,  should  turn  the 
enemy's  flank  by  gaining  the  heights  under  which  he  was  defiling.  This  hbt 
corps  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Reduan  Benegas,  a  chief  of  Christian 
lineage,  according  to  Bernaldez,  and  who  may  perhaps  be  identifie<l  with  the 
Reiluan  that,  in  the  later  Mooiish  ballads,  seems  to  be  shadowed  forth  m 
the  personification  of  love  and  heroism." 

The  Castilian  army  in  the  mean  time  went  forward  with  a  buoyant  ani 
reckless  confidence,  and  with  very  little  subordination.  The  divisions  occiii'V 
ing  the  advance  and  centre,  disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  liooty,  had 
quitted  the  line  of  march,  and  dispersed  in  small  parties  in  search  of  j  luinltr 
over  the  adjacent  country  ;  and  some  of  the  high-mettled  young  cavaliers  hal 
the  audacity  to  ride  up  in  defiance  to  the  very  walls  of  Malaga.  The  iirM 
master  of  ^t.  James  was  the  only  leader  who  kept  his  columns  unbroken  ani 
marched  forward  in  order  of  battle.  Things  were  in  this  state,  when  \\k 
Moorish  cavalry  under  El  Zagal,  suddenly  emerging  from  one  of  the  niountaiii- 
passes,  appeared  before  the  a:;toiii,-,hed  rear-guard  of  the  Christians.  The 
Moors  .spurred  on  to  the  assault,  Init  the  well-disciplined  chivalry  of  St.  Jaiin* 
remained  unshaken.  In  the  fierce  struggle  which  ensued,  the  Andalusiaiis 
became  embarrassed  by  the  narrowness  of  the  ground  on  wliich  thev  «t':e 
engaged,  which  afforded  no  scope  for  the  manoeuvres  of  cavalry ;  "liile  tin' 
Moors,  trained  to  the  wild  tactics  of  mountain  warfare,  went  tlironj:ii  tluir 
usual  evolutions,  retreating  and  returning  to  the  charge  with  a  celerity  that 


"  Pornaldpz,  Reyes  Cafi^licos.  MS.,  cap. 
60. — Hades  y  Andr.iila,  Las  trcs  Ordene.^,  fol. 
71.— ZuHta,  Anales,  torn.  iv.  fol.  320.— Zufti- 
ga,  Annates  de  Sovllln,  fol.  :t95. — Tjebrija, 
Rerum  Oestarum  Docadis,  ii.  lib.  2,  cap.  '.J. — 
Oviedo,  Quincuttgeiitts,  M.S.,  hat.  1,  quinc.  1, 


dial.  .16. 

''•  Conde,  Dominacion  de  lo*  A  ratios,  torn. 
iii.  p.  217.— Cardi.nne,  Hist,  de  r.Vfriiiiifctl- 
I'Esp.ijrne.  Mm.  iii.  pp.  264-'J67.— UeruaMc:, 
Reyes  Cat6lico.s,  MS.,  cap.  CO. 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQUIA. 


201 


c(irely  distressed  their  ojiponents,  and  at  lenp:th  threw  them  into  some  dis- 
nnler.  The  Kr''*'id  master  in  C'unse(jueiice  despatched  a  messa^^^e  to  the 
iiiiiniiiis  "f  Cadiz,  re(iuestint;  his  support.  Tlie  hitter,  jjiitting  liiiiiself  at  the 
li,.;vluf  siicli  uf  his  scattered  forces  as  lie  could  hastily  muster,  readily  ol)eyed 
the  suimiioiis.  Discerning  on  his  approach  the  real  source  of  the  ^rand 
ma-^ti-r's  oiiil»arrassment,  he  succeeded  in  changint(  the  tit-Id  of  action  by  draw- 
ih.'  off  the  Moors  to  an  open  reach  of  the  valley,  which  allowed  free  play  to  the 
iiinveiiit'iits  of  the  Andalusian  horse,  when  the  combined  sipiadrons  pressed  so 
t,;ipi  on  tlie  Sloslems  that  they  were  soon  compelled  to  take  refuge  within  the 
ddiths  of  their  own  mountains," 

III  the  mean  while,  the  scattered  troops  of  the  advance,  alarmed  by  the 
rp[Mirt  of  the  action,  gradually  assembletl  under  their  respective  banners,  and 
ffil  l);u'k  iip'in  the  rear.  A  council  of  war  was  then  called.  All  further 
iiWirress  seemed  to  be  effectually  intercepted.  The  country  was  eveiywliere 
luiiniis.  The  most  that  could  now  be  hoped  wa.s  that  they  might  be  suti'ered 
tn  retire  unmolested  with  such  plunder  as  they  had  alrwidy  acMpiired.  Two 
riiites  lav  open  for  this  pur|)ose, — the  one  winding  along  the  seiv-shore,  wide 
ami  lovi'1,  hut  circuitous,  and  swept  through  the  whole  range  of  its  narrow 
tiitrance  by  the  fortress  of  Malaga.  This  determined  them,  unhappily,  to 
lircfcr  the  other  route,  being  that  by  which  they  had  nenetrated  the  Axaniuia, 
■  r  rather  a  shorter  cut,  by  which  the  adalides  undertook  to  conduct  tlieni 
thnm^'li  its  mazes.** 

The  little  army  commenced  its  retrograde  mov?ment  with  undiminished 
spirit.  liut  it  wa.s  now  embarrassed  witn  the  transj)ortation  of  its  plunder, 
ml  by  the  increasing  difficulties  of  the  si'^rra,  which,  as  they  ascended  its 
-i  lis,  was  matted  over  with  impenetrable  thickets,  and  broken  up  by  formi- 
ilahle  ravines  or  channels,  cut  deep  into  the  soil  by  the  mountain  torrents.  The 
M"ors  were  now  seen  mustering  in  considerable  niunbers  along  the  heights, 
and,  as  they  were  expert  marksmen,  being  trainal  by  early  and  assiduous 
practice,  the  shots  from  their  arquebuses  and  cross-bows  frequently  found  some 
iK^ailahle  i)oint  in  the  harness  of  the  Spanish  men-at-arms.  At  length,  the 
:'.riiiy,  through  the  treachery  or  ignorance  of  the  guides,  was  suddenly  brought 
t'lahalt  by  arriving  in  a  deep  glen  or  inclosure,  whose  rocky  sides  rose  with 
sinh  boldness  as  to  be  scarcely  i)racticable  for  infantry,  nuich  less  for  horse.  To 
a^M  to  their  distresses,  daylight,  without  which  they  could  scarcely  hope  to 
extricate  themselves,  was  fast  fading  away.'* 

lu  this  extremity  no  other  alternative  seemed  to  remain  than  to  attempt 
t ■;  rci^ain  the  route  from  which  they  had  departed.  As  all  other  considera- 
tions were  now  subordinate  to  those  of  personal  safety,  it  was  agreed  to 
aliaiiiion  the  spoil  acquired  at  so  nuich  hazard,  which  greatly  retar<led  their 
III  ivt'inents.  As  they  painfully  retraced  their  stens,  the  darkness  of  the  night 
n^tiartially  dispelled  by  numerous  fires,  which  f)lazed  along  the  hill-tops, and 
'^iiirh  siiuwed  the  figures  of  their  enemies  flitting  to  and  fro  like  so  many 
jjMres.  It  seemed,  says  Bernaldez,  as  if  ten  thousand  torches  were  glancing 
a':"n,'  the  moimtains.  At  length,  the  whole  body,  faint  with  fatigue  and 
luin,'er,  reached  the  Ijorders  of  a  little  stream,  which  flowed  through  a  valley 

'>lio-e  avonubs,  as  well  as  the  rugged  heights  by  which  it  was  commandeci, 

"'•re  already  occupied  by  the  enemy,  who  poured  down  mingled  volleys  of  shot, 

"  Condc,  Honilnnclon  de  los  Arabes,  torn.  B52,  553.— Pulgar,  Roycs  Cat(^Hcos,  p.  205. — 

lii  p. 2i;.— I'uigar, Iltyes  Catrtlicos,  p.  -io-l.—  Zurita,  Aiialcs,  torn.  iv.  fol.  ;{21. 
Msy  Aiidrada,  Las  tres  Ordenes,  fol.  71,  ■''  Puljcar,  Keycs  Calolkon,  p.  205.— Garl- 

• ,  bay,  Cumpeutlio,  torn.  ii.  p.  036. 

■  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  il.  pp. 


202 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


I 


stones,  and  arrows  on  the  heads  of  the  Christians.  Tlie  coni|iart  ,-iass  prp. 
sonted  by  the  latter  aflbrded  a  sure  mark  to  the  artillery  of  the  Mohin  ;  «li:!,i 
they,  from  their  scattered  position,  as  well  as  from  the  defences  aliiddcil  ],\[\,i. 
nature  of  the  {ground,  were  exposed  to  little  annoyance  in  return,  in  ailifitiin 
to  li^diter  missiles,  the  Moors  occasionally  dis]od;j;ed  lar^'e  frajiincnts  df  r.„!(. 
Avhich,  rollin<,f  with  tremendous  violence  down  the  declivities  of  the  hiiK 
spread  frightful  desolation  through  the  Christian  ranks."* 

The  dismay  occasioned  by  these  scenes,  occurring  amidst  the  darkiif"^';  if 
night,  and  heightened  by  the  shrill  war-cries  of  the  Moors,  which  rose  annul 
them  on  every  (piarter,  seems  to  have  completely  bewildered  the  Spaniari-. 
even  their  leaders.  It  was  the  misfortune  of  tlie  expedition  that  there  was  l,;t 
little  concert  between  the  several  commanders,  or,  at  least,  that  thcie  was  no 
one  so  ]>re-eminent  above  the  rest  as  to  assume  authority  at  this  awful  iiioiiipnt. 
80  far,  it  would  seem,  from  attempting  escape,  they  continued  in  their  iit'iil.Ks 
losition,  uncertiiin  what  course  to  take,  untd  midnight ;  when  at  lenutli,  after 
laving  seen  their  best  and  bravest  followers  fall  thick  around  them,  tlitv 
determined  at  all  hazards  to  force  a  passage  across  the  sierra  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy.  "  Better  lose  our  lives,"  said  the  grand  master  of  St.  James,  addnsv- 
ing  his  men,  "in  cutting  a  way  throuLdi  the  foe,  than  be  butchereil  witliunt 
resistance,  like  cattle  in  the  shaml)les.  " 

The  maniuis  of  Cadiz,  guided  by  a  tnisiy  adalid,  and  accompanied  hy  sixtr 
or  seventy  lances,  was  fortunate  enough  to  gain  a  circuitous  route  less  vip- 
lantly  guarded  by  the  enemy,  whose  attention  was  drawn  to  the  I'.iovciiieiits  nf 
the  main  body  of  the  Castilian  army.  By  means  of  this  path,  the  iiuinniis  with 
his  little  band  succeeded,  after  a  nainful  march,  in  which  his  good  stwd  smile 
under  him  oppressed  with  wounas  and  fatigue,  in  reaching  a  valley  at  suiiie 
distance  from  the  scene  of  action,  where  he  determined  to  await  tiio  coniiii,' 
up  of  his  friends,  who  he  confidently  expected  would  follow  in  his  tiack.^' 

But  the  grand  master  and  his  associates,  missing  this  track  in  tlio  ilarkiip" 
of  the  night,  or  perhaps  preferring  another,  breasted  the  sierra  in  a  part  where 
it  proved,  extremely  difficult  of  ascent.  At  every  step  the  loosened  earth 
gave  way  under  the  nre.>sure  of  the  foot ;  and,  the  infantry  endeavourin,,'  t- 
support  themselves  by  clinging  to  the  tails  and  manes  of  the  Imrses.  the 
jaded  animals,  borne  aown  with  the  weight,  rolled  headlong  with  their  riders 
on  t] /^  ranks  below,  or  were  precipitated  down  he  sides  of  the  iniiiiernii^ 
ravines.  The  Moors,  all  the  while,  avoiding  a  close  encounter,  contented  tlieiii- 
selves  with  discharging  on  the  heads  of  their  opponents  an  uninteriiiitteJ 
shower  of  missiles  of  every  description.'^ 

It  was  not  until  the  following  morning  that  the  Castilians,  liavinir  sur- 
mounted the  crest  of  the  eminence,  began  the  descent  into  the  opposite  valley, 
which  they  had  the  mortification  to  oi)serve  was  commanded  on  every  10  "t 
by  their  vjgilant  adversary,  who  seemed  now  in  their  eyes  to  possess  the  i"Aver> 
of  ubiquity.  As  the  light  broke  upon  the  troops,  it  revealed  the  wh(Je  extent 
of  their  melancholy  condition.  How  different  from  the  magnifiicnt  arniv 
which,  but  two  days  previous,  had  marched  forth  with  such  higli  ami  coiitiile;  t 
liopes  from  the  gates  of  Antequera  I  their  ranks  thinned,  their  biiulit  ariii^ 
defaced  and  broken,  their  l)anners  rent  in  pieces,  or  lost, — as  had  hoeii  that 

naldez.  Reves  Catrtlicos,  MS.,  caji.  CO. 

"'■'  Pulsar,  Reyes  Cat(51icii<.  p.  •Ji»6.-M' 
Irvlnp,  in  liis  "Conquest  of  (iraimilo,"  'H'" 
that  the  pcono  of  tlie  ureatfRt  sl.iii(.'lit'  ■  - 
tliis  rout  i8  still  known  to  tlic  iiiliiiliiii»'ii'|' 
the  Axarquia  liv  the  name  of  /  <i  ''"(.-'ii  dc  .J 
Matama,  or  "  The  Hill  of  the  Massacre." 


••"  Hernaldez,  Reyes  Cat61icoa.  MS.,  cap.  60. 
— Pulsar.  Reyes  Catolicos,  uM  supra. —Car- 
(lonne,  Ui>t.  de  1' Afrique  et  de  I'Kflpagne.tom. 
Hi.  pp.  '264-'.i67. 

"  I'ulgar,  Heyes  Cat<511cos,  p.  206.— Rades 
y  Andratla,  Las  tns-  Ordcnes,  fol.  VI,  72. 

""  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat6lico8,  loc,  cit.— BvT- 


«i.'at6ii,>„H,uijiBui 


ROUT  IN  THE  AXARQUIA. 


2.1^ 


rf  St.  Jiinios,  together  with  tlie  pallant  alferez,  Dio^o  IJererm,  in  the  terrih'e 
la-a-'oof  the  precetliiif,' night, —tht'ir  countenances  aghast  witli  tenor,  fatigue, 
aiiil  famine  !  Despair  was  now  in  every  eye  ;  all  suhttnhnation  was  at  an  rnd. 
\oniic,  says  Pulgar,  heetled  any  longer  tlie  call  of  the  trumpet  or  the  wave  of 
till'  haiiiuT.  Eacii  sought  only  his  own  safety,  without  regard  to  liis  cunuade, 
Snie  tlircw  away  their  arms,  noidng  hy  this  means  to  facilitate  their  escape, 
while  in  fact  it  only  left  them  more  defenceless  against  the  shafts  (if  their 
eiiciiiies.  iSoine,  oppressed  with  fatigue  and  terror,  fell  down  and  died  witliout 
w  much  as  receiving  a  wound.  The  panic  was  such  that,  in  more  than  one 
instance,  two  or  three  Moorish  soldiers  were  known  to  cajiture  thrice  their  own 
iiumbtT  of  Spaniards.  8ome,  losing  their  way,  strayed  back  to  Malaga  and 
were  made  i)risoners  by  females  of  the  city,  who  overtook  them  in  the  fields. 
I  It iVrs  escaped  to  Albania  or  other  distant  idaces,  after  wandering  seven  or 
ei-'iit  (lays  among  the  mountains,  sustainnig  life  on  such  wild  herbs  and  ])erries 
i<  tiiev  could  find,  and  lying  close  during  the  day.  A  greater  ninnber  suc- 
ciiiii'tl  in  reaching  Antetpiera,  and,  among  these,  most  of  the  leaders  of  the 
exjftlition.  The  grand  master  of  St.  James,  tlie  adelantado  Ilenri(|uez,  and 
lH\  .\lonso  de  Agnilar  ert'ected  their  escape  by  scaling  su  perilous  a  part  of 
the  sierra  that  their  pursuers  cared  not  to  follow.  'JTie  count  de  Ciiuentes 
wa.<  less  fdrtunate."  That  nobleman's  division  was  said  to  have  suH'ered  more 
i^'veiely  tliaii  any  other.  On  the  morning  after  the  bloody  j)assage  of  tlie 
mountain,  lie  found  himself  suddenly  cut  oft' from  his  followers,  and  surround(Hl 
lv>ix. Moorish  cavaliers,  against  whom  he  was  defending  himself  witli  des])erato 
tviiraj^e,  when  their  leader  Keduan  Benegas,  struck  with  the  ineciuality  of  the 
O'liiliat,  broke  in,  exclaiming,  "  Hold  !  this  is  unworthy  of  good  knights." 
The  as-yiilants  fell  back,  a])aslied  by  the  rebuke,  and  left  the  count  to  tiieir 
iiDiiiiaiKler.  A  close  encounter  then  took  place  between  the  two  chiefs  ;  but 
the  strength  of  the  8i)aniard  was  no  longer  equal  to  his  spirit,  and,  after  a 
brief  resistance,  he  was  forced  to  surrender  to  his  generous  enemy.^' 

The  inanpiis  of  Cadiz  had  better  fortune.  After  waiting  till  clawn  for  the 
c-aiiing  uj)  of  his  friends,  he  concluded  that  they  had  extricated  themselves  by 
aijitiereiit  mute.  He  rasolved  to  provide  for  his  own  safety  and  that  of  his 
f'  iluwers,  and,  being  supplied  with  a  fresh  horse,  accomnlished  his  escape,  aft<'r 
traversing  the  wildest  i)assages  of  the  Axanpiia  for  the  uistance  of  four  Ieag;;"s, 
aii'l  got  into  Anteuuera  with  but  little  interruiit''n  from  the  enemy,  lint, 
aithfiiitrh  he  securea  his  personal  safety,  the  misfortunes  of  the  day  fell  heavily 
on  his  house  ;  for  two  of  his  brothers  were  cut  down  by  his  side,  and  a  third 
Icother,  with  a  nephew,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy." 

The  nniulier  of  the  slain  in  the  two  days'  action  is  admitted  by  the  Spanish 
'Titers  tn  have  exceeded  eight  hundred,  with  double  that  number  of  prisoners. 
riie.Mouiish  force  is  said  to  have  been  small,  and  its  loss  comi)aratively  trifling. 
Tlie  luiiiiencal  estimates  of  the  Spanish  liistorians,  as  usual,  appear  extremely 
l^e;  and  the  narrative  of  their  enemies  is  too  meagre  in  this  jiortion  of  their 

Oviedo,  who  devotes  one  of  his  dia'ogues        rAfri<iue  ei  do  rEHpagno,  ttini.  iii.  pp.  266i 


Mhis  nobleman,  says  of  him,  "  Fue  una  de 
Us  buenas  laiizaH  do  nucstra  Eapafla  on  bu 

iwipd;  y  imiy  sahid  y  prud'-nte  caballcro. 

UiLj-ceii  frraiulcs  car^os  y  negoi'ios  de  paz  y 
U'^fu.m."  l^uiucuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  l.quinc. 

'  O'Uilo,  Duininucion  de  los  Arabcs,  torn. 
Pi  t'  .il'.-Ziiiita.  Analen,  turn.  iv.  Ibl.  321. 

-'"Uj.il,  Aiialps'  MS.,  alio  14s:i.— I'ulgar, 
M'y'^L'atoiiccw,  ubi  Bupra.— Bcniald:  z,  Reyes 

U.iicus,  Ms.,  cap.  60.~Cardonne,  Hist,  de 


20V.  -'I'he  count,  according  to  Ovicdo,  re- 
mained u  long  wiiile  a  prisoner  i"  Gr.iiiuda, 
until  he  was  ransomed  by  tlie  paymeii',  of 
Hcveral  tbounand  doblas  of  gold.  Quincua- 
geaaH,  MS.,  bat.  1,  (iniiic.  1,  dial.  36. 

"  HernaldfZ,  HeycH  Cutoiicos.  .MS  .  cap.  60. 
— ^faruiol  says  tliat  three  l)i  others  and  two 
mphews  of  the  marquis,  whose  nanus  lie 
gives,  were  nil  slain.  Kebelion  de  los  Mo- 
riucus,  lib.  1,  cap.  12. 


204 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


annals  to  allow  any  opportunity  of  verification.  There  is  no  reason,  howcvor 
to  believe  them  in  any  (lef,'ree  exa^f;;erate<l. 

The  best  blood  of  Andalusia  was  shed  on  this  occasion.  Anionj,'  the  slair, 
Bernaldez  reckons  two  hundred  and  fifty,  and  I'uluar  four  InuKhod,  ]„.i>, ,[ 
f  quality,  with  thirty  connnandcrs  of  the  military  fraternitv  <if  St.  Jain<. 
There  was  scarcely  a  family  in  the  south  but  had  to  mourn  the  Idss  of  sine 
one  of  its  mend)ers  by  death  or  cajitivity  ;  and  the  distress  was  not  a  little  aL'^ra. 
vated  ])y  the  uncertainty  which  hung  over  the  fate  of  the  absent,  as  to  wii(tli,.r 
they  had  fallen  in  the  field,  or  were  still  wandering  in  the  wildeincss,  or  were 
pining  away  existence  in  the  dun-^eons  of  Malaga  and  Granada." 

Some  imputed  the  failure  of  tlie  expedition  to  treachery  in  the  adaliiies, 
some  to  want  of  concert  among  the  connnanders.  The  worthy  Cunite  of  Ls 
I'alacios  concludes  his  narrative  of  tlie  disaster  in  the  following  inuiiiier:  "The 
nnnd)er  of  the  Moors  w-as  small  who  inflicted  this  grievous  defeat  on  \k 
Christifns.  It  was,  indeed,  clearly  miraculous,  and  we  may  discern  in  it  ti.c 
special  interposition  of  Providence,  justly  otiended  with  the  greater  jiart  .f 
tnose  that  en«raged  in  the  expedition ;  who,  instead  of  confessing,  |iaiiak!i,.' 
of  the  sacrament,  and  making  their  testaments,  as  becomes  good  ('hii4iai:>, 
and  h)en  that  are  to  bear  arms  in  defence  of  the  Holy  Catholic  Faith,  ackimw- 
ledged  tii.at  they  did  not  bring  with  them  suitable  dispositions,  but,  with  litile 
regard  to  (jv4's  service,  were  influenced  by  covetousness  and  love  of  uii^ij-liy 
gain."  ** 


CHAPTER   XI. 

WAR  OP   QRANADA. — GENERAL  VIEW   OF   THE   POLICY   PURSUED  IN  THE 

CONDUCT   OP   TUIS  WAR. 

1483-1487. 

Defeat  and  Capture  of  Abdallah— Policy  of  the  Sovereigns— LarRe  Trains  of  Artillirv- 
DesiT'ption  of  tlie  Pieces — Stupendoiis  Roads — Isabilla's  Tare  of  tlie  'I'ronjjs— Ii>r  Ivf- 
severance — Discipline  of  the  Army -Swiss  Mercenaries — Knglish  l.oni  Scalis— Map.S- 
cence  of  the  Nobles — Isabella  visits  the  Camp-Ceremonies  on  the  Occupatiuii  of  a  City. 

The  young  monarch,  Abu  Abdallah,  was  probably  the  only  person  in  Granaia 
who  did  not  receive  with  unmingled  satisfaction  the  tidings  of  the  rout  in  tie 
Axarquia.    He  beheld  with  secrei  uneasiness  the  laurels  thus  acciuired  by  tie 

"  Znfiiga,  Annates  de  Sevilla,  fol.  :i95.— 
Bernaldez.  Reyes  Caiolicos,  MS.,  ubi  supra  — 
Pulpar,  Reyes  Cat6lico.s,  p.  206. — Oviedo, 
Quincudgonas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial  36. 
— Marniol,  Rebelion  de  los  Moiiscos  lib.  1, 
cap.  12. 

="  Reyes  C&t'^licoB,  MS.,  cap.  60. — Pnlpar 
has  devoted  a  large  space  to  the  unfortunate 
exfx'ditiiin  to  the  Axarquia.  His  intiniacv 
with  the  principal  persons  of  the  court 
enabled  him.  no  doubt,  to  verify  most  of  the 
particulars  whlcli  he  records.  Ihe  Curate  of 
Los  Palacios,   from    the    proximity    of   his 


resideni"?  to  the  theatre  of  action,  may  be 
Bupposcd  also  to  have  had  ample  means  for 
obtaining  the  requisite  information.  Yet 
their  several  accounts,  although  not  strictly 
contradiL-tory,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  recon- 
cile with  one  another.     The  narratives  of 


complex  military  operations  ate  not  iikeiyt) 
be  simplified  under  the  hands  uf  iiMiUlii-a 
bookmen.  I  have  endeavoun'd  w  iiiak'  mui 
a  connected  tissue  from  a  coinpfiriMnof  i '^ 
Moslem  with  the  Castilian  aiitlidritics.  Ft 
here  the  meagreness  of  (he  Misleiu  an;a.* 
comp<'ls  us  to  lametit  the  preniatiirf  diMti.  f  i 
Conde.  It  can  hardly  be  exi'irtnl,  ini-'i. 
that  the  Moors  should  have  dwelt  with  in';  i 
amplification  on  this  huniiliatin?  i''^ 
But  there  can  be  little  diuiht  th.it  f.r  tii f  | 
copious  memorials  of  theirs  tliati  any  i  * 
published  exist  in  the  Spa^  Ish  HI  rari'";  *•■ 
it  were  much  to  be  wished  that  s.inc  <»ri'ii'»l 
scholar  would  supply  Condi's  dctkipun' ;*■ 
cxplorii.  these  auilientic  rorurds  cf  »ut 
may  bo  ..led,  so  far  a>  Christian  S|iaiiiJ 
concerned,  the  most  glorious  portion  uf  J''  I 
history. 


MILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


205 


w\  kint;  liis  father,  or  rather  by  his  ambitious  uncle  El  Zagal,  whose  name  now 
rtviiinifeil  fi'^in  every  quarter  as  the  successful  champion  of  the  Moslems.  He 
siw  the  necessity  of  some  ilazzlinL'  enterprise,  if  he  would  maintain  an  as- 
ffudeiH y  e\cn  over  the  faction  which  had  seated  him  on  the  throne.  He 
acionliiiirly  projected  an  excursion  whicii,  instead  of  terminating  in  a  mere 
t«jnlt'r  foiivv,  should  lead  to  the  achievement  of  some  permanent  conquest. 

He  found  no  ditticulty,  while  the  spirits  of  his  neople  were  roused,  m  raising 
J  force  of  nine  thousand  foot,  and  seven  hundred  norse,  the  flower  of  Granada's 
(hivalry.  He  strengthened  his  army  still  further  bv  the  presence  of  Ali  AUir, 
the  (iefemler  of  Loja,  the  veteran  of  a  hundred  battles,  whose  military  prowess 
h;vl  riiiseil  him  from  the  common  file  up  to  the  highest  post  in  the  army,  and 
whose  pill K'ian  blood  had  l)een  permitted  to  mingle  with  tliat  of  royalty,  by 
tlie  niarrias^e  of  his  daughter  with  the  young  king  Abdallah. 

With  this  gallant  array,  the  Moorish  monarch  sallied  forth  from  Granada. 
As  he  led  the  way  through  the  avenue  which  still  bears  the  name  of  the  gate 
ci  Elvira,'  the  ])oint  of  his  lance  came  in  contact  with  the  arch,  and  wjis 
brukeii.  This  smister  omen  was  followed  by  another  more  alarming,  A  fox," 
which  crossed  the  path  of  the  army,  was  seen  to  run  through  the  ranks,  and, 
notffithsuuuling  the  showers  of  missiles  discharged  at  him,  to  niake  his  escape 
iiiilmrt.  Al)dallah's  counsellors  would  have  persuaded  him  to  abandon,  or  at 
lt'^^t  postpone,  an  enterprise  of  such  ill  augury.  But  the  king,  less  super- 
stitious 
frwuent, 
on  nis  march.* 

The  advance  of  the  party  was  not  conducted  so  cautiously  but  that  it 
reached  the  ear  of  Don  Diego  Fernandez  de  Cordova,  alcalde  de  los  domeleSy 
I  r  captain  d  the  royal  pages,  who  commanded  in  the  town  of  Lucena,  which 
tierii;htlv  judged  was  to  be  the  principal  object  of  attack.  He  transmitted 
tiip  iiitelli;:(!nce  to  his  uncle  the  count  of  Cabra,  a  nobleman  of  the  same  name 
»;iii  himself,  who  was  posted  at  his  own  town  of  Baena,  requesting  his  support. 
He  used  all  diligence  in  repairing  the  fortifications  of  the  city,  v.'hich,  although 
extensive  and  originally  strong,  had  fallen  somewhat  into  decay  ;  and,  having 
caiKd  such  of  the  population  as  were  rendered  helpless  by  a^'e  or  infirmity  to 
ifitbdraw  into  the  interior  defences  of  the  place,  he  coolly  awaited  the  approach 
of  the  enemy.' 


postpone,  an  enterprise  oi  sucn  ni  augury,  am  ine  Kuig,  less  super- 
is,  or  from  the  obstinacy  with  which  feeble  mintls,  when  once  resolved. 
eiitly  persist  iu  their  projects,  rejected  their  advice,  and  pressed  forwara 


'  "  Por  psa  puerte  de  Elvira 
sain  uiuy  gran  cabalgada ; 
cuiiito  del  hidalgo  vioro, 
cudiito  de  la  yeguti  baya. 

»         *  *  *  • 

"Cuanta  pliima  y  gentileza, 
cuilnto  capelliir  de  grana, 
cuiiiito  bayo  borceguf, 
cuaiilo  raso  que  se  esmalta, 

"Cuiiiito  de  espuela  de  ore, 
cuiinta  I  stribera  de  plata ! 
Tcida  cs  gentc  valerosa, 
yespcrta  para  batalla. 

"  En  mcitio  de  todos  ellos 
v»  I'l  roy  Chico  de  Granada, 
miranilo  las  damas  moras 
df  Ins  loires  del  Allianibra. 

"  La  reitia  mora  su  madre 
de  esta  maiicra  le  habla : 


♦  Ala  te  guarde,  mi  bijo, 
Maboiua  vaya  en  tu  guarda.' " 

ilita,  Uaerras  de  Jranada, 
torn.  i.  p.  232 ■ 

'  Conde,  Dominacion  de  los  Arabes,  torn, 
lii.  cap.  36. — Cardoiinc,  lli-t.  de  TAfiique  et 
de  I'Kspagne,  torn.  ill.  pp.  267-271. — Mer- 
naldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  60. — Pe- 
draza,  Antigilodad  de  Granada,  fol.  10. — 
Marniol,  llebelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  I,  cap. 
12. 

*  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat611co3.  pa?  3,  cap.  20. 
The  d'imelef,  of  whom  Diego  de  Ourduva  was 
alcayde,  or  captain,  were  a  ISody  of  young 
cavaliora,  originally  brought  up  as  pages  in 
the  royal  hous'^liokl,  and  organized  as  a  sepa- 
rate corps  of  the  militia.  Salazar  de  .VIondoza, 
Dignidades,  p.  259.— See  also  Morales,  Obras, 
torn.  xiv.  p.  uo. 


206 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


The  Moorish  army,  after  crossinfj  the  borders,  be^an  to  mark  its  carwr 
throiij^li  the  Christian  territory  with  tiie  usual  traces  of  devastatidn,  aiii. 
Kweepnig  across  the  enviri)us  of  Lucena,  poured  a  niaraiuliiit;  fumy  iiitnti,,. 
rich  aimpiliu  of  Cordova,  as  far  as  the  walls  of  Af,'uilar  ;  wheiico  it  rt'tunii'.]. 
glutted  with  spoil,  U)  lay  siege  to  Luceua  about  the  '21st  of  April. 

The  count  of  Cabra,  in  the  mean  while,  who  had  lost  no  time  in  iimsteriiii' 
his  levies,  set  forward  at  the  head  of  a  small  but  well-appointed  force,  ci.ii 
sisting  of  both  horse  and  foot,  to  the  relief  of  his  nephew.  He  advjinocd  with 
such  celerity  tliJit  he  had  wellnigh  surprised  the  beleaguering  army.  As  lie 
traversed  the  sierra,  which  coveied  tne  Moorish  flank,  his  numhers  were 
partially  concejiled  by  the  ineipialities  of  the  groimd,  wiiile  the  dash  of  arub 
and  the  shrill  nmsic,  reverberating  among  the  hills,  exaggerateil  their  rd 
magnitude  in  the  apprehension  of  the  enemy.  At  the  same  time  the  alcavie 
de  los  donzeles  supported  his  uncle's  advance  by  a  vigorous  sally  from  the  i  itv, 
Tlie  Granadine  infantry,  anxious  only  for  the  ]>re.servation  of  their  valual'it' 
booty,  scarcely  waited  for  the  encounter,  before  they  l)ega'i  a  dastardly  retreat 
and  left  the  battle  to  the  cavalry.  'Hie  latter,  composed,  as  has  Ix-en  sai'l. 'f 
the  strength  of  the  Moorish  chivalry,  men  accustomed  in  many  a  lionler  luiav 
to  cross  lances  with  the  best  knights  of  Andalusia,  kept  their  gmuinl  with 
their  wonted  gallantry.  The  contliet,  so  well  disputed,  remained  (ioiilitfiil  f nr 
some  time,  until  it  was  determined  by  the  death  of  the  veteran  ohieftain  Aii 
Atar,  "the  best  lance,"  as  a  Castilian  writer  has  styled  him,  "of  all  .MorisuKi,' 
who  was  brought  to  the  ground  after  receiving  two  wounds,  and  thus  escain"! 
by  an  honourable  death  tlie  n:ielancholy  si)ectacle  of  his  country's  hmniliatH'ii.' 

The  enemy,  disheartened  by  this  loss,  soon  began  to  give  ground.  But. 
though  hard  pressed  by  the  Spaniards,  they  retreated  in  some  order,  until 
they  reached  the  borders  of  the  Xenil,  which  were  thronged  with  the  iiifuiitry, 
vainly  attempting  a  passai^e  across  the  stream,  swollen  by  excessive  rains  to  a 
height  nnich  above  its  orilinary  level.  The  confusion  now  l)ecanie  univcrsil. 
horse  and  foot  mingling  togetlier :  each  one,  heedful  only  of  life,  no  loiiLer 
thought  of  his  booty.  Many,  attempting  to  swim  the  stream,  were  borne  down, 
steea  and  rider,  promiscuously  in  its  waters.  Many  more,  makin;,'  srarcely 
a  show  of  resistance,  were  cut  down  on  the  l)anks  by  the  pitiless  Siiaiiianls. 
The  young  king  Abdallah,  who  had  been  cons])icuous  during  that  day  in  tlie 
hottest  of  the  fight,  moimted  on  a  milk-white  charger  richly  faiiari^oiu-l, 
saw  fifty  of  his  ioyal  guard  fall  around  him.  Finding  his  steed  too  iniih 
jaded  to  stem  the  current  of  the  river,  he  quietly  dismoimted  and  soii^rhta 
shelter  among  the  reedy  thickets  that  fringed  its  margin,  until  the  (•toriii  of 
battle  shoula  have  passed  over.  In  this  hirking-|)lace,  however,  he  wiis  di- 
covered  by  a  connnon  soldier  named  Martin  Hurtado,  who,  witho  .c  rocoi,'nizin.' 
his  person,  instantly  attacked  him.  The  jirince  defended  himself  with  his 
scimitar,  until  Hurtado,  being  joined  by  two  of  his  countrymen,  snceeedcdiii 
making  him  prisoner.  The  men,  overjoyed  at  their  prize  (for  Abdallah  li'il 
revealed  his  rank,  in  order  to  secure  his  person  from  violence),  condncte  1  liiii 
to  their  general,  the  count  of  Cabra.  The  latter  receival  the  royal  cai'tiu^ 
with  a  generou.s  courte,sy,  the  best  sign  of  noble  breeding,  and  a  featHiV  t 
chivalry  which  affords  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  ferocious  sjiirit  of  anriei.t 
v/arfare.  The  good  count  administered  to  the  unfortunate  prince  all  the oii- 
solations  which  his  state  would  admit,  and  subsequently  lodged  him  in  lu> 


*  Condp,  Domin.icion  dp  los  Arabes,  torn, 
iii.  cap.  36. — .Abarca,  Keyes  de  AraRDn,  toin. 
11.  fol.  302.— CarUijal,  Atiales,  MS.,  alio  14s3. 


— Rprnaldpz.  Rpyos  Cat<^lico«,  MS.,  rap.  fil  - 
l'ul^'ar.  Cr6iuca,"  cap.  20.— Maruiol,  Kebeliu 
de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  12. 


MILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


207 


castle  of  Raona,  where  he  was  entertained  with  the  most  deUcate  and  courtly 
lit.>[)itality.* 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  Moslem  cavalry  were  cut  up,  or  captured,  in  this 
fatal  at  til '11.  Many  of  them  were  i)ers(tns  of  rank,  (ommandint,'  hiyh  ransoms. 
The  loss  iiiliicted  on  the  infantry  was  also  sevtMe,  includin;;  the  whole  of  their 
ilfar-l«'ii;;lit  plunder.  Nine — o.- indeed,  according  to  some  accounts,  two-and- 
twenty— I'juiiiers  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Christians  in  this  action  ;  in  coiii- 
lueiimratiun  of  which  the  Spanish  sovereigns  granted  to  the  count  of  Cahra, 
aiid  Ills  lu'i'liew,  the  alcayde  de  los  donzeles,  the  privilege  of  bearing  the  same 
iiumber  of  huiiners  on  their  escutclieon,  together  with  tlie  head  of  a  Moorish 
kill-',  emirded  by  a  golden  coronet,  with  a  ciiain  of  the  same  metal  around 
the  neck." 

Great  was  the  consternation  occasioned  by  the  return  of  the  Moorish  fugitives 
to  (lianaila,  and  loud  was  the  lament  through  its  populous  streets  ;  for  the 
{.ride  of  many  a  noble  house  was  laid  low  on  that  day,  and  their  king  (a  thing 
uniiitredoiited  in  the  annals  of  the  monarchy)  was  a  prisoner  in  the  land  of 
tlie  Christians.  "  The  hostile  star  of  Islam,"  exclaims  an  Arabic  writer.  "  now 
Ma'.tered  its  malignant  influences  over  Spain,  and  the  downfall  of  the  Mnssul- 
man  empire  was  decreed." 

The  sultana  Zoraya,  however,  was  not  of  a  temper  to  waste  time  in  useless 
laiiieiitatioii.  She  was  aware  that  a  captive  king,  who  held  his  title  by  so 
ireLariuus  a  tenure  as  did  her  son  Abdallah,  must  soon  cease  to  be  a  King 
oven  ill  name.  She  accordingly  despatched  a  numerous  embassy  to  Cordova. 
with  luotiers  of  such  a  ransom  for  the  prince's  liberation  as  a  despot  only  coula 
oiler  and  few  despots  could  have  the  authority  to  enforce.^ 

King  Ferdinand,  who  was  at  Vitoria  witn  the  (pieen,  when  he  received 
ti'liiigs  of  tlie  victory  of  Lucena,  hastened  to  the  south  to  determine  on  the 
ibtination  of  his  royal  captive.  With  some  show  of  magnanimity,  he  declined 
an  interview  with  Abdallan  until  he  should  have  consented  to  His  liberation. 
.\  deliate  of  ."-Gme  warmth  occurred  in  the  roval  council  at  Cordova  respecting 
the  policy  to  be  pursued  ;  some  contending  that  the  Moorish  monarch  was  too 
valuable  a  i)iize  to  be  so  readily  relincjuished,  and  that  the  enemy,  broken  by 
the  loss  of  their  natural  leader,  would  hnd  it  dithcult  to  rally  under  one  common 
head  or  to  concert  any  etiective  movement.  Others,  and  especially  the  manpiis 
of  Cadiz,  urged  his  release,  and  even  the  sup])ort  of  his  jiretensions  against  his 
cuiiijieti'  ',  the  old  king  of  Granada  ;  insisting  that  the  Moorish  empire  would 
It.'  iiioifc  v.tlectually  shaken  by  internal  divisions  than  by  any  pressure  of  its 
enemies  from  without.  Tlie  various  arguments  were  submitted  to  the  queen, 
«iio  still  iiehl  her  court  in  the  noith,  and  who  decided  for  the  reletise  of 
Alidallali,  as  a  measure  best  reconciling  sound  policy  with  generosity  to  the 
vaminislied.* 

The  terms  of  the  treaty,  although  sufliciently  humiliating  to  th'^  Moslem 
prince,  were  not  mat>.rially  ciiH'erent  from  those  proposed  by  the  sultana 


'Garibay,  Compondio,  torn.  ii.  p.  637.— 
Piilgar,  Ittvi  s  Caiolicos,  ubi  supra. — Boriial- 
Jz.  H"ycs  ('atolicos,  MS.,  cap.  ol.— Cunde, 
i^minacicm  i[f  los  Arahos,  toni.  iii.  cap.  ;»i. — 
C«Moniip,  Hist,  de  I'At'riinie  et  do  I'Kspapne, 
'Ui.  iii.  pp.  '.i?  1-274.— The  various  detnilfi, 
f'fntoilir>iti.  of  tlie  battle,  are  told  in  the 
i!'';>l  coiifu^pd  and  contradictory  manner  by 
l:.-irarrulous  chroniclers  of  the  period.  All 
>a..'riues,  however,  both  Christian  and 
Mwribii,  agree  as  to  ita  general  results. 


*  Meiido/a,  DiRnidades,  p.  .3H2. — Oviedo, 
Quincua^jenas,  M.S.,  bat.  I,<|uinc.  4,  dial.  0. 

'  Ctinde,  Doniiiiacion  de  los  Aral)eH,  t(jm. 
iii.  cap.  .'!().— Cardoiine,  Hist,  de  I'Al'rique  et 
de  I'Kspiifino,  pp  '.i"l-274. 

"  Pnlgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  2.3. — Mar- 
mul,  Uebelion  de  los  Moiiscos,  lib.  1.  cap  12. 
— Charles  V.  does  not  seem  to  have  partaken 
of  his  grandfatlier's  delicacy  in  re|:ard  to  iin 
interview  with  hi.^  royal  captive,  or  indeed 
in  any  part  o.f  his  deportmi  nt  towards  bim. 


208 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


Znraya.  It  was  aprocd  that  a  tnioe  of  two  years  should  ho  pxtondp^  to 
Alxlallah,  and  to  such  ])Iar('s  in  (Jranada  as  acknowlod^'cd  his  aiitlmritv;  in 
consideration  of  which,  he  stiindatcd  to  s\irreiuh'r  foiu-  hundred  Cliristian 
captives  witlio\it  ransom,  to  jiay  twel  'O  thousand  dohhis  of  j^old  aiimiallvto 
the  Spanish  soverei^Mis,  an<l  to  permit ;  frie  j)assage,  as  well  as  furnish  sii))].lies, 
to  their  troops  passing,'  through  his  territories  for  the  ininmse  of  ranyiiii'  i  ii 
the  war  against  that  portion  of  the  kingdom  winch  still  a<ihered  to  liis  father 
Alxlallah  moreover  Iwund  himself  to  appear  when  summoned  hy  FcnliiiaiM, 
and  to  surrender  his  own  son,  with  the  children  of  his  jtrincipal  nolijlitv,  x^ 
sureties  for  h-  i  fulfilment  of  the  treaty.  Thus  did  the  uidiappy  jtrinro  liart»r 
away  his  honour  and  his  country's  freedom  for  the  possession  of  iiniiKMljatt'tnit 
most  precarious  sovereignty  ;  a  sovereignty  which  coidd  scarcely  he  cxitoittil 
to  survive  the  period  when  he  could  he  useful  to  the  master  whose  hrcath  lnvl 
made  him.® 

The  terms  of  the  treaty  l)eing  thus  definitively  settled,  an  interview  ffa,s 
arranged  to  take  place  hetween  the  two  monarchs  at  Cordova.  The  Ca.'^tilian 
courtiers  would  have  persuaded  their  master  to  oH'er  his  hand  for  Alulallah  t" 
salute,  in  tciken  of  his  feudal  sui)remacy ;  hut  Ferdinand  replied  "Wert' the 
king  of  Granada  in  his  own  dominions,  1  might  do  this  ;  hut  not  wliile  hei'^a 
])risoner  in  mine."  The  Moorish  jirince  entered  Cordova  with  an  escn.t  of  liis 
own  knights,  and  a  splendid  throng  of  Si'anish  chivalry,  who  had  niaidied  out 
of  the  city  to  receive  him.  When  Ahdallah  entered  the  royal  prespiice.  he 
■would  have  prostrated  himself  on  his  knees ;  but  Ferdinand,  hasteiiiii;;  to 
prevent  him,  embraced  him  with  every  demonstration  of  resnect.  An  Arahic 
interpreter,  who  acted  Jis  orator,  then  expatiated,  in  florid  nyiK'rhole,  on  the 
magnanimity  and  princely  qualities  of  the  Siianisli  king,  and  the  loyalty  iinl 
good  faith  of  his  own  master.  But  Ferdinand  interrupted  his  eliKmciRe  with 
the  assurance  that  "  his  panegyric  was  sui)erfluous,  and  that  he  had  iierfei  t 
confidence  that  the  sovereign  of  Granada  would  keep  his  faith  as  liecaiiie  a 
true  knight  and  a  king."  After  ceremonies  so  humiliating  to  the  Mwrish 
prince,  notwithstanding  the  veil  of  decorum  studiously  thrown  over  them,  he 
set  out  with  his  attendants  for  his  capital,  escorted  by  a  body  of  Andalusian 
horse  to  the  frontier,  and  loaded  with  costly  presents  by  the  Spanish  king,  and 
the  general  contempt  of  his  court." 

Notwithstanding  the  importance  of  the  results  in  the  war  of  Granada,  a 
detail  of  the  successi\e  steps  by  which  they  were  achieved  would  lie  niost 
tedious  and  trifling.  No  siege  or  single  military  achievement  of  great  moment 
occurred  until  nearly  four  years  from  this  period,  in  1487 ;  although  in  the 
intervening  time  a  large  number  of  fortresses  and  petty  towns,  together  with 
a  very  extensive  tract  of  territory,  were  recovered  from  the  enemy.    Without 

f)ursuing  the  chronological  order  of  events,  it  is  j)robable  that  the  end  of 
listory  will  be  best  attained  by  presenting  a  concise  view  of  the  general  loliov 
pursued  by  the  sovereigns  in  the  conduct  of  the  war. 

The  iNloorish  wars  under  preceding  monarchs  had  consisted  of  little  else  than 
cnv(dgadas^  or  inroads  into  the  enemy's  territory,"  which,  pouriiit;  like  a 
torrent  over  the  land,  swept  awt  /  whatever  was  upon  the  surface,  Itutleftit 
in  its  essential  resources  wholh  unimpaired.  The  bounty  of  nature  soon 
repaired  the  ravages  of  man,  and  the  ensuing  harvest  seemecl  to  shoot  iij)  more 
abundantly  from  the  soil  enriched  by  the  blood  of  the  husbandman.    A  more 

"  T'^c  term  cavalgada  seems  to  Iv  ii«^l 
indiff(  *\y  by  the  ancient  Spanish  wntfR 
to  repi       't  a  maraudii."  p.irty,  the  furay 


fTiirfnisi(»ns,  un 


"  Pulpar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  ubi  supra. — 
Coiide,  l)()niiiiaci()n  do  lo>  Aral)e8,  cap.  'M. 

'"  Pulsar,  PvcycsCatolicos,  loc.  cit.— Conde, 
Domiuaciou  de  los  Arabes,  cap.  36. 


itself,  or  the  booty  taker,  .ii  it. 


w-\. 


MILITARY  1»0LICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


209 


vi.'i.roiis  system  of  si)oliation  was  now  iiitrothiced.    InsU'ad  of  one  canipai^Mi, 
tilt' army  took  the  Held  in  snring  and  antuinn,  intciiniltinu:  its  ellorts  only 

ts  of  sutnin 


till!  iiituloraMc  heats 


ner,  so  that  the 


tno  L'l 
wl  of 


rreon  crop  hiul  no  time  to 
n]MMi,  eiv  it  was  tro<lden  down  nnder  the  iron  heel  of  war. 

The  iippiualns  for  devasUition  was  also  oi\  a  much  creator  scale  tlian  had 
ever  t»t;U're  lieen  witnessed.  From  the  second  year  of  the  war,  thirty  tluMisand 
irauws  were  reserved  for  tliis  service,  whicli  they  ellected  Ity  demolishing; 
f.'iriiilioiist's,  uranarieij,  and  mills  (whicli  last  were  exceeilinj^dy  numeruns  in  a 
'[\iA  urttcicd  hy  many  small  streams),  by  eradicatins;  the  vines  and  layiiiL' 
wiLvU>  the  (ilive-j;ardens  and  plantations  of  oranges,  almonds,  mull)erries,  and 
all  the  ri(  h  varieties  that  grew  Inxuriant  in  this  hiy;hly-favoun'd  rei,'ion.  This 
merciless  dcvitstation  extended  fi^r  more  than  two  leagnes  on  «Mther  side  of  the 
line  of  inarch.  At  the  same  time,  the  Mediterranean  fleet  cut  oil"  all  supplies 
(Mill  the  Harl)ary  coast,  so  that  the  whole  kin;;dom  might  1h»  said  to  Ix^  in  a 
>tjite  of  pcriK'tiial  blockade.  Such  and  so  general  was  the  scarcity  oecasionecl 
ty  this  system,  that  the  Moors  were  glad  to  exchange  their  Christian  captives 
ffiirovisions,  until  such  icviiso.";i  was  interdicted  by  the  sovereign.s,  as  tending 
tuilcfeat  their  own  measure.s.'* 

Still  there  was  many  a  green  and  sheltered  valley  in  Granada  which  yielded 
it>  returns  unmolested  to  the  Moorish  husliandman  ;  while  his  granaries  were 
.-rjisiuiiaily  cnriilicd  with  the  produce  of  a  border  foray.  Tlie  Moors,  too, 
a!tlii)iii;h  naturally  a  luxurious  peoi)le,  were  patient  of  surterinj,',  and  capable 
(if  enduring  great  privation.  Other  measures,  therefore,  of  a  still  more  formi- 
liaMe  character,  became  necessary  in  conjunction  with  this  rigorous  system  of 
ll'Hkade. 

The  -Moorish  towns  were  for  the  most  part  strongly  defended,  presenting 
within  the  limits  of  Granada,  as  has  been  said,  more  than  ten  times  the 
ii  iiiilK?r  of  fortified  places  that  are  now  scattered  over  the  whole  extent  of 
till'  Peninsula.  They  stood  along  the  crest  of  some  precipice  or  bold  sierra, 
»li"se  natural  strength  was  augmented  by  the  solid  masonry  wi'n  which  they 
were  surrounded,  and  which,  however  insufficient  to  hold  out  against  modern 
artillery,  hade  defiance  to  all  the  enginery  of  battering'  warfare  known 
{Rniously  to  the  fifteenth  century.  It  was  this  strength  of  fortific^ation, 
Miibiiief]  with  that  of  their  local  position,  which  fre<piently  enabled  a  slender 
garrison  in  these  places  to  laugli  to  scorn  all  the  efforts  of  the  proudest 
l'a>tilian  armies. 

The  8iianish  sovereigns  were  convinced  that  they  must  look  to  their 

artillery  as  the  only  effectual  means  for  the  reduction  of  these  strongholds. 

In  this,  they  as  well  as  the  Moors  were  extremely  deficient,  although  Sj)ain 

la!i[iears  to  have  furnished  earlier  examples  of  its  use  than  any  other  country 

in  Eurojie.    Isabella,  who  seems  to  have  had  the  particular  control  of  tliis 

^'fiartiiient,  caused  the  most  skilful  engineers  and  artisans  to  be  invited  into 

|t!.eking(l(iin  from  France,  Germany,  and  Italy.     Forges  were  constructed  in 

tnetaini*,  and  all  the  requisite  materials  prepared  for  the  manufacture  of 

jaiiii'iii,  halls,  and  powder.    Large  quantities  of  the  last  were  also  imported 

i'm  Sicily,  Flanders,  and  Portugal.     Commissaries  were  established  over  the 

hariniis  dejiartments,  with  instructions  to  provide  whatever  might  be  necessary 

JMthe  uiit'iatives ;  and  the  whole  was  intrusted  to  the  supervision  of  Don 

mniisco  Kamirez,  an  hidalgo  of  Madrid,  a  person  of  much  experience,  and 

Weiisive  military  science,  for  that   day.     liy  these  etlbrts,  unremittingly 

ll'Ursued  during  the  whole  of  the  war,  Isabella  assembled  a  train  of  artillery 

Pulsar,  Reyes  Cat61icoa,  cap.  22.— Mem.  dc  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust.  6. 

P 


210 


WAU  OF  GRANADA. 


Hiich  as  was  proltahly  not  i>o.s.sesse<l  at  that  time  by  any  other  E!i,j|.oari 
iMitcntatc." 

Still  the  chuiisy  ronstruntion  of  the  ordnanre  betrayed  the  infjuu  y  nf  t!;, 
art.  Miirc!  than  twcMity  jiieccs  of  artillery  used  at  the  .sief,'e  of  liazii  diinri:.'tl,.. 
war  are  .still  to  he  seen  in  that  city,  where  they  long  served  as  coiinuiis  in  th, 
I)nl»Hc.  market- place.  The  largest  of  the  lonibards,  as  the  heavy  onlnaiKcuas 
called,  are  about  twelve  f(x;t  in  length,  consisting  of  iron  ])ars  two  in(ln^  ;i, 
l)n'adth,  held  together  l)y  l)olts  and  rings  of  tne  same  metal.  Tlioe  wirH 
lirmly  attacheil  to  their  carriages,  incapable  either  of  horizontal  or  vcrtiial 
movement.  It  was  this  clumsiness  of  construction  winch  led  Madiiavclli, 
somti  thirty  years  after,  to  doubt  the  expediency  of  l)ringing  caimnn  intotitil 
engagements  ;  and  he  particularly  roconnnends,  in  his  trwitise  on  the  Art  i.f 
War,  that  the  enemy's  fire  should  be  evade<l,  by  intervals  in  the  ranks  boiii,' 
left  open  ojtposite  to  his  canntm.'* 

The  balls  thrown  from  these  engine.s  were  sometimes  of  iron,  hut  more 
usually  of  marble.  Several  hundred  of  the  latter  have  l)eer  picked  up  in  tl)>' 
fields  aroinid  Ba/a,  many  of  which  are  fourteen  inches  in  diameter  aiid  weiji 
a  hundred  and  seventy-five  pounds.  Yet  this  bulk,  enormous  as  it  aiiiii'ar\ 
shows  a  considerable  advance  in  the  art  since  the  beginning  of  the'  century, 
when  the  stone  balls  dischargeil,  according  to  Zurita,  at  the  siege  of  Bala<:u(T, 
weighed  not  less  than  five  hundre<l  and  fifty  pounds.  It  was  very  loii,- 
before  the  exact  proportions  requisite  for  obtaining  the  greatest  efl'ective  forn 
could  be  ascertained.'* 

The  awkwanbie-ss  with  which  their  artillery  was  served  corresjiondod  with 
the  rudeness  of  its  manufacture.  It  is  noticea  as  a  remarkable  circuinstan  e 
by  the  chronicler,  that  two  bjitteries,  at  the  siege  of  Albahar,  dischurgeil  diif 
hundred  and  forty  balls  in  the  course  of  a  day."  Besides  this  more  iisiiiil 
kind  of  ammunition,  the  Spaniards  threw  from  their  engines  large  globular 
mass&s  composed  of  certain  inflammable  ingredients  mixed  with  guniiowder, 
"  which,  scattering  long  trains  of  light,"  says  an  eye-witness,  "  in  their  itassa:!.' 
through  the  air.  filled  the  beholders  with  dismay,  and,  descending  on  the  riiols 
of  the  edifices,  Ireciuently  occasioned  extensive  conflagration."  " 

The  transportation  of  their  bulky  engines  was  not  the  least  of  the 
difficulties  which  the  Spaniards  had  to  encounter  in  this  war.  The  Moorish 
fortresses  were  frenuently  intrenched  in  the  depths  of  some  mountain  laby- 
rinth, whose  rugged  passes  were  scarcely  accessible  to  cavalry.  An  iniiui'ii>e 
body  of  pioneers,  therefore,  was  constantly  employed  in  constructing  ruads  fur 


■'  Pulgar.  Reyes  Cat611coB,  cap.  32,  41.— 
Ziiritii,  Aiialps,  torn.  iv.  lib.  20,  cap.  59. — 
Lcbrija,  Ilpriim  Gestarum  Decades,  ii.  lib.  3, 
cap.  5. 

'  MacbiavoUi,  Arte  dolla  Guerra,  lib.  3. 

"^  Mem.  (le  la  Aciul.  do  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust. 
6. — According  to  Gibb()n,  the  cannon  used  by 
Mahomet  in  tiiesioKO  of  Constantinople,  about 
tl)irty  years  before  tiiis  time,  tlirew  stono 
baU.s  wliicli  wei^lied  above  six  liundred  pounds. 
Tlie  measure  of  tiio  bore  was  twelve  palms. 
Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empln.',  chap. 
C8. 

'"  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust. 
6.' — We  get  a  more  precise  notion  of  the  awk- 
wardness with  which  the  artillery  was  served 
in  the  infancy  of  the  science,  from  a  fact  re- 
corded in  the  Chronicle  of  John  II  ,  that  at 
the  Biege  of  Seteidi,  in  1407,  fife   lombartia 


were  able  to  discharge  only  forty  shot  in  the 
course  of  a  day.  We  have  witncs*il  an  iii- 
vention  in  our  time,  that  of  our  ingmiuus 
countryman  Jacob  Perkins,  by  wliicli  a  g«n, 
with  the  aid  of  that  mirable-workcr,  steam, 
is  enabled  to  throw  a  thousand  bullets  in « 
single  minute. 

"  L.  Marineo,  Cosas  memorable!',  fol.  I't. 
— Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  44.-N.inie 
writers,  as  the  Abb6  Mignot  (Histoirn  'H 
Rois  Catholiques  Fenlinand  et  l'^a!«lle 
(Paris,  I7«6),  torn.  i.p.  273),havprcf"rrrtlilie 
invention  of  bomb-<  to  ihe  sieixc  of  liun^ia-  1 
find  no  authority  for  this.  Pulf:ars  wurJ- 
are,  "They  made  many  iron  luiUs  lari'f  «|  • 
small,  some  of  which  they  ca.st  in  a  nun. •■ 
having  reduced  the  iron  to  a  stitte  "t  In- ;"• 
BO  that  it  would  run  like  any  other  uieta:. 


MITITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


211 


the  artillery  across  these  sierras,  by  levelling  the  inountuins,  tillinL'  \i\>  tho 
iiiUTvt'iiiim  valleys  with  rocks,  or  with  cork-lreo>  Jiml  other  timU'r  tliiit  j,'row 
i.nilili"' in  the  wilderness,  aiid  throwinjf  hrid^'es  across  the  torrents  und  pro- 
I'mim^  I'll rrni coif.  iMilpir  hud  the  curiosity  to  exaniine  one  of  the  cuuse- 
ways  thus  constructed,  jtreparatory  to  the  sietxe  of  C'andtil,  which,  althnn^'h 
.IX  tli"H>«iind  pioneers  wrre  constantly  employed  in  the  wcirk,  wits  attended 
with  such  ditlicnlty  that  it  advance(l  only  three  lea;iues  in  twelve  (hiys.  It 
rt^|iiiic<l,  says  the  historian,  the  entire  demolition  of  one  of  the  most  runt,'e(l 
[iart>  11^  the  sierra,  wliich  no  one  could  have  believed  practicable  by  luMuaa 
iiiilii>try.'* 

The  .Moorish  garrisons,  perched  on  their  mountain  fastnesses,  which,  like 
tln'i'vrv  of  some  bird  of  j»rey,  seemed  almost  inaccessible  to  man,  beheld  with 
iv.toiii>fiiii('nt  the  heavy  trains  of  artillery  emer^in;;  from  the  pivsses  where 
the  f(»"t  of  th»^  hunttT  had  scarcely  been  known  to  venture.  The  walls  which 
eiirniiii listed  their  <ities,  althou;;h  lt>fty,  were  not  of  sullicient  thi(;kness  to 
witlhtaiid  long  the  assaults  of  tliese  formidable  en>;ines.  The  Moors  were 
(Icfn  lent  in  heavy  ordnance.  The  weapons  on  which  they  chiefly  relied  for 
aiiiu'viii;:  the  enemy  at  a  distance  were  tne  arquebuse  and  cross-lx^w,  with  the 
bt  (f  wliirh  tiiey  were  unerring  marksmen,  bein^  trainetl  to  it  from  infancy. 
They  fMlopte<l  a  custom,  rarely  met  with  in  civilized  nations  of  any  aye,  of 
poiMiiiiiig  tlicir  ivnows ;  distilling  for  this  purpose  the  juice  of  tvconite,  or 
HtilMiaiic,  which  grew  rife  in  the  J^ierra  NeiHulfi,  or  Snowy  Mountains,  near 
•  iranaila.  A  piece  of  linen  or  cotton  cloth  stee[>ed  in  this  decoction  was 
wraiiiK'il  ntuiKl  the  point  of  the  weai»on,  and  the  wound  inflicted  by  it,  how- 
ever trivial  in  ai)pearance,  was  .sure  to  be  mortal.  Indeed,  a  Spanish  writer, 
not  ooiitciit  with  this,  imi)uies  such  malignity  to  the  virus,  that  a  drop  of  it. 
A<  he  asserts,  mingling  with  the  blood  oozing  from  a  wound,  would  ascend 
tlie  stream  into  the  vein,  and  dilluse  its  fatal  inliueuce  over  the  whole 
i\-U'U\ !  "■ 

Kerdiiiaiid,  who  apyteared  at  the  head  of  his  armies  throughout  the  whole  of 
this  war,  imrsiied  a  sagacious  policy  in  reference  to  the  beleaguered  cities.  lie 
wa-  ever  ready  to  meet  the  first  overtures  to  surrender,  in  the  most  liberal 
"I'lrit ;  granting  protection  of  pei-son,  and  such  property  as  the  basieged  could 
trai^iiort  with  them,  and  assigning  them  a  residence,  if  they  preferre<l  it,  in 
liis  own  dominions.  Many,  in  conse«iiience  of  this,  niigrattnl  to  Seville  and 
"thercitios  of  Andalusia,  where  tliey  were  settled  on  estates  which  had  l)een 
I'liiliwated  by  the  iiuiuisitois  ;  who  looked  forward,  no  doubt,  with  satisfac- 
tion to  the  time  when  they  should  be  permitted  to  tl.nist  their  sickle  into  the 
new  crop  of  heresy  whose  seeds  were  tnus  sown  an  id  the  ashes  of  the  old  one. 
Tiiose  who  preferred  to  remain  in  the  conquered  Moorish  territory,  as 
t.a^tilian  subjects,  were  permitted  the  free  enjoyment  of  personal  rights  and 
ir'terty,  as  well  as  of  their  religion  ;  and  such  was  tlie  fidelity  with  which 
rVnlinaiid  redeemed  his  engagements  during  the  war,  by  the  [uinishment  of 
tilt' least  infraction  of  them  by  his  own  people,  that  many,  particidarly  of  the 
Moorish  peasantry,  preferred  abiding  in  their  early  homes  to  removing  to 
'JraiKvla  or  other  places  of  the  Moslem  dominion.  It  was  perhaps  a  coiinter- 
lart  of  the  same  policy  which  led  Ferdinand  to  chastise  any  attem[)t  at  revolt 
"iitheiiart  of  his  new  Moorish  subjects,  the  Mudcijares,  as  they  were  called, 
*ithan  unsparing  rigour  which  merits  the  reproach  of  cruelty.     Such  was  the 

lib.  20,  cAp.  59. — Mem.de  la  Acad,  do  Hist., 
toni.  vi.  p.  16H. — Accorditifi  tu  .Mendu/.a,  a 
decoctioti  of  the  (luiiice  furnislifd  tho  most 
etTuctual  antidote  kuowu  against  this  poisuu. 


■  Piilfrar,  P.eyes  Catolicos,  cap.  61.— Ber- 
'■'Mn,  Kcyi'S  Catolicos,  M.S.,  caj>.  82. 
_' Mpiiiiiiza,  (iuerra  de  (Jramida  (Valencia, 
■  "''\  pp.  73,  74. — Zurita,  Anales,  toui.  iv. 


212 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


military  oxonition  iiifliotod  on  tlie  n'lx'llioiis  t«»wn  of  Botioinft^pioz,  whcio  ho 
('()iiiiiiiiii<k'il  nii(>  liniiilrcd  uikI  ten  of  tlir  priiiciitul  iiiliahitaiits  tn  lie  hun' 
nitovc  the  walls,  ami,  after  citnsi^iiinj,'  the  n-st  of  the  |)o|Miliiti<tii,  mni.  wunifii, 
and  children,  to  slavery,  cuused  tiie  ithife  to  Ixi  ra/ed  to  the  ginimij.  The 
hnniane.  |  olicy  usnallv  pMrsiie([  hy  Ferdinand  seems  to  have  had  a  iimr,. 
favourable  ('tlect  on  his  enemies,  who  were  exasperated,  rather  than  intiini- 
dated,  by  this  ferocious  act  of  vengeance." 

The  magnitude  of  the  other  iirejiarations  corrosjtonded  with  tho<(>  f(,r  the 
ordnance  (h'liartment.  The  amount  of  forces  assend)k'd  at  Cordova  wc  tin  | 
variously  stated  at  ten  and  twelve  thousand  liorse,  and  twenty  and  even  fdrtv 
thousand  foot,  exclusive  of  foragers.  On  one  occasion,  the  whole  niimlKr. 
including  men  for  the  artillery  service  and  the  f(»llowers  of  the  ciiiiii.,  i> 
reckone*!  at  eighty  thousand.  The  same  munber  of  beasts  of  burden  uciv 
employed  in  transporting  the  supplies  re<piired  for  his  iunnense  Imst,  as  \\t|| 
as  for  i»rovisioning  the  con(iuere<l  cities  standing  in  the  midst  of  a  (Ic-dlalcij 
comitry.  The  ([ueen,  who  took  this  departnient  under  her  special  v(>'j.\im\uv, 
moved  along  tlu^  frontier,  stationing  herself  at  points  most  contiguous  to  the 
scene  of  ojterations.  There,  by  means  of  posts  regularly  establislicd,  >!:(• 
received  liourly  intelligence  of  the  war.  At  the  same  time  slie  transmittal  tin- 
re(piisite  munitions  for  the  troops,  by  means  of  convoys  sutliciently  strun.' 
to  seoire  them  against  the  irruptions  of  the  wily  enemy,'' 

IsalK'Ila,  solicitous  for  everything  that  concerned  the  welfare  of  hor  iieoiiir, 
sometimes  visited  the  camp  in  i»erson,  encouraging  the  soldiers  to  eiiiliirc  tjic 
hardships  of  war,  and  relieving  their  mK'essities  by  liberal  donations  nf  (IdtiicN 
and  money.  She  caused  also  a  number  of  large  tents,  known  as  "  ;lie  i[\\vvu^ 
liospitals,"  to  ]»c  always  reserved  for  tlie  sick  and  wounded,  and  furiii  hcl 
them  with  the  reipiisite  attendants  and  medicines,  at  lierown  charge.  Tlii>i> 
considered  the  earliest  attempt  at  the  formation  of  a  '••^gular  camp  husiMtal, 
on  record." 

Isakdla  may  be  re^rded  as  the  soul  of  this  war.  She  engagcnl  in  it  with 
the  most  exalted  views,  less  to  accniire  territory  than  to  re-estaMi>ii  the 
cmi)ire  of  the  Cross  over  the  ancient  domain  of  Christendom.  On  this  iioint 
she  concentrated  all  the  energies  of  her  iKjwerful  mind,  never  sullering  lnrM-lf 
to  be  diverted  by  any  subordinate  interest  from  this  one  great  and  glorious 
object.  When  tne  king,  in  1484,  would  have  paused  a  while  from  the  (iraiia- 
dine  war,  in  order  to  prosecute  his  claims  to  Roussillon  against  the  French, 
after  the  death  of  Louis  the  Eleventh,  Isa])ella  strongly  obiected  to  it ;  Imt, 
finding  her  remonstrance  ineffectual,  slie  left  her  husband  in  Anigon,  ami 
rei^aired  to  CordoVa,  where  she  placed  the  cardinal  of  Spain  at  the  lual  of 
the  army,  and  prepared  to  open  the  campaign  in  the  usual  vigorous  iiianiitr. 
Here,  however,  she  was  soon  joined  by  Ferdinand,  who,  on  a  cooler  revision 
of  the  subject,  deemed  it  prudent  to  postpone  his  projected  enterprise. 

On  another  occasion,  in  the  same  year,  when  the  nobles,  fatigued  with  the 
service,  had  tiersuaded  the  king  to  retire  earlier  than  usual,  tlie  (piccii.  lii^- 
satisfied  with  the  proceeding,  awldressed  a  letter  to  her  husband,  in  \\\A 


*°  Abarca,  RoyoH  de  Arapon,  torn.  li.  fol. 
304.- Lcbiijii,  Rcruin  ({ostaninj  Decados,  ii. 
lib.  4,  lap.  2.— Hcnialdt'Z,  Reyes  Catolioos, 
MS.,  cap.  70.— Mainiol,  Rebelioii  de  los  Mo- 
riscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  \2.  I'lilgar,  wlio  is  by  no 
means  bifjoted  for  the  ape,  seems  to  think  the 
lib  ral  terms  pianted  by  Feidiiiaiid  to  the 
enemiis  of  the  faitii  stand  in  need  of  i  erpetual 
apology.     See  Keyea  Cat61icos,  cap.   44   et 


passim. 

-'  H«Tnaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  75. 
— Pulpar,  ReyiB  I'atulicos,  cap.  '.il,  :i.i,  4-- 
Lebrija,  llenim  Ge.starum  Dinulis,  ii.  li''. ". 
cap.  6.~Marmol,  Rebtlion  de  lus  .MuriM.v>, 
lib.  1,  cap.  13. 

"  .Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi. 
Ilust.  6. 


ftfter  rcpre 

lit'xdullt    II 

Kraiiiii'cs,"  f 

I'/a  Hi'iiiai 

aiiij  rctnrne 

A  circuiii 

/iiilitary  en  I 

va-al-,  wJio 

ht'  l<rniii,'lit  I 

tamp  on  (Ik 

"f  tins  tciiijit 

t'lilet'icii  a 

rcfii>ei|,  rejil; 

wvc  iiiiii  at 

lilt' as  their  j< 

a'Mros.s,  and, 

h'inoiirahle  ei: 

a  iimrt'  (K-fcre 

<li-t'iitly  urott 

a'liieveinent.s, 

liwirt.s  of  all,  .s 

•'II  the  most  t 

tilt'  .s()\(Teigii 

'•hii  was  pre-ei 

I'liiiliict,  nas  r 

that  citv,  and 

"iirnur,  liowev* 

«'|ii  his  laurel] 

'^till  more  omp 

ft'Kiire  of  tiiel 

S'vcreigns,  whc 

"lit  to  receive  li 

"»'  Wind  cardil 

^">'i'  I'alace,  til 

*«'tt'(l  liini    \,y 

'^'""iW  sit  with 
Ptiiity  of  a  li 
f}''^  an  old  cJirl 
^•iizeles  experil 
"  ruyal  conde.f 
"Miiiiscrilted 
eti'jiictte." 

„'^''e  durationi 

'"■.""A'howt  the 

f 'fS  indeed,  ai 

■'i^'i  were  tliosl 

"  Lehrija,  ReruJ 

*' Aft.T  another 
^^m,  ^^ranted 
;•>  1  «mt  won,  by 
'"'^J3-lay;apre| 


MILITARY  POLICY  OF  TIIK  SOVKKinOXS. 


213 


n  it  witli 
|.li>h  ttif 
his  \M\\\ 
if  iicrsfli 

fliiviolb 

Kroiicli, 
it ;  but, 

U'il'l  oi 

luaiiiHT. 
revision 

with  tli'> 

ill  wliiili. 


IS.,  Mp-"5' 
t.,  torn,  ^'i- 


iifitT  ri'itroscntin;^  the  disproportion  of  the  results  to  the  prepftratioiis,  sho 
U-Mdiulit  liiiii  to  k«M'p  thi'  \\v\<\  as  Inii^  lis  the  stuson  shoiiM  serve.  "The 
^'r:iinlt'('>,"  says  licltrija,  "iiiortiliiMl  at  hrin^'  surpassed  in  /i-ul  for  the  holy  war 
l,v  11  witiiiii,  t'H;,'erly  collected  their  forces,  which  Iwul  hecii  partly  ilisUuided, 
iiinl  rt'turiu'd  acios.s  the  horders  to  reiu'W  hoxtilities.'" '* 

A  (irciiiii>taiico   which   had   freipieiitly   fru.strat<'d    the  most  iiiti^'nitioent 

military  eiiter|»nses   under   fornu'r  reigns  was  the  factions  of  these  potent 

v,i -;il',  who,  indejieiident  of  »'ach  uiiier,  and  almost  of  the  crown,  could  rarely 

U' hroiiglit  to  act  in  eltici(M»t  concert  for  a  len^4h  of  time,  and  hroke  up  the 

ijiiiip  on  the  slightest  personal  jealousy.     Kenlinand  e.\|ierience<l  something 

(if  this  temper  in  the  duke  of  Medina  Cell,  who,  when  he  had  reccive<l  orders 

tnlet^vch  a  corps  of  his  tnxjps  to  the  auppcjrt  of  the  count  of  lienavente, 

rt'fii>ed,  replying  to  the  mesj^engor.  "  Tell  your  ma-.l^r  that  I  came  here  to 

serve  liim  at  the  head  of  my  household  troons,  and  they  go  nowluue  without 

lilt'  as  tlicir  leader."    The  sovereigns  managed  tliis  liery  spirit  with  the  gre-atewt 

aiMros,  and,  instead  of  ciuliing  it,  v-ndejivoured  to  direct  it  in  the  path  of 

lininniniltie  eumlation.     The  (pieen,  who  as  their  hereditary  sovereigii  received 

a  more  deferential  homage  from  her  Castilian  suhjects  thin  Ferdinand,  fre- 

i[iieiitly  wrote  to  her  nohles  in  the  camp,  complimenting  .some  on   their 

11.  hii'veinents,  and  others  less  fortunate  on  their  intentions,  thus  cheering  tlio 

liwirts  of  all,  says  the  chronicler,  and  stimulating  tliem  to  deeds  of  heroism. 

imtlie  most  deserving  she  freely  lavished  those  honours  which  cost  little  to 

the  sovt'reign  but  are  most  grateful  to  the  subject.    The  manpiis  of  Cadiz. 

wild  was  pre-eminent  abo    •  every  other  captain  in  this  war  for  sagacity  and 

I'liiiliiit,  Was  rewarded  after  his  brilliant  surnrise  of  Zahara  with  the  gift  of 

tliat  (ity,  and  the  titles  of  manpiis  of  Zanara  and  duke  of  Cadiz.     The 

warrior,  however,  was  unwilling  to  resign  the  ancient  title  under  which  he  had 

Willi  his  laurels,  and  ever  after  subscrilxxl  himself  marciuis  duke  of  Cmliz.** 

Still  iiinre  enii)hatic  honours  were  conferred  on  the  count  de  Cabra,  after  the 

ftiliture  of  the  king  of  Granaihi.     When  he  presented  himself  Inifore  the 

s  iverei;;iis,  who  were  at  Vitoria,  the  clergy  and  cavaliers  of  the  city  marched 

Milt  to  receive  liim.  and  he  enteral  in  solemn  procession  on  the  right  hand  of 

the  t,'rand  cardinal  of  Spain.     As  he  advanced  up  the  hall  of  audience  in  the 

rival  palace,  the  king  and  queen  came  forward  to  welconie  hun,  and  theu 

Stated  him  l)y  themselves  at  table,  declarini'  that  "  the  conciueror  of  kings 

>ii'iiikl  sit  witu  kings."    These  honours  were  followed  by  the  more  substantial 

gratuity  of  a  hundred  thousand  maravedis  annual  rent;  "a  fat  donative," 

siivs  an  old  chronicler,  "  for  so  le<*n  a  treasury,"    The  young  alcayde  de  los 

doiizeles  exjierienced  a  similar   recention  on  the  ensuing  day.     Such  acts 

of  royal  condescension  were  aspecially  grateful  to  the  nobility  of  a  court 

nr(iimscril)ed  beyond  every  other  hi  Europe  by  stately  and  ceremonious 

etii^uette." 

ilie  duration  of  the  war  of  Granada  wa.s  such  as  to  raise  the  militia 
tliroiighout  the  kingdom  nearly  to  a  level  with  regular  troops.  Many  of  these 
lines,  iiidee<l,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  niiglit  pret(  iid  to  this  character. 
>it.h  were  those  furnished  By  the  Andalusian  cities,  which  had  been  long 


'  Lebrija,  Rerum  Gestarum  Decades,  il, 
lit  3,  wj).  6.— I'ulgar,  Reyes  Catolicus,  cap. 

"  After  another  daring  acliievemeiit,  the 
'''Weijiiis  trrantud  him  and  his  heirs  the 
''}al  suit  worn  by  tho  nionarciia  of  Castile 
"'"  L»Jy-(lay ;  a  pres  nt,  says  Abarca,  not  to 


bo  eBtimat'Ml  by  its  cost,— Reyes  de  Aragon, 
torn.  ii.  I'ol.  3o:j. 

■"  Abarca,  Ueycs  de  Aragon,  ubl  supra. — 
Peter  Martyr,  Upus  Kpist.,  lib.  1,  epist.  41. — 
Bernaldt!/.  Ucyes  Cftnlicos,  MS.,  cap.  6s. — 
Zurita,  Analcs,  torn,  iv,  cap.  5)j. 


214 


WAR  OP  GRANADA. 


accustomed  to  skirmishes  with  their  Moslem  neighbours.  Such,  too,  was  the 
well-appointed  chivalry  of  the  military  orders,  and  the  organized  militia  of 
the  hermaudad,  which  we  find  sometimes  supplying  a  hody  of  ten  tlKnisani 
men  for  the  service.  To  these  may  be  added  the  splendid  throng  of  cavaliers 
and  hidal'foes,  who  swelled  the  retinues  of  the  sovereigns  and  the  great 
nobility.  The  king  was  attended  in  battle  by  a  body-guard  of  a  tiiousanl 
knights,  one  half  light  and  the  otiier  half  heavy  armed,  all  superbly  eiiuipi^J 
and  mountei'.,  and  trained  to  arms  from  childhood  under  the  royal  eye. 

Although  the  burd  mi  of  the  war  bore  most  heavily  on  Andalusia,  from  its 
contiguity  to  the  scene  of  action,  yet  recruits  were  drawn  in  ahundaiioe 
from  the  most  remote  provinces,  as  Galicia,  Biscay,  and  the  Asturijis,  hoiii 
Aragon,  and  even  the  transmarine  dominions  of  Sicily.  The  sovereigns  did  not 
disdain  to  swell  their  ranks  with  levies  of  a  humbler  description,  by  iironiisin;; 
an  entire  amnesty  to  those  malefactors  who  had  left  the  country  in  jimi 
numl)ers  of  late  years  to  escape  justice,  on  condition  of  their  servuig  in  tin- 
Moorish  war.  Throughout  this  motley  host  the  strictest  disoi[)liiie  ainl 
decorum  were  maintained.  The  Spaniards  have  never  been  dispo,se<l  t*j 
intemperance  ;  but  the  passion  for  gaming,  especially  with  dice,  to  which 
they  se.Mij  to  have  been  immoderately  addicted  at  that  day,  was  restrained  by 
the  severest  penalties.'* 

The  brilliant  successes  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns  diffuse '  'general  satisfaction 
throughout  Christendom,  and  volunteers  flocked  to  the  camp  from  France, 
England,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  eager  to  partici[)ate  ni  tiie  glorious 
triumphs  of  the  Cross.  Among  these  was  a  corps  of  Swiss  mercenaries,  who 
are  thus  simply  described  by  Pulgar :  "  There  joined  the  royal  standard  a 
body  of  men  from  Switzerland,  a  country  in  upper  Germany.  These  men 
were  bold  of  heart,  and  fought  on  foot.  As  they  were  resolved  never  to  turn 
their  backs  upon  the  enemy,  they  wore  no  defensive  armour  except  in  front ; 
by  which  means  they  were  less  encumbered  in  fight.  They  ma<le  a  traile  of 
war,  letting  themselves  out  as  mercenaries  ;  but  they  espoused  only  a  jii>t 
quarrel,  for  they  were  devout  and  loyal  Christians,  and  above  all  ahlKirred 
rapine  as  a  great  sin."  *'  The  Swiss  had  recently  established  their  milita  y 
renown  by  the  discomfiture  of  Charles  the  Bold,  when  they  first  proved  ttie 
superiority  of  infantry  over  the  best-appointed  chivalry  of  Europe.  Their 
example  no  doubt  contributed  to  the  formation  of  that  invincible  Spanish 
infantry,  which,  under  the  Great  Captain  and  his  successors,  may  be  said  to 
have  decided  the  fate  of  Christendom  for  more  than  half  a  century. 

Among  the  foreigners  was  one  from  the  distant  isle  of  Britain,  the  ear!  of 
Rivers,  or  conde  de  Escalas,  as  he  is  called  from  his  patronymic.  Scales*  t\v 
the  Spanish  writers.  "  There  came  from  Britain,"  says  Peter  Martyr,  ''a 
cavalier,  young,  wealthy,  and  high-born.  He  was  allied  to  the  blood  royal  of 
England.  He  was  attended  l>y  a  beautiful  train  of  household  trooi)s  tlir?€ 
hundred  in  number,  armed  after  the  fashion  of  their  land  with  long-bow  an  1 


'■"  Pulf^ar,  Reyes  Catfilicoa,  cap.  31,  67,  69. 
•-Lebrijd,  lleruio  Gestarum  Decades,  ii.  lib. 


2,  cap.  10. 
•'  Reyes  Cat6licoB,  cap.  21. 


*  [The  family  name,  afl  few  readers  of 
En^lL-ih  history  will  need  to  be  rcintnded, 
was  not  Scales,  but  Widvile,  or  Wyilivlle, 
often  modernized  as  Woodville;  and  the 
person  mentioned  in  the  text.  Sir  Edward 
Widvile,  had  no  claim  to  the  desipiation 
either  of  Earl  Rivers  or   Lord  Scales,  the 


former  title  havlnf?  passed  to  hi"  lirotlur 
Richard,  and  the  latter  having  fiilkn  i'i|" 
abeyance,  on  the  death,  without  ww,  in 
1483,  of  the  most  famous  uieiiih'T  «f  th.' 
family,  Anthony  Widvile,  the  second  earl. 
—Ed.] 


MILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


215 


liattle-axe."  This  nubleinan  particularly  distingiiislie<l  himself  by  his  gallantry 
ill  the  second  siege  of  Loja,  in  148G.  Having  asked  leave  to  tight  after  the 
maiiMer  of  his  coiuitry,  says  the  Andalusian  chronicler,  he  dismounted  trom  his 
f.'( Kill. steed,  and,  putting  himself  at  the  head  of  his  followers,  armed  like  himself 
(It  Uanco,  with  their  swords  at  their  thighs,  and  battle-axes  in  their  hands, 
lie  »le;ilt  such  terrible  blows  around  him  as  filled  even  the  hardy  mountaineers 
iif  the  north  with  astonishment.  Unfortunately,  just  as  the  suburbs  were 
carried,  the  good  knight,  as  he  was  mounthig  a  scalingdadder,  received  a  blow 
froiii  a  stone,  which  dashed  out  two  of  his  teeth  and  stretched  him  senseless 
on  tlie  ground.  He  was  removed  to  his  tent,  where  he  lay  some  time  under 
medical  treatment ;  and,  when  he  had  sutticiently  recovered,  he  recei'.'cd  a  visit 
from  the  king  and  nueen,  who  complimented  him  on  his  nrowess  and  testified 
their  syiiinatliy  for  his  misfortune.  "  It  is  little,"  replied  he.  "  to  lose  a  few 
teetii  in  tlie  service  of  Him  who  has  given  me  all.  Our  Lord,"  he  added,  "  who 
reared  this  fabric,  has  only  opened  a  window,  in  order  to  discern  the  more 
readily  what  pases  within'."  A  facetious  response,  says  I'eter  Martyr,  which 
gave  uncommon  satisfaction  to  the  sovereigns.** 

The  (iueen.  not  long  after,  testified  her  sense  of  the  earl's  services  by  a 
luapiiticent  largess,  consisting,  among  other  tilings,  of  twelve  Andalusian 
horses,  two  couches  \^ith  richly-wrought  hangings  and  coverings  of  cloth  of 
gold,  with  a  (juantity  of  fine  linen,  and  sumptuous  pavilions  for  himself  and 
suite.  The  brave  knight  seems  to  have  been  satisfied  with  this  taste  of  the 
Moorish  wars  ;  for  he  soon  after  returned  to  England,  and  in  1^88  passed  over 
to  France,  where  his  hot  spirit  prompted  liim  to  take  part  in  the  feudal  factions 
(if  that  country,  in  which  ne  lost  his  life,  fighting  for  the  duke  of  Brittany." 

The  pomp  with  which  the  military  movements  were  conducted  in  these 
(■am[iaigns  gave  the  scene  rather  the  air  of  a  court  pageant  than  that  of  the 
stern  array  of  war.  The  war  was  one  which,  appeiilmg  both  to  i»rinciples  of 
religion  and  j)atriotism,  was  well  calculated  to  inflame  the  imaginations  of  the 
younij  Spanish  cavaliers ;  and  they  poured  into  the  field,  eager  to  display 
themselves  under  the  eye  of  then'  illustrious  queen,  who,  as  she  rode  through 
the  ranks  mounted  on  her  war-horse  and  clad  in  complete  mail,  afforded  no  bad 
jersonification  of  the  genius  of  chivalry.  The  potent  and  wealthy  barons  ex- 
liitiittid  in  the  camp  all  the  magnificence  of  princes.  The  pavilions,  decorated 
with  various  coloured  pennons,  and  emblazoned  with  the  armorial  nearings  of 
their  ancient  houses,  shone  with  a  splendour  which  a  CastUian  writer  likens  to 
that  of  the  city  of  Seville."  They  always  appeared  surrounded  by  a  throng 
of  paires  in  gorgeous  liveries,  and  at  night  were  preceded  bv  a  multitude  of 
torches,  whi(;h  shed  a  radiance  like  that  of  day.  They  vied  with  each  other 
in  the  costliness  of  their  apparel,  equipage,  and  plate,  and  in  the  variety  and 
(lelieacy  of  the  dainties  with  which  their  tables  were  covered.'* 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  saw  with  regret  this  lavish  ostentation,  and  privately 
remonstrated  with  some  of  the  principal  grandees  on  its  evil  tendency,  especially 
in  seducing  the  inferior  and  poorer  nooility  into  ex|>enditures  l)eyond  their 
means.  This  Sybarite  indulgence,  however,  does  not  seem  to  have  impaired 
the  martial  spirit  of  the  nobles.  On  all  occasions  they  contended  with  each 
utiier  for  the  post  of  danger.    The  duke  del  Infantado,  the  head  of  the  powerful 


"  Totcr  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  1,  epist. 
<2.-ll..nmMcz,  Royps  CatoUcos,  MS.  cap.  78. 

"  liiiillaunii'  (le  lallgiiy,  Histuirede  Charles 
>1II.  ^l'alls,  1617),  pp.  9U-94. 
_ ''  It'Tnalile?.,   Rpyes  C.it6licoB.   MS.,  cap. 
'5.-Thi8  city,  even  before  the  New  World 


had  poured  its  treasures  into  its  lap,  was  con- 
spicuiius  for  its  uiagnificeuce,  as  the  ancient 
proverb  testifies.    Zui'iiga,  AunalesileSevilla, 
p.  1«3. 
"  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat6lico8,  cap.  41. 


21G 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


house  of  Mendoza,  was  consnicuous  above  all  for  the  magnificence  of  his  train. 
At  the  siege  of  lllora,  1486,  ne  obtained  permission  to  lead  the  stonuin;,'  party. 
As  his  followers  pressed  onwards  to  the  breach,  they  were  received  with  bU( ha 
shower  of  missiles  as  made  them  falter  for  a  moment.  "  What,  my  iiu-n,"  cricl 
he,  "do  you  fail  me  at  this  hour !  Shall  we  be  taunted  with  bearing  iii,,re 
finery  on  our  backs  than  courage  in  our  hearts  ?  Let  us  not,  in  Gud's  name, 
be  laughed  at  as  mere  holiday  soldiers  !"  His  vassals,  stung  by  tliis  reUike! 
rallied,  and,  penetrating  the  breach,  carried  the  place  by  the  fury  of  their 
assault." 

Notwithstanding  the  remonstrances  of  the  sovereigns  against  this  ostenta- 
tion  of  luxury,  they  were  not  wanting  in  the  display  of  royal  state  and 
magnificence  on  all  suitable  occasions.  The  Curate  of  Los  Pahuios  has  ex- 
patiated with  elaborate  minuteness  on  the  circumstances  of  an  interview 
between  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  the  camp  before  Moclin,  in  14S)1,  where 
the  queen's  presence  was  solicited  for  the  purpose  of  devisuig  a  i)!an  of  future 
operations.  A  few  of  the  particulars  maybe  transcribed,  though  at  the  hazard 
01  appearing  trivial  to  readers  who  take  little  interest  in  such  details. 

On  the  borders  of  the  Yeguas,  the  queen  was  met  by  an  advanced  corps 
under  the  command  of  the  marquis  duke  of  Cadiz,  and,  at  the  distance  of 
a  league  and  a  half  from  Mochn,  by  the  duke  del  Infantado,  w  ith  the  princiiial 
nobility  and  their  vassals,  splendidly  accoutred.  On  the  left  of  the  road  wa^i 
drawn  up  in  battle-array  the  militia  of  Seville,  and  the  uueen,  making  lur 
obeisance  to  the  banner  of  that  illustrious  city,  ordered  it  to  jiass  io  her 
right.  The  successive  battalions  saluted  the  queen  as  she  advancal,  hy 
lowering  their  standards,  and  the  joyous  multitude  announced  with  tunmltuoii's 
acclamations  her  approach  to  the  conquered  city. 

The  queen  was  accompanied  by  her  daughter,  the  infanta  Lsaltelhi,  and 
a  courtly  train  of  damsels,  mounted  on  mules  richly  caparisoned.  The  <[iieen 
herself  rode  a  chestnut  mule,  seated  on  a  saddle-chair  embossed  witii  guld 
and  silver.  The  housings  were  of  a  crimson  colour,  and  the  bridle  wa.^  d 
satin,  curiously  wrought  with  letters  of  gold.  The  infanta  wore  a  skirt  if 
fine  velvet,  over  others  of  brocade,  a  scarlet  mantilla  of  the  Moorish  fashion, 
and  a  black  hat  trimmed  with  gold  embroidery.  The  king  rode  forward  at  the 
head  of  his  nobles  to  receive  them.  He  was  dressed  in  a  crimson  doublet, 
with  clMusses,  or  breeches  of  yellow  satin.  Over  his  shoulders  was  tlinnvn 
a  cassock  or  mantle  of  rich  brocade,  and  a  sopravest  of  the  same  material 
concealed  his  cuirass.  By  his  side,  close  girt,  he  wore  a  Moori.sh  scimitar, 
and  beneath  his  bonnet  his  hair  was  confined  by  a  cap  or  head  dress  of  the 
finest  stuff. 


"  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat61ico8,  cap.  59.— This 
nobleman,  wbo.se  name  was  Iftigo  Lopez  de 
Meiiiloza,  was  son  of  the  Mrst  duke,  Diego 
llurtado,  who  supported  Ipabella's  claims  to 
the  crown.  Oviedo  was  present  at  the  siege 
of  lllora,  and  gives  a  minute  description  of 
his  appearance  there.  "  He  came,"  says  that 
writer,  "attended  by  a  numerous  body  of 
cavaliers  and  gentlemen,  as  befitted  so  great 
a  lord.  He  displayed  all  the  luxuries  which 
belong  to  a  time  of  pcico ;  and  his  tables, 
which  were  careful'7  served,  were  loaded 
witli  rich  and  curioup'  '  wrought  plate,  of 
which  lie  had  a  grcati/  profusion  tlian  any 
othor  grandee  in  the  kingiinni."  In  amitlier 
place  he  says,  "  The  duke  Ifiigo  was  a  perfect 
Alexander  for  bis  liberality,  in  all  bis  actioni 


princely,  maintaining  unboundrd  luspitali  y 
among  his  numerous  vassals  aiul  iV  iKiiili'nu, 
and  beloved  throughout  Sjiuin.  Hi-  Jialaos 
were  garnitihed  with  the  most  costly  tup<v 
tries,  jewels,  and  rich  stuffs  of  pold  and 
silver.  His  chapel  was  filled  with  aco'iii- 
pli>hed  sinners  and  musicians;  his  faloiu, 
hounds,  and  his  whole  hunting  estalilbhunni, 
including  a  magnificent  stud  of  hornp.s  w^r' 
not  to  be  matched  by  those  of  any  fiber 
nobleman  in  the  kingdom.  Of  the  .r'"'i  '| 
all  which,"  concludes  Oviedo,  "1  "•.-'•• 
have  been  an  eye-witness,  and  enmit-'h  utlnTi 
can  testify."  See  Oviedo  (Quinnmj."  na.-, 
MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  1,  dial.  H^  who  ii«>  P!^-' 
the  genealogy  of  the  Jlcndozas  and  McnJ*- 
ziBos,  in  all  its  endless  ramificatious. 


iMILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


217 


Ferdinand  was  mounted  on  a  noble  war-horse  of  a  bright  chestnut  colour, 
III  tlio  s|ilen(li(l  train  of  chivalry  which  attended  him,  Hcnialdez  dwells  wi^li 
niufii  satisfaction  on  the  En^'lish  lord  Scales,  lie  was  followed  by  a  retinie 
of  five  liases  arrayed  in  costly  liveries.  He  was  sheathed  in  conii)lete  mail, 
nver  whiiji  was  thrown  a  French  stircuat  of  dark  silk  brocade.  A  buckler  wac 
attaclit'il  hy  golden  clasps  to  his  arm,  and  on  his  heiul  he  wore  a  white  French 
hat  with  [ilumes.  The  caparisons  of  his  steed  were  azure  silk,  lined  with 
viiijet  and  sprinkled  over  with  stars  of  gold,  and  swept  the  groiuid,  as  he 
managed  his  tiery  courser  with  an  easy  horsemanship  that  excited  general 
ailiiiiration. 

The  kiiii,'  and  queen,  as  they  drew  near,  bowed  thrice  with  formal  reverence 
ta  each  other.  The  queen  at  the  same  time,  raising  her  hat,  remained  in  her 
Coif  or  head-dre.ss,  with  her  face  uncovered;  Ferdinand,  riding  uj),  kissed  her 
aili'ctioiiately  on  the  cheek,  and  then,  according  to  the  precise  chronicler, 
bestowed  a  similar  mark  of  tenderness  on  his  daughter  Isabella,  after  giving 
her  his  paternal  benediction.  The  royal  yiarty  were  then  escorted  to  the  camp, 
where  suitable  accommodations  had  been  provided  for  the  queen  and  her  fair 
retinue." 

It  may  readily  be  believed  that  the  sovereigns  did  not  neglect,  in  a  war  like 
the  present,  an  appeal  to  the  religious  principle  so  deeply  seated  in  the 
Sjiaiiish  character.  All  their  public  acts  ostentatiously  proclaimed  the  pious 
nature  of  the  work  in  which  they  were  engaged.  They  were  attende<l  in  their 
expeditious  hy  churchmen  of  the  highest  rank,  who  not  only  mingleil  in  the 
wuiieils  of  the  camp,  hut,  like  the  bold  hishoj)  of  Jaen,  or  the  grand  cardinal 
Meniloza,  huckled  on  harness  over  rochet  and  hood,  and  led  their  squad vons 
to  the  field."  The  nueen  at  Cordova  celebrated  the  tidings  of  every  new 
sucoess  over  the  infiilel,  by  solemn  procession  and  thanksgiving,  with  her 
whole  household,  as  well  as  the  nobility,  foreign  ambassadors,  and  municipal 
functionaries.  In  like  manner,  Ferdinand,  on  the  return  from  his  campaigns, 
was  received  at  the  gates  of  the  city,  and  escorted  in  solenni  pomn  beneath 
a  rich  canopy  of  state  to  the  cathedral  church,  where  he  prostrated  himself  in 
gnUeful  adoration  of  the  Lord  of  hosts.  Intelligence  of  tneir  triumphant  pro- 
LTess  in  the  war  was  constantly  transmitted  to  the  pope,  who  returned  his 
benediction,  accompanied  by  more  substantial  marks  of  favour,  in  bulls  of 
cnisaile,  and  taxes  on  ecclesiastical  rents." 

The  ceremonials  observed  on  the  occupation  of  a  new  conquest  were  such  as 
to  atj'ect  the  heart  no  less  than  the  invagination.  "  The  royal  al/erez"  says 
Mariueo,  "  raised  the  standard  of  the  Cross,  the  sim  of  our  salvation,  on  the 
suiniuit  of  the  principal  fortress  ;  and  all  who  beheld  it  prostrated  themselves 
on  their  knees  in  silent  worship  of  the  Almighty,  while  the  priests  clianted  the 


"  RmaMoz,  Reyes  CfttollcoB,  MS.,  cap.  80. 
-The  livi'ly  author  of  •'  A  Year  in  Spain" 
lieaTibos,  among  other  suits  of  armour  still 
t"  !¥>  8Pcn  in  the  museum  of  the  armoury  at 
Mailrid,  tlmsp  worn  by  Ferdinand  and  his 
illii<triims  CI  insert :  "In  one  of  the  most  con- 
sfikiioiis  statiiins  is  the  suit  of  armour  usually 
»'irn  tiy  ii-niinand  the  Catholic.  lie  seems 
fnuuly  goatcd  upon  his  war-horse,  with  a 
pair  (if  ri'ii  volvpt  breeches,  after  the  manner 
"f  tliL>  Moors,  with  lilted  lance  and  closed 
*i*r  There  are  several  suits  of  Ferdinand 
»iil  ijf  liis  i|uci'n  Isabella,  who  was  no  stranger 
t'  the  dangers  of  a  battle.  By  the  compara- 
tive heights  of  the  arm  ur,  Isabella  would 


seem  to  l)e  the  bigRer  of  the  two,  as  she 
certainly  was  the  better."  A  Year  in  Spain, 
by  a  Y(jung  American  (IJoston,  1829),  p.  IIG. 

'*  Cardinal  Mendoza,  in  the  cumpaijin  of 
1485,  offered  the  (jueen  to  raise  a  botly  of 
3000  horse  and  march  at  its  head  to  the  relief 
of  Alhftuia,  and  at  the  same  time  to  supply 
her  with  such  sums  of  money  as  mi)jUt  be 
necessary  in  the  present  exigency.  Pulgar, 
Ileyes  Catnlicos,  cap.  M. 

"  In  1  isO  we  lind  Feniinand  and  I«aliella 
pert'iirminp  a  ]iilj;iiniaKi?  to  the  shrine  of  St. 
.James  of  Compostella.  Carbajal,  Anales, 
MS.,  afio  b6. 


218 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


glorious  anthem,  Te  Devm  laudamus.  The  ensign  or  pennon  of  St.  .Tamos, 
the  chivalric  patron  of  Spain,  was  then  unfolded,  and  all  invoked  his  l.lesvci 
name.  Lastly,  was  displayed  the  banner  of  the  sovereigns,  emblazuiuMl  with 
the  royal  arms  ;  at  which  the  whole  army  shouted  forth,  as  if  with  one  voi(f', 
'  Castile,  Castile  ! '  After  thase  solemnities,  a  bishop  led  the  way  to  the 
principal  moscj^ue,  which,  after  the  rites  of  purification,  he  consecrated  to  the 
fervice  of  the  true  faith." 

The  standard  of  the  Cross  above  r'^ferred  to  was  of  massive  silver,  and  Mas 
a  present  from  Pope  Sixtus  the  Fourth  to  Ferdinand,  in  whose  ttMit  it 
was  always  carried  throughout  these  campaigns.  An  ample  su[>plv  of  i)ells. 
vases,  missals,  plate,  and  other  sacred  furniture,  was  also  borne  alonj,'  with 
the  camp,  being  provided  by  the  (jueen  for  the  purified  mosques." 

The  most  touciiiug  part  of  the  incidents  usually  occurring  at  the  surrender 
of  a  Moorish  city  was  the  liberation  of  the  Christian  captives  inmmred  in  its 
dungeons.  On  the  capture  of  Ronda,  in  1485,  more  than  four  hundred  of 
these  unfortunate  persons,  several  of  them  cavaliers  of  rank,  some  of  whom 
had  been  taken  in  the  fatal  expedition  of  the  Axarquia,  were  restored  to  the 
light  of  heaven.  On  being  brought  before  Ferdinand,  they  prostratc<l  them- 
selves on  the  ground,  bathing  his  feet  with  tears,  while  their  wan  and  wasteil 
figures,  their  dishevelled  locks,  their  beards  reaching  down  to  their  girdles. 
and  their  limbs  loaded  with  heavy  manacles,  brouglit  tears  into  the  eye  <i 
every  spectator.  They  were  then  conmianded  to  present  themselves  befdre 
the  queen  at  Cordova,  who  liberally  relieved  their  necessities,  and,  after  the 
celebration  of  public  thanksgiving,  caused  them  to  be  conveyed  to  their  own 
homes.  The  fetters  of  the  lioerated  captives  were  suspended  in  the  churches, 
where  they  continued  to  be  revered  by  succeeding  generat'ons  as  the  trophies 
of  Christian  warfare.'' 

Ever  since  the  victory  of  Lucena,  the  sovereigns  had  made  it  a  caiatal 

Eoint  of  their  policy  to  foment  the  dissensions  of  their  enemies.  The  youiii; 
ing  Abdallah,  after  his  humiliating  treaty  with  Ferdinand,  lost  whatever 
consideration  he  had  previously  possessed.  Although  the  sultana  Zoraya,  bv 
her  persouivl  address,  and  the  lavish  dis*  ibution  of  the  royal  treasures,  oon 
trived  to  maintain  a  faction  for  her  son.  the  better  classes  of  his  countrymen 
despised  him  as  a  renegade  and  a  vassal  of  the  Christian  king.  As  their  old 
monarch  had  become  incompetent,  from  increasing  age  and  blindness,  to  the 
duties  of  his  station  in  these  perilous  timas,  they  turned  their  eves  on  his 
brother  Abdallah,  surnamed  El  Zagal,  or  "  the  Valiant,"  who  ha<l  borne  so 
conspicuous  a  part  in  the  rout  of  the  Axarquia.  The  Castilians  depict  this 
chief  in  the  darkest  colours  of  ambition  and  cruelty ;  but  the  JVIoslein  writers 
afibrd  no  such  intimation,  and  his  advancement  to  the  throne  at  that  crisis 
seems  to  be  in  some  measure  justified  by  his  eminent  talents  as  a  military 
leader. 

On  his  way  to  Granada,  he  encountered  and  out  to  pieces  a  body  d 
Calatrava  knights  from  Alhama,  and  signalized  his  entrance  into  his  new 
capital  by  bearing  along  the  bloody  trophies  of  heads  dangling  from  his 
saddle-bow,  after  the  barbarous  fashion  long  practised  in  these  wars."   It 


•°  Ti.  Marlneo,  Cosas  memorables,  fol.  17.^. 
— Bernaldcz,  Reyes  Catiilicos,  MS.,  cap.  82, 
87. 

"  Pulgar,  ReyoH  Catfilieos,  cap.  47.— Bcr- 
naldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  75. 

"  Conde,  Duminacion  de  \m  Arabes,  toni. 
iU.  cap.  37.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de  I'Afrlque  et 


Jo  I'EspaKne,  torn.  Hi.  pp.  276,  2«1.  2*2- 
Abarca,  Reyes  d'>  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  fol.  304. 

•'  El  enjaeza  el  caballn 
De  las  cabezas  do  fanifv." 

says  one  of  the  old  Moorish  balla-ls.    ki^:- 
land  of  Christian  heads  seems  to  have  been 


MILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  SOVEREIGNS. 


219 


wa.s  obsorvofl  tliat  the  old  kin;?  Al)iil  Haceii  did  not  lonj;  survive  his  brother's 
accession.'*  Tlie  younj;  king  Ahdallah  sought  the  protection  of  the  Castilian 
snvoreiiriis  in  Seville,  who,  true  to  their  i)oliev,  sent  liini  Kack  into  his  own 
diiiiiniiiiis  with  the  means  of  making  headway  against  his  rival.  Tlu;  alfaku 
and  otlior  consideral)le  persons  of  Granada,  seandalized  at  tliese  fatal  feuds, 
pttected  a  reconciliation  on  the  basis  of  a  division  of  the  kingdom  between 
tii(>  ]Arties.  But  wounds  so  deep  could  not  be  i)ermanently  healed.  The 
Mte  of  the  Moorish  capital  was  most  propitious  to  the  purposes  of  faction. 
It  covore<l  two  swelling  eminences,  divided  from  each  other  by  the  deep 
wat<>rs  (if  the  Darro.  The  two  factions  poss-"^ssed  themselves  respectively  of 
these  ojjposite  Quarters.  Abdallah  was  not  ashamed  to  strengthen  him.self 
Iv  tlif  aid  of  Cnristian  mercenaries ;  and  a  dreadful  conflict  wa-s  carried  on 
I'r  fifty  (lays  and  nights  within  the  city,  which  swam  with  the  blood  that 
shaild  have' been  shea  only  in  its  defence.*' 

Ni)t\vitlistanding  these  auxiliary  circumstances,  the  progress  of  the  Chris 
t;aii>  was  cniuparatively  slow.  Every  clifl' seemed  to  be  crowiied  with  a  fortres?  ; 
ami  every  fortress  was  defended  with  the  desjieration  of  men  willing  to  bury 
tlitmselves  under  its  niins.  The  old  men,  women,  and  children,  on  occasion 
of  a  siege,  wore  freouently  despatched  to  Granada.  Such  was  the  resolution,  or 
mllier  ferocity,  of  tiie  Moors,  that  Malaga  closed  its  gates  against  the  fugitives 
frniii  Alora,  after  its  surrender,  and  even  massacred  some  of  them  in  cold 
IIij^mI.  The  eagle  ej e  of  El  Zagal  seemed  to  take  in  at  a  glance  the  whole 
extent  of  his  little  territory,  and  to  detect  every  vulnerable  point  in  his  an- 
ta^'onist,  whom  he  encountered  where  he  least  exnected  it,  cutting  off"  his 
(u'vovs,  sur])rising  his  foraging  parties,  and  retaliating  by  a  devastating 
ijiruiiil  oil  the  borders.*' 

No  etiectual  and  permanent  resistance,  however,  could  be  opposed  to  the 
trenieiKlous  enginery  of  the  Christians.  Tower  and  town  fell  before  it.  Be- 
sides the  jirincipal  towns  of  Cartama.  Coin,  Setenil,  Ronda.  Marbella,  Illora, 
termeil  by  the  Moors  "the  right  eye,  Moclin,  "the  shield  '  of  Granada,  ana 
Lija,  after  a  second  and  desperate  siege  in  the  spring  of  1486,  Bernaldes 
eniinierates  more  than  seventy  subordinate  places  in  the  Val  de  Cartama,  and. 
thirteen  others  afte  the  fall  of  Marbella.  Thus  the  Spaniards  advanced 
their  line  of  conquest  more  than  twenty  leagues  beyond  the  western  frontier 


(Ipcmed  no  unsuitable  piesent  from  a  Moslem 
kiiL'ht  tu  liis  laiiy-love.  Thus  one  of  the 
Zegris  triuuij.liantly  asks, 

"  I  Quo  Cristianos  habels  muerto, 
0  cscalailo  que  muralhis? 
<  O  (jiie  cabezas  famosas 
Aviis  prcseiitado  a  damas ? " 

This  Rort  ijf  trophy  was  also  borne  by  the 
'lirintiaii  cavaliers.  Examples  of  this  may 
W  fuiiml  pvoii  as  lute  as  the  siege  of  Granada. 
!*e,  ttuioni;  others,  the  ballad  beginning 

"  A  vista  de  los  dos  Reyes." 

"  Tlip  Aialiic  historian  alludes  to  the  vul- 
far  report  of  the  old  king's  assassination  by 
t;!'<  linitlur,  but  leaves  us  in  the  dark  in  re- 
piril  til  li  s  own  ojiinion  of  its  credibility  ; 
"Alpuiios  iticcn  que  le  proctiro  la  muerte  su 
li'-nuano  el  Key  Zagal;  pero  Dins  In  sal)e, 
''i^fHi-l  uncoeternoe  inmutable." — Conde, 
I-miimcinii  ii(.  i,,b  Arabes,  torn.  iii.  cap.  3M. 

*'  Coi  dp,  Domiuacion  de  los  Arabes,  torn. 


iii.  cap.  38.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de  TAfrlque  et 
de  I'Espagne,  pp.  291,  292.- Mariana,  Illst. 
de  Espafia,  lib.  2.5,  cap.  9.— Marmol,  Re- 
belioD  de  los  Moriscos,  lit).  1,  cap.  12. 

"  Muy  revuelta  anda  Granada 
en  arnias  y  fuego  ardiendo, 
y  los  ciudadaiios  de  ella 
duras  muertes  padecieudo; 

I'or  tree  reyes  que  h*y  esquivos, 
ca<ta  uno  pretcndiendo 
el  mando,  cetro  y  corona 
de  Granada  y  su  gobicrno,"  etc. 

See  this  old  romance,  mixing  up  fact  and 
fiction,  with  more  of  the  former  tliaii  tisual, 
in  Hita,  Giierras  de  Granada,  torn.  I.  p.  2y2. 

•"  Among  other  aciiievements,  Zagal  sur- 
prised and  beat  the  count  of  Cabra  in  a  night 
attack  ui>on  Moclin,  and  wellnigh  retaliated 
on  that  nobleman  his  cajiture  ol  the  Moorish 
king  Abdallah.  JPulgar,  Reyes  CatfilicoB, 
cap.  48. 


220 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


of  Oranada.  This  extensive  tract  they  strongly  fortifierl,  and  peoiilcd  fiartlv 
with  Christian  subjects  and  partly  with  Moorisli,  the  orijLpnal  occiiiuiiitN  of  tii'c 
soil,  who  were  secured  in  the  possession  of  their  ancient  lands,  iiiidtr  t!nir 
own  law." 

^  Thus  the  strong  posts  wliich  might  be  regarded  as  the  exterior  d«'f<'ii(  os  of  [he 
city  of  Granada  were  successively  carried.  A  few  positions  alone  loiiiaiiuil  t.j 
sufficient  strength  to  keep  the  enemy  at  1»ay.  The  most  considcraMc  of  tlie>e 
was  Malaga,  which  from  its  maritime  situation  afforded  facilities  for  a  mw- 
nuinication  with  the  Harbary  Moors,  tliat  the  vigilance  of  theCastiliaii  (nii>ers 
could  not  entirely  intercejtt.  On  this  point,  therefore,  it  was  detcriiiiiiwi  t<. 
concentrate  all  the  strength  of  the  monarchy,  by  sea  and  land,  in  tlie  mmv: 
campaign  of  1487. 


*'  Pomaldoz.  Rpyps  Cat61ico8,  MS.,  cap. 
75.— I'ulgar,  Itoyos  Catolicos,  cap.  48.  -Le- 
brlja,  Rcruin  Gestaxum  Decades,   U.  lib.  3, 


cap.   5,   7 ;   lib.   4,  cap.  2,  3.— Marmol,  K< 
belion  de  los  Moristos,  lib.  1,  cap.  12. 


Two  of  the  moHt  important  authorities  for 
the  war  of  (Srannda  are  Fernando  del  Tulgar, 
and  Antonio  de  Lebrlja,  or  Nei>ri88en8i8,  as 
he  is  called  from  the  Latin  Xehrixsa. 

Few  particul;trB  have  been  preserved  re- 
Bpectinf?  the  biography  of  the  former.  He 
was  probably  a  native  of  Pulj?ar,  near  Toledo. 
The  Cantilian  writers  recognize  certain  pro- 
vincialisms in  his  style  l>clonging  to  that 
district.  He  was  secretary  to  Henry  IV., 
and  was  charged  with  various  confidential 
functions  by  him.  He  seems  to  have  re- 
tained his  place  on  the  accession  of  Isabella, 
by  whom  he  was  appointed  national  historio- 
grapher in  14H2,  when,  from  certain  remarks 
in  his  letters,  it  would  appear  he  was  already 
advanced  in  years.  'I'his  office,  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  comprehended,  in  addition  to  the 
,  more  obvious  duties  of  an  historian,  the  inti- 
mate  and  confidental  relations  of  a  private 
secretary.  '*  It  was  the  business  of  the 
chronicler,"  says  H  maldez,  "to  carry  on 
foreign  correspondence  in  the  service  of  his 
master,  acquainting  himself  with  whatever 
was  passing  in  other  courts  and  countries,  and, 
by  tiie  discreel  and  conciliatory  tenor  of  his 
epistles,  to  allay  such  feuds  as  might  arise 
between  the  king  and  his  nobility,  and 
establish  harmony  between  them."  From 
this  period  Pulgar  remainiHl  near  the  royal 
person,  accompanying  the  queen  in  her  va- 
rious progresses  through  tlie  kingdom,  as 
well  a.s  in  her  military  expeditions  into  the 
Moorisli  territory.  He  was  conseqtiently  an 
eye-witness  of  many  of  the  warlike  scenes 
which  he  descrilies,  and,  from  his  situation 
at  the  court,  had  access  to  the  most  ample 
and  accredited  sources  of  informat  on.  It  is 
probal>le  he  did  not  survive  the  capture  of 
Granatia,  as  his  history  stops  somewhat  short 
of  tliat  event.  Pulgar's  Chronicle,  in  the 
portion  containing  a  retrospective  survey  of 
events  previous  to  14H2,  may  be  charged  with 
gross  inaccuracy ;  but  in  all  the  subsequent 
period  it  may  be  received  as  perfectly  authen- 
tic, and  has  all  the  air  of  inii)artlallty.    Every 


circumstance  relating  to  the  conduct  of  th» 
war  is  developed  with  equal  fulnoss  ani  j.re- 
cision.  His  manner  of  narration,  tlmutrh 
prolix,  is  perspicuous,  and  may  (Miir,ar< 
favourably  with  that  of  contemporary  wr.trpi. 
His  sentimetits  may  comj^are  still  mure  «il- 
vantageously,  in  |K)int  of  lil«  rality,  with 
those  of  the  Castilian  historians  ol  a  lator  kc. 
Pulgar  left  some  other  works,  of  wLkh 
his  commentary  on  the  ancient  satire  (f 
**  Mingo  llevulgo,"  his  "  Letters,"  and  his 
"Claros  Varones,"  or  sketches  of  illnttrious 
men,  have  alone  t»een  published.  The  ln-t 
contains  notices  of  the  most  distinf;iiisli(il 
individuals  of  the  court  of  Henry  IV.,  wiiiih, 
although  too  indiscriminately  oncduiiai-tif, 
are  valuable  subsidiaries  to  an  ficciirate  ar- 
qualntance  with  the  prominent  actois  nf  th" 
period.  The  last  and  most  elp(fant  editiunof 
I'ulgar's  Chronicle  was  published  at  Vakncia 
in  17«0,  from  the  press  of  Benito  Montfon, 
in  large  folio. 

Antonio  de  Lebrija  was  one  of  the  nii>t 
active  and  erudite  scholars  of  this  \<mA. 
He  was  born  in  the  province  of  Ainlali^la. 
in  1444.  After  the  usual  discipline  at  Salj 
manca,  he  v.\nt  at  the  age  of  iiinet.m  i.i 
Italy,  where  he  completed  his  education  in 
the  university  of  Bologna.  He  returimi  'o 
Spain  ten  years  after,  richly  stored  with 
classical  learning  and  the  liberal  arts  that 
were  then  taught  in  the  fiourisliinj?  scho.  Is 
of  Italy.  He  lost  no  time  in  disiieiisinj:  to 
his  countrymen  his  various  acquisitiuus  He 
was  appointed  to  the  two  chairs  id  grammar 
and  poetry  (a  thing  unprecedentid)  in  tiie 
university  of  Salamanca,  and  h  cttirni  at  the 
same  time  in  the,<»e  distinct  deparinients.  11" 
was  subsequently  preferred  by  ('ardiii»l 
Ximenes  to  a  professorship  in  his  univer-iir 
of  Alc-dii  de  Henare«.  where  his  services 
were  liberally  requited,  and  where  he  hi- 
Joyed  the  entire  confidence  of  his  distiiipuislird 
patron,  who  consulted  him  on  all  uiatiirt 
affecting  the  interests  of  the  insti  ution. 
Here  he  continued,  delivering  bis  Uciurtu 


INQUISITION  IN  ARAQON. 


221 


and  pxpo'inilitiK  the  anciont  classics  to 
^rnwdod  mili'iKi'S,  ti>  the  advanced  age  of 
«.\.iitv-i  iH'i'.  *^l"'i>  he  was  tarried  off  by  an 

jtt.Mk""f'iI'"l'l''''y- 

I,rlirijii.  I)'  >idiM  his  oral  tuition,  comp<>Hetl 
,„rk.  on  11  ^Tfat  variety  of  sulijiets,  pliiio- 
f  lal,  lil-turical,  tluiilnKieal,  etc.  His  eimn- 
jjll'iii'it  till'  "acred  text  was  vi'ited  Nkitil  the 
oiMire  of  fhe  liKiuiHitioii,  a  circumstance 
ftliicii  will  ii'it  "perale  to  iiis  prejudice  with 
i.p.trriiy.  I-et)iija  was  far  from  bein^  clr- 
(iimvril)iil  liy  the  narrow  Heiitimetits  of  liis 
82...  Ill'  "a-  warmed  with  a  generous  en- 
tlmsia."!!!  for  letters,  which  kindha  a  corre- 
ii|inn(i:ii(?  Hauie  in  the  bosoms  of  his  disciples, 
»,!i,iin  wlioiii  maybe  reckoned  some  of  the 
l.iBlile.4  names  in  the  literary  annals  of  the 
r»rii>(l  His  instruction  effected  for  classical 
.itcratiire  in  Spain  what  the;  labours  of  the 
crat  lt,ilian  scholars  of  the  fifteenth  a'litury 
J;l  liir  it  in  tlieir  c.mntry;  and  he  was  re- 
wauM  will)  the  substantial  gratitude  of  his 
(•*i\  »a,f,  and  sucli  empty  honours  as  could 
!<■  riMiiitred  by  posterity.  For  very  many 
yar*  the  anniversary  of  his  death  wa.i  corn- 
in  iimrat'd  by  public  services,  and  a  funeral 
[Hinpyric,  in  the  university  of  Alcala. 

The  circinnstances  attending  the  composl- 
li'.ii  of  iiis  l-atin  Chronicle,  so  often  quoted 
in  iliis  history,  are  very  curious.  Carbajal 
•ivi  tliat  he  delivered  Fulgar's  Chronicle, 
»ft>r  that  writer's  death,  into  Lebrija's  hands 
f'f  the  purpose  of  being  translated  into 
Ijtin.  riie  latter  proceeded  in  his  task  aa 
far  fus  the  year  14H6.  His  history,  however, 
ran  coArccly  l>e  termed  a  translation,  since, 
litliuugh  it  takes  np  the  same    thread   of 


lnci<lent.  It  is  diversified  by  many  new  ideas 
and  particul.ir  facts.  This  unhnished  per- 
formance Was  found  among  Li'brij.i's  |m|MM'8 
after  his  decease,  with  a  preface  cimtMining 
not  a  word  of  acknowledgment  to  I'uigar. 
It  was  accordingly  jiulilislied  for  the  hist 
time,  in  ;54.'i  (^the  edition  refernd  to  in  this 
history'),  by  his  son  Sanclio,  as  an  original 
pnxluction  of  his  father.  'I'wenfy  years  after, 
tlie  first  edition  of  I'ulgar's  original  (Mirotiicle 
was  published  in  Valladolid,  from  the  copy 
which  belongeil  to  i.ebrija,  by  his  grandson 
Antonio.  Tliis  work  appeared  ulso  as  Le- 
brija's. Copu's,  however,  of  I'Mlgar's  Cliio- 
iiide  were  preserved  in  several  private 
libraries;  and  two  years  later,  ir)t>7,  his  just 
claims  were  vindicated  by  an  edition  at  .Saia- 
gossa.  Inscribed  with  his  name  as  its  autiir)r. 
Lebrija's  reptitation  has  sustained  some 
injury  from  this  transaction,  though  most 
unih  seTvedly.  It  seems  probable  that  ho 
adoj)ted  I'ulgar's  te.xt  as  tin;  basis  of  his  own. 
Intending  to  continue  the  narrative  to  a  later 
period.  His  untinished  manuscript  iMing 
found  among  his  jiapers  after  iiis  death,  with- 
out reference  to  any  authority,  was  naturally 
enough  given  to  the  world  as  entirely  his 
producti(m.  It  is  more  strange  that  Ful^ar'a 
own  Chroni  le,  subsequcmtly  printed  as  Le- 
brija'.s,  should  have  contained  no  allusion  to 
its  real  author.  The  history,  although  com- 
posed, so  far  as  it  goes,  with  sufnclent 
elaboration  and  pomp  of  style,  is  one  that 
adds,  on  the  whole,  but  little  to  the  fame  of 
Lcbrija.  It  was  at  best  but  adding  a  )  af  to 
the  laurel  on  his  brow,  and  was  certainly  not 
\ivorth  a  plagiarism. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

INTERNAL  AFFAIRS  OF   THE   KINGDOM.— INQUISITION   IN  ARAGON. 

1483-1487. 

lMl>ella  enforces  the  Laws— Punishment  of  Ecclesiastics — Inquisition  In  Aragon— TJemon- 
dtritices  of  the  Cortes — Conspiracy — AssaRsination  of  the  Inquisitor  Arbues — Cruel  I'eise- 
cutiuus— Inquisition  throughout  Ferdinar.d's  Dominions. 

Ix  such  intervals  of  leisure  as  ()ccurred  amid  their  military  operations,  P^nli- 
Madaml  Isabella  were  diligently  occupied  with  the  interior  government  of  the 
lj;ii^''loiii,  and  especially  with  the  rigid  administration  of  justice,  the  most 
iiilicult  of  all  duties  in  an  imperfectly  civilized  state  of  society.  The  (iiieen 
'oiind  es]i('rial  demand  for  this  in  the  northern  provinces,  wh(»se  rude  inliabi- 
tant,^  wi^rc  little  u.sed  to  subordination.  She  compelled  the  great  nobles  to  lay 
i^i'ie  their  arms  and  refer  their  disputes  to  legal  arbitration.  8he  caused  a 
iiiiiiber  of  the  fortresses,  which  were  still  garrisoned  by  the  baronial  banditti, 


222 


INTERNAL   AFFAIRS. 


to  bo  razed  to  tlie  ground  ;  and  she  enforfed  tlie  utmost  severity  of  the  law 
a.i(aiii.st  such  inferior  criminals  as  viohited  the  public  peace.* 

Even  ecclf.'siastical  ininiiniities,  wiiich  i>roved  so  etlectual  a  protortjon  in 
most  countries  at  tliis  jteriod,  were  not  permitted  to  screen  the  olteiitler  A 
reuiarkai)le  instance  of  this  occurred  at  the  city  of  Truxillo,  in  UsO.  An 
inhabitant  of  that  place  liad  been  conunitted  to  jirison  for  some  olloiiro  tv 
order  of  the  civil  ma.i^istrate.  Certain  nriests,  relations  of  the  uflcndcr,  allc.i'il 
that  liis  relij,dous  profession  exemiited  nim  from  all  but  ecclesiastical  jiiri.silii- 
tion  ;  and,  as  tlie  authorities  reiused  to  deliver  him  up,  they  intliuncd  tlie 
populace  to  such  a  degree,  l)y  their  reitresentations  of  tlie  insult  otlciv(l  to  tlit 
church,  that  they  rose  in  a  body,  and,  forcing  the  prison,  set  at  lil)erty  not  (nily 
the  maUifactor  m  ([iiestion,  but  all  those  confined  there.  The  (juecn  no  sfxnicr 
heard  of  this  outrage  on  the  royal  authority  than  she  sent  a  detaclunpiitof  her 
guard  to  Truxillo,  which  secured  t'le  persons  of  the  principal  rioters,  someMf 
whom  were  ca|)itally  punished,  while  the  ecclesiastics  who  had  stiricil  up  tlie 
sedition  were  banished  the  ivahn.  Isabella,  while  by  her  example  she  inful. 
cat(Ml  the  deejjest  reverence  for  the  sacred  profession,  uniformly  resisted  every 
attenij)t  from  tluM  <|uarter  to  encroach  on  the  roval  pre;ogative.  The  tcndcinv 
of  her  administration  was  decidedly,  as  there  will  be  occasion  more  iiarticiilarlv 
to  notice,  to  abridge  the  authority  which  the  clergy  had  exercised  in  civil 
matters  under  preceding  reign-..'' 

Nothing  of  interest  occurred  in  the  foreign  relations  of  the  king(l(»in  diiriii,' 
the  i)eriod  embraced  by  the  preciding  chapter,  exce[it  perhaps  the  niiirria^'tMif 
Catharine,  the  young  nueen  of  Navarre,  with  Jean  d'Albret,  a  Frcndi  noMe 
man,  whose  extensive  hereditary  domains,  in  the  south-west  corner  of  Frame, 
lay  adjacent  to  her  kingdom.  (1484.)  This  connection  was  extremely  dis- 
tasteful to  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  and  indeed  to  many  of  the  Navarrcsc,  wlio 
were  desirous  of  the  alliance  witn  Castile.  This  was  ultimately  defeated  I  y 
the  queen-mother,  an  artful  woman,  who,  being  of  the  blood  royal  of  Vnxu'V. 
was  naturally  disposed  to  a  union  with  that  kingdom.  Ferdinand  did  H'lt 
neglect  to  maintain  such  an  understanding  with  the  malcontents  of  Xavanv 
as  should  enable  him  to  counteract  any  undue  advantage  which  the  Freivh 
monarch  might  derive  from  the  possession  of  this  key,  as  it  were,  to  the 
Castilian  territory.^ 

In  Aragon,  two  circumstances  took  place  in  the  period  under  review,  do- 
serving  historical  notice.  The  first  relates  to  an  order  of  the  Catalan  iieasaiitrv, 
denominated  vassals  de  remenza.  Th&se  persons  were  subjected  to  a  feudal 
bondage,  which  had  its  origin  in  very  remote  ages,  but  which  had  liecoiue  in 
no  degree  mitigated,  while  the  peasantry  of  every  other  part  of  Eurojie  ha  1 
been  gradually  rising  to  the  rank  of  freemen.  The  grievous  nature  of  the 
impositions  had  le<l  to  repeated  rebellions  in  preceding  reigns.    At  leni.ll!, 


'  Ijebrija,  Rerum  (Jcstarum  Decades,  ili. 
lib.  l.cap.  10. — I'uljar,  Ueycs  Ciitolicos,  part. 
3,  cap.  27,  .'fa,  G7,  ct  (ilihi. — L.  Mariiieo, 
Cosaa  mi'inorabli'8,  fol.  175. — Ziirlta,  .\iialea, 
torn.  iv.  fi)l.  3iH. 

'  Piilf^.ir,  Iloyea  Catolicos,  cap.  6G.  .\  por- 
tinciit  c.xa  nple  of  this  (iccurn'd,  DocciiiImt, 
11H.5,  at  .Mcali  dc  Hcii.ircs,  wlioro  tlie  court 
wa.s  <li'taii»oil  iluriiiK  tlic  illness  uf  tlie  queen, 
wlio  tliere  gave  hiitli  to  li.  r  vounH' ^^t  child, 
r)()ua  Catalina,  afterwards  so  celebrated  lu 
EiiR'isj  history  as  Catliar  nc  of  .\vapin.  A 
collision  took  place  in  tliis  city  bi'tween  the 
royal  judges  and  those  of  the  achbisliop  of 


Toledo,  to  whose  diocese  it  b<<lonKf<l  Tho 
Jattir  stoutly  maintained  the  inctrnoiuns  I'l 
the  church.  Thetiuet^n  with  eijiial  i)irlina(!ty 
iisscrted  the  supiemacy  of  i\\>-  rn.val  jurwiii- 
tion  over  every  otiier  in  tiie  kiiinii"iii-''''''"i''f 
Of  ecclesia.stical.  I'he  affair  was  iiitiuiiiiiiy 
referred  to  tlie  arliitration  nf  icrtain  I'-arii"! 
men,  namedconjointly  by  the  adveisp  parti''". 
It  was  Tiot  then  deteiniined,  linwevir.  ami 
rulgar  has  neglected  to  acquaint  us  witli  tli-' 
award.  Iteyes  C.itolicos,  cjip.  .W.— tJarUJjl, 
Anales,  MS.,  afio  Hss. 

■'  .\le8on,  Anales  de  Navarra,  tuin.  v.  liK 
35,  cap.  'I, 


INQUISITION  IN  ARAOON. 


223 


Fonlinand,  after  many  fruitless  attempts  at  a  mediation  between  these  un- 
fHrtuiiiitc  people  and  their  arroi,'ant  iiuwters,  prevailed  on  the  hitter,  rather  by 
Uti'i'i  iiutliority  than  ar^nunent,  to  relin(iuish  the  extraordinary  seignorial 
n:\iU  which  they  had  hitherto  enjoyeil,  in  consideration  of  a  stipulated  annual 
l,.iviii('iit  from  their  Viissak*    (1480.) 

The  otluT  circumstance  worthy  of  record,  but  not  in  like  manner  creditable. 
t.i  the  character  of  the  sovereiiuii,  is  the  introdiu'tion  of  the  modern  In(iiusitiou 
into  Aniiion.  The  ancient  tribunal  had  existed  there,  as  has  been  sUited  in 
a  jireviuus  chapter,  since  the  middle  of  the  thirteentli  century,  but  seems  to 
have  lost  all  its  venom  in  the  atmosphere  of  that  free  cotmtry ;  scarcely 
iviiiiiiiii;  a  jurisdiction  beyond  that  of  an  ordinary  ecclesiastiavl  court.  No 
v,Miiier,  iiuwever.  was  the  mstitution  organized  on  its  new  basis  in  Castile, 
tiiiiii  Kerdinana  resolved  on  its  introduction,  in  a  similar  form,  in  his  own 
(loiiiiiiiuns. 

Mfiisiires  were  accordingly  taken  to  that  effect  at  a  meeting  of  his  privy 
COD'  '.il  convened  bv  the  king  at  Taracona,  during  the  session  of  the  cortes  in 
that  iiiace,  in  April,  1484  ;  and  a  royal  order  was  issued  re(iuiring  all  the  con- 
siitutetl  authorities  throughout  the  kingdom  to  support  the  new  tribunal  in 
thi*  exercise  of  its  functions.  A  Dominican  monk,  Frav  Gasjjard  Juglar,  and 
I'nho  Arltues  de  Epila,  a  canon  of  the  metropolitan  clmrch,  were  appointe; 
bv  the  ^'('iieral,  Toniuemada,  inquisitors  over  the  diocese  of  SSaragossii ;  and  in 
the  iiionlii  of  September  following  the  chief  justiciary  and  the  other  great 
uiiicers  of  the  realm  took  the  prescribed  oaths.* 

The  new  institution,  oi»i»osed  to  the  ideas  of  independence  common  to  all 
the  Araj;oiiese,  was  particularly  offensive  to  the  higher  orders,  many  of  whose 
uiemhers,  including  persons  tilling  the  most  considerable  otHcial  stations,  were 
of  Jewish  descent,  and  of  course  precisely  the  class  exposed  to  the  scrutiny 
tit  the  Inquisition.  Without  dithculty,  therefore,  the  cortes  was  persuaded 
111  the  following  year  to  send  a  deputation  to  the  court  of  Rome,  and  another 
to  Ferilinand,  representing  the  repugnance  of  the  new  tribunal  to  the  liberties 
"f  the  iiiition,  as  well  as  to  their  settled  opinions  and  habits,  and  praying  that 
Its  oi»eration  might  be  suspended  for  the  present,  so  far  at  least  as  concerned 
the  coiitiscation  of  property,  which  it  rightly  regarded  as  the  moving  power 
of  the  whole  terrible  machinery.' 

Both  the  pope  and  the  king,  as  may  be  imagined,  turned  a  deaf  ear  to 
those  reiiioustrances.  In  the  mean  while  the  liKpiisition  commenced  opera- 
tions, and  autos  da  fe  were  celebrated  at  Saragossa,  with  all  their  usual 


'  Ztirita,  AnalpR,  torn.  iv.   cap.  62,  67. — 

M&riana,  Hist,  do  Espana,  lib.  25,  cap.  8. 

Llortiitp,  Hist.  (1e  rinquieition,  torn.  i. 
chap.  6,  art.  '2.— Zurita,  Aiiales,  lib.  20,  cap. 
'■'—At  this  cortes,  convened  at  Taracona, 
f'nlinaml  and  Is.ibella  experienced  an  in- 
nancf  of  the  liaiiglity  spirit  of  their  Catalan 
'iil'j'ctfi,  ulio  rcfu.sed  to  attend,  alleging  it  to 
'>•  a  vldlatidii  ot  tlicir  litierties  to  be  8um- 
ii"'n>'(i  to  (I  placf  without  the  limits  of  their 
priinipality.  The  Valencians  also  protested, 
liat  tilt  ir  attendance  sliould  not  operate  as  a 
[ir<-cc(lHit  to  their  jirejudice.  It  was  usual  to 
omvehe  a  central  or  general  cortes  at  Kraga, 
tr.Monzon,  i,r  some  town  which  the  Catalans, 
»bo  Were  pecuUarly  Jealous  of  their  privi- 
•  ii'S,  clainied  to  he  within  their  territory. 
It  was  etill  more  usual  to  hold  separate  cortea 
(1  the  three  liingdoms  siuiultaiRously  in  such 


contiguous  places  in  each  as  wotild  permit 
the  royal  presence  in  all  during  their  session. 
See  Hlaneas,  Motlo  dc  proceder  en  Cortes  do 
Aragon  (Zaragoza,  1641),  cap.  4. 

'■  Ky  one  of  the  articles  in  the  Privlleg'um 
Generale,  the  Magna  Charta  of  Aragon,  it  ia 
declared,  "  Que  turment :  ni  iiKjuisicioii ;  no 
Bian  en  Aragon  eonio  si.m  coiitni  Fuero  el 
qual  dize  que  alpuna  peHcuiisa  no  hauenios : 
et  contra  el  priviUgio  geneial,  el  qual  vieda 
que  ln(|uisicion  so  sia  fi'yta."  (Fueros  y 
Ohservaiitias,  fol.  11.)  The  tcror  of  this 
clause  (although  the  t'  nu  inquisi<  i(rn  must 
not  be  conlounded  with  the  name  of  tlio 
modern  institution)  was  suHkiently  precibe, 
one  miglit  have  thought,  to  secure  the 
Aragonese  from  the  fangs  of  this  terrible 
tribuuuL 


224 


INTHRNAL  APFAIilS. 


liormrr.,  in  tlie  months  of  May  an('.  June,  in  148r».  The  (lisfnntpnt(vl 
Arai^onese,  tle.s,;uiri»ij,'  of  re  Iitsh  in  any  ro^iilar  Mav,  re-oIvtMl  to  intimidate 
their  ()j»i»ressorH  ]>y  some  apfiallin^'  act  of  violence.  I'hey  f.'  .ned  a  (iiiis|iirft,v 
for  the  .vssassi nation  i  f  A/hues,  the  most  odious  of  the  in([uisitois  estalilivlifi; 
over  the  diocese  of  Sara^ossa.  The  conspiracy,  set  on  foot  hy  some  of  the 
principal  nohiJity.  was  entered  into  l)y  most  of  the  new  Christians,  or  iit'rsfiii> 
of  Jewish  extrat'tion,  in  the  district.  The  sum  of  ten  thousaml  reals  was 
suhscrihed  to  lU^fray  tlie  necessary  expenses  for  the  execution  of  tlicir  jimicct. 
Thi.s  vas  not  easy,  liowever,  since  Arhues,  conscious  of  the  poimlar  (Nliimi 
that  lio  ha(i  incurred,  protected  his  person  hv  wearing'  untler  his  iiionavtic 
rol:)es  a  suit  of  mail,  complete  even  to  the  helmet  Ix'neath  his  IkmmI.  \\jth 
similar  vigilance  he  defejided,  also,  every  avenue  to  liis  slccpinj^'-apartiiicnt.' 

At  length,  however,  tne  conspirators  found  an  opportunity  of  surjirisinf; 
him  ^vhile  at  his  devotions.  Arhues  was  on  his  knees  hefore  the  great  altar 
of  the  ovthedial,  near  midnight,  when  his  en<Mnies,  who  had  entercij  the 
church  in  two  senaratc  l)odies,  sudden 'y  surrounded  nim,  and  one  uf  thm 
n'ounded  him  ii  tne  arm  with  a  dagger,  while  another  <lealt  him  a  fatal  1m)',v 
in  the  hack  of  his  neck.  The  jiriests,  who  were  prejjaring  to  celehratc  matins 
in  the  choir  of  the  cliurch,  iiastened  to  the  fi)ot,  hut  not  before  the  assas>iii< 
had  efll'ecU;d  their  escape.  They  transported  the  bleeding  body  of  the  imini 
sitor  to  his  apartment,  where  he  survived  only  two  days,  ble^;sil)g  the  Lrd 
that  he  h^ad  neen  jK-rmitted  to  seal  so  good  a  cause  with  his  hlood.  The 
whole  scene  will  re^idily  ivimind  the  En;^;1ish  reader  of  the  assassination  of 
Thomas  A  IJecket.* 

The  event  did  no',  correspond  with  the  expectations  of  the  conspirators, 
Sectarian  jealousy  ])roved  stronger  tlian  hatred  of  the  Inquisition.  The 
])opu'ace,  ignorant  of  the  extent  or  ul'jmate  object  of  the  conspiracy,  were 
tilled  with  vague  apprehensions  of  an  insurrection  of  the  new  Christians  wlin 
had  so  often  been  the  olijects  of  outrage  ;  and  they  could  onj  ho  aiipea-seij 
by  the  archbishop  of  Sara^ossa  riding  through  the  streets  and  prockiimin.' 
tnat  no  time  should  be  lost  m  delecting  and  punishing  tlie  assassins. 

This  promise  was  abundantly  fulfilled  ;  and  wide  was  the  ruin  occasioiiP'l 
by  the  indefatigable  zeal  with  which  the  bloodhounds  of  the  tribunal  fallowed 
up  the  scent,  in  the  course  of  this  persecution,  two  hundred  individuals 
perished  at  the  stake,  and  a  still  greater  number  in  the  dungeons  of  the 
Inquisition  ;  and  there  was  scarcely  a  noble  family  in  Aragon  but  witnessed 
one  or  more  of  its  membera  condemned  to  humiliating  jjenance  in  the  aiitos 
da  fe.  The  immediate  perpetrators  of  the  nuirder  were  all  hanged,  after 
suffering  the  amputation  of  their  right  hands.  One,  who  liad  appeare^l  as 
evidence  against  the  rest,  under  assurance  of  pardon,  had  his  sentence  so  far 
commuted  that  his  hand  was  not  cut  off  till  after  he  had  been  hunge'  It 
was  thus  that  the  Holy  Ofhce  interpreted  its  promises  of  grace.' 

Arbues  received  all  the  honours  of  a  martyr.     His  ashes  were  interr    on 


'  Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'Inquisition,  chap.  6, 
art.  2,  3. 

*  LlorcntP,  ubi  supra. — Pdramo,  Do  Orfpine 
Inquisitionis,  pp.  IS?,  1h;i. — Fcrrcras,  Hist. 
d'Espagiie,  torn.  viii.  pp.  37,  38. 

"  Llorcnii',  Hist.  <le  I'Inquisition,  torn.  i. 
cliap.  6,  art.  ."i.— Blancas,  Araponensium 
RiTUin  ConniKMitttr  1  (CivsarauftusUr?,  15S8), 
p.  'ititi.— Among  tliosp  wlio,  after  a  tedious 
imprisomnent,  wore  conrtonined  to  do  penance 
In  au  auto  da  fe,  was  a  ncpliew  of  king  Fer- 


dinand, Don   James  of  Navarre. 
willing   to   point   the   tale   witli  a 


•isn», 

_ _  p.     -.W 

moral,  informs  us  that,  altlioUK'li  wm-oi  ilw 
conspirators  were  ever  broufilit  to  trial, thty 
all  pcriBJied  miserably  witiiiii  a  j'l'.ir,  iR 
diftV'rent  ways,  by  the  .juilRinont  of  <.i"U. 
(Hist,  de  Espafia,  tom.  H.  p.  :i6«.)  I "' f- 
tunately  for  the  effect  <.f  this  nmral,  IJuhii^, 
who  consulted  the  original  (.roctsMS, umstk 
received  as  the  better  authority  U  tbe  two. 


^AR  OF  ORA.VA 


CONQUEST  OF  iMALAQA. 


225 


intrnttM 
tiiniilatf 
nsiiira<v 

e  of  the 

cals  was 
r  |ir"i»'ct. 
ir  ii-linui 
iiioiia--ti*' 
.1.    With 

tllU'llt." 

^iiqiriMni; 
rent  alUr 
Icrt'il  the 
.'  of  tlit'in 
fatal  Ku-s 
itf  iiiain;.> 
1  assas>in< 
tlio  iii'ini- 
tlic  LrJ 
Inod.    The 
nuation  of 

)ns|iiratoni, 
ition.  The 
ira(  y,  were 
stians,  wIk' 
:>  aiijiftve'l 
iruclaiiiiin:; 

oocasloiie'l 

ill  folliiWCli 

iiuliviiluah 
ons  of  the 
witnessed 
1  the  antes 
ii^ed,  after 
ipl»care<l  as 
tcncc  so  far 
migi''     It 

interr    on 

ire.        ''»"*" 
1.  a  f     ••' ' 

|h  IVlIH'  til  '"* 

"l,,  trial, tli'y 

a  y^'f'  ';■ 

out  of  0*1. 
26-.)  '-■"'''• 
[,ral.l-i""'"^ 

CHI'S,  Ulll«  ^ 

\U  ibe  two. 


tlip  sr>nt  whore  ho  had  )>ocn  a.ssassiiiatod.'"  A  s'lporb  matisolonm  was  (Moctt'd 
user  llit'iii.  ii'"'  i»*'ii('ath  hi.s  «'tli;^7  a  lias-roliff  was  .■^f.idptiMcd  itijin'snitiii.:;  his 
tni  iiiil  (liiitli.  \\ith  an  iiiscri|iti()n  coiitaiiiiiif^  a  suitable  (hMiuiiciatioii  of  th« 
m' e  of  Israel.  And  at  lcnj;tli,  when  the  lanse  of  nearly  two  centuries  luul 
.:i|.nli('it  fhe  n^'iuisite  aniou  it  ot  miracles,  tlie  Spaui.-h  In(|Mi->ifion  had  the 

|orv  of  additi!,'  a  new  saint  to  tlie  wvlendar,  by  tlie  amoni/iitiou  of  the  martyr 
uMer  l'"l»*'  Alexander  the  Seventh,  in  U;<;4.'' 

The  failure  of  the  attempt  to  .shake  off  the  tribunal  served  only,  as  usual 
111  siioh  I'ivst's,  to  establish  it  more  Hrmly  than  b(>fore.  Ellbrts  at  re.>istniice 
wi'ip  siii>st'<|ueiitly,  but  inelt'ectiially,  made  in  other  iiarts  of  Ara^'oii,  and  in 
Valencia  and  Catalonia.  It  was  not  establishe<l  in  the  latter  province  ti  I 
IbT,  ami  >"iiie  years  later  in  Nicily,  Sardinia,  and  the  Balearic  Isles.  Thii.s 
FiT'linaiid  had  the  melancholy  satisfaction  of  rivetinir  the  most  ^allin.ir  yol«^ 
t ,ir  lit'viscd  by  fanaticism  round  the  necks  of  a  penple  who  till  that  period 
1,1.1  (Mijnycd  probably  the  greatest  degree  of  constitutional  frealum  which  the 
Mi^rhl  iiad  witiies.sed. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

TAR  OF  OU.WADA.— SURRENDER    OF   VELEZ    MALAGA. — SIEGE    AND    CONQUEST 

OF   MALAGA. 

1487. 

N«rr"W  E-<'apr  nf  FiTdinand  bpforo  Vclcz — MalnRd  invested  ])y  .Sen  and  hand— BriUlaiit 
^•IKCtacli'  The  (^iiceii  visits  the  Camp — Attempt  to  a-^saHsin.-ile  tlie  .'SDvereiKiix -DistresH 
aii'l  Ufsiiliitiufi  ni'tlie  Hcsiened  -F^itiiiislasin  of  tlie  Cliristians— (Jiitwitrkn  carri"(l  liy  tiieiii 
— l'ro]Mi<iil-  tor  SiuTi'iider — Haiixiity  DL-meanour  of  Ferdinand— Malaga  burrunders  at 
Iti>tr(ti')ii— (Jni'l  I'olii-y  of  the  Victors. 

IliKmuE  ooiiimonoin,^  operations  ai^'ainst  Malaga,  it  was  thought  expedient  by 
■  Spanish  council  of  war  to  ohtain  possession  of  Velez  Slalaga,  situated 
|»' at  live  loapies  distant  from  the  former.  This  strong  town  stooil  along  the 
Isiithem  extremity  of  a  range  of  mountains  that  extend  to  Granada.  Its 
b'^ition  atlorded  an  easy  communication  with  tliat  cai)ital,  and  obvious  means 
lot  annovaiK  0  to  an  enemy  interposed  between  itself  and  the  adjacent  city  of 
|MaIa,'a.  The  reduction  of  this  place,  therefore,  became  the  first  object  of  the 
|taiiii'ai;'n. 

T!ie  forces  assembled  at  Cordova,  consisting  of  the  levies  of  the  Andalusian 

icit.tN  iiriiioipallv,  of  the  retainers  of  the  great  nobility,  and  of  the  well- 

iii'inteil  chivalry  which  thronged  from  all  quarters  of  the  kingdom,  amounted 

>'.  tlm  0(>casion  to  twelve  thousand  horse  and  forty  thousand  foot ;  a  number 

'.'h  Mitlirieiitly  attests  the  unslackened  ardour  of  the  nation  in  the  prosecii- 

i'Mof  the  war.    On  the  7th  of  April,  1487,  King  Ferdinand,  putting  him.self 

p  tlio  head  of  this  f'^rmidable  host,  quitted  the  fair  city  of  Cord;»va  amid 

chirring  acclamations  of  its  inhabitants,  although  the.^e  were  somewhat 


According  to  Paramo,  wlien  the  corpao 

'I"- ini|usit.ir  wius  bionght  to  the   plaee 

l'-'- h»  ii.Ki  hccn  .assassinated,  the  blood, 

Pi'^iiiadU'i'ii  cuaf^ulatod  on  the  piivemen-., 

I'-'luii  aiRl  1)0. led  with  most  miraculous 

'ir:    D"  Orit^ine  lnf|uisitioni8,  p.  3S'i. 

laramo,  Do  Origtne  Inquisitionis  p.  183. 


— Llorente,  Hist,  do  I'lnquisition,  chaj>.  6,  art. 
4. — France  and  Italy  also,  according  to  Mo- 
rente,  could  each  l^oast  a  saint  in(|uisitor. 
Their  renown,  however,  lias  been  eclipsed  by 
the  superior  splendours  of  their  great  master, 
8t.  Dominic; 
— "  Fllfl  inconnus  d'un  si  glorieux  pere." 


226 


WAR  OF  OR  AX  ADA. 


(|{iin|H'(l  hv  the  ominous  0(  nirroiice  (»f  an  oarthriuako,  wliirh  (lonioIishfHl  ^  r,.,. 
(»f  tlni  mviil  residence,  huimiil,'  other  ('(hiicfs,  (hirin'^'  the  iirccrdiny  iii„'lit.   Tl.' 
route,  afti'r  travi-rsin;:  the  Yc^iuis  ami  the  old  town  of  ;\iitei|iM'ra,  ^tnirkii,:. 
(i  wild  hilly  coiuitry  that  .stretihe<<  towards  Velcz.     The  rivers  were  x)  n,,, 
swollen  l»y  the  excessive  rains,  and  the  passes  so  roii^^h  and  diHiciilt,  that  ti. 
urniy  in  part  of  its  march  advanced  only  a  lea:;ne  a  dav  ;  and  on  one  o((u>i  :, 
uhen  no  snitalile  place  occin'red  for  encampment  for  the  siiace  of  live  Ica.ii  ' 
tlu!  men  fainted  with  exhaustion,  and  tln^  heasts  drojipeil  down  lU-M  m  ti 
hurness.     At  length,  on  the  1 7th  of  April,  the  Sjianish  army  sat  dnwn  14)!' 
Velez  Malaga,  wjien;  in  a  few  days  they  were  Joined  hy  the  li;;lit('r  jiicc.,  f 
their  hatterin^'  ordnance,  the  roads  notwithstai.dini;  the  innnen^(' laUmr  i\- 
pended  on  them,  heinj,'  fomid  impracticaltle  for  the  h<'avier  uuii-;.' 

The  Moors  were  aware  of  the  ini|>ortance  of  Velez  to  the  sprimty  f 
Malaj^a.  The  s«>nsation  (^xcit(vl  in  (Jranada  liy  the  ti(nnfis  of  its  dan-tr ua, 
so  stronjL,',  that  the  old  chief,  Kl  Zaual,  found  it  necessary  to  make  an  cfinrtti 
relieve  the  helea,i,'uere(l  city,  notwithstandin<,'  the  critical  nocture  in  whidiln. 
absence  wouM  leave  his  aU'airs  in  the  capital.  Dark  clouds  of  the  enemy  we.. 
.seen  throunhont  the  day  mnsterinic  alon.i;  the  heij^hts,  which  hy  ni.:lit  «)•:•• 
illumined  with  a  hundred  tires.  Ferdinand's  utmost  viuilancfiwas  r('(|iiir.-l 
for  tlu!  protection  of  his  camp  a,u;ainst  the  ambuscades  and  noctunial  sili-- 
of  his  wily  fo(\  At  len;^^th,  however,  Kl  Za'^al,  havini,'  been  foiled  in  a  hv!- 
concert(Ml  attempt  to  surprise  the  Christian  (juarters  by  ni;:lit,  wjis  dnv 'i 
across  tlu;  mountains  by  the  manpiis  of  Cadi/,  and  corupelled  to  retreat  nn!;, 
eajiital,  completely  batlle(l  in  his  enterprise.  There  tlu!  tidinns  of  his  (|i<;i<t<r 
had  preceded  him.  Tin*  fickle  jioptdace  with  whom  misf(»rtune  piKM'.^  f - 
miscoixhict,  umnindful  of  his  former  successes,  now  hastened  to  tran>fertl> : 
alh;giance  to  his  rival,  Abdallah,  and  closed  the  uates  au^iiinst  him;  ami  ti  ■ 
unfortunate  chief  withdrew  to  (Juadix,  which,  with  Almeria,  Ha/a,  and  m.^' 
less  considerable  nlaces,  still  remaiiu'd  faithful.^ 

Ferdinand  conductcil  thesie,L,'eall  the  wliile  with  his  usual  vi^'onnandspari-i 
no  exposure  of  Ids  i)erson  to  peril  or  fati^iie.  On  one  occasion,  seeini:  a  [.i:'v 
of  Christians  retrcatini;  in  disorder  before  a  S(|uadron  of  tliC  enemy,  \\h(>  bl 
surprised  them  while  fortifying  an  eminence  near  tlie  city,  the  kin:,  who  w;Mt 
dinner  in  his  tent,  rushed  out  with  no  other  defensive  armour  than  hisniirp.  ■ 
and,  leaping  on  his  horse,  charged  briskly  into  the  nndst  of  the  enoniv,  a.  1 
.succeeded  in  rallying  his  own  men.  In  the  midst  of  the  reiicontro,  howe'i:, 
when  he  had  discharged  his  lance,  he  found  himself  unable  to  extriiatc  h 
sword  from  the  scabbard  which  jumg  from  the  sathlle  bow.  At  this  iiioiiii' : 
lie  was  assaulted  by  several  .Moor.s,  and  nnist  liave  either  been  slain  orliiiit  . 
but  for  the  timely  rescue  of  the  marrpiis  of  Cadiz,  and  a  brave  cavalier,  'iar  ■ 
lasso  de  la  Vega,  wlio,  gallojiingupto  the  spot  with  their  attendanfi.siiccwlei, 
after  a  sharp  skirniisli,  in  beating  off  the  enemy.  Ferdinand's  iiolijes  rein'ii- 
strated  with  Inni  on  this  wanton  exposure  of  his  persnji,  represeiitinjr  thatie  1 
could  .serve  them  more  ellectually  Avith  his  head  than  Ins  hand.  M  '''j 
answered  that  "  lie  coidd  not  stop  to  calculate  chances  when  liis  suhjoct>ivere 

'  Vcdmar,  Antipiiod.ad  y  GraiKlo/iw  <\o  \n  tlio  finin  of  sorvico,  ninl  tlio  iik  naivnf  f"'f''l* 

Cimlml  do  V<>Io/.  (Uraimda,  u;r)2),  fnl.   Us. —  ing  tlicir  privilcK<'s  .ascxciniii- fn  rn  ia«l'"^ 

.Mariana,  Hi.-t.  dc  F^pafia,  turn.  ii.  \\\>.  2,'>,  cap.  in  caso  of  non-fompliaiu'C     IJ'l.  de  CwlU'*'. 

10. —  I'ulgar,  Uoyos  ratolicos,  part.  iii.  cap,  tmn.  iv.  no.  20.  „_ 

70.— Carbajal,  Analos,  MS.,afio  I4s7.— TUcda,  -  Cardonno,   Hist,  de  I'Afriqiie  rt  'I"  ''" 

Coronica,    lib.   .5,  cap.   1».— In    the    ftonoial  papnp,  torn.  iii.  i>j>.  292-'J!)i."l'iilp"';  J,;'Jl 

pumnions  to  Alava  for  tlie  campaign  of  tlii.s  (Jat^licos,  nbi   supra. — Vediiiar,  Antig3"W| 

year,  we  find  a  particular  caU  on  tlip'auai/»'j  OS  de  Vclez,  fol.  151. 
and/i'da/^os,  with  the  assurance  of  pay  during 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


227 


j^rillitiirtlifir  lives  for  his  snke ;"  a  reply,  snys  Pulsar,  which  Piidoarod  him  to 
(In-  ttlmlf  Hiiiiy.' 

At  It'iiutti,  tlif  iiihahitniits  of  Velez,  swin^'  the  ruin  iiiineiKUnK  from  thn 
l..,iiliartliiii'iit  of  the  Christians,  whose  ri^'oions  hlockutle  hotii  hy  sea  ami  land 
,.\,|ii(lcil  all  hopes  of  relief  from  without,  (Minst'ntvil  to  lapitulate  on  the  usual 
Mii.litiniis  of  s«'curity  to  their  persons  property,  and  reli>,Mon.  The  capitulation 
ftlib  I'lacc  (April  "JTth,  l4.S7)was  folldwed  hy  that  of  more  than  twenty  placen 
.iiiiiVniT  note  lying  helwe«'n  it  and  iMala;,'a,  so  that  the  apiiroudies"  to  thin 
liter  city  were  now  left  open  to  th«^  victMiioiis  iSpaniards.* 

This  ainieiit  city,  which,  under  the  Spanish  Arahs  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
•rfiitii  cciitinies,  formed  the  capital  of  an  independent  principality,  was  secmid 

i,lv  tit  the  metropolis  itself,  in  the  kinplom  of  Granada.  Its  fniltful  environs 
i,iriii>licil  altiuidaut  articles  of  export,  while  its  commodious  port  on  the  Medi- 
ttrnMii'..ii  ooened  a  t.allic  with  the  various  countries  washed  hy  that  inland 
>«i,aiiihvitli  the  remoter  regions  of  India.  Owing  to  these  advantages,  tho 
iiiliiiliitiuit.^  acquired  unhounded  opulence,  which  showed  itself  in  the  endtel- 
li'^hiiit'iits  of  their  city,  whose  light  forms  of  ar(  hitecture,  mingling  after  tho 
l-;istoiii  fashion  with  odoriferous  gardens  and  fountains  of  sparkling  water, 


eM'iitcd  ail  appearance  most  refreshing  to  the  senses  in  this  sultry  climate.* 

Tho  city  was  encompassed  hy  fortitications  of  great  strength  and  in  perfect 
ri'iivir.  It  W51.S  commanded  hy  a  citadel,  connected  hy  a  covered  way  with  a 
Mvniid  fortress,  iiiipregnahle  from  its  position,  denominated  Gehalfaro,  which 
-t<MKi  alciig  the  declivities  of  the  hold  siena  of  the  Axaniuia,  whose  deliles  luwl 
[niveil  so  disastrous  to  the  Christians.  The  city  lav  netween  two  spacious 
^iilmrlis,  the  one  on  the  land  side  heing  also  encircled  hy  a  formidahle  wall, 
iiihl  the  other  declining  towards  the  sea,  showing  an  expanse  of  olive,  orange, 
ami  i"iiiiegranategar(iens,  intermingled  with  the  rich  vineyards  that  furnished 
tliiMi'lelirated  stajile  for  its  export. 

Malawi  was  well  prepared  for  a  siege  hy  supplies  of  artillery  and  amnninition. 
Its  ordinary  garrison  was  reinforced  hy  volunteers  from  the  neighhoiiring  tov  ns, 
amlliy  a  coriis  of  African  mercenaries,  Gomeres,  as  they  were  called,  men  -f 
ftTiicidiis  temper,  hut  of  tried  valour  and  military  discipline.  The  command  oi 
!his  iiiiiiortaiit  post  had  heen  intniste<l  hy  El  Zagal  to  a  nohle  Moor,  named 
Hamet  Zoli,  whose  renown  in  the  present  war  nad  been  established  by  his 
resolute  defence  of  Honda.® 

Kmlinaiid,  while  lying  before  Velez,  received  intelligence  that  many  of  the 
i^t'althy  l)iiighcrs  of  Malaga  were  inclined  to  capitulate  at  once,  rather  than 
Wxird  the  demolition  of  their  city  by  an  obstinate  resistance.  He  instructed 
;'.-'  iiianiuis  of  Cadiz,  therefore,  to  open  a  negotiation  with  Hamet  Zeli, 
iiitlioriziiii,'  him  to  make  the  most  liberal  otters  to  the  alcayde  himself,  as  well 
A^  his  garrison,  and  the  principal  citizens  of  the  place,  on  condition  of  im- 
iif'liate  surrender.  Tlie  sturdy  chief,  however,  rejected  the  ]>roposal  with 
'iiviaiii,  replying  that  he  had  been  commissioned  by  his  master  to  defend  the 


'  I-.  Muriiipo,  O'^'aa  mcmorablps,  fol.  175. 
-Vniniar.  Antinflcdml  tie  Velez,  fol.  150, 
|Jl-Mannii|,  Hi'lx'lion  de  los  Moriseos,  lib. 
■  '«Ii.  U — In  coiiiineinoration  of  this  event, 
til" city  iMi'(ii|iiinitcd  into  its  escutcheon  the 
f-'iro  of  a  kjiifr  ,,i,  horseback,  in  tlie  act  of 
I''  iiMK  a  Mo(,r  witli  his  javelin.  Vedniar, 
AMigilcilad  (1,.  Velez,  fol.  V2. 

'  IV-nakji/,  Reye.s  Catolicoa,  M.*?.,  cap.  52. 
-Mamiul,  U'  belion  de  los  Moiiscos,  lib.  1, 
ap  u. 

'  Cuiidc doubts  whether  the  name  of  Malaga 


is  derived  from  the  Greek  huXukii,  sivcnifyiiiR 
"agrf-eable,"  or  the  Arabic  malht,  mfnnluir 
"royal."  Kitlier  etyniol<i>;y  Is  siifTieieiit ly 
pertinent.  (.S^e  El  Nubiense,  Descripcion  de 
Espana,  i>.  1h6,  imtu.)  For  notices  of  sove- 
reigns wlio  swayed  the  seejitre  of  Mala^'a,  fee 
Casiri,  I'ibliothica  Escurialensis,  toni.  ii.  pp. 
41,  56,  0!t,  et  alibi. 

"  Comie,  Doininacion  de  los  Araln'S,  torn, 
lii.  p.  2.(7. — I'ulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  74. 
—  El  Nubiense,  Descripcion  de  E-pafia,  p. 
144,  nota. 


228 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


place  to  the  last  extremity,  and  that  the  Christian  kinp  coulrl  not  offer  a  biihe 
liir^^^e  eiioii;;}!  to  make  him  hetray  his  trust,  Ferflinanil,  finflinj;-  little  iiros|fit 
of  operating  on  this  Spartan  teujper,  broke  up  his  camp  before  Velcz  on  tlif 
7tii  of  May,  and  advanced  with  his  whole  army  as  far  as  Bezmillana,  a  idacu 
on  the  sea-ward  about  two  leagues  distant  from  Malaga.'' 

The  line  of  march  now  lay  through  a  valley  commanded  at  the  rxtrpinitv 
nearest  tiie  city  by  two  eminences  ;  the  one  on  the  sea-coast,  the  otlicr  fadi,'.' 
the  fortress  of  the  Gebalfaro  and  forming  part  of  the  wild  sierra  wliicji  nvcr' 
shadowed  Malaga  on  the  north.  The  enemy  occujiied  both  these  impditaiit 
])Ositions.  A  corps  of  Galicians  was  sent  forward  to  dislodge  thciu  frum  tliM 
eminence  towards  the  sea.  But  it  failed  in  the  assault,  and,  notwith>taii(|iii.' 
it  was  led  up  a  second  tinie  by  the  commander  of  Leon  and  the  brave  (iarcila^o 
de  la  Ve^^a,"  was  again  repulsed  by  the  intrepid  foe. 

A  similar  fate  attendetl  the  assault  on  the  sierra,  which  was  con'lurtpd  U 
the  troops  of  the  royal  household.  They  were  driven  back  on  the  van^'iianl, 
which  had  halted  in  the  valley  under  command  of  the  grand  master  of  St. 
James,  prepared  to  support  the  attack  on  either  side.  Being  rciiifiinf.!. 
the  8j laniards  returned  to  the  charge  with  the  most  determined  resuliitioiL 
They  were  encountered  by  tlie  enemy  with  equal  spirit.  The  latter,  tlirowin,' 
away  their  lances,  precipitated  themselves  on  the  ranks  of  the  assailant -, 
making  use  o:,ly  of  their  daggers,  grappling  closely  man  to  niaji,  till  Koth 
rolled  nromiscucasly  together  down  the  steep  sides  of  the  ravine.  Ko  nicnv 
was  asked  or  shown.  Kone  thought  of  sparing  or  of  spoiling,  for  hatred,  say* 
the  chronicler,  was  stronger  than  avarice.  The  main  body  of  the  army,  in 
tlie  mean  while,  pent  up  in  the  valley,  were  compelled  to  witness  the  mortal 
conflict,  and  listen  to  the  exulting  cries  of  the  enemy,  which,  after  tLe 
Moorish  custom,  rose  high  and  shrill  alx)ve  the  din  of  battle,  witlidut  litiii.' 
able  to  advance  a  step  in  sujiport  of  their  comi)anions,  who  were  a^aiii  fonnl 
to  give  way  before  their  im])etuous  ac'versaries  and  fall  back  oir  the  NaiiKuail 
under  the  grand  master  of  8t.  James.  Here,  however,  they  spf\  lily  rallinl 
and,  being  reinforced,  advanced  to  the  charge  a  third  time,  with  such  iiiflcxililo 
courage  as  bore  do\\ u  all  opposition,  and  compelled  the  enemy,  exhausted,  ir 
rather  overpowered  by  superior  numbers,  to  abandon  his  position.  .\t  tlie 
same  time  the  risl^ig  ground  on  the  sea-side  was  carried  oy  the  Syianiards 
under  the  commander  of  Leon  and  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  who,  diviilinj;  their 
forces,  charged  the  Moors  .so  briskly  in  front  and  rear  that  they  were  compelled 
to  retreat  on  the  neighbouring  fortress  of  Gebalfaro." 

As  it  was  evening  before  these  advantages  -vere  obtained,  the  army  did  w  t 
defile  into  the  plains  around  Malaga  before  the  following  morniiiL;,  when  'h- 
positions  were  made  for  its  encampment.  The  eminence  on  the  sierra,  -i 
bravely  contested,  was  assigned,  as  the  post  of  greatest  danger,  to  the  marin^ 
duke  of  Cadiz.     It  was  protected  by  strong  works  lined  Avi^h  artillery,  and  i 


'  Bornaldez,  Reyos  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  82. 
■  Voiliiiftr,  Antitiiit'tlid  de  Vclez,  fol.  154. — 
I'lilpir,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  74. 

'  This  oavaUor,  who  took  a  conspicuous 
jiRVt  in  both  tlie  military  and  civil  trans- 
actions of  this  rcipn,  was  (iosct'ndi'<l  from  one 
of  tlie  most  ancient  and  honourable  houses  in 
Castile.  Hiia  ((Juerras  civiles  de  (ir^wuida, 
torn.  I.  p.  300\  with  more  effrontery  than 
usual,  lias  imputed  to  him  a  chivalrous  ren- 
contre with  a  Suracen,  which  is  recivdi'd  of 
an  ancestor,  iu  the  auciunt  Chronicle  of 
Alonso  XI. : 


"Garcilaso  de  la  Vepa 
desde  alii  se  ha  irititi;l;u)o, 
porque  en  la  Vejja  liiciira 
campo  con  aquel  papaiio. " 
Oviedo,  however,  with  good  reaseii,  ii.-iri>* 
the  etyuiolopy   and   the   story,   a.s  ln'  ini'* 
both  the  co(:;nom(.'n  and  the  pcciiliiiriliviu   i 
the   family   to  a  much  older  date  tliaii  II" 
period  assigned  in  the  Chroiiiele.    yiiiii"!''- 
genas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  (piinc.  ;{,  dial.  4;i. 

"  I'ulgar,  Reyes  Caiolicos.  cq).  "•">■— ^''^'•'' 
de  Mendoza,  Crou.  del  Gran  Canienal,  lil'  • 
cap.  64. 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


2-29 


(orps  of  two  tliousand  five  hundred  horse  and  fourteen  thoiisand  foot  was 
i.hia'tl  under  the  innnediate  command  of  that  nobleman.  A  Inie  of  defem  e 
w.us  ((instructed  along  the  declivity  from  this  redoubt  to  the  sea-shore. 
Similar  works,  consisting  of  a  deep  trench  and  palisades,  or,  where  the  soil  was 
til  rncky  to  admit  of  them,  of  an  embankment  or  mound  of  earth,  were 
iuMiii'il  ill  front  of  the  encampment,  which  embraced  the  whole  circuit  of  the 
I  ,iy ;  and  the  blockade  was  completed  by  a  tleet  of  armed  vessels,  galleys  and 
aiiivels,  which  rode  in  the  harbour  under  the  connnand  of  the  Catalan 
iiliiiiral,  ileipiesens,  and  effectually  cut  oil' all  connnuniaition  by  water.'" 

The  uKl  chronicler  Bernaldez  warms  at  the  asnect  of  the  fair  city  of  Malaga, 
tiius  eiuompassed  by  Christian  legions,  whose  deep  lines,  stretclnng  far  over 
iiij  ivikI  valley,  reached  t[uite  round  from  one  arm  of  the  sea  to  the  other.     In 
tao  midst  of  "this  brilliant  encampment  was  seen  the  royal  ])avilion,  proudly 
.;l^|llayillg  the  united  banners  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  and  farming  so  con- 
>lii(Uoiis  a  mark  for  tiie  enemy's  artillery  that  Ferdinand,  after  imminent 
hiiAvrd,  was  at  length  compelled  to  shift  his  (piarters.     The  Christians  were 
imI  slow  ill  erecting  counter-batteries  ;  but  the  work  was  obliged  to  be  carried 
■11  at  night,  in  order  to  .screen  them  from  the  tire  of  the  besieged." 
The  tirst  operations  of  the  Sjianiards  were  directed  against  the  sul)urb,  on 
tlie  laml  side  of  the  city.     The  attack  was  intrusted  to  the  count  of  Cifuent*;s, 
till'  iiohltMuan  who  had  been  made  prisoner  in  the  affair  of  the  Axaniiua  and 
>;ilist'i|iieiitly  ransomed.     The  Spanish  ordnance  was  served  with  suc-li  ell'ect 
tiiiit  a  jiracticable  l)reach  v.as  soon  made  hi  the  wall.     The  combatants  now 
iiirel  their  murderous  volleys  on  each  other  through  the  oi)ening,  and  at 
cii^tli  met  on  the  ruins  of  the  breach.     After  a  desperate  sti  iggle,  the  Moors 
iive  way.    The  Christians  rushed  into  the  inclosure,  at  the  siime  time  etlecting 
ii  ludgiiieiit  on  the  rampart,  and,  although  a  part  of  it,  undermined  by  the 
eiR'iuy,  gave  way  with  a  terrible  crash,  they  still  kept  possession  of  the  re- 
mainder, and  at  length  drove  their  antagonists,  who  sullenly  retreated  step  by 
•U'|)  within  the  fortilications  of  the  city.     The  lines  were  then  drawn  close 
aiciimd  the  place.    Every  avenue  of  comnnnucation  was  strictly  guarded,  and 
iviiy  preparation  was  made  for  reducing  the  town  by  regular  blockade.'* 

In  addition  to  the  cannon  brought  round  by  water  from  Velez,  the  heavier 
iiiiiiliards,  which  from  the  ditliculty  of  transportation  hail  been  left  dunng  the 
late  sie^^e  at  Ant«quera,  were  now  conducted,  across  roads  levelled  for  the 
pi'ir|)Ose,  to  the  Ciimp,  8unplies  of  marble  bullets  were  also  brought  from 
the  ancient  and  depopulated  city  of  Algezira,  where  they  had  lain  ever  since 
In  caiiturc  in  the  preceding  century  by  Alfonso  the  Eleventh.  The  aim|t  was 
tiik'il  with  operatives,  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  balls  and  powder,  whi(!h 
W'-'ie  stored  in  subterranean  magazines,  and  in  the  fabrication  of  those  various 
kiiils  of  lettering  enginery  which  continued  in  u.se  long  after  the  introduction 
'•L'uii])()wder." 

1>  irin'4  the  early  part  of  the  siege,  the  camp  experienced  .some  temporary 
ii  'mvenicnce  from  the  occasion.al  interruption  of  the  supplies  transporte<l  by 
^>i"er.  llmnours  of  the  appearance  of  the  plague  in  some  of  the  adjaciMit 
^ii'ia,'es  caused  additional  uneasine.ss  ;  and  deserters  who  passed  into  Malaga 
rqi'irted  these  particulars  with  the  usual  exaggeration,  and  encouraged  the 
w>iegedtu  persevere,  by  the  a.ssurance  that  Ferdinand  could  not  much  longer 


■°  ^rnaldez,  Rpyps  CatoUcos,  MS.,  cap.  S3. 
-PulSfar,  l{.'yes  C.itoUcos,  cap.  70.— Carbajal, 
•Wilis,  MS.,  aft.)  1487. 

I'ulifar,   RL'yes  Cat61icos,    ubl  supra.— 
ferualduz,  Ueyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  ubi  supra. 


'■'  Peter  Martyr,  Ojius  Kpist.,  lib.  1,  eiii-t. 
6.'}. — I'ulK^ir,  Ri-ycs  Catolicos,  cap.  76.  —  Ki-r- 
iialili-/,,  lli'yt's  Catulico,>*,  c.ip.  83.  -  Ovii'du, 
(^uimuugciias,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quiiic.  1,  dial.  3U. 

'■*  Pulgar,  Kcyca  Caiolkos,  cap.  76. 


230 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


keep  the  field,  and  that  the  queen  liad  actnally  written  to  advise  his  hroakiii,- 
11])  the  canift.  Under  these  circumstances,  tt^nUnand  saw  at  once  t\\?  in," 
j)ortance  of  tlie  (lueen's  presence  in  order  to  dispel  the  dehision  of  the  oiihihv 
and  to  give  new  hwnt  to  ins  soldiers.  lie  acconhngiy  sent  a  iiicssa.T  1 1 
Cordova,  where  she  was  holding  her  court,  reiiuesting  '.or  appearance  in  t!i.' 
camp. 

Isabella  had  proposed  to  join  her  husband  before  Velez,  (mi  reccivin: 
tidings  of  El  Zagal's  march  from  Granada,  and  had  actually  enfoneil  levies  of 
all  persons  capable  of  bearing  arms,  between  twenty  and  seventy  years  of  a.v, 
throughout  Andalusia,  but  su))se(pieiitly  <lisl)anded  them,  on  learniiii:  the 
discomfiture  of  the  Moorish  army.  Without  hesitation,  she  now  set  forwani, 
a(;companied  by  the  cardinal  of  Spain  and  other  dignitaries  of  the  cliun  ii. 
together  with  the  infanta  Isabella,  and  a  courtly  train  of  hidies  aud  cnvalii'iv 
in  attendance  on  her  person.  She  was  received  at  a  short  distance  fruiu  tli.' 
camp  by  the  mar([uis  of  Cadiz  and  the  grand  master  of  St.  J  ,,((■>,  an! 
escorted  to  her  tpiarters  amidst  the  enthusiastic  greetings  of  the  sdldierv. 
IIoi)e  now  brightened  every  countenance.  A  grace  seemed  to  be  slieil  nvcr 
the  rugged  featiu'es  of  war  ;  and  the  young  gallants  thronged  from  all  (luarttr^ 
to  the  axmp,  eager  to  win  the  guerdon  of  valour  from  the  hands  of  those  fruia 
whom  it  is  most  g  ateful  to  receive  it.'* 

Ferdinand,  who  had  hitherto  brought  into  action  only  the  llLrhter  ]iieoosi.f 
ordnance,  from  a  willingness  to  spare  the  noble  edifices  of  the  city,  wnw 
pointed  his  he;iviest  guns  against  its  walls.  Before  opening  his  tire,  JKiwevcr, 
he  again  sunnaoned  the  place,  offering  the  usual  liberal  terms  in  ca-ic  of  iiniin'- 
diate  compliance,  and  engaging  otherwise,  "with  the  blessing  of  Gml,  to  inab' 
tl'.em  all  slaves"!  But  the  heart  of  the  alcayde  was  hardened  like  that  ni 
Pharaoh,  says  the  Andalusian  chronicler,  and  the  people  were  swdloil  with 
vain  hopes,  so  that  their  ears  were  closed  figainst  the  projiosal ;  dnlcrs  wiiv 
even  issued  to  punish  with  death  any  attempt  at  a  parley.  On  the  cniitran, 
they  made  answer  by  a  more  lively  caimonade  than  before,  along  the  wliole  liin' 
of  ramparts  and  fortresses  which  overhung  the  city.  Sallies  were  also  iiiailcat 
almost  every  hour  of  the  day  and  iiiglit  on  every  assailable  |)oint  nf  tin' 
Christian  lines,  so  that  the  camp  was  kept  in  perpetual  alarm.  In  one  i«f  th-' 
nocturnal  sallies,  a  body  of  two  thousand  men  from  the  castle  of  (^.elialfan 
succeeded  in  surprising  the  cpiarters  of  the  manpiis  of  Catliz,  who,  with  lii^ 
followers,  was  exhausted  by  fatigue  and  watching  during  the  two  prooelin.' 
nights.  The  Christians,  bewildered  with  the  sudden  tumult  which  liroko  tlii'ir 
sluuiber,  were  thrown  into  the  greatest  confusion  ;  and  the  inaniuis  wli- 
ruslied  half  armed  from  his  tent,  found  no  little  difficulty  in  bringing  tlu'iatu 
order,  and  beating  ott"  the  assailants,  after  receiving  a  wound  in  the  arm  fi 'in 
an  arrow  ;  while  he  had  a  still  narrower  escape-from  the  ball  of  an  aniueluM'. 
t)iat  penetrated  his  ])uckler  and  hit  him  below  the  cuirass,  but  fortunately  >" 
nuich  spent  as  to  do  him  no  injury.*' 

The  Moors  were  not  unmindiid  of  the  importance  of  Malaga,  or  the  gallant'} 
with  which  it  was  defended.  They  made  several  attempts  to  relieve  it,  tl»' 
failure  of  which  was  owing  less  to  the  Christians  than  to  treachery  aii'l  tli*:: 
own  miserable  feuds.  A  body  of  cavalry,  which  El  Zagal  despatclieil  fn  -i 
Guadix  to  tiu'ow  succours  into  the  beleaguered  city,  was  encountered  ami  mt 
to  pieces  by  a  sui)erior  force  of  the  young  king  Abdallah,  who  consuiiiiiiiUi'l 


'■'  Salazar  do  Mcnrtoza,  Cr6n  del  fJran  Car- 
dual,  till.  1,  cap.  6». — Zurita,  yVnales,  t()Qi. 
Iv.  cap.  70.— Berualdez,  Reyea Cat61icos,  MS., 
cap.  83. 


"  nioda,  C'oronica,  lib.  5,  cap.  15.-lWf, 
Poniinacioii  do  los  Arulios,  toin.  iv.  pi'-  '-'■• 
2;j^<.— Ik-rnald'Z,  Rpyes  C.itolicos,  MS.,  isp- 
83.— Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  T9. 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


231 


It  iif  til" 

f)lie  iif  ti:-' 

with  hi< 
■nwliiL' 
like  tlii'ir 


a.  I 


his  baseness  by  sending'  an  ein1).'issy  to  the  Christian  camp,  charirod  with  a 
indent  oi  Arai)ian  horses  sniniituuusly  caparisoned  tn  Ferdinand,  and  of  costly 
';!k^  iiiid  Orit'iitid  perftunes  to  the  (pieen  ;  at  the  same  time  compHmentini; 
tiiiii  on  tlii'ir  successes, and  sohcitin.u^  tiie  continuance  of  tiieir  friendly  disjiosi- 
tiiiii>  towards  himself.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  reiiuited  this  act  of  humiliation 
tvsecuriim  to  Abdallah's  sultjects  the  riyht  of  cultivatin.tc  their  lields  in  (piiet, 
.  ,  of  tnuiickinu'  witli  the  (Spaniards  in  every  commodity  save  military  stores. 
\t  this  paltry  price  did  the  dastard  ])rince  consent  to  stay  his  arm  at  the  only 
iiKiiiieiit  wlieii  it  could  be  used  effectually  for  his  country.'" 

>loie  serious  conseipiences  were  like  to  have  resulted  from  an  attempt  mnde 
1 V  another  jiarty  of  Moors  from  Guadix  to  penetmte  the  Christian  lines. 
lait  of  tlieiii  succeeded,  and  threw  themselves  into  the  besieged  city.  The 
r.iiiaiiMlcr  were  cut  in  pieces.  There  was  one,  however,  who,  makin<,'  no  show 
if  resistance,  was  tiiken  i)risoner  without  harm  to  his  i»erson.  liein^  brou^dit 
l.fnifthc  iiianpiis  of  Cadiz,  he  informed  tliat  nobleman  that  he  could  make 
.-me  imiiurtant  disclosures  to  the  sovereigns.  He  was  accordingly  conducted 
t'  tlie  rovai  tent ;  but,  as  Ferdinand  was  taking  his  siesta,  in  the  sultry  hour 

ftlieday,  the  (pieen,  moved  by  divuie  ins]>iration,  according  to  the  Castilian 
l^t'inaiii  dcfened  the  audience  till  lier  husband  shoidd  awake,  and  com- 
mamleil  the  pri.^oner  to  be  detained  in  the  adjoining  tent.  This  was  occupied 
1 V  l)ufia  Ht'utriz  de  liobadilla,  marchioness  of  Moya,  Isabella's  ejirly  friend, 
\iii'i  happened  to  be  at  that  time  engaged  in  discourse  with  a  Portuguese 
!.Ml,ltiii;ui,  Don  Alvaro,  son  (»f  the  duke  of  Braganza." 

The  Mtior  did  not  understand  the  Castilian  language,  and,  deceived  by  the 
r;  li  attire  and  courtly  bearing  of  these  personages,  he  mistook  them  for  the 
kiiu  and  (lueeii.  While  in  the  act  of  refreshing  himself  with  a  glass  of  water, 
l.e  .siidileiiiy  drew  a  dagger  from  beneath  the  l)ioad  folds  of  his  albornoz,  or 
.Mii"iisli  mantle,  which  he  had  been  incautiously  sufl'ered  to  retain,  and,  dart- 
\\.:m  the  rortuguese  ])rince,  gave  him  a  deep  wound  on  the  head,  and  then, 
t  niinu  like  lightning  on  the  marchioness,  aimed  a  stroke  at  her,  which  fortu- 
lately  irlanced  without  injury,  the  jioint  of  t-  e  weai)on  being  turned  by  the 
Liavv  embroidery  of  her  ro])e^'  Before  lie  coiiki  repeat  his  blow,  the  Moorish 
Savula,  with  a  fate  very  ditierent  from  that  of  his  Roman  prototype,  Aras 
jii'ioed  with  a  hundred  wounds  by  the  attendants,  who  rushed  to  tne  spot, 
a!anned  by  the  cries  of  the  marchioness,  and  his  mangled  remains  were  soon 
after  discharged  from  a  catai)ult  into  the  city  ;  a  focdish  bravado,  which  the 
K'-ieiied  re(piited  by  slaying  a  Galician  gentleman  and  sending  liis  corjjse 
iivtiide  upon  a  mule  through  the  gates  of  the  town  into  the  Christian  camp.'* 

This  (huiiig  attenmt  on  the  lives  of  the  king  and  (pieen  spread  general 
coii>ternatiun  througliout  tlie  army.     Precautions  were  taken  for  the  future, 


:allai:t'-v 


and  tlu'ir 
■lieil  fp^:;i 

51 

'd  and  rill 

III 

siuiiinat'''! 

f 

]5,_r„iiiif, 

u 

iv.  It'  ■-■"• 

<,  MS,  ui'. 

L.' 

.  :y. 

'•  Pulcar,  Rpyes  Cat6licos,  ubi  pupra.— 
irinu  tlic  sicfrc,  anibassiulurs  arrivfd  from 
i  Atiiiaii  ])Mtfiitat(',  till!  king  of  'ripnicicn, 
in:^'.:  z  iiiaj;iiirnciit  lucsdit  to  tin,'  Ca.-tilian 
^•r'i^'iis,  iiiti'icidiiiR  for  tlic  Malagans,  ami 

tliH  ■^Hini'  tiiiif  asking  protoctioii  for  his 
I'j'i'ts  iMin  tiic  Spanisli  cruisers  in  the 
■ilit'rnmi'an.  Tiic  hovcnigiis  graeioii'<ly 
'il'liiii  with  tlic  lattiT  rcqiR'st,  and  coinpli- 
'""I  till'  African  monarch  with  a  jilatc  of 

■1.  "I  wliicli  the  royal  arms  were  curiously 
il--si'd,  eays  IJernaldez,  Keyes  Catulicof, 

Iliisnuliloman,  Don  Alvaro  dfi  Portugal, 
J  Ui-d  his  native  country,  and  sought  au 


asylum  in  Castile  from  the  vindictive  enmity 
of  ,(olni  11.,  who  had  jmt  to  death  the  duke 
of  I!nigaii'/.a,liis  elder  hrotlier.  He  wa^  kindly 
reciived  liy  l>al»ella,  to  \\liom  he  was  nearly 
relal(  d,  and  sulise(|uently  jireferred  to  several 
imjiortant  oflices  of  state.  His  son,  the  count 
of  (ielves.  married  a  granddaughter  of  Cliris- 
tojiher  Columbus.  Oviedo,  C^uiucuag'-naH, 
MS. 

"■  0\  iedo.  (^tiincuagenas,  IMS.,  bat.  1,  f|uinc. 
),  dial.  '2.1. — I'(ter  Martyr,  Ojius  Kpist.,  lili.  1, 
ejiisl.  (;;{.  l'.eriinld>/,  IteyeH  Catolicos,  .MS., 
cap.  H4.— Hilda,  Coroiiica,  lih.  S,  caj).  15. — 
L.  Marineo,  C'usas  memorablee,  fol.  176,  176. 


232 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


l)y  ordinances  prnhibitinj?  tlie  introdnrtion  of  any  unknown  porsdu  arincl, 
or  any  iVIoor  wliatevor,  into  the  royal  (jnartors  ;  and  the  Uidy  -iianl  w.i- 
augmented  hy  the  addition  of  two  hundred  hi(hilt;os  of  Castile  and  Ant-in, 
who,  with  their  retainers,  were  to  keep  constant  watcli  over  the  \Whom  of 
the  sovereigns. 

Meanwhile,  the  city  of  Malaga,  whose  natural  population  was  ^oatlv 
swelled  by  the  influx  of  its  foreign  auxiliaries,  began  to  be  straitened  for 
su])p!ies,  while  its  distress  Avas  aggravated  by  the  spectacle  of  almiKlaiire 
wliich  reigned  throughout  the  Sjianish  camp.  JStill,  however,  the  ]n-uu\', 
overawed  by  the  soldiery,  did  not  lireak  out  into  murmurs,  nor  did  tin  v 
relax  in  any  degree  the  Ttertinacity  of  their  resistance.  Their  drooidim  ,s|iiiitv 
Avere  cheered  by  the  predictions  of  a  fanatic,  who  promised  that  they  shuuld  cat 
the  grain  whiclR  they  saAv  in  the  Christian  caLi|> ;  a  prediction  wlmli  caiiie  to 
be  verified,  like  most  others  that  are  verified  at  all,  in  a  very  ditlerenl  sense 
from  that  intended  or  understood. 

The  incessant  cannonade  ke])t  up  by  the  besieging  army,  in  the  mean  timp, 
so  far  exhausted  their  anmiunition  that  *^hey  Avere  con.'^trained  to  seek  siiiiplic 
from  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  fronj  foreign  eoniitiit'\ 
The  arrival  of  tAvo  Flennsh  transports  at  this  juncture,  from  the  cniiieror  if 
Germany,  Avhose  interest  had  been  roused  in  the  crusnde,  afforded  a  !?oahOiialile 
reinforcement  of  military  stores  and  nnmitions. 

The  obstinate  defence  of  Malaga  had  given  the  siege  Fuch  cele])rity  tlii:t 
•volunteers,  eager  to  share  in  it,  flocked  from  all  jarts  of  the  I'eninsnla'totlie 
royal  standard.  Among  others,  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  whu  hail 
furnished  nis  quota  of  troops  at  the  opening  of  the  campaign,  now  arrived  in 
person  Avith  a  reinforcement,  together  Avith  a  hundred  galleys  freighted  with 
supplies,  and  a  loan  of  tAventy  thousand  doblasof  gold  to  the  sovereigns  fortlic 
ex])enses  of  the  Avar.  8uch  Avas  the  deen  interest  in  it  excited  tluouglioiit  tlif 
nation,  and  the  alacrity  Avhich  every  orcier  of  men  exhibited  in  suiiiiortiiigiis 
enormous  burdens.'" 

The  Castilian  army,  swelled  by  these  daily  augmentations,  varied  in  it- 
amount,  according  to  different  estimates,  from  sixty  to  ninety  thousand  imii. 
Throughout  this  immense  host,  the  most  perfect  discipline  Avas  niaiiitaiiitil. 
Gaming  Avas  restrained!  by  ordinances  interdicting  the  use  of  dice  and  canlN 
of  Avhich  the  loAver  orders  Avere  passionately  fond.  Blasphemy  Avas  seventy 
punished.  Prostitutes,  the  common  pest  oi  a  camp,  Avere  excluded  ;  and  u 
entire  was  the  subordination,  that  not  a  knife  Avas  draAvn,  and  searcely  ;i 
brawl  occurretl,  says  the  historian,  among  the  motley  nudtitude.  Besides  tin- 
higher  ecclesiastics  Avho  attended  the  court,  the  camp  Avas  Avell  supidie*]  with 
holy  men,  priests,  friars,  and  the  chaplain;-  of  the  great  nobility,  avIio  iierforninl 
the  exercises  of  religion  in  their  respective  (piarters  Avith  all  the  pomp  anl 
s])lf-ndour  of  the  Rouian  Catholic  Avorship  ;  exalting  the  imaginations  ef  the 
soldiers  into  the  high  devotional  feeling  Avhich  became  those  avIio  Avere  liglitiii. 
the  battles  of  the  Cross.^* 

Hitherto,  Ferdinand,  relying  on  the  blockade,  and  yielding  to  the  ijueciis 
desire  lo  spare  the  lives  of  her  soldier.--,  had  formed  no  regndar  plan  of  assault 
njion  the  tOAvn.  Rut,  as  the  season  rolled  on  Avithout  the  least  deinniistrati"!: 
of  submission  on  the  part  of  the  besieged,  he  resolved  to  storm  tlio  \\orkN 
which,  if  attended  by  no  other  consequences,  might  at  least  serve  to  (li.-trt'>^ 
the    enemy  and  hasten  the  hour  jf  surrender.     Large  Avooden  towel's  ci\ 


'»  Pnlgar,  Reyes,  Catolicos,  cap.  87-89.— 
Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  h4. 


■•"■  Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  IIS.,  cap. 
—  i'algar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  caii.  TI. 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


2:u 


riilltTS  wore  acoor(lin;j,ly  foiistnicted,  and  [iruvided  with  an  apparatus  of  draw- 
luiik'ts  and  ladders,  which,  when  hruuuht  near  to  the  rainjiart^,  would  (tpcn 
iiiltsct'iit  into  tiie  city.  Galleries  were  also  wrought,  some  fur  the  purpo-e 
,,f  pciictratinLr  into  the  ])laee,  and  othe  s  to  sap  the  foundations  of  the  walls. 
Til,'  whole  of  these  oi)erations  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Francisco 
lliv.iiiroz,  the  celebrated  engineer  of  Madrid. 

Hut  tlie  Moors  anticipated  the  conii)letion  of  these  'onnidable  prenara- 
tiniH  liy  a  brisk,  well-coi'certed  attack  on  all  points  of  the  Spanisn  linos. 
They  conntei  mined  tlic  assailants,  and.  encounteriui^  them  in  the  subter- 
laiit'ous  passages,  (h"ove  them  back,  aiKl  demolislied  the  frame-W(»rk  of  the 
.'Uileiics.  At  the  same  time,  a  little  scpiadron  of  armed  vessels,  which  had 
ken  ridint,^  in  safety  under  the  ,i,'uns  of  the  city,  i)ushed  out  and  en;,^atred  the 
Siiaiiisli  fleet.  Thus  the  l)attle  ra;.jed  with  tire  aiul  sword,  above  anduiul*"- 
:\-n\[i\<\,  alum;"  the  ramjiarts,  the  ocean,  and  the  land,  at  the  same  time.  Even 
l'iil;,'ar  cannot  withhold  his  tribute  of  achniration  to  this  uncoiupierable  spirit 
111  ;iii  eiR'iiiy  wasted  by  all  the  extremities  of  famine  and  fatij^ue.  "  Who 
ilut's  not  marvel,"  lie  says,  "at  tlu  '.)old  heart  of  these  intidels  in  battle,  their 
l>roiiipt  obedience  to  their  chiefs,  their  dexterity  in  tlie  wiles  of  war,  their 
lnHiciKC  under  privation,  and  undaunted  perseverance  in  tlieir  purposes  ?"'^' 

A  circumstance  occurred  in  a  sortie  from  the  city,  indicjiting  a  trait  of 
(harautcr  worth  recording.     A  noble  Moor,  named  Abrahen  Z;>nete,  fell  in 
with  a  luunlter  of  Spanish  children  who  had  wandered  from  their  (piart<!rs. 
^Vithout  injuring  them,  he  touched  them  gently  with  the  handle  of  his  lance, 
sayiii!,',  "Get  ye  gone,  varlets,  to  your  mothers."    On  being  rebuked  by  his 
('Hirados,  who  incpiired  why  he  had  let  them  escai>e  so  easily,  he  replied, 
" Because  I  sa^vr  no  beard  upon  their  chins."    "An  example  of  magnanimity," 
siys  the  Curate  of  Los  Palacios,  "  truly  wonderful  in  a  heathen,  and  which 
luinht  have  reflected  credit  on  a  Christian  hidal.i'O."  ^"^ 
But  no  virtue  or  valour  could  avail  the  unfortunate  Malagans  against  the 
iVeiuhelmiug  force  of  their  enemies,  who, driving  them  back  from  every  point, 
(Hini.elled  them,  after  a  desperate  struggle  of  six  hours,  to  shelter  themselve.s 
witliiii  the  defences  of  the  town.     The  Ciiristians  followed  up  their  success. 
A  mine  was  si)rung  near  a  tower  connected  by  a  bridge  of  four  arches  with 
tlie  main  works  of  the  ])lace.     The  Moors,  scattered  and  intimidated  ]»y  the 
i'X|ilosion,  retreated  across  the  bridge  ;  and  the  Spaniards,  carrying  the  lower, 
whose  i;uiH  completely  enfdaded  it,  obtained  possession  of  this  important  jiass 
into  the  iielcaguered  city.     For  these  and  other  signal  services  during  the 
sit's-'p,  Francisco  Ramirez,  the  master  of  the  ordnance,  received  the  honours  of 
kiiijrhthnud  from  the  hand  of  King  Ferdinand.*' 


"  Cunde.  Doinlnacion  de  los  ArabcB,  torn. 
iii  pp.  2A1,  'JiiS.— Piilgar,  Reyes  Catdlifos, 
wp-  ""0.  t'ciro  de  Torres,  Ordeiics  mililares, 
■"i.  ^2,  s:(. 

■  I'lil^'ir,  Reyes  Catulicos,  cap.  91.— Rer- 
mM>7,,  K,ye<  ('at«')lki)s,  M.S.,  cap.  m4.— The 
ii'ii''*t  ('.xcliiniatioii  of  the  Curate  brinies  tf, 
iiiiiij  tlic  similar  encomium  of  the  old  Moorish 

"  Cabal  leros  Granadinos, 
AuiKiue  MoroR  hijosdalgo." 
ilita,  Guerras  de  Granada, 

turn.  i.  p.  257. 

■'  Tlieri'  is  no  well-authenticated  instance 
"itliM  (.nipldvniont  of  gunpowder  in  mining 
'-  t^uruptaii  warfare,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  of 


an  earlier  date  than  this.  Tirabosclii,  indeed, 
refers,  on  the  authority  of  anotlier  writer,  to 
a  work  in  the  library  of  the  Acaib-my  of 
Siena,  conijxtsed  by  (jne  I'Vancesco  (iiorffio, 
arciiitert  of  the  duke  of  l!rbino,  abo\it  14-<(), 
ii\  \\  liicli  that  person  claims  tlie  merit  of  the 
invention.  (Letieraturu  Italianu,  torn,  vl.  p. 
;i7i).)  Tlie  \>.  hill'  statement  is  ohviously  too 
loose  to  warrant  any  such  conclusion.  Tlie 
Itali.m  historians  notice  the  usi nf  i^unpowiler 
mines  at  the  siep-  of  the  little  town  of  Sere- 
zancllo  in  Tuscany,  by  the  (ienoese,  in  14'<7, 
precisely  conti'nij)orani'ous  with  the  sn-ge  ot 
^Iala^rl.  (Machiavelli,  Istoric  Fiorendne,  lib. 
H.-  (iiiicciiirdini,  Istoria  d'ltalia  (Milano, 
lsi):i\  tom.  iii.  lib.  0.)  This  siimvrinr  coin- 
cidence, in  nations  having  then  but  lilllo  in- 


234 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


T',e  citizens  of  Mala;^^a,  disinayed  at  belioMiiig  the  enemy  estaMisIied  in 
their  dcifonces,  and  faintiii^^  under  exhaustion  from  a  sie<^e  which  hud  ahcjulv 
lasted  more  than  three  months,  now  he;i;an  to  nnirnuir  at  tiie  ohstiinK  y  of  the 
{garrison,  and  to  (k-mand  a  capitulation.  Their  ma'^azines  of  i^'riiiii  wcrt 
emptied,  and  for  some  weelvs  they  iiad  l)een  comocdled  to  devour  the  tlf>h 
of  horses,  do,!j;s,  cats,  and  even  the  IjoiUid  hides  of  tnese  animals,  or,  in  def.i  lii 
of  other  mitnmei.t,  vinedeaves  (h'essed  with  oil,  and  leaves  of  the  imhntriv, 
j)ounded  fine,  and  i>aked  into  a  sort  of  cake.  In  conse(|uen(e  of  this  juatli' 
some  and  unwholesome  diet,  disea-;es  were  enjjendered.  Midtitudes  were  Mm 
dyin<^  about  the  streets.  Many  deserted  to  the  Spani.sh  cami>,  ea^'cr  tu  haitir 
tlieir  liberty  for  bread  ;  and  the  city  e.\hil)ited  all  the  extremes  of  siinali.l 
and  dis^aistim,'  wretchedness,  bred  by  pestilence  and  famine  anions  aii  ovtr- 
crowded  population.  The  suH'erini^'s  of  the  citizens  softened  the  stcrii  lie;irt 
of  the  alcayde,  Ilamet  Zeli,  who  at  leni^th  yielded  to  their  iin[)ortuiiiti(>-!,  aii'l 
withdrawing  his  forces  into  the  Gebaifaro,  consented  that  the  Maliii;;iiis 
should  make  the  best  terms  tliey  could  witli  their  compieror. 

A  dei)utation  of  the  pnncii)al  inhabitants,  with  an  eminent  iiicrchaiit 
named  Ali  Dordux  at  tiieir  head,  was  then  despatched  to  the  ChriNtiaii 
(luarter.s,  with  the  oiler  of  the  city  to  caiiitulate,  on  the  same  libera!  oni 
(litions  which  had  been  uniformly  granted  by  the  Spaniards.  The  kin,' 
refused  to  admit  the  embassy  into  his  presence,  and  haughtily  answcn 


through  the  commander  of  Leon,  that ' 


<  prese 
' these 


terms  Iiad  been  twice  ottert'l 


to  the  people  of  Malaga,  and  rejected  ;  that  it  wa.s  too  late  for  them  I) 
stii>ulate  conditions,  and  nothing  now  remained  but  to  abide  by  tiiose  whitli 
lie,  as  their  conqueror,  should  vouchsafe  to  them."  ^* 

Ferdinand's  ansAver  spread  general  consternation  throug'nout  >hilaua.  Tli" 
iidiabitiints  saw  too  plainly  that  nothing  was  to  ])e  hoped  from  uu  aii|.v';il 
to  sentiments  of  humainty.  After  a  tumultuous  debate,  the  deputies  were 
despatched  a  second  time  to  the  Christian  camp,  charged  with  pro|if.sitiniis 
in  which  concession  was  mingled  with  menace.  They  representdl  that  the 
severe  response  of  King  Ferdinand  to  the  citizens  had  rendered  tluni 
des[)erate:  that  they  were  willing  to  resign  to  him  their  fortifications,  their 
city, — in  short,  then'  property  of  every  descrintion, — on  his  assurance  nf 
their  jiersonal  .security  and  freedom  ;  if  he  refusea  this,  they  would  take  tlnir 
Christian  captives,  amounting  to  five  or  six  hundred,  from  the  dungeons  in 
which  they  lay,  and  hang  tlieni  like  dogs  over  the  battlements ;  and  then, 
placing  their  old  men,  women,  and  children  in  the  fortress,  they  would  set  tire 
to  the  town,  and  cut  a  way  for  them.selves  through  their  enemies,  or  fall  in 
the  attempt.  "So,"  they  continued,  "if  you  gain  a  victory,  it  will  1)0  sikIi 
a  one  as  shall  make  the  name  of  Malaga  ring  throughout  the  world,  anl 
to  ages  yet  unborn  !  "  Ferdinand,  unmoved  by  these  menaces,  coolly  repliel 
that  he  .saw  no  occasion  to  change  his  forn'c^  determination,  but  they  niiJi* 
rest  assured,  if  they  harmed  a  single  hair  of  a  Christian,  he  would  itut  e\er} 
soul  in  the  place,  man,  Avoman,  and  child,  to  the  sword. 

The  anxious  people,  who  thronged  fortli  to  meet  the  embassy  on  its  leturii 

Giovio,  De  Vita  Mapiii  Gonsalvi  (Viti'  I!lu" 
triuin  Vlroruiu,  nasiliic,  l.')""),  lib.  -■-■'^]*^' 
sun,  Analesde  Navarra,  tcun.  v.  lit). :!.'>, caji^i-'. 
"  Cinloiine,  Hist,  de  I'At'ritiUf  ft  'le  I'l-s- 
paf!iie,  toiii.  iii.  p.  29G.— L.  Miiriin'ci,  (^•<^^ 
iiuMiiorahli^s,  fol.  175.— Uiults  y  Aiiiirmia.  li' 
ti\'s  OnJ.nes,  fol.  54.— I'ulgar,  IJoys  <;at  • 
licos,  cap.  92.— Burnaldez,  Uoyes  Culolicos, 
MS.,  cap.  85. 


tercourse,  would  seem  to  infer  some  common 
oriy;ii\  of  greater  antiquity.  Howevtr  tliis 
may  l)e,  tlie  writers  of  botli  nations  are  agreed 
ill  ascribing  tlie  first  successful  use  of  sucli 
mines  on  any  extended  scale  to  the  celebrated 
Spanish  engineer,  Pedro  Navarro,  when  serv- 
iu'i  uiiilrr  Gousalvo  de  Cordova,  in  liis  Italian 
cimpaigus  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteentli 
century.      Guicciardini,     ubi    supra.— I'aolo 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


235 


rli;iri:('ll  VVMI 


"  Thus,"  says  the  ( 'urate  of 
harden  the  hearts  of  these  heathen,  like 


t.tho  city,  wore  overwhelmed  with  tlie  deepest  j^looni  at  its  on  inons  tidings. 
Tlitirfute  was  now  sealed.  Every  avenue  to  hope  scenieil  close!  }>y  the  stem 
rcsnuiise  of  the  victor.  Yet  iiope  will  still  linirer ;  and,  althouLfh  there  were 
Mint'  frantic  enough  to  tirge  the  execution  oif  their  desperate  ni'Miaces,  the 
i;ri'at»'r  nuiiil)er  of  the  inhabitants,  and  anionic  them  those  most  coiisiderahle 
f,,r  wealth  and  influence,  i)referred  the  chance  of  Ferdinand's  ckmenry  to 
(ritaiii,  invtrievahle  ruin. 

I'or  the  last  time,  therefore,  the  deputies  issiied  from  the  gates  of  the  eity, 
[ji  an  enistle  to  the  sovereigns  from  their  unfortunate  countrymen, 
ter  (leprefating  their  anger,  and  lamenting  their  own  Mind 
ih^liiiacv,  they  reminded  tlieir  highne.'ises  of  the  liberal  terms  whicli  their 
lUirtNtuf';  had  granted  to  Cordova,  Anteipiera,  and  other  cities,  after  a  defence 
a>  iHTtinadnus  as  their  <iwn.  They  expatiated  on  the  fame  which  the 
>.\rn'ii:n>  had  established  ]>y  the  generous  jjolicy  of  their  jiast  coiKpiests, 
aiil.  aiipcaling  to  their  magnanimity,  conclu<led  with  submittimc  theniselves, 
tJi.'ir  families,  and  their  fortunes  to  their  disj)osal.  Twenty  of  the  principal 
riti/.ciis  were  then  delivered  up  as  liostages  for  the  peaceable  demeanour  of 
the  city  until  its  occupation  1)V  the  Spaniards 
1,..-;  I'alacins,  "did  the  Almightv  hare 
t.  tliiiM'  (if  the  Egyptians,  in  onler  that  they  might  receive  the  full  wages  of 
the  manifold  ojipressions* which  they  ha<l  wrought  on  his  people,  from  the  days 
uf  K'uij:  Rnileric  to  the  present  time  I  "" 

(Ml  the  appointed  dav,  the  connnander  of  Leon  rode  through  the  gates  of 
Malai:a,  at  the  head  of  liis  well-appointed  diivalry,  and  took  possession  of  the 
't'orjihif,  or  lower  citadel.  The  troops  were  then  posted  .at  their  respective 
-t;Ui')us  along  the  fortifications,  and  the  banners  of  Christian  Spain  trium- 
lli.uitiy  inifurled  from  tlie  towers  of  the  city,  where  the  crescent  had  been 
lii^  ilaycil  fur  an  uninterruiited  jjcriod  of  nearly  eight  centuries. 

Till'  first  act  was  to  purify  the  town  from  the  numerous  dead  ])odies,  and 
fttlier  otlensive  matter,  which  had  accunndated  during  this  long  siege,  and  lay 
ft'stciiiig  ill  the  streets,  poisoning  the  atmosohere.  The  ])rincipal  mos(pie  was 
iii'Xt  (oiisecrated  with  due  solenuiity  to  tlie  service  of  Santa  Maria  de  la 
Emaniacion.  Crosses  and  bells,  the  symbols  of  Christian  worship,  were  dis- 
triliiitcil  in  jirofusion  among  the  sacred  edifices  ;  where,  says  the  Catholic 
tlintimlcr  last  cpioted,  "the  celestial  nnisic  of  their  chimes,  sounding  at  every 
li'Hir  0^  the  day  and  night,  caused  per[)etual  torment  to  the  ears  of  the 
iiitidel." " 

I'll  the  eighteenth  day  of  August,  lieing  somewdiat  more  than  three  months 
from  the  date  of  onening  trenches,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  made  their  entrance 
iiitii  the  compiered  citv,  attended  by  the  court,  the  clergy,  and  the  whole  of 
tlii'ir  military  array.  The  procession  moved  in  solemn  state  uj)  the  principal 
stivcts,  now  deserted  and  hushed  in  ominous  silence,  to  the  new  cathedral  of 
>■!.  Mary,  where  mass  was  i»erformed  ;  and,  as  the  glorious  anthem  of  the  Te 
IVuiii  rose  for  the  first  time  within  its  ancient  Avails,  the  sovereigns,  together 

'■  Pulirar,  Reyes  CatolicDS,  cap.  93. — Car-        falso  play  on   the  part   of   the  aiiibiipsaiior 


'l>nn.;,  Hist,  dv  rAfrifiuo  et  (ie  rEspa^iK!, 
'"111.  iii.  ]).  liiiti.— Tlic  Arabic  historiaiiH  stato 
i!i.^i  Malaua  was  lietraycil  by  Ali  Doniiix, 
^■■'"'  uiliuittrd  tho  Spaiiianls  into  the  castle 
«liil<;  tile  citizens  wore  debating  on  Fenli- 
!wiiil<  terms.  (See  Conde,  Domiiiaclon  tie 
|-Aral»s,  toni.  iii.  cap.  39.)  The  letter  of 
'  iiilialmaiits,  quoted  at  length  bv  Pulgar, 
•jMscoiii  to  be  a  refut:ition  of  tiiis.  And 
.'■^t  thfcre  are  good  grounds  for  suspcvt.ng 


Dcniux,  since  the  Castilian  writers  admit  tlir.t 
he  svas  exempted,  with  lorty  of  his  friends, 
from  the  doom  of  .'slavery  and  forfeiture  of 
properi.v  passed  upon  his  fellow-citi/ens. 

■-'  iiernalde/,,  Iteyes  Catoiicos,  .M.S.,  cap.  H.'i, 
— The  reader  may  rememVier  Don  t,»uixote'8 
rebuke  uf  Ma.-ter  Peter,  tlie  unlucky  iiu]ipet- 
niaii,  for  violating  historical  accuracy  by  in- 
troducing i)olK  into  Lis  Moorish  pantomime. 
Part.  :^,  cap.  26. 


2;{6 


WAR    OF  GRANADA. 


with  tlio  wliolft  army,  jdostratcd  tlicmsoivcs  in  ^^^ratcful  ador.iiidii  of  the  Lord 
of  hosts,  \vh(»  lia<l  thus  reinstated  them  in  th(^  domuins  of  their  all<e^tll^. 

The  most  allectini,^  incident  was  allorded  hy  the  midtitnde  of  (  lirjstiaii 
captives  who  wen;  rescueil  from  tlie  Mooiish  dini^eons.  They  were  liri>ii:|,t 
iiefore  the  soverei.uns,  witii  their  iindis  litavily  manacled,  their  l)earilMk'>(riiili:i.- 
to  their  waists,  and  their  sallow  vi>a^es  emaciated  by  euptivity  ami  fiiniii,," 
Kv(My  eye  was  snlliised  with  tears  at  the  spectacle.  Many  rec(ii::iii/A'(l  tlitir 
an(!i(!nt  friends,  of  whose  fate  they  had  ion;,'  heen  i^niorant.  iSome  tuul  iiii:,'(.|c,i 
in  captivity  te;i  or  fifteen  years  ;  and  amon;,^  them  were  several  liclinij^ini.' t^ 
the  hest  families  in  Spain.  On  entering  the  j)resenco,  they  would  have  w^uM 
their  ^^ratitude  l»y  throwing'  themselves  at  the  feet  of  the  sovereit,'ns ;  Imt  the 
hitte'-,  raisin,  ti) -m  uji  and  mitij^lin/jj  their  tears  with  tliose  of  the  liiiciat.M 
capl  :'s^  e.  ;d  tl\eir  fetters  to  l)e  removed,  and,  after  administering;  tu  thiir 
iiece-   Uios,     isinissed  them  with  '"beial  juesents.''' 

Tl  .;  i"'>iit\-  of  (jiehalfan*  snr  ndered  on  tlie  day  after  the  oiciiiiatinn  if 
Malaga  •  ■•  )i;c  "•,(,.» uijinls.  The ,!.  lant  Zegri  chieftain,  Ilamet  Zeli,  was  liwUni 
witli  chains;  a.-  heing  asked  why  he  luul  persisted  so  ol)stinatflv  in  hi, 
rthellion,  boldly  ans.vered,  "  He-  ause  1  was  connnissioned  to  defend  \\w  ]il;iir 
to  the  last  extremity  ;  and,  if  1  had  been  properly  supported,  1  Huuhl  hau' 
died  sooner  than  surrender  now  !  " 

The  doom  of  the  vanciuished  was  now  to  he  pronounced.  On  entering  the 
city,  (M'ders  had  been  issued  to  the  Sp'anish  soldiery,  proiiibitinjj:  tlicni  iiinler 
the  severest  penjilties  from  molesting  either  the  persons  or  pioperty  of  the 
inhabitants.  These  latter  were  directed  to  remain  in  their  resjjective  niansiiiii< 
with  a  fiiiard  set  over  them,  while  the  cravinj.;s  of  appetite  were  supjilieil  hvu 
liberal  distribution  of  food.  At  length,  the  whole  pojiulation  of  the  city,  chiu 
l)rehending  every  age  and  sex,  was  commanded  to  rejair  to  the  great  ciiiirt- 
yard  of  tlie  alcazaba,  which  was  overlooked  on  all  sides  by  lofty  ramiait- 
garrisoned  by  the  (Spanish  soldiery.  To  this  place,  the  scene  of  many  a  .Mdmih 
triumph,  where  the  spoil  of  the  border  foray  had  been  often  di^playcihai.ii 
■which  might  still  be  emlila/oned  with  the  trophy  of  many  a  Christian  lanmr. 
the  jieopje  of  Malaga  now  directed  their  steps.  As  the  multitude  s\vaniiiM 
through  the  streets,  tilled  with  boding  a])prehensions  of  their  fate,  tlicy  wriai. 
their  hands,  and,  raising  their  eyes  to  heaven,  uttered  the  most  piteous  lanun- 
tations,  "  Oh  Malaga,"  they  cried,  "  renowned  and  lieautiful  city,  how  are  thy 
sons  al)out  to  forsake  thee  !  Could  not  thy  soil,  on  which  tJicy  tir>t  drew 
breath,  ])e  sutVered  to  cover  them  in  death?  Where  is  now  the  sticnLllnf 
th.y  towers,  where  the  beauty  of  thy  edifices  ?  Tlie  sirength  of  thy  walN.  ala^ 
coidd  not  avail  thy  children,  for  they  had  sorely  disjtleased  their  Crcatni. 
What  shall  become  of  thy  old  men  and  thy  matrons,  or  of  thy  young  niaidiii'; 
delicately  nurtured  within  thy  halls,  when  they  shall  feel  the  iron  yoke  "t 
liondage  ?  Can  thy  barbarous  con(juerors  without  remorse  tlms  tear  asiiii'lor 
t  ,e  dearest  ties  of  life  T'  Such  are  the  melancholy  strains  in  whitli  thr 
Castllian  chronicler  has  given  utterance  to  the  sorrows  of  the  cai)tive  city." 


'•"  Carbajal,  wliose  mfaf^ro  annals  have 
Bcarct'I y  any  uuTit  Iwyoiid  tliat  of  a  uicrc  cliro- 
nol(if{ical  taljlc,  jjostponcs  the  surreiKlcr  till 
SciHcnibfT.  Anale>,  afio  14s7.— Marmot,  Ue- 
bi'liiiii  lie  los  Moriseos,  HI).  1,  cap.  14. 

"  nit'da,  Conlnica,  lib.  .'j,  cap.  1.5. — As  a 
oiiiuiterpart  tu  the  above  scene,  twelve  Chrls- 
ti.m  regi-natles,  fonnd  in  the  city,  were  trans- 
fixed witli  car.es,  acaTavereiulos,  a  barbarous 
puniahuient  derived  from  the  Moors,  which 


was  inflicied  by  horsemen  at  full  prftUop,  ^^i 
discharged  poiiiled  reeds  ai  the  eriiniiml  uwi. 
he  expired  under  repeated  woinid-;.  \  iium'-r 
of  relapsed  Jews  were  at  the  s.iiiie  time  "  J  • 
dennu'd  to  the  llaiues.  "These,"  says  t.itH': 
Al)arca,  "  were  the  fttes  and  illimiiiiuti""' 
most  grateful  to  the  Catholic  jiicty  of  "Ur 
sovereigns  "  !  Ab.irca,  Keyes  dc  Araguu, 
torn.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  3. 


CONQUEST  OF  MALAGA. 


237 


The  dro.i'ifiil  doom  of  slavery  was  denonnred  on  the  assemhlod  multitude. 
Oin'  thini  was  to  l)o  tran^jxn'teil  into  Afriai  in  ox«'lian^^e  for  an  e<iual  nuuiln-r 
f <.'liristi;in  f'aptivc-t  iletamod  there;  and  all  who  had  relative>  or  friends  in 
this  prt'diiainent  were  required  to  furnish  a  specilication  of  them.  Another 
t'liri  was  ai"i"ri»priat«'d  to  reinil)urse  the  .state  for  the  expenses  of  the  war. 
Tiic  iciiiaiiioer  were  to  ho,  distrihuted  as  [iresents  at  home  and  abroad.  Thus, 
111.' Imn  irednf  the  tlower  of  the  African  warriors  were  sent  to  the  pope,  who 
;i,riir|M)rate(l  them  into  his  j,mar(l,  ami  converted  them  all  in  the  course  of  the 
war,  sHvs  the  Cm'ate  of  Los  l^ila(;io<i,  into  very  ^^ood  Christians.  Fifty  of  the  < 
:iiist  lieautifiil  .Moorish  ^nrls  were  presented  by  Isabella  to  the  (^ueen  of  Naples,  » 
thirty  t't  the  (lueen  of  Portu;;al,  others  to  the  ladies  of  her  court;  ami  the 
r.'^id'iu'  of  both  sexes  were  apportioned  amon;^  the  noldes,  cavaliers,  and 
inferior  nieiiilK'rs  of  the  army,  accordin*:  to  theii-  respective  rank  and  services.''^" 

As  it  was  apprehended  that  the  Malairans,  rendered  desperate  by  the 
jir.KiM'ct  of  a  hopeless,  interminable  captivity,  mi.Ljht  destroy  or  secrete  their 
vHt'ls,  plate,  and  other  precious  ell'ects.  in  wliich  this  wwiltliy  city  aboumUvl, 
nther  than  suiter  them  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  their  enemies,  Ferdinand 
It'viM^d  a  politic  expedient  for  preventin.ijj  it.  lie  pnx '  imed  that  he  would 
rtvfivp  a  certain  sum,  if  paid  within  nine  nionths,  as  tl  o;  mm  of  the  whole 
iMimlatioii,  and  that  their  personal  effects  should  be  a'''i:rvtc  a  part  payment. 
Tiih  sum  averaired  al)Out  thirty  dol)las  a  luvvl,  inclu'  ec  i>  he  estnnate  all 
thoMMvlio  inii^ht  die  before  the  determination  of  tt>  ].■  ri(:)(i  assij^nied.  The 
Mii<itiii  thus  stipulated  proved  more  than  the  un...iiov  people  could  raise, 
ithiT  liy  themselves,  or  aj,'ents  employed  to  solicit  v'oni  nations  anion;,^  their 
lirt'threii  of  Granada  and  Africx'v ;  at  the  same  tl'  v  it  so  far  deluded  their 
hopes  fiat  they  ^^ave  in  a  full  inventory  of  their  l  >  •'  ;  io  the  treasury.  Hy 
'.!.hslir('W(l  device,  Ferdinand  obtained  complete  possession  both  of  thejjersons 
;iii'l  imiiitTty  of  his  victims.^" 

Mivlima  was  computed  to  contain  from  eleven  to  fifteen  thousand  inhabi- 
tants, exclusive  of  several  thousand  forei.ijn  auxiliaries,  within  its  ,i;ates  at  tiu; 
time  of  surrender.  One  cannoL,  at  this  day,  read  the  melancholy  details  of  it-i 
^tory  without  feelino;s  of  horror  and  indignation.  It  is  impossible  to  vindicate 
the  iheailful  sentence  pas.sed  on  this  unfortunate  people  for  a  display  of 
heruisiu  which  should  have  excited  admiration  in  every  f,'enerous  bosom,*  It 
wa.s  obviously  most  repugnant  to  Isabella's  natural  disposition,  and  must  be 
aliuitted  to  leave  a  stain  on  her  memory  whici  no  colouring  of  history  can 
"liiX'iil.  It  may  find  some  palliation,  however,  in  the  bigotry  of  the  age,  the 
111  're  excusable  in  a  woman,  whom  education,  general  exami)le,  and  natural 
ii-trust  of  herself,  accustomed  to  rely,  in  matters  of  conscience,  on  the  spiritual 

-  ;i'les  whose  piety  and  professional  learning  seemed  to  (lualify  them  for  the 
tl  1 1,  Even  m  tliis  very  transaction  she  fell  far  short  or  the  suggestions  of 
-'iiie  of  her  coimsellors,  who  urged  her  to  put  every  inhabitant  witli(»ut  excep- 
'!"U  to  the  sword;   which,  they  a'firmed,  would  l)e  a  just  reuuital  of  their 

'-tiiKito  n'helUony  and  would  prove  a  wliolesouje  warning  to  others  !  Wo  are 
lit  told  who  the  advisers  of  this  precious  measure  were  ;  but  the  whole 
I^M't'i'it-'iH'e  of  this  reign  shows  that  we  shall  scarc'ely  wrong  the  clergv  nnirh 
''}■  imputi.ig  it  to  them.     That  their  arguments  could  warp  so  enlightened  a 

,   ' ''iiiwr,   Koycs    Catolicos,    ubi    supra. — 
|-''iaii|>7..  ll-Tt's  ("afolicDS,  MS.,  ul)i  supra. — 
'■'r  Martyr,  Ojjus  Epist.,  opist.  Gi. 
'[  li'TiuM.'/.,  Rt.'yes  Catolicos,  MS  ,  rap.  S7. 

-  .  Mariiii'n,  Cosas   meiuorables,  fol.  17t;  — 
"i--.  l)oiiiiimiion  do  lo-^  .\rab"S,  torn.  iii.  p. 

-J^-(Jar^l,.lmt',  tlist.  <!»■  I'AfriiiUi"  ct  dc  I'Es 


papne  torn.  iii.  p.  29(5.— CarbaJ.il.  Analos, 
MS.,  aflo  1 4s7.  —  Not  a  woni  of  coninu'Ut  (••<- 
lapi's  the  Castiliaii  lii><toriaiis on  this ni'  rcilnss 
rii?our  of  tiio  oimpicror  towards  th(>  vaii- 
(pii<iicd.  It  is  cvidfiit  tiiat  l'"(!rdiiiaiid  iliil  no 
violiMic '  to  till'  feelings  ut  Lis  orthudnx  sub- 
jt'Lts.     Taceiido  clninunt. 


238 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


iiiiiirl  as  that  of  Isahclla  from  the  nat\iral  principlris  of  jiisti(\>  and  hntimtiitv. 
fiirnishe.-;  a  remarkahhi  proof  of  thti  asc('ii(U'iicy  whii'h  tlic  priosthiMMl  iisiiii,.,i 
ovrr  the.  most  i^'iftcu  iiititllefts,  ami  of  thfir  j,'rn.s.s  almsc  of  it,  liefdiv  the  |{(.f, ;. 
Illation,  l»y  hrcakinji^  th(^  srals  set  on  the  sacred  vuhmu',  c»|»en(!il  lu  iniinkiiil 
tiio  nucorruptnl  chanmd  of  divino  truth. ^' 

Th(!  fat<'  of  Malaj^a  may  l»o  said  to  hav(;  decided  that  of  (Jraiiinla.  TIk- 
hitter  was  uow  shut  out  from  the  most  important  iiorts  alon;,'  her  coast;  iii„| 
she  was  environed  on  every  point  of  her  t<M'ritory  l>y  her  warlike  foe,  »>  tli.it 
she  could  hardly  hope  more  from  suhseipient  elforts,  however  .strcinii.iis  aiil 
united,  than  to  postpone  the  inevitaldo  hour  of  (hssolution.  The  cnifl  tnai. 
Mieut  of  Alala^'a  was  the  prelude  to  the  loni,'  series  of  persecutinn.s  whiin 
awaited  the  wretched  Moslems  in  the  land  of  their  ancestors;  ia  tint  lai,l 
over  whicli  the  "stiir  of  Islauiism,"  to  borrow  their  own  metaphor,  hud  shnu,: 
in  full  brightness  for  nearly  ei;;ht  centuries,  but  where  it  was  now  fast  desct-iM- 
ing  amid  clouds  and  tempests  to  the  horizon. 

'riiC  first  care  of  the  sovereij.^ns  was  directed  towards  repeoi»lin<i  the  dciKijiii. 
lated  city  with  their  own  subjects.  Houses  and  lands  were  freely  yraiitcij  ii 
such  as  would  settle  there.  Numerous  towns  and  villaL^es  with  a  wide  ciivint 
of  territory  were  placed  under  its  civil  Jurisdicition,  and  it  was  made  tin'  Ikm.! 
of  a  diocese  embracin;'  most  of  the  recent  coiKiuests  in  the  south  and  we.stot 
Granada.  These  in<lucements,  coml)ined  with  the  natural  advaiita:,'ts  of 
position  and  climate,  soon  caused  the  tide  of  Christian  population  tn  il..w  int.i 
the  deserted  city  ;  but  it  was  very  loii,<f  before  it  a'^ain  re^iched  the  degree  nt 
connnercial  conseiiuence  to  which  it  had  be(Mi  raised  by  the  Moors." 

Alter  the.se  salutary  arran;;emeMts,  the  Spanish  sovereiifiis  led  hack  tlitir 
victorious  legions  in  triumph  to  Cordova ;  whence  dispersin;^  to  their  \iiri  mi 
homes,  they  prepared,  by  a  winter's  repose,  for  new  cani[>aigns  and  \ni>K 
brilliant  conipiests. 


"  niTiialilcz,  lloypsCatolicdH,  MS.,  cap.  h7. — 
Hk'da,  (Iiiroiiii'fi.  lil).  fi,  cap.  15. — Alxmt  IVnir 
huiiilrt'daml  fifty  Mixirish  .Icwh  wtToriiiisoiufd 
I)y  a  we.ilthy  Israelite  of  Ca'^tile  for  UT.ooo  do- 
blasof  gold  ;  a  proof  that  tlii'  Jewisli  stoclc  woa 
one  which  thrived  ainidat  pera-cution.  It  is 
Rca,rcply  possihlc  th.it  tiie  circuinsiaiiiial  Pul- 
gar  should  have  nniilted  to  iiolire  so  iinjior- 
t.int  a  fact  as  the  schema  of  the  Moorish 
ransom,  had  it  occurred.  It  is  still  more  iin- 
prohahle  that  tlie  honest  Curate  of  I,os  I'.ila- 
tios  should  have  fabricated  it.     Any  one  who 


attempts  to  reconcile  the  discrepinrj.';  f 
even  coiiteinpoiary  iiistori.nis  will  ii.tvf  l.rl 
Orlord's  exclamation  to  his  son  Mn'aci'  liri'it'i 
to  Ids  mind  ten  times  a  day:  "Oh!  read  m^ 
not  history,  lor  that  I  know  to  lie  f.ils"."* 

■'-  PulKar,  Reyes  Catoiicos,  op  94 -In 
July,  loul,  we  find  a  royal  ordinance  auil!- 
rizi'ngnn  immunity  from  various  i.axes,  anl 
ot'ier  important  privilej^es,  to  M>d.i>r«  (inij  It. 
territory,  for  the  further  encoiirni.'fn)ent  .f 
population  in  the  conquered  city.— Col.  ik 
Ced.,  torn.  vi.  no.  321. 


*  [The  exact  terms  of  the  offer  made  to  tiie 
inhaliitants  of  Malaga  in  the  name  of  the 
Spanish  soveieigns  are  to  be  found  in  a  docu- 
ment hearing  date  Sept.  4,  14h7,  which  is 
preserved  in  the  Archives  of  Simancas  and 
printed  in  the  eighth  volume  of  tlie  C(dei'cion 
(le  I)i>cumentos  inoditos  par.v  la  llistoria  do 
lOspafia,  'I'he  ransom  for  each  person  was 
tixed  at  thirty  dnhlax  ile  oro  of  a  specified 
weight,  or  tlic  cfiuivalcnt  in  wines,  jewels,  or 


silks.  To  facilitate  speedy  paynicnf,  '.':' 
people  w"re  to  dispo.se  of  tleir  ednt'  i: 
pul)lic  atict'on.  If  tiie  sum  thus  rai^^l  f.I 
short  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  annmut  r  • 
quired,  the  difference  wa.s  to  l>o  ina^l''  "P 
within  sixty  days.  The  ninainin)?  tliinl  «i* 
to  he  paid  in  two  instalments,  in  .\l'ri!  r  1 
Octol)er,  I4SM,  hostages  in  suflu  ii'iit  mumiI'T' 
being  retained  till  the  final  payiueiit.-Kii. 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


239 


CIIAPTKR  XIV. 


WAR  OF  GRANADA.— CONQUEST   OP    DAZA.— SUBMISSION    OP   EL   ZAOAL. 

1487-1489. 

Thf'  Snvfrripn^  vixft  AmRon  -Tho  KiiiR  lays  Sir>«o  to  Bnza Km  prnf.  Strrnjtth  -  Oiirdprm 
rlcinil  111' tli'ii  TitnliiT  The  (^m'fii  r(ii'<i's  tlif  Spiritn  of  Iht  'l'run|»s— ||it  inUiintlc  S,icri- 
(i,,.*— ^u^lMMixinii  of  AriiiH— F!,i/.ii  Mirnndcrs — Treaty  vsitli  h'A  ZagHl — IHllkulllt'H  of  tlio 
Caiiii'iiigii    IsiilM'lla'rt  I'opiilarity  and  Iiitluciicc. 

Ix  tlio  aiituiim  of  14S7,  Fcnlinaii'l  and  Isaholla,  arrrnnj>aiiip(l  ])y  tlio  yonn.iror 
Iraii'lu'^  "f  tlio  royal  family,  visitcil  Ara^nn,  to  olitaiii  the  rcro^nition  fnnii 
the  Cnrtos  (if  Prince  .John's  succession,  the  lioy  hein;^  now  in  liis  tenth  year, 
iv>  well  as  to  rejiress  the  disoider  into  which  the  country  had  fallen  dnrinir  the 
!.ii ,'  alixMicc  of  its  soverei^nis.  To  this  end,  the  jirincipal  cities  ami  coni- 
iiiuiiitics  (if  Ara,i,'ou  liad  recently  adopted  the  institution  of  the  herniandad, 
(.r:aiiiz('(l  (Ml  similar  principles  to  that  of  Castile.  Ferdinand,  on  his  arrival 
at  Siua,'iissa  in  the  month  of  Novendter,  ^ave  his  royal  sanction  to  the 
association,  extending,'  the  term  of  its  duration  to  five  years  ;  a  measure 
I'Xtn'iiii'ly  inipal.atahle  to  tiie  j;reat  feudal  nohility,  whose  nower,  or  rather 
aliiist' fif  |)nwer,  was  gonsiderahly  a]>rid,i;ed  hy  this  popular  military  force.' 

TlK's(»verci,i,nis,  after  accomjiIisl)in^' the  ol)jectsof  their  visit,  and  ohtainin;j;an 
a]iiirojiriati()n  from  the  cortes  for  the  Moorish  war,  passed  into  Valencia,  wlu'ie 
iiii'asuiL's  (if  like  ethciency  were  ;..ii]tted  for  restorin.L;  the  authority  of  the  law, 
wliich  was  exjioscd  to  such  ))erpetual  hqises  in  this  turbulent  a^e,  even  in  the 
K'>tcoiistitiited  ^'oveni;..v;jits,  as  reipiired  for  its  protection  the  utmost  viui- 
lanoe  on  the  jiart  of  those  intrusted  with  tlie  supreme  execu.tive  power.  From 
Valencia  the  court  proceeded  to  Murcia,  where  Ferdinand,  in  the  month  of 
.Iiuie,  US8,  assumed  the  command  of  an  armv  amounting,'  to  less  than  twenty 
tliDii.N'uid  men,  a  small  force  compared  witli  those  usually  levied  on  these 
ii'ia>iiiiis ;  it  being  thought  advisable  to  sud'er  the  nation  to  lireathe  a  while. 
after  the  exliausting  eti'orts  in  which  it  had  been  unintermittingly  engaged 
for  so  many  years. 

Fciiliiiand^  crossing  the  eastern  borders  of  Granada,  at  no  great  distance 
fmin  Vera,  which  sjieedily  opened  its  gate.s,  kept  along  the  southern  slant  of 
the  coast  as  far  as  Almerla  ;  whenc  e,  after  experiencing  some  rough  treatnu'iit 
in  a  sortie  of  the  garrison,  he  marched  l>y  a  northerly  circuit  on  liaza,  for  the 
I'lii'jioso  of  leoonnoitrin^f  its  position,  as  liis  numliers  were  altogether  ina'ie- 
4ii,ite  to  its  siege.  A  division  of  the  larmy  under  the  manjuis  duke  of  Cadiz 
flittered  itself  ito  be  drawn  here  into  an  aml)uscad(!  liy  the  wily  old  monarch 
Kl  Za-al,  who  lay  in  jJaza  with  a  strong  force.  After  extricating  his  troops 
^vitli  siiiiie  (litliculty  and  loss  from  this  perilous  predicament,  Ferdinand  rv- 
treated  on  his  own'doniinioiis  by  the  way  of  Iluc.car,  where  he  dislianded  his 
iiniiv,  and  withdrew  to  ofler  up  his  devotions  at  the  cross  of  Caravaca.  The 
''iiuiaigii,  thuugli  signalized  by  no  lirilliant  achievement,  and  indeed  clouded 


'  i^'irlta,  Aiiales,  toni.  Iv.  ful.  351,  352,  .356.        cap.    12. 
-Mariana,  Hist,  ile  |->pariM,  torn.  ii.  lib.  25,        cap.  95. 


-Pulgar,   Reyes  CatCUcos,   part.  3. 


240 


WAR  OF  ORANADA. 


with  snnio  sliyl)t  rovrrsos,  sornrcd  tlio  surrender  of  a  considorable  nunil)er  of 
fttrtressrs  and  tnwns  of  infrrior  nnte.' 

'I'lio  Moorish  chirf,  Kl  yiii;:al,  elated  l»y  liis  recent  snrress,  nindf  fre.|ticiit 
fora.V'^  into  th«  Christian  territories,  sweepiiit;  otl  the  Hocks,  herds  nml  vKiwum- 
erops  of  the  hnvhandnian  ;  wliiU*  the.  pirrisons  of  Ahiieria  and  Salolireim,  ninl 
the  hold  iidiahitants  of  the  valley  of  I'Mrchena,  poured  a  similar  d('\jiv|)itiiij 
\varfan*  ovrr  the  eastern  honh-rs  of  (Jranada  and  Mureia.  To  nicft  tin". 
pressure,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  reinforced  the  frontier  with  additional  lt'\it> 
under  .Juan  i|e  Menavides  and  (Jarcdasso  de  la  Ve-a  ;  while  Christian  kniL-iitN 
whose  prowess  is  attested  in  many  a  Mcxjrish  lay,  flocked  there  frnm  ulj 
(juarters,  as  to  the  theatre  of  war. 

I)urini,f  th(!  following'  winter,  of  I4H.S,  Fenhnand  and  Isahella  rKciij.icl 
tlieniselves  with  the  interior  K*^^'<'i'ii"i<''>t  (»f  Castile,  and  partinilaiK  thi. 
administration  of  justice.  A  commission  was  specially  iip|tointed  to  siii'crvj  e 
the  conduct  of  the  corre,<,ddors  and  suhordinatenia,L:ist rates,  "so  that  t'\rrv 
one,"  says  I'ulpir,  "  was  most  careful  to  discharp'  his  duty  faithfully,  in  uidcr 
to  escape  the  jK'ualty  which  was  otherwise  sure  to  overtake  him."* 

While  at  Vallad<ilid,  the  soverei;;iis  received  an  (Muha.-sy  frnm  MitNiinilian, 
Kon  of  the  emjteror  Frederick  th(^  Fouith  *  of  (Jermany,  soliciting'  tlicir  m 
ojteration  in  his  (U*si;;;ns  a;;ainst  France  for  tiie  restitution  of  his  late  wife-; 
n^ditful  iidieritance,  the  duchy  of  HurKundy,  and  enKa^in^'  in  turn  to  swyy^^n 
them  in  their  claims  on  Kousi"llon  and  Cerdagne.  The;  Spaidsh  mnnanlis  lnnl 
long  entertained  many  causes  of  discontent  with  the  Ficnch  court,  hotli  with 
regard  to  the  mortgaged  territory  (»f  Koussillon  and  the  kingdom  of  Na\anv; 
and  they  watched  with  ji'alous  eye  the  daily  increasing  autlmrily  nf  tlitir 
formidahle  neighbour  on  their  own  frontier.  They  liad  been  induceil,  in  tin 
preceding  s\unmer,  to  equip  an  armament  at  Jiiscay  and  Ciuipuscoa,  to  HipjMiit 
the  duke  of  Jirittaiiy  in  his  wars  with  the  French  regent,  the  ceN-hiatcd  Anir 
<le  lieaujeu.  This  exi)e<lition,  which  proved  di.sastrous,  was  followed  hy  aiiotlii r 
in  the  spring  of  the  succeeding  ywvr.*    But,  notwithstanding  these  occiisii'iia! 


'  I'Vrrrra",  llist.d'Kspagnp,  torn.  viil.  p.  70. 
— Pulgar,  UoycH  Catolicim,  cap.  9s.— Ziuiiv'a, 
Aimnlofi  (le  .ScviUa,  p.  4()2. — Cardonno,  Hist, 
do  I'Afrique  H  de  rKppiigne,  torn.  iii.  pp. 
2i)8,  299.— ("arbajal,  Ariales.  MS.,  ufto  148S. 

'  Condc,  Doniiiia'  inn  do  l"s  Arabcn,  torn, 
ill.  pp.  2.'i9,  240.— I'ulpar,  Royes  Catc^licos, 
cup.  100,  101,— Durinp  tlu'  precodinR  year, 
wliilp  tiio  court  was  at  Miirtia,  wr  fiiKi  orio  of 
thi>  oxairuvles  of  prouijit  and  severe  exercise 
of  ,iiisiic(>  wliich  sunietiines  occur  in  tliis 
reipn.  (^ni'  of  tlie  r^yal  coUector.s  iiaviiiR 
been  resisted  and  jierscnallj'  maltreated  by 
tlie  alcayde  of  Salvatierra,  a  pi, ice  beloiipinK 
to  tlie  crown,  and  by  the  alcalde  of  a  ter- 
ritorial court  of  ibe  duke  of  Alva,  the  queen 
caused  one  of  tlie  royal  juiinfs  privately  to 
outer  intr)  the  place  and  take  copni/.ance  of 
the  affair.  Tlie  latter,  after  a  brief  investi- 
gation, coiniuMnded  the  alcayde  to  be  bunp 
up  over  bis  own  fortress,  and  the  alcalde  to 
Iw  delivered  over  to  the  court  of  chancery  at 
Valladolid,  who  ordc  r.-d  his  right  hand  to  be 
amputated    and    banished    bbn    the    realm. 


Tills  summary  Justice  was  peilmps  ncciMry 
in  a  community  that  might  be  said  in  W  iii 
transition  from  a  state  of  barli.irJMii  t"  tiint 
of  civilization,  and  liad  a  salutary  ofl.it  ih 
proviiifc  to  the  people  that  no  rank  \va«  d  • 
vatid  enough  to  raise  the  offender  ab-Ao  liic 
law.     Pulgar,  cap,  99. 

*  lallgny,  Hist,  dc  Ch.irleB  Vlil.,  PP  i*-. 
94,— Sismondi,  Hist,  des  Fran^ais,  tntii  .w 

p.  77.-  Alesoii,   Anales  de   Navnrra,  t v, 

p.  61. — Histoiie  du  Royaunie  de  Navarre,  !| 
578,  .')79.—  Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  tap.  \'C.- 
In  the  lir.st  of  these  expeditiuii-^,  men'  thma 
thousand  Sjianiards  were  slain  or  Inkm  it 
the  disastrous  battle  of  .^t.  AiiMii.  in  U-". 
b' ing  the  same  in  wiiicb  Lord  llivrrs  tli 
English  noble  who  made  such  «  fialLvt 
tigure  lit  the  siege  of  I.oja,  lost  his  lite  I" 
the  spring  of  14.'<9,  the  levies  sent  iiite  IVai'" 
amounted  to  two  thousand  in  nniiil"r.  Hi" 
efforts  abroad,  simultaneous  with  iii>  j-'f '' 
oi>eratioiis  of  the  i\loorisli  war,  sli"«  lli'  •  ■ 
source''  as  well  as  energy  of  the  sovenii;'!-. 


*  [Styled  usually  Frederick  the  Third,  the 
claims  of  "  Fn  drick  the  Handsome,"  whetlier 
as   rival   or   colleigui>   of  Louis  of   H.'iviiria, 


being  properly   disallowed    by 
riaiis. — Ei)  ] 


must  liis't 


SIF.r.E  OF  BAZA. 


241 


r|iiso(lps  to  \ho  irroat  work  in  which  thoy  wore  onpi^rcd,  th«»v  luul  littlo  K'i-iuro 
f..n>\tciirli>il  o|i(>r!itions  ;  ami,  altiioii^'h  thry  (Miterctl  into  t\\o  |)n)|MiM>il  tnwity 
iif  aliiiiiiK'  with  .Maximilian,  they  do  not  st-cm  to  have  contrmiilatcd  any 
iiiiiM'iiM'iit  of  im|'ortanc«*  iM'fore  th«'  termination  of  the  .M(»ori.Hh  war.  Tho 
Klt'iiii^li  aml»ft.ssa<lors,  after  U'lu^  entertaine<l  for  forty  <la>.s  in  a  styh*  suited 
to  iiii|irt'vs  them  with  hi^h  ideas  of  the  ma^nilicenee  i>(  the  S|ianish  (oiirt  and 
(if  its  friendly  (hsposition  towards  their  nia-ster,  were  (U.siniised  uith  costly 
pri'M'iits  andVetiirned  to  their  own  coinitry.* 

Tlit'se  negotiations  show  the  incn'Hsiiij,'  intimacy  ;;rowini;  nit  Vtetween  th(» 
Kup>|"«';m  states,  who,  as  they  settled  their  domestic  fends,  had  leisure  to  turn 
tfit'ir  eyes  aliroail  and  ent«;r  into  the  more  e.xtended  lield  of  international 
|ni|iti('s.  The  tenor  of  this  treaty  indicates  also  the  direction  which  atliiirs 
Wirt'  tu  take  when  the  j,M-eat  nowt-rs  should  Ix;  brought  into  cullisiun  with  each 
otiior  oil  a  connnon  thwitre  of  action. 

All  lliouihts  were  now  conceiitratwl  on  the  prosecution  of  the  war  with 
ilianaila,  which  it  was  determined  should  Ite  comlucted  on  a  more  enlar^^ed 
sralc  tluin  it  had  yet  heen  ;  n<ttwithstandin^'  the  fearful  pest  which  ha»l 
ijisdlatcd  the  country  during  the  i»a.st  year,  and  the  extreme  scarcity  of  ,i,'rain, 
iiwiiii;  l>  tli<'  inundations  caused  hy  excessive  rains  in  the  fruitful  provinces  of 
thf  south.  The  ^'reat  object  proposed  in  this  camnai^'n  was  the  r»'duction  of 
Ha/a.  the  capital  of  that  division  of  the  empire  wliich  belonged  to  El  Zaj^al. 
iVsiilcs  this  important  citv,  that  monarch's  dominions  endtraceil  the  wealthy 
vaiHirt  of  Almeria,  Ouadix,  and  numerou.s  other  towns  and  villa>.,'es  of  less 
"iiiscqiiciice,  to^'ether  with  the  mountain  ret,don  of  the  Alpujarras,  rich  in 
iiiiiit'ial  wealth  ;  whose  inhabitants,  famous  for  the  perfectitm  to  which  they 
had  carrieil  the  silk-manufacture,  were  e(iually  known  for  their  enterprise 
ami  courai^'e  in  war  :  so  that  El  Zaj,'al's  division  comprehended  the  mo.st  potent 
;iiiilo|iiiiciit  portion  of  the  empire.* 

hi  the  sprinj?  of  1489,  the  Castilian  court  pa.sse<l  to  Jaen,  at  which  place 
the  (|ii(rii  was  to  esta])lish  her  residence,  as  presenting  the  most  favourable 
I"'iiit  of  ciiiiimunication  with  the  invadini^  army.  Eerainnnd  advanced  as  far 
ius  Sotoirordo,  where,  on  the  27th  of  May,  he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a 
niinieroiis  force,  amounting;  to  alwut  fifteen  thousand  horse  and  ei^dity 
tiiousaiid  foot,  includinL'  persons  of  every  descrijttion  ;  among  whom  was 
wtliered,  as  usual,  that  chivalrous  array  of  nobility  and  kni.t(hthood  which,  with 
>tately  and  well-api)ointed  retinues,  was  accustomed  to  follow  the  royal 
^tatidanl  in  these  crusades.' 


',  I'liltrar,  Kcycs  Cat61icos,  ubi  Biipra. 
rt<rnal(l(/..  Keyps*  Cat6lii'()8,  MS.,  cap.  91, 
-Ziiritft,  AimlpM,  torn.  Iv.  fol.  354.— Hloda, 
'  "rniiioa,  fol.  6i)V.— Al)arca,  KcycH  dc  Aranon, 
I  111.  ii.  U>\.  307.— Such  was  the  scarcity  of 
eriin  timf  'ho  prices  in  14S9,  quoted  by  Her- 
"i»M'7.,  11  luible  thowMtf  the  preceding  year. 
-t'«itli  A I  a  and  Zurita  mention  tlie  rejiort 
tint  fiiur-tiUi,  •  iif  tile  wliole  population  were 
»»'pt  away  by  the  jH'titih'nce  of  14hh.  Zurita 
tiii'U  more  dilli  ilty  hi  swallowing  this  nion- 
'T 'iH  sun  inent  than  father  Abavca,  whose 
'!'!»titi'  fur  the  marvellous  appears  to  have 
'"11  fully  I'qual  to  that  of  most  of  his  calling 
111  ^I'aln. 

. "  1'' ter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  2,  opist. 
''-f'llitar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  104.— It 
Diav  not  1*  amiss  to  specify  the  names  of  the 
"■■"•t  dist;iii{uisbed    cavaliers    who    usually 


attended  the  king  In  these  Moorish  wars  ;  ( lie 
heroic  ancestors  of  many  a  noble  house  s.ill 
extant  in  Spain  : 

Alonso  (le  (Jardenas,  master  of  Saint  Jago. 

.Ju.m  de  Zuniga,  mash  r  of  AUuiit.na. 

.luan  (iarcia  de  I'adilla,  mast*  r  of  Cjilatrava. 

IJodrigo  ponce  de  Leon,  manpiis  dulte  of 
Cniliz. 

Eiirhiue  de  Guzman,  duke  of  Medina  Sl- 
doiiia. 

I'edro  Manriqu'',  duke  of  Najera. 

.Juan  i'acheco,  duke  of  Escalun,'.,  raarquia 
of  ViUeiia. 

.luan  I'inientel,  count  ol  Be-iavente. 

Fiidrique  de  Toledo,  "oii  of  the  duke  of  Aivi>.. 

Diego  Fernandez  Us  Cordova,  counf,  •  f 
Cabra. 

Gomez  Alvarez  de  Fip  leroa,  count  of  Jerk,'.. 

Alvaro  Tellez  Giro;i,  count  of  Urefta. 

R 


242 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


Tlie  first  point  a^^ainst  which  operations  were  directed  was  the  strong  post 
of  Cuxar,  two  lea,t;ues  only  from  liazsv,  which  surrendered  after  a  hrief  I'ut 
desperate  resistance.  The  occupation  of  this  place,  and  sonic  adia/vnt 
fortresses,  left  the  approaches  open  to  Kl  Zai^al's  capital.  As  the  Spanish 
army  toiled  up  the  heights  of  the  mountain  Itarrier  which  towers  hIkao 
liaza  on  the  west,  their  advance  was  niena"ed  by  clouds  of  Modiish  Ij^lit 
troops,  who  poured  down  a  tempest  of  musket-ba!!"  '<".'I  unov^s  on  their  li('a(|>. 
These,  however,  were  <jui(;ki  '  dispersed  by  the  advanciniij  vanguard;  ainl  the 
Spaniards,  as  tney  gained  the  summits  of  the  hills,  belu^ld  the  lordly  ijty  i<l 
Baza,  reposin^f  in  the  shadows  of  the  Iwld  sierra  that  sti etches  towanls"  the 
coast,  and  lyuig  in  the  l»osom  of  a  fruitfid  valley  extendi n^^  ei<,dit  leamifs  in 
len^^th  and  three  in  breadth.  Throuj^di  this  valley  Howed  the  waters  of  tlio 
(Juadalentin  and  the  Guadahpiiton,  whose  streams  were  condiu  ti'd  by  a 
thousand  aiuiils  over  the  surface  of  the  vega.  In  the  midst  of  the  jilain, 
adjoining  the  suburbs,  migh.t  be  descried  the  orchard  or  garden,  as  it  H;t, 
termed,  o^  IJaza,  a  league  in  length,  covered  with  a  thick  growth  of  wnud,  and 
with  numerous  villas  and  pleasurediouses  of  tiie  wealthy  citizens,  nov; 
converted  into  garrisoned  fortresses.  The  suburbs  were  encompassed  ly  a 
low  mud  wall ;  but  the  foriitications  of  the  city  were  of  uncommon  streii::th. 
The  nlace,  in  addition  to  ten  thousand  trooi)S  of  its  own,  was  garrisoned  by  an 
eijual  number  from  Almeria  ;  picked  men,  under  the  conunand  of  the  .Mnorivji 
])rince  Cidi  Yahye,  a  relative  of  El  Zagal,  who  lay  at  this  time  in  diiadix, 
l»repared  to  cover  his  own  dominions  against  any  hostile  movement  of  his 
rival  in  Granada.  These  veterans  were  conunissioned  to  defend  tbo  plaoe 
to  the  last  extremity  ;  and,  as  due  time  had  been  given  for  preparation,  the 
town  was  victualled  with  fifteen  months'  provisions,  and  even  the  crops  growiiii; 
in  the  vega  had  been  garnered  before  their  prime,  to  save  them  from  the 
hands  of  the  enemy.' 

The  first  operation,  after  the  Cliristian  army  had  encamped  before  the  walls 
of  Baza,  was  to  get  j»ossessionof  the  garden,  without  which  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  enforce  a  thorough  l)lockade,  since  its  labyrinth  of  avenn<s  atldidei! 
the  inhabitants  abimdant  facilities  of  communication  with  the  surroiimlin.^ 
country.  The  assault  was  intrusted  to  the  grand  master  of  St.  James, 
suj)ported  by  the  principal  cavaliers,  and  the  king  in  person.  Their  reception 
}»y  the  enemy  was  such  as  gave  them  a  foretaste  of  the  perils  and  desperate 
daring  they  were  to  encounter  in  the  present  siege.  The  broken  snrf.icc  (r( 
the  ground,  traversed  by  intricate  passes  and  thickly  studded  with  trees  and 
edifices,  was  peculiarly  ifavourable  to  the  desultory  and  illusory  tactics  of  the 
j\Ioors.  The  Spanish  cavalry  was  brought  at  once  to  a  stand ;  the  rrround 
proving  impracticable  for  it,  it  was  dismountal,  and  led  to  the  charge  by  it-s 


Juan  do  Silva,  count  of  Cifnentes. 

Fadrique  Eniiquez,  adelantado  of  Anda- 
lusia. 

Alonso  Fernandez  de  Cordova,  lord  oi"  Agui- 
lar. 

Cionsalvo  de  Cordova,  brother  of  the  last, 
known  afterwards  as  the  Great  Captain. 

Luis  rortoOarrcro,  lord  of  ralina. 

Gutierre  de  Cardenaa,  lirst  commander  of 
Leon. 

IVdro  Fernandez  de  Velasco,  count  of  Hare, 
cotist;i])le  of  Ca-stile. 

Beltrau  de  la  Cueva,  duke  of  Albuquerque. 

Dief^o  Firnandez  de  Cordova,  alcaytle  of  the 
foj'al  pagea,  afterwards  nianiuis  of  Cumaras. 


Alvaro  de  Zufifga,  duke  of  Hejar. 

Ifiigo  Lopez  do  Mendoza,  count  of  Tendills, 
afterwards  marquis  of  ^loiid'^jar. 

Luis  de  Cerda,  duke  of  MkIIiki  CpII. 

Ifiigo  Lopez  de  Mcndnza.  luarquis  of  San- 
tillaui.  second  duke  of  Infantaiio. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Ve^'a,  loni  of  Untras. 

"  Zurita,  Anales,  toni.  iv.  fol,  .ir.D.-Oiiiclc 
Dominacion  <'e  los  Arabes,  toiu.  iii.  p.  --t'-  ■ 
I'oter  Martyr,  Opus  F.pist..  lib.  2,  cpist.  M  - 
Estrada,  Pol)lai-ion  dc  E«pana,  torn,  ii.ful.  2Ji( 
— Marm(jl,  llcbelion  iie  los  Muriscys,  lib.  1, 
cap.  16. 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


?A3 


irVcrs 


on  foot.  The  men,  however,  were  soon  scattered  far  asunder  frciu 
tiifir  hamiers  and  their  leaders.  Ferdinantl,  who  from  a  central  positi'»!j 
.^iilcavouicMl  to  overlook  the  field,  with  the  desi^'n  of  suiiportin--  the  attack 
,,ii  tlu'  \»'h\U  most  re(iiiirin<,'  it,  soon  lost  si-ht  of  his  colunnis  amid  the 
;rt'ri]Mt(»iis  ravines  and  the  dense  masses  of  folia,Li:e  which  everywhere  iiiter- 
(,|.tt'il  the  view.     The  cond)at  was  carried  on,  hand  to  hand,  in  the  utmost 

N!ifiisinii.  Still  the  Spaniards  pressed  forward,  and,  after  a  desperate  strn;^^i;k' 
fir  twelve  hours,  in  which  many  of  the  bravest  on  both  sides  fell,  and  the 
.Mu>l('iii  cliief,  Reduan  Zafarua,  had  four  horses  successively  killed  under  him, 
iht'  ciK'iiiy  were  beaten  back  l)ehind  the  intrenchments  that  covered  the 
>ii!iiirl)s,  and  the  Spaniards,  hastily  oonstructinf,^  a  defence  of  palisades, 
y'wM  their  tents  on  the  field  of  battle.* 

The  fnllowing  morning  Ferdinand  had  the  mortification  to  observe  that  the 
.Ti'iiiul  was  too  much  broken,  and  obstructed  with  wood,  to  afibrd  a  suitalde 
lia<e  for  a  ireneral  encampment.  To  evacuate  his  position,  however,  in  the 
fue  of  the  enemy,  was  a  delicate  manceuvre,  and  nnist  necessiirily  expo.(» 
iiim  to  severe  loss.  This  he  obviated,  in  a  great  measure,  by  a  fortunate 
-tnta^'ciii.  He  commanded  the  tents  nearest  the  town  to  l>e  left  standiiiij, 
,1:1  thus  succeeded  in  drawing  off"  the  greater  part  of  his  forces  before  the 
eiie'iiv  was  aware  of  his  intentioji. 

After  regaining  his  former  ]iosition,  a  council  of  war  was  sununoned  to 
l.Mlcrate  on  the  course  next  to  be  pursued.  The  chiefs  were  tilled  with 
i'SjMindeiicy,  as  they  revolved  the  ditticulties  of  their  situation.  They  almost 
ii^paireil  df  enforcing  the  blockade  of  a  place  whose  peculiar  situation  gave  it 
•  nil  ailvaiitages.  pjven  could  this  be  effected,  the  camp  would  be  exposed. 
thov  argjicd,  to  the  assaults  of  a  desperate  garrison  on  the  one  hand,  ami 
f  the  iKipulous  city  of  Guadix,  hardly  twenty  miles  distant,  on  the  other; 
while  the  good  faith  of  Granada  could  scarcely  be  expected  to  outlive  a  single 
vverseof  fortune;  so  that,  instead  of  besieging,  thev  might  be  more  properly 
ri.'anled  as  themselves  besieged.     In  a<ldition  to  these  evils,  the  winter  fre- 

iiiitly  set  in  with  much  rigour  in  this  ([uarter  ;  and  the  torrents,  descending 
;miii  the  mountains,  and  mingling  with  the  waters  of  the  valley,  might  over- 
^iii'liii  the  cam})  with  an  imuidation,  which,  if  it  did  not  sweej)  it  away  at 
!.'('.  would  exjiose  it  to  the  perils  of  famine  by  cutting  otfall  external  (om- 
::;';ni('ation.  Lnder  these  gloomy  impressions,  many  of  the  council  urged 
Fipiiiuuid  to  break  up  his  })osition  at  once,  and  jtostpoue  all  operations 
;i  liazii  until  the  reiiuction  of  the  surrounding  country  should  make  it 
"iiijiaiTvtively  easy.  Even  the  maniuis  of  Cadiz  gave  in  to  this  opinion  ;  and 
'itiene  <le  Cardenas,  conunander  of  Leon,  a  cavalier  deservedly  high  in  the 

rson  of  consideration  decidedly 

as  usual  in  similar  exigencies, 

■ivilved  to  take  counsel  of  the  queen.'" 


'  iitideiice  of  the  kin^,  was  almost  the  only  jiersc 
ii'i'sed  to  it.    In  tins  perplexity,  Ferdinand,  as 


■  I'ulpr,  I{oyp8  Cat61icos,  cap.  106,  107.— 
'  ^1",  li'iuiiiiiuidii  do  los  Aralifs,  toiu.  iii. 

-i  4o.-l'ct(.r  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  opist. 
'  -!'lll^'ar  relates  these  particiil;irH  with  a 
l-r-l'ituity  very  ilifTerent,  frDiii  his  fiitanKlcd 

sTstivc  iif  some  of  tlip  [irpcerlitii?  operatimis 
■  '  i'^i  war.  Utitli  he  ami  Maitvr  were  pre- 
"^.t'luriiiK  the  wliole  sie>re  of  I'aza. 

'k  rnal.lez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  92. 
-urdoniie,  Hist,  tit  I'Afrique  et  de  I'Es- 
i'^'ii",  Mii.iii.  pp.  '299,300.  — F51e(la,C()roniea, 
[  ill.-iiarihay,  Conipeiitlio,  tmn.  ii.  p.  664. 
-i'-n  ijutiirr.j  Ue  Cardenati,  whu  posser*8ed 


80  high  a  place  in  tlie  roiifldence  of  the  sovo- 
reijfiis,  (HCiipifii  a  stiitiini  in  tiie  (|iieen'<) 
liimseliold,  as  we  liave  seen,  at  the  time  of 
iier  marriage  with  leniinaiel.  His  diHcrffinii 
and  general  alulity  enulih'd  liiin  to  retain  the 
influence  wlrch  lie  had  e.irly  ac(|iiire(l,  as  is 
filiown  by  a  popular  oistieh  <,;  that  time  : 

"Cardenas,  y  el  t'ardenal,  y  Ol-ucim,  y  Kray 
Mortern, 
Traen  la  tJorte  al  retortero." 

Fray   Mortero   was   Don    Aloriso  de  FIiitros, 
bishup  of  I'aleucla,  confe.ssor  ul  the  suverelgiia. 


244 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


Isabella  recel/ed  her  husband's  despatches  a  few  hours  after  tlioy  wore 
written,  by  niea.is  of  tlie  re;,nilar  line  of  i)Osts  maintained  l)etwe('n  tlii-  ranji 
and  her  statiiin  at  Jaen.  She  was  filled  witii  cha^'rin  at  their  iiiiport,  friiu 
which  she  i)lainly  saw  that  all  her  nii/xhty  preparatioiis  were  about  to  vai;i>ii 
into  air.  Without  assuming  the  renonsibility  of  deciding;  the  propositi  (|ii(.'-tjii||, 
however,  she  besought  her  husl)ana  not  to  distrust  the  providence  of  dud,  wlmii 
ha<l  conducted  them  through  so  many  iierils  towards  the  consunjuialimi  of  tin  ir 
wishes.  !She  reminded  him  that  the  Moorish  fortunes  were  never  at  si>  lnw  aii 
ebb  as  at  present,  and  that  their  own  operations  could  pr"')ably  never  l.c 
resumed  on  such  a  formidable  scale  or  under  so  favourable  aus])ic(  s  as  iiou, 
when  their  arms  had  not  heen  stained  with  a  single  important  re\('rso.  Sin- 
concluded  with  the  assurance  that,  if  his  soldiers  would  be  true  to  their  duty. 
they  might  rely  on  her  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  hers  in  furnishing  the:;, 
with  pll  the  re(juisite  supplies. 

The  exhilarat'iig  tone  of  this  letter  had  ru:  instantaneous  effect,  silencing  tl:e 
scruples  of  the  most  timid,  and  confirming  the  confidence  of  the  others.  Tin- 
soldiers,  in  particular,  who  had  received  with  dissatisfaction  some  intiniatii!! 
of  what  was  passing  in  the  council,  welcomed  it  with  generous  enthusiasm  ;  ai,! 
every  heart  seemecl  now  intent  on  furthering  the  wishes  of  their  heroic  (jucii 
by  prosecuting  the  siege  with  the  utmost  vigour, 

Ihe  army  was  accordingly  distributed  into  two  encampments  ;  one  undrr 
the  manjuis  duke  of  Cadiz,  supported  by  the  artillery,  the  other  under  Kii,: 
Ferdinand,  on  the  oi)posite  side  of  the  city.  Between  the  two  lay  the  uardi  h 
or  orchard  l^fore  mentioned,  extending  a  league  in  length  ;  so  that,  in  unkr 
to  connect  the  works  of  the  two  camps,  it  became  necessary  to  get  possession 
of  this  contested  gi'ound,  and  to  clear  it  of  the  heavy  timber  with  whieh  it  tta^ 
covered. 

This  laborious  operation  was  intrusted  to  the  commander  of  Leon,  and  ilie 
work  was  covered  ny  a  detachment  of  seven  thousand  troops,  posted  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  check  the  sallies  of  the  garrison.  Notwithstanding  four  thousani 
tnfif(lo7'es,  or  pioneers,  were  employed  in  the  task,  the  forest  was  so  dense. ani 
the  sorties  from  the  city  so  annoying,  that  the  work  of  devastation  did  ii't 
advance  more  than  ten  paces  a  day,  and  was  not  completed  before  the  expiratiin 
of  seven  weeks.  When  the  ancient  groves,  so  long  tne  ornament  and  iirotectinn 
of  the  city,  were  levelled  to  the  ground,  prei)arations  were  made  for  ronnectin,' 
the  two  camps  by  a  deep  trench,  throu^'h  which  the  mountain  waters  were  made 
to  flow ;  while  the  borders  were  fortified  with  palisades,  constructed  of  tlie 
timber  lately  hewn,  together  with  strong  towers  of  nuul  or  clay,  arraiiL'ed  at 
regular  intervals.  In  this  manner  the  investment  of  the  city  was  cuniiileteon 
the  side  of  the  vega." 

As  means  of  communication  still  remained  open,  liowever,  by  the  opposite 
sierra,  defences  of  similar  strength,  consisting  of  two  stotie  walls  sei)anitt'd  iv 
a  deep  trench,  were  made  to  run  along  the  rocky  heiirhts  and  ravines  of  tli' 
mountains  until  they  touched  the  extremities  of  tlie  fortifications  on  t!;e 


Don  Juan  Chacon  was  the  son  of  Gonsalvo, 
wlio  had  tlio  care  of  Don  AlfoiiHo  and  the 
quoen  dllrin^?  her  minority,  when  hi;  was 
imlucfd  by  the  lil)i'ral  largcsufs  ol  lohn  11.  of 
Anigoii  to  iironiolc  htT  niiirriagi'  with  l\is  ^on 
Kerdiniuul.  The  eldtT  Cbaiou  was*  treated  l>y 
tlie  Boverei,:,!!.'  ",i;li  ihe  greatest  deference 
and  resjM'et,  being  vmuaUy  caUed  I'v  them 
•'  father."  After  his  di  atli,  they  eontinuedto 
manifest  a  Bimilar  regard  towardci  Dun  J  uau, 


his  eldest  son,  and  heir  of  his  anipl'  li'  '■■  - 
and  entaten.     Salazarde  Mi'ndo/a.  lH!,'ia'ii! 
lib.  4,  cap.    l.-Oviedo,   Quiuiuap  iia.s  ■'' 
bai.  I,  (|nliic.  2,  (iial.  1,  2. 

"  Cardoiine,   Ili.st.  de  I'AfriqiH'  K  de  I'l 
pagne,  torn.  iii.  j).  a04.— Pulgar.  l!-  yes  C«i 
hem,  cap.   109.— Peter  Martyr,  Ojuis  E|i:-' 
lib.  2,  epist.  73.— Bernaldez,  Reyes  Oatolic 
iMs ,  cap.  a'2. 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


2^ 


plain  ;  and  thus  Baza  was  encompassed  by  an  unbroken  line  of  circuni- 

vailiitioii. 

In  tlie  proi,Tess  of  the  laborious  work,  which  occupied  ton  thousand  men, 
miller  the  indef."tigable  coinniander  of  Leon,  for  the  space  of  two  months,  it 
would  liiivc  been  easvr  for  the  peoide  of  Guadix,  or  of  Granada,  by  co-operation 
with  tlic  sallies  of  th'i  besiejjjed,  to  place  the  Christian  army  in  greivt  peril. 
S-iiiie  ft'clile  demonstration  of  such  a  movement  was  made  at  Guadix,  but  it 
^v,^^  ea-ilv  disconcerted.  Indeed,  Ei  Zaual  wjvs  ke[)t  in  check  l)y  the  fear  of 
!..;iviiiir  hi^  "\^''>  territory  oi)en  to  his  rival  ^<hould  he  march  against  the  Chris- 
•  ,i!i^.  Alidallah,  in  the  mean  while,  lay  inactive  in  Grana^la,  incurrin;^'  the  odium 
;i:,d  oontcmiit  of  his  people,  who  .sti,i,nnatized  him  as  a  Christian  in  heart,  and 
a  jn'iisioiicr  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns.  Their  discontent  gradually  swelled 
Moil  ri'licllion,  which  was  suppressed  by  him  with  a  severity  that  at  length 
;;,  lured  a  sullen  ac(iuiescence  in  a  rule  which,  liowever  inglorious,  was  at  least 
ailvndcd  with  temporary  security.'* 

While  the  camp  lay  l)efore  Baza,  a  singular  mission  was  received  from  the 
viiltaii  of  Egypt,  who  had  been  solicited  by  the  Moors  of  Granada  to  interi)o>e 
;:,  tlu'ir  behalf  with  the  Spanish  sovereigtis.  Two  Franciscan  friars,  memners 
uf  a  religious  couununity  in  Palestine,  were  lx\arers  of  desnatches,  which,  after 
aiii'iii^tratmg  with  the  sovereigns  on  their  persecution  of  the  Moors,  contrasted 
;:  rtith  the  protection  uniformly  extendea  l)y  the  sultan  to  the  Cliristians  in 
::i<iloiiiiuious.  The  conununittition  concluded  with  menacing  a  retaliation  <>i 
•jiiilar  severities  on  these  latter,  unless  the  sovereigns  desisted  from  their 
ii  i-tilities  against  Granada. 

Fioiii  the  camp,  the  two  ambassadors  proceeded  to  Jaen,  where  they  were 
:c  t'ived  liy  the  queen  with  all  the  deference  due  to  their  holy  profession,  which 
mviucI  to  derive  additional  siinctity  from  the  s[)ot  in  which  it  was  exercised. 
TIk'  iiR-naciug  import  of  the  sultan's  communication,  however,  had  no  power 
to^liakf  the  purposes  of  Ferdinand  and  Isaljella,  who  made  answer  that  they 
iiad  miifnruily  observed  the  same  policy  in  regard  to  their  Mahometan  as  to 
tlit'ir  Christ'-ui  subjects,  but  that  they  could  no  longer  submit  to  see  their 
ai.  ifiit  and  rightful  inheritance  in  the  hands  of  strangers,  and  that,  if  these 
kitti'r  would  consent  to  live  under  their  rule  as  true  and  loyal  subjects,  they 
iDiiKl  experience  the  sauie  paternal  indulgence  which  had  been  shown  to  thoir 
I'li'ihreu.  With  this  answer  the  reverend  emissarie-i  returned  to  the  Holy 
Land,  accouipanied  by  substantial  marks  of  the  royal  favour,  in  a  yearly 
I'tiision  of  one  thousand  ducats,  which  the  queen  settled  in  perpetuity  on  their 
iU'iiastery,  together  with  a  richly-embroidere<l  veil,  the  work  of  her  own  fair 
haiuls,  to  be  suspended  over  the  Holy  !Sei)ulchre.  The  sovereigns  subsecpien  Jy 
(it^s|iatclied  the  learned  Peter  Martyr  as  their  envoy  to  the  Aloslem  court,  in 
'  nit'r  to  explain  their  proceedings  more  at  length,  and  avert  any  disastrous 
'-  ibei|uen<.es  from  the  Christian  residents.'' 

Ill  the  mean  while,  the  siege  went  forward  with  sjdrit ;  skirmishes  and 
^iii.'lt'  reiicoutres  taking  place  eveiy  day  between  the  high-mettled  cavaliers 
'i  lioth  sides.  These  c'livalrous  combats,  however,  were  discouraged  by  Fer- 
Ci'.Awi  who  would  have  confined  his  operations  to  a  strict  blockade,  and 
"Vi'ided  the  uime<'esKarv  eil'usion  of  blood  ;  especially  as  the  advanty,ge  was 
iii>t(OUiiniinly  on  the  side  of  the  enemy,  from  the  peculiar  adaptation  of  tludr 
tacti's  to  this  desultory  warfare.  Although  some  months  bad  elapsed,  the 
k'sie^ed  rejected  with  scorn  every  summons  to  surrender ;  relying  on  their 

■  Comlt',  Dominaciun  rte  les  Ara'^es,  torn.        cap.  111. 
'' f'>li.  4i).    Muriaiin.  Hi^t  d"  E<pafia.  torn.  '  r'nlfiar,  Rpyfs  Cati^liros  cap.  112. -Fer- 

•'  1'^'  '.!5,  itti>.  12. — I'lilgar,  K'Vms  Catoliws,        rer.is,  Hi-t.  d'Kspagnc,  turn.  viii.  p.  j«6. 


246 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


own  resources,  and  still  more  on  the  tempestuous  season  of  autinnn,  now  favt 
ailvanoin^,  which,  if  it  did  not  break  up  the  encampment  at  once,  would  at 
least,  by  aemolisliinjf  the  roads,  cut  off  all  external  comnninication. 

In  order  to  fjuard  aj^ainst  these  im{)enuing  evils,  Ferdinand  caused  motp 
than  a  thousand  houses,  or  rather  huts,  to  be  erected,  with  walls  of  earth  ni 
clay,  and  roofs  made  of  timber  and  tiles;  while  the  common  soldiers  con 
structed  cal)ins  by  fueans  of  palisades  loosely  thatched  with  the  Idiuuliesui 
trees.  The  whole  work  was  accomplished  in  four  days ;  and  the  iIlllallitallt^ 
of  liaza  Ijeheld  with  amazement  a  city  of  solid  edifices,  with  all  its  streets  ainl 
S(niares  in  re<^ular  order,  sprin<,dn,t:f  as  it  were  by  magic  out  of  the  j^roiinii, 
which  had  before  been  covered  with  the  light  and  airy  pavilions  of  the  camp! 
The  new  city  was  well  supulied,  owing  to  the  proviilence  of  the  (ineeii,  not 
merely  with  the  necessaries  but  the  luxuries  of  life.  Traders  fiocked  there  a^ 
to  a  fair,  from  Aragon,  Valencia,  Catalonia,  and  even  Hicily,  frei,i.dited  with 
costly  merchandise,  and  with  jewelry  and  other  articles  of  luxury  ;  such  as,  i!i 
the  indignant  lament  of  an  old  chronicler,  "too  often  corrupt  the  souls  of  the 
soldiery,  and  bring  waste  and  dissipation  into  a  camij." 

That  this  was  not  the  result,  however,  in  the  present  jL\,>;tance,  is  attested  l,v 
more  than  one  historian.  Among  others,  Peter  iMartyr,  the  Italian  schoiar 
before  mentioned,  who  was  present  at  this  siege,  dwells  with  astonishuieiit 
on  the  severe  decorum  and  militarv  discipline  vvhiHi  everyw!i<Mc  ohtHJiieii 
among  this  motley  congregation  of  soldiers.  "  VViio  would  have  l)eiieved,'  sa\N 
he,  "that  the  Galician,  the  fierce  Asturian,  and  the  n.iJe  inhaliitaut  of  the 
Pyrenees,  men  accustomed  to  deeds  of  atrocious  vioiOK.?,  and  to  brawl  anl 
battle  on  the  liglitest  occasions  at  home,  should  iDMigle.'.j.icablv,  not  (Hily  with 
one  another,  but  with  the  Tolcdans,  the  La-ManchL,ns,  and  the  wily  and 
jealous  Andalusians ;  all  living  together  in  ha'  Aiionious  subonlinatimi  to 
authority,  like  members  of  one  family,  speaking  cue  tongue,  and  iiurtunl 
under  a  common  discipline ;  so  tha*^  ihe  camp  s  )ed  like  a  cuiuniiinity 
modelled  on  the  principle  of  Plato's  republi'^  !"  In  ajmlher  ].art  of  this  letter, 
which  was  addressed  to  a  Miianese  prelate,  he  pane^,yiizes  tiie  ainip  hosiiit;il 
of  the  (pieen,  then  a  '^  velty  in  war  ;  which,  he  says,  ~'is  so  profusely  supiiiii'l 
with  medical  atteuii'Mi.s,  apparatus,  and  whatever  may  cjntrihute  t"  iho 
restoration  or  solace  or  tlw,  i*  '-  that  it  is  scarcely  surpassed  in  those  respeit- 
by  the  liiagnififont  e.sta'»!iKhuuM'  .'.  of  Milan."  '* 

During  the  five  nioiKi.  ■  'Lir  the  siege  had  now  Listed,  the  weather  liaJ 
prove.l  uncommonly  propitious  to  the  Spaniards,  bein^  foi  the  most  part  nt  a 
bland  and  eipial  temperature,  while  the  sultry  heiits  of  nii<lsumnier  were  miti- 
gated l)y  cool  and  moderate  showers.  As  theautunmal  ser.,son  advanced,  how- 
ever, the  clouds  began  to  settle  heavily  around  the  mountains  ;  and  at  length 
one  of  those  storms  jtredicted  by  the  people  of  Baza  burst  forth  with  ineredilw' 
fury,  i>ouring  a  volume  of  waters  down  the  rooky  sides  of  the  siena,  which. 
mingling  with  those  of  the  vega,  inundated  the  camp  of  the  l)('sieut'r>, ani 
swept  away  most  of  the  frail  edifices  constructed  for  the  use  of  the  commmi 
soldiery.  A  still  greater  calamity  befell  them  in  the  dilapidation  of  the  rnub. 
which,  broken  up  or  worn  into  deep  gullies  by  the  force  of  the  waters,  wrif 


'"  Bnrnaldez,  Rpyea  rat61lci)s,  MS.— Peter 
M  irtyr,  OpiiH  Epist.,  lil).  2,  epist.  73,  so.— 
I'lilfiiar,  Kcj-fs  CatoUfos,  I'.ip.  lia,  114,  117.— 
tiaribay,  CV'ijii)riHlio,  toiii.  ii.  p.  667. — Bkxia, 
Con'mica,  p.  ;)4.— Tlio  plague,  which  foU 
hwivily  this  y^r  on  some  pans  of  .\iuiaUisii, 
^ii  es  not  .ipj,(  ur  to  have  attackwl  tlie  cani]), 
Ahicb  UleiLi  imputes  to  the  hea''iig  In.luoiioe 


of  the  Spanish  sovereipis,  "  wh<w  ^kkI  la  ti. 
rt'limion,  anii  virtue  Imnisliod  tin'  cuiitai:.:i 
Irmn  tlicir  army,  when'  it  iiiu-t  dtlnr'A:-^ 
havi'  prcvailrcJ."  Personal  toiiituits  J'- 
cleanliness  of  the  soldi  rs,  tlioiiffli  n.'t  qirt- 
so  niiraciilouH  a  canse,  may  bo  cuiLsidiM 
perhaps  full  as  efficaoiuus. 


rcmlerod  perf 

siispendcil,  lu 

n'ii>t<'riiation 

wins  \^'t'i  an  I 

t'j  he  at  once 

over,  caiisewa 

tains  ly  whic 

ruining  each  ( 

tities  of  grain 

own  mills  ;  an 

length,  were  c 

ill,'  the  sierra, 

ahiiniL'intly,  ai 

I.suliella's  nt 

force  those  no 

fioni  every  (p 

remark,    liut 

enormous  expi 

For  this  j)urpi 

corporations,  w 

lontidence  in  li 

lar-e  for  that  j 

ohliiineil  from 

the  royal  denu 

ijiieeii,  as  a  la 

oiiiaments  to  tj 

"ere  willing  to 

>pirited  womai 

ordinary  result? 

Huthority  of  lit 

virtue  w'ith  win 

earnest  co-oper 

exereised,  uidee 

'Tanyauthorit 

herj/oople. 

NotwitlistaiK 
iioilemnnst,ati( 
iiunjher;  the  a 
ahundanl  suj»pl 
«|'lieared  anion 
eiiiiilatii'g  that 
•'■acelets,  neckia 
"  ie  e.\eeedingl 
The  eainp  of  t 
•'.v  sickness  an.' 

'  Pfter  Martyr,  ( 
■^-PuU'iir,  i;,-yos 
."  Pll  K.'ir,   licyes 
fjiiv"  (!.'  Siinuncas, 
li-'..  toiii.  VI.  p.  31 
Hit;)j,(i(iiif),,ri„^  oi 
« ^'"llar  i,(  rubies. 
f^'l'.«iiiw!   liil    1.195 
?  ^'f II  a  cut,,lugue  i^ 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


247 


reritlenHl  perfectly  impassahle.  All  communication  with  Jaen  was  of  course 
,sus|)eii(l(Ml,  and  a  temporary  interruption  of  the  convoys  filled  il<e  Cfvmp  with 
n'ii>t('riiati()n.  This  disaster,  however,  was  speedily  repaired  liy  the  (luecii, 
wild,  willi  an  energy  always  eipial  to  the  occiision,  caused  six  thousand  pioneers 
\i)  lie  at  once  einp.oyed  in  reconstructin.ii  the  roads  :  the  rivers  wore  hrid^'ed 
(iver,  causeways  new  laid,  and  two  sei)arate  passes  oj)ened  through  the  moun- 
tains ly  which  the  convoys  mi^^'ht  visit  the  camp  and  return  without  inter- 
mifinj:  each  other.  At  the  same  time,  the  (pieen  bought  up  immense  (luan- 
tities  of  j^rain  in  all  ])arts  of  Andalusiiv,  which  she  caused  to  l)e  p'ound  in  her 
own  mills ;  and  when  the  roads,  wiiich  extended  more  than  seven  lea,i,nies  in 
It'iigtli,  were  coiunleted,  fourteen  thousand  nudes  might  be  seen  daily  travers- 
iii,'  the  sierra,  laden  with  su[)plies,  which  from  that  time  forward  were  poured 
uliiimbmtly,  and  with  the  most  perfect  regularity,  into  the  cami).'-^ 

Isaltellals  next  care  was  to  assemble  new  levies  of  troops,  to  relieve  or  rein- 
force those  now  in  the  camp  ;  and  the  alacrity  with  which  all  orders  of  men 
fioiii  every  (quarter  cf  the  kingdom  answered  her  summons  is  wortliy  of 
ivmaik.  liut  her  chief  soHcitude  was  to  devise  expedients  for  meeting  the 
{'iiornious  expenditures  incurred  by  the  protracted  operations  of  the  year. 
Fur  this  purpose,  she  had  nscourse  to  loans  from  individuals  and  religious 
corporations,  which  were  obtained  without  much  difficulty,  from  the  gen.jral 
((intideiice  in  her  good  faith.  As  the  sum  thus  raised,  althougii  exceedingly 
luru^e  for  that  period,  proved  inadequate  to  the  exjjenses,  further  supplies  were 
oSlaiiiod  from  wealthy  individuals,  whose  loan^  a  ere  sec\ired  by  mortgage  of 
the  royal  demesne  ;  and,  as  a  deficiency  still  remamed  in  the  treasury,  the 
qiieeii,  as  a  last  resource,  pawned  the  crown  jewels  and  her  own  personal 
oiiiainents  to  the  merchants  of  Barcelona  and  Valencia,  for  such  sums  as  they 
ut'ie  wilhng  to  advance  on  them."  Such  were  the  eliorts  uiade  by  this  Jugh- 
^liirited  woman  for  the  furtherance  of  her  patriotic  enteii»rise.  The  exlra- 
onliiiary  results  which  she  was  enabled  to  effect  are  to  be  ascribed  loss  to  tlio 
authority  of  her  station  than  to  that  perfect  confidence  in  her  wisdom  and 
virtue  with  which  she  had  inspiied  the  wliole  nation,  and  which  secured  lijcir 
earnest  co-operation  in  all  hei  undertakir^gs.  The  empire  which  she  thus 
exercised,  'iideed,  was  far  more  extended  than  any  station  hov.evor  exaltxl, 
ir  any  authority  however  despotic,  can  confer  ;  for  it  was  over  tlie  iicarts  of 
her  people. 

Notwithstanding  t^j  vigour  with  which  the  siege  was  press  'd.  Baza  )t:ade 
III)  (jfniuiist.ation  o^  submission.  The  garrison  was  i  'eel  greatly  rcduv'.'d  in 
luuiiber;  the  ammunition  was  nearly  expended;  there  still  lemainod 

aliiindant  supplies  of  provisions  in  the  town,  and        signs  of  despondency 
aiijieared  among  the  people.     Even  the  women  o      ae  place,  with  a  spirit 
eiiiuhitii'g  that  of  the  aamt;s  of  ancient  Carthage,  t 
hraeelets,  necklaces,  and  other  personal  ornaments, 
\^  re  exceedingly  fond,  in  order  to  defray  the  chai 

The  cani[»  of  the  besiegers,  in  the  mean  while, 


ely  gave  up  their  jewels, 
"    :h   "       '      


.vhich  the  Aloorish  ladies 
<'s  of  the  mercenaries, 
also  greatly  wasted  both 


w  sitkiiess  and  th*^  sword.    Many,  despondhi^    under  perils  and  fatigu's 


'  Po'or  Martyr,  Opus  Eplst.,  lib.  2,  ppist. 
■J.-l'iilcar,  l!iyc8  Catolicos,  caj).  116. 
"  I'ii  Kiir,  Ufvi-s  Calolicus,  cap.  IIH. — Ar- 
i'"  <i"  Siinunca.s,  in  Mcui.  dt-  la  Acad,  de 
Hm„  tuiii.  VI.  p.  311. — Till'  city  (it  Valt'iKia 
I'lit  ,i,),U(Mi  fl.irins  tin  the  crown  and  20,o(iii  on 
»  o.llar  t){  rubies.  Tlioy  were  not  wliuUy 
r-M'tintd  till  1495.  Sefior  Clem<'ncin  has 
>'^eii  a  cut.iiugue  of  the  royal  Jewels  (see 


Mem.  do  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  tdm.  vi.  Ilustra- 
cion  6),  which  appear  to  iiave  Ijtcn  extrciii "ly 
ricli  and  nuui- mus,  fur  a  perioil  antcrinr  to 
the  diftcovory  uf  those  coiiiitri(-,s  whow  niini'H 
have  since  fiirniKhed  Europ<>  witli  itw  bijou- 
terie. Isabella,  liowevt-r,  set  so  little  value 
on  them  tliut  she  divested  herself  of  most  of 
them  in  favou^  if  her  daughters. 


•'^1 


248 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


which  seonied  to  have  no  end,  would  even  at  this  late  hour  have  al>aiirlonp(j 
the  sioL^e  ;  aixl  they  earnestly  solicited  the  (|ueen's  appearance  in  tin-  cainj,, 
in  the  hope  that  she  would  herself  countenance  this  measure  on  \vitii(ssii,J 
their  sutrerinii,'s.  Others,  and  hy  far  the  larj^er  part,  anxiously  dcsircii  tl^. 
queen's  visit  as  likely  to  (luicken  the  oi)erations  of  the  siej^e  and  liriui^  it  to  a 
lavourahle  issue.  Tnere  seemed  to  he  a  virtue  in  her  presence,  which,  on  some 
account  or  other,  made  it  earnestly  desired  hy  all, 

Isahulla  yielded  to  the  general  wish,  and  on  the  7th  of  Noveniher  arrivcil  at 
the  camp,  attended  hy  the  infanta  Isahella,  the  cardinal  of  Spain,  licr  fiitiMl 
the  marchioness  of  Aloya,  and  other  ladies  of  the  royal  housclinld.  The 
inhahitants  of  Haza,  says  JJernaldez,  lined  the  hattlements  and  lioiisctdjis.  \u 
gaze  at  the  glittering'  cavalcade  as  it  emerged  from  the  depths  of  tlic  iikmih. 
tains,  anudst  tiauntuig  hanners  and  strains  of  martial  music ;  wliilc  the 
Spanish  cavahers  thronged  forth  in  a  hody  from  the  camp  to  receive  tln'ir 
heloved  unstress,  and  gave  her  the  most  animated  welcome.  "Slio  came," 
sjiys  Martyr,  "  surrounded  hy  a  choir  of  nymphs,  as  if  tocelehrate  the  iiuiitiii'> 
of  her  child  ;  and  her  presence  seemed  at  once  to  gladden  and  reaniinatc  (nir 
spirits,  drooping  under  long  vigils,  dangers,  and  fatigue."  Anotlier  writer. 
also  ])resent,  remarks  that,  from  the  moment  of  her  appearance,  a  clKiiiL:e 
seemed  to  come  over  the  scene  :  no  more  of  the  cruel  skirmislu's  wIh^Ii  Imil 
before  occurred  every  day ;  no  report  of  artillery,  or  clashing  of  arms,  or  any 
of  the  r\ule  sounds  of  war,  was  to  he  heard,  but  all  seemed  disposed  to  recon- 
ciliation and  peace.'' 

The  Moors  pro])ably  interpreted  Isabella's  visit  into  an  assurance  that  the 
Christian  army  would  never  rise  from  before  the  place  until  its  surrcinitT. 
Whatever  hopes  they  had  once  entertained  of  wejirying  out  the  })esieut'rs  wcie 
therefore  now  disjiolled.  Accordingly,  a  few  days  after  the  (pieens  arrival, 
we  find  them  f»roposing  a  parh  '^  for  arranging  terms  of  capitulation. 

On  the  third  day  after  her  ivrrival,  Isabella  reviewed  ner  army,  stretclit'il 
out  in  order  of  battle  along  the  slope  of  the  western  hills  ;  after  \vlii(h  An' 
])ioceeded  to  recoimoitre  the  beleaguered  city,  accompanied  by  the  kinir  ami 
the  cardinal  of  Spain,  together  with  a  brilliant  escort  of  the  Spanish  (hivalry. 
On  the  same  tlay  a  conference  was  opened  with  the  enemy  thrmmh  the 
comeruhulor  of  Leon,  and  an  armistice  arr'ingc\\  to  continue  until  the  dil 
monarcl',  El  Zagal,  who  then  lay  at  Guadix,  could  be  informed  of  tlie  real 
condition  of  the  besieged,  and  his  instructions  be  received,  determining  the 
course  to  be  adopted., 

The  alcayde  of  Baza  represented  to  his  master  the  low  state  to  Aviiieh  the 
garriso'i  was  redticed  by  the  loss  of  lives  and  the  failure  of  ammunition.  Still 
he  expressed  such  conhdence  in  the  spirit  of  his  people  that  lie  undertook  to 
make  good  his  defence  some  time  longer,  provided  any  reasonable  exjieetalii'ii 
of  succour  could  be  afforded  ;  otherwise  it  would  be  a  mere  v>'aste  of  life,  and 
must  deprive  him  of  such  vantage-ground  a.s  he  now  posses.sed  f"r  enfuniii,' 
an  honoural)ie capitulation.  The  Moslem  prince  a<(|uiesced  in  the  reasuiiahl' • 
ness  of  these  representations.  He  paid  a  just  tribute  to  the  loyalty  of  hb 
brave  kinsman  (Jidi  Yahye,  and  the  uallantry  of  his  defence,  but,  * oiifessin;; 
at  the  same  time  his  own  inability  to  relieve  him,  authorized  him  t"  negotiate 
the  be.st  terms  of  sunender  which  he  could,  for  himself  a#id  gairison.'* 


'  Ticrnaldoz,  Roys  Caff'iUcos.  MS.,  cap.  92. 
— I'lilgar,  Kfyc  ('at<'>liros,  cup.  120,  121.— 
Ferreras,  Mist  d'Espairne,  torn.  viii.  p.  9:1. — 
Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Ejiist.,  lib.  3  epist  80. 

"  Peter  Martyr,  Opuf*  Epist.,  lib.  a,  epist. 


HO.— CoiKle,  PDininaeion  de  los  Arab**'  4«in 
hi  p.  242.— Carb«j«l.  Anales,  MS.,  ufic  -J^- 
— '  ardoni>»',  Hict.  de  TAfrique  ^t  de  i  ' 
pagiu',  tout.  iii.  p.  3U5. 


'  The  diaractei 
"Yahia  Alnayar 
■rfit  by  a  dtiL-ui 

■  uiain.«,<,   l.i-iiriiif 

11  Feniiiiaiid 
■  iL'jii'scont.iinw 
•  n.nif  hv  Otitic 

•■ri«li  irait<tr  an 

-urrriii||.r  i,f 

j'.Tiiyin  nruijiin 

\>^\*.i  i|Ui'  a  mi 
•■'■•'  i  la  piitrcpj 

''«rvic(<  reiiil 

"I'' pur  li]  iiiiK 

■  •'■liny  csiKTl)  ([I 

his  son  and  n( 
'  Ferdinand's  h 

■  -'^in  ilii'iiossi 
''-'■*■  wifii  iinmi 
^»'iu  visit  anv  ti 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


249 


A  mniiial  desire  cf  terminating:  the  protracted  hosti'itios  infused  a  sjiirit  of 

iiu-leraticii  into  Inttli  parties,  whicii  grejitly  facilitated  the  adjustment  of  the 

articles.    Ferdinand  showed  none  of  the  arro^^ant  l»earin^^  whidi  marked  his 

,  iiiiiiit  towards  the  unfortunate  people  of  Malaga,  whether  from  a  conviction 

fits  iiiii'oliiy,  or,  as  is  more  prol)al)le,  because  the  city  of  Jiji/a  was  itself  in 

,>,Miiiiitiiiii  to  a.ssume  a  more  imposinj^  attitude.     The  principal  stipulatiun.s 

1  the  treaty  were,  that  the  foreij^n  mercenaries  employed  in  the  defemeof 

•ju'l'lace  siiould  he  allowed  to  march  out  with  the  honours  of  war ;  tiiat  the 

,;tv  siimild  he  dehvered  up  to  the  Christians  ;    but  that  the  natives  mi;;ht 

la'u'tlie  choice  of  rctirin/,'  with  their  personal  effects  where  they  listed,  or  of 

.  ii|iYiii.:  the  suburl)S  as  s\ibjects  of  the  Castilian  crown,  liable  only  to  the 

•aiue  triliiite  which  they  paid  to  their  Moslem  rulers,  and  secured  in  the  en- 

viiioiit  of  their  proi>erty,  religion,  laws,  and  usa.yes."' 

iiM  tin/  fourth  day  of  i>eeeml)er,  1489,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  took  posses- 
.;in  of  lici/n, at  the  head  of  their  le,i:ion.s, amid  the  rini,nnj^'  of  bells,  the  peals  of 
;iitillt'rv,aiidall  tlie  other  usual  accompaniFuentsof  this  triumphant  ceremony  ; 
uhiie  tlie  standard  of  the  Cross,  floating'  from  the  ancient  battlements  of  the 
.  itv,  proHaiiiietl  the  triumph  of  the  Christian  arms.  The  brave  alcayde,  Cidi 
V.itiye,  oxiicrienced  a  reception  from  the  sovereigns  very  diti'erent  from  that 
i;ii'-  ImiIiI  defender  of  Malaga.  He  was  loaded  with  civilities  and  presents  ; 
and  these  acts  of  courte.^^y  so  won  upon  his  heart  that  he  expressed  a  willin^- 
iu»  to  enter  into  their  service.  "Isabella's  compliments,"  says  the  Arabian 
Li-'.oriaii,  dryly,  "  wore  repaid  in  more  substantial  coin."* 

I'iili  Yaliye  was  soon  prevailed  on  to  visit  his  royal  kinsman  El  Za.gal,  at 
'iMuiJix,  I'V  the  pni-y)0se  of  urj^in^^  his  submission  to  the  Christian  sovereigns. 
li!  his  interview  with  that  prince,  he  repres' .Mi  .1  the  fruitlessness  of  any 
attemiit  to  with.-itand  the  accumulatal  force.-.  •.'  tiie  8panish  monarchies  ; 
that  lip  woujil  only  see  town  after  town  pared  away  from  his  territf>ry,  until 
1,'iu'round  was  left  for  him  to  stand  on  and  make  terms  with  the  victor.  He 
itniiiuled  him  that  the  baleful  horoscope  of  Abdallah  had  predicted  the 
i'Hiifall  of  (Jranada,  and  that  experience  had  abundantly  shown  how  vain 
:;  wiis  to  struggle  against  the  tide  of  de.stiny.  The  unfortunate  monarch 
ii<tened,  says  the  Arabian  annalist,  without  so  iiuich  as  moving  an  eyelid, 
;.:i'l,  after  a  long  and  deep  meditation,  replied,  with  the  resignation  character- 
tic  of  the  Moslems,  "  \Vhat  Allah  wills,  he  brings  to  pass  in  his  own  way. 

Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  124. — Marniol,  Rebelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  16. 


•  [The  cliaracterand  proceedings  of  Yahye, 

■Yahid  Alimyar,  are  revealed  in  their  true 

;!it  by  a  (lonnnent    in    the  Archives  of 

^umIlt«.•i,  licariiig  date    Dec.    25,    1489,   in 

*  >ii  Ferdiiiami  recites  and  conflrms   the 

;•  ii'i«'<iciirit,iincd  in  an  apreetiient  made  in 

s  n.iDif  by  Oiiticrre  de  Cardenaf*,  witlj  tlie 

"'iri'h  traitor  and  renegade,  prev     usly  to 

'•■  MirniiiliT  (if  hiuix.      In   retnrn   fur  his 

j'Ti'v  in  briiijtinp  .dK.ut  that  event, — "  por 

prlMiiu"  ii  uii  iii,<taiiciu  e  jtor  me  STvir 

■■.-■'  i  la  eiitri'ira  dnlla," — and  in   view  of 

vrwrvifr*  reiulcied  or  to  \u    rend.rM. — 

m.ipur  In  iiiuoho  y  bicn  que  me  h-if^-is 

•;vi.|iiy  csiMTd  nue  nie  s(>rviri'is,"  —  V'ahfa, 

':''  hissoii  ami  mphew.s,  was  to  be  rw*»jvi'd 

'"I  Fprdinaiul's  household,  maintained  and 

'''»!"()  like    "the    threat    caballen*."   and 

■-tl  in  til-  )r(.)sses><lon  of  his  vineyards  and 

*•  with  iuinuinity  from  taxi  s,  and  the 

t-;to  visit  any  titwii  with  an  arn\cd  ewort 


of  twenty  men.  His  reward  for  obtaining 
tlie  surrender  of  (iuadi.x  and  bringing  over 
his  brother-in  law  the  l<iM«  to  the  >ervice  of 
tlie  Spanish  sovereign  was  to  )w  10,000  reales. 
As  lie  had  profe.ssed  his  desire  to  Ix-conie  a 
Christian,  he  was  U)  receive  baptism  in  Fer- 
dinand's chamber,  in  order  that  his  conver- 
sion might  ntjt  be  known  lo  his  countrymen 
till  after  the  sum nder  of  (Juaflix,  as  secrecy 
on  this  point  wnnld  enable  him  to  remiir 
more  efffctual  servire  (hiring  the  rt'nmindfr 
of  the  c(jnquest  and  would  al.su  [ireveiit  the 
desertion  ol  hi.s  tbllowers  to  swell  the  ranks 
of  the  enemy.  "  IjH  habeis  de  tener  en  sr- 
creto  por  mas  scrvir  ti  Dios  y  a  m(  en  lo 
restaiite  de  la  conquista,  en  que  desta  maneiu 
sereis  n.a*<  parte,  e  fxjrque  vuestra  geiit<'  de 
gnerra  no  os  d  je  i'  se  vaya  con  nuestros  i-iie- 
nif»c>«."  f'ol.  d  •  l>oc.  inC'd  para  la  Hist,  de 
E-jpttfia,  loBi.  vili.— Ed.] 


260 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


Had  ho  not  deoreod  tho  fall  of  Granada,  this  j^ood  sword  nii^'ht  liavo  save.)  it; 
but  his  will  be  done!"  It  was  then  arranj^ed  that  the  iirimipal  citit'-if 
Alineria,  Giiadix,  and  their  de|)endencies,  constitiitini^  the  (Ininain  r,f  j-;i 
Zai^al,  should  Ik;  formally  surrendered  by  that  prince  to  Ft'idinainl  aii 
Isabella,  who  should  instantly  proceed  at  the  head  of  their  aimy  to  takf 
lK)ssession  of  theni.^° 

On  the  seventh  day  of  December,  therefore,  the  Spanish  soverciiriis,  witlm  ; 
allowing'  themselves  or  their  jaded  troops  any  time  for  repose,  manhed  i  ; 
of  the  ^,^•ltes  of  Baza,  Kinj,'  ^''erdinand  occupying'  the  centre,  and  the  'jiKvii 
the  rear  of  the  army.  Their  route  lav  across  the  most  sava.i^e  distiii  t  (>{  {]„• 
Ion;,'  sierra  which  stretches  towards  Almeria,  leading  through  many  a  iiarr.v 
pass  which  a  handful  of  resolute  Moors,  says  an  eye-witness,  mii^ht  lia,.' 
made  good  against  the  whole  Christian  army,  over  mountains  whose  [i(.'ak> 
were  lost  in  clouds,  and  valley.s  whose  denths  were  never  warmed  l»y  the>i;i,. 
The  winds  were  e.vceedingly  bleak,  ana  the  weather  inclement ;  so  that 
men,  as  well  as  horses,  exhausted  by  the  fatigues  of  previous  service,  wtri' 
benuml)ed  by  the  intense  cold,  and  many  of  them  frozen  to  death.  Mair, 
more,  losing  their  way  in  the  intricacies  of  the  sierra,  woidd  have  exiieriena'i 
the  .siinie  miserable  fate,  had  it  not  V)een  for  the  manjuis  of  Cadiz,  whose tcit 
was  pitched  on  one  of  the  loftiest  hills,  and  who  caused  beacon  fires  to  U 
lighted  around  it,  in  order  to  guide  the  stragglers  back  to  their  quarters. 

At  no  great  distance  from  Almeria,  Ferdinand  was  met,  confonuahly  to  the 
previous  arrangement,  by  El  Zagal.  escorted  by  a  numerous  body  of  "Mo>lt!,i 
cavaliers,  Ferdinand  comman<led  nis  nobles  to  riile  forward  and  receive  tlr 
Moorish  j)rince.  "  His  aj»pearance,"  says  Martyr,  who  was  in  the  r^ul 
retinue,  "  touched  my  soul  with  compassion  ;  for,  although  a  lawless  luir- 
barian,  he  was  a  king,  and  had  given  signal  proofs  of  heroism."  Kl  Za.al, 
without  waiting  to  receive  the  courtesies  of  trie  Spanish  nobles,  threw  hiiii- 
self  from  his  horse,  and  advanced  towards  Ferdinand  with  the  desi^'ii  of 
kissing  his  hand  ;  but  the  latter,  rebuking  his  followers  for  their  "rustidtv,' 
in  allowing  such  an  act  of  humiliation  in  the  unfortunate  monarch,  prevuiloi 
on  him  to  remount,  and  then  rode  by  his  side  towards  Almeria.*' 

This  city  was  one  of  the  most  precious  jewels  in  the  diadem  of  Gianaiia 
It  had  amassed  great  wealth  by  its  extensive  connnerce  with  Syria,  Egypt, 
and  Africa  ;  and  its  corsairs  had  for  ages  been  the  terror  of  the  Catalan  aiii 
I'isan  marine.  It  might  have  stood  a  siege  as  long  as  that  of  Baza,  Imt  it 
was  now  surrendered  without  a  blow,  on  conditions  similar  to  those  p'aiiti;'! 
to  the  former  city.  After  allowing  some  days  for  the  refreslimeiit  of  tlitir 
weaiied  forces  in  this  pleasant  region,  which,  sheltered  from  the  Meak  »iii'i« 
of  the  north  by  the  sierra  they  had  lately  traversed,  and  fanned  by  tin- 
gentle  breezes  of  the  Mediterranean,  is  compared  by  Martyr  to  the  gardcir 
of  the  IIesj)erides,  the  sovereigns  established  a  strong  garrison  there,  nndi  r 
the  commander  of  Leon,  and  then,  striking  again  into  the  recesses  cf  thi; 
UiOcuitains,  marched  on  Guadix,  which,  after  some  opposition  on  the  jiart  of 
the  populace,  threw  open  its  gates  to  them.  The  surrender  of  those  priiKiiai 
cities  was  fallowed  by  that  of  all  the  subordinate  dependencies  l)eloiigin- 1" 
El  Zagal's  territory,  comprehending  a  nndtitude  of  hamlets  scattered  alu;.. 
the  green  side  of  the  moimtain-chain  that  stretched  from  Granada  to  the 


""  Conde,  D(  niinaclini  de  los  Arabes,  torn, 
iii.  cap.  40.— Hilda,  Coroiiica,  p.  612.— Por- 
iialdoz,  ReyoH  CatfllicoH,  MS.,  cup.  92. — Mar- 
mo!,  R('V)oli(in  de  los  Morisco",  lib.  1,  rap.  16. 

"  I'etcr  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  3,  epist. 


81.— Cardonnp,  Hiat.  de  TAfrinue  et  dnL;- 
pacne,  torn.  iii.  p.  340.— Pulgar,  l;ey'>^(4j  • 
licDP,  loc.  cit.— Coiide,  Doiuinticlui)  de  iw 
Arabes,  torn.  iii.  cap.  4U. 


•■•}i?  t-tttolicos.  Mi 


SIEGE  OF  BAZA. 


251 


rf.ast.  To  all  these  places  tlie  same  liberal  terms,  in  regard  to  personal  rights 
iiml  prn]it'rty,  were  secured,  as  to  Haza.* 

As  an  ('i[uivaKM'.t  for  these  bntad  domains,  the  .Moorish  chief  was  placed  in 
iio>st'ssioii  (if  the  tn/i'f,  or  district,  of  Andaraz,  the  vale  of  Alliauriti,  and  half 
tilt' silt-pits  of  iMaleha,  to'^ether  with  a  consideraMe  revenue  in  nK)ney.  lie 
»;iN  iiinrt'over,  to  receive  the  title  of  King  of  Andaraz,  and  to  render  homage 
f.r  hi>  estates  to  the  crown  of  Castile. 

This  shadow  of  royalty  could  not  long  amuse  the  nnnd  of  the  unfortunate 
iriiKr.  He  joined  awav  annd  the  .scenes  of  his  ancient  empire  ;  and,  after 
.'  qcrit'iiciiig  some  insuhordiiiation  on  the  jiart  of  his  new  vassals,  he  deter- 
iiiiiii'tl  Id  relinouish  his  petty  principality  and  withdraw  for  ever  from  his 
i.iitive  land,  llaving  received  a  large  sum  of  money  as  an  indemiufication 
t'l  the  entire  cession  of  his  territorial  rights  and  jio.ssessions  to  the  C'astilian 
iiuwii,  he  jiassed  over  to  Africa,  where,  it  is  reported,  he  was  olundered  of  Ins 
iroiKTty  hy  the  barbarians,  and  condemned  to  stiirve  out  tne  remainder  of 


vuiiys  ill  miserable  indigence.'* 

Till'"  suspicious  circumstances  attending  this  prince's  accession  to  the  throne 
thruw  a  dark  cloud  over  his  fame,  which  would  otherwi.se  .seem,  at  least  .so  far 
,'h  his  pulilic  life  is  concerned,  to  be  unstained  by  any  ojtprobrious  act.  He 
]Ki>s'.s.si'(l  such  energy,  talent,  and  military  .science  a.s,  had  he  been  fortunate 
iiihiil;1i  to  unite  tlu;  Aloorish  nation  under  him  by  an  undisputed  title,  nnght 
havf  pdstpuned  the  fall  of  Granada  for  many  years.  As  it  was,  these  very 
lileiits,  hy  dividing  the  state  hi  his  favour,  served  only  to  precijutate  its  ruin. 

The  Spanish  .sovereign.s,  having  accomplished  the  object  of  the  campaign, 
aftti  stationing  part  of  tlieir  forces  on  such  points  as  would  secure  the  per- 
liiaiu'iuc  of  their  conipiest.s,  returned  with  the  remainder  to  Jaen,  where  tliey 
iljvhaiulcil  the  army  on  the  4th  of  January,  1490.  The  losses  sustained  by  the 
t.'iHips,  (luring  the  whole  p«!rio(l  of  their  prolonged  .service,  greatly  exceeded 
tliuse  (;f  any  former  year,  auKJunting  to  not  less  than  twenty  thousand  men, 
Iv  far  the  larger  portion  of  whom  are  .said  to  have  fallen  victims  to  diseases 
iiniiltiit  to  severe  and  long-continued  hardships  and  eiiposure.'' 

Thus  tiMiiiinated  the  eighth  year  of  the  war  of  Granada  ;  a  year  more  glorious 
t"  the  Cliiistian  arms,  and  more  important  in  its  results,  than  any  of  the 
li'trdiii;;.  During  this  pericjd,  an  army  of  eiglity  thou.sand  men  had  kept  the 
!>|||,  iiiuiil  all  the  inclemencies  of  winter,  for  more  than  seven  months  ;  an  ellort 
-aixrly  paralleled  in  those  time.s,  when  both  the  amount  of  levies  and  period  of 
^wvicewerc  on  the  limited  .scale  adajjted  to  the  exigencies  of  feu<lal  warfare.** 
Nijiplies  f((r  this  innnense  host,  notwithsUinding  the  .severe  famine  of  the 
lun'diiit;  year,  were  punctually  furin.shed,  in  spite  of  every  endtarrassment 
I rtst'iitcd  liy  the  want  of  navigable  rivers,  and  the  interposition  of  a  jjrecipitous 
and  iiathloss  sierra. 

Tho  history  of  this  campaign  i.s,  indeed,  most  honouralde  to  the  courage. 


■■  El  Nubionsp,  Descripclon  de  Espafia,  p. 

>". rinta.-r;irti;ij.il,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  l-lss. 
-'  urilunnc,  Hist,  d^  rAfriqueetdc  rKspaRiif, 
■m.iii.  11.  yu-i. —Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist., 
'■  X  iiii^t.  M.— CuiidP.  Domiiiacion  de  los 
.Uil,-«,  (,,„),  iii.  j,p,  2-ib,  '246. — litTiialdez, 
!••}v^  (-iitolicus,  .MS.,  cap.  93. 


"  Zurita,  AnaUs,  toni.  iv.  fol.  300.— Ahar- 
ca,  I!f'y(^s  di-  Arnpon,  loiii.  ii.  fnl.  :j()S. 

■■"  Tlie  city  of  Seville  aluiit'  luaiiilainfd  fiOO 
Imrse  and  8U0(J  fiot,  uiidiT  the  ciiiint  i^f  (Mfn- 
entes,  for  the  ppace  of  ei^ht  rutjinlm  diiriiij; 
this  siege.  See  Zufiiga,  Aiinales  de  S«  villa, 
p.  404. 


^ '  Thp  trrnis  were  even  more  lib«'ral  than 
•J'tk+n  giantid  to  Haza,  since  the  inhabi- 
toivlnw>as  well  as  Moors,  were  not  only  to 
Mjin  thtir  own  relipion  and  law,  but  to 
■  lain  til  possession  of  their  homes,  secure 


from  plunder  or  molestation.  Seethe  ('apitu- 
lacion  (from  the  Archives  of  Simancas"), 
dated  Feb.  11,  1490,  in  the  Col.  de  I).ic.  ined. 
para  la  Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  xi. — Ed,] 


2r)2 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


ponstanry,  and  thorou^'h  (liscii)lino  of  tlie  Spanish  soldier,  and  to  the  iiatrif.ti>ra 
and  general  resources  of  the  nation  ;  Imt  most  of  all  to  Isabella.  She  it  wa,>i 
who  fortitied  the  timid  councils  of  the  leaders,  after  the  disasters  of  tln'^ianlcri 
and  encouraj,'ed  them  to  persevere  in  the  siege.  She  procured  al  the  miiii.Iicv 
constructed  the  roads,  took  charge  of  the  sick,  and  furnished,  at  no  little 
l)ersonal  sacrifice,  the  immense  sums  demamled  for  carrying  on  the  war ;  anil. 
when  at  last  the  hearts  of  the  .soldiers  were  fainting  under  long-piutiiKthi 
sutlerings,  she  aj)peared  among  them,  like  soiue  celestial  visitant,  to  dieer  tlifjr 
falt«'ring  s})irits  and  inspire  them  with  their  own  energy.  The  atta<  liint'iit  t 
Isahella  .seemed  to  he  a  pervading  principle,  which  animated  the  wliiilc  nati.in 
l»y  one  common  impulse,  impressing  a  unity  of  design  on  all  its  iiutvemciits. 
'1  his  attachment  was  imjtutahle  to  her  sex  as  well  as  character.  The  .symiatliv 
and  tender  aire  with  which  .she  regarded  her  ix'ojde  naturally  rai.sed  a  rt'ciiiPM;!! 
sentiment  in  their  bosoms.  Ihit,  when  they  beheld  her  directing  their  coiium-In, 
sharing  their  fatigues  and  dangers,  and  disjilayingall  the  comjirelK'nMvc  inttl- 
lectual  powers  of  the  other  .sex,  they  looked  up  to  her  as  to  some  superior  lniii;, 
with  feelings  far  more  exalted  than  tho.se  of  mere  loyalty.  The  chivalrous  lit  art 
of  the  Spaniard  did  homage  to  her,  as  to  his  tutelar  saint ;  and  she  licM  n 
control  over  her  people  such  as  no  man  could  have  acc^uired  in  any  a^ji',— aul 
probably  no  woman,  in  an  age  and  country  les.s  romantic. 


Pictro  Mniilrp,  or,  aa  ho  Is  callfd  in  Enn- 
lis1i,  I'ftor  .Martyr,  so  often  quott-d  in  tliH 
lircHciil  flmjitcr,  and  who  will  constitute  one 
of  our  i)eHt  autlioriticM  during  the  remainder 
of  tln'  lliHtory,  was  a  native  of  Arona  (not  of 
Angliiera,  as  commonly  .pupjioswl),  a  place 
Bituated  on  tlie  i)oi(iers  of  Lago  .Maggiore  In 
Italy.  (Mazzuciielli,  Scrittori  d' Italia (lirescia, 
1753-»);t),  t<iin.  ii.,  voce  Anghiera.)  He  was 
of  nol)le  Milanese  extraction.  In  1477,  at 
tweiitv-tvvo  years  of  age,  lie  was  sent  to  coni- 
pli te  his  education  at  Home,  where  )»•  con- 
tinued ten  years,  and  formed  an  intimacy 
witli  the  most  distinguislied  literary  charac- 
ters of  that  cultivated  cnjiital.  In  14h7,  he  wa.s 
persuaded  i>y  the  Castilian  amljas-^ador,  the 
count  of  'rendilla,  to  accompany  liini  to  Spain, 
where  lie  was  received  witli  marlied  di>tinc- 
vion  hy  the  queen,  who  would  have  at  once 
e  ipagni  him  in  the  tuition  of  tlie  young 
rdiility  of  the  court;  but.  Martyr  liaving 
<  xiiressed  a  preference  of  a  military  life,  she, 
vv  itii  her  usual  delicacy,  declined  to  press  him 
on  the  jioint.  He  was  present,  as  we  have 
Been,  at  the  siege  of  Ha/.a,  and  continued  with 
the  army  during  the  auhsequent  campaigns 
of  the  Moorish  war.  Many  passages  of  his 
corre-)ioiidence,  at  this  period,  show  a  whim- 
sical mixture  of  f<i  If-complacency  witii  a  con- 
sciousness of  the  ludicrous  tigure  which  lie 
maiie  in  "exchanging  the  Muses  for  Mars." 

.\t  the  close  of  tlie  war,  he  entered  the 
ecclesiastical  profession,  for  which  he  had 
l)eeii  originally  destined,  and  was  persuaded 
to  resume  his  litiTary  vocation.  He  opened 
his  siiioolat  Valladolid,  Sarag<)s.sa.  Barcelona, 
Alcalii  de  llenares,  and  other  places;  and  it 
was  thronged  with  the  principal  young  no- 
bility from  all  parts  of  Spain,  who.  as  he 
boasts  in  one  of  his  letters,  drew  their  literary 


nourishment  from  him  :  "Suxenint  mcalitc 
ralia  uIm  ra  Casteliie  principes  fen-  nnims " 
His  important  services  were  fully  cstiiiniHl 
by  tlie  ((ueen,  and,  aft«'r  lier  dentil,  liy  Fer- 
dinand and  Charles  V^.,  and  he  wan  riem- 
Jiensed  with  high  ecclesiastical  iirifrriiiciil  ai 
well  as  civil  dignities.  He  di'd  athjiit  ti,- 
year  15'J.'>,  at  tiii!  age  of  sevi  nly,  ami  i.n 
remains  were  interred  iM^iMHth  a  iijunmiiini 
in  the  catlu-dral  church  of  Granada,  el  wiiuh 
he  was  prior. 

Among  Martyr's  principal  works  i«  » ina- 
tis(?  "  I>e  Legatioiie  HabyloiiKu."  Mu\l  »ii 
account  of  a  vi>it  to  the  sultan  of  Kfji'i,  in 
1501,  for  tlie  purjxtse  of  (le|.reciiiiii(j  tli«' 
retaliation  with  which  he  h.nl  ni^iiaciil  lii*' 
Christian  re>idents  in  I'ali-tinc  fur  ilii'  in- 
juries iiillii  ted  on  tin-  Sp.iiii-li  Mui'i'n" 
Peter  Martyr  conducted  liis  negotiiitiini  «iih 
such  address  that  lie  not  only  Hiiiiia.''i(l  th'- 
sultan's  resenlmrnt,  but  obtaiiml  ficviral 
important  immunities  for  liis  Clirisiian  ^iil- 
jects,  in  addition  to  those  previcju.-ly  cnji'VHl 
by  them. 

He  also  wrote  an  account  of  the  liiscovfrie* 
of  the  New  Worhl,  entitled  "De  M<\:'> 
Oceanicis  et  Novo  Orbe  "  (Colonia',  1,^:4^ 
hiHik  largely  consulted  and  coiiiiiU'iiJc<i  I.*' 
sulisecpieiit  historians.  Hut  tlir  ""rk  "f 
princiiial  value  in  our  researches  is  liis  "(i|.i:« 
Epi.stolaruni,"  Ining  a  collection  "f  lii<  niu- 
tii'arious  corresjiondence  with  the  niest  (■'•:• 
siiieralile  persons  of  his  tine',  "lull''''  '■ 
political  or  literary  life.  The  I' tt.  rs  .ire  ii: 
I.atiii,  and  extend  iVom  the  year  U^sUi;.:" 
tin.eol  his  death.  Altlioiigl  not  nin-piiH";' 
for  f-h  pance  of  diction,  they  are  uiost  v.ilnal'i 
to  the  hi>torian,  from  the  tidelity  ami  (.'■■i"^r»' 
accuracy  of  the  details,  as  well  as  for  t!« 
intelligent  criticism  in   which  tliey  abouni, 


SUKRKXDKR  OF  TIIK  C\ VITAL 


frail  wliirh  unfommon   facilities  woro  af- 

(„-,|  t)  liy  till'  vvriltrV  infiimii'V  with  tln'  jiiui- 
ini:  luiiiri  hikI  tlif  luimt  rcioiiditu  WJiirces  of 
in:  ■riii»il"ii  "f  tin;  p»ri(«l. 

Mils  hlKli  I h  iiactcr  i>  fully  aiithori7.t-<i  by 
<!,.  julKiM  iil>  of  tlniH(!  Ijost  i|ualifli'tl  to  jiro- 

,„;;llii'  nil    tlU'lT     IlKTitN.  —  Muftyi'M    OWII    lUll- 

tHMip-imri'-K.     Aiiiciiin   tliowc.  Dr.  (Jalindr/,  dn 

'  jri'i»J«l.  a  <■"""'"■"'"■  "'  l^'iiH  l''''nliiiiui(i  and 

i.tmiily  ••iii|)li)yf<l  in  tli»!  iu^lit'.xt  i-onccnis 

'  iiUtt',  ii'niiii''n(l-i  tlii'so    r'pi^tlcH  HH  "il.,> 

■rlcol  .1 1'rtriii'd  iind  upilKlit  nuin,  well  chI- 

luM  III  tliiow  iinlit  on  ilii'  trttiisiictioiiH  of 

■;,.■  l»riiKi."     (Aiiales.    MS.,    prologo.)     Al- 

iniiiiimi/-.  ftiiotliiT  contcinpifrary  who  sur- 

,  v«l  Martyr,  in  tlie  i.lfi'  of  XinionoH,  whicii 

i..  w»<m|icHm|  to  writ"  by  tlit?  (JnlvtT-iity  of 

Air*!*,  ilirlnrt's  tliat  "  Martyr's  Ijottcr"  abun- 

l,iiily  Kjiiip'H-^att;  by  thfir  fidelity  for  tlio 

ni'iii.^ln'il  Htylc  ill  whii'h  they  art;  writti'ii." 

K- ililms  iri'-ti",  fol.  6  )     And  John  di'  ViT- 

Mr».  ill  will' of  till'  hinlioHt  celebrity  in  tlio 

'.riry  aiiimN  of  the  p  Ti(Ml,  expresses  hini- 

■I, fill  till'  ri'liowiiit,' emphatic  teriiiH :  "  I  know 

■   rnii'-il  lit  tlie  time  more  accurate  and  valii- 

(! M'.     I   myself  liave   often    witnessed    the 

:'iiii[itiii""' vsitli  which  he  put  down  tlilnKH 

•;•  iiiuiiii'iit   tlipy  (K'ciirred.      I   have  Honie- 

ini't  (H't'ii  him  write  one  or  two  letters  whllo 

■:i.-y  wifi' >iitiiii({  the  table  ;  for,  as  he  did  not 

[».' iniiili  alt  iitiun  to  style  and  mere  Ihiish 

f  i-xiires^iDii.   Iilw  comiHisltioii  recpiired  but 

",!•'  tii.n',  iiiul  exiM'rleiiced  no  Interruption 

( '  m  lii"  iinliimry  avix-ation.H."    (S<'e  his  letter 

;•  H'lriin  de  Ocanipn,  apml  (juintanllla  y 

\lHii|ii/,a,  Arcliefypo  de  \  irtudes,  Kspejo  do 

hnailn",  el   Venerable    Fadre   y   Siervo  de 

h".   V.    Fraiuisco    Ximeiiez    de    Cisneros 

rv,iriiiii,  Kir).!),  Archlvo,  p.  4.)     This  account 

'(the  liroiipitate  manner  in  which  the  epis- 

!lH  were  composeii  may  help  to  explain  the 

m'O'  (if  the  iM'casional  incmisistencies  and 

isichriinisiiis  that  are  to  Ix-  found  in  them, 

»nl  wliicii  their  author,   h.id  he  been  mure 

pitient  '.f  the  lalxiur  of  revision,  would  doubt- 

i'**  have  ciirreeted.     Rut  lie  seems  to  have 

M  litilf  relish  for  this,  even  in  his  more 


elftiiorate  works,  oomjiom'd  with  a  view  to 
pulilii  atioii.  I, See  his  nwii  lioiie»t  cuiifeHKiiins 
ill  his  iMMik  "  l>e  llebu-i  <Veanl(is,"  dee,  H, 
cap.  H,  tt.)  Afti-r  all,  the  ermrs.  nui  h  as  they 
are,  in  his  KpWtles,  may  priibab:y  he  i  liletly 
char^id  on  tlie  piibllHlier.  'I'he  lirst  edition 
appeare<i  at  Ahal.ide  llemires,  in  Ifilii,  uliiiill 
four  years  after  the  author's  death.  It  has 
now  become  eX'  eetllnnly  r.ire.  I  he  ceenlid 
and  last,  liiMiig  the  one  used  in  tin*  prisi  nt 
liNtory,  came  out  In  a  more  Ixautifui  I'  nil 
friiin  the  Kl/.evir  pn  ss,  Amsteid.iiii,  in  n.rn, 
folio.  Of  this  also  but  a  Hinall  number  of 
copies  were  strm  k  oil.  I'he  le.iriied  mitor 
takes  mucti  credit  to  himself  for  having  pun- 
tied  the  work  from  many  errors,  which  had 
flowed  from  the  heedlessni  .ss  of  his  pr- d - 
cessoi.  It  will  not  ]»■  dinicult  to  detect  several 
yet  reniainin(f,— Hiuh,  loi  exani|de,  as  a 
memorable  letter  on  the  luen  ifiii-rra  (No. 
fis),  obviously  inisplai  ed,  even  ai  curdlii);  to 
its  own  date;  and  tlmt  numbered  li'is,  in 
which  two  letters  are  evidently  blended  into 
one.  Ibit  it  is  unnecessary  to  muliiplv  ex- 
amjdes. — It  is  very  desirable  tliat  an  edition 
of  this  valuable  correspoiidi'tice  should  !«; 
jiubllsheil,  under  till-  care  of  some  one  f|u.ili- 
lied  to  lllusiiute  it  by  his  iiitimaiy  with  tli(( 
bistory  of  the  |>eriiHl,  as  well  as  to  correct  the 
various  iiMccuiacies  whicii  have  crept  into  it, 
whether  through  the  caiclessnesa  of  tlio 
author  or  of  his  editors. 

I  have  l)eeii  led  into  this  lentftli  of  remark 
by  some  strictures  which  met  my  eye  in  tlie 
recent  wurk  of  Mr.  Hallam,  who  intimates  li  s 
bell«'f  that  the  Kpisth  s  of  Martyr,  instead  of 
b<dnK  written  at  tlulr  respective  dates  were 
prtxluced  by  him  at  Minie  later  i)eri(Mi  (Intro- 
duction to  the  Literature  of  Euro|>«'  (London, 
1H37),  vol.  i.pp  4:t9-441);  aconclushMi  which 
I  suspect  this  aiute  and  candid  t  ritic  would 
have  been  slow  to  adopt,  had  he  perused  the 
correspondence  in  coiin.'ction  with  the  history 
of  the  tiifie.-,  or  wcinhe<l  the  uii(|ualitied  tes- 
timony i)orne  by  contemporaries  to  its  minute 
accuracy. 


CHAPTER   XV. 

W.\R  OF  QRANADA. — SIEGE   AND   SURRENDER   OF   THE   CITY   OF  GRANADA. 


1490-1492. 

Tbf  Infanta  IsaNMla  affianced  to  the  Prince  of  Portuftal— Isabella  deposes  .TudRcs  at  Valli- 
dlid— pjicaiiipinent  before  (iranada— The  Queen  surveys  the  City — Moslem  and  Christian 
•'liivalry Ciinflaiiration  of  the  Christian  Camp— Krect ion  of  Santa  Fe— Capitulation  .f 
•ir.inuil.i-Hesults  of  the  War— Its  moral  Influence— Its  military  Influence — Fate  of  the 
Mwrs— Death  and  Character  of  the  Marquis  of  Cadiz. 

I^'  the  .spring  of  1490,  ambassadors  arrived  from  Lisbon  for  the  purpose  of 
t^rryiiiK  into  effect  the  treaty  of  marriage  which  had  been  arranged  between 
iwn.so,  heir  of  the  Portuguese  monarchy,  and  Isabella,  infanta  of  Castile.    An 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


254 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


ttlliancc  with  this  kingdom,  which  from  its  contiguity  possessed  siirh  roa<lv 
means  of  annoyance  to  Castile,  and  which  had  shown  such  willin;,Muss  toci-i- 
ploy  them  in  enforcing  the  prettmsions  of  Joanna  Ueltraneia,  was  an  oltjcrt  of 
importance  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  No  inferior  considferation  conlil  have 
rrconciled  the  (pieen  to  a  separation  from  this  beloved  daught<'r,  licr  ('!(i('>t 
chii<l,  whose  gentle  and  iinconnnonly  amiable  disposition  seems  to  have  t'lKlfartij 
lier  beyond  tneir  other  children  to  her  fwrents 

The  ceremony  of  the  alhancing  took  place  at  Seville,  in  the  month  of  Ainii. 
])oii  Fernando  de  Silveira  apixjaring  as  the  representative  of  tlu'  iniiKv  ,.f 
Portugal  ;  and  it  was  followed  by  a  succession  of  n\)\eni\\(\  f/^tes  and  toiiriit\  . 
Lists  were  enclosed,  at  some  distance  from  the  city,  on  the  shores  of  tlic  <iiia 
dalipiivir,  and  surrounded  with  galleries  hung  with  silk  and  cloth  of  pild.  aiM 
protected  from  the  noontide  lieao  by  canopies  or  awnings,  richly  piiiliroiilcit'il 
with  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  ancient  houses  of  Castile.  The  spcctarli' 
was  graced  by  all  the  rank  and  f)eauty  of  the  court,  with  the  infanta  halnlla 
in  the  midst,  atten<h^d  by  seventy  noble  ladies,  and  a  hundred  pact's  of  tlic 
royal  household.  The  cavaliers  of  Spain,  young  and  old,  thronu'-'l  to  the 
tournament,  as  eager  to  win  laurels  on  me  mimic  theatre  of  war,  in  the  iTc-ein  o 
of  so  brilliant  an  assemblage,  as  they  had  shown  themselves  in  tlu'  stonifr 
contests  with  the  Moors.  King  Ferdinand,  who  broke  several  laiicos  im  tin' 
occasion,  was  among  the  most  aistinguished  of  the  combatants  for  jHTMHial 
<lexterity  and  horsemanship.  The  martial  exercises  of  the  day  were  rclitvitl 
by  the  more  effeminate  recreations  of  dancing  and  music  in  the  evcniiii: ;  anl 
every  Oiie  seemed  willing  to  welcome  the  set  son  of  hilarity,  after  the  luii;,'- 
jtrotracted  fatigues  of  war.' 

In  the  following  autunui,  the  infanta  was  escorted  into  Portn^^al  hy  the 
cardinal  of  Spain,  the  grand  master  of  St.  James,  and  a  numerous  and  inauiiiti 
cent  retinue.  Her  dowry  exceeded  that  usually  assigned  to  the  infantas  of 
Castile,  by  five  hundred  marks  of  gold  and  a  thousanil  of  silver  ;  and  her  \vanl- 
robe  was  estimated  at  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  gold  florins.  The 
contemporary  chroniclers  dwell  with  nnich  complacency  on  the.se  evjih'ncpsof 
the  stateliness  and  splendour  of  the  Castilian  court.  Unfortunately,  those  fair 
auspices  were  destined  to  be  clouded  too  soon  by  the  death  of  the  prince,  lur 
husnand.' 

No  sooner  had  the  campaign  of  tk  preceding  year  been  brought  to  a  chf^o 
than  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  sent  an  emnassy  tothe  king  of  Granada,  reiinirii^' 
a  surrendei'  of  his  capital^  conformably  to  his  stipulations  at  Loja,  which 
guaranteed  this  on  the  capitulation  of  Baza,  Almeria,  and  Guadix.  That  tiin' 
had  now  arrived.  King  Abdallah,  however,  excused  him.self  from  olK'yin;;  the 
summons  of  the  Spanish  sovereign,  replying  that  he  was  no  lon^'cr  his  o«n 
master,  and  that,  although  he  had  the  strongest  desire  to  keep  his  onj:a-'f 
nients,  he  was  prevented  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  city,  now  swollen  iinKh 
beyond  its  natural  population,  who  resolutely  insisted  on  its  defence.' 


'  Carbajiil,  Anales,  Ms!.,  afio  1490. — Rer- 
naliicz,  Reyes  Cutrtlioos,  MS.,  cap.  96. — Zu- 
tiiRa,  A  nil. ill's  do  SeviUa,  pp.  4U4,  405. — Pul- 
(itir,  Koyos  CatolicoH,  ]tart.  3.  cap.  127. — Lp 
Cleile,  Ilist.dc  Portugal,  torn.  iv.  p.  19. — t'aria 
y  Sou.'^a,  Kuropa  i'ortU(juen«.  torn.  ii.  p.  4,'>2. 

^  Faria  y  Smisa,  Kurojja  I'tirtuguosa,  toiu. 
il.  i>p.  45'2-4ri6.— Flt)rez,  Rpyiias  Catlu'iliias, 
p.  845. — Fulgar,  Reyes  Catolitos,  cap.  129.— 
Ovledo,  Quincuageiias,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  2, 
dial.  3. 

•  Conde,  Douiinac'  )n  de  los  Arabcs,  toin. 


iii.  cap.  41.— Rernaldez,  ReyesCat.'licof.M-. 
cap.  90. — Nelihcr  the  Aral>ic  nor  CH.'tii»i 
authorities  iinpeacli  tlie  justice  of  the  ouni- 
niona  made  by  the  Spauinli  sovi'ii'ljiii'^.  i  •' 
in.t,  however,  find  any  otlier  fnunilaii""  '  ' 
tile  obligation  imputed  to  Ahdallali  in  tii:ii 
than  that  mon.irch's  agreement  ilnriiii:  ■•• 
captivity  at  Loja,  in  14>t;,  to  siirniHliT  ui* 
capital  in  exchange  for  tiuadix.  ppividilt.'i'; 
latter  should  be  conquered  within  six  ni(Hii.i-« 
Pulgar,  Reyes  Catolics,  p.  275.-clark'i.v, 
Compendio,  tom.  Iv.  p.  41«. 


SURRENDER  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


255 


It  is  not  probable  that  the  Moorish  king  did  any  great  violence  to  his 
fpfiiiigs  ill  this  evasion  of  a  promise  extorted  from  him  in  rantivity.  At  h-ast 
;t  would  seem  so  from  the  hostile  movements  which  immediately  succeedeti. 
ThL'i»('<ii'lt'  of  ( I ranada  resumed  all  at  once  their  ancient  activity,  foraying  into 
til,'  (.liristian  territories,  surprising  Alhendin  and  some  otlii-r  places  of  less 
iiiiiHirtiuicc,  and  stirring  up  the  sjtirit  of  revolt  induadix  and  other  comiuered 
,;tits.  (iranada,  which  had  slept  through  the  heat  of  the  stniggle,  seemed  to 
riMve  at  the  very  moment  when  exertion  became  hopeless. 

Ft'nlinaiid  was  not  slow  in  retaliating  these  acts  of  aggression.  In  the 
^priiii,'  of  1490,  he  marched  with  a  strong  force  into  the  cultivated  plain  of 
iiranaila,  swct'jjing  oil",  as  usual,  the  crops  and  cattle,  and  ndling  the  tide 
if  ilcva^tiitioii  up  to  the  very  wjills  of  the  city.  In  this  cjinipaign  he  con- 
ftrrHl  the  honour  of  knighthood  on  his  son,  Prince  John,  then  only  twelve 
vcarsof  age,  whom  he  had  brought  with  liim,  after  the  ancient  usage  of  tho 
i  ?.>tiliaii  iiolile.s,  of  training  uj)  their  children  from  very  tender  years  in 
tilt'  .M(M)risli  wars.  The  ceremony  was  performed  on  the  banks  of  the  grand 
canal,  under  the  battlements  almost  of  the  beleaguered  city.  The  dukes 
uf  Ciilia  and  Medina  Sidonia  were  Prince  John's  sTKinsors  ;  and,  after  tho 
miiiiilftinii  of  the  ceremony,  the  new  knight  conferred  the  honours  of  chivalry 
in  liK*'  manner  on  several  of  his  young  cojupanions-in-arms.* 

Ill  the  fijlowing  autunm,  Fenlinanu  re{)eated  his  ravages  in  the  vega,  and, 
nt  the  same  time  apj)earing  before  the  disatlected  city  of  (Juadix  with  a  force 
kri:e  enouuli  to  awe  it  into  subnussion,  proposed  an  immediate  investigation 
of  tho  conspiracy.  Ho  promised  to  inflict  summary  justice  on  all  who  had 
U'on  in  anv  degree  concerned  in  it :  at  the  same  time  oHering  permission 
to  the  inlialiitants,  in  the  abundance  of  ' ' .  clemency,  to  depart  with  all  their 
(»r«)Mal  etlects  wherever  they  would,  provided  they  should  prefer  this  to  a 
iilidal  investigation  of  their  conduct.  This  politic  profier  had  its  effect. 
Tliore  were  few,  if  any,  of  the  citizens  who  had  not  been  either  directly 
oiMicerned  in  the  conspiracy  or  privy  to  it.  With  one  accord,  therefore,  they 
['referred  exile  to  trusting  to  the  tender  mercies  of  their  ju<lges.  In  this 
«ay,  wvs  the  Curate  of  Los  Palacios,  by  the  mystery  of  our  Lord,  was  the 
aiicieiit  city  of  Guadix  brought  again  witnin  the  Christian  fold  :  the  mos<iues 
wtre  converted  into  Christian  temples,  filled  with  the  harmonies  of  Catholic 
Worship,  and  the  pleasant  places,  whicn  for  nearly  eight  centuries  had  been 
traiiiided  under  the  foot  of  the  infidel,  once  more  restored  to  the  followers  of 
the  Cross. 

A  viiiiilar  policy  produced  similar  results  in  the  cities  of  Almeria  and  Baza, 
4os('  inhabitants,  evacuating  their  ancient  homes,  transporte<l  themselves, 
«ithsucii  jiersonal  efl'ects  as  they  could  carry,  to  the  city  of  Granada,  or  the 
o<ht  of  Africa.  The  .space  thus  opened  by  the  fugitive  population  was 
'i'iifkly  tilled  by  the  rushing  tide  of  Sjianiards.* 

It  is  iiiiiMissilile  at  this  day  to  contemplate^  these  events  with  the  triumphant 
;';>11  (if  exultation  with  which  they  are  recorded  by  coiitemiiorary  chroniclers. 
iiiiit  the  .Moors  were  guilty  (though  not  so  generallv  as  pretended)  of  tho 
SiV^ed  oonsjiiracy,  is  not  in  itself  improbable,  and  is  corroborated  indee(l 
1}  the  Arabic  stat/ements.     But  the  punishment  was  altogether  dispropor- 


ter,. 


'  I.  Marinoo,  Cosas  memorables,  fol.  176. 
-i'liluar,  H.yi ., Catolicod,  caj).  130.— Zurita, 
:\'|»K  toiii,  iv.  cap.  S5.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de 

Afriqiu"  ct  do  I'Espapjip,  torn.  ili.  p.  309. 

I'lHifir,  Itcyt's  Catolicos,  cap.  131,  132.— 
'■'•'     I  2,  liiyt's  Catolicos,  M.S.,  cap.  97.— 


Conde,  Dondnacion  de  loa  AraWs,  torn.  ill. 
cap.  41.— I'cter  .Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  .'», 
epist.  h4.  — (iaribay.  CoraiiM'iidio,  torn.  iv.  p. 
4'J4.— Cardnniie,  Hist,  de  rAtriquc  et  de  I'lij- 
pagne,  torn.  iii.  pp.  3U9,  310. 


250 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


tionatc  to  tlie  ofTcnce.  Justice  might  surely  have  been  sntisfied  \>y  a  sflcctirn 
of  the  auth(jrs  and  niiiicipal  agents  of  the  meditated  insurrection  ;  fur  i,,, 
overt  act  appears  to  nave  occurred,  liut  avarice  was  too  strong  for  )ll^^i(,. ; 
and  this  act.  which  is  in  jwrfect  confonnity  to  the  poHcy  sy.^-tcinatii.ily 
pursiied  hy  tlie  Spanish  crown  for  njore  than  a  century  afterwani^,  iii;i\  i', 
considered  as  one  of  the  lirst  hnks  in  the  long  chain  of  perseciiliuu  \\l,„'i, 
terminated  in  the  expulsion  of  the  ^loriscos. 

J)uring  the  following  year,  141M,  a  circumstance  occurred  illustrative  of  ihr 
policy  of  the  present  government  in  reference  to  ecclesiastical  matters.  Tl,.' 
chancery  of  \  alladolid  having  api>ealed  to  the  pope  in  a  case  comiiif,'  witi  lu 
its  owit  exclusive  jurisdiction,  the  tiueen  connnanded  Alonso  de  \ai<liM.v,. 
bishop  of  Leon,  tlie  president  of  the  court,  together  with  all  the  aiiilit>  r , 
to  he  removed  from  their  respective  offices,  which  she  delivered  t<»  a  ntw 
board,  ]ia.ving  the  bishop  of  Oviedo  at  its  head.  This  is  one  aiiiunf,'  iiiai,v 
examples  of  the  const^incy  with  which  Isabella,  notwithstanding  her  n  vennv 
for  reli^non  and  resj>ect  lor  its  ministers,  refused  to  compromise  the  iiatioi„i! 
independence  by  recognizing  in  any  degree  the  usurpations  of  Kdiue.  h'u'in 
tliis  dignified  attitude,  so  often  abandoned  by  her  s\iccessors,  she  iievfr 
iiwerved  for  a  moment  (hning  the  course  of  her  long  reign." 

The  winter  of  HJH)  was  busily  occupied  with  preparations  for  the  closing 
campaign  against  Granada.  Fe.dinand  took  command  of  the  aiiny  in  tli'- 
jnonth  of  April,  1401,  with  tlie  purjiose  of  sitting  down  before  the  .MiK.n-ii 
capiUil,  not  to  rise  until  its  final  surrender.  The  troops,  which  iiiu>teieil  iii 
the  Val  de  Velillos,  are  computed  by  most  historians  at  fifty  tliousiiKl  horse 
and  foot,  although  Martyr,  who  served  as  a  volunteer,  swells  the  iiumlur  t'l 
eighty  tnousjinu.  They  were  drawn  from  the  ditlerent  cities,  cliietly,  a^ 
usual,  from  Andalusia,  which  had  l»een  stimulated  to  truly  gigantic  eti'rts 
throjighout  this  j)rotracted  war,'  and  from  the  nobility  of  every  ijuartc, 
many  of  whom,  wearied  out  with  the  contest,  contented  themselves  with 
sending  their  quotas,  while  many  others,  as  the  marquises  of  ( aihz  itiii 
Villena,  the  counts  of  Tendilla,  Cabra,  and  Urena,  and  Alonso  de  Aj^iiilar. 
appeared  in  person,  eager,  as  they  had  borne  the  brunt  of  so  many  iiarJ 
campaigns,  to  share  in  tlie  closing  scene  of  triumph. 

On  the  26th  of  the  month  the  army  encamped  near  the  fountain  of  Ojos  lie 
Huescar^  in  the  vega,  about  two  leagues  distant  from  Granada.  Fculiiiani'; 
first  movement  was  to  detach  a  considerable  force,  under  the  inar(jiii>  "i 
Villena,  which  he  subsequently  supported  in  jierson  with  the  reniaiinier  ef  tlie 
army,  for  the  purpose  of  scouring  the  fruitful  regions  of  tlie  AiiiujanaN 
wliich  served  as  the  granary  of  the  capital.  This  service  was  perforiiietl  with 
such  unsparing  rigour  that  no  less  than  twenty-four  towns  ainl  lia!ii!tt< 
in  the  mountains  were  ransacked  and  razed  to  the  ^ound.  After  tiii. 
I'erdinand  returned  loaded  with  spoil  to  his  former  position  on  the  iiank>  i 
the  Xenil,  in  full  view  of  the  Moorish  metropolis,  which  seemed  to  >ta: ! 
alone,  like  some  sturdy  oak,  the  last  of  the  forest,  bidding  defiance  to  tlif 
storm  which  had  prostrated  all  its  brethren.  ^ 

Notwithstanding  the  faihu'e  of  all  external  resources,  Granada  was  st.: 
formidable  from  its  local  position  and  its  defences.  On  the  east  it  \va> ffn^ 
in  by  a  wild  mountain  barrier,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  whose  snow-chul  suniunt' 


diffiised  a  gr 
Tlie  side  toi 
k  walls  and 
t<i  two  liiind 
wa>  likely,  ii 
wpre  twenty 
tiiee(|j'e  of  t 
ton  leagues.  1 


whose  proljfir 

of  the  Aralii.i 

the  rei»eated  i 

The  jiiliahj. 

their  enemy, 

nients.    They 

to  pijiial  encoi 

the  tiiuh-mettl 

tilt"ni:jn""iind, 

8<>ieniliie(i  hea 

caiii[i  was  grar 

i^th  the  conn 

from  Alcalii  la 

these  kni;,'htly 

tiiii)>trelsy,  Avh 

warriors,  "sheds 

The  festivity 

'ii'i  not  divert 

t*Tided  the  mil 

f!i'ani[)iiient. 

m)  ■ 

Ciflf 


'lete  armni 

he  adii 

ition  of  tlu 


"  Carbiijal,  Anales,  MS.,  iifio  1491. 

'  AccoKiing  to  Zufiina.  the  (piota  furniBhed 
by  SfviUo  tliis  sohsoii  ainountcd  to  6000  foot 
and  500  horw,  who  v:cto  recruited  by  fresh 
reiiilDrcenniitH  no  lens  than  tlve  times  during 
the  campaign.     Annales  de  SeviUa,  p.  406.— 


The  supplies  drawn  from  the  m^hen  r' 
vincCB  of  Guipuscoa  and  Alava  amouiiK^l' 
only  1000  foot,  450  croeslx'w-iii'ii,  Hml  5>J 
lancers,  who  were  to  ki^ep  thf  t  ■  1«1  f"f  ''^'^ 
days.— Col.  de  CedulM,  toin.  iii-  I'u.  43;  toiii 
iv.  no.  31. 


'•ondp,  I»<)min, 

II  C:ip  42._Ii,.rna 
"Pl'JO.-Pct.T    \ 

r'l.  -a.-Mrtrninl 

;*I,rap.H.      ^..^ 

'■  '■"— Martvr 
STdiints,  "vu'vaji 
'■"'  '"  1^'  the*  1,11 
"'rl'f"  Casiri  ha 
iT'-tiiie  iKirticu... 
!■  !"i'«ti"n,  and  soc 
'••'"11^  Arahic  aut 
""»l'ii«i<.  tf.m  ii 
"_tuf  Ul-,r,|o.  \ 
'■  ■  .'ind  the  Kiiu 
j  iymt,  of  A  rah, 
j, ■'":''""-  '''I*;),  d( 

»t_'1ircliit..ct,iralm 
"""n.'ocTasioii, 

I«»-«bt.Miti;.dhi.sai 


SURRENDER  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


267 


;  fur  ii'i 
uatii.'.l  y 
III  ^^llii'u 

VC  (if   ill.' 

i'r>.  '1;,. 
tin  wiil'i,. 
a.iliMi'^". 

amlili'rN 
t<i  a  I  If* 
iiii^  mm  y 

vtvort'iii'' 
t'  iiatiiiini! 
lie.    Ffi'iii 

the  closin: 
•my  ill  til'' 
til'  MiHirbli 
iiu>U'rt'«i  i!i 
i.vjiiitl  hi'M 
iiiiiiiln'r  t'l 
(•liii'tlv.  a^ 
iiitic  i'ti"rl'> 
[ry  tiuartt:. 

M'lVt'S  \u\\\ 

ailiz  iiii'l 

i  Apiili'i"' 

naiiy  liarti 

(if  Ojostle 
HMdiiiaii'i" 
iiianiui>  "t 

ider  ("f  tl'.e 
MliuianaN 

•niietl  wiih 

I  liaiii'.f*- 


iiii 


Aft(>r  t 


!,K. 


the 


liaiik>"i 
0.1  to  sta!.'l 
iauce  to  th'^ 


..la  was  sn 
t  \va>  feii'^-' 

■hid  MllUUll'^ 

va  aniouiit^^'i  i- 

.iiiHi,  ami  s;-' 

tu.Ul  for  'iJ''^ 

ii.  110.43;  toai' 


liiffiised  a  pratcfnl  coolness  over  thy  city  thro\iph  the  sultry  heats  of  summer. 
Tlio  si.lf  towards  the  vega,  facing  the  Christian  encnnipinent,  was  encircled 
U  walls  ami  towers  of  massive  stiength  and  solidity.  The  population,  swelled 
t,"i  two  liiuidred  thousand  hy  the  ininiigraticn  from  the  surrounding  co\mtry, 
wa-  likt'lv.  indee<l,  to  be  a  burden  in  a  protracted  siege ;  but  among  tliein 
wore  twenty  tl'.ousand,  the  flower  of  the  Moslem  chivalry,  who  had  escai>ed 
tluMM^'e  of  thii  Christian  sword.  In  front  of  the  city,  for  an  extent  of  nearly 
ten  leagues,  lay  unrolled  the  magnificent  vega, — 

"  Frosra  y  rpf^nlada  vo^a, 
Duico  n  (TPacion  do  ilatnan 
Y  de  hoiubrcH  gloria  immensa," — 

irhn<:p  prrilific  l>eanties  could  scarcely  be  exaggerated  in  the  most  florid  strains 
of  the  Araliian  minstrel,  and  which  .still  bloomed  luxuriant,  notwithstanding 
the  reiK'ated  rava,;'es  of  the  preceding  season.* 

The  iiihaiiitaiits  of  Granada  were  filled  with  indignation  at  the  sight  of 
their  enemy,  thus  encamped  under  the  shadow,  as  it  were,  of  their  battle- 
ments.  They  sallied  forth  in  small  bodies,  or  singiy,  challenging  the  Spaniards 
to  pniial  encounter.     Numerous  were  the  combats  which  took  place  between 
till'  liiijli-mettled  cavaliers  on  both  sides,  who  met  on  the  level  arena,  as  on  a 
tiit'iiu'  kToiiml,  where  they  might  display  their  prowess  in  the  presence  of  the 
a<<enitile(l  beauty  and  chivalry  of  their  respective  nations ;  for  the  Spanish 
caniii  was  ^^raeed,  as  usual,  by  the  presence  of  queen  Isabella  and  the  infantas, 
wth  the  coiirtlv  train  of  ladies  who  had  accompanied  their  royal  mistress 
from  AlcaU  la  Heal.     The  Spanish  ballads  glow  with  jiicturesque  details  of 
these  kni:,'htly  tourneys,  forrnmg  the  most  attractive  portion  of  this  romantic 
iiiiii>trelsy,  which,  felebrating  the  prowess  of  Moslem  as  well  as  Christian 
warriors,  sheds  a  dying  ^lory  round  the  last  hours  of  Granada.' 
The  festivity  which  reigtuMl  throughout  the  camp  on  the  arrival  of  Isabella 
lil  not  divert  her  attention  from  the  stern  business  of  war.     She  superin- 
[crM  the  military  preparations,  and  personally  inspected  every  part  of  the 
e!i  ainpiiieiit.    She  appeared  on  the  field  suy>erbly  mounted,  and  dressed  in 
(Tinii'lete  armour  ;  and,  as  she  visited  the  different  (juarters  and  reviewed  her 
trniiK,  she  administered  words  of  commendation  or  sympathy,  suited  to  the 
conaition  of  the  soldier.'* 


'  londo,  iKiminacion  de  Ioh  Arabofl,  torn. 
li  ctp  4'2.— litriiaUk'Z,  HeyeHCat^licoH,  MS., 
c«p  luo.-P.t.T  Martyr,  Opus  Kplst.,  lib.  3, 
fp!<t  «9.— MarnKil,  Rebelion  de  los  Moriscos, 
*  l.rsp  H.  ]j.  Marineo,  CosaHinemorttbles, 
fv  1T7.— .Martyr  n-marks  that  the  Genoese 
HTdiintu,  '•  Mivancrs  to  every  clinie,  declare 
I-!*  t.i  Ix'  the  largest  fortified  city  in  the 
*'rM"  C.isiri  has  collected  a  body  of  in- 
I'Miiie  [lurtiiularH  reppecting  the  wealth, 
I'  I'liUti.in,  and  social  habits  of  <  iranada,  from 
'i"."'!'  Aral.ic  authorities.  FHbliotheca  Es- 
tT'Al'iiMstom,  ii  pp.  247-260.— The  French 
» fkuf  Lalxmle,  Voyage  pittoresque  (Paris, 
'■  ■  ,.init  the  Knf?lish  one  of  Murphy,  Kn- 
pTltl^^  of  Arabian    Antiquities   of   Spain 

'"Ion,  \xi(,),  do  ample  justice  in  their 
.t-h.tl  df-iifiMs  to  the  general  topography 
|»r.|itrthitictural  magnificence  of  (iranada. 

'"inni'rxTasion,  a  Christian  knight  having 
«iv<.mfitr>,i  \vith  a  handful  of  men  a  much 
ni»nurbo.ly  of  Moslem  chivalry,  King  Ab- 
Jt.sb  tc'titied  his  admiration  of  liis  prowess 


by  sending  him  on  the  following  day  a  mag' 
niflcent  present,  togi  tlnr  with  his  own  sword 
superbly  mounted.  (.Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de 
Hist.,  tom.  vl.  p.  178.)  The  Moorish  ballad 
beginning 

"  A I  Key  Chico  de  Granada  " 

describes  the  panic  occasioned  in  the  city  by 
the  Christian  encampment  on  the  Xcnil : 

"  Por  ese  fresco  (Jenil 
un  camjK)  viene  marcbando, 
tulo  de  lucida  gente, 
las  armas  van  rehunbrando. 

"  Las  vandera.'^  traen  tendidas, 
y  un  estan<laite  <)i)ra<lo; 
el  General  tie  esta  gente 
es  el  invicto  Fernando. 
Y  tamhien  viene  la  Reyna, 
Mngor  del  Rey  don  Fernando, 
la  qu.il  tiene  tanto  esfuer/x) 
que  aninia  a  (}ualquier  soldado." 

'"  Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS., cap.  101. 

8 


258 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


On  one  occasion  she  expressed  a  desire  to  take  a  nearer  survov  of  tho  citv. 
For  this  purpose  a  lioiise  was  selected,  allordiiiK  the  hest  point  of  view,  in  the 
little  village  of  Zuhia,  at  no  ^Teat  distiince  from  Granada.  Tlic  kiiiu  aiil 
queen  stationed  themselves  hefore  a  window  which  commanded  an  unliroktu 
prosj)eet  of  the  Alhamhra  and  the  most  heautiful  (juarter  of  tiie  town.  In 
the  mean  while,  a  considerable  force,  under  the  marquis  duke  of  Cadiz,  lia  i 
been  ordered,  for  the  protection  of  the  royal  piersons,  to  take  up  a  j»ositiMii 
})etween  the  village  and  the  city  of  (iranada,  with  strict  injunctions  on  iw 
account  to  engage  the  enemy,  as  Isalu^lla  was  unwilling  to  stain  the  pieuMin^ 
of  tin;  day  witri  minecessary  ert'usion  of  blood. 

The  people  of  Granada,  however,  were  too  impatient  long  to  oiidiirc  th^' 
presencf!  and,  as  they  deemed  it,  the  bravado  of  their  enemy.  Tlitv  lMir>t 
forth  from  the  gates  of  the  cajiital,  dragging  along  with  them  sevciiil  iiicns 
of  ordnance,  and  commonced  a  brisk  assault  on  the  Spanish  lines.  Tiie  iatt»r 
sustained  the  shock  with  firnme.ss,  till  the  manjuis  of  Cadiz,  .swing  thtiii 
thrown  into  some  disorder,  fomid  it  necessary  to  assume  the  otlt'iisive,  aiM, 
nm.stering  his  followers  around  him,  made  one  of  those  desperate  char^'f 
which  had  .so  often  broken  the  enemy.  The  Moorish  cavalry  faltered,  lint 
nn'ght  have  disputed  the  gi'ound,  had  it  not  been  for  the  infantry,  whioli, 
composed  of  the  rabble  [topulation  of  the  city,  was  easily  thrown  into  cmi- 
fusion,  and  hurried  tho  horse  along  with  it.  The  rout  now  became  general. 
The  vSpanish  cavalier.s,  whose  l)lood  was  up,  pursued  t<5  the  very  gates  nl 
Granada  ;  "and  not  a  lance,"  says  Jiernaldez,  "that  day,  but  was  dyea  in  tlio 
blood  of  the  infidel."  Two  thou.^anc'  of  the  enemy  were  slain  and  taken  i;i 
the  engagement,  which  lasted  only  a  short  time  ;  and  the  sjaiigliter  was 
stopped  only  by  the  escape  of  the  fugitives  within  the  wallii  of  the  city." 

About  the  middle  of  July,  an  accident  occurred  in  the  camp,  wliich  \va>like 
to  have  been  attended  with  fatal  consequences.  The  (pieen  was  lodgel  in  a 
superb  pavilion,  belonging  to  the  marquis  of  Cadiz,  and  always  used  liy  liim  in 
the  Moorish  war.  By  the  carelessness  of  one  of  her  attendants,  a  lainji  «a> 
jdaced  in  such  a  .situation  that  during  the  night,  perhaps  owing  to  a  gii>t  "f 
wind,  it  set  fire  to  the  drapery  or  loose  hangings  of  the  pavilion,  wliicli  «a> 
instantly  in  a  blaze.  The  Haine  communicated  with  fearful  raniility  tn  tbi 
neighbouring  tents,  made  of  light,  combustible  materials,  and  the  caiii]'  wib 
menaced  with  general  conflagration.  This  occurred  at  the  dead  of  ni,!;, 
when  all  but  the  sentinels  were  buried  in  sleep.  The  queen,  and  lier  eliildrt  ii, 
whose  aiiartments  were  near  hers,  were  in  great  peril,  and  escaped  with 
dilticulty,  though  fortunately  without  injury.  The  alarm  soon  sjncail.  TIi-' 
trunii>ets  sounded  to  arms,  for  it  was  supposed  to  be  some  night  attack  ( f  tin' 
enemy.  Ferdinand,  snatcliin^  up  his  arms  hastily,  nut  himself  at  the  licau  f 
his  troops,  l)ut,  soon  ascertaining  the  nature  of  the  disaster,  content"'!  liiiii-'''i 
with  posting  the  marquis  of  Cadiz,  with  a  strong  body  of  horse,  ()\t'r  a;:ai[i>t 
the  city,  in  order  to  repel  any  sally  from  that  ([uarter.  None,  however,  wa.^ 
attempted,  and  the  tire  was  at  length  extinguished  without  i)ersoiia!  injur}, 
though  not  without  loss  of  much  valuable  property,  in  jewel.s  plate,  lirocadc, 
and  other  costly  decorations  of  the  tents  of  the  nobility." 


"  nornaldpz,  Reyes  Cat61icos,  "Sl^.,  cap. 
101. — Coixic,  DDiiiluacion  tie  los  Arabos,  torn, 
iii.  cap.  4'2. — I'oter  Martyr,  OpiiH  Kjiist  ,  lib. 
4,  ojiist.  90. — Piil^rar,  Ucyos  Cat^licos,  lap. 
l.'i.t. — Zurita,  AiiaU's,  torn.  iv.  cap.  Hs.  —  Isa- 
l)flla  afterwards  cansetl  a  Franciscan  nioiins- 
tory  to  be  liuilt  in  coninu'nioratidn  of  this 
event    at    Zubia,  where,   according   to   Mr. 


Irving,  the  house  from  which  she  winif'^^i 
the  action  is  to  be  si^cn  at  tli<'  prescm  aiy 
See  Conquest  of  Granada,  chnii.  '.fn,  JvH'. 

''  Voter  Martyr,  Opii.s  Kpist.,  111).  4.  eiw. 
91.— Bernaldez,  Reyea  rat(',li.'..s.  M^._c»r 
101. -(Ja'il)av,  Compendio.  toiii  ii.  p  c:i- 
Hlpda.  (^oron'ica,  p.  61i>.— M^inuul,  IWMm 
do  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  1». 


In  order 
aMc  wintfi 
t'  reipiire 
ll.nr  of  tlu 
I-ii.  The 
xveral  citi( 
::ito  an  art 
iNacefnl  hili 
In  le.ss  tl 
•["it  so  rcci 

iMtll  soh'ij  ,s 

li'ihe.s  stall 
.'.iiiiT'ilar  for 
■  'M  angles 
"f  the  fonr 
'I'larters,  reci 
if  the  work. 
tlie  new  city 
nio<lestIy  decl 
in  t  ikeii  of  tl 
iii  I'ivine  Pn 
1491,  a  nionni 
"the  r)nly  cjt^ 
I'tyn  containi'i 
The.  erect  ioi 
I''fi|ileof  (irai 
Jiiie.    They 
-•"ver  more"  tr 
n''xka<le.  wlii( 
i"  wititniiiiicji 
>;;''wiinati(;n 

'>■'!  of  til,.  (.Jt 

(■i-i\  the  mil 
^'W'C'I  that  th] 
'^•'  month  of  _ 
•^'"Ichiiaho,  to) 
*i^  to  he  condf 
^"'t»itlistandiil 
■^r ''}■  indefiiiiti 
T'lf'  Npanislf 
pajiiju  rie  XafrJ 

''.^t'lisdelicatf 
■•'*'  Moorish  }) 
^'''T.'d  to  thef 

t;  «'•'"'!  hii,. 
ti!rn{(e. 

T'le  confererl 

,  „  '  E^tra-la,  I'„li 

W,  Ijh    I       -"'rip 

••f'nilpr,,.,.  vviti 
I  "-njtiiairatjiig  o 


SURRENDER  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


2r)0 


In  onltT  to  f^\ti.T([  against  a  similar  disaster,  as  woU  as  to  provido  comfort- 

tl'll  lU* 

1  (Mlitices  on  the 


a'llc  wiiit.T  (iiiartors  for  the  army,  should  tlie  sic^rc  l>o  so  lon^^  itmiracti'il  as 
\n  iti|iiiit'  it,  it  was  resolved  to  tmild  a  town  of  siiiistantial  eaitices  ( 
llaci'  (»f  the  jiresent  encampment.  The  plan  was  immediately  put  in  execu- 
t;  n.  Tiie  work  was  distril)nted  in  due  proiH)rtions  amonj;  the  troops  f»f  tlu> 
y  veral  cities  and  of  the  ^Tcat  nohility  ;  the  soliher  was  on  a  sudden  converted 
into  ail  artisan,  and,  instead  of  war,  the  camp  eclioed  with  the  sounds  of 
irm'U\\  lahour. 

In  jess  than  three  months  this  stupendous  task  was  accomplished.  The 
.[»it  so  recently  occupied  hy  li^dit,  fluttering'  jiavilions  was  thickly  covered 
with  solid  .structures  of  stone  and  mortar,  comprehendin.).^  lu'sides  (hvellinj;- 
h.ii^os,  stahles  for  a  thousand  horses.  The  tow.,  was  thrown  into  a  ipiad- 
raii;."ilar  form,  traversed  hy  two  spacious  aveiuies,  intersecting^  each  other  at 
:  :lit  aii.ulcs  in  the  centre,  ni  the  form  of  a  cross,  with  stately  portals  at  each 
it  the  f"ur  extremities.  Inscriptions  on  blocks  of  marble,  in  the  various 
i|iiartt'rs,  recorded  the  respective  shares  of  the  .several  cities  in  the  execution 
if  tlu'  work.  When  it  was  completed,  the  whole  army  was  desirous  that 
the  new  ( ity  should  hear  the  name  of  their  illustrious  (lueeri ;  hut  I.sahel'a 
moilestly  declined  this  tribute,  and  bestowe<l  on  the  place  tne  title  of  S>int<i  I'f, 
intikt'ii  (if  the  unshaken  trust  manifested  by  her  jieople  throu;^hout  this  war 
ill  l>ivino  l'r(»vidence.  With  this  name  it  still  stands  as  it  was  erected  in 
1491,  a  monument  of  ♦he  constancy  and  enduring'  patience  of  the  Spaniards, 
"the  only  city  in  Spain,"  in  the  words  of  a  (.'astilian  writer,  "that  ha.s  never 
!i.'en  contaiiiinated  by  the  Moslem  heresv."  " 

The.  erection  of  Santa  Fe  by  the  Spaniards  struck  a  greater  damp  into  the 
]«M.|iie  of  (Iranada  tlian  the  most  succes.sfid  military  achievement  could  have 
Ine.  They  beheld  the  enemy  settintj  foot  on  their  soil  with  a  resolution 
::HVpr  more  to  resign  it.  They  already  began  to  sutler  from  tlie  rigorous 
il'xkaiie.  which  eH'ectually  excluded  supjdies  from  their  own  territories,  while 
a'l  eoininniiicution  with  Africa  was  jealously  intercepted.  Symptoms  of  in- 
-ihordiiiatioii  had  begun  to  show  them.selves  among  the  overgrown  popula- 
t;nof  the  city,  as  it  felt  more  and  more  the  f>ressure  of  famine.  In  this 
criMs,  the  unfortunate  Abdallah  and  liis  nrincipnl  counsellors  became  con- 
rjiced  that  the  place  could  not  be  maintained  nuich  longer  ;  and  at  length,  in 
tht'  month  of  October,  propositions  were  m.ade,  thnjii^li  the  Vizier  Abid  i'azim 
.Mi-lclnialie,  to  open  a  negotiation  for  the  surrender  of  the  jilace.  The  aHair 
»a.^  to  he  conducted  with  the  utmost  caution  ;  since  the  jjcojile  of  (iranada. 
notwithstanding  their  precarious  condition  and  tludr  disquietude,  were  buoycu 
i;i  i'V  inflcliiiite  exi)ectations  of  relief  from  Africa  or  .some  other  (piarter. 

The  Sjianish  sovereigns  intrusted  the  negotiation  to  their  secretary,  Fer- 
MiMorle  Zafia,  and  to  Gon.salvo  de  Cordova,  the  latter  of  whom  was  selected 
frthisdi'licate  business  from  his  imcommon  address  and  his  familiarity  with 
the  Moorish  habits  and  language.  Thus  the  ca)»itulation  of  (jlrana(la  was 
Mirivij  to  the  man  who  acquired  in  her  long  wars  the  military  science  which 
^;:t''l(i|  him,  at  a  later  period,  to  foil  the  most  cUstinguished  generaJ,s  of 

The  conferences  were  conducted  by  night,  with  the  utmost  secrecy,  some- 


E.«traila,  Polilacion  do  Eppafia,  torn.  11. 
It  344,  :u,'<.-l'(t,'r  .Martyr,  Optis  Epist.,  \>h. 
*.^[.i>t.  '.H.— Marnidl,  Rcliolion  de  los  Moria- 
<».  lib.  1,  ,a],.  18.— Hita,  who  cnibclUslies 
■'•'B'jrKli.r,j<i.  with  occas'oiial  extracts  from 
'  -'-  r»-aut,tiil  IviUud  poetrv  of  .'^pain,  gives  one 
ccmtawrating  the  erection  of  .Santa  Fe  : 


"Cerai'la  esta  Santa  Kc 
c<iii  iihu'Iki  licnzo  encerailo 
al  rededor  hmk  li.is  tifndas 
de  sp'la,  oro,  y  lirocado. 

"  Iti.inic  cstan  DtunicH.  y  CondfB, 
St'fioret*  do  gran  «.'8t.ido,"  etc. 

Querr.i8  de  Granada,  p.  616. 


*r^i. 


SURRENDER  OF  TIIK  CAPITAL. 


2r>0 


In  order  to  pniard  against  a  similar  disastor,  as  well  as  to  provido  oomfort- 
ai  If  winter  (juarters  for  the  army,  slioiiM  the  siep'  I»o  so  lon^^  itrolracted  as 
t.i  rciuire  it,  it  was  resolved  to  Imiid  a  town  of  suhstantial  edifices  on  the 
likici'  (tf  the  j»resent  eneampment.  The  phin  was  immediately  put  in  execu- 
t;  .11.  The  work  was  distrihnted  in  due  pro|K)rtions  ainonj;  the  troops  (»f  the 
».  viTiil  cities  and  of  the  ^Teat  nohility  ;  tlu>  soldier  was  on  a  sudden  eonverted 
into  ail  artisan,  and,  instead  of  war,  the  eamp  echoed  with  the  sounds  of 
l^accfiil  hiKour. 

Ill  less  than  three  months  this  stupendous  task  was  accomplished.  The 
.jKit  so  recently  occujiied  hy  li^ht,  tiutt<Tiii<;  pavilions  was  thickly  covert-d 
with  soliil  structures  of  stone  and  mortar,  comjirehendin/i,  hesides  dwellinj'- 
li.MM's.  sfaMos  for  a  thousand  horses.  The  tow.,  was  thrown  into  a  ipuid- 
raiiu'Mlar  form,  traversed  Ity  two  spacious  avenues,  intersecting  each  other  at 
n:iit  aii.ules  in  the  centre,  ui  the  form  of  a  cross,  with  stately  portals  at  each 
i.f  the  four  extremities.  Inscripticms  on  Mocks  of  marhle,  in  the  various 
i|iiarters,  recorded  the  respective  shares  of  the  .several  cities  in  the  execution 
(f  the  work.  When  it  was  completed,  the  whole  army  was  desirous  that 
the  new  (ity  should  hear  the  name  of  their  illustrious  (lueeri ;  hut  Isahel'a 
molestly  declined  this  trihute,  and  hestowed  on  the  place  tne  title  of  SnnUi  /•>, 
intikeii  (if  the  unshaken  trust  manifested  hy  her  people  throu|;hout  this  war 
ill  l»iviiie  Providence.  With  this  name  it  still  stands  as  it  was  erected  in 
1491,  a  monument  of  *he  constancy  and  endurinj;  patience  of  the  Spaniard.s, 
"the only  city  in  Si)ain,"  in  the  words  of  a  (."astilian  writer,  "that  ha.s  never 
Ufii  coiitaiiiinated  l»y  the  Moslem  heresv."  "' 

The.  erection  of  Santa  Fe  hy  the  Sjjanlards  struck  a  greater  damp  into  the 
[»v,|ile  of  (iranada  than  the  most  successf\d  nnlitary  achievement  could  have 
dme.  They  heheld  the  enemy  settinij  foot  on  their  soil  with  a  resolution 
iievpr  more  to  resign  it.  They  already  hegan  to  sutler  from  the  rigorous 
llockade.  which  effectually  excluded  supidies  from  their  own  territories,  while 
ill  coinniniiication  with  Africa  was  jealously  intercepted.  Symptoms  of  in- 
>;t'orilination  had  hegun  to  show  them.selves  among  the  overgrown  popula- 
tim  of  the  city,  as  it  felt  more  and  more  the  [iressure  of  famine.  In  this 
crbis,  the  unfortunate  Ahdallah  and  liis  principal  counsellors  hecame  con- 
rjiml  that  the  place  could  not  he  maiiitained  mucli  longer  ;  and  at  length,  in 
tht'  month  of  Octoher,  propositions  were  made,  throll^ll  the  Vi/ier  Ahul  C'azim 
AlHlflinalio,  to  open  a  negotiation  for  the  surrender  of  the  place.  The  affair 
»a.>  to  he  conducted  with  the  utmost  caution;  since  the  jjeojde  of  (iranada. 
rii'twithstaiiding  their  precarious  condition  and  their  disquwtude,  were  huoyeu 
E]  i'V  indetiiiite  expectations  of  relief  from  Africa  or  some  other  ((uarter. 

The  Spanish  sovereigns  intrusted  the  negotiation  to  their  secretary,  Fer- 
Mii'lode  Zafra,  and  to  Gonsalvo  do  Cordova,  the  latter  of  whom  was  selected 
frthisdt'licate  husiness  from  his  unconunon  address  and  his  familiarity  with 
tilt'  Moorish  hahits  and  language.  Thus  the  cai»itulation  of  (irana(la  \yas 
MVrred  to  the  man  who  acquired  in  her  long  wars  the  military  science  which 
^;aMi'(l  him,  at  a  later  period,  to  foil  the  most  distinguished  generals  of 

The  conferences  were  conducted  by  night,  with  the  utmost  secrecy,  some- 


f>traiia,  Polilariun  do  Espafia,  torn.  il. 
pp  344,  :w,H.-|',.tcr  Martvr,  Opus  Epist.,  M). 
'■1'i^t.  M.— Marmol,  H('l>olion  de  los  Moris- 
l'*-  lil>  1,  >'ai>.  IH.—Hita,  who  cnibpllishes 
;''uurhli.M«..  with  occMS'oiial  t-xtracls  from 
'  ''■nut, 111!  b  ilhid  jwetrv  of  Spain,  gives  one 
I » tniuiwrating  the  erection  of  Santa  Fe  : 


"Cerai'la  esta  Santa  Kc 
coll  iiiiicho  licii/o  piiccrado 
al  roilidor  nniclias  tifndaa 
dc  sP'la,  oro,  y  lirocado. 

"  l><.ii(lc  estan  DiunicR.  y  CoiidfB, 
Sefiort'H  df  gran  csi.ido,"  etc. 

Guerr.is  de  Granada,  p.  516. 


^  VaVa 


'H 


2()0 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


times  within  tliR  walls  of  Oranada,  and  at  nthors  in  tlio  little  lianilct  of  Chm- 
riaiia,  aliont  a  l(«,f,'uc  distant  from  it.  At  leiij^th,  aft<'r  lai>;(^  dis(  usskji,  ,,,, 
liotli  sides,  the  terms  of  ca|>itulation  were  definitively  settled,  and  ralitiid  t  * 
the  respeetive  monarchs  on  the  'ioth  of  Novemher,  1491.'* 

'J'he  eonditi<»ns  were  of  similar  thon/;h  somewhat  more  liberal  import  tliau 
those  f^ranted  to  iJaza.  The  inhahitants  of  (Iranada  were  to  retain  |Miss('»i,,|, 
of  their  mos(pies,  with  the  free  exereise  of  their  relij,nun,  with  all  its  iHniliar 
rites  and  eerenuMiies  ;  they  were  to  he  jndj^eil  hy  th(  ir  own  laws  unucr  thtir 
own  aidis  or  ma^nstrates,  suhject  to  the  general  control  of  tlic  ('iu«tiiiai; 

{governor ;  thev  were  to  Ikj  unmole.sted  in  their  ancient  nsages,  iiuuhk  r , 
anffiiage,  and  dress ;  to  he  jirotected  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  their  inopcrty,  «i;li 
th(^  right  of  (lisnosing  of  it  on  their  own  account,  and  of  migrating  whiii  aii  i 
where  they  would  ;  and  to  he  furnished  with  vessels  for  the  conveyance  of  sik  h 
as  chose  within  three  years  to  nass  into  Africa.  No  heavier  taxes  were  to  K 
imposed  than  those  customarily  jiaid  to  their  Arahic  sovereigns,  and  uuia- 
whatever  before  the  expiration  of  three  years.  King  Abdallah  was  to  rei^ai 
over  a  specified  territory  in  the  Alpujanas,  for  which  he  was  to  dn  iKPiiiagtt'i 
the  Castilian  crown.  The  artillery  and  the  fortifications  were  tt»  be  (l(li\t r^l 
into  the  han<ls  of  the  Christians,  and  the  city  was  to  be  surrendered  in  Mxty 
days  from  the  date  of  the  ciipitulation.  Such  were  the  princijial  terms  of  tlic 
surrender  of  (Jranada,  as  authenticated  by  the  n)ost  accredited  Castilian  ai M 
Arabic  authorities;  which  I  have  stated  the  more  precisely,  as  afiording  tlie 
best  data  for  estimating  the  extent  of  Spanish  pertitly  in  later  times. '^ 

The  conferences  could  not  be  conducted  so  secretly  but  that  sonic  reoortrif 
them  got  air  among  the  populace  of  the  city,  who  now  regarded  AlHlallaii  witli 
an  evil  eye  for  his  connection  with  the  Cliristians.  When  the  fact  ul  tia' 
capitidation  became  known,  the  agitation  speedily  mounted  into  an  open  iii 
surrectioii,  which  menaced  the  safety  of  tl»e  city,  as  well  as  of  AlnlalLili's 
person.  In  this  alarming  state  of  things,  it  was  thought  best  by  that  inonan  h  > 
counsellors  to  anticipate  the  appointed  day  of  surrender ;  and  tiie  -lul  >  f 
January,  1402,  was  accordingly  fixed  on  for  that  purpose. 

Every  f)rej)aration  was  made  by  the  Sjianiards  for  performing  this  la.»t  ait 
of  the  drama  with  suitable  pomp  and  etiect.  The  mourning  which  the  (uiirt 
had  put  on  for  the  death  of  Prince  Alonso  of  Portugal,  occasioned  by  a  fal! 


'^  Pedraza.  AntifjQcdad  de  Granada,  fol.  74. 
— Oiovio,  I)e  Vita  Uonsalvi,  apud  Vita'  lllust. 
Viroruni,  pp  211,  212.— iSaLizar  de  Mendoza, 
Cron.  del  (iran  Cardcnal,  p.  236.— Cardonne, 
Jlist.  dt*  r.\fri(ju('  Pt  de  TEspapne,  toni.  til. 
pp.  .'tl(i,  ;U7.  — Conde,  Dominacion  de  los 
Arabes,  torn.  iii.  cap.  42.  — L.  Mariiico,  Co.«a.s 
memorubli's,  fol.  17h. — Marmol,  however, 
assigns  the  date  in  the  text  to  a  separate 
capitulati(jn  respecting  Ai)dallah,  dating  that 
made  In  Ix^half  of  the  city  three  di.ys  lat^T. 
(iicbelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  19.) 
Tliis  author  has  given  the  articles  of  the 
treaty  witli  greater  fulness  and  precision  than 
any  other  Spani-h  hi.-torian.* 

"  Maruiol,  Rebelion  Je  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1, 
cap.  19. — Conde,  Uouiinacion  de  lo.s  Arabes, 


torn.  Iii.  cap.  42. — Zurita,  Aiiales,  torn.  li. 
can.  90.  — Cardoune,  Hist,  de  rAfri(iu<'  n  4" 
I'Espagne,  toni.  iii.  pp.  317,  3Ih.— Ovinl., 
Quiiicuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  riuinc.  1.  dial  2< 
— Martyr  adds  that  the  principal  Mi>'r>h 
nobility  were  to  remove  from  tlio  city,  vi'i"* 
Epist.,  lib.  4,  cpist.  92.)  Pedniza.  wii"  i  »• 
devoted  a  volume  to  the  history  nf  (Iranaii. 
do<>s  not  seem  to  think  the  capitultttiiiii*  »in.i 
specilying.  Most  of  the  modern  Castili>:< 
pass  very  lightly  over  them.  Th»y  furni-h 
too  bitter  a  comment  on  the  conduct  of  'u'*- 
sequent  Spanish  monarchs.  Marmul  and  'h- 
Judicious  Zurita  agree  in  ev<ry  BubRtantul 
particular  with  Conde,  and  this  coincid-'Dif 
may  be  considered  as  establisliing  ll"^  **^"-'' 
terms  of  the  treaty. 


•  [Both  treaties — that  for  the  surrenucr  of 
the  city  and  the  private  capitulation  with  ihe 
Moorish  moiiiircli— bore  tlie  same  date,  which, 
witli  the  substance,  is  correctly  given  in  the 
text.    They  have  been  published  in  full,  fr'  m 


dociiments-but,  apparently,  not  the  inpml 
docutneniB— at  Slmancas,  in  tlie  '■th  vnluro' 
of  the  Col.  de  Doc.  iiied.  para  la  Hift  <i^ 
Espafta.— Ed.] 


frnin  Ilis  l,( 
•  V'luuu'i'd 

M!iiilt'('jiri> 
'.i:<l.iial  .\I 
I'li'lit'iidiiig 
.U'Hirish  wi 
.viV('r('i;,'iis. ' 
;iii  .\raliiaii 
i.i-i  .siiriitiii 

.  'r^'t'dllS  j);i 

ll,)ll^(■.^.      Th 

,U  tllC  CO 

OVtT  Wllicll   II 

iik't  liy  tilt' 

Mviiijiiiif  the 

"f  tia-  .\cnil 

tjinnvn  jiiui.s 

Kcniinand  h, 

iiM'l  iv:;ai-(l. 

coii  jiicror,  .sj 

thy  .siicc('s,s  w 

Millie  uonls  a 

with  a  (icjt'ct 

(lU'isaiii'c,  pa 

valiialilt'  eltcc 

The  soverei 

o'ciiiMitioii  of 

tilt'  outer  cin; 

ft'i'liii;;s  of  tl 

tht'j,'atc  of  I 

{•VniiiiHiiij  till 

tin-  staiKlanls) 

t-f  the  Alljanl 

iT'ike  forth  i{ 

I'<Mietiati'd  wij 

ti"ii  of  tlu'  LI 

tiieir  wi.sJio.s, 

, "  '^vi..,I„,  u-hJ 

f-'Mriis,    llS.SJ^riiH 

'■"'iiiU.  til.,  lirsl 

vVUiliciiH({fM,is, 

•'"  '  Hilt  as  thi 
'""'\  WU.S  \„a  t 
''-'•■  "f  III!'  tiiii. 

f""i"  M.Xty  yrar: 

''■'■'i"'i\  Ilis  aut 
y-jiwl  wHKl.t 
'""  w,trt\r.  ,|f> 
pAvHht'  iH'fore  tl: 
I'-ira/a.  A 
'^-Ntlazar  di 
'*''J"imi.  p    2J 

^^f  aw.-1'rter 
'■"■  '■  Lap.  2u. 


SURRENDKR  OF  TIIK  CAPITAL. 


261 


frmn  liis  horsp  a  few  months  after  liis  nmrriii;,'e  -vitli  the  infanta  IsaU'lla,  was 

,\li;iiu'i'tl  fiT  ^ay  Hntl  mauniticent  apparel.     On  ilie  Mi(»rnin^'  of  the  'Jul,  th»' 

Mhiilft  liristian  e^iinpexhiltitedascciujof  the  inostaniniatin;;  hustle.  The  .; rand 

-;i:4,iial  Menilniui  was  sent  fuiwanl  at  the  head  of  a  laiirf  detachi'.eiitj  coni- 

pivlii'inliim  Ills  JKiiiseholtl  troops,  and  the  veteran  infantry  ^'rown  '^riy  u\  the 

M>M.ii>li  wars,  to  occupy  the  Alhanihra  jtreparatory  to  the  entrance  of  the 

yivi'it'i;,'ns.'*     Ferdinand  st^itioned  himself  at  some  (hstance  in  the  rear,  near 

;iii  .\ral>ian  mo.s(|ue,  since  consecrated  as  the  hermitJii;e  of  St.  Sehastiim.    lie 

A,i,>  siiiinunded   hy  his  courtiers,   with  their  st^itely  retiiuies,  ;:litterin^  in 

..jr^'eoiis  i»anoi)l.y,  and  nroiidly  di>playin^'  the  armorial  heariiiL's  of  their  ancient 

fi.MiM's.    Tlu?  «iiieen  halted  stiil  farther  \n  the  rear,  at  the  village  of  Armilla." 

As  tlie  coliunn  under  the  jrrand  cardinal  advanced  up  the  llill  (»f  Martyrs, 

(iviT  wliii  li  a  road  had  heen  constructed  for  the  jtassivi^'e  of  the  artillery,  he  was 

111,'t  I'V  tlie  .M(K)rish  prince  Ahtlallah,  attended  hy  fifty  cavaliers,  who,  de- 

Mviidiiiu'  the  hill,  rode  up  to  the  position  occupied  hy  Ferdinand  on  the  hanks 

of  tlu'  .\enil.     As  the  Al(K»r  approached  the  iSpanish  kinjf,  he  would  have 

thrown  liiiuself  from  his  horse  and  saluted  his  hand  in  token  of  homage  ;  hut 

Fcnliiiiuiil  hastily  prevented  him,  emhracinij  him  with  every  mark  of  sympathy 

au'l  regard,     Ahibillah  then  delivered  up  the  keys  of  the  Alhamhra  to  his 

(o,i|iicr()r,  sayini;,  "They  are  thine,  ()  Kini^,  since  Allah  so  decrees  it:  use 

thy  success  with  clemency  and  moderation. '^    Ferdinand  woid<l  have  jittered 

sdiiie  Wdp Is  of  consolation  to  the  unfortunate  nrince,  hut  he  njoved  forward 

with  a  (It'jected  air  to  the  sj>ot  occupied  hy  Isahella,  and,  after  similar  acts  of 

uU'isiuice,  passed  on  to  join  his  family,  who  had  preceded  him  with  his  most 

valiuibie  ellects  on  the  rotite  to  the  Alpujarras.'* 

The  suverei^ms  durinj;  this  time  awaited  with  impatience  the  si;;nal  of  the 
(x'LUp'Uioii  of  the  city  hy  the  cardinal's  troops,  which,  winding'  slowly  along 
the  (jiiter  circuit  of  the  walls,  as  previously  arranj,'ed,  in  order  to  spare  the 
ft't'liii;,'s  of  the  citizens  as  far  as  po.ssihle,  entered  hy  what  is  now  called 
thi'jiiite  (»f  Los  Molinos.  In  a  short  time,  the  large  silver  cross,  home  hy 
Fenliuaml  throughout  tlie  crusade,  was  .seen  sparkling  in  the  sunheams,  while 
the  stamlards  of  Ca.stile  and  iSt.  Jago  waved  trunnphantly  from  the  red  towers 
of  the  Alliainhra.  At  this  glorious  spectacle  the  choir  of  the  royal  chapel 
hrike  forth  i»ito  the  solemn  anthem  of  the  Te  Deum,  and  the  whole  army, 
IKiit'tiati'd  with  deep  emotion,  prostrated  themselves  on  their  knees  in  adora- 
tion uf  tlie  Lord  of  hosts,  who  had  at  length  granted  the  consummation  of 
tlieir  wishes,  in  this  last  and  glorious  triumph  of  the  Cross.'*    The  grandees 

'"  Marniol,  IlilK'lion  di'  los   Moriros,  ubl 


ra  la  Hi^i  ^' 


"  Ovii(li),  whose  narrative  rxtiil)it.s  many 
iWrHpttiiccs  with  tluwe  of  otlicr  contcm- 
("■rurics,  assigns  this  part  to  tlie  coHiit  of 
i'li'liUii,  the  lirst  (•ai>ttti(i-K''neial  if  (Jmnada. 
^^^miuHHKi'M.is,  .MS.,  lial  I,  quinc.  I,  (H.-il. 
>  I  Itui  as  this  writer,  though  an  fyp-wit- 
iie<s,  was  hut  tliirtoen  or  fourteen  years  of 
u'"  at  thi'  time  of  tlie  fuptiire,  and  wrote 
»"UiH  sixty  years  later  from  his  early  reeol- 
l"'tiun«,  liis  authority  cannot  1^  considered 
"f  wnial  \v.i({lit  witli  that  of  persons  who, 
U"  .Mart\r.  describwl  events  as  they  were 
la^Hll(;  hefore  theui. 

l'''lra/a,  AntiKiiedad  de  Oranada,  fol. 
•i-sala/ar  de  Mendoza,  Cr6n.  del  Gran 
'»'|l"iiai,  p.  jas.- Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  iv. 
^i\>  9i).- Peter  .Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  4, 
j!'i«t.  ii'j,  — Aharca,  Ileyes  de  Aragon,  toni.  ii. 
w.  3ij<). -Maniiol,  Kebelion  de  loa  Moriscos, 
'■"  1,  cap.  2[). 


Biipra. — I'oiide,  honiinacion  de  Ids  A  rubes, 
toni.  iii.  cap.  4;).— IVdra/a,  AiitigUedatl  do 
(iraiiuda,  fol.  70. —  IJeriMlde/,,  lleyeH  (Jatoli- 
cos,  .MS.,  cap.  102. — Ziitita,  Anales,  ton*,  iv. 
cap.  Ui). — Oviedo,  t^ulncungentt.s,  M.S.,  bat.  1, 
quinc.  1,  dial.  2x. 

"  Oviedo,  Quincunpenas,  M.S.,  ubi  supra. 
—  One  is  ri'niiiided  of  'I'lisso's  description  of 
the  sumewhiit  similar  feeliiif^s  exhibited  by 
the  crusaders  on  their  entrance  into  .Jerusa- 
lem: 

"  Ecco  apparir  Oerusalem  si  v(tle, 
Kcco  additar  (Jerusalem  si  scorge; 
Kcco  da  mille  voci  unitameiite 
Gerusalemme  salutar  si  sente. 
»  •  »  «  # 

Al  gran  piacer  clie  ipiella  prima  vista 
Dulcemente  spiru  mil'  ulirui  petiu, 


202 


WAtt  OF  GRANADA. 


I 


wlif)  surrounded  Kfrdinand  tln'n  advanced  towards  the  queen,  and,  kiit'dii!,- 
down,  salutiMl  licr  hand  in  token  of  honiaire  to  her  as  sovereign  of  <ir,iii;i,!,i. 
Tlie  proces.sion  took  uj)  its  march  towards  the  citv,  "  the  kin.i,'  uii>|  i|ii(i:, 
moving'  in  the  midst,"  siiysan  historian,  "  emlilazoneil  with  royal  mauiiificciiir  ; 
and,  as  they  were  in  the  prime  of  hfe,  and  had  now  a(diieved  the  c'iiii|i|,.ti,u 
of  this  ^,d(»rious  con(|uest,  they  seemed  to  re]>resent  <'ven  more  tliiiu  tli»ir 
wonted  majesty.  Ktjual  with  each  other,  they  were  raised  far  ai»ove  tlu'  rt^t 
of  the  world.  They  appeared,  indeed,  njoro  than  mortal,  and  as  if  sent  U 
Heaven  for  the  .siilvati<»n  of  Spain."' '" 

In  the  mean  wliih?  the  Monrisli  kinj;,  traversin<f  the  routt^of  tlie  Aliniiairas 
reached  a  rocky  eminence  which  connnanded  a  hist  view  of  (.irunaila.  lie 
checked  his  horse,  and,  as  his  eye  for  the  last  time  wandered  over  ihesci'iics 
of  his  (hiparted  ^Meatness,  liis  heart  swelled,  and  he  hur>t  into  tears.  "  Ycii  do 
well,"  said  hi-i  more  masculine  mother,  "to  weep  like  a  woman  for  what  vni: 
coidd  not  defend  like  a  man!"  "Alas!"  exclaimed. the  unhajipy  e\i!(', 
"  wiien  were  woes  ever  e<iual  to  mine  !  "  The  scene  of  this  event  is  still 
(ointed  out  to  the  traveller  by  the  neoph^  of  the  district;  and  tlio  nxky 
leiyht  from  which  the  Moorisli  chief  took  iiis  sad  fannvell  of  the  |iiiii'.rfv 
ahodesof  his  youth  is  commemorated  hy  the  poetiaii  title  of  El  ultimo  Susj/iro 
del  Moro,  "  The  Last  Si,uh  of  the  Moor." 

The  se((uel  of  Alxhillah'.s  history  is  soon  told.  Like  his  uncle,  Kl  Za^rai,  he 
pined  away  in  his  harren  domain  of  the  Alpujarras,  under  the  shadow,  as  it 
were,  of  his  ancient  juilaces.  In  the  following,'  ye^r  he  ])a.ssed  over  to  Fez  with 
Ids  tamily,  havint:;  connnuted  his  petty  sovereignty  for  a  consiiK'ralile  >inii 
of  money  paid  him  hy  Ferdinand  and  Isahella,  and  soon  aft<'r  fell  in  liattloiii 
the  service  of  an  Africnn  prince,  his  kinsman.  "  Wretched  man,"  cxilaiiiii 
a  caustic  chronicler  of  his  nation,  "  who  could  lose  his  life  in  another's  oaiK. 
though  he  did  not  dare  to  die  in  his  own  !  Such,"  continues  the  .Vraliaii, 
with  characteristic  resignation,  "was  the  imnnit^ihle  de(;ree  of  devtiiiy. 
Blessed  he  Allah,  who  exalteth  and  dehaseth  the  kings  of  the  earth,  acciiniin: 
to  his  divine  will,  in  whose  fulfilment  consists  that  eternal  justice  wliidi 
regulates  all  human  aHair.s."  The  nortal  through  which  King  .\lMlalI;ili  fr 
the  last  time  issued  from  his  capifcil  was  at  his  reijuest  walled  up,  that  imiif 
other  mi/p^ht  again  j)ass  through  it.  In  this  condition  it  remains  to  this  tLiy. 
a  memorial  of  the  sad  destiny  of  the  last  of  the  kings  of  Granada.*' 

Alta  coiitrizion  8ticc«>s8o,  mista 
Di  timoroso  c  riverctite  affttto. 
Osaiiu  u|i[)cna  d'  iiiitalzar  la  vista 
Ver  la  citta." 

Genisalcmnic  Liberata,  Cant.  ill. 
St.  3,  5. 

"'  Mariana,  Hist,  de  ICspafla,  torn.  ii.  p. 
697.— I*. dr,i/.a,  Aiitigiitdad  de  (jnuiada,  fol. 
76.— Carliajil,  Aiialts,  MS.,  afiu  1492. — Coiule, 
Uomiiiaciuii  de  los  Arabos,  torn.  iii.  cajt.  4:i. 
-nii'da,  Coroiiica,  pp.  021,  622.— Zurita, 
Aiiali's,  t»in.  iv.  cap.  90. — Marmol,  Hc4)('li()n 
do  los  Moriscos,  lib.  i,  cap.  20.— L.  Mariiu'o, 
and  iiidfod  most  of  the  Spauisli  autliorities. 
n'prt'sent  the  sovorclRns  as  having  postponed 
their  entrance  into  tlie  city  until  ihe  5th  or 
6lh  of  January.  A  lettir  transcribed  liy 
Vedraza,  addressed  by  tlie  queen  to  tlie  jjrior 
of  Giiitdaliij)e,  one  of  lier  council,  dated  from 
the  city  of  (Jranada  on  tlie  2nd  of  .lanuary, 

U92,  shows  the  inaccuracy  of  this  statement. 

"ee  folio  76. 


In  Mr.  Lockhart's  picturestine  virsinii  f 
the  Mi'orish  ballads  the  reader  may  tin!  r; 
animated  description  of  the  triiiinplmiiUiiirv 
of  tlie  Christian  army  into  (iraiuuia: 
"Tliere  was  crying  in  Granada  wlion  the  sun 
was  going  down. 
Some  calling  on  the  Trinity,  some  calling 

on  Mahouii; 
Here  passed  away  the  Koran,  there  iu  tb'^ 

cross  was  borne. 
And  here  was  heard  tlie  Cliri>tian  bill,  and 

there  the  Moorish  horn; 
Te    iJtum    laudamua  was  up  the  .\luli 

sung; 
Down  from  the  Alhambra's  minarets  «tr- 

all  tlie  crescents  flung ; 
The  arms  therw)n  of  Aragon  atid  C'astii. 

they  display  ; 
One  king  comes  in  in  triumph,  one  wet-p- 
ing goes  away." 
•"  Conde,  Dominacion  de  los  Aral-e?.  torn. 
til.  cap.  90.— Cardonne,  Hist,  de  I'Afriqui' fl 


SURRENDKR  OF  THE  CAPITAL. 


L'»'.:i 


Tlu'  fall  of  «invnft(lu  excit«'4  a  ^'oiicml  soiiwition  throii^'lioiit  r]iri>t('n(!oiii, 
wliriT  it  was  ri'(«'ivi'(l  ;is  rouiitcrluilaiiciii;,',  in  u  immncr,  tlif  lu.-.s  of  (.'(nistaiiti 
ii(i|ilo  inaiiy  half  a  I'rntiirv  l>«'fuie.  At  \i>n\\v  the  cvt'iit  wji>  ruimin'iimratfil 
l,y  tt  M»lrmii  iiH)ce.s.si()ii  of  tlu;  |h»ik«  and  caidiMals  to  St.  Peter's,  when'  lii^'h 
iiirtss  was  {•('h'hratoil,  ami  the  niililic  ivjoiein^'  citntimu'd  for  voveral  davs.'"' 
TliL'  iiitflli;^'t'iu.'c  was  wi'IcoiihmI  with  no  loss  satisfaction  in  Knj;land,  wlicre 
IKnry  tlu'  Seventh  was  seated  on  the  turone.  The  eirennjstances  atteiidinj^ 
it,  its  related  by  Lord  liacon,  will  not  he  devoid  of  interest  for  the  reader.-' 


d'  I  F^p^k'Uf.  t"">  Hi.  p.  31!),  .TiO. — liarilmy, 
(.lUij-'ii'li".  tiiiii.  Iv.  lili.  40,  cHp.  42. — .M:«r- 

III  il,  ltrl«'li'lll  ill'   loS   MuriNCDH.   111).    1,  Clip.  20. 

—.Mr.  Irviii*;.  ill  liix  U'uutiliil  S|)Htilsli  Skctili- 
{■..li,  "  I  If  Alliiiinlira,"  (li-vntfH  ii  cluiptiT  to 
uji'iiii'iit<<><  of  Kiiuliilil,  ill  Mliirli  III'  traci'H 
iiiiiiuu'ly  till'  r<>ui<'  of  the  itrpost'tl  iiiDiiitn'li 
tftir  i|U:i(iiiK  till'  ^utt's  uf  his  citpitdl.  'I'ln* 
ikiiiii'  liiitlini',  ill  tlic  Appt'iuiix  III  hl^4  (.'uriiiiii'le 
iif  iiraiuiil.1,  '.'iiiniiiiii'N  a  iidiIci'  of  AlidallHirM 
lati'  uitii  tilt-  tiiiliiuiiiK  (li'Hcriptioii  ut  his 
l»rviii:  "A  [Kirlruit  id  IbiaUIII  «'l  Clijio 
i.  lu  1*1'  necii  ill  till'  plituri'  Kuiliry  of  the 
(i'liirHlifi-.  Ill'  is  rt'pnscMti'il  witli  a  iiiiM, 
luihlwiiH'  f'at'i',  a  luir  cuiiipli-xliiii,  iiml  yi'llow 
ij»lr.  His  ilri'.^s  Is  of  vi'lli)w  hriicmli',  rrlicvi'il 
witli  lil.ti  k  vi'lvi't ;  and  lit-  has  a  Mack  velvet 
cp,  .'^iinniiuiiii'il  with  a  ctowii.  In  the 
uriimiiry  uf  Mmlrjil  are  two  suits  of  armour 
Mi<l  to  liavi-  l)i'iuii){i'ii  to  him,  one  (if  Hdliil 
(■Uil,  Willi  very  littli'  ornami'iit;  the  .iiorioii 
iliivl.  Innii  till'  proportions  of  tlifsc  suits 
uf  »rmiiur,  lii'  must  have  been  of  full  stature 
ami  vufnMU^  I'lirin."     Note,  p.  .'JiM. 

"  S'lmri'Kii,  Ciiinminturii    do    UcbuH  (Jo- 

niiiri«iliii-,  apiiil  .Muratori,  Rcrum  Italicarum 

Nriiitiiri-.-i  (.Miiiiiilani,  li^il-.M),  tom.    xxiv. 

li  j.il.— It  fiirtiii'il  tilt'  Bulijcc't  of  a  thcalrital 

T'lirDiiiiiatiiiii  Ix'fort'  the  court  at   Naplis,  in 

till'  siiiir  yi'af.    'this  (liaina,  or  FnriKi,  as  it 

i"  ulii'il  by  its  (listin(:uisli((l  author.  Saiiiia- 

u:o,  is  uii  alli'Hiirical  miilliy.  in  which  Faith, 

I'V,  aiiil  thi'  false  iiro|ihi't  .SlalmMit  play  the 

[nniii.al  parts.    The  dillicuUy  of  a  precise 

•  .i«>ituatinn  of  this  piece  has  given  rise  to 

** iriiit'rili«cii.'*siiin  amoii^  Italian  critics  than 

til  sul.jiii  limy  be  thought  to  warrant.     See 

Nifrmri-lli,  Vicenile  della  Coltura   iielle  due 

Siiiii.'lNuiHili,  l.Hlo),  toni.  Hi.  jip.  543  et  seq. 

•'  ".s.iiiii'uhat  alwut  this  time,  came  letters 

fruin   Firiliiiaiiilo    ami    Isabella,    king    and 

qii'innf  Spain,  signifying  the  final  conquest 

'fiiraiiaila  fmni  the   Moors;    which  action, 

in  itsilf  so  worthy.  King  Ferdinando,  whose 

lujiiiiiT  -.\ds,  never  to  lose  any  virtue  for  the 

^:" 'Wiiij.',  liad  e.xpressed  and  displayed  in  his 

lUfN  at  larp',  with  all  the  particularities 

wii  rcli^'iuus  ptnictos  and  ceremonies  tliat 

'vri'  (pjisirvi'd  in  the  reception  of  that  city 

JMlliin^iliim ;  showing,  amongst  other  thing.s, 

'at  till'  kiiij;  would  not   by  any  means  in 

ITs-iioiitir  the  city  until  he  hail  first  aloof 

■-■■ntlip  I'riss  set  up  upon  the  greater  tower 

''  'iraimiirt,   whenby   it    became    Christian 

P'liml.      I'll. It    likewise,  before    he    would 

'■''T.  Ill'  did  li'iniage   to  (Jod  above,    pro- 

'■^iuiiciag  by  au  herald  from  tUc  height  of 


that  tower,  that  he  did  acknowledge  to  have 
recovered  that  kingdom  by  the  help  of  (iud 
Almighty,  and  the  glorious  Virgin,  and  the 
virtuous  a|MiHtle  St  .lames,  and  the  holy 
f.itlier  Innocent  \'lll  ,  together  with  the  aids 
and  services  of  his  pi  elates,  nobles,  and  com- 
mons. I  hat  yet  lie  stirred  n<>t  Inmi  his 
camp,  till  he  had  seen  a  little  army  of  mar- 
tyrs, III  the  number  of  sevi n  hundred  and 
more  Christians,  tliat  had  livid  in  lioiuts  and 
servitude,  as  slaves  to  the  .Moors.  piu>s  before 
his  eyes,  singing  a  psalm  tor  their  redemp- 
tion ;  and  that  he  bad  given  tribute  unto 
(jisl,  by  alms  ami  relief  ext»'iided  to  them 
all.  for  hit  admission  Into  the  dly.  These 
thiii|rs  were  in  tlie  letters,  with  many  more 
ceremonies  of  a  kind  of  holy  ostentation. 

"The  king,  ever  willing  to  put  himself 
into  the  (onsort  or  (|uire  of  all  religiotis 
ndions,  and  naturally  all'ecting  mucli  the 
king  of  .Spain,  as  far  as  one  king  can  affect 
another,  partly  for  bis  virtncH,  and  partly 
for  a  counterpoise  to  France,  upon  the  receipt 
uf  these  li  tters,  Sent  all  his  nobles  and  pre- 
lates that  were  alsiut  the  court,  together  w  itli 
the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  Luiulon.  in  great 
Hiilemnity  to  the  chunh  of  Paul,  there  to 
hear  a  declaration  from  the  loni  chancellor, 
now  cardinal.  When  they  were  assembled, 
the  cardinal,  standing  tipoii  the  uppe.niost 
step,  or  halfpate,  l)efore  the  (juire,  and  all 
the  nobles,  prelates,  and  governors  of  the 
city  at  the  fiHit  of  the  stairs,  made  a  sjM'ech 
to  them,  letting  them  know  that  they  wcrt; 
assembled  in  that  consecrated  jilace  to  sing 
unto  GihI  &  new  song.  For  that,  said  he, 
these  many  years  the  Christians  have  not 
gained  new  ground  or  territory  upon  the 
intiilels,  nor  enlarged  and  set  farther  the 
bounds  of  the  Ciiristian  world.  Hut  this  is 
now  done  by  the  prowess  and  devotion  of 
Ferdlnando  and  Isabella,  kings  of  Spain  ; 
who  have,  to  their  immortal  honour,  re- 
covered the  great  and  rich  klngilom  of  <Jra- 
nada,  and  the  popub)Us  ami  mighty  city  of 
the  same  name  from  the  Moors,  having  bet  n 
In  jiossession  thereof  by  the  space  of  seven 
hundred  j'ears,  and  nime;  for  which  this 
assembly 'and  all  Christians  are  to  render 
laud  and  thanks  to  (Jod.  and  to  celebrate  tiiis 
noble  act  of  the  king  of  Spain  ;  w  ho  in  this  is 
not  onlj'  victorious  but  apostolical,  in  the 
gaining  of  new  provinces  to  the  Christian 
faith.  And  the  rather  for  that  this  victory 
and  contiuest  Is  obtained  without  much  ellu- 
sion  of  blood.  Whereby  it  is  to  be  hoiietl 
that  there  shall  Ix'  gained  not  only  new  ten  I- 


204 


WAR  OF  QUANAPA. 


Thus  rn«lo(l  the  war  of  rjraua4la.  which  is  oft4»n  oonii»arr<l  hy  the  riistilian 
rhnniiclors  to  that  of  Tniy  in  its  (liiiation,  and  which  crrtninly  fiillv  ciiual't^l 
tlio  latter  in  variety  of  iiictun'M|iio  an«i  romantic  incidents,  and  in  (jrciin,. 
Htanc««  of  poetical  interest.  With  th«(  snrrender  of  its  ea|»ital  tcnniiHt.l 
the  Ara])ian  empire  in  the  Peninsula,  after  an  existence  of  seven  ImiMlri^l 
and  forty-ono  years  from  the  (Lit<'  of  tlie  original  cominest.  The  cdnserinciiM-, 
of  this  closing  war  were  of  the  lii^dieht  moment  to  t^jiain.  The  moNt  olivi.,  s 
was  tlie  recovery  of  an  extensive  U-rritory,  hitherto  held  hy  a  people  v,\ 


lOV 


dilh'rence  of  n'hVion,  lanpmL'e,  and  p-nerai  huhits  made  tluin  not  only 
incnftahle  of  assimilatinK  with  their  Christian  neijihlwurs,  hut  almost  tlmr 
natural  enemies ;  while  tlieir  local  position  was  a  matter  of  just  conrern,  a^ 
int<'r]>ose<l  iKJtween  the  great  divisions  of  the  Spanish  monarchy,  aii(l  (.|N'niiij 
an  ohvious  avenue  to  invasion  from  Africa.  Hy  the  new  coiupie^t,  iiiortuv.r, 
the  Spaniards  pjiincd  a  lar^e  extent  of  country,  possessing  the  lii^'licst  (a|a 
cities  for  [>r<Mluction,  in  its  natural  fniitfulness  of  soil,  tlie  tempcratiirc  of 
climate,  and  the  state  of  cultivation  to  which  it  had  heen  brought  hv  its  niKiti,; 
occupants  ;  while  its  shores  were  lined  with  commodious  havens,  tliat  atlonl.'.i 
every  facility  for  commerce.  The  scattered  fragments  of  the  ancient  Vi>ipitliii 
eniphe  were  now  again,  with  the  excej.tion  of  the  little  state  of  Ninarrc. 
comhiued  into  one  great  monarchy,  as  originally  <h'stined  hy  natuu' ;  iiini 
Christian  Sjiain  gradually  rose,  >iy  means  of  her  ih!w  ac<piisitions,  fruiu  a  sub 
ordinate  situation  to  the  level  of  a  first -rate  Kuropean  power. 

The  moral  iuflucnco  of  the  Moorish  war,  its  influence  on  the  Sjiani-h 
character,  was  highly  important  The  inhahitants  of  the  great  divisions  (f 
the  country,  as  in  most  countries  during  the  feudal  ages,  had  Iktii  lirondit 
too  fre(pieiitly  into  collision  with  each  other  to  allow  the  existence  of  a 
pervading  national  feeling.  This  was  particularly  the  cas<!  in  Spain,  wlnre 
indeix«n(lent  states  insensihly  grew  out  of  the  detached  fiauuients  of  territory 
recovered  at  diflerent  times  from  the  Moorish  monarchy,  llie  war  of  (liaiiiula 
suhjected  all  the  various  .sections  of  the  country  to  one  common  action,  m\>: 
the  influence  of  common  motives  of  the  most  exciting  interest ;  while  it 
"brought  them  in  conflict  with  a  race  the  extreme  rejiugnance  of  whose  iii>ti 
tutions  and  character  to  their  own  served  greatly  to  nourish  the  nationality 
of  sentiment  In  this  w.ay  the  snarlc  of  patriotism  was  kindled  throii;;lio!;t 
the  whole  nation,  and  the  most  distant  provinces  of  the  Peninsula  were  kiat 
together  by  a  bond  of  union  which  has  remained  indissoluble. 

The  con.se<iuences  of  the.se  wars  in  a  military  aspect  are  also  worthy  of 
notice.  Up  to  this  period,  war  had  heen  carried  on  by  irregular  IcvIcn 
extremely  limited  in  numerical  amount  and  in  i)eriod  of  service,  umlor  littli' 
suhordiiifition,  except  to  their  own  immediate  cnief.s,  and  wholly  iniiiro\iiii'l 
with  the  apjtaratus  required  for  extended  operations.  The  S|»aiiiarils  wtr'' 
even  lower  than  most  of  the  Kurojiean  nations  in  military  science,  ns  i< 
apparent  from  the  infinite  pains  of  Isabella  to  avail  herself  of  all  foiv:;;!i 
resources  for  their  improvement  In  the  war  of  Granada,  masses  of  iicn  wiie 
brought  together  far  greater  than  had  hitherto  heen  known  in  niddcni  war- 
fare. They  were  kept  in  the  field  not  only  through  long  canipaiKHS  1 '  t  fiir 
into  the  winter ;  a  thing  altogether  uni)recedented.  They  were  luiide  to  iv  t 
in  concert,  and  the  numerous  petty  chiefs  brought  into  complete  sul'jectioii  tu 

went  Bolomnly  in  prwcsnion,  and  Tc  I>uiii 
v,&H  sung."  "  Lord  Uaion.  lli«i"n  of  llie 
Reign  of  King   Henry  VII.,   in   t.is  Worts 


tory,  but  Infinite  bouIb  to  the  Church  of 
Christ,  whom  the  Alnilglity,  as  it  seems, 
would  have  live  to  be  converted.  Herc- 
witlial  he  did  relate  some  of  the  mos-t  memo- 
rable particuliirs  of  tlie  war  and  victory.  And, 
after  bis  speech  ended,  the  whole  assembly 


(ed.   London,   Irtlit),  vol.  v.  pp.  »6,  B6.-6rt 
alHo  Hall,  Chronicle,  p.  453. 


SUUKENDKK  oF  TIIK  CAPITAL 


2»'..') 


An»«  ffiri"'""!'  li»'A<l,  wliosc  |>ors<)iijil  c  huractn-  nifurci'd  tin*  antli(trity  of  sUitituj. 
\j\>[].  wrn*   siipplinl  witli  ull   till'   n■l|lli^it<•   iiitiiiitiniis,  tiir<Hi;,'li  iIm* 

M'>\i<li>ii('c  yf  l>jil)('llii,  will)  iiitKHliicnl  into  the  si'ivici-  the  iinot  skilful 
.•ii.iiit'rrs  fiitiii  ntlicr  cnimtrirN,  uml  k«'|»t  in  piiv  luniirN  of  innicnjiiit's, -us 
the  >v\i>s,  fur  «'X!ini|il«\  r«'|tiit('<l  thr  Ix'st  (lisci|ilin<Ml  tnxips  of  tlwit  diiv.  In 
ttih  iiiliiiiml)l«'  sclinnl  tlu'  Siiani.^li  soMicr  was  ^^nulujiily  trained  tn  patirnt 
tii'liiian('«>,  fortitude,  and  tliort>n^li  suliordination  ;  and  tliox'  ci'lclttattMl 
.i»|itaiii-«  were  ftninrd,  with  that  inNincihlr  infantry,  which  in  the  iK'^jinnniL' 
„(  tilt'  ^ixt•'«'nth  crntury  spn-ad  the  military  fame  of  their  country  over  all 
( lnistciiiloin. 

lint,  with  all  our  sympathy  for  the  ron(|iierors,  it  is  impossihle  without  a 
iW\>  ft't'liii^'  of  regret  to  <-(»nt«'niplat»'  the  decay  and  tinal  extinction  of  a  raee 
wliii  had  made  such  hi^di  ailvauces  in  civili/;iti(»n  as  the  Snanish  Aiahs  ;  to 
v*"*' tlitMiniriven  from  the  stately  jMilaces  reared  hv  their  own  hands,  wandering 
iiHt'xilt'N  over  tlu'  lands  which  still  lilossonied  with  the  fruits  of  tlu-ir  industry, 
iiml  witstin;,'  away  un<ler  perstMntion,  until  their  very  name  as  a  nation  was 
hlntteil  (lilt  from  the  maii  of  history.'*  It  must  l>e'ailmitled,  however,  that 
tiny  had  loim  since  reaclied  their  utmost  limit  of  advancement  as  a  people. 
Till' liu'lit  shed  over  their  history  shines  from  ilisUint  ap's  ;  for  «liirin^'  the 
Liter  )M'riod  of  their  existenct*  they  annear  to  have  reposed  in  a  state  of 
tHi|iii|.  Iiixiiiioiis  indiilj,'ence,  which  woulil  s»>cin  to  ar^rui'  that,  when  causes  of 
txttrnal  excitement  wer«'  withdrawn,  the  inherent  vices  of  their  social  in- 
^titiitidiis  had  incaiHveitated  tht>m  for  the  further  production  of  excelleiue. 
ill  this  impotent  condition,  it  was  wisely  ordered  that  their  territory  should 
kiH('ii|ii('d  hy  a  |ie(»ple  whose  religion  and  more  liheral  form  of  K**v*''""ient, 
li  iwcver  freuuently  misunderstood  or  perverted,  qualified  them  for  advancing 
>till  lii;:licr  trie  interests  of  humanity. 

It  '.vill  not  he  amiss  to  terminate  the  narrative  of  tlie  war  of  fiianada  with 
^•iiit'  iiuticc  of  the  fate  of  Hodrij^^o  l*oiK'e  de  Leon,  maniuis  duke  of  Cadiz  ;  for 
hi' may  lie  regarded  in  a  jieculiar  manner  as  the  hero  of  it,  having'  struck  the 
tiM  stinke  hy  tiie  surprise  of  Alhama,  and  witnessed  every  cami«ii^Mi  till  the 
-nrrt'iidcr  of  Granada.  A  cirounislantial  account  (»f  his  last  mt»ments  is 
iiii'inlcil  hy  the  pen  of  his  worthy  countryman,  the  Andalusian  Curate  of  Lo.s 
i'alacJDs.  The  gallant  maniuis  survived  the  close  of  the  war  only  a  short 
tiiiH',  tcriiiinatinL'  his  days  at  his  mansion  in  Seville,  on  the  '2Hi\\  of  Au/,nist. 
UliJ,  liv  a  disonuT  hrouglit  on  hy  fatij.c'1*' ft'id  incessiint  exposure.  He  had 
rcivlu'il  the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  aj^e,  and,  ultiioii^di  twice  married,  left  no 
If.ntiiiiate  issue.  In  his  person  he  was  of  about  the  middle  stjiture,  of  a 
t  mitjict,  symmetrical  frame,  a  fair  cotimlexion,  with  light  hair  inclining,'  to 
'*-^\.  He  was  an  excellent  horseman,  anil  w«'ll  skilled  in  most  of  the  exercist'.s 
"ttliiviilrv.  He  had  the  rare  merit  of  comliining  s^igacity  with  intrepidity  in 
ii'timi.  Thou;;h  somewhat  impatient,  and  slow  to  forgive,  he  was  frank  and 
.iiu-nius,  a  warm  friend,  and  a  kind  master  to  his  vassals." 

lit;  was  strict  in  his  observance  of  the  Catholic  wtirship,  jiunctilious  in 
WpiiiLf  all  the  church  festivals  and  in  enforcing  their  observance  tlirt)iigliout 
!i^  duiuains ;  and  in  war  he  wa.s  a  most  devout  champit)n  of  the  Virgin.     He 


"  Tho  Afriiaii  (ipsientlantu  of  tlio  Spanish 
^l-rs  uinM' wiidlly  ti)  n'iliKniisl)  tli<'  hope 
''r^tiirati'.n  to  tlif  delicious  alxxjes  of  tlicir 
'"""turs  coiifiimcd  for  nmiiy  frfiicrations 
ti'l  [nrliaiw  still  I'oiitinuc,  toptit  up  a  petl- 
'•  '1  to  th.it  pffect  In  their  nioHiiues  every 
'■'•'»>•.  I'edraza,  AiitigUedad  de  (jranad'i, 
1'-'"  '. 


'"■  farhajal.  .Vnales,  MS.,  afio  149'J,— Don 
Hiiiriiiue  lie  tiu/.niaii,  duko  of  Meilina  Si- 
ijoniti,  the  iiiuteiit  enemy,  and,  Kiiue  the 
coininenreinenl  of  the  Moorish  v,ar,  the  llrm 
friend,  of  tlio  inaniulH  of  (Jadiz,  di>t|  tlie 
'jMtli  of  Auguht,  on  thu  s»uie  day  with  the 
latter. 


26a 


WAR  OF  GRANADA. 


was  ainhitions  of  acquisitions,  ])nt  lavish  in  expenditure,  especially  in  the 
eiiil»ellishiii«'nt  and  fortifiaition  of  his  towns  and  castles  ;  spendin^^  uu  Aliaia 
do  Guadaira,  Xerez,  and  Alanis,  the  enonnous  s\uu  of  seventL'cn  milii,,!, 
niaravodis.  To  the  ladies  he  was  courteous,  as  hecanie  a  true  kiiii:lit.  At 
Ills  death,  the  king  and  (pjeen  with  the  whole  court  went  hito  nioiiriiiii!,r;  "fur 
he  was  a  nuich-loved  cavalier,"  says  the  Curate,  "and  was  esteeincd,  like  the 
Cid,  hoth  hy  friend  and  foe  ;  and  no  Moor  durst  abide  in  that  quarter  of  the 
field  when;  his  lianner  was  displayed." 

His  body,  after  lyin^^  in  state  for  several  days  in  his  palace  at  ScNillo,  with 
his  trusty  sword  l)y  his  side,  with  which  he  had  fought  all  his  l)attl(>s,  wn^ 
borne  in  solemn  procession  by  night  througli  the  streets  of  the  city,  wliidiwa, 
everywhere  tilh.'cl  with  the  deepest  lanu^itation,  and  was  finally  (l(']io>iteil  m 
the  greiit  chapel  of  tb.e  Augu.'tine  church,  in  the  tomb  of  his  ancestors.  Ten 
Moorish  banners,  which  he  lu-d  taken  in  battle  with  the  inlidel  before  the 
war  of  Granada,  were  borne  along  at  his  funeral,  "and  still  wave  (ncr  his 
sei)ulchre  "  says  Bernaldez,  "keei)ing  alive  the  memory  of  his  exiiloits,  as 
undying  .*s  his  soul."  The  banners  have  long  since  mouldered  into  (lust ;  the 
very  tuuib  which  contained  his  ashes  has  been  sacrilegiously  deni()li>lie(l ;  lut 
the  fame  of  the  hero  will  survive  as  long  as  anything  like  respect  fur  valuur, 
courtesy,  unblemished  honour,  or  any  other  attribute  of  chivalry,  shall  he 
found  in  Spain.*** 


""  Zufiiga,  Annalps  de  SeviUa,  p.  411.— 
Iit>rnal(l(!Z,  Kt-yoB  CutoUcos,  MS.,  cap.  lu4. 
Tlu'  iiiartiuis  left  tlirci-  iUef^itiuitito  dadglit'  rs 
by  a  x\i)\>\c  Si)aiiisli  lady,  who  aU  loriiicd  lii)j;h 
coniifctiuns.  He  was  nucccpded  in  his  titlos 
and  estates,  liy  tlie  permission  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  by  Dun  Hcxlrigo  I'once  de  Leon, 
the  Hon  of  his  eldest  daughter,  who  had  mar- 


riod  with  one  of  her  kinsmen.  Cadiz  wm 
subsequently  anne.xed  by  the  S|iniij>ii  s-,\r. 
rei^;ns  to  the  erown,  fmni  which  it  lisil  !»■.!: 
detaclied  in  Henry  IV. 's  time,  iiiul  hhimI.:- 
alile  er'ates  were  ^iven  as  an  equivai. ;,i, 
tof^etlier  witli  the  title  of  iJuke  of  Arcus,  lu 
the  laniily  of  i'once  de  Leon. 


One  of  the  chief  authorities  on  which  the 
account  of  the  Moorish  war  rests  is  Andres 
Uernaldez,  Curate  of  Los  I'alacios.  He  was  a 
native  of  kuente  in  Leon,  and  appears  to  liave 
received  his  early  education  under  tlie  care 
of  liis  grandfailier,  a  nutary  of  tliat  place, 
whose  conunendations  of  a  juvenile  essay  in 
historical  writing  led  him  later  in  life,  accord- 
ing to  ids  own  account,  to  record  the  evi-nts 
of  his  time  in  the  extendid  and  regular  lorm 
of  a  chronicle.  After  admission  to  order.-,  lie 
was  made  chaplain  to  Deza,  archbisho]  of 
Seville,  and  curate  of  TiOs  i^ilaiios,  an  Anda- 
lusian  tosvn  not  far  from  Seville,  where  he 
discharged  his  ecclesia-stuyil  functions  with 
credit  from  14S8  to  1513,  at  wldch  time,  as 
we  find  no  later  mention  of  him,  he  pro- 
bably closed  his  life  with  his  lal)t)urs. 

Bernaldez  had  ample  opportunities  for 
accurate  information  relative  to  tlie  Moorish 
war,  shice  he  lived,  as  it  were,  in  the  tlieafro 
of  action,  and  was  personallj'  intimate  with 
the  niost  considerable  men  of  Andalusia, 
especially  the  niarcjuis  of  Cadiz,  whom  he  has 
made  th(>  Achilles  of  his  epic,  assigning  him 
a  much  more  important  jiart  in  the  jiriiuipal 
transactions  than  is  always  warranted  by 
other  authorities.  His  chronicle  is  just  such 
as  might  have  been  anticipated  from  a  person 


of  lively  Imagination,  and  competent  sriiular- 
ship  for  tlie  time,  deejily  dyed  with  ilr 
bigotry  and  superstition  ol  the  Spanish  iWm 
in  that  century.  There  is  no  gnut  (liscriiiii- 
nation  apparent  in  the  work  ot  the  woniiy 
curate,  who  dwells  with  goggle-eyed  cmluhiy 
on  the  most  absurd  marvels,  and  expin:* 
more  pages  on  an  empty  court  slimv  tliaii ':: 
the  most  important  schemes  of  policy.  Hut, 
if  lie  is  no  phiiosoplier,  he  has,  perhaps  ir 
that  very  reason,  succeeded  in  uiakin^r  «* 
completely  master  of  the  puiiular  f'l-rhnc* 
and  ppjirdices  ot  the  time  ;  while  lie  givi-s 
most  vivid  portraiture  of  the  i)riiicipal  si'ii"- 
and  actors  in  tlds  stirring  war,  witli  all  tlw: 
chivalrous  e.xploit  and  rich  theatric  nl  anvm 
jianiment.  His  credulity  and  I'aiiatid-ni, 
moreover,  arc  well  compciisateil  t'.v  a  si"'- 
ldici(y  and  loyalty  of  purj'o^''  «lii^li  *"'^>"''' 
mncli  mere  credit  to  his  narrative  tliaii  at- 
taches to  those  of  more  ainlntioiis  writ-T', 
whose  Judgm:«t  is  perj'etually  sway-ti  ly 
personal  or  party  interests.  Tlie  chrmiii: 
descends  as  late  as  15i;<,  altliou^'ii,  as  mitti't 
l)e  expected  from  the  author's  cliaracter,  it  n 
entitled  to  much  less  contid'  no'  in  tlic  ili>- 
cussion  (if  events  wliich  fell  wiiijoiit  the^i'l^ 
of  ids  personal  observation.  Notwith-taii.:' ■■■ 
Its  historical  v.4lue  Is  fully  recognized  by  ii« 


APPLICATION  OF  COLUMBUS  AT  THE  COURT. 


2)7 


Ci'tllian  critics  it  lias  never  boon  admittod 

ttli'^  prit-'^,  but  still  rciualMS  iiigiilfeil  iii  tlic 
1^,  an  iif  iimiiuscriiits  witli  wliicli  the  Spaninh 
li!..ar;i'«  arr  ilcnini'd. 

It  is  rtumrknlilc  that  the  war  of  (Jranada, 
«!,|,  h  is  so  aUiiiiralfly  aiiitcd  in  all  it^  eir- 
(imi'taiiirs  to  iKH-'tiiul  purposes,  should  not 
Ljvf  lifpii  more  frequent  lyconuuenioratod  by 
;;ic  .[ill  uiiisc.  The  only  successful  attempt 
in  tliis  w.iy  with  wliicli  1  am  ac(|uaiiiteil 
1- tlif  "Cdiiijuisio  di  Granata,"  by  the  Vloren- 
ii;ii>  (iirnlauio  tJratiani,  Mcniena,  1650.  The 
juili'ir  liiis  tiil<en  the  license,  independently 
(f  his  liiiuhinery,  of  deviating  very  freely 
(r  m  tht'  iiistoric  track  ;  amonR  other  things, 
i;,tr>-liiLiiin  Columbus  and  tlie  Gnat  Captain 
li  l>riiii i|i;il  actors  in  the  drama,  in  which 
t:i.-y  liny.d  at  most  but  a  very  sulx)rdinate 
[■i:t.  I  lie  poem,  whicli  swells  into  tweuty- 
.ixiMiittiK,  is  in  such  repute  with  tlie  Italian 
cmii.-tli.it  t^uadiiodoes  nut  hesitate  to  rank 
ifaniuiig  tbe  best  epical  productions  of  the 


age."  A  translation  of  this  work  liaa  recently 
appeared  at  Niirembirf:,  fium  tlie  pi  ii  of 
C,  M.  Wiiiterlinv',  wliich  is  mu(  li  com- 
in-mled  liy  the  (fcrniiiTi  ciitit-s. 

Mr.  Irving's  late  imblication.  the  "(Jliro- 
nii  li'  (if  tlie  Cipn<iuest  ot  <;r,inatl.t,"  has  sujht- 
sedi'd  all  further  n  cessity  for  jxpiiry,  utul, 
unfortunately  for  me,  for  history,  Ip'  has 
fully  availed  himself  of  all  the  pictuveH<ino 
and  animating  movements  ot  this  romantic 
era;  and  tlie  reader  who  will  take  tlie  trout)le 
t<)  compare  his  Chronicle  with  the  present 
more  prosaic  at)d  literal  narrative  will  see 
how  little  he  has  been  seducid  from  historic 
accuracy  by  the  poetical  aspect  of  his  sub- 
ject. The  flttitioiis  and  romantic  dress  of 
bis  work  has  enabled  him  to  make  it  the 
medium  for  n  fleeting  more  vividly  the  float- 
ing opinions  and  chimerical  fancies  of  tlio 
age,  while  he  has  illuminated  the  picture 
with  the  dramatic  brilliancy  of  colouring 
denied  to  sober  history. 


CHAPTER  XVL 


APPLICATION   OF   CHRISTOPUER  COLUMBUS   AT   THE   SPANISH   COURT. 

1492. 

Lrly  Discoveries  of  the  Portuguese— Of  tbe  Spaniards — Columbus — Ills  Application  at  the 
Cistili.ui  Court— Rejected— Negotiations  resumed — lavourable  Disposition  of  the  Qiieen — 
ArriiiL'iiiietit  with  Columbus— He  .sails  on  Lis  Urst  Voyage — Indifl'erence  to  tbe  Enterprise 
— Ackiiuwledgnients  due  to  Isabella. 

While  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  were  at  Santa  Fe,  the  capitulation  was 
si.iied  that  opened  the  way  to  an  extent  of  empire  compared  with  which 
thfirrecoiit  conquests,  and  nuleed  all  their  present  dominions,  were  insigniti- 
caiit.  The  extraordinary  intellectual  activity  of  the  Europeans  in  the  fifteenth 
Cditury,  after  the  torpor  of  ages,  carried  them  forward  to  high  advancement 
in  almost  every  department  of  science,  but  especially  nautical,  whose  sur- 
[ri^iiig  results  have  acijuired  for  the  age  the  glory  of  being  designated  as 
i<'fuliai!y  that  of  maritnne  discovery.  'I'his  was  eminently  favoured  by  the 
I'.litical  condition  of  modern  Europe.  Under  the  Roman  emi)ire,  the  trathc 
»ith  the  East  naturally  centred  in  Rome,  the  commercial  capital  of  the  West. 
After  the  tlismemberment  of  the  empire,  it  continued  to  be  conducted  princi- 
pally through  the  channel  of  the  Italian  jiorts,  whence  it  was  diffused  over 
the  remoter  regions  of  Christendom.  But  these  countrie.*;,  which  had  now 
^^(Mlf^oIll  tlie  rank  of  subordinate  provinces  to  that  of  sei»arate,  indepciKlent 
^tates,  viewed  with  jealousy  this  monopoly  of  the  Italian  cities,  1)V  means  of 
*liii;li  the  latter  were  rapiuiy  advancing  beyond  them  in  power  and  opulence. 
Tins  was  especially  the  case  with  Portugal  and  Castile,'  wliich,  placed  on  the 
Miiote  frontiers  of  tiie  European  continent,  were  far  removed  from  the  great 
ruutes  of  Asiatic  intercourse  ;  while  this  tlisadvantage  was  not  compensated 

Arapon,  or  rather  Catalonia,  maintained  Barcelona.     See  Capmany  y  Motitpilau,  Me- 

>;'.\t>!i*ivi>  commerce  with  the  Li'vani,  and  morias  hl-^tor  cas  solire  la  .NIarina.  ConuTcio  y 

;!;■  ruK.to  regions  of  the  East,  during  the  Artes  Ue  IJarcelouin^Madrid,  I77a-9:i),  passim. 
Jildie  Agis,  through  the  flourishing  port  of 


208 


CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS. 


]»y  such  an  extent  of  territory  as  secured  consideration  to  some  otlicr  of  the 


Kuropoan  states,  e(iually  unfavourahly  situated  for  coiiunercial  pnrpoMN  wj; 
themselves.  Thus  circumstanced,  the  two  nations  of  Ca^iie  and  I'mtiu;;. 
were  naturally  led  to  turn  their  eyes  on  tlu-  jj^reat  ocean  uhich  wa.-htil  th'i'r 
western  l)orders,  and  to  seek  in  its  hitherto  unexphtred  recesses  fur  mu 
domains,  and,  if  possihle,  strike  out  some  undiscovered  track  towanls  tln' 
oi»ulent  refi:ions  of  the  East. 

The  spirit  of  maritime  enterprise  was  fomented,  and  f,Teatly  facilitateii  in 
its  operation,  hy  the  niventii  of  the  astrolahe,  and  the  important  dix  ovcrv 
of  the  polarity  of  the  ma^niet,  whose  first  application  to  the  nurixises  of  iia\i'. 

?ation  on  an  extended  scale  may  he  referred  to  the  fifteentn  century.'  TLc 
Portuguese  were  the  first  to  enter  on  the  ))ri  liant  path  of  nautical  ilbrovtrv, 
which  they  jairsued  under  the  infant  Don  Henry  Avith  such  activity  tlmi 
hefore  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century  they  had  penetiated  as  far  us  (  a]^' 
de  Ve)d,  doul)ling  many  a  fearfid  headland  wiiicii  had  shut  in  the  tiimi 
navigator  of  former  days  ;  until  at  length,  in  14.S(),  they  des(rie(|  tlic  Intu 
promontory  which  terminates  Africa  on  the  south,  and  which,  hailed  ly  Kiiil' 
John  the  Second,  under  whom  it  was  discovered,  as  the  harliinger  of  the  loii.'. 
sought  passage  to  the  East,  received  the  cheering  appellation  of  tlie(aieo! 
Oood  Hope. 

The  Sjianiards,  in  the  n)eaii  while,  did  not  langinsh  in  tho  career  of  inar: 
time  enterprise.     Certain  adventurers  from  the  northern  jtrovinces  of  Hivrav 
and  (Juii)uscoa,  in  1893,  had  made  themselves  masters  of  one  of  the  sinallt -t 
of  the  group  of  islands  supposed  to  he  the  Fortunate  Isles  of  the  aiificnt-, 
since  known  as  the  Canaries.     Other  private  adventurers  from  Se\illi'  n 
tended  their  contpiests  over  these  islands  in  the  heginning  of  the  folli.ui.' 
century.     These  were  completed  in  behalf  of  the  crown  under  I'enljniinil  a:; 
Isabella,  who  equipped  several  fleets  for  their  reduction,  which  at  ich.;, 
terminated  in  149")  with  that  of  TeneriH'e.'    From  the  conunenceinent  of  tli> 
reign,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  had  shown  an  earnest  solicitude  for  tlir  i;. 
couragement  of  connnerce  and  nautical  science,  as  is  evinced  by  a  vai itty ..; 
regulations,  which,  liowever  imperfect  from  the  misconception  of  the  tr 


'  A  council  of  matliemiiticians  in  tiio  court 
of  John  II.  of  I'ortupal  first  titvisod  tlie  ,ip- 
plication  of  tlie  ancient  asirolilje  to  navjj^a- 
tion.tliUH  afTordinp  to  tiic  mariner  tlic  fsscntiiil 
artvantiitrcs  aitpcrtaininj;  to  tlie  nuxiorn  {[uad- 
rant.  The  discovery  of  the  polarity  of  the 
nei'dl  ■,  which  vultrar  tradition,  Hanitioiied 
witliout  scrujile  by  Robertson,  assignrd  to  the 
Ainalfite  Kl.ivio  (iioja,  i8  clearly  proved  to 
have  occurred  more  th;in  a  century  i  arlicr. 
Tirabdsclii,  who  investifiates  tlic  matter  with 
Ids  usual  erudition,  pa^sinf?  by  tin-  diiul)tful 
reference  of  tJuiot  de  I'rovins,  whose  ajfi-  and 
piTsonal  identity  even  are  contested,  tncPH 
the  familiar  tise  of  the  majznetic  needle  as  lar 
back  as  tlie  first  iialf  of  the  tiiirtHcntii  century, 
by  a  pertini'iit  passai:e  from  Cardinal  Vitri, 
who  died  in  1244,  and  sustains  tins  by  several 
pimilar  references  to  otlier  autliors  of  the 
same  century.  Cajtmany  finds  no  notice 
of  its  use  by  the  f/'astilian  navigators  earlier 
tl)an  14i);{.  It  wa.s  not  luitil  considerably 
later  in  tlie  flfteenfli  century  that  tlie  i'ortu- 
gni'se  vovaiiers,  trusting  to  its  guidance,  vi'u- 
tured  to  (piit  tlie  Mediterranean  ami  .Vfrican 
coasts  ".nd  extend  tlieir  navigation  to  Madeira 


and  the  Azores.  See  Navarrete,  ('ol-cdmi  Jo 
los  Viages  y  D<'scubriinn'nt(is  ijii'^  jjiii'tu 
por  Mar  los  Espafioles  (Madrid,  isj.-,  ■:!*  .t^ui 
i.,  introd.,  sec.  ;J3. — TiralHisciii,  l>itti'r.iii/i 
Italiana,  tom.  iv.  pp.  l":i,  174.  Cipiiiahv, 
Jleni.  de  Harctlona,  torn.  iii.  part,  i,  iip  i  — 
Kocli,  'I'ablrau  des  Hevolutioiis  de  I'Eur  i« 
(Paris,  1.S14),  tom.  i.  pp.  ;i5.s-3t;n. 

"  Four  of  the  islamls  were  ceiii|iiirt.|  < ;. 
behalf  of  private  advcntunTs  rlmlly  tr  ;ii 
Andalusia,  before  the  accession  ol  !>  ntiiiaiiil 
and  Isab'lla,  and  under  tiieir  H'  gn  «irf  h-  I 
as  tlie  jirojierty  of  a  mible  c.istili.iii  t.iiiii;;'. 
named  I'eraza.  The  soveieiirns  sriit  a  i"'- 
sid(Tai)le  armament  from  .Srvillo  in  Hmi, 
whicli  suhlued  the  great  islanil  nt  Canary  n 
behalf  of  the  crown,  and  aiiutlirr  in  u^'. 
whidi  effected  the  reduction  of  I'.ilm.i  .imI 
TenerifTe  after  a  sturdy  risisiann'  In'Ui  lii' 
natives.  Hernaldez  jiostpoiu's  tlif  la>t  i"i.' 
que.st  to  1495.  Salazur  de  .Ml  liiin/..!,  .M"ii:r- 
quia,  tom.  1.  pp.  ;U7 -:!»!».  I'ulL'ftr, 
Catolicos,  pp.  136,  203.  -UcrnaMiZ, 
Clatolicos,  MS.,  cap.  ()4,  Gr>,  (iti,  l.i:i.-Na*.ir- 
rete,  Ooleccioa  de  Viages,  toui.  i.,  inlh'i., 
sec.  2d. 


i;  y.  j 


CHRISTOPHER    COLUMBUS. 


|irin''iplos  ol 
(it  the  u<'ver 
lat'kji.s  llei 
uotcrn  coa: 
the"  city  of  .*• 
(if  IsiiU'lIrt 
si'ciire  tliciu 
(111  ;:t'ii(:cs  a> 
vt.iii'liiij,'  Ki"' 
ri'iititiM  to  t 
(nii>t,  which 
hut  whii'h  ' 
tfriiiiiiat«'(l 
(it  tralic  iiiii 
rt'stTved  to  t 
( iiiiarit'.i  to 
]irou'ii'^-"<  to  t 
t  ire  tliaii  th 
tuiiatdy,  at 
(ti  Christojih 
lii'oic  eiit^'q 
This  cxtr 
thdii^'h  perh 
fit  I'aviii,  ul; 

\\\\\r\l  lit'  Sill 

fariii;,'  htc,  w 
little  luore  t 


'  Ammii;  tlic 
fn.vti'il  iTeviou 
n"t.(i  i!).,-i('  I'l 
"•■li.'lii'! ;  lor  o 
Iviilr  aiiil  Ara 
.iinl  Vfiiitian  1 
<l'i  t  toiuariiHTi 
!)  til"  ,>«'aiii(!ii 

I'iUt|.|<T  u(   vcss- 

»■'  uriiiiiaiR'f  (if 
f'-r.^i^rnrrs  to  tal 
pri.lurts  of  fho 
'.\trac_ti"l  from 
(!■•■  Various  jml 
Aciil.  df  \l\M., 
Ziifii),M,  All 
3i".-Zurit;i,  A 
'K  34  -Niivarr 
i.,  iiitn-l.,  Kij«. 
["(fn-,  toiii.  vii. 
■  SiiMionio,  .M 
'i"i.  Ivi.n,  J,.  1 
l'>  rum  Ital  xr 

!    il'  <i,lllo,    1),. 

Miiratori,  Ucrui 
-"-  -It  is  veri 
f'tii'T  of  Coluii 
"  "ik-anjpr,  or 
•■••'HiKiii.l,  after 
liMliigy  of  his 
*itb  rt.'iiittrkjii(T 
«oulJ  confer  lui 


Ills  APPLICATION  AT  THE  COURT. 


269 


principles  of  trade  in  that  dav,  are  sufficiently  indicative  of  the  dispositions 
(,t  the  uf'vornnient.*  Under  tiieni.  and  indeed  under  their  predecessors  as  far 
t,;i(k  a>  llonry  the  Third,  a  consiaerable  tratfic  had  \>een  carried  on  with  the 
ttt'>tcrn  coast  Of  Africa,  troni  which  gold-dust  and  slaves  were  imported  into 
the" city  of  Seville.  The  annalist  of  that  city  notices  the  related  interference 
(,t  Niiiclla  in  iKjIialf  of  these  unfortunate  beings,  hy  orduiances  tending  to 
MM  lire  tlicin  a  more  e<|ual  protection  of  the  laws,  or  opening  such  social  in- 
(li;:t'iu:cs  ;is  ihight  uutigate  the  hardships  of  their  condition.  A  misunder- 
stiiniliiij,'  ^Tuduaily  arose  between  the  subjects  of  Castile  and  Portugal,  in 
rciitiuii  to  their  res|)ective  rights  of  discovery  and  conunerce  on  the  African 
mii-t,  uliich  promised  a  fruitful  source  of  collision  iHJtween  the  two  crowns, 
luit  \vhi(  li  was  happily  adjusted  by  an  article  in  the  treaty  of  1479,  that 
t<riiiiii;itfil  the  war  of  the  succession.  By  this  it  was  settled  that  the  right 
ui  trail''  and  of  discovery  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  should  be  exclu.sively 
riscrvt'd  to  the  Portuguese,  who  in  their  turn  should  re»sign  all  claims  on  the 
I  iiiiarici  to  the  crown  of  Castile,  The  Spaniards,  thus  excluded  from  further 
[ipiLiit'ss  to  the  south,  seemed  to  have  no  other  opening  left  for  naval  adven- 
t  ire  than  the  hitherto  untravelled  regions  of  the  great  western  ocean.  For- 
tunately, at  this  juncture  an  individual  apix*ared  among  them,  in  the  j)erson 
(i:  Christopher  Columbus,  endowed  with  cajiacity  for  stimulating  them  to  this 
lit'  oic  enU'ipri.se  and  conducting  it  to  a  glorious  issue.* 

This  extraordinary  man  was  a  native  of  Genoa,  of  luimble  parentage, 
tliiiii;,'li  perhaps  honourable  descent.**  He  was  instructt'd  in  his  early  youth 
at  I'avia,  where  he  acquired  a  strong  reUsh  for  the  mathematical  sciences,  in 
\^lii(.h  lu'  subswiuently  excelled.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  engaged  in  a  sea- 
faring life,  whicli  he  followed  with  little  intermission  till  1470 ;  when,  probably 
little  iiiore  than  thirty  years  of  age,'  he  landed  in   Portugal,  the  country  to 


'  Among  the  provisions  of  the  sovereigns 
enartiil  jrevious  to  tlif  preKeiit  date  lu.iy  be 
n-t-d  t!i'i'<c  for  regulating  the  coin  and 
s-tk'lits;  lor  opening  a  free  trade  between 
lA-ti|i  .111. I  Ara^on ;  for  security  to  Genoese 
.iM'l  Veil'  ti.in  tratling-vessels  ;  for  safe  con- 
(lu.  t  to  uiariiHTS  uiid  lislieruien  ;  for  privileges 
to  til-  ^allien  of  I'alos;  for  proliibiting  tlie 
pluii'lcr  o[  vessels  wreclted  on  tlie  coa«t ;  and 
»i  Drtliimiice  of  the  very  last  year,  refjulring 
f'iru'Tii  rs  to  take  their  return  cargoes  in  the 
[ipMiii  ts  of  the  country. — .See  these  laws,  as 
'.MractO'l  from  thu  Ordenan<;as  lieales  and 
tir  variuii.;  public  archives,  in  Mem.  do  la 
Aoil.  de  Ui>t.,tom.  vi.  Ilu.st.  11. 

Zufii({,i,  Aimales  de  .Se villa,  pp.  .373,  374, 
3!»>.-Zurit.i,  Analcs.  torn.  iv.  lib.  20,  cap. 
3ii,  34  — Navaneie,  Coleccion  de  Vijiges,  torn. 
i.,  iiitr>"l,  seg.  21,  24.— Ferreraa,  Hist.  d'Es- 
^'p-,  turn,  vii  p.  048. 

Sput(,rno,  Memorials  of  Columbus  (FA)n- 
'i;"i.  I'^.i.n,  p.  14.— ,S,narega,  apud  Muratori, 
K  nun  Itrtl  xript,  toni.  xxiv.  p.  535.— An- 
t-ii'  (i,illi),  l)e  .Naviga'ione  Columbi,  apud 
Muratori,  lleruui  Ital.  .Script.,  toin.  xxiii.  p. 
2i):.-It  is  very  generally  agreed  that  the 
utii-r  of  Coluuibus  exercised  the  craft  of  a 
»'-4-canlpr,  or  weaver.  The  admiral's  sou, 
f  ^:r  litiaii.l,  after  .-Jome  speculation  on  the  ge- 
iiMl.igy  „f  Ills  illustrious  parent,  concludes 
»itli  rviiiiirkiiig  that,  after  all,  a  noble  descent 
"ouij  coiif.  T  less  lustre  on  him  than  to  have 


sprung  from  such  a  father;  a  philosophical 
st'iuiineiit,  indicating  pretty  strongly  that  he 
had  no  great  ancestry  to  Ixmsl  of.  Ferdinand 
finds  something  extremely  mysterious  .iiid 
typical  in  his  father's  name  of  Cotumbus, 
sigiiifyitig  a  dove,  in  token  of  his  being  or- 
d.iined  to  "carry  the  olive-branch  and  oil  of 
baptism  over  the  ocean,  like  Noah's  dove,  to 
denote  the  peace  and  union  of  the  heatlim 
people  with  the  church,  after  they  had  been 
shut  up  in  thearkof  darkness  and  confusion." 
Fernando  ('olon,  Historia  del  Almirante,  tap. 
1,  2,  apud  Harcia,  Historladores  primitivos  de 
las  Indids  occiilentales  (Matliid,  1741)),  torn.  i. 
'  l$i  rnuldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  131. 
— Minioz,  Historia  del  Nuevo-Mundo  (Madrid, 
1793),  lib.  2,  sec.  13.— Tliere  are  no  sufficient 
data  for  determining  the  periml  of  Columbus's 
birth.  The  learned  .Mufioz  places  It  in  1446. 
(Hist,  del  Nnevo-.Mundo,  lib.  2,  sec.  12.) 
Navarrete,  wlio  has  weighed  the  various 
authorities  with  caution,  seems  inclined  to 
remove  it  back  eiglit  or  ten  years  further, 
resting  chieHy  on  a  remark  of  Ikrnaldez,  that 
he  died  in  1506,  "in  a  g'XKl  old  age,  at  the 
age  of  seventy,  a  little  more  or  less."  (Cap. 
131.)  The  expression  is  somewhat  vague. 
In  order  lo  rec^jiicile  the  facts  with  this  hy- 
pothesis, Navarrete  is  compelled  to  reject,  as 
a  chirographieal  blunder,  a  passage  in  a  letter 
of  the  admiral,  placing  his  birth  in  1456,  and 
to  Uisiort    auoiUer  passage  in   his  book   of 


270 


CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS. 


.  •  :i 


which  adventurous  spirits  from  all  parts  of  the  world  then  resorted,  as  tho 
^eat  theatre  of  maritime  enter|)rise.  After  his  arrival,  he  eontiii'icd  to  makt' 
voj-.iges  to  the  then  known  parts  of  the  world,  and,  wnen  on  shore,  (ifvupi,,! 
himself  with  the  construction  and  sale  of  clwrts  and  maps ;  while  lii-;  tjco. 

f graphical  researches  were  considerahly  aided  hy  the  possession  fif  ]<i\\<vn 
>elongint(  to  an  eminent  l*ortugu&se  navigator,  a  decease<l  relative  di  his 
wife.  Tims  stored  with  all  that  nautical  science  in  that  day  could  siijih, 
and  fortified  l»y  large  practical  experience,  the  reflecting  mind  of  I'oliiinlin^ 
was  n.aturally  led  to  speculate  on  the  existence  of  some  other  land  heyoml  tlio 
western  waters  ;  and  he  conceived  the  possibility  of  reaching  tlio  tastcin 
shores  of  Asia,  whose  provinces  of  Zipango  and  Cathay  were  eriddazinicd  in 
such  gorgeous  colours  in  the  narratives  of  Alandeville  and  the  J^li,  liv  a  u\m 
direct  and  connnodious  route  than  that  wliich  traversed  the  Eastern  con- 
tinent.' 

The  existence  of  land  bevond  the  Atlantic,  which  was  not  discreditcil  liy 
sonie  of  the  most  enhghtenetl  ancients,'  had  become  matter  of  coinmon  spec  n". 
lation  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  when  maritime  adventure  was 
daily  disclosing  the  mysteries  of  the  deep,  and  bringing  to  Hght  now  redons, 
that  had  hitherto  existed  only  in  fancy,  A  proof  of  this  pojtular  belief  oociirs 
in  a  curious  passage  of  the  "  Morgante  Aiaggiore  "  of  the  Florentine  poet 
Pulci,  a  man  of  letters,  hut  not  distinguished  for  scientific  attainnioiits  bevdmi 
his  day.'"  The  passage  is  remarkable,  independently  of  the  cosmngraiiliiial 
knowledge  it  implies,  for  its  allusion  to  phenomena  in  phvsical  seience  nnt 
established  till  more  than  a  century  later.  The  Devil,  alluding  to  the  viilLrar 
suj)erstition  respecting  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  thus  addresses  his  coiiiiianiou 
Rnialdo  : 

"  Know  tliat  this  throry  is  false  ;  his  hirk 
Tlie  daring;  iiiariiiiT  sliall  urgo  far  o'er 
The  wcsteru  wave,  a  smooth  and  level  plain, 


"Prophecies,"  wiiicli,  if  literally  taken,  would 
Beeni  to  establish  his  birth  near  the  time  as- 
signed by  Muftoz.  Incidental  allusions  in 
«)me  other  authorities,  speaking  of  Colum- 
bus's old  age  at  or  near  the  time  of  his  death, 
strongly  corrolwrate  Navarrete's  inference. 
(See  Cifleccion  de  Viages,  tom.  i  intnxl.,  sec. 
54.) — Mr.  Irving  seems  willing  to  rely  exclu- 
Bively  on  the  autlioriiy  of  liernaldez. 

"  Antonio  de  Herrera,  Historia  general  de 
las  Iridlas  occidentales  (Aniberes,  172H).  torn. 
i.  dec  1,  lib.  1,  cap  7. — fiomara,  Historia  de 
las  India.s  caj).  14,  npud  Marcia,  Hist,  primi- 
tivos,  t(mi.  ii. — Iknnaldez,  Reyes  Catolicoa, 
MS.,  cap.  118. —  Navarrete,  Coleccicm  de 
Viages,  tom.  i.,  introd.,  sec.  .30.  — Ferdinand 
Columbus  enumerates  three  grounds  on  which 
his  father's  conviction  of  land  in  the  west 
was  foundid.  First,  natural  reason, — or  con- 
clusions drawn  from  science;  secondly,  autho- 
rity of  writers,— amounting  to  little  more 
than  vague  speculations  of  the  ancients; 
thirdly,  testimony  of  sailors,  comprehending, 
in  addition  to  jiopular  rumours  of  land  de- 
scribed in  western  voyages,  such  relics  as 
appeared  to  have  floated  to  the  European 
shores  from  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 
Hist,  del  .Vlmiraiite,  cap.  6-8. 

•  None  of  the  intimations  are  so  precise 


as  that  contained  in  the  well-kimwo  lines  uf 
Seneca's  .Medea, 

"Venient  annis  8aH:ula,"ttc., 

althotigh,  when  regarded  as  a  mi're  pnctiral 
vagary,  it  has  not  the  weight  wliicli  bilnivs 
to  more  serious  suggestions,  of  similar  iiiijuin, 
in  the  writings  of  Aristotle  and  .^trali'i.  Thti 
various  allusions  in  the  ancient  classic  \vrit<n 
to  an  undiscovered  world  form  tli<^  sulji it  ^f 
an  elaborate  essay  in  the  Mfniorim  ili  .Aia'l. 
Ileal  das  Sciencias  de  Lislxia  (tnin.  v.  jip. 
101-1 1'i),  and  are  emtxxlied  in  iniuli  pri'ii-r 
detail  in  the  lirst  section  of  Hnmlv  kit's  "lli" 
toirede latJeograpliie du nonvrau ("oiitiiniii; " 
a  work  in  which  the  author,  with  Ins  usual 
acuteness,  has  successfully  aiipli'd  tlic  va^l 
stores  of  his  erudition  and  e-xiK-ritiirc  to  th'^ 
illustration  of  many  interi'sting  puiiits  c  n- 
nected  with  the  discovery  of  the  New  W'M, 
and  the  personal  history  of  Cohiinbiis. 

'"  It  is  probably  the  knowlolge  of  this 
which  has  led  some  writers  to  iniiuiti^  part  ■  f 
his  work  to  the  learned  Marsilio  Fiiiim,  .inJ 
others,  with  still  less  charity  and  iir'hal|illty, 
to  refer  the  authorsliip  of  the  wIkiIc  Ui  ruliti.iii. 
Comp.  Tasso,  Opere  (Venezia,  17:!.')  I'J),  t'ini. 
X.  p.  129  ;  and  Crescimbeni,  Istona  'Mli 
volgar  Pocsia  (Venezia,  17:il),  toiu.  ill.  PP- 
273,  274. 


Ills  APPLICATION  AT  THE  COrilT. 


271 


Albeit  the  earth  is  ftishionod  lllce  a  wheel. 

Mail  was  in  aiicioiit  (layn  of  urosser  mould, 

Ami  HtTi-ulos  might  i)liisli  to  learn  how  tar 

R«'yoiir|  tlip  limits  he  luul  VMiiily  ««■;, 

Tlie  (iullcst  Ht'a-boat  .soon  sliall  wing  her  way. 

Men  »>liall  ilt-.^cry  unotlier  licmisjilicre. 

Since  to  one  common  t»'iitie  all  things  tenti, 

So  earth,  by  curious  mystery  divine 

Well  i)alanced,  hangs  amid  the  starry  splieres. 

At  our  Anti|i(Kies  are  cities,  slates. 

And  thronged  enijures,  ne'er  di\ine(i  of  yore. 

Ihit  see,  the  .Sun  speeds  on  his  western  path, 

To  glail  tlie  natltms  with  expected  light."  " 

rrilu'iibus's  hypotliesis  le.sted  on  nuich  stroneor  ground  tlian  mere  iK)pnlar 
U'lief.  What  iiKieed  wa.s  cirdulity  with  the  viiVar,  and  specnlatioii  with  tlie 
learnt*'!,  aiiiounted  in  his  mind  to  a  settled  [iractical  conviction,  lliat  made 
iiiiii  icaily  to  peril  life  and  fortune  on  the  result  of  the  exi>eriment.  lie  was 
furtiticd  >till  further  in  his  conclusions  hy  a  conespoiulence  with  the  learned 
lialiiiii  Td.scanclli,  who  furnished  him  with  a  map  of  his  own  projection,  in 
which  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  was  delineateil  oi)i»osite  to  the  western  frontier 
of  Kiin'iH'.'^ 

Fille(i  with  lofty  anticipations  of  achieving  a  discovery  which  would  settle 
a  niit'stioii  of  such  moment,  so  long  involved  in  obscurity,  CoUimlms  submitted 
the  tlicni y  on  which  he  had  founded  his  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  western 
ruutc  to  king  John  the  Second  of  Portugal.  Here  he  was  doomed  to  encounter 
fir  the  tirst  time  the  embarra.ssments  and  mortifications  which  so  often 
(ih>triict  the  conceptions  of  genius,  too  sublime  for  the  age  in  which  they  are 
fmiit'il.  After  a  long  and  fruitless  negotiation,  and  a  dishonourable  attempt 
on  the  jiart  of  the  Portuguese  to  avail  themselves  clandestinely  of  his  informa- 
tion, he  quitted  Lisbon  in  disgust,  determined  to  submit  his  proix>sals  to  the 
>jiiini.sh  sovereigns,  relyhig  on  their  reputed  character  for  wisdom  and  enter- 
i'ri>o." 


The  jici  iod  of  his  arrival  in  Spain,  being  the  latter  part  of  1484,  would  seem 
(have  licen  the  most  unpropitious  possible  to  his  design.    The  nation  was 


■  I'uki,  Morgante  Maggiore,  canto  25,  st. 
229,  'I'.ij.—l  liave  used  blanii  verse,  os  alTording 
fnility  for  a  more  liter.il  version  tlian  tli« 
1  'r^^|l■llllliMg  i>ttav(t  rima  of  the  original. 
Tlii'*  |i:issap'  of  I'ulci,  which  has  not  fallen 
ii'i'iir  tJK'  iiotiif  of  Hunii)oldt,  or  any  other 
"filer  (111  till-  same  subject  whom  I  have  con- 
■i.t'it.  afTiinls,  probalily,  the  most  circum- 
'umial  pifdiction  that  is  to  Ik;  found  of  the 
►\i>nii(f  of  a  W'Stern  world.  Dante,  two 
cniurif"*  li  tore,  had  intimated  more  vaguely 
Ins  u-iiff  ill  an  undiscovered  quarter  of  tlie 
globe: 

"Di"  vnstri  sensi,  ch'  e  del  rimanente, 
N"ii  voclJHte  negar  I'esperienza, 
hiri  tro  al  s(j1,  del  mondo  w^nza  gente." 

Inferno,  cant.  26,  v.  115. 

'  Naviirnto,  Coleccion  de  Viages,  torn,  ii., 
''"1  'lip!.,  no.  1.— Muhoz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo- 
Miindo,  lih.  '2,,  sec.  17.— It  is  singular  that 
'■■'timlnis.  in  his  visit  to  Iceland  in  1 177  (.see 
i>Tn,iiRlu('„i„n,  Hist,  del  Almiiantc,  cap.  4), 
'.■."Uld  have  learned  notliing  of  the  .Sean- 
"iiiaviaii  voyages  to  the  northern  shores  of 
•^i.iirka  in  Uie  tenth  and  following  centuries ; 


yet  if  he  was  acf|uainted  with  them  it  appears 
equally  suriiri.sing  tiiat  he  should  not  have 
adduced  tlie  fact  in  snpiM)rt  of  his  own  hypo- 
thesis of  the  existence  4»f  land  in  tlie  west, 
and  that  lie  should  have  taken  a  route  so  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  his  predecessor?  in  tlie 
path  of  discovery.  It  may  l)e,  how  'ver,  aa 
M.  de  Humboldt  has  well  remarked,  hat  the 
information  lie  obtained  in  Iceland  was  t(K> 
vague  to  suggest  the  idea  that  the  lai  ds  thus 
duscovered  by  the  Northmen  had  any  con- 
net  tion  with  the  Indies,  of  which  he  was  in 
pursuit.  In  Culumlius's  day,  indeed,  so  little 
wa;-i  understood  of  the  true  position  of  the.se 
countries  that  (ireenlaiid  is  laid  down  on  the 
ma{)s  in  tlie  Knropean  seas,  and  as  a  penin- 
sular iin.'.oiigation  of  .Scandinavia.  See  Hum- 
b<ddt,  (ieograidiie  du  uouviau  Continent,  torn, 
ii.  pp.  lis,  VJi^u 

"  Herrera,  indias  occidentales,  torn.  i.  dec. 
1.  lib.  1,  cap.  7.— Muhoz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo- 
Muiido,  lib.  2,  sec.  19. — (uimara,  Hist,  de  las 
Iiidias,  cap.  15.-  Ikiizoiii,  Novi  Orbis  Hisioria, 
lib.  l.cap.  (>,  — Fernando  Colon,  Hist,  del  AI- 
mirante,  cap.  10. — Karia  y  Sousa,  Europa 
I'ortuguesa,  torn.  ii.  part.  3,  cap.  4. 


272 


CnRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS. 


thon  in  tlio  hoAt  of  tlio  Moorish  war,  and  tho  soveroipis  were  nninterniittiiiL'lv 
en/,'n^'(Ml,  as  we  have  seen,  in  prosecuting  their  caniiiaigns,  or  in  active  jircja- 
ration  for  them.  The  large  expenditure  incithMit  to  tins  exhausted  all  tluir 
resources  ;  and  indeed  the  engrossing  cliaractCT  of  this  (hjniestic  coiniiicst  left 
them  little  leisure  for  indulging  in  dreams  of  distant  and  douhtful  (liscovciv. 
Cohunhus,  moreover,  was  unfortunate  in  his  first  channel  of  eomnnMiioitiiiii 
with  the  coint.  lie  was  furnished  hy  Fray  Juan  Perez  de  Marchena,  giianlian 
of  the  convent  of  lia  Kahida  in  Andalusia,  who  had  early  taken  a  deep  inttnv-t 
in  his  plans,  with  an  introduction  to  Fernando  de  Talavera,  i)rior  of  i'ladu, 
and  confessor  of  the  (jueen,  a  person  high  in  the  royal  confith'uce,  ami  ^railii- 
ally  raised  through  a  succession  of  ecclesiastical  diginties  to  the  arcliieplMdjial 
see  of  (Jranada.  He  was  a  man  of  irreproachahle  morals,  and  of  coiiiineluii- 
Kive  henevolence  for  that  day,  as  is  shown  in  his  Rul)se(|uent  treatmont  of  the 
unfortunate  Moriscos.**  He  was  also  learned  ;  although  his  learniiii:  was  that 
of  the  cloister,  deeply  tinctured  with  pedantry  and  superstition,  and  deliiiMMJ 
by  such  servile  deference  even  to  the  errors  of  anti(iuity  as  at  once  led  liim  to 
discountenance  everything  like  innovation  or  enterjtrise.'* 

With  these  timid  and  exclusive  views,  Talavera  was  so  far  from  conijiroheiui 
ing  the  vast  concejttions  of  Columhus,  that  he  seems  to  have  regarded  liim  as 
a  mere  visionary,  and  his  hypothesis  as  involving  principles  not  altogether 
orthodox.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  desirous  of  obtaining  the  ojtinion  of  the 
most  competent  judges  on  the  merits  of  Columbus's  tlieory,  referred  him  to  a 
council  selected  by  Talavera  from  the  most  eminent  scholars  of  the  kiii;;iloni. 
chiefly  ecclesiastics,  whose  profession  embociied  most  of  the  science  of  that  day 
8uch  was  the  apathy  exhibited  by  this  learned  conclave,  and  so  imiiicrons 
were  the  impediments  suggested  by  dulness,  prejudice,  or  skei»ti(isiii,  that 
years  glided  away  before  it  came  to  a  decision.  During  this  time,  Cnliinilnis 
apjiears  to  have  remained  in  attendance  on  the  court,  bearing  arms  occasion- 
ally in  the  campaigns,  and  experiencing  from  the  sovereigns  an  unusual  tUpn 
of  deference  and  personal  attention  ;  an  evidence  of  which  is  atlbnlcd  in  the 
disbursements  repeatedly  made  by  the  royal  order  for  his  private  exjioiHs, 
and  in  the  instructions  issued  to  the  municipaUties  of  the  diflerent  towns  in 
Andalusia  to  supply  him  gratuitously  with  lodging  and  other  ])eisoiial 
accommodations." 

At  length,  liowever,  Columbus,  wearied  out  by  this  jjainful  procrastination. 
pressed  the  court  for  a  definite  answer  to  his  propositions  ;  when  he  was  in 
formed  that  the  council  of  Salamanca  pronounced  his  scheme  to  be  "  vani, 
impracticable,  and  resting  on  grounds  too  weak  to  merit  the  support  of  the 
government."  Many  in  the  council,  however,  were  too  enlightened  to  a<'(iiiicsoe 
111  this  sentence  of  the  majority.  Some  of  the  most  considerable  jiorsons  (f 
the  court,  indeed,  moved  l)y  the  cogency  of  Columbus's  arguments  and  atlcctnl 
by  the  elevation  and  grandeur  of  his  views,  not  only  cordially  embraced  his 
scheme,  hut  extended  their  personal  intimacy  and  friendship  to  him.  Such, 
among  others,  were  the  grand  cardinal  Mendoza,  a  man  whose  enlarp'd 
capacity,  and  ac(iuaintance  with  atlairs,  raised  him  above  many  of  the  narrow 
prejudices  of  his  order,  and  Deza,  archbishop  of  Seville,  a  Dominii an  fiiar, 
whose  commanding  talents  were  afterwards  unhappily  perverted  in  tlie  service 

'*  Ovicdo,    Quincuagenas,    MS.,    dial,    de  that  he  offend  his  services  to  Gpnoa  immc- 

Talavera.  diately    after    this  rupture    witli    I'lrtupal. 

'-  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Cron  delGran  Carde-  Hist,  del  Nuevo-Mundo,  lib.  2,  r«c.  Jl. 
nal,p.  214. — Hcrrera,  Indias  occi(ientales,  torn.  "•  Herrera,  Indias  occidentiilts*,  ilic.  1,  li^ 

i.  dec.  1,  lib.  1,  cap.  8. — Fernando  Colon,  Hist.  1,  cap.  m,— Zufiiga,  AnnaU-fi  d  •  Stvillii,  p.  Iu4. 
del   AIniiraiite,   caj).    11. — Mufioz    postpones   •    -  Navarrcte,  Ooleccioii  dc  Viagi's.  toiu.  i.  «<• 

his  advent  to  Spain  to  1485,  on  the  supposition  60,  61  ;  torn,  ii..  Col.  dipl.,  nus  2, 4. 


HIS  APPLICATION  AT  THE  COURT. 


273 


,  f  tho  Holy  Oflice,  over  wliicli  \w  presided  as  successor  to  Toroueniftda."  Tlio 
iintliiTitv  ()f  tlie.si!  individuals  hud  undoubtedly  ^^'vat  \vei;;lit  witn  the  sovereigns, 
h1i»  sditt'iit'tl  tlie  venUet  of  the  junto  hy  an  assuianic  to  Cohnnhus  that, 
"iiltlioii^'li  they  were  too  much  oc<;ui»ied  at  |)n'.sent  to  endiark  in  his  under- 
taking', yet  at  tlie  conchision  of  tin'  war  they  should  find  Itoth  time  and  incli- 
ijtiMM  to  treat  with  him."  Such  was  the  incH'ectual  result  of  Cohnnhus's  lonj? 
iuliiaii.fiil  solicitation  ;  aiul,  far  from  receiving  tin'  iiualilied  assuraniv  of  tho 
UtTi'l^'iis  in  mitigation  of  tluur  refusal,  he  seems  to  have  considered  it  a.s 
i.,rriiiiitorv  and  final.  In  great  dejection  of  Uiind,  therefore,  hut  without 
!  rthiT  delay,  he  (quitted  the  court,  and  l>ent  his  way  to  the  south,  with  the 
iljijirt'iitly  almost  desperate  intent  of  seeking  out  S4;mc  other  patron  to  his 
umlortakiiig"' 

Ojliinihus  had  already  visited  his  native  city  of  Genoa,  for  tlie  purjjosc  of 
iiitcrt'Ntiiiu  it  in  his  scheme  of  discovery  ;  hut  tne  attempt  proved  unsuc(^'s.sfuL 
lltMio\v  niaile  ai)i)lication,  .t  would  seem,  to  the  dukes  of  Aledina  Sidonia  and 
M'llina  (Vli,  successively,  from  the  latter  of  whom  he  exiK'rienced  much  kind- 
i,,v<  and  hospitality ;  hut  neither  of  these  nobles,  whose  large  estates  lying 
aioii;'  the  si'Hshore  had  often  invited  them  to  maritime  adventure,  was  disposed 
1 1  itssuiiie  one  which  seemed  too  hazardous  for  the  re.sources  of  the  crown. 
Witlwut  wasting  time  in  further  solicitation,  Columbus  prepared  with  a  heavy 
heart  to  hid  adieu  to  Spain  (1491)  and  carry  his  i)roix)sals  to  the  kin^  of 
France,  from  whom  he  had  received  a  letter  of  encouragement  while  detained 
;:i  Aiulalusia."* 


,  This  prtlato,  Diego  do  Deza,  was  born  of 
[  or  liut  ri  sprctahle  pari'iits,  at  Toro.  He 
n'lydiund  till'  Duinitiican  order,  where  his 
;  iriiiiii?  and  exemplary  life  recommended 
liiii  to  til"  iiutiie  of  the  sovereigns,  who 
c.l''  I  liiiii  til  tourt  to  take  charge  of  Prince 
J  ;,;i'<tiliRMtion.  He  was  al'tt-rwards  raised, 
',:  -  iii);li  tlie  usual  course  of  episcopal  preft-r- 
Di'!ii,  to  tlie  nietrojmlitan  see  of  Seville.  His 
•iuuiiiiii  a-i  tunt'e.s.sor  of  Ferdinand  gave  him 
pa  iiifluriiciMiverthiit  mdnarch,  with  whom 
b"  iplicars  to  have  maintained  an  intimate 
cim«in)iiJeiice  to  the  day  of  his  death. 
I'rJu, (juincua^enas,  MS.,  dial,  de  Deza. 

F  iimiidi)  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almiranto, 
H['  11.— Sala/ar  de  Mendoza,  Cr6n.  del  Gran 
upt-nal,  p.  -'15. — Mufioz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo- 
M  ;;iilo,  lib.  2,  sec.  '25,  29. — Navarretc,  Colec- 
c;  iile  Vi.iRts,  torn,  i.,  introd.,  sec.  60. 

Ilirrera,  Indias  occidentaies,  dec.  1,  lib. 
!,ap.  M— Miiiic)/,,  Hi.st.  del  Nuevo-Mundo, 
iiv  '.',  sec.  '27.— .Spotorno,  Memorials  of  (Jo- 
nDilms,  jip.  ,11  a;j._'rhe  last  dat^-s  the  appli- 
u;.'jii  tu  Ueuoa  prior  to  that  to  Portugal.     A 


letter  fiom  tho  duke  of  Medina  Cell  to  the 
cardinal  of  .Spain,  dated  lUth  March,  1  rJ.'t, 
refers  to  his  entertaining  Columhus  as  \m 
guest  for  two  years.  It  is  very  ditlkiilt  to 
determine  the  date  of  these  two  years.  If 
Herrera  is  correct  in  the  statiMnent  tliat,  after 
a  five  years'  residence  at  court,  whose  coui- 
nieiicement  lie  had  previously  referied  to 
1484,  he  carried  his  projiosala  to  tho  duke  of 
Medina  Cell  (see  cap.  7,  8),  the  two  years 
may  have  intervened  between  14M9-149I. 
Navarretc  places  tlieni  between  the  departure 
from  Portugal  and  the  first  apjilieation  to  the 
court  of  Castile,  in  14«U.*  .Some other  writers, 
and  among  them  Mufioz  and  Irvint;,  referring 
his  application  to  Genoa  to  I4S5,  and  his  first 
appearance  in  Spain  to  a  subspqui'iit  peri<id, 
make  no  provision  for  the  residence  w  itli  the 
duke  of  Medina  Celi.  Mr.  Irving,  indeed,  is 
betrayed  into  a  chroiKilcgical  inaccuracy  in 
speaking  of  a  seven  yeur^'  residence  at  the 
court  in  1491,  which  In-  had  previously  notice<l 
as  having  before  begun  in  14»6.  (Life  of 
Columbus  (London,   is'iH),  comp.  vol.  i.  pp. 


'  'AcoirdiiiR  to  the  accoun»,  of  the  duke  of 
Jl"lin,i  Cili,  (J(jluinbu8,  when  received  by 
-:ii.  was  nil  his  way  from  Portugal  to  seek 
'■■*  favuur  and  assistance  of  the  French  king. 
l>iliikt'a^.c,.rts  that  he  would  himself  have 
.uti.hlihi  liim  with  three  or  four  caravels, 
raiMiciviii.,'  that  the  expedition  was  a  lit 

'  w  bt  uiid  rtakea  by  tne  crown,  he  had 
''J  Irttcr  cuniincnded  it  to  Isabella,  and,  at 
''T'-'luo^t,  had  >ent  Columbus  to  the  court. 
A-'tkijiijctt  of  this  statement,  made  on  the 


return  of  Columbus,  was  to  obtain  a  share  in 
the  advantages  of  the  discovery,  we  may  sus- 
pect the  writer  of  having  overrated  hi«  own 
services  in  the  matter.  Yet  in  the  dearth  or 
conflict  of  evidence  the  document  seems 
entitled  to  more  consideration  than  it  has 
hitherto  received,  especially  as  the  terms  of 
it  imply  a  reference  to  LsalM-lla's  acquaint- 
ance with  the  facts,  perliaps  to  that  of  Colum- 
bus himself. — Ku.J 


274 


ciiiusToriip:ii  columbus. 


His-  ijrofjross,  liowovcr,  was  nrrostod  at  tlio  convent  of  La  Ralii'ln,  wliidi  lie 
visitnl  pn'siuiis  to  his  fh'parturc,  liy  liis  friciMl  tin*  K"ariliaii,  wliu  pnvailci ,,- 
liiiii  to  |)Osti)uM(>  his  joiiriit'y  till  .-iiiothcr  rlljiirt  had  \\vn\  iiiailc  tn  tiiuMtlir 
Spanish  court  in  his  favour.  For  this  |)ur|K>s('  the  worthy  ('cclcsiaNtic  uiiilf- 
took  an  I'XiHMhtion  in  iktsou  to  the  nowiy-fn'cU'il  city  (tf  SauUi  Kc,  Mlicicth, 
Kov('n'i^;ns  lay  cncainiK'tl  h«'fore  (Jianaoa.  Juan  INtoz  had  fnnnciiy  Uvm 
confessor  of  Isiihella,  atnl  was  held  in  ^'reat  consideratiftn  hy  her  ifdr  In- 
excellent  (|ualities.  On  arriving'  at  the  nvtup,  he  was  readily  adiuittcil  t(»ii:i 
audience,  when  he  pressed  the  suit  of  Colunihus  with  all  the  earnc^inos  ai  1 
rtvisonin^Mtf  which  lie  was  (yi|Kil)le.  The  friar's  eloipience  was  su|iiHirtt'<i !  v 
that  of  several  eminent  persons  whom  Cohnuhns  during  his  long  rcviilcinc  l; 
the  country  hatl  interest<'d  in  his  project,  and  who  viewed  with  siiiccn'  ic'nt 
tlu!  prospect  of  its  ahandonriHMit.  Aiuon)^  these  individuals  are  juirticiilai'v 
mentioned  Alonso  de  (^uintivnilla,  comptroller-^^eneral  of  Castile,  Louis  (lo;. 
Angel,  a  fiscal  otiicer  of  the  crown  of  Anigon,  and  the  marchionesv  of  Mnvi. 
the  personal  friend  of  Isahella,  all  of  whom  exercised  consideraMe  intlufiMv 
over  her  counst'ls.  Their  represenUitions, comhined  with  the  opjwu tunc  xaM'i; 
of  the  ajiidlcation,  occurring  at  the  moment  when  the  aj)proachiug  tcriiiiii;uin:i 
of  the  Aloorish  war  allowed  room  for  interest  in  other  ohjects,  wruiiK'lit  ^i 
favourahle  a  change  in  the  dispositions  of  the  sovereigns  that  they  CDiisfiit.'-l 
to  resume  the  negotiation  with  Columhus.  An  invitiition  wasacconliii|,'lyMi;t 
to  him  to  rei)air  to  Santii  Fe,  and  a  considerable  sum  provided  for  his  sii'itaMti 
tMiuipment  and  his  ex[»enses  on  the  road.''** 

Columhus,  who  lost  no  time  in  availing  himself  of  this  welcome  iuti'lIit'ctHv, 
arrived  at  the  camp  in  season  to  witness  tlie  surrender  of  (Jraiiiula,  wln.i 
every  heart,  swelling  with  exultjition  at  the  triumphant  termination  of  tir 
war,  was  naturally  disposed  to  enter  witli  greater  confidence  on  a  new  ciirnr 
of  adventure.  In  his  interview  with  the  king  and  (jueen,  he  onrc  inniv 
exhibited  the  arguments  on  which  his  hypothesis  was  founded.  He  tlitii  rn- 
deavoured  to  stimulate  the  cupidity  of  his  audience  by  picturing  the  rt;iliii>  .f 
Mangi  and  Cathay,  which  he  confidently  expected  to  reach  by  this  wotcra 
route,  in  all  the  barbaric  splendours  which  ha<l  been  shed  over  tlu  in  I'V  t!ie 
lively  fancy  of  Marco  ]*olo  and  other  travellers  of  the  Middle  Ages ;  anil  he 
conc-Iuded  with  api)e<aling  to  a  higher  principle,  by  holding  out  the  piosixTt  "f 
extending  the  empire  of  the  Cross  over  nations  of  benighted  heatiien,  while 
he  i)ror)osed  to  devote  the  profits  of  his  enterprise  to  the  recoveiy  of  the  Holy 
tSepuUmre.  This  last  ebullition,  which  might  well  have  passed  for  fanaticiMii 
in  a  later  day,  and  given  a  visionary  tinge  to  his  whole  project,  was  not  ijnite 
so  preposterous  in  an  age  in  which  the  spirit  of  the  crusades  might  lio  >ai  1 
still  to  linger,  and  the  romance  of  religion  Iiad  not  yet  been  dispelled  liy  soLr 
reason.  The  more  temperate  suggestion  of  the  ditfusion  of  the  ^osyA  v-m  . 
well  suited  to  aflect  Isabella,  in  whose  heart  the  principle  of  devotion  «:n 
deei>ly  seated,  and  who,  in  all  her  tnidertakings,  seems  to  have  been  far  !(•>■' 
sensilde  t)  the  vulgar  impulses  of  avarice  or  ambition  than  to  any  aru'iinHnt 
coiniected,  however  reujotely,  with  the  interests  of  religion.*' 

Amidst  all  these  propitious  demonstrations  towards  Columbus,  an  ohstaolej 

109.  in.)    In  fact,  tlip  discrrpancies  amoiiR  doc.  1,  lib.  1,  cap.  8.— NavarrftP,  Coleccion  J« 

t!io  earliest  autlioritK  h  are  such  as  to  render  Viages.  torn,  i.,  iiitrod.,  sec.  tin.  1 

hopeless  any  attempt  to  settle  witli  jirocision  "'  llerrera,  Indias  occldentalo-i.dtc.  '•'"^I 

tin-  chronology    of   Columbus's   movements  1,  cap.  H. — Primer  Viage  de  ('(iIi'IMiihuI  >*' 

previL us  to  his  first  voyage.  varrete.  Colecclon  de  Viages,  Inm.  i.  IT  hJ 

'"  Ferreras,  Hist.  d'Espagne,  tom.  viii.  pp.  117.— Fernando  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almiriu'.e.  j 

129,   KtO.     .Mufioz,    Hist,   del    Nuevo-Mundo,  cap.  13. 
lib.  2,  sec.  31. — Herrcra,  Indius  occideutales, 


TILS  APPLICATION  AT  THE  COT^RT. 


275 


iiiioxp<'''to<lly  arose  in  tho  nfttiiro  of  his  doinands,  whicli  stipuktivl  for  Iiimsclf 
ami  lit'iis  the  title  and  authority  of  Admiral  and  Viceroy  over  all  lands  (Hs- 
Cdvcred  hy  liirn,  with  one-tenth  of  the  profits.  This  was  de«'Mied  wholly  inad- 
iiii-^ihli'.  Ferdinand,  who  lia<l  looke(l  with  e<»l«l  (hstrust  on  the  ex|i('ditioii 
fpiiii  the  first,  WHS  snjiportcd  hy  the  renionstranees  ot  Talavera,  the  new  arch- 
lihliiip  iif  (Jianad",  who  dtdarnl  that  "  su<'h  <leniands  s^ivonred  of  the  highest 
(It'irrce  of  arrogance, and  would  he  nnheeoniinK  in  their  lli/^hnesses  to  ^rant  to 
a  needy  forei;;n  ailventincr.''  Coliunhus,  however,  steadily  resisted  every 
ftttt'iiiitt  to  induce  him  to  UKMlify  ids  propositions  On  thisuVound  the  confer- 
fiict's  w(4i-e  ahrupti y  hroken  off,  and  ne  once  more  turned  his  hack  tipon  the 
Simiii-^li  court,  resolved  rather  to  fore^^o  his  splendid  anticipations  of  discovery, 
at  tlie  very  moment  when  the  career  so  lon^'  souf,dit  was  tlirown  ojm'U  to  him, 
than  surrender  one  of  the  honourahio  (Ustinctions  due  to  his  services.     This 


l■l^t  act  is  i)erhai)s  the  most  remarkahie  exhihition  in  his  whole  life,  of 
that  pKMid,  unyielding,'  spirit  which  sustained  hiiu  through  so  many  years  of 
trial,  and  enahled  him  at  len^tli  to  achieve  his  ^'reat  enterpri.se,  in  tiie  face  of 
evcrv  (ilistacle  which  man  and  nature  Iwul  opnosed  to  it." 

Tfie  misunderstanding;  was  not  sullered  to  he  of  lonj;  duration.  Cohnnhus's 
friemls,  and  especially  Louis  de  St.  An^'el,  remonstrated  with  the  (iiieen  on 
these  nroceedin/i^s  in  the  most  earnest  maimer.  He  frankly  told  tier  that 
((iliimltus's  demands,  if  hitdi,  were  at  least  continj^ent  on  success,  when  they 
witiiM  he  well  deserved,  while,  if  he  failed,  he  recjuired  nothing.  St.  7\nj;el 
p.x|atiate(l  on  his  (lualitications  for  the  underUiknig,  so  sij,'nal  as  to  insure 
ill  all  prohfihility  the  patronage  of  .some  other  monarch,  who  would  reap  tho 
fruits  of  his  discoveries  ;  and  he  ventured  to  remind  the  cpieen  that  her 
iriN'iit  ]»olioy  was  not  in  accordance  with  the  magnanimous  spirit  which 
lad  iiitlierto  made  her  the  ready  patron  of  great  and  heroic  entei-])riso. 
"ar  from  heing  disj)leased,  I.'^ahella  was  moved  hy  his  honest  eIo(iuencc. 
She  coiitemplp^ed  the  proposals  of  Colunihus  in  their  true  light  ;  and, 
rpfiiMiig  to  heii.Ken  any  longer  to  the  suj^'gestions  of  cold  and  timid  coun- 
sellors, she  gave  way  to  tlie  natural  nnpul.ses  of  her  own  nohle  and 
;.'('! icrous  heart.  "  I  will  assume  the  undertaking,"  said  she,  "  for  my  own 
crmvii  (if  ("astile.  and  am  ready  to  i>awn  niy  jewels  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  it,  if  the  funds  in  the  treasury  shall  he  found  inadequate."  The  treasury 
liail  hocn  reduced  to  the  lowest  ehl)  hy  the  late  war  ;  hut  the  receiver. 
J't..\ii^'('l,  advanced  the  sums  retiuired,  from  the  Aragonese  revenues  deposited 
in  his  liiinds.  Aragon,  however,  was  not  considered  as  adventuring  in  the 
expt'ditioii,  the  cliarges  and  emoluments  of  which  were  reserved  exclusively 
for  Castile." 

Coliiiiilius,  who  was  overtaken  hy  the  royal  messenger  at  a  few  leagues' 
'iistaiice  oidy  from  Granada,  experienced  the  most  courteous  reception  on  his 
rftiirn  to  Santii  Fe,  where  a  definitive  arrangement  was  concluded  with  the 
Sftiiisli  sovereigns,  April  17th,  1492.  liy  the  terms  of  the  canitulation, 
I'f'nliiiaiid  and  lsal)ella,  as  lords  of  the  ocean-seas,  constituted  (Tnistopher 
'  "Iniiiliiis  their  admiral,  viceroy,  and  governor  general  of  all  such  islands  and 
(I'liliiioiits  as  he  should  di.scover  in  tlie  western  ocean,  with  the  ])rivilege  of 
I'Hiinating  three  candidate.s,  for  the  selection  of  one  hy  the  crown,  for  tho 
."Vcniiiu'iit  of  each  of  these  territories.  He  was  to  he  vested  with  exclusive 
rij'lit  of  jurisdiction  over  all  commercial  transactions  within  his  admiralty. 


Mufio/.,   Hist,  del  Nuevo-Miindo.  lib.  2, 
•^   ■i\  W— I'lriiai.dy  Colon,  HIhI.  del  Al- 
0'>':'i'.  iilii  supra. 
■'  Hirrero,  liidias  occidcntales,  dec.  1,  lib. 


1.  cap.  H.— Mufioz,  Hist,  del  Nupvo-Mundo, 
lib.  '2,  80C.  ;{'2,  ;{;j.  Kemando  Culim,  Hist,  del 
Aliiiiraiite,  cap.  U.— Uouiara,  Hist,  de  laa 
ludia-s  cap.  15. 


276 


CIIRISTOPHKR  COLUMBUS. 


He  was  to  l»p  ontitlo«l  to  oiictrnth  of  all  tln>  jirodtirts  and  profits  witliin  ''lo 
limits  of  his  (|i,<c((v«Mi<'s,  nii<i  an  a<l<litioiial  «'i;;litli,  iirovidco  he  sluttilti  cmh. 
triliiitr  one  «'i;;litli  part  of  the  fXiu'iisc.  \\y  a  suliM'i|ii('Mt  onlinainf,  tlic 
otlicial  <li;.'iiiti»'s  al»ovr  oiiiiiiicrattd  wno  srttird  on  him  and  his  h('ir«i  tori'\cr, 
with  the  piivilr^c  of  piclixin^'  t<>  their  names  the  title  (»f  l)on,  which  h;i>l  imt 
then  de;;enerat<'d  into  an  appellation  of  mere  conitesy.'* 

No  sooner  were  the  arranj;etnents  comjileted,  than  Isahella  prepared,  with 
lier  cliaracteristie  jiromptness  to  forward  the  expediti<»n  hy  tin'  inovt  •  lln  init 
measnres.     Orders  were  sent  to  Seville  and  thi'  other  ports  of  AndainMit,  tu 
fin'nisli  stores  and  other  articles  re«inlsito  for  the  vova^'e,  free  of  ((^itv.  jiikI 
at  as  low  ratos  as  possiMe.     'J'he  fleet,  eonsistinj,'  (»f  tfire«!  vess«'ls,  was  tu  >ail 
from  the  little  port  of  l*aIos  in  Andalnsia,  which  had  heen  ('(»ndeiiiiicd  in] 
Kome  delinmieiK  y  to  maintain  two  airavels  for  a  twelvemonth  for  the  \>\i\>\'\r 
Kervice.     The  third  vessel  was  fnrnished  l»v  the  admiral,  aided,  as  it  \\k\M 
wem,  in  defraying  the  diar^'es  hy  his  friend  the  j,niardian  of  lia  Kal'ida,  ami 
the  Pinzons,  a  fandly  in  I'alos  loiif;  distin^nishod  for  its  enterprise  hmiihii:  tlic 
mariners  of  that  active  {'ommniMty.     ^Vith  their  assistance,  Colunilnis  was 
onaMed  to  snrmomit  the  disinclination,  and  indeed  o]m\  opposition,  maiii- 
fosted  hy  the  Andalnsian  mariners  to  his  periloiis  voyaK<' ;   so  that  in  less 
than  three  months  his  little  scinailron  was  e<|ninj)e(l  for  sea.     A  siitHrjcnt 
ovi(leiK'(»  of  the  extn'ine  nn|ioi)nlarity  of  the  expedition  is  afforded  hy  a  mval 
ordinance  of  the  .'U)th  of  Anrii,  jirftmisiii^'  prot<'ction  to  all  i)ersons  who  slioiiM 
endtark  in  it  from  criminal  prosecution  of  whatever  kind,  until  two  iiKnitlb 
after  their  return.     The  armament  consiste<l  of  two  caravels,  or  li^ht  \onc1s 
without  decks,  and  a  third  of  lar;^Tr  hurden.     The  total  nuinher  of  jtersdiis 
Avlio  omiia'ked  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  ;  and  the  whole  cliar^is 
of  the  cro.vn  for  the  oxi)edition  did  not  exceed  seventeen  thousand  tlniin.s. 
The   Heot   was  instructed!  to  keep  clear  of   the  African   coast,  and  ctlitr 
maritime  [mssessions  of  Portu^'al.     At  len^'th,  all  thinj^'s  hein^  in  reaijiin-s, 
Columhus  and  his  whole  crew  partook  of  the  sacrament,  and  confoscil  tlitiii- 
selves,  after  the  devout  manner  of  the  ancient  Si>anisli  voyagers  wlim  en- 
gayed  in  any  important  enterjirise  ;  and  on  the  morning  of  the  .Srd  of  Au-iist, 
1492.  the  intrepid   navigator,  hiddinj;  adieu  to  the  old  world,  lauiiclied  trntli 
on  tliat  unfathomed  waste  of  waters  where  no  sail  liad  been  ever  sjininl 
before.'* 

It  is  impossible  to  peruse  the  story  of  Columbus  without  assifiniiif,' to  him 
almost  exclusively  the  glory  of  his  great  discovery  ;  for  from  the  first  iiKniient 


"*  Navdrmtc,  Colccc  Ion  do  Viiipes,  torn,  li., 
Col.  (liplonuit.,  iios.  5,  6. — ZiifiiKa.  Aiinnlfs 
dc  Scvilla,  ]>.4\'2. — Mariana,  Hist,  do  Espafla, 
ton».  li.  p.  6()S. 

"•  I'ettT  Martyr,  Do  Robus  Oioanicls  ct 
Novi)  (>r»)o  (Colonia",  1571).  doc.  1,  lib.  1.— 
Navnrroto,  Colorcion  do  ViaRos,  torn,  ii.,  Col. 
diplomat.,  no8.  7,  H,  9,  Kt,  12.— Horrora, 
Indian  occidontalos,  doc.  1,  lib.  1,  cap  9.— 
FiTtiando  Colon,  Hist,  del  Aliniranto,  c^ip. 
14.  -Mufiiiz,  Hint,  dol  Xuovo-Miindo,  lih.  2, 
Bor.  ;»;».-  Hon/oni,  Novi  Orliis  Hist.,  lib.  1, 
cap.  6.— (loniara,  lli>t.  dc  l.is  Indi.is,  cap.  15. 

'i'ho  pxprcssioii  in  tlio  text  svill  not  soom 
too  Htroiifr,  ovtn  admittinp  tlio  provions  dis- 
coveries of  tlio  Niirtlinion,  widcli  wore  made 
in  HO  much  biniicr  latitude^,  lluuiboldt  li.is 
well  shown  tlio  pioi)abilitiof<,  a  priori,  of 
Buch  discovorios.  made  in  a  narrow  part  of 
the  Atlantic,  where  the  Orcados,  the  Faroe 


Islands.  Iceland,  and  Cir<  enlnnd  atTordid  the 
voyapor  8o  many  iiitormi'iliiiti'  r-taiiini'*,  at 
moderate  distances  from  eacli  oilier.  [*'<■" 
graphio  du  nouvoau  Continent,  toni  ii.  if. 
Is3  ot  soq.)  The  publication  of  tlie  oriL-iiial 
Scandinavian  MS.S.  (of  wiiicli  liii|"rf'it 
notice.^  and  Mloctions  only  have  liitlprtu 
f;iund  tlicir  way  Into  the  world)  l)y  ilie  Kcul 
Society  of  Northern  Antiquarii-.  at  ( ■i|iin- 
haffon,  is  ii  matter  of  the  doopist  iiit'TC-'; 
and  it  is  fortu:<ato  tiiat  it  is  to  be  coiidii.tMl 
under  ausj)ices  which  must  insure  its  e.xfui- 
tion  in  the  most  faitliful  and  aM'- niaiimr. 
It  may  be  doubted,  liow«  ver,  \\li' tli' r  tii'' 
docliirati<in  of  the  Prospoctus,  that  "it  ««■* 
tiie  knowlodt'e  of  the  Scandinavian  V(iy|.''-, 
in  all  probability,  which  prompt. d  tliP'.v- 
podition  of  Columbus,"  can  ever  I"'  <stali- 
lisiiod.  His  persi.nal  history  furnishes  .stroig 
internal  evidence  to  the  contrary. 


niS  APPLICATION   AT  TIIK  COIIIT. 


i277 


of  its  oonrp|iti"»r>  to  thftt  or  it«  tiiml  cxonition  lie  wjvm  iMicnimtonvl  l»y  ovory 
ji|KMi('N  f»f  iiitntificUioii  uikI  ciiilxiniissinnit,  with  M-nrcfly  a  lu'Hit  to  tliccr  or 
n  hiiii'l  ti>  ln'l|i  liiia."  Tli(>>i'  more  enlij^liteiied  persons  wlioin,  diiriii^'  his  joiij; 
ri'>iili'iicf  in  Spiiin,  he  >uteee<lnl  in  intere.slin;,'  in  his  exixMJition,  lo<ikeil  to  it 
hi'iiiiiil>ly  iis  tlie  nieiins  of  solving;  a  <liil)ioiis  prolih'ni,  uith  the  same  sort  of 
vHu'iK'  ii"'I  skt'i»ti(ul  curiosity  as  to  its  sueeessfnl  result  with  which  we  con- 
tfiiii'l.ite,  in  oiu-  <Liy,  an  atteinpt  to  arrive  at  the  North-west  |ia.>sji);e.  Mow 
fiflilc  wa>  the  interest  exciletl,  c\en  anion^'  those  who  from  their  science  and 
situation  would  se«'m  to  have  tlieir  attention  most  naturally  <lrawn  towards  it, 
iiiiiv  lie  inferred  from  the  infreijuiMicy  of  allusion  to  it  in  the  corresiiondmco 
iwA  uihcr  writin;;s  of  that  time,  prc\ious  to  the  actual  discovery.  Peter 
Martyr,  one  of  the  most  aocomidished  scholars  of  the  iH'riod,  whos«'  residence 
lit  tlic  (astilian  court  must  liave  fully  instructed  nim  in  tin-  dt'sitMis  of 
('.iImiiiIius,  and  whose  imiuisitive  miml  led  him  suhsenuently  to  take  tho 
(ltv|M'st  int<'rest  in  the  results  of  his  discoveries,  dotfs  not,  so  far  as  I  uni 
lUMiii',  allude  to  him  in  any  |»art  of  his  voluminous  correspondence  wifh  tho 
li'.iriii'd  men  of  his  time,  previous  to  the  first  expedition.  The  common 
jK'o|ile  regarded,  not  merely  with  apathy,  hut  with  terror,  the  prospect  itf  a 
viivaice  that  was  to  tike  the  mariner  from  the  s'lfe  and  jdeasant  seas  whicli  ho 
wii>  ai'cu>t<tmed  to  iiavi^'ate,  and  send  him  roving'  on  the  houndless  wild»'r- 
ness  of  water.s,  whicli  tradition  and  HUpcrstitiou.s  fancy  had  pe<<pled  with 
iiiimiiierahle  tonus  of  horror. 

It  i^  true  that  Columhus  exi)erienced  a  most  lionouraMe  reception  at  tlie 
Castilian  court ;  such  as  naturally  flowed  from  the  henevolent  spirit  of  Isjvhella 
aii'l  her  just  apjireciation  of  his  j)ure  and  elevated  character.  IJut  the  (pieen 
was  too  little  of  a  j>roficient  in  soienco  to  he  aide  to  estimate  the  merits  of  his 
hvpotliesis  ;  and,  as  many  of  those  on  whose  judf,'ment  she  leaned  deemed  it 
('(liiii.Tical,  it  is  prohahle  that  she  never  entert^iined  a  deej)  conviction  of  its 
triilli ;  ill  l"ast  not  enough  to  warrant  the  liheral  ex^)enditure  which  she  never 
refused  to  schemes  of  reni  imporUiuce.  Tliis  is  certivmly  inferred  hy  the  paltry 
aiiioiiiit  actually  expended  on  the  armament,  far  inferior  to  that  appropriated 
t<j  the  eipiipment  of  two  several  Heets  in  the  course  of  the  late  war  for  a  forei^'n 
exiH'ditiun,  as  well  as  to  tliat  with  which  in  the  ensuing  year  she  followed  up 
CoiuiiiImis's  discoverie.s. 

Hut  while,  on  a  review  of  the  circumstances,  we  are  led  more  and  more  to 
alniire  the  consUvncy  and  unconquerahle  spirit  which  carried  Colunibus  vic- 
ttiridus  tliroui^h  all  the  ditliculties  of  his  undertaking,  we  must  remember,  in 
ju^ti^t'  t(j  Isivhella,  that,  although  tardily,  she  did  in  fact  furnish  the  resources 
essential  to  its  execution  ;  tliJitshe  undertook  the  enterprise  when  it  had  \Hnm 
cxplii  itly  declined  hy  other  powers,  and  when  rtrohahly  none  other  of  that  age 
wii  lid  have  heen  found  to  countenance  it ;  ami  that,  after  once  plighting  her 
faith  to  Columhu.s,  she  became  his  steady  friend,  shielding  him  against  the 
ealuiiuiios  of  his  enemies,  reposing  in  him  the  most  generous  confidence,  and 
serviiii;  him  in  the  most  acceptiilde  manner,  by  suppTymg  ample  resources  for 
the  prosecution  of  his  glorious  discoveries." 


r..,^ 


"  How  strikingly  are  the  forlorn  condition 
ami  imldmitable  energy  of  Columlmsdopicted 
in  tlif  tiiUowiiig  noble  verses  of  Chiabrera  ! — 

"Corto  ila  cor,  ch'  alto  dcstin  non  scclse, 
•Soil  1'  iniprese  magnaiiime  neglette ; 
Ma  le  bell'  alme  alle  bell'  opre  elette 
Saimo  gioir  nelle  faUche  eccelse  ; 
N^  biuttuio  popular,  frale  catena. 


Rpirto  d'  onore,  il  sno  cammin  roffrona. 
Cosl  luiiga  stagion  per  incxll  in<lt  gni 
Eiirop;!  dispri'zzo  1'  inclitii  Hp<-M)o, 
ScbiTMcndo  il  vulgo,  e  t>ec(>  i  Itegl  inslrmo 
Nudo  nocchier,  promettitor  di  Regni." 
Rime,  parte  1,  canzone  12. 

"  Cc>lumbus,   in  a   letter  written  on   his 
third  voyage,  pays  au  honest,  heartfelt  tri- 


278 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


It  ifl  now  more  than  thirty  years  since  the 
Spmiisii  (5ovcriiiM('nt  intniHtfd  Don  Miirlin 
rcrimiiili'Z  (li-  Niivarntc,  one  of  the  nioHt 
eiuint'iit  HcholiiiH  of  the  country,  with  the 
care  of  ex|)liirin)^  tin.'  public  urcliivcs,  for  tlie 
liiirpose  of  collecting  information  relative  to 
the  voj'anes  anil  discoveries  of  the  early 
Spanish  navit^.itors.  In  1H'-J5,  Sefior  Navur- 
rete  gave  to  I  lie  world  the  first-fruits  of  his 
Indefatigable  researches,  in  two  volumes,  the 
commencement  of  a  series,  comprehending 
letters,  private  journals,  royal  ordinances, 
and  other  original  documents,  illustrative  of 
the  discovery  of  America.  These  two  vol- 
umes are  devoted  exclusively  to  the  adven- 
tures and  personal  history  of  Columbus,  and 
must  be  regarded  as  the  oidy  authentic  basis 
on  which  any  notice  of  the  great  navigator 
can  hereafter  rest.  Fortunately,  j'Mr.  Irving's 
visit  to  Spain,  at  this  peri(xl,  enabled  the 


world  to  derive  the  full  benefit  of  S'  fior  Na- 
varrete's  researches,  by  presenting  tli.ir 
results  in  cumiection  with  whatever  had  Imii 
before  knwwn  of  Columbus,  in  the  hniii  uini 
attractive  form  which  engages  tlie  jnti  r^"^!  nf 
every  remler.  Jt  would  seem  highly  prujH.T 
that  the  fortunes  of  the  discoverer  ut  "Am, ma 
should  engage  the  pen  of  an  iiilialntiini  ,jf 
her  most  lavoured  and  enlighteiiiMl  r>KM.n; 
and  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  tlie  u-k  htm 
been  executed  in  a  manner  which  niii.»t  s.dirc 
to  the  historian  a  share  in  the  iiii|pi  ri-lmlilo 
renown  of  his  subject.  The  adviiitiirc>^  nf 
Columbus,  which  form  so  splendid  nii  'pisiHip 
to  the  retgn  of  Ferdinand  and  IsiiluUa, 
cannot  projierly  come  within  the  scope  of  ju 
historian,  except  s(;  far  as  relat'-  to  his  jkt- 
Bonal  intercourse  with  the  govern ni'iit,  or  t.) 
their  results  on  tho  fortunes  of  the  Spanish 
monarchy. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


EXPULSION   OP   THE  JEWS   FROM   SPAIN. 

1492. 

Excitement  against  the  Jews— Edict  of  Expulsion— Dreadful  Sufferings  of  the  Emigrants- 
Whole  Number  of  Exiles — Disastrous  Kesults — True  Motives  of  the  Edict— CoiUeuipijrary 
Judgments. 

While  the  Spanish  sovereigns  were  detained  before  Granada,  they  pulilishe<l 
their  memoraule  and  most  aisastrous  edict  against  the  Jews  ;  inscril)iiiir  it.  as 
it  were,  with  the  same  pen  which  drew  up  the  glorious  capitulation  of  (JianaiLi 
and  the  treaty  with  Columbus.  The  reader  has  been  made  acquaiMttvl  in  a 
preceding  chapter  with  the  prosperous  condition  of  the  Jews  in  tlie  Peniasuhv, 
and  the  pre-eminent  consideration  which  tiiey  attained  there  beyond  any  other 

f)art  of  Christendom.  The  envy  raised  by  their  prosperity,  combined  with  the 
ligh  religious  excitement  kindled  in  the  long  war  with  the  infidel,  iliivetoil 
the  terrible  arm  of  the  Inqui.sition,  as  has  been  already  stated,  against  this 
unfortunate  jieople  ;  but  the  result  showed  the  failure  of  the  exi)eriiiuMit,  since 
comparatively  few  conversions,  and  those  frequently  of  a  suspicions  character, 
were  effected,  while  the  great  mass  still  uuiintaincd  a  pertinacious  attiichnient 
to  ancient  errors.' 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  popular  odium,  inflamed  by  the  aiscontent  of 


bute  to  the  effectual  patronage  which  he 
experienced  from  the  queen.  "In  the  midst 
of  the  general  incredulity,"  says  he,  "the 
Almighty  infused  into  the  queen,  my  lady, 
the  spirit  of  intelligence  and  energy;  and, 
whilst  every  one  else,  in  his  ignorance,  was 
exjiatiatiiig  only  on  the  inconvenience  and 
cost,  her  Highness  approved  it,  on  the  con- 
trary, and  gave  it  all  the  support  in  her 
Slower."  See  Carta  al  Ama  del  Principe  D. 
Tuan,  apud  Navarrete,  Coleccion  de  Viages, 
torn.  i.  p.  266. 
'  It  is  a  proof  of  the  high  consideration  in 


which  such  Israelites  as  were  willing  to  pin- 
brace  Christianity  were  hold,  that  tlioe  of 
that  niimlx>r,  Alvarez,  Avila,  and  I'nlc.ir, 
were  private  secretaries  of  the  qiie.n.  (Mem. 
de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  tom.  vi.  Iliist.  is.)  An 
incidental  expression  of  Martyr's,  among 
nianj-  similar  ones  by  contemporaries,  atTTil:* 
the  true  key  to  the  popular  ediiiin  against 
the  Jews:  "Cum  iiamqtie  videretit,  Jiid-iy 
nun  tabido  commercio,  qui  hac  Imvii  suht  in 
Hispania  ivnnmeri  Christianit  ditioris,  plu- 
rimorum  animos  corrumpi  ac  scducl,"  etc. 
Opus  Epist.,  epist.  92. 


Oil  the  tahje,  a 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


279 


tho  deruy  <at  the  resistance  which  they  encountered  in  the  work  of  proselytisin. 
;;iiluiiliy  grew  stronger  and  stronger  against  the  unhaiipy  Israelites.  Old 
t!iiiliti')iis  as  old  indeed  as  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  were  re- 
VM'A  ami  charged  on  the  present  generation,  with  all  the  detiiils  of  place  and 
.ition.  Christian  children  were  said  to  he  kidnapped  in  order  to  he  crucified 
;;i  dt'iisinn  of  the  Saviour ;  the  host,  it  was  rumoured,  was  exi)osed  to  the 
I.Tii>sest  indignities  ;  and  physicians  and  apothecaries,  whose  science  was  par- 
tiiiiLulv  cultivated  l>y  the  Jews  in  the  Micldle  Ages,  were  accused  of  poisoning 
idt'ir  Cliristiau  patients.  No  rumour  was  too  ahsurd  for  the  easy  credulity 
it  the  people.  The  Israelites  were  chargetl  with  the  more  prohahle  ottence 
of  atU'iapting  to  convert  to  their  own  faith  the  <nicient  C/iristuinSy  as  well  as 
tirwlaim  such  of  their  own  race  as  had  recently  einhraced  Christianity.  A 
;nK\i  >c;vnibvl  was  occasioned  also  hy  the  intermarriages  which  still  ocaisi(»nally 
ji-.k  jiliicc  between  Jews  and  Christians  ;  the  latter  condescending  to  repair 
their  iliLijiidated  fortunes  I )y  these  wealthy  alliances,  though  at  the  expense 
of  their  vaunted  purity  of  blood." 

The^e  various  ott'ences  were  urged  against  the  Jews  with  great  pertinacity 
U  their  enemies,  and  the  sovereigr.ii  were  imi)ortimed  to  adopt  a  more 
riiioroiis  jiolicy.  The  inquisitors,  in  particular,  to  whom  the  work  of  con- 
ver-iuii  had  been  si^ciafly  intrusted,  rei)resented  the  incompetence  of  all 
Ifiiient  measures  to  the  end  proposed.  They  asserted  that  the  oidy  mode 
Ifft  for  the  extir]iation  of  the  Jewish  heresy  was  to  eradicate  the  seed  ; 
an  1  thev  holdly  demanded  the  immedmte  and  total  banishment  of  every  un- 
tttiitized  Israelite  from  the  land.' 

ihe  .Jews,  who  had  obtained  an  intimation  of  these  proceedings,  resorted  to 
tliiir  usual  crafty  policy  for  propitiating  the  sovereigns.  They  connnissioned 
fiK'  of  their  body  to  tender  a  donative  of  thirty  tiioupand  duaits  towards 
iltfraviiig  the  expenses  of  the  Moorish  war.  The  neg(  tiation,  however,  was 
>  Mt'iily  interrupted  by  the  iniinisitor-general,  Torquemada,  who  burst  into 
till' apartment  of  the  palace  where  the  sovereigns  were  giving  audience  to  the 
J.'wlsli  deputy,  and,  drawing  forth  a  crucifix  from  Iteneath  his  mantle,  held 
it  up,  exclaiuung,  "  Judas  Iscariot  sold  his  master  for  thirty  pieces  of  silver. 
V "Ur  Highnesses  would  sell  him  anew  for  thirty  thousand ;  here  he  is,  take 
him.  ami  barter  him  away."  So  saying,  the  frantic  priest  threw  the  crucifix 
d:i  the  table,  and  left  the  apartment.  The  sovereigns,  instead  of  chastising 
this  presiunntion,  or  despising  it  as  a  mere  freak  of  insanity,  were  overawed 
ly  it.  Neitner  Ferdinand  nor  Isabella,  had  they  been  left  to  the  unbiassed 
dictates  of  their  own  reason,  could  have  sanctioned  for  a  moment  so  impolitic 
a  measure,  which  involved  the  loss  of  the  most  industrious  and  skilful  portion 
of  their  subjects.  Its  extreme  injustice  and  cruelty  rendered  it  especially 
rtimgiiaiit  to  the  naturally  humane  disposition  of  the  queen.*  But  sue  had 
t^H'ii  early  schooled  to  distrust  her  own  reason,  and  indeed  the  natural  sugges- 
t!  ns  of  liuiiianity,  in  cases  of  conscience.  Among  the  reverend  counsellors 
Oi;  whom  she  most  relied  in  these  matters  was  the  Dominican  Torquemadii. 


•  Piramn,  De  Origine  Inquisitionis,  p. 
^^.-Llureiite,  Hist,  de  1' Inquisition,  torn. 
■  ■if-  T,  sec.  ;i.  — I'etor  Martyr,  OpuH  Epist., 
■;  -t   94.— Kerreras,  Hist.   (l'E>pagne,   torn. 

';.i.  p.  rjH, 

'  I'arauKi,  De  Origine  Inquisitionis,  p.  163. 
~^».j.jriic  .Mendoza  refers  tlie  sovereign's 
' '  ■•  Nt  to  till'  banisliinent  of  the  Jews,  in  a 
r«i  mca^iirc,  to  tlie  urgent  renionhtrances 
^'^canliiial  of  Spain.  'I'iie  bigotry  of  tlio 
»'Sr«pb«r  malieij  him  claim  the  credit  of 


every  fanatical  act  for  his  illustrious  hero. 
See  Cron.  del  Gran  Caidenal,  p.  '250. 

^  Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'lnquisition,  torn.  I. 
chap.  7,  sect.  5. — I'ul^ar,  in  a  letter  to  the 
cardinal  of  Spain,  animadverting  with  niucii 
severity  on  tlie  tenor  of  certain  municijial 
ordinances  against  the  Jews  in  Guipuscua 
and  Toledo,  in  1  1m2,  jilainly  intimates  tliat 
they  were  not  at  all  to  the  taste  of  the  queen, 
bee  Letras  (Aoistelodami,  lt)70),  let.  31. 


280 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


The  situation  which  this  man  enjoyed  as  the  queen's  confessor,  (luring  th.' 
tender  years  of  her  youtli,  }j;ave  him  an  ascendency  over  her  mind  whidi  iii;,>'. 
have  been  denied  to  a  jwriion  of  his  savap',  fanatical  temiier,  even  with  ih, 
advantages  of  this  spiritual  connection,  had  It  been  formed  at  a  riiicr  ]i(ri.>l 
of  her  life.  Withoiit  opposing-  further  resistance  to  the  represeiiUitinii^  .j 
emphaticjilly  expressed,  of  the  holy  persons  in  whom  she  most  cuiilidnl, 
Isabella,  at  length,  silenced  her  own  scruples,  and  consented  to  the  fata! 
measure  of  proscrintion. 

The  edict  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  was  signed  by  the  Spanish  sove- 
reigns at  Granada,  Marc-li  30th,  141)'2.  The  i)reamble  alleges,  in  vnitlicatini,  of 
the  measure,  the  danger  of  allowing  further  intercourse  lietweon  the  .Im, 
and  their  Christian  subjects,  in  consequence  of  the  incorrigible  olbtiniuv 
with  which  the  former  persisted  in  their  attempts  to  make  cduvorts  of  thi 
latter  to  their  own  faith,  and  to  instruct  them  in  their  heretical  rites,  in  oii n 
defiance  of  every  legal  prohibition  and  penalty.  When  a  college  or  cor]i(ira- 
tion  of  aiiy  kind — the  instrument  ^'oes  on  to  state — is  convicteil  of  any  ^'nat 
or  detestable  crime,  it  is  right  that  it  should  be  disfranchised,  the  less  siitierii .. 
with  the  greater,  the  innocent  with  the  guilty.  If  this  be  the  case  in  lemiura! 
concerns,  it  is  mtich  more  so  in  those  which  att'ect  the  eternal  welfare  vi  \l<' 
soul.  It  finally  decrees  that  all  uidjaptized  Jews,  of  whatever  age,  sex,  (..r 
conditio/1,  should  depart  from  the  realm  by  the  end  of  July  next  ensiiiiii:; 
prohibiting  them  from  revisiting  it,  on  any  pretext  whatever,  under  {lenaity 
of  death  and  confiscation  of  property.  It  was,  moreover,  interdicted  to  evt!y 
subject  to  harbour,  succour,  or  minister  to  the  necessities  of  any  Jew,  after  the 
expiration  of  the  term  limited  for  his  departure.  The  persons  ami  imincrrv 
of  the  Jews,  in  the  mean  time,  were  taken  under  the  royal  protec  tion.  IIh y 
were  allowed  to  dispose  of  their  effects  of  every  kind  on  their  own  uecouiit, 
and  to  carry  the  proceeds  along  with  them,  in  bills  of  exchange,  or  niercliaiidi^' 
not  prohibited,  but  neither  in  gold  nor  silver.* 

The  doom  of  exile  fell  like  a  thunderbolt  on  the  heads  of  the  Israelites.  .\ 
large  pronortioii  of  them  had  hitherto  succeeded  in  shielding  tlieiuselves  frum 
the  searcliing  eye  of  the  Inquisition,  by  an  att'ectation  of  reverence  fur  tin' 
forms  of  Cathohc  worship, and  a  discreet  forbearance  of  whatever  nii^lit  otitM;! 
the  preiudices  of  their  Christian  brethren.  They  had  even  hoped  that  thtir 
steady  loyalty  and  a  quiet  and  orderly  discharge  of  their  social  duties  Wdu!  1 
in  time  secure  them  iiigher  immunities.  Many  had  ri.sen  to  a  degree  >  I 
opulence,  by  means  of  the  thrift  and  dexterity  peculiar  to  ihe  race,  whi  h 
gave  them  a  still  deeper  interest  in  the  land  of  their  residence.®  Their  famihis 
were  reared  in  all  the  elegant  refinements  of  life  ;  and  their  we^ilth  and  eilii'.i- 
tion  often  disposed  them  to  turn  their  attention  to  liberal  pursuits,  whi'  h 
ennobled  the  character,  indeed,  but  rendered  them  personally  mure  sensible  tu 
physical  annoyance  and  less  fitted  to  encounter  the  perils  and  privations  uf 
their  dreary  pilgrimage.  Even  the  mass  of  the  common  people  jtossessei'  a 
dexterity  in  various  handicrafts  which  afforded  a  comfortable  livelihood,  raisiii,' 
them  far  above  similar  classes  in  most  other  nations,  who  might  readily  l-' 
detaciisd  from  the  soil  on  which  they  happened  to  be  cast,  with  coniparativov 
little  sacrifice  of  local  interests.  ^    Tl'iese  ties  were  now  severed  at  a  blow.   Thty 


'  Carbnjal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1492.— Recop. 
de  las  Leyes,  lib.  8,  tit.  2,  ley  2.~Pragm;i- 
ticas  del  Reyno,  ed.  1520,  fol.  3. 

•  The  Curate  of  Ix)9  Palacios  speaks  of 
several  Israelites  worth  one  or  two  millions  of 
lu&ravedis,  aad  of  another  as  having  even 


amassed  ten.    He  mentions  one,  in  particm*'. 
by  the  name  of  Abraham,  an  rinti»e  '  ' 
greater  part  of  ra.ftile!    It  will  lianily  'i  ; 
take  the  good  Curate's  statt  nicnt  (i  la  W'''- 
See  Reves  Catolicos,  MS.,  lap.  Wl- 
'  Befnaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  ubi  supra. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


281 


\xoTe  to  ffo  forth  as  exiles  from  tho  land  of  their  birth  ;  tlie  land  whoro  all 
whom  tlit\v  over  loved  had  lived  or  died  ;  the  land  not  so  much  of  their  adoption 
as  of  their  iidieriUince  ;  which  had  Iteen  the  home  of  their  ancestors  for  cen- 
turies, and  with  whose  prosjterity  and  glory  they  were  of  course  as  intimately 
associated  as  was  any  ancient  Spaniard.  They  were  to  he  cast  out  heli»less 
ami  (li'feuceless,  with  a  hrand  of  infamy  set  on  them,  among  nations  ^vho  had 
always  held  them  in  derision  and  hatred. 

Tiiose  provisions  of  the  edict  which  ati'ected  a  show  of  kindness  to  the  Jews 
were  contrived  so  artfully  as  to  Ik?  nearly  nuj,'atory.  As  they  were  excluded 
from  the  use  of  gold  and  silver,  the  only  medium  for  representing  their  property 
was  liiils  of  exchange.  But  connnerce  was  too  limited  and  imperfect  to  allow 
of  these  being  promptly  obtained  to  any  very  consideralde,  much  less  to  the 
eiiorinous  amount  reipiired  in  the  present  instance.  It  was  impossible,  more- 
over, to  negotiate  a  sale  of  their  etl'ects  mider  existing  circumstiinces,  since  the 
market  was  soon  glutted  with  conunodities  ;  and  few  would  be  found  willing 
to  iiive  anything  like  an  eiiuivalent  for  what,  if  not  disposed  of  within  the 
iirescrilied  term,  the  proprietors  nnist  relin(|uish  at  any  rate.  So  (iej)lorable, 
inilccd,  was  the  sacrifice  of  property  that  achroincler  of  the  day  mentions  that 
he  had  seen  a  house  exchanged  for  an  ass,  and  a  vineyard  for  a  suit  of  clothes  ! 
In  Aragon,  matters  were  still  worse.  The  government  there  discovered  that 
the  Jews  were  largely  indebted  to  individuals  and  to  cerUiin  corporations.  It 
aaordingly  caused  their  property  to  be  secpiestrated  for  the  benefit  of  their 
ireilitors,  until  their  debts  should  be  licpiidated.  Strange,  indeed,  that  the 
lialaixc  should  be  found  against  a  people  who  have  been  everywhere  conspicuous 
for  their  conunercial  sagacity  ana  resources,  and  who,  as  factors  of  the  great 
nuhility  and  farmers  of  the  revenue,  etijoyed  at  least  ecpial  advanbiges  in  Spain 
with  those  possessed  in  other  countries  for  the  accumulation  of  wealth.' 

While  the  gloomy  aspect  of  their  fortunes  pressed  heavily  on  the  hearts  of 
the  Israelites,  the  Spanish  clergy  were  indefatigable  in  the  work  of  conversion. 
They  lectured  in  the  synagogues  and  public  squares,  expounding  the  doctrines 

:  Christianity,  and  thundering  forth  both  argument  and  invective  against 

ae  Hebrew  heresy.  But  their  laudable  endeavours  were  in  a  great  measure 
Luuiiteracted  by  the  more  authoritative  rhetoric  of  the  Jewish  liabbins,  who 
compared  the  persecutions  of  their  brethren  to  those  which  their  ancestors 
had  sutlered  under  Pharaoh.  They  encouraged  them  to  persevere,  represent- 
ing that  the  present  afflictions  were  intended  as  a  trial  of  their  faith  by  the 
Ahiiiglity,  who  designed  in  this  way  to  guide  them  to  the  promised  land,  by 
oj)eiiiiii,'  a  path  through  the  waters,  as  he  had  done  to  their  fathers  of  old. 
Iht^  more  wealthy  Israelites  enforced  their  exhortations  by  liberal  contribu- 
tiuus  for  the  relief  of  their  indigent  brethren.  Thus  strengthened,  there  were 
fouml  but  very  few,  w  hen  the  day  of  departure  arrived,  who  were  not  pre|)ared 
toahaudon  their  country  rather  than  tneir  religion.  This  extraordinary  act  of 
self -doviition  by  a  whole  people  for  conscience'  sake  may  l)e  thought,  in  the 
uinetei'iith  century,  to  merit  other  epithets  than  those  of  "perfidy,  in- 
credulity, and  stitt-necked  obstinacy,"  with  which  the  worthy  Curate  of  Los 
Palacios,  in  the  charitable  feeling  of  that  day,  has  seen  fit  to  stigmatize  it.® 

When  the  period  of  departure  arrived,  all  the  principal  routes  through  the 
country  might  be  seen  swarming  with  emigrants,  old  and  young,  the  sick  and 


•  Bprnaldez,  Royps  Catrtlicos,  M.S.,  cap.  10. 
-Znrita,  Anales.  torn.  v.  fol.  9.— Capmany 
notices  tlie  number  of  synagogues  existing  in 
Aragun  in  1428  as  amounting  to  nineteen. 
inUallcla  at  the  same  time  there  were  but 


threo,  and  in  Catalonia  Init  on<».     See  Mom. 
de  Harcelona,  toui.  iv.  .ApiMid.  num.  11. 

*  Ik'rnaldi'Z,  Heyps  Caioli(;os,  MS.,  cap.  10, 
113.— Fcrreraa,  Hiat.  d'Espagne,  torn.  rlil. 
p.  131. 


282 


EXPULSION  OF  TilE  JEWS. 


the  holpless,  mon,  womei),  and  childrpii,  mingled  promiscuously  togothor,  some 
mounted  on  horses  or  mules,  hut  far  tfie  greater  ^>art  underUiking  tlicir 
painful  pilgrimagj;  on  foot.  The  sight  of  so  nuich  misery  touched  evcu  the 
Spaniards  with  i)ity,  though  none  might  succour  them  ;  for  the  grand  iii([uisi 
tf)r,  Tor([ueinada,  enforced  the  ordinance  to  that  ett'ect  hy  denouncing  jic.-wy 
ccclesiasticjil  censures  on  all  who  shoidd  presume  to  violate  it.  The  fiiLritives 
were  distributed  along  various  routes,  being  determined  in  their  destination 
by  accidental  circumstjinces  much  more  than  by  any  knowledge  of  the 
respective  co\intries  to  which  they  were  bound  Much  the  largest  division, 
amounting  according  to  some  estimates  to  eighty  thousajid  souls,  jiasscd  jnt.j 
Portugal ;  whose  monarch,  John  the  Second,  dispensed  with  his  scni]il('s  of 
conscience  so  far  as  to  give  them  a  free  passage  through  his  dominions  on 
their  way  to  Africa,  in  consideration  of  a  tax  of  a  cruzado  a  hea<l.  He  is 
even  said  to  have  silenced  his  scruples  so  f.ar  as  to  allow  certain  ingenious 
artisans  to  establish  themselves  permanently  in  the  kingdom.'" 

A  considerable  number  found  their  way  to  the  ports  of  Santa  Alaria  and 
Cadiz,  where,  after  lingering  some  time  in  the  vain  hoi»e  of  seeing  tlic  waters 
open  for  their  egresr  according  to  the  promises  of  the  Rabbins,  they  eiiiliarked 
on  board  a  Spanish  fleet  for  the  Harbary  coast.  Having  crossed  over  to 
Ercilla,  a  Christian  settlement  in  Africa,  whence  they  proceeded  by  land  to- 
wards Fez,  where  a  considerable  body  of  their  countrymfti  resided,  tliey  were 
assaulted  on  their  route  by  the  roving  tribes  of  the  de.sert,  in  (^uest  of  plunder. 
Notwithstanding  the  interdict,  the  Jews  had  contrived  to  secrete  small  smiis 
of  money,  sewed  up  in  their  garments  or  the  linings  of  their  saddles.  These 
did  not  escape  the  avaricious  eyes  of  their  spoilers,  who  are  even  said  to  Iiave 
ripped  open  the  bodies  of  their  victims  in  search  of  gold  which  they  were 
supposed  to  have  swallowed.  The  lawless  barbarians,  mingling  lust  with 
avarice,  abandoned  themselves  to  still  more  frightful  excesses,  violating,'  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  the  unresisting  Jews  or  massacring  in  cold  blood  siuh 
as  offered  resistance.  But,  without  pursuing  these  loathsome  details  further, 
it  need  only  be  added  that  the  miserable  exiles  endured  such  extroinity  of 
famine  that  they  were  glad  to  force  a  nourishment  from  the  grass  wliidi  grew 
scantily  among  the  .sands  of  the  desert ;  until  at  length  great  nurnhers  of 
them,  wasted  by  disease,  and  broken  in  spirit,  retraced  their  steps  to  Pliciila, 
and  consented  to  be  bai)tized,  in  the  hope  of  being  permitted  to  revisit  their 
native  land.  The  number,  indeed,  was  so  considerable  that  the  priest  who 
ofticiated  was  obliged  to  make  use  of  the  mop,  or  hyssop,  with  which  the 
Roman  Catholic  missionaries  were  wont  to  scatter  the  holy  drops  whose  mystic 
virtue  could  cleanse  the  .soul  in  a  moment  from  the  foulest  .stains  of  iiitidelity. 
"  Thus,"  says  a  Castilian  historian,  "  the  calamities  of  these  poor  blind  ereaturcs 
proved  in  the  end  an  excellent  remedy,  that  God  made  u.se  of  to  unseal  tlieir 
eyes,  which  they  now  opened  to  the  vain  promises  of  the  Rabbins  ;  so  that,  re- 
nouncing their  ancient  heresies,  tht    beoime fjiithful  followers  of  the  Cross."" 

Many  of  the  emigrants  took  the  direction  of  Italy.  Those  who  laiule(l  at 
Nai)les  brought  with  them  an  infectious  disorder,  contracted  by  long  oontine- 
ment  in  small,  crowded,  and  ill -provided  vessels.  The  disonler  was  .■^o 
malignant,  and  .spread  with  such  frightful  celerity,  as  to  sweep  off  more  than 
twenty  thousand  inhabitiints  of  the  city  in  the  course  of  the  year,  wlioiice  it 
extended  its  devastsition  over  the  whole  Itiilian  peninsula. 


'"  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  fol.  9. — Forrera.*", 
Hist.  d'KspaKnc,  toin.  viii.  p.  1  13. — Hemaltiez, 
Keyt'8  Catolicos,  ubi  supra. — La  Clede,  Hist, 
do  Portugal,  torn.  iv.  p.  95.— .Mariana,  Hist. 


de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  p.  602. 

"  Ferreras,  Hist.  d'EspaRnn,  torn.  viil.  p. 
133.— Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
113. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


283 


A  arapliin  pictnro  of  those  horrors  is  thus  ^ven  hv  a  Genoeso  historijin,  an 
ev.-ttitneftS  of  the  scenes  he  describes,  "  No  one,"  he  says,  ''  could  hohold  the 
>!iii'riiiu'> '•^  the  .lewisli  exiles  unmoved.  A  jLjreat  many  perished  of  hnn;,'er, 
e^i-eciivlly  those  of  tender  years.  Mothers,  with  scarcely  strenj,^th  to  su]ti»ort 
V  •  iibt'KcN  carried  their  famished  infants  in  their  arms,  and  died  with  theui. 
.Mciiiv  fell  victims  to  the  cold,  others  to  intense  thirst,  wliile  the  unaccustomed 
(guesses  incident  to  a  sea-voyage  a^^^'ravated  their  maladies.  I  will  not 
eiiliiru'eini  the  cruelty  and  the  avarice  which  they  frenuently  exiHjrienced  from 
t!,i'  iiiii.>ters  of  the  ships  which  transported  them  from  Spain.  Some  were 
:,.  iriltTcd  to  ,i,Tatify  their  cunidity,  others  forced  to  sell  their  children  (or  the 
exiH'iisM  of  the  passage.  Ijiey  arrived  in  Genoa  in  crowds,  l)ut  were  not 
siitlercil  to  tarry  there  long,  by  reason  of  the  ancient  law  which  interdicted 
the  Jewish  traveller  from  a  longer  residence  than  three  (hays.  Tiiey  were 
all  Mt'il,  however,  to  retit  their  vessels,  and  to  recruit  themselves  for  some 
li.iv^  from  the  fatigues  of  their  voyage.  One  might  have  taken  them  for 
■j.i trcs,  so  emaciatt'd  were  they,  so  cailaverous  in  their  aspect,  and  with  eyes 
-H  vuiiken  ;  they  difJ'ered  in  nothing  from  the  dead,  excei)t  in  the  power  of 
!, itimi,  which  indeed  they  scarcely  retained.  Many  fainted  and  expired  on 
t.t'  iimle,  which,  l>eing  completely  surrounded  by  the  sea,  was  the  o  ..y  (piarter 
\  Mirlisafoil  to  the  wretched  emigrants.  The  infection  breil  by  sucn  a  swarm 
I  Ifiiil  and  dying  persons  was  not  at  once  jicrceived  ;  but,  when  the  winter 
:  kf  up,  ulcers  began  to  make  their  aj)pearance,  and  the  malady,  whicL 
l.rkt'il  for  a  long  time  in  the  city,  broke  out  into  tlie  plague  in  tiie  following 

Many  of  the  exiles  passed  into  Turkey,  and  to  different  parts  of  the  Levant, 
Elicit'  their  descendants  continued  to  speak  the  Castilian  language  far  into 
::;.■  fallowing  century.  Others  found  their  way  to  France,  and  even  England. 
i'lirt  of  tlu'ir  religious  services  is  recited  to  this  day  in  Spanish,  in  one  or  more 
I ;  the  London  synagog\ies  ;  and  the  modern  Jew  still  reverts  with  fond  par- 
t  ility  to  iSpain,  as  tne  cherished  land  of  his  fathers,  illustrated  by  the  most 
Li'|iiinis  recollections  in  their  eventful  history.'* 

The  wiiole  munber  of  Jews  expelled  from  Spain  by  Ferdinand  and  Isat>ella 
i>  variously  computed  at  from  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  to  eight 
1.  .mired  thousand  souls  ;  a  discrepancy  suthciently  indicating  the  paucity  of 
a:theiitic  data.  Most  modern  writers,  with  the  usual  predilection  for  startling 
:ivilts,  have  assumed  the  latter  estimate  ;  and  Llorente  has  made  it  the  basis 
u  Mjiiie  important  calculations,  in  his  History  of  the  Liquisition.  A  view  of 
ai  the  oircumstances  will  lead  us  without  nuich  hesitation  to  adopt  the  most 
int^Lrato  conii)utation.**    This,  moreover,  is  placed  beyond  reasonable  doubt 


'  S.'naroga.  apud  Muratori,  Rerum  Ital. 

^npt,  toiii.  xxiv.  pp.  531,  53'i. 
•'  N"- u  Miisililc  iiotic"  of  Ht'brew  literature 

n  S|iaiii,  ill  the  Uftrospective  Review,  vol. 

^p  ■.'!«.— Mariana,  Hist,  de  E>paf)a,  torn. 

■;'  'i''  yi,  rap.    1.— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v. 

'  •  ;*— Nut  a    few  of   tlie    learned    exiles 

»:'JinM  lo  eminence  in  those  countries  of 

i-Ojjie  will  ff  tlie>'  transferred  their  residence. 

'>  i>  meminiH'ti  by  Castro  as  a  leading  prac- 
j  i;."ii<r  iif  111.  (iicirip  in  Uenoa ;  anothiT,  as  lill- 

it:  t;!..  |.,,st.;  „(■  a.>;tron()iner  and  chronicler 
I  f'W  Kitif;  Knianuel  of  Portugal.     Many  of 

•^ni  pulJlisll,.^l    works   in   various  depart- 

»^t«  uf  scit'iu  e,  which  were  translated  into 

'•-Spanish  aiid  other  European  lan(i;uage8. 

ti-.;.tecaEtipaIiola,  torn.  1.  pp.  359-372. 


'*  From  a  curious  document  in  the  Ar- 
chives, of  Simancas,  consistinf^  of  a  report 
made  to  the  Si)anish  sovereigns  by  their  ac- 
countant-general, yuintanilla,  in  149'2,  it 
would  appear  tl>at  tlie  pcpulation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Castile,  exclusive  of  (Jranaxla, 
wiis  tlieTi  estimated  at  l,5UO,nuo  veritnis,  or 
bouseholdcrB.  (Si'e  Mem.  de  la  Acud.  de 
Hist.,  Ai)end.  no.  12.)  This,  allowing  four 
and  a  half  to  a  family,  would  make  the  whole 
jiopulation  6, 750, woo.  It  appears  from  the 
Rtaienu'nt  of  Hernaliiez  tliut  the  kingdom  of 
Castile  contained  live-si.xth^  of  tlie  whole 
number  of  .Fiws  in  thi-  Spanish  m.nianhy. 
Tills  proportion,  if  800,000  lje  received  as  the 
total,  would  amount  in  round  numbers  to 
670,000,  or  ten  per  cent,  of  the  whok  popnla- 


284 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


by  the  direct  testimony  of  the  Curate  of  Los  Palacios.  lie  reports  that  i 
J(!\vish  Ral)l)iii,  one  of  the  exiles,  s»il»se<niently  returned  to  Sjiaiii,  when  1,^ 
was  l)apti/ed  by  him.  This  person,  whom  Hernaldez  eonnnends  fdr  hi>  intili- 
^ence,  estimated  the  whole  munljer  of  his*  uid)aptized  ('ouiitiviin'M  in  tLi; 
dominions  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  at  the  publication  of  the  edict,  at  tliiri*- 
six  thousand  families.  Another  Jewish  authority,  (juoted  by  the  t'luutf, 
reckoned  them  at  thirty-five  thousand.  This,  assuming  an  avcraLe  of  fini; 
and  a  half  to  a  family,  gives  the  sum  total  of  about  one  himdrcd  and  sjxtv 
thousand  individuals,  agreeably  to  the  computation  of  IJernaidrz.  Then,  i^ 
little  reason  for  supposing  that  the  actual  amount  would  sutler  diminutiDii  n. 
the  hands  of  either  the  Jewish  or  Castiiian  authority;  since  the  mie  imdit 
naturally  he  led  to  exaggerate  in  order  to  heighten  sympathy  with  the  calami- 
ties of  his  nation,  and  the  other  to  magnify  as  far  as  possible  the  glonuu.* 
triumphs  of  the  Cross.'* 

The  (l(!triment  incurred  by  the  state,  however,  is  not  foumled  so  iniieli  on 
any  numerical  estimate  as  on  the  subtraction  of  the  mechanical  skill,  inU'lli- 
gence,  and  general  resources  of  an  orderly,  industrious  populatiiui.  In  tlii,< 
view,  the  mischief  was  incalculably  greater  than  that  inferred  by  the  imre 
number  of  the  exiled  ;  and,  although  even  this  might  have  been  j^iailiiaiiv 
repaired  in  a  country  allowed  the  free  and  healthful  development  of  its  fncrt.'iiN 
yet  in  Spain  this  was  so  etiectually  counteracted  by  the  Iiuiuisitiuii,  and  hiIm 
causes  in  the  following  century,  that  tlie  loss  may  be  deemed  invtrievalik'. 

The  expulsion  of  so  numeroiis  a  class  of  subjects  by  an  indepciidfut  act  d 
the  sovereign  might  well  be  regarded  as  an  enormous  stretch  of  incniirativf, 
altogether  nicompatible  with  anything  like  a  free  government.  But,  tojuii.'' 
the  matter  rightly,  we  must  take  into  view  the  actual  position  of  tlu-  .Ie«>at 
tliat  time.  Far  from  forming  an  integral  part  of  the  commonwealth,  tlicv 
were  regarded  as  alien  to  it,  as  a  mere  excrescence,  which,  so  far  from  contri- 
buting to  the  healthful  action  of  the  body  politic,  was  nourished  by  its  viiinii, 
hiunours,  and  might  be  lopped  oti'  at  anv  time  wlien  the  health  of  the  system 
demanded  it.  Far  from  bemg  ^)rotected.  by  the  laws,  the  only  aim  of  the  law> 
in  reference  to  them  was  to  dehne  more  precisely  their  civil  inwipacities,  an  1 
to  draw  the  line  of  division  more  broadly  between  them  and  the  (Jhri>tiai.\ 
Even  this  humiliation  by  no  means  satisfied  the  national  jtrejutlice.s  a>  \> 
evinced  by  the  great  number  of  tumults  and  massacres  of  which  they  were  the 
victims.  In  these  circumstances,  it  seemed  to  be  no  grejvt  assumption  uf 
authority  to  pronounce  sentence  of  exile  against  those  whom  pulilic  o[tini 'ii 
had  so  long  proscribed  as  enemies  to  the  state.  It  was  only  carrying  into 
effect  that  opinion,  expressed  as  it  had  been  in  a  great  variety  of  ways ;  a  ui 
so  far  as  the  rights  of  the  nation  were  concerned,  the  banishment  of  a  sinf:le 
Spaniard  would  have  beeji  held  a  grosser  violation  of  them  than  that  of  tlie 
whole  race  of  Israelites. 

It  has  been  common  with  modern  historians  to  detect  a  principal  niotive 
for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  in  the  avarice  of  the  government.    It  is  only 


tion  of  the  kingdom.  Now,  it  is  manifestly 
improbable  that  so  large  a  portion  of  the 
whole  nation,  conspicuous  moreover  for  wealth 
and  intellif;enc<',  could  have  been  held  so 
light  in  a  jwlitical  aspect  as  the  Jews  cer- 
tainly were,  or  have  tamely  submitted  for 
80  many  years  to  the  most  wanton  indignities 
without  resistance,  or,  finally,  that  the  Span- 
ish government  would  have  ventured  on  so 
bold  a  measure  as   the  banishment  of   so 


numerous  and  powerful  a  cla-'s,  and  thit  uo 
with  us  few  precautions,  apparently,  &■■* "luW 
be  required  for  driving  out  of  the  cuuntry  i 
roTing  pang  of  gipsies. 

'"  Itemaldez,  Reyes  Catnli.os,  M>..  «p. 
110.— Llorente.  Hist,  de  rin<|iiisitiun,MU)J. 
chap.  7.  sect.  7. -Mariana.  Hist,  de  L^P»fl*. 
t«m.  ii.  lib.  26.— Zurita,  Aualcs,  torn.  v. 
fol.  9. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JEWS. 


285 


r,,vpssary,  hotvover,  to  transport  ourselves  liack  to  those  times  to  find  it  in 
i-riVot  licidplaiit'e  with  their  spirit,  at  least  in  Spain.  It  is  indeed  incrediMe 
tiiat  |M'rs(iii>  )M)ssessing  the  pclitical  siigacity  of  herdinand  and  Isat>eila  cduid 
i-idiiL'f  a  temporary  ciipi(hty  at  the  saeritice  of  the  most  importiuit  and  per- 
i;i;iin'iit  iiitcn'sts,  coiivertinf,^  their  wcaltliiest  districts  into  a  wilderness  and 
liisjKMiiiliii:;  them  of  a  class  of  eitizens  who  contrihuted  Ix'vond  all  others  not 
onlv  to  the  "^^neral  resources  hut  to  the  direct  revenues  of  the  crown  ;  a 
nirtisiire  so  manifestly  unsotnid  as  to  lead  even  a  harlia; 'an  monarch  of  that 
(i.iy  to  exclaim,  "Dothey  call  this  Ferdinand  a  politi(;  prince,  who  can  thus 
iinpovcrisli  ids  own  kin^^dom  and  enri(!h  ours  r  "*  It  wo>jla  seem,  indeed, 
when  the  iiieasine  had  heen  determined  on,  that  the  Araj^^onese  moruirch  was 
williiij.',  Iiy  his  expedient  of  se([uestration,  to  control  its  operation  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  secure  t<i  his  own  suhjects  the  full  pecuniary  herietit  of  it."  No 
iiiiimtatiun  of  this  kind  attaches  to  Castile.  The  clause  of  the  onlinance 
uliirh  iiii^lit  imply  such  a  (lesijL,ni,  hy  interdicting'  the  exportation  of  ,i,'old  and 
silver,  was  (ndy  enforcing  a  law  which  had  heen  already  twice  eiuicted  hy 
cortes  ill  the  present  reiL'ii,  and  which  was  deemed  of  such  moment  that  the 
ottcnce  was  made  capital.'* 

We  need  look  no  further  for  the  principle  of  action,  in  this  case,  than  the 
spirit  fif  n'Ii;,dous  higotry,  which  led  to  a  similar  expulsion  of  the  Jews  from 
Kn.'laiitl,  France,  and  otiier  i)arts  of  Europe,  as  w»'ll  as  from  Portu<,'al,  under 
circiimstaiices  of  pecidiar  atrocity,  a  few  years  later."*  Indeed,  the  spirit  of 
I»r>e(Utiiiii  did  not  expire  with  the  fifteenth  century,  hut  extended  far  into 
'Jii'niitre  luminoiis  periods  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  ;  and  that,  too, 
.miera  ruler  of  the  enlarged  ca])acity  of  Frederick  Uie  (ireat,  whose  intoler- 
aiKC  could  not  nlead  in  excu.se  the  hlindne.ss  of  fanaticism."  How  far  the 
laiiiNliiiiciit  of  tiie  Jews  was  conformable  to  the  opinions  of  the  most  eidight- 
ened  coiiteiiiporarie.s,  may  he  gathered  from  the  encomiums  lavished  on  its 
authors  fn  .n  more  than  one  quarter.  Si»anish  writers,  without  exception, 
CHlt'lirato  it  as  a  .suhlime  sacrifice  of  all  temporal  interests  to  religious  principle. 
The  best-instructed  foreigners,  in  like  manner,  however  they  may  condemn  the 
'.•'tails  of  its  execution  or  commiserate  the  sufterings  of  the  Jews,  commend 
tlieact,  as  evincing  the  most  lively  and  laudable  zeal  for  the  true  faitli.*' 


'  Rjjazpt.  Sop  Abarca,  Reyes  do  Aragon, 
Ma  ii.  p.  :ilo.— Paramo,  De  Origine  Inquisi- 

ti"iii«,  p.  le-^. 

"Ill  triKli,"  father  Abarca  pomewliat 
iMi'fiitly  rciimrks,  "King  Ferdinaiui  was 
1  [' litic  Cliiistiiin,  ni.ikiiig  tlio  intf'n>Kts  of 
;:.':rtli  uml  8tiite  uiutuaUy  Hul)sprvieiit  to 
'kli other"!  Kfyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  fol. 
31". 

'  Oncp  at  Toiodo,  14S0,  and  at  Murcia, 
It"".  Sec  itccop.  de  las  Leyes,  lib.  6,  tit.  18, 
>y  1. 

riip  r.jrtnf?up.sp  govpmnipnt  caused  all 
''i.'lnii  I'l  liiurtccii  years  of  agp,  or  under,  to 
i"- Uk.n  troin  f lipir  parents  and  retained  in 
ti>  ruiiiitry,  as  tit  subjects  for  a  Christ ian 
tJ'i'sti'iii.  TIk'  distress  occasioned  liy  this 
(•U'lpruvi-ioii  may  he  well  imagined.  Many 
«!i:- »niia|i|.y  parents  murdered  their  diil- 
afntoililnit,  the  onlinance;  and  many  laid 
^il-nt  iiainls  (III  tiiemselves.  Faria  y  .Sous;i 
t-'liy  niiiarks  that  "it  wjus  a  great  mi.stake 
a  Miii;  KiiKiuu'l  to  think  of  converting  to 
•■-"-••tiaiuty  any  .Jew  old  enough  to  pruuounco 


the  name  of  Moses."  lie  fixes  three  years  of 
age  as  the  utmost  limit.  (Europa  I'ortuguesa, 
torn.  ii.  p.  49G.)  Mr.  Turner  lias  condensed, 
with  hi.i  usual  industry,  the  most  essential 
chronological  facts  relative  to  motiern  Jewish 
history,  in  a  note  contained  iti  the  second 
volume  of  his  History  of  England,  pp.  114- 
12iJ. 

■"'  They  were  also  ejected  from  Vienna  in 
1669.  The  illiberal  and  iruleed  most  crupl 
legislation  of  Frederick  11.  in  reference  to  his 
Jewish  subjects  transpurts  us  back  to  the 
darkest  ]ierio<ls  ol  the  Visi^otliic  monarchy. 
The  ri'ader  will  find  a  summary  of  these 
enactments  in  tlip  tliird  volume  of  .Milmau's 
agr.'euble  llisinry  of  the  .Jews. 

■'  The  accomplished  and  amiable  Floren- 
tine, I'icu  ili  >hriin(lol.i,  in  his  treaise  on 
Judicial  Astrology,  riuiaiksthat  "the  suffer- 
ings of  the  Jews,  in  which,  tht  glory  u/  divine 
justice  deliyhttd,  were  so  extreme  as  to  fill  us 
('liristians  with  commiser.ition."  Tlie  (je- 
noese  historian  .Senarega,  indeed,  admits  that 
the  measure  savoured  </  some  diijht,  degree  of 


286 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


It  oannot  be  dpniod  that  Spain  at  this  period  surpassed  most  of  tlio  (latinji; 
of  ('hristciidoiii  in  r('li;;i()iis  (•iithusiustn,(»r,  to  sj«'ak  more  correctly,  in  hirotiv 
This  is  (loiilitlt'ss  iniputahle  to  the  ion;;  war  with  tlie  Mo>)»mii>,  ami  its  nr,.  • 
glorious  issue,  wliicli  swelled  every  heart  with  exultiition,  disposjim  it  toct,;,' 
suniniate,  tlie  triiiiniilis  of  tlie  Cross  hy  ourging  tlie  land  froiii  a  iieic-v  wjnrh 

ess  (h'tested  tlian  tliat  of  .Malinin,;' 

id  to  lsll..'ll;i. 

:is  has  heen    ifjicatciliv 


stran;;e  as  it  may  seen),  was  scarcely 

JJoth  th(^  sovereigns  nartook  largely  of  t  lese  feelings.  With  reganl  to  IsiLclLu 
moreover,  it  must  t»e  home  constiint  y  in  mied,  as  has  heen  re 
remarked  in  the  course  of  this  history,  tliat  slu;  had  heen  used  to  .siincinirr 
her  own  judgment  in  ntatters  of  conscience  to  those  spiritual  guanliiins  vk, 
wen?  su|ii)osed  in  that  ;>ge  to  he  its  rightfid  deposiUiries,  and  the  oulv  cu^ui-s 
who  could  safely  determine  the  douhtful  line  of  duty.  Isiiluillas  jii(iu>  ,|iL 
j)osition,  and  her  tremhiing  solicitude  to  discharge  her  duty  at  wliatt'\t'r(M>t 
of  persctnal  inclination,  greatly  enforced  the  precepts  of  e<lucatioii.  In  tin- 
way,  her  very  virtues  hecame  tlie  source  of  her  errors.  Unfortuiiatt'lv.  vhe 
lived  in  an  age  and  station  which  att^iched  to  these  errors  the  most  iiiomctitous 
consefjuences.''''^ — But  we  gladly  turn  from  these  dark  prospects  to  a  liiif:liU'r 
page  of  her  history. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

ATTEMPTED   ASSASSINATION   OP   FERDINAND. — RETURN   AND  SECOND  VOYAGE 

OF   COLUMBUS. 

1492-1493. 

Attempt  on  Ferdinand's  Life — Consternation  and  Loyalty  of  the  People— Return  (f  rdluiiil':* 
—  His  PrngretH  to  liari'ilona — Interviews  witli  tlie  Sovereigns — Sen>ati(>tiH  caused  In  !:•> 
l>iHcovery — Hegulatiou  of  i'lade— Conversion  of  tlie  Natives — Famous  Hulls  of  AluXiindir 
VI. — Jealousy  of  Portugal — Second  Voyage  of  Columbus— Treaty  of  Tordesillas. 

Towards  the  latter  end  of  May,  1492,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  qiiittol 
Granada,  hetween  which  and  Santii  Fe  they  liad  tlivitled  their  tiiiic  sime  \]i<: 
surrender  of  the  Moorish  metropolis.  They  were  occupied  diiriii.t:  tiic  t^*) 
following  months  with  tlie  ail'airs  of  Castile.  In  Angiist  they  visited  Arapii, 
proposing  to  estahlish  their  winter  residence*  there,  in  order  to  proviilc  for  it- 
internal  a(hninistration  and  conclude  the  negotiations  for  the  liiial  ^iirrcii'lir 
of  Jloussillon  and  Cerdagne  hy  France,  to  which  these  provinces  hail  tietii 
mortgaged  by  Ferdhiand's  father,  John  the  Second;  proving  ever  siiice  a 
fruitful  source  of  diplomacy,  which  threatened  more  than  once  to  terniiiiate  in 
open  rupture. 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  arrived  in  Aragon  on  tlie  8th  of  August,  accom- 
panied by  Prince  John  and  the  infantiis  and  a  brilliant  train  of  I'astiiian 


cruelty:  "Res  hax;  nrimo  conspectu  lauda- 
bilis  visa  est.  q\iia  deetis  nostra'  Heligionis 
resiiiceret,  si'd  aliiiuaiitulnni  in  se  crmlelitatis 
continore,  si  eos  nun  hrlhias,  sod  lioniines  a 
Deo  creatos,  eonsideravinius."  l)e  Kehus 
•  it'Tiuensihus,  ajmd  Muratori,  llerum  Ital. 
Script.,  torn,  xxiv.— Illescits,  Hist.  I'lintif., 
upiid  r'araiiio,  I)e  Origine  Ii)(|uisitionis,  p.  167. 
■-•'  Llorente  sums  up  his  account  of  tlie  ex- 
pulsion by  assigning  the  following  moiivea 


to  the  principal  apents  in  the  hnmc^* 
"The  meawuro,"  he  says,  "may  ho  rf-f'Ti'l 
to  tlie  fanaticism  of  ToniucMiniiH,  t"  ''" 
avarice  and  superstition  of  Frriliimmi.  t"'''' 
false  ideas  and  inmnsiderate  zeal  "itii  "i'  " 
they  had  inspired  IsabrHa.  to  wln'in  hi-t'T^' 
cannot  refuse  the  )  raise  of  gn-at  ^we^iiip*"! 
dispnsiiioi)  and  an  enliplitened  mind."  Hi-' 
de  rinqulsition,  torn.  1.  ch.  7,  sec.  10. 


SECOND  VOYAGE. 


287 


SD  VOYAGE 


nnti'os,  III  thoir  prop^rcss  thrnn^'h  the  comitry  thoy  were  evorywhorc  roroiv«Hl 
ftitli  tlif  most  livt'ly  eiithusiasin.  The  whole  iiatimt  seemed  to  jiIuiimIom  itsi'lf 
td  juliilef  at  the  apjtroiich  of  its  ilhistrious  soverei^nis,  whose  heroic  t-oii^taiiey 
hivl  rt'M'U(>»l  Spain  iroin  the  (l('t«'st«'(l  einiiire  of  the  Saraeeiis.  AfttT  (K'vutiii^ 
Millie  iiit'iiths  to  the  internal  pohce  of  tiu-  kin^loni,  the  eoiirt  transferred  its 
risideiice  to  Catalonia,  whose  capital  it  reached  ai»out  the  middle  of  October. 
iMiiiiii,'  its  (letiMJtion  in  this  place,  Ferdinand's  avreer  was  wellai^h  brought  to 
an  iiiitiuiely  close.' 

It  was  a  L'ood  old  custom  of  Catjiionia,  loiif;  since  fallen  into  desuetude,  for 
the  iiionarcn  to  preside  in  the  tribunals  of  justice  at  Iwist  once  a  week,  for  the 
[iiiiiioM'  of  determining  the  suits  of  the  poorer  classes  ^specially,  who  could  not 
atiiipl  the  more  expensive  forms  of  litigation.  King  Ferdinand,  in  conf(»rmity 
with  tills  usage,  held  a  coiirt  in  the  house  of  deput<ation,  on  the  7th  of  J)ecem- 
Irr,  Ix'iiig  the  vigil  of  the  Conception  of  the  Virgin.  At  noon,  as  he  was 
]ia'|iariiig  to  ((iiit  the  p-'ilace,  after  the  conclusion  of  business,  he  lingered  in 
the  rear  of  iiis  retinue,  conversing  with  some  of  the  ollicers  of  the  court.  As 
tht'iwvrty  was  issuing  from  a  little  chapel  contiguous  to  the  roval  sal(X)n,  and 
just  as  the  king  was  descending  a  tlight  of  sUvirs,  a  ruthan  darted  from  an 
ohsciire  recess  in  which  he  had  concealed  himself  early  in  the  morning,  and 
aiiiifil  a  blow  with  a  short  sword,  or  knife,  at  the  back  of  Ferdinand's  neck. 
Fi  rtuiiiitely  the  edge  of  the  wwvpon  was  turned  by  a  gold  chain  or  collar  which 
lit"  was  in  the  habit  of  wearing.  It  inflicted,  however,  a  deep  wound  between 
tht'>liniil(lcrs.  Ferdinand  instantly  cried  out,  "  St.  Mary  preserve  us  !  treason  ! 
treiison  !"and  his  attendants,  rushing  on  the  assiissin,  stiibbed  him  in  three 
]'\m's  with  their  poniards,  and  would  have  despatdied  him  on  the  spot,  liad 
lint  tilt'  king,  with  his  usual  presence  of  mind,  commanded  them  to  desist,  and 
tjikt'  the  man  alive,  that  they  might  ascertain  tlie  real  aiithors  of  the  con- 
siiinuy.  This  was  done  accordingly,  and  Ferdinand,  fainting  with  loss  of 
bloiMJ.'was  carefully  removed  to  his  apartments  in  the  royal  palace.' 

The  report  of  the  catastroi)he  spread  like  wildfire  through  tlie  city.  All 
cla-vM's  were  tiirown  into  consternation  by  so  foul  an  act,  which  seemed  to  cast 
a  stain  on  the  honour  and  good  faith  of  tlie  Catalans.  Some  suspected  it  to 
U'  the  work  of  a  vindictive  Moor,  others  of  a  disapix)inted  courtier.  The 
tmeeii,  who  had  swooned  on  first  receivhig  intelligence  of  the  event,  suspected 
tlie  ancient  enmity  of  the  Catalans,  who  had  shown  such  determined  opptisition 
t"  her  husband  in  his  early  youth.  She  gave  instant  orders  to  hold  in  readi- 
iicss  line  of  the  galleys  lying  in  the  port,  in  order  to  transport  her  children 
fmni  the  place,  as  she  feared  the  conspiracy  might  be  designed  to  embrace 
other  victims.' 

CiithoHc  soveroiRn,  which,  what'^vpr  merit  it 
may  have  iti  a  rhctoriral  pf)int  of  view,  beua 
abuiulant  tcstiniojiy  tn  iiis  loyalty. 

"  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  K|ii«f.  epist.  125.-- 
Rernaldc/,,  Ueyos  Catuliros,  MS.,  cap.  116. — 
Abarca,  Reyes  de  Arapmi,  uhi  supra. — Tiie 
preat  liell  of  \'clilla,  wlio^e  iniiaculous  tol- 
ling always  announced  some  disaster  to  tlie 
monarchy,  was  heard  to  strike  at  the  time  of 
this  assault  I'n  Ferdinand,  being  the  tilth  time 
since  tlie  subversion  of  the  kingdom  by  tlio 
Moors.  The  fourth  was  on  tlie  assassination 
of  the  imiuisitor  .\rbues.  All  which  is  estili- 
lislied  by  a  score  of  gocnl  orthodox  witncBBes, 
as  reporteil  by  Dr.  Diego  Dormer,  lu  Lis 
Discursos  varies,  pp.  206,  207. 


'  Zurita,  Aiiales,  torn.  v.  fol.  13.— Ovledo, 
Quimimp'ims.  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc,  1,  dial.  2s. 

■  Znritu.  Anales,  toni.  v.  fol.  15.— Hernal- 
il'Z,  lt«yesl'atolico8,  MS.,  cap.  116.  -<iaribay, 
i.oniiviKlio  lom.  ii.  pp.  678,  679.— Abarca, 
lliycsdc  .Angon,  tom.  ii.  fol.  315. — C^aibajal, 
\imK  MS.,  afio  1492.— Oviedo,  Quincua- 
rnas,  .MS.,  tmt.  1,  quinc.  4,  dial.  9.  — A  brief 
«*'ountof  this  event,  with  a  very  long  and 
'Mmt.itious  conimentary  on  its  enormity,  is 
'ul"'  I'miiKj  in  H  rare  and  curious  old  vcilume, 
tniitlr,!  •«  l,,,s  TratadoH  del  Doctor  Ahm.so 
(■'r""'-,"  printed  at  Seville  in  149,1.  the  same 
)''ar  with  the  intended  assassination.  The 
^*'it(T,  a  canon  of  tlie  metropolitan  church  of 
''j1-(1o,  piiirs  forth  a  flood  of  eloquence  on 
iiib  occiksiuii,  in  a  discourse  addressed  to  the 


288 


RETURN  OP  COLUMBUS. 


Tlio  popivlarp,  in  Uio  mean  wliilo,  assoriihlrd  in  ^'^'at  nunilicrs  round  tlip 
palace  wlicrc  the  kiii^'  lay.  All  fi'diiiKs  of  !i<»stility  had  I(»iik  since  ^ucn  u-iv 
l(»  devoted  loyalty  towaids  a  government  wliidi  had  uniformly  re.sjui  tdl  tj,], 
lil»erti(^s  of  its  snhjects,  and  wli(»,se  paternal  swayliad  secured  similar  lil('^xiin.'s 
to  liareelona  with  the  rest  of  the  empire.  'I'liev  tliionp-d  roinid  the  liiiiidm^'. 
crying  out  that  the  king  was  .slain,  and  denumding  that  his  niurden-is  .diiniiij 
be  delivered  up  to  tln'ni.  Ferdinand,  exhausted  as  he  wa.s,  woidd  luive  im- 
sente(l  himself  at  the  window  of  his  apartment,  hut  was  prevented  fioiii  inakini.' 
the  ellort  hy  his  jdiysicians.  it  was  with  great  dillieulty  that  the  jienplc  wcr.' 
at  length  satisfied  that  he  was  still  living,  and  that  they  hnally  conMiitcMJ  i> 
disperse,  on  the  assurance  that  the  as.sassin  shuuld  he  hruught  to  coiidign 
punishment. 

The  king's  wound,  which  did  not  appear  dangerous  at  first,  gradually  ex- 
hibited more  alarnung  symptom.s.  '  Uie  of  the  httnes  was  foiuid  to  he  friiri'im'tl, 
and  a  part  of  it  was  nuuoved  by  the  siu-geons.  (Jn  the  .seventh  day  his  .situa- 
tion was  considered  extremely  critical  During  this  tinu;  the  (pieeii  wus 
constantly  by  his  side,  watihing  with  him  day  and  night,  and  administnin;: 
all  his  medienu's  with  her  own  hand.  At  length,  the  unfavoinable  syiiiittoms 
yielded  ;  and  his  excellent  constitution  enabhul  him  so  far  to  recover,  that  in 
less  than  three  weeks  he  was  able  to  show  him.self  to  the  eyes  of  his  aiixiDus 
subjects,  who  gave  th(!nuselves  up  to  a  delirium  of  joy,  otl'ering  thaMksgiviin:s 
ami  grateful  oblations  in  the  churches  ;  while  many  a  jiilgrimage,  which  lia«l 
been  vowed  for  his  restoration  to  health,  was  performed  by  the  good  pcdiilc  of 
Jiarcelona,  with  naked  feet,  and  even  on  their  knees,  among  the  wild  sierras 
that  surround  the  city. 

The  author  of  the  crime  proved  to  be  a  pea.sant,  about  .sixty  years  of  ai:i',  of 
that  humble  class,  (fe  remenza,  as  it  was  termed,  which  Ferdinand  iiad  Keen 
instrumental  some  few  years  before  in  releasing  from  the  baser  ami  more 
grinding  i)ains  of  servitude.  The  man  ai)i)eared  to  be  insane  ;  allej^ini,',  in 
vindication  of  his  conduct,  that  he  was  the  rightful  proprietor  of  the  vxmw, 
which  he  expecte<l  to  obtain  by  Ferdinand's  death,  lie  declared  himself 
willing,  however,  to  give  up  his  [>retensions,  on  condition  of  being  set  at 
liberty.  The  king,  convinced  of  his  alienation  of  nund,  would  have  dix  liarf,Yil 
him  ;  but  the  Catalans,  indignant  at  the  reproach  which  such  a  crime  seemeil 
to  attach  to  their  own  honour,  and  perhans  distrusting  the  plea  of  insanity. 
thought  it  necessary  to  expiate  it  by  the  blood  of  the  onender,  and  condcinned 
the  unhappy  wretch  to  the  dreadful  doom  of  a  traitor  ;  the  i)reliminary  bar- 
barities of  the  sentence,  however,  were  remitted,  at  the  intercession  of  the 
que  n.* 

In  the  spring  of  1493,  while  the  court  was  still  at  Barcelona,  letters  uere 
received  from  Chri.stojdier  Cohunbus,  announcing  his  return  to  iSpain,  ami  tlio 
successful  achievement  of  his  great  enterprise,  by  the  discovery  of  land  W\^w\ 
the  western  ocean.     The  deliglit  and  astonishment  raised  by  this  iutcllij;once 


*  Tratadoc  del  Doctor  Alonso  Ortiz,  Tratido 
priiiu'io. — L.  Mariiico,  CoHttH  iiiouioriihliH,  fol. 
lM6.--I'etor  Martyr.  OpuH  Epist.,  epint.  I'J.'i, 
I'Zl,  i.'Jl.-  Zuritii,  Analt's,  toui.  v.  lul.  IC. — 
IJcriialdcz,  Reyes  CatolicDH,  MS.,  loc  cit. — 
(JJaribay,  after  harrouiiij;  the  reader's  feenii^fs 
with  lialf  a  colmnii  of  iiihmiian  cruelties  in- 
flicted (111  tlie  miserable  man.  coiicludeB  with 
the  couilcTtable  assurance.  "  I'ero  alio^;aronle 

i)riniero  por  clemencia  y  misericordia  de  la 
leyua."    (Compeiidio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap. 


I.')  A  letter  written  by  Isal)ella  to  lior  ron- 
fssor,  Fernando  de  Talavera.  iluring  h'' 
liusband's  illneHS,  sliows  tlie  <lc' p  uiiM'tyof 
licr  own  mind,  as  w<-ll  as  that  of  the  liiizens 
of  Marcelona.  at  his  critical  sitiintion,  fun.i^it- 
iiiK  abundant  evidence,  if  it  were  immiImI,  >  f 
her  tcndern.ss  of  lieart  and  the  warmtli  'f 
her  conjupal  attaclimcnt.  S.e  Corr.'sixii.- 
deiicia  epirttolar,  apiid  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  d'^ 
Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust.  13. 


SECOND   VOYA(JK. 


2h0 


wpfp  pn»pnition»'<l  to  lli(»  skepticism  with  wliidi  liis  project  IdhI  l»oon  (ni;,'iii;vlly 
viewt'il.  Tilt'  s()v«'r('i;,'iis  w(>n'  now  filled  uitli  a  ii.itiiiiil  iiiiputicncc  tonsnTtJUii 
tlicext^'iit  ainl  otluT  pjirticnlars  of  iln>  iinportJint  flisrovciy  ;  hihI  tlicy  tnuis- 
niittfil  iiistAiit  iiistntctioiis  to  tlu>  (idinirul  to  repair  to  Itarceitjimas  soon  as  lio 
,hoiil(l  'lavc  niailc  the  preliminary  arranKt'iiiiMits  for  the  further  pro.>ec'UtioM  of 
hi'eiiteri»rise.* 

The  trreat  navi^iator  liad  snoreedwl,  as  is  well  known,  after  a  voyajje  thn 
riHtiiml  ditlienlties  of  which  lia<l  been  much  ani:m«'ntc(|  l>y  th»'  distrust  and 
iiiuliiioiis  s|»irit  of  his  followers,  in  descrying,'  land  on  Kridav,  the  PJth  of 
OitdlMT,  I4!>2.  Aft«;r  some  months  s|H'nt  in  exploring  the  deli^ditfnl  reuions 
iiM«  for  tlie  first  time  thrown  (tpcn  to  the  eyes  of  a  Kiirojx'un,  he  emliarked  in 
till'  inniith  of  .Ian\iary,  MW.i,  tor  Sriain.  One  of  his  vesM'ls  had  previoiixly 
fiiiiitlt'red,  and  another  had  desert<'d  him  ;  so  that  he  was  left  alone  toretraco 
\[\>  course  across  the  Atlantic.     After  a  most  teiii/»estuous  vovap',  he  was 

r |i('INm1  to  take  shelter  in  tlx'  Ta^jns,  sorely  a;;ainst  his  inclinatiiMi,"     lio 

(X[i«'ri('ii('ed,  however,  the  most  honourahle  reception  from  the  I'ortii^'iiese 
niuiiarch,  .lolin  the  Second,  who  did  ample  justice  to  the  ;,'reat  (pialities  of 
(oliimliiis,  aithoiigh  he  had  failed  .0  i)rofit  hy  them.'  After  a  hrief  delay,  the 
admiral  resumed  his  voya^ije,  and,  crossing,'  the  bar  of  Saltes,  entered  the 
harliftiir  of  Palos  ahout  noon  on  the  loth  of  .March,  14!)3,  hein^  exactly  seven 
iiiiiMhs  and  eleven  days  since  his  dei«vrtiae  from  that  port." 


Ht>rnni,  Indlas  occidpnUlos,  (i(>r.  1,  lib. 
?,  i-,»p.  .'i.—Miifiu/..  Hist,  del  Niifvo-MtiiKl'i, 
',ih  4,  Kilt.  l.t.  14.-(N)lumltiiH  ('(iikMiiiIi's  a 
•  tier  (nMr'SSfMl,  oil  hl«  arrival  at  I^Nhim,  tu 
;ii"  tri'asiirrr  Saiiclip/,  in  tiic  fiillo\viii(?  ^low- 
.'ti  riii'< :  "  i-i't  professions  lu'  riiiidt',  fi'stiviils 
I'.'), t'liipji's  I'llN'il  with  brnnclii'Siiiid  flowfr"*, 
Ir  Cliritt  p',j(iic-('R  on  cartli  as  in  ln'avi'n, 
'•■••inif  tlio  fiitiin'  rodi^niptioii  of  souls.  Let 
.-rijnicc. also,  for  the  temporal  luMicfit  likdy 
tfisull,  nnt  merely  t>>  Sp^dii,  but  to  all 
i'hri«tPiii|.iiii."  Seo  I'rtmer  Vliifje  de  C<don, 
ipiKl  N'.iviirrite,  Colecc'ion  do  Viajjes,  toni.  i. 

ilirrtrn,  Indii's  occldput.iles,  toin.  I.  dec. 

;,  lib.  2,  rip.   '2.- -Primer   Via^e  di.  Colon, 

»pM'l  NavarmtP,  Ci  lecrion  de  ViaRes,  torn.  i. 

Firnaiiil')  Colon,  Hift.  del  Almirante.  lap. 

i.*— I'hi'  I'lirtumiese  liistorian,  Kaila  y  Sonsa, 

»|'[»ar'»  to  l)c  nettled  at  the  prosperous  issue 

!  tliH  v(ivaf;e ;  for  he   testily  remarks  that 

"thi"  iidiiii  al  entered    Lisbon   with    a  valn- 

clTi'msexnllation,  in  ordei  tomakr  fortupal 

'-'<,  li.Vili^playinu  the  tokens  of  his  discovery, 

-wiiuiili  she  had  erred  in  not  acceding  10 

>  I"''P"'*i'i"ns."    Europa  Portiiguena,  torn. 

:!  I'P.  41)  J,  4t).{. 

My  I'arried  friend  Mr.  John  Pickering 
3i<  |Hiinl((l  out  to  me  a  passage  in  a  I'ortn- 
J'l'*''  aiitlior  giving  some  particulars  of 
'-•luinlm-i's  vi^it  to  Portugal.  The  passage, 
*'i'li  1  luve  not  seen  noticed  by  any  writer, 
i"  "Xtrcmely  interesting,  coming,  a.s' it  does, 
!■  Ill  a  iiiT-oii  hif^h  in  the  royal  contidence, 
Haiicy.'-witiiess  of  what  he  relates.  "In 
! >  year  14n;i.  on  the  sixth  <iav  of  March, 
'"i^iil  iti  Lisbon  (Christopher  ('oluni!)Us.  an 
I'jiian.  who  came  from  tlie  discovery,  ma(l(> 
al'T  tlic  authority  (^f  the  s.ivi  reigns  of 
'vtilc,  ..ftliP  islauiis  ot  Cijiango  and  .\ntilii; 
":uwliiiii  cjiiiitries  he   bnuigiit    with  hiin 


the  first  Rpe«:imeiis  of  the  people,  an  well  an 
of  the  gold  and  other  things  lo  be  found 
there;  and  hn  was  entitled  adndral  of  them. 
The  king,  being  forthwith  informed  of  this, 
commanded  him  into  his  presence  ;  and  ap- 
pear, d  to  be  annoyed  anil  vexed,  as  well  fnuii 
the  bidief  that  the  said  disrovery  was  inad<5 
within  the  sea.s  and  lN)undarieH  of  his  seigniory 
of  (itunea, — whlih  might  give  rise  to  dis- 
putes,— as  because  the  said  ailmiral,  having 
become  somewhat  haughty  by  bis  situation, 
and  in  the  relation  of  his  ailventures  always 
exceeding  the  Ixmnds  of  truth,  made  thin 
affair,  an  to  gold,  silver,  and  riches,  miu'li 
greater  than  it  was.  Kspecially  did  the  king 
acci.se  himself  of  negligence,  in  having  de- 
clined  this  enterprise,  when  Columbus  first 
came  to  ask  his  assistmce,  from  want  of 
cndit  and  confidence  in  it.  And,  notwith- 
s  anding  the  king  was  imp<irtuni  d  to  kill  him 
on  the  sj>ot ;  since  with  his  death  the  prose- 
cution of  the  uriilertaking,  sc>  far  as  the 
sovereigns  of  C'astile  were  conceriicil,  would 
cease,  from  want  of  a  suitable  person  to  take 
chartfe  of  it ;  and  notwif  hstaiiditiL'  this  might 
be  done  without  suspicion  (d  the  kind's  being 
privy  to  it, — for  inasmuch  as  the  adndral  wan 
overliearing  and  puffed  u])  by  his  success, 
they  might  easily  bring  it  alxiut  that  his  own 
indis(  retion  should  appear  the  oecasion  of  his 
death,-  yet  the  king,  as  he  wa.s  a  priiun 
greatly  fearing  Vi>n\,  not  only  forbade  this, 
liiit  even  showed  the  aifiuiral  lioiMur  an<l 
iiiuih  fav..iir.  and  thiTewith  dismi'^sed  him  " 
Htiy  de  Piiia,  ("liruuicad'el  Kei  Doni  .loao  11  , 
cap",  till,  apud  Cidlei  (;.'io  de  Livros  ineditos  i\.- 
Historia  l'..rtugue/.a(  l.isboa,  ITito  -'.):n.  bun.  ii. 
"  Fernando  Cidon,  His-,  del  .\Iniir;inte,  cup. 
40,  41.— Charlevoix,  Hist(dre  de  S.  Doiningue 
(I'aris,    I7:ti0,    tom.    i.    pp.    «1  9(i —Primer 


KKTIMIN  OF  C0LUMHU8. 


filrrut  was  tin'  n;,'itatif»ii  in  tin*  littlt*  (•(•nirmiiiity  <>f  I'iiIms  as  tlicy  hclicM  tho 
^•'ll-kiiMWii  v«'.sM'l  (tf  tlic  atliiiiiul  U'riiU'riiiK  tlu'ir  liiirlKtur.  Tlu'ir  fit  ■^|M.||(l|||^• 
iiiiii^iiiiatioiis  hii'l  Idii','  siiicr  coiisi^^'iiril  him  to  ii  wutciv  ^ivasi' ;  for,  in  ;iii.|ni,,|" 
t<>  tlm  itrrU'inatiiral  honors  whirh  hmi^  ovrr  th(f  voyam',  they  hii<lt'X|ni(nMv.| 
thr  iiiost  stortiiy  ami  tlisistn»iix  winU-r  within  th(^  it'Cftllcction  of  ihc  oldist 
iniuincrs."  Most  of  them  hii'l  n-iativi's  or  fritMnl.s  on  hoard.  Tht'y  throiiu'ol 
iininc«liat«'ly  to  tht«  shore,  to  assiiro  thcnisrlvrs  with  tht'ir  own  vyvn  of  th,. 
truth  of  their  return.  When  they  heheld  their  faces  once  more,  and  siw  tlicm 
aceomjianied  hy  the  numerous  evidences  which  they  hKMij^dit  hack  of  the  sii< 
cess  of  the  exittMhtion,  they  hurst  forth  in  acclamations  of  joy  and  ;:r;itiilatiMii. 
iteif  the  laiidin;,'  of  Coluinhiis,  when  the  whole  populatiMii  uf  th,. 


They  await 

idace  acconipaiiied  him  and  his  crew  to  the  principal  church,  whi  if  sdliiim 
thanks};ivin^^s  w»'re  otieretl  up  for  their  return  ;  while  every  hvdl  in  the  villn..- 
sent  forth  a  joyous  jieal  in  honour  of  the  j,'lorious  everit.  'I'he  admiral  \\:i>  t'.i 
tlesirous  of  presenting,'  himself  hefore  th«^  soverei;^"»s,  to  protract  hi^  >tay  \>>],: 
at  Palos.  IIt>  took  with  hini  on  his  journey  s|M'('iinens  of  the  iniiltifaiiMii. 
pnwluets  of  the  newly-tliscovered  regions,  lie  was  acrompanieil  hv  several  (f 
the  native  islanders,  arrayed  in  their  simple  harl)arie  eosttune,  and  decoratfl. 
as  he  passetl  through  the  firincipal  eities,  with  collars,  hracelets,  and  otlicr 
ornaments  of  ;,'old,  rmlcdy  fashioned  ;  hv  exhihited  also  consideialdeiiiiaiititii^ 
of  th«!  same  metal  in  dust,  or  in  crude  masses,'"  numerous  v«'<;ctal'lc  exotic^. 
possessed  of  aromatic  or  medicinal  virtue,  and  sev«'ral  kinds  of  (|iiadrii|ir.|> 
unknown  in  Murope,  and  birds  whose  varieties  of  j;audy  plmnaL'c  ;;a\i'  ,i 
hrilliant  etl'ect  to  tlie  paijeant.  The  admiral's  jtro^ress  thr(»Uf,di  the  cuiintiv 
was  everywhere  impeded  hy  the  nuiltitudes  thronj;in^'  forth  to  ^ra/e  iit  tin- 
extraordinary  spectacde,  and  the  more  extraordinary  mafi,  who,  in  the  cii: 
phatic  lan^Mni;,'e  of  that  time,  which  has  now  lost  its  force  from  its  fanuliaritv, 
first  revealed  tln^  existence  of  a  "  New  World."  As  he  i)assed  thnnmii  tin- 
busy  populous  city  of  Seville,  every  window,  halcony,  and  h(Hi>etn|i  uhirh 
coulu  allord  a  ulimpse  of  him  is  descrlhed  to  have  been  crowded  with  'iit-cliitui-. 
It  was  the  middle  of  A|M"il  U^fore  Cohnnhus  reached  Barcelona.  The  nidiility 
and  cavaliers  in  attendaiu-e  on  the  court,  t();:('tiier  with  the  authnriiies  uf  tin' 
city,  came  to  the  ;;ates  to  receive  him,  and  escorted  him  to  the  ruMil  iirot-iiM-. 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  were  :'\'xted,  with  their  son,  Prince  Jolm,  iiiidi-r  ;i 
superl)  canopy  of  state,  awaitiii;  '  >  arrival.  On  his  approach,  they  rux-  fn  ■ : 
their  seats,  and,  extending  tl fir  hands  to  him  to  salute,  causi-d  liiiii  in  Kt- 
seated  hefore  them.  These  were  unprecedented  marks  of  condesceiisidii  to  a 
nerson  of  t'olumbus's  rank,  in  the  haughty  and  ceremonious  court  of  (  aNti!i-. 
It  was,  inile(vl,  the  proudest  moment  in  tlie  life  of  Columbus,  He  iiad  fnl  y 
established  the  trutli  of  his  long-contested  theory,  in  the  face  of  art,'iuii('iit, 
sojdiistry,  sneer,  skepticism,  and  contemjit.  He  had  achieved  this,  imt  Iv 
chance,  but  by  calcidaiion  sunported  through  the  most  adverse  cir(-iun^taii""« 
by  consummate  conduct.  Tlie  honours  paid  him,  v'hi<'b  b-'^d  Iiitlu-rtn  Ima 
reserved  oidy  for  rank,  or  fortune,  or  military  succes.s,  purchased  by  the  M '"i 


Viapo  (Ip  Odlon,  a|iiiil  Navnrrcto,  rnlorcinn 
ili^  Vidf^oH,  toiii.  i.  La  clrilc.  Mist,  di-  I'orhi- 
ptil.  tiiin.  iv.  |)|>.  fi.'l  r>s,  ('(iliiiiilxiH  sail('(l 
Irmu  Sptiin  mi  Friday,  iliscovorcci  land  nn 
Friday,  and  r(--('ii;i'rrd  the  jKirt  uf  I'alos  cm 
I'riday.  'I'lioso  cnrloiis  coiiuidoiicos  sliinilil 
liavc  Hultli'cd,  (tn<-  iiii(ilit  tliink,  to  disin-l, 
I'spociall.v  with  Aiiii-ritan  iiiariiHr-<,  th»  su- 
pi-rsiitioiiH  dr-'ad.  still  so  provahMit,  of  coru- 
uienuing  a  vnyago  on  tliat  uniinun)*  d.iy. 


■'  Primrr  Vianf  <if-  Colnn,  I/t.  'i. 

'••  Mllfioz.  lli-t.  dPl  Nlirvc-.Mlili'l.',  lil'  '. 
soc.  14.— Frniaiidi)riilon.  ili-ir.d.d  Almir.iM'. 
cap.  II.  -  Aim  mi;  (it  hi  r  sin'riiiiriis  \v«.- ii  h:n.\> 
•  if^'oM  (ifsutliciciit  inn^rii'inilr  tti  !"■  fa^lii'!'  ;] 
iii'i)  a  vessel  tor  coiita  niii^j  tlif  lio^'l ;  "llins 
pays  Salnzar  de  Meiidoza,  "(i.iivt^rtini: f" 
tir'st-fruits  of  tho  m-w  doniiiduiia  to  pi'^ii' 
uses."     .Monarquia,  pp.  351,  3&2. 


SECOND  VOYAGE. 


201 


,111.1  t<'Jirs  of  tliftiiMftiiilH,  were  in  liin  casr  a  Imiiin^t'  to  iiitellnctiiftl  |)owor  kuc- 
fully  »'.\«'il<'i|  ill  licliiilf  nf  till'  iiolilot  iiiU'iosts  of  liuiiiiiiiity." 

Aitti  ;i  luit'f  iiitcrvul,  tlir  soveiriKiiN  nMiiirstnl  fnnii  C'oIuimIius  ft  ivcitrti  of 
lii,ii.l\t'iitiirt'.s.  His  iiiiiiiiH'r  WHS  s«'(|jiU'  mid  (li;4iiifit'(l.  Imt  \variiu'«l  l»y  tlio 
.iiiw  of  iiiitimil  •'iitliii.siasiii.  ll«'  nniinnatrtl  tlio  srvfral  islands  which  lif  had 
vhitf'l,  t'Xpatialrd  on  th«'  tciiilK'rat*' chaiattfr  of  tho  cliiiiatr,  and  th«'  <a|pa(  ity 
„f  tilt'  Mtii  for  vvvry  variety  of  a;:riciiltuiai  piodiic'ti(Hi,a|»|iraliiiK  to  the  sjiiiiph's 
i;ii|Hirti'il  l>v  him  as  cvidcnrc  of  th<  ir  natiiial  fiiiitfiihit'ss.  He  dwelt  niore  at 
lii^i'  nil  the  |ir»'(ioiis metals  to  l»e found  iii  these  islands,  which  he  inlerreij,  less 
ipiiii  till'  s|HM'imens  actually  ohtained,  than  from  the  uniform  testimony  of  thu 
iiiitiw's  tu  their  almndance  in  the  uiiexnlored  regions  of  the  interior.  Listly, 
hf|Hpiiited  out  the  wide  scope  allorded  to  Christian  zeal,  in  the  illumuiation 
,,( ii  race  of  men  whose  minds,  far  fr(»m  \<v'iu^  wcflded  to  any  system  of  idolatry, 
ttiTc  I'lrnared  hy  their  extn'iiie  sini|tlicity  for  the  leception  of  pure  and  iin- 
iMriii|itcti  tJiKtrine.  The  last  consideration  toucheti  Isiihellas  heart  most 
misililv  ;  and  the  w1h)Io  audience,  kindled  with  various  emotions  hy  the 
«|K'akt'r's  eloquence,  fil!e(|  up  the  persjH'ctive  with  the  ^'oryeous  colouring  of 
•Jicir.twii  faiicicH,  as  ainltition,  or  avarice,  or  devotional  fecliim  predominated 
111  their  bosoms.  When  (JolumhuH  cejised,  the  kin^  and  queen,  lo^'cther  with 
,kll  ini'seiu,  prostmted  themselves  on  their  knees  in  grateful  tiiiinks^ivJnKs, 
^tli.tf  tlie  solemn  strains  of  the  Te  Ih'iim  tveri-  poured  fortli  liy  the  clutir  of  tho 
rovjil  cliapel,  as  in  eommemoration  of  some  <,dorious  victtiry.''' 

Tlic  dhroveries  of  ('oliimhus  exciteil  a  sensition,  paiticularly  amon^'  men  <»f 
>  itiire,  ill  the  m(»st  distant  parts  of  Kurojie,  stron^dy  contiastiiijL,^  with  the 
;i|'jitliy  wliiih  had  preceded  tlu'iii.  'i'liey  congratulated  one  anotiier  on  heinj^ 
rtMTM'il  for  an  a;;e  which  had  witn*  sscd  the  consummation  of  so  ^rand  an 
i\riit.  The  learned  Martyr,  who,  in  his  multifarious  correspondence,  had  not 
t'voii  (l;'i;(iied  to  notice  the  preparations  for  the  voya^^e  of  discovery,  now 
iiivishcil  the  most  unhouiide(l  jtaiiej^yriv  on  its  results  ;  which  he  contemplati'd 
nillilliceve  of  a  philosopher,  liavinj,'  far  less  reference  to  considerations  of 
|rotit  or  policy  than  to  the  nrosjiect  wliidi  they  unfolded  of  enlarjL-ing  tho 
:-iiimliuit's  of  fcnowled^^e."  Alost  of  the  scholars  of  the  day,  liowever,  ad(tpted 
tiieeiTjiicous  hypothesis  of  Columlms,  who  considered  the  lands  he  had  dis- 


VH'T  Martyr.  Opus  Epist..  cplst.  133, 
'H,  Hu.— Ii'Tnaldcz.  Ufj-''**  CaU'iliti>«,  MS., 
fip  11*".— Fcrnr.iH,  Hist.  (I'E.^jmgni-,  torn.  viil. 
;p  141.  14.!.  — IVrnando  Colon,  Hi>t.  del 
.^inilrniiU',  ul>i  sii|ira.  — ZiifiiK't.  Animlrs  de 
^vilb,  p.  ll.t.  — <i(iinarrt.  Mist,  do  livs  India**, 
fip  17-H.n/oni,  Novi  Oiiiis  Hist..,  lit).  1, 
^1  ".  9.  (iallo,  ai)nd  .Mumtori,  lUrum  Ital. 
> :i|t ,  tiiiil.  x.\iii.  p.  203. 

ii-rnra,  liidiiLH  occidpiitalps,  torn.  i.  di'C. 
I'll'.  'J,  (ap.  3.-  Mufuiz,  Hi«t.  dot  Nupvo- 
^  III!",  lili.  1.  8PC.  1.5.  IG,  17.  — Foriuiiido 
'■•'"I, Hist   del  Aliiiirrtiite.  id)I  Mipra. 

Iiiiili  III  r  written  Hoon  ul'tor  tiiciidnilrars 
'"■"I,  .Mnrtyr  iinnoiinci'S  tliP  di.scovcry  to 
•  rri<]iiiii,||.iit,  Crtrdiniil  ."^for/a,  in  tlic 
'  "wiiin  iiiKiini'r  :  '*  .Vlira  ri'.'«  ox  po  tcrramni 
■'-  i)iMiii  hi>\  lioraniin  (|niitnor  ct  vij;iiiti 
'■ii'iiniiit,  ad  nostra  nsi)ut'  tcnipora,  (|iiod 
' '^n.i'  IP  liiti't,  trit.i  cojtnitJKiup  dinndia 
'"■■'lui  pars.  Ill)  Aurp.i  utpotp  Cliprsoncso,  ad 
'a.;.«  nn«tras  Hisi)anas,  rciiiiiia  vpro  a  p".s- 
-t:.n'lii-  ])ro  incognita  rplicta  ost.  Kt  .ii 
',-'  :^  ntiu  liiLta,  ea  tpniiis  et  iaarta.    Nunc 


ftutrm,  o  boatnm  facinuR !  mpomm  rpgiim 
iinspiciis,  cinod  latnit  liactcniis  a  nTiini  pri- 
niordio,  inttlligi  cci-ptnni  ptil  "  In  a  Hnl>8P- 
qnpnt  ppistl^  to  tiie  jparnpd  I'oniponio  Lcto, 
ho  lircukH  ont  in  a  strain  of  warm  and  gpne- 
ron>  Hpniinicnt  :  •'  I'ra'  latiiia  prosiliissi'  tp, 
vi.xcpip  a  lai  lirytnit*  jpra^  pmidio  tpni|><  ransp, 
fpiatido  litpraH  adsppxifti  nipas,  (jiilhiiN  dw 
Anilpodinn  (Irhp  latPiili  li.utcniis,  tp  cpriio- 
rpni  Ipci,  mi  sn.ivissimp  I'tPinponi.  iiisinna^ti. 
Kx  tuis  ipHi'  iitiris  lollino,  quid  spMS'TiM. 
Sfiisisti  antpni,  lantiipK'  rem  tpi  isti,  (|niintl 
virum  snmniii  diKtrina  insignltinn  di-cnit. 
t^nis  iiani(|np  ciliM;  .snl>llmilin.''  prastari  pc^tp^t 
in^i  tiiis  isto  snavior?  ipiod  condinicntuin 
(.T.ivius?  a  mp  facio  conjfcinram.  Kmri 
Ht'iitio  spii'ittis  iiipos,  (pnindo  accilos  aUcMiU'ir 
Iinulcntps  alJi|iios  px  liis  tpii  ali  <  a  r<  drmit 
{irovinciH.  Implippnt  animo.s  pi'ciiniariini 
(iimnlis  angindis  mispri  avari,  liliiiiinil>UH 
olism  iii  ;  iiostrf.s  nos  nH'ntPs,  postqn.im  I'lo 
plpiii  ali<inandin  luprimns,  lonti mplando, 
liujiiscpinodi  rerum  notitia  dtmultiamus." 
Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  124,  102. 


292 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


covorod  as  hordorinp:  on  the  oastorn  shores  of  Asia,  and  lying  adJAcont  to  tlio 
vast  and  opnlpiit  re^pons  dcnicted  in  such  golden  colours  l»y  Mandcvillc  ainl 
the  Poli.  This  conjecture,  which  was  conforniahle  to  the  adniiral's  n|iiiii(,i„ 
Itefore  undertaking  the  voyage,  was  corroborated  hy  the  aj)]'arent  similaijtv 
between  various  natural  productions  of  these  islands  and  of  the  Kast.  Kmili 
this  misapprehension,  the  new  dominions  soon  came  to  he  distinguished  as  the 
West  Indies,  an  ajmellation  by  which  they  are  still  recognized  in  the  titles  of 
the  (Spanish  crown.  * 

Oohnnhus,  during  his  residence  at  Barcelona,  continued  to  receive  from  tlip 
8paidsh  sovereigns  the  most  honourable  distinctions  which  royal  l)ouiity  rouM 
confer.  When  Ferdinand  rode  abroad,  he  was  accompanied  by  the  adiiiiial  at 
his  side.  The  courtiers,  in  emulation  of  their  master,  made  freipiont  cuter. 
tainments,  at  which  he  was  treated  with  the  punctilious  deference  jiaid  to  a 
noble  of  the  highest  class."  But  the  attentions  most  grateful  to  his  Idft y  >j,irit 
were  the  preparations  of  the  8i)anish  court  for  prosecuting  his  disodvciics  mi 
a  scale  commensurate  with  their  importance.  A  board  was  estabHslicd  fur  the 
direction  of  Indian  .aftairs,  con.sisting  of  a  stiperintendent  and  two  subordinate 
fiuictionaries.  The  first  of  the.se  othcers  was  Juan  de  Fonseca,  ar(lid('a(oii  of 
Seville,  an  active,  ambitious  prelate,  subsecpiently  raised  to  liigli  ci.ixoiial 
preferment,  whose  shrewdness  and  capacity  for  business  enabled  him  to  retain 
the  control  of  the  Indian  dej)artment  during  the  whole  of  the  present  reign. 
An  office  for  the  transaction  of  busines,s  was  instituted  at  Seville,  and  a  cu.-toin- 
liouse  i)laced  under  its  direction  at  Cadiz.  This  was  the  origin  of  the  iinportant 
establishment  of  the  Cas'i  dela  Contratacion  de  las  Indias,  or  India  lloii>e." 

The  commercial  regulations  adopted  exhil)it  a  narrow  policy  in  some  of  their 
features,  for  which  a  justification  may  be  found  in  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  in 
the  practice  of  the  Portuguese  particularly,  but  which  entered  still  more  hir^eiy 
into  the  colonial  legislation  of  Spain  under  later  j)rinces.  The  new  tcrritnries, 
far  from  being  permitted  free  intercourse  with  foreign  nations,  were  opened  only 
under  strict  limitations  to  Spanish  subjects,  and  were  reserved,  as  forming;,  iii 
some  sort,  part  of  the  exclusive  revenue  of  the  crown.  All  persons  of  wliat- 
ever  description  were  interdicted,  under  the  severe.st  penalties,  from  tratHn,' 
with  or  even  vi.siting  the  Indies  withoui  license  from  the  constituted  auttioritio. 
It  was  impossible  to  evade  this,  as  a  minute  specification  of  the  ships,  (arpx's, 
crews,  witn  the  property  appertaining  to  each  individual,  was  required  to  le 
taken  at  the  otiice  in  Cadiz,  and  a  corresponding  registration  in  a  similar  otlii  e 
established  at  His|)aniola.  A  more  sagacious  spirit  was  manifested  in  the 
ample  provision  made  of  whatever  could  contribute  to  the  support  or  permanent 


'*  Bprnaldez,  RpycB  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
lis.  <FaUo,  apiul  Muratori,  Kenini  Ital. 
Script.,  toiu.  xxiii.  p.  'M.i. — (tduiara,  Hist,  do 
Imp  Iiniias,  cap.  18. — Peter  Mart.vr  sePiiiH  to 
have  received  the  popular  int'orcnce,  respect- 
iufr  the  identity  of  the  new  discoveries  with 
tiie  East  Indies,  with  some  distrust  :  "liisulas 
reperit  i)lures;  has  esse,  de  riuilius  fit  apud 
cosinographos  mcntio  extra  Oceanuni  Orien- 
taicni.  adjaceiites  Iiidiii-  arliitraiitur.  Nee 
itilicior  ('(^(1  penilus,  (|nanivis  sphivnv»  mapni- 
ludo  aliter  sentire  videatur:  necpie  cuiin 
desunt  f|ui  parvo  tractu  a  linihuH  llispanis 
distare  litrus  ludicum,  patent."  Opus  Epist., 
epist.  1 ;!;'). 

''■  Herrera.  Tndi.is  occidenfalcs.  dec.  1,  lib. 
2,  cap.  3.— Itcnziini,  Novl  drhis  Hist.,  lib.  1, 
cap.  8. — Gouiara,  Hist,  de  las  Iiidias,  cap.  17. 


— Zufiipa.  Annalcs  do  Sevilla,  p.  41.3.— Fer- 
nando Colon,  Hist,  del  Alniirnntc,  uM  mi)  r;i. 
—  He  was  permitted  to  quarter  tiii'  rnyal  uriiis 
with  his  own,  which  consisted  "i  a  ^rrciiii  'f 
poiden  islands  amid  azure  billows.  To  ili".' 
vere  afterwards  added  five  aiKliors,  villi  'I;'' 
celebrated  niotto,  well  known  a'*  boiiip  car*"! 
(Hi  his  sepulchre.  (See  Part  II..  iluv'  1- ^ 
He  receivtd  besides,  soon  after  his  rotiirii. '1.' 
substantial  pratuity  ol  a  tlmii^iinil  iLM.is  ■  t 
pold,  from  the  royal  trenstir.\.  ami  ilf  jf- 
ndum  of  10,000  maravedis,  pioini.^'ii  t'l  th.' 
jK-rson  who  first  descried  laml.  Sic  N«v«r- 
rete,  Coleccion  de  Viagcs,  Col.  (Iii'l"iii.,  ii'>. 
20,  :t2,  ,'is. 

'"  Nav.arrete,  Coleccion  de  Miifrc.  t^iii  n  , 
Col.  diplom.,  no.  4.').— Miifioz,  Ili>t.  ill 
Nunvo-.Mundo,  lib.  4,  sec.  21. 


[iro.'jperit 
)irodnLi.Sj 
artii'les  t 
WnllUi'.-i 
duty.  T 
leiinired, 
the  ('.\|pe( 
men,  if  ni 
iin|tlt'meii 
eijdoring 
t'.\|»editioi 
in  additio 
tiated  pr( 
.Amid  ti 
thcspiriti 
('olniidtus 
lan,iriiai,r  ( 
nand  an<l 
jicnnitted 
Iirime's  cs 
leii^doiis  ii 
I'ation  of  t 
were  aNo  d 
so  COILS] liei 
fiiitiiiiate  1 
ii.-ie  every  e 
•i-'<  tlie  prill 
ah.stain  fro 

'naintainin 
othce.s  in 
'iii"h'tie.s  \ 
f'lr  tiiat . 

wliO  .SJlol'i 

ti'inseiiipl. 
tlie  .savai^e 
nitional  vie 
iiitliieiire.'s 
Towards 
■"'il'erintem 

"  N'avarrrt( 

'■'ll'l'-ni.,  nns. 

'"i'li'ntrtli's, 

lli.«t.  (Id  Niie\ 

"  "^'f"  the  () 

*"rct(>,  ('„lp^., 

■•'-Miini.x, 

~- ■  ^-  -Zufii 

'■  ■Mii'-jiii'i) 

•f  the  iirtrves 

'■M"''liti''ii  witi 

'■''?  nil  teiujion 

•  [Tliis  is  a 
mixU'd  in  tl 
^"^^xico.    Las  I 


l»il 


SECOND  VOYAGE. 


203 


it  to  tlio 

■  illf  ami 

n]iiMi(ili> 

iiiiiliuity 
.  Km  iiii 
'il  a.N  tlie 

■  titles  of 

from  the 
iity  could 
iluiiral  at 

lit    t'llttT- 

paiil  to  il 
ifty  >\>m\. 

iVC'lit'S  nil 

[mI  for  tlie 
lionlinatt' 
ili'aron  vi 
ejiiscoiial 
I  to  retain 
rut  rt'i^'ii. 
a  en,- 1 I'll  1- 
iiiilp()rtaiit 
allouse.'^ 
ne  of  tlifir 
1^0,  ami  in 
ore  largely 
territories, 
[leiiedoiilv 
(jniiiiii:,  ill 
of  what- 
1  t  radii  I  j' 
utliuritit'\ 
)s,  carpooN 
red  to  I'p 
lilar  otii'  c 
ted  \n  tl.e 
erniaiit'iit 

413. -Ffr- 

ulii  miit:i. 

II,.  royal  iinu* 

,.       'Ic.  Ill-' 

,,rs!,  \vitli  '•'■'' 

liciiipiiir*"' 
,,,„,.,   1-  ^ 

is  ronirii.'l"' 

lUlil  111''  I'l'- 
.uiis.Ml  t"  It"' 
Sn-  Nnviir- 

(IJl.l.mi.  ii"'- 

urea,  tdll    II  . 

Hist.   'M 


prosperity  of  the  infant  colony.  Grain,  plants,  tlie  see<ls  of  nnnierous  vegetable 
Kodiiets.  which  in  tlie  genial  climate  of  tli^  Indies  might  l>e  made  valuable 
iirtii'les  for  domestic  consumption  or  export,  were  lil)erally  furnished.  Coin- 
iiKKlities  of  every  description  for  the  supply  of  the  fleet  were  e.\emi»ted  from 
liiity.  The  owners  of  all  vessels  throughout  the  iK)rts  of  Andalusia  were 
u'i|iiired,  by  an  ordinance  somewhat  arbitrary,  to  hold  tlienj  in  readiness  for 
the  expeilition.  Still  further  authority  was  given  to  impress  both  ottioers  and 
iiiiMi,  if  necessary,  into  the  service.  Artisans  of  every  sort,  provided  with  the 
iiii|ileiiieiits  of  their  various  crafts,  including  a  great  number  of  miners,  for 
ixi»loiiiig  the  subterraneous  treasin-es  of  the  new  regions,  were  enrolled  in  the 
fxpeditioii  ;  in  order  to  defray  the  lieavy  charges  of  which,  the  government, 
ill  addition  to  the  regular  resources,  had  recourse  to  a  loan,  and  to  the  secpies- 
tiated  property  of  the  exiled  Jews." 

Amid  their  own  temporal  concerns,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  did  not  forget 
the  spiritual  interests  of  their  new  subjects.  The  Indians  who  accompanied 
(j)liiiiil)iis  to  Barcelona  had  been  all  of  them  baptized,  being  oflered  uji,  in  the 
laiiiimvui'  of  a  Castilian  writer,  as  the  first-fruits  of  tlie  gentiles.  King  Ferdi- 
nand and  his  son,  I'rince  John,  stood  as  sponsors  to  two  of  them,  who  were 
]K'riiiitted  to  take  their  names.  One  of  the  Indians  remained  attached  to  the 
liriiice's  establishment  ;  the  reddue  were  sent  to  Seville,  whence,  after  .suitable 
ii'ii^diiiis  instruction,  they  were  to  be  returned  as  missionaries  for  the  propa- 
L'atiou  of  the  faith  among  their  own  countrymen.  Twelve  Spanish  ecclesiastics 
were  aUo  destined  to  this  service  ;  among  wh(in  was  the  celebrated  La.s  Casas,* 
>o  coiispieuous  afterwards  for  his  benevolent  exertions  in  behalf  of  the  un- 
fnitiiiiate  natives.  The  most  exi)licit  directions  were  given  to  the  admiral  to 
list-  every  effort  for  the  illumination  of  the  j)oor  heathen,  which  was  set  forth 
as  the  priinary  object  of  the  expedition,  lie  was  particularly  enjoined  "to 
alistaiii  from  all  means  of  annoyance,  and  to  treat  them  well  and  lovingly. 
liiaiiitaining  a  familiar  intercourse  with  them,  rendering  them  all  the  kind 
"liices  ill  his  power,  distributing  presents  of  the  merchaiKlise  and  various  coiu- 
iiHMlities  whidi  their  Highnesses  had  caused  to  be  embarked  on  board  the  Heet 
fnrtiiat  purpose  ;  and  finally,  to  chastise,  in  the  most  exemplary  manner,  all 
who  should  offer  the  natives  the  slightest  molestation."  Such  were  the  instruc- 
tions eiuphaticallv  urged  on  Columbus  for  the  regulation  of  his  intercourse  with 
the  savages ;  an(l  their  indulgent  tenor  sufficiently  attests  the  l)enevolent  and 
rational  views  of  Isabella  hi  religious  matters,  when  not  warpexl  by  any  foreign 
iutliu'iice.'* 

Towards  the  last  of  May,  Columbus  quitted  Barcelona  for  the  purpose  of 
.'^'ilierintending  and  expediting  the  preparations  for  departure  on  iiis  second 


"  Navarri'te,  Culeccion  dp  Viages,  Col. 
'1!|'l"m.,  n.is.  33,  35,  45.— Herrcra,  Indias 
•vijiiitalt's,  di'c.  1,  lib.  2,  cap.  4.— Munoz, 
llw.dil  Nuevo-Mundo,  lib.  4,  hoc.  21. 

"  Set'  tlio  orii^inal  instructions,  apud  Na- 
varrctp,  t'ulcccion  dp  Via^es,  Col.  diplom.,  no. 
4i-Miinii/..  Hist,  dpi  NiiPN'o-Miindo,  lib.  4, 
■^■•1.  j:  — Ziifiifia,  Annalcs  dp  Sovilla,  p.  413. 

I..  Mti'-iiH'i)  pa^prly  claims  the  convprsion 
•f  the  uai'ves  as  the  prime  object  of  the 
••si"iliti,,ii  with  the  soverpigiis,  far  outwoigh- 
!  IL'  all  tciiiiiural  considerations.    The  passage 


is  worth  quoting,  if  only  to  show  what 
egregious  blunders  a  conteuipor.iry  may  make 
in  the  relation  of  events  passing,  as  it  vsere, 
nnd*'T  liiH  own  eyen.  "  I'he  Catholic  sove- 
reigns having  subjugated  the  Canaries,  and 
eHtablished  Christian  worshij)  there,  sent  Peter 
Colon,  with  thnty-live  shii)s,  called  caravels, 
and  a  great  numlier  of  men,  to  other  much 
largtr  i.slands  abounding  in  miiie.'^  of  gold, 
!iot  so  much,  however,  for  the  sake  of  the 
gold,  as  for  the  salvation  of  the  poor  heathen 
natives."    Cosas  memorables,  fol.  ICl. 


*  [Tills  is  a  mistake,  which  the  author  has 
WHti.J  in  the  History  of  the  Conquest  of 
Jit.\ico.    Las  Casas,  who  was  at  this  time  a 


stucleiit,  did  not  embark  for  the  New  World 
till  some  yeftrs  later.— Eu.] 


294 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


voyage.  He  was  accompanied  to  the  gates  of  the  city  by  all  the  nolijlity  aii'l 
GiValiers  of  the  court.  Orders  were  issued  to  tlie  different  towns  to  nrovide 
him  and  his  suite  with  lodgings  free  of  expense.  *  His  former  conuiiissiun  \sas 
Hot  only  confirmed  in  its  full  extent,  but  considerably  enlarged.  F^r  tlic  mi)^,. 
of  despatch,  he  was  authorized  to  nominate  to  all  offices,  without  a|i|ili(iiti(,ii 
to  government;  and  ordinances  and  letters  jtatent.  bearing  th<'  myjil  m-uI. 
were  to  be  issued  by  him,  subscribed  by  himself  or  liis  deputy.  lit-  was  in- 
trusted, in  fine,  with  such  unlimited  jurisdiction  as  showed  that,  howt'vcr  tiinly 
the  sovereigns  may  have  been  in  granting  him  their  confidence,  they  wv^  not 
disposed  to  stint  tne  measure  of  it  when  nis  deserts  were  once  estatilisluMl.'s 

Soon  after  Columbus's  return  to  Spain,  Ferdinand  and  Isiibella  aiPiilicd  tn 
the  court  of  Rome  to  confirm  them  in  the  possession  of  their  recent  discdvei  it's 
and  invest  them  with  similar  extent  of  jurisdiction  with  that  fonntiiy  con- 
ferred on  the  kings  of  Portugal.  It  was  an  opinion,  as  ancient  peiliaps  as  the 
crusades,  that  the  pope,  as  vicar  of  Christ,  had  competent  authority  to  (lis|MKc 
of  all  countries  iidiabited  by  heathen  nations,  in  favour  of  Christian  pntoutiit<>. 
Although  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  do  not  seem  to  be  fully  sjitistit'd  of  this 
right,  yet  they  were  willing  to  acipiiesce  in  its  assumption  in  the  jiioscnt 
instance,  from  the  conviction  that  the  papal  sanction  wou]<l  most  etrectually 
exclude  the  pretensions  of  all  others,  and  especially  their  Portuguese  rivals. 
In  their  aj)plication  to  the  Holy  See  they  were  careful  to  repre^^ent  their  imn 
discoveries  as  in  no  way  interfering  with  the  rights  formerly  conceded  hy  it  tn 
their  nei^dd)Ours.  They  enlarged  on  their  services  in  the  propagation  ef  the 
faith,  which  they  aftirmed  to  be  a  principal  motive  of  their  present  op(  rations. 
They  intimated  finally,  that,  although  many  comj)etent  persons  deemed  tlfii 
application  to  the  court  of  Rome  for  a  title  to  territories  already  iu  their  ]mis 
session  to  be  unnecessary,  yet,  as  pious  princes,  and  dutiful  cluMreu  of  tlii' 
church,  they  were  unwilling  to  proceed  further  without  the  sanction  uf  him 
to  whose  keeping  its  highest  interests  were  intrusted.'''' 

The  pontihcal  throne  was  at  that  time  tilled  by  Alexander  the  Sixtli ;  a  man 
who,  although  degraded  by  unrestrained  indulgence  of  the  most  soidid  apiietiliN 
was  endowed  by  nature  with  singular  acuteness  as  well  as  energy  of  ( haiartd. 
He  lent  a  willing  ear  to  the  application  of  the  Spanish  government,  and  inailc 
no  hesitation  in  granting  what  cost  him  nothing,  wnile  it  recitgnized  tiir 
assumption  of.  powers  which  had  already  begun  to  totter  in  the  opinion  ui 
mankind. 

On  the  3rd  of  May,  149.3,  he  published  a  bull,  in  which,  taking  into  oon 
sideration  the  eminent  services  of  the  Spanish  monarchs  in  the  oiusc  of  tlio 


'"  See  copies  of  the  original  documents, 
apuil  Navarreto,  Coleccioii  de  V'iages,  foiii. 
li..  Col.  dipUini.,  iius.  30,  41,  42,  43. — Con- 
pidering  tlie  iniixirtaiice  of  Colunibus's  dis- 
coveries, rtiid  tiie  distinguished  reception 
{liven  to  liiiu  at  Biirceloiia,  one  might  have 
expected  to  find  some  notice  of  him  in  the 
records  of  the  city.  An  intelligent  friend  of 
mine,  Mr.  CJeorge  Sumner,  on  a  visit  to  that 
cii>it:d,  examined  these  records,  as  well  as 
the  arcliive.s  of  the  crown  of  Aragon,  in  tlio 
hupc  of  meeting  with  some  sucli  account,  hut 
in  v.iin.  The  diitaria,  or  "dav-lwok,"  of 
I?arcelona  records  the  entrance  of  the  Catliolic 
Bovereigns  and  the  heir  apparent  into  tlie 
city,  on  the  14th  of  November,  14'J2,  in  the 
following  terms  :  "  The  king,  tlie  queen,  and 
the  prince  cutcreU  to-day  the  city,  ami  took 


up  their  abode  in  the  palace  of  the  bifliop  of 
Urgil,  in  tlie  C.ille  Ancha."     Then  fdilow-  a 
description  of  the  shows  and  rejoicing's  uhiiii 
took  jtlace  on  the  occasion.     After  tiiis  ciin 
two  other  entries:  "149:!,  Fel)ru:iiy 4.    Hi- 
king,  the   c|ueen,   and   the   prime  wint  t 
Montserrat."     "  February  14.     Tlic  kiiic. tM 
queen,  and  the  prince  returned  t"  li,w'>l"n.» 
But  not  a  \v(jrd  is  given  to  the  disidviTtT  "f 
a  world!     And  w.-  can  only  cipiijectun-  tliit 
tlie  hauglity  Catalan   felt  no  desire  to  rmn- 
municute  an  event  wliicii  reflcctfd  im  (.'lory 
on  him,  and  the  advantages  of  whirh  were 
jealously  reserved  for  liis  Castilian  rivals, 

*"  Herrera,  Indias  occidentali's,  die.  I  li'' 
2,  cap.  4.— Mufloz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo-.MuiiJo, 
lib.  4,  sec.  18. 


SECOND  VOYAGE. 


29') 


church,  espocially  in  tl:e  sul)version  of  the  Mulioiiietftn  empire  in  Siiain,  and 
\wliiiii:  t<»  iUloid  still  wider  scope  tor  the  prosecution  of  tlicii  pious  laliours,  he, 
•i.iit  of  his  pure  liberality,  infaliihle  kno\v!ed^%  and  i»lenitude  of  apostolic 
Hjwor,  continued  theiu  in  the  possession  of  all  lands  tliscovered,  or  hereafter  to 
,0  (liscovcied,  hy  them  in  the  western  ocean,  comi>rehendinL'  the  siinie  extensive 
lyiits  of  jurisdiction  with  those  formerly  conceded  to  the  KinL^s  of  Portuwil. 
"riiis  Ijuh  he  sujijiorted  by  another,  dated  on  tlie  following'  day,  in  whicwi  the 
],(,]it',  in  oriler  to  ohviate  any  misunderstanding  with  the  Portuguese,  and 
iuiiiiu,  no  doubt,  on  the  suggestioii  of  tlie  Spanish  sovereigns,  defined  with 
L;iv;iter  precision  the  intention  of  his  original  grant  to  tfie  latter,  hy  bestowing 
1,11  tliciu  all  such  lands  as  they  should  discover  to  the  west  and  south  of  an 
iuiii^^inary  line,  to  be  drawn  from  pole  to  jtole,  at  tlie  distance  of  one  hundred 
ka^nies  to  the  west  of  the  Azores  and  tape  de  Verd  Islands.*'  It  seems  to 
liiivc  ocaped  his  Holiness  that  the  Spaniards,  Ity  pursuing  a  western  route, 
iiiij,'lit  in  time  reach  the  eastern  limits  of  countries  previously  granted  to  the 
I'ditiiguese.  At  least  this  would  appear  from  the  imi)ort  of  a  third  bull, 
ixsiifil  Scptemher  25th  of  the  same  year,  which  invested  the  sovereigns  with 
|ikii<irv  authority  over  all  countries  discovered  by  them,  whether  in  the  East, 
di  witliin  the  bouiubiries  of  India,  all  previous  concessions  to  the  contrary 
imiwitlistanding.  With  the  title  derive(l  from  actual  possession  thus  fortified 
1)  the  highest  ecclesiastical  s<inction,  the  Spaniards  might  have  promised 
tlii'iiisolves  an  uinnterrupted  Ciireer  of  discovery,  but  for  the  jealousy  of  their 
rivals  the  J*ortuguese.^'^ 

The  court  of  Lisbon  viewed  with  secret  dis(|uietude  the  increasing  maritime 
ciitcrprise  of  its  neighbours.  While  the  Portuguese  were  timidly  creeping 
aloni:  the  barren  shores  of  Africa,  the  Spaniards  liad  boldly  launched  into  the 
iiiei»,  and  rescued  unknown  realms  from  its  embraces,  which  teemed  in  their 
faikies  with  treasures  of  inestimahle  wealth.  Their  mortilication  was  gTeatly 
iiiliaiircd  by  the  reflection  that  all  this  might  have  been  achieved  for  the!n- 
M.iv('s  iiad  they  but  known  how  to  profit  by  the  i)roposa!s  of  Oolumbu.s.*' 
I'lipiu  the  first  nioment  in  which  the  success  of  the  admiral's  enterprise  was 
otahlished,  John  the  Second,  a  politic  and  and)itious  jtrince,  had  sought 
Mine  pretence  to  check  the  career  of  discovery,  or  at  least  to  share  in  the 
sjioiLs  uf  it.** 

Ill  his  interview  with  Columbus,  at  Lisbon,  he  suggested  tl^at  the  dis- 
tuveries  of  the  Spaniai'ds  might  interfere  with  the  rights  secured  to  the 
IVirtugucse  by  repeated  papal  sanctiony  since  the  lieginning  of  the  present 
o'Utiiiy,  and  guaranteed  by  tlie  treaty  with  Si>ain  in  1479.  Columbus,  with- 
I'lit  ontciing  into  the  discussion,  contented  himself  with  declaring  that  lie  had 
k'eii  histnicted  by  his  own  goveniment  to  steer  clear  of  all  Portu'^iese  se'stle- 
iiK'Hts  oil  the  Afriain  coast,  and  tiiat  his  course  indeed  had  led  him  in  an 
mtirely  different  direction.  Although  John  professed  himself  satisfied  with 
the  explanation,  he  soon  after  despatched  an  auibassador  to  Barcelona,  who, 
iii'ter  (Iwelling  on  some  irrelevant  topics,  touched  as  it  were  incidentiilly  on  the 
V  ]«\u\  8(jutli  of  the  n^pritlian  is  sonio-        d.^iloin.,  no.  11. 


t  liiii;  iji'u  ill  unjuictry  ;  yet  ho  says  the  bull 
'1  lii'i  IIoliiK'KS  :  "  Oiiiiics  iiisulas  et  terras 
tiriiias  iiivontas  et  ituciiieiul.is,  detecta'<  tt 
'1  tiL'tiidas,  versus  oceiileiitein  et  nieriiiieui, 
iiirixiiHlo  et  coiistitiieiulc*  uiiam  linear. i  a 
1' lo  Arctieo,  sciliict  Ke))tei)triutie,  ad  Polum 
.AiitHMitiiiii,  scilii'et  uicridicni." 

"See  tlie  original  pajial  (grants,  transcrilied 
by  N'liviiriete,  Coleecioii  de  ViaH's,  toni.  ii., 
I-'jI.  (iipl.^ia,,  uos.  17,  18.     Appendice  al  Col. 


I'adre  Abarca  r"tisidprs  "  that  the  dis- 
covery of  a  new  wurM.  first  dlTerod  to  the 
kii'jis  of  I'ortiifial  and  Kiinlaiid,  wa.s  renerved 
by  Heaven  for  Spam,  being  foried,  in  a 
manner,  on  Ferdinand,  in  recompense  for  the 
Bubjngatioii  of  the  .Moor.«  and  t!ie  r.xpulsinn 
of  the  Jews"!  Ueyes  de  Aragon,  fol.  3iu, 
311. 

"  La  Clede,  Hist,  de  Portugal,  torn.  Iv.  pp. 
53-5B. 


296 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


real  oljject  of  his  mission,  the  bite  voyaj^e  of  discovery.  He  coiiffratnlatcil  tLf 
Spanish  sovereigns  on  its  success,  e.xpatiated  on  the  civihties  shewn  |,v 
the  court  of  Lisl)on  t(»  Cohunhns  on  his  kite  arrival  there,  and  ackiiipwleduc"! 
th(!  satisfaction  Telt  liy  his  master  at  tlie  orders  given  to  the  aihniial  tolii,l,l 
a  westein  (ourso  from  tlie  Canaries,  expressing  a  liope  that  the  ^aiiic  cfiuiM' 
would  he  pursued  in  future,  witliout  interfering  with  the  rights  of  l'(irtiii.;il 
l»y  deviation  to  tlie  south.  This  was  the  first  occasion  on  which  the  existoiKc 
of  such  claims  had  hcen  intimated  i»v  the  i'ortuguese. 

In  the  mean  while,  Ferdinand  and  Isahella  received  intelligence  that  KiiL 
John  was  C(juii»])ing  a  considerahle  armament  in  order  to  anticipate  or  dcfcnt 
their  discoveries  in  the  west.  Thev  instantly  sent  one  of  their  ImusclioM. 
L>i)n  Litpe  de  Ilerrera,  as  amhassador  to  Lislxm,  with  instructions  tn  luakr 
their  acknowledgments  to  the  king  for  his  liospitalde  recepti(jn  of  Cnlniiilnis, 
accomjianied  with  a  recpiest  that  lie  would  prohibit  his  subjects  fmni  inter' 
ference  with  the  discoveries  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  wast,  in  the  same  manner 
«as  these  latter  had  becii  excluded  from  the  Portuguese  posses.siuns  in  .Afiiui. 
The  ambassador  was  furnished  with  orders  of  a  diti'erent  import,  ]irovi(lei|  lie 
should  find  the  reports  correct  respecting  the  e(iuii)ment  and  probaldc  desti- 
nation of  a  i'ortuguese  armada.  Instead  of  a  conciliatory  deiiortnicnt,  he 
was  in  that  case  to  assume  a  tone  of  remonstrance,  and  to  demand  a  full 
explanation  from  King  John  of  his  designs.  The  cautious  prince,  wlio  had 
received,  through  his'  secret  agents  in  Castile,  intelligence  of  these  hitter 
instructions,  managed  matters  su  discreetly  as  to  give  no  occasion  for  their 
exercise.  lie  abandoned,  or  at  least  postponed,  his  meditated  exjiedition,  in 
the  hope  of  adjusting  the  dispute  bv  negotiation,  in  which  he  excelled,  in 
order  to  quiet  the  apitrehensions  of  the  Spanish  court,  he  engaged  U>  tit  out 
no  fleet  from  his  dominions  within  sixty  days  ;  at  the  .same  time  he  sent  a 
fresh  mission  to  Barcelona,  with  directions  to  propose  an  amicalile  adjustment 
of  the  conflicting  claims  of  the  two  nations,  by  making  the  parallel  ef  the 
Canaries  a  line  of  i)artition  between  them  ;  the  right  of  discovery  to  the  nmili 
being  reserved  to  tlie  Sjjaniards,  and  that  to  the  south  to  the  l\)rtiiguese." 

While  this  game  of  diplomacy  was  going  on,  the  Castilian  coiut  availeil 
itself  of  tlie  interval  atl'orded  by  its  rival,  to  expedite  preparations  fm-  the 
second  voyage  of  discovery  ;  which,  through  the  personal  activity  of  the 
admiral,  and  the  facilities  everywhere  aflorded  him,  were  fully  cninjileted 
before  the  close  of  September.  Instead  of  the  reluctance,  and  indeed  avnwed 
disgiLst,  which  had  been  manifestetl  by  all  classes  to  his  former  voyage,  the 
only  embarrassment  now  arose  from  the  diiliculty  of  selection  ainoii!;  the 
multitude  of  compctitoi-s  who  pressed  to  be  enrolled  in  the  present  exiieditiuii. 
The  reports  and  .sanguine  speculations  of  the  first  adventurers  had  inlhmied 
the  cujndity  of  many,  which  was  still  further  heigh teneti  by  the  exhiliiti"ii 
of  the  rich  and  curious  products  which  Columbus  had  brought  back  with  him, 
and  by  the  popular  belief  that  the  new  discoveries  formed  part  uf  that 
gorgeo\;s  East 

"  whose  caverns  teem 
With  diamond  flaming,  and  with  seeds  of  gold," 

and  Avhich  tradition  and  romance  had  alike  invested  with  the  supornatriral 
splendours  of  enchantment.  3Iany  others  were  stimulated  by  tlu'  wild  li  ve 
of  adventure  which  had  been  kiiulled  in  the  long  ^loorish  war,  hut  vliich 


="'  Faria  y  Sousa,  Europa  Portngups.i.  torn. 
ii  p.  4H:?. — Henera.  Itulias  ocoidi  iitales.  loc. 
cit. — Mufloz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo-.Mundo,  lib.  4, 


sec.  27,  ?"  —Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia.  tmi. 
ii.  pp.  6i"  "'lY.— La  Clede,  Hist,  df  I'oit'.igal, 
loui.  iv.  i>p.  53-58. 


SECOND  VOYAGE. 


29: 


iinw,  excliKled  from  that  career,  soii^'ht  other  ol»jects  in  the  vast,  uiitravplkMl 
niiioiis  of  the  New  World.  The  ('onipleiiieiit  of  the  Heet  was  orij^hially  fixed 
;it  nvt'lvf  hiiiidred  souls,  a  immiter  eventually  swtlied  thronyh  iMiportUiiity 
!,rv;iri(His  pretences  of  the  aiiplicants  to  fifteen  hundred.  Anmn;,'  tluse  were 
iiaiiv  wliu  eidisted  without  coniiensatiun,  including:  several  persons  of  rank, 
ijihilL;!!-,  and  nienihers  of  the  royal  househ<ild.  The  whole  sipiadron  amounted 
•MM'Vi'iiti'cn  vessels,  three  of  them  of  one  hundred  tons  iturden  eacii.  With 
tiii>  iTiiliaiit  navy,  Oolundnis,  droppinj,'  down  the  OuadaNiuivir,  took  his  de- 
lartiin'  from  the  JKiy  of  Cadiz  on  the  'J'lth  of  Septendier,  14!».'i ;  presentin;,^  a 
-•rikiiiU  ("iitrast  to  tlie  nielanclioly  pliuht  in  which,  hut  the  year  previous,  he 
i;a;l  sallied  forth  like  .some  forlorn  kufght-errant  on  a  desperate  and  chimerical 
iiitt'r|iris('.-" 

Nil  sooner  had  the  fleet  weighed  anchor  than  Ferdinand  and  Isahella  de- 
sjiitcluMl  an  end)assy  in  solenm  state  to  advise  the  king  of  ]*ortngaI  of  it. 
iliiseiiiliassy  was  composed  of  two  persons  of  distinguished  rank,  Don  Pedro 
.',•  Ayiilii  and  Don  (Jarci  Lopez  de  Carbajal.  A«;Teeal)lv  tr)  their  instructions, 
;ii(  V  roiMcsented  to  the  Portuguese  monarch  the  inaihnfssihility  of  his  pro- 
juMtiuiis  respecting  the  l»onndary-line  of  navigation  ;  they  argued  that  the 
.Hints  of  the  Holy  See,  and  the  treaty  with  Spain  in  1470,  had  reference 
iiieiely  to  the  actual  possessions  of  Portugal,  and  the  right  of  discovery 
'V  an  eastern  route  along  the  coasts  of  Africa  to  the  Indies  ;  that  these 
ri.'hts  had  heen  invariahly  resiiected  hy  Si)ain  ;  that  the  late  voyage  of 
lulninluis  struck  into  a  directly  opposite  track;  and  that  the  several  hulls 
if  i'lipe  Alexander  the  Sixth,  [)rescrihing  the  line  of  partition,  not  from  east 
t.iwtNt,  liut  from  the  north  to  the  south  j)oIe,  were  intended  to  secure  to  the 
:»|ianiar(ls  the  exclusive  right  of  discovery  m  the  western  ocean.  The  auihas- 
Ni.liiis  coiirluded  with  otierin<^  in  the  name  of  their  soverei<;ns,  to  refer  the 
wimlo  matter  in  dispute  to  tiie  arbitration  of  the  court  of  lionie,  or  of  any 
I'liiiiiKni  uiiijtire. 

K'wj:  .lohn  was  deeply  chagrined  at  learning  the  dei)arture  of  the  Spanish 
txiKMlitioii.  He  saw  that  his  rivals  had  been  acting,  wliile  he  had  l)een 
;iiiiuse(l  with  negotiation.  He  at  first  threw  out  hints  of  an  innnediate  rup- 
t  lit",  ami  endeavoured,  it  is  said,  to  intimidate  the  Castilian  and)assjidors  by 
'niiinng  them  accidentally,  as  it  were,  in  presence  of  a  si)lendid  array  of 
avalry,  mounted  and  ready  for  immediate  service.  He  vented  his  spleen  on 
tiicemUvssy,  by  declaring  tliat  "it  was  a  mere  abortion,  having  neither  head 
iiiifect  ;'■■  alluding  to  the  personal  infirmity  of  Ayala,  who  was  lame,  and  to 
ilio  liirlit,  frivolous  character  of  the  other  envoy.^^ 
These  symptoms  of  discontent  were  duly  notified  to  the  Spanish  government, 
*!io  commanded  the  superintendent,  Fonseca,  to  keep  a  vigilant  eye  on  the 
"'ivenieiits  of  the  Portuguese,  and,  in  case  any  hostile  armament  should  (j^uit 
>ir  ports,  to  be  in  readiness  to  act  against  it  with  one  double  its  force.  Knig 
'  hii,  however,  was  too  shrewd  a  prince  to  be  drawii  into  so  imi)olitic  a 
:  asiire  as  war  with  a  powerful  adversary,  t^uite  as  likely  to  l)attie  liiin  in  the 
>!d  as  in  the  council.  Neither  did  he  relish  the  suggestion  of  deciding  the 
iN|iuto  by  arbitration,  since  he  well  knew  that  his  claim  rested  on  too  unsinind 
'Irtsis  to  authorize  the  expectation  of  a  favourable  award  fro; .  any  impartial 
^■iiiiire.    He  had  already  failed  in  an  appiiciition  for  redress  to  the  court  of 


^"/^iifiipa,  Annales  de  Scvilla,  p.  413.— 
;^'iian.|„r,,i,,n.  Mist,  del  Almirante.  cap.  44. 
-I«nial,|../,  l{,.yi.s  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  118. 
-I'-U'T  MMityr,"  De  Rebus  Ocraiiicin,  dec.  I, 
-I.  l.-lkiizuui,  Novi  Orbis  Historia,  lib.  1, 


cap.   9. — (loniara,   Hist,  de   la.s  Ii)dias,   cap. 
20. 

'"  La  Cledc,  Hi^t.  de  PortTiKal,  torn  iv.  pp. 
B.T-.'jx.  — Muftuz,  Hist,  del  Nuevu-.Muudo,  lib. 
4,  sec.  '27,  28. 


298 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


Rome,  which  answored  him  by  reference  to  its  hulls,  recently  niihlislioil.  !■, 
till-' emergency,  he  aiiiir  to  the;  resolution  at  last,  which  shouhl  jiavc  U'ciui; 
first  adopted,  of  deciding,'  the  matter  by  a  fair  and  oihmi  conference.  lt\\;i' 
not  until  the  following-  year,  however,  that  his  discontent  so  far  siiii^i.jt'd  n^  i, 
allow  his  aciiuiesccnce  in  this  measinu 

At  length,  commissioners  named  by  the  two  crowns  convened  at  Tunlcsilijh, 
and  on  the;  7th  of  June,  1494,  sul)scril)ed  arti';les  of  a),',reem('nt,  whirh  w,.r,' 
ratifuul  in  the  course  of  the  «ime  year  l»y  tiie  resjiectivc;  nowcis.  in  tli- 
treaty  the  iSpanianK  were  secured  in  the  exclusive  right  of  navigution  uii! 
discovery  in  the,  western  ocean.  At  the  urgent  remonstrance  of  tlic  I'mtn 
guese,  however,  who  complained  that  the  jxipal  line  of  demarcation  (;(M)|i('(ii;|i 
their  enterprises  within  too  narrow  limits,  they  consente<l  that,  in>teii(l  of  (Mic 
hundred,  it  should  be  removed  three  hiui(lred  and  seventy  leagues  west  of  t!,  ■ 
Caj)e  de  Verd  islands,  Iniyond  which  all  discoveries  should  apjiertain  to  th" 
iSpanish  nation.  It  was  agreed  that  one  or  two  caravels  shoidd  he  proviijcl 
l>y  wich  nation,  to  meet  at  the  Grand  Canary  and  proceed  due  we>t  th' 
ai>pointed  distance,  with  a  lunnber  of  scientirtc  men  on  ooard,  for  the  iniipusf 
of  accurately  determining  the  longitude  ;  and,  if  any  lauds  should  full  uinlrr 
tlie  meridian,  the  direction  of  the  line  should  be  ascertained  by  the  erection  nf 
beacons  at  suitable  distances.  The  proposed  meeting  never  took  place.  ]{iit 
the  removal  of  the  partition-line  was  followed  by  important  conse(iuences  tn 
the  l\)rtuguese,  who  derived  from  it  their  pretensions  to  the  noble  emiiireuf 
]irazil." 

Thus  the  singidar  niisunder.standing,  which  menaced  an  oi)en  rui)tnrp  at  oiif 
time,  was  hap{)ily  adjusted.  Fortunately,  the  accomplishment  of  the  iiussa,!' 
round  the  Cape  "of  Good  Hope,  which  occurred  soon  afterwards,  led  tlie  I'ni 
tuguese  in  an  opposite  direction  to  their  Spanish  rivals,  their  Brazilian  ]«- 
sessions  having  too  little  attractions,  at  first,  to  turn  them  from  the  splcU'li! 
)ath  of  discovery  thrown  o[ien  in  the  East.  It  was  not  many  ye^us,  ImwcMr, 
tefore  the  two  nations,  ])y  ]»ursuing  opposite  routes  of  circumnavigation,  wcr' 
)rought  into  collision  on  tlie  other  side  of  the  globe ;  a  circuinstaiue  iitv.'r 
contemplated,  apparently,  by  the  treaty  of  Tordesiilas.  Their  unitiuii  \'U- 
tensions  were  founded,  however,  on  the  provisions  of  that  treaty,  which,  as  tlie 
leader  is  aware,  was  itself  only  supplementary  to  the  original  bull  cf  ileiiiana 
tion  of  Alexander  the  Sixtli.^®  Thus  this  bold  stretch  of  paital  authority. 
so  often  ridiculed  as  chimerical  and  absurd,  was  in  a  measure  justified  hy  the 
event,  since  it  did,  in  fact,  determine  the  principles  on  which  the  vast  extti;! 
of  unaj)proi>riated  empire  in  the  eastern  and  western  hemispheres  w;w  ulti 
inately  uivided  between  two  petty  states  of  Europe. 


""  Navarreto,  Colocclon  de  Vi.ipffi,  Doc. 
diplom.,  IK).  75. — Faria  y  Sousa,  Europa  I'or- 
tngiK'sa,  toui.  ii.  p.  4ti.i. — II  rrcra,  Indias 
nccidoiitalcH,  doc.  1,  \\b.  2,  cap.  8,  10. — 
IVIariaiia,  Hist,  do  Espafia,  toin.  ii.  pp.  60G, 
0(17.— La  Clodo,  Hist,  de  Portugal,  tutu.  iv. 
pp.  ti  1-62. — Zurita,  Anales,  toin.  v.  fol.  31. 

-"  Tlie  contented  territory  was  the  Molucca 
inlands,  which  each  party  claimed  for  itself, 
by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Tordesiilas.    After 


more  than  one  congress,  in  which  all  tli'^ 
cosniographic^il  science  of  the  day  wa'*  juit 
in  requisition,  the  affair  was  ttTiiiinattil  i 
I'umiahlf  by  the  Spanish  gdveriinn'iit's  ni'i- 
<iuishing  its  pretensions,  in  iiiii^i<|i  ratiuii  "' 
350,0011  ducats  paid  by  the  cniiit  of  Li>l-n 
See  LaClede,  Hist,  di'  I'ortiipil.  tuin.  iv,  I'l' 
3U9,  401,  402,  48(1.— Mariana.  lli>t.  ilc  l-.siui.i, 
torn.  ii.  pp.  607,  87.').— Salazar  df  .Me.iJuu, 
Monarqufa,  torn.  il.  pp.  205,  206. 


liie  iierioi 


CLASSICAL  LEARNING— SCIENCE. 


209 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


CASTILIAN  LITEIUTUKE.— rULTIVATION   OF  THE  COURT. — CLASSICAL  LEAUNINO. 

—  SCIE^NX'E. 

i;arly  FMnration  of  Fordinand— Of  Imibolla  Hor  Library— Early  Proniiso  of  rriiicf  Jclin— 
'-(liiiliirsliii)  (if  tin-  Nohlca — At ccmiplislicil  W'onii'ii — (Massiral  Liariun^  -  Uiiiver.«lti( s — 
I'riiitiiig  iiitrutlucfil — KhCi>uragi-il  \>y  Hit;  c^uet^n— Actual  I'rugrcHH  ol  Siiciice. 

\\\:  have  now  arrived  at  the  period  when  the  history  of  Sjiaiii  hooonies 
i;,(iiriK)r;itt'(l  with  that  of  the  otlier  states  of  Eiirope.  Jiefore  eiiil»arkinj,'  un 
tilt'  wide  sea  of  Euroj)eiiii  politics,  liowev'er,  and  hiddinff  julieii,  for  a  season, 
t,i  the  short's  of  Spain,  it  will  he  necess;irv,  in  order  to  coniolete  the  view 
of  the  interna!  administration  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  to  snow  its  oi)era- 
ti.iii  on  tilt'  intellectual  culture  of  the  nation.  This,  as  it  ctmstitutes,  when 
taken  in  its  hrtmtlest  sense,  a  princijial  end  of  all  government,  should  never 
iii';\ltoi,a'ther  divorced  from  any  history.  It  is  particularly  deservin<,^  of  note 
ill  till' l>it'>-eMt  rei^Mi,  which  stimulateil  the  active  development  of  the  national 
eiiciyies  in  every  department  of  science,  and  which  forms  a  leading  e[)Och  in 
tlie  ornamental  literature  of  the  country.  The  present  and  the  ft)llowing 
diapttT  will  endirace  the  mental  progress  of  the  kingdom,  iiot  merely  down 
h<  lilt'  1  eiiotl  at  whicii  we  have  arrived,  hut  through  the  whole  of  Isabella's 
rtii'ii,  in  order  to  exhibit  as  far  as  possible  its  entire  results,  at  a  single 
L'laiiie,  to  the  eye  of  the  reader. 

'  \\V  iijivt'  belWltl,  in  a  i)recediiig  chapter,  the  auspicious  literary  promise 
li'luvded  by  the  reign  of  Isabella's  father,  John  tlie  Second  of  Castile.  Under 
tlif  iuiiufhical  sway  of  his  son,  Henry  the  Fourtli,  the  court,  as  we  have  seen, 
«a>  aliiUiiloMeil  to  uid)onntled  license,  and  the  whole  nation  siuik  into  a 
11,1'iitJil  torpor  from  which  it  was  rousetl  only  by  the  tumults  of  civil  war. 
Ill  this  (h']il(nable  state  of  things,  the  few  Itlossoms  of  literature  which  had 
loiii  to  open  under  the  benign  inHuence  of  the  preceding  reign  were  spe<^dily 
t;  iiii]ilt'd  \Mnler  foot,  and  every  vestige  of  civiliziition  seemed  in  a  fair  v\.*y  to 
if  t'tiaccd  from  the  land. 

The  tirst  years  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella's  government  were  too  much 
do  (1  by  civil  dissensions  to  afibrd  a  much  more  cheering  prospect.  Ferdi- 
iiauus  curly  education,  moreover,  had  been  greatly  neglected.  Before  the 
ay' of  ten,  he  was  called  to  take  part  in  the  Catalan  wars,  llis  boyhood  was 
s|ieiit  anitmg  soldiers,  in  cami)s  instead  of  scliools,  and  the  wisdom  wliich  he 
>"i'iimit'ntly  displayed  in  later  life  was  drawn  far  more  from  his  own  resources 
tlaii  from  books.' 

iNiliella  was  reaped  under  more  favourable  auspices  ;  at  least  .nore  favour- 
ai'le  to  mt'iital  culture.  She  was  allowed  to  pass  her  youth  in  retirement,  and 
liiii-e'l  oblivion,  as  far  as  the  world  was  concerned,  under  her  mtjtliers  care, 
atArevalo.  In  this  modest  seclusion,  free  from  the  engrossing  vanities  and 
vi^xations  of  court  life,  she  had  full  leisure  to  indulge  tlie  habits  of  study 
^'A  retlection  to  which  her  temper  naturally  disposed  her.  She  was- 
I'luainted  with  several  modern  languages,*  ami  both  wrote  and  discoursed 

*  L.  Mariueo,  Cosas  meinorablcs,  fol.  153. 


, '  >rgpnroth    says   that    Ferdinand    and 
"liAlla,  though  they  wrote  Spanish  well, 


"  geem  to  have  been  unable  to  understand  any 
other  language."    (Letters  and  Desputthes, 


300 


CA8TIIJAN  LITP:11ATURR. 


ill  licr  own  with  <i:rriit  |»n'(isi(in  ami  «'lct,T\ii('e.  N(»  ^acat  cxponse  or  sdlicitui],. 
liowcvcr,  a]i]i('nis  tn  have  hrcii  lavislicil  on  Ikt  ('<liicatinii.  Slic  was  min,. 
striutcfl  ill  tilt'  liatiii,  wliicli  in  tliat  day  was  of  ^icatt-r  iiiiiioitaiKt'  iliama 
|>r«*st'iit ;  siiicc  it  was  not  only  tlie  coniiiion  iiiiMliiiin  ot  coiiiiiiiiiiiiatiiii 
ii('tw('«Mi  l(>ar!i('<l  Mien,  ami  tlic  la  una^c  in  wliidi  the  most  familiar  trcuii>|., 
wnc  often  ((tiiiposcd,  l»iit  was  fi«  [iifntly  used  by  wclIcMlncatcd  fmciLiiiciMi' 
coiiit,  and  especially  employed  in  diplomatic  intercoiirst!  and  nej;utiati(iii.-' 

Isaltella  resolved  to  nMiair  tlie  defects  of  education,  by  devotiiiL;  licrclf  tn 
the  ac(|iiisition  (if  the  Latin  t<»ngiie,  so  soon  as  tlu!  distracting^  wars  wwu 
l'oitiiii;al  which  attended  her  accession  were  terminated.  We  have  a  letter 
from  l*'''^ar,  addressed  to  the  ({iieen  soon  after  that  event,  in  wlmji  li,. 
imiuires  concerning'  her  ])roj;rcss,  intimatini^  his  surprise  that  she  (an  tinl 
time  for  study  amidst  her  multitude  of  engrossing  (tccimations,  ami  rxiirc - 
in.u  his  ( fintid(Mice  that  she  will  ac(juire  the  Latin  with  tlie  sjime  facility  with 
which  she  had  already  mastered  other  languages.  The  result  justitied  lii- 
prediction  ;  for  "in  less  than  a  year,"  ohserves  another  contem|iniarv,  "hfr 
admiralile  jxenius  enahled  her  to  ohtiiin  a  good  knowledL;e  of  the  Latii: 
language,  so  that  she  could  understand  without  nnich  dilHculty  whatever  wa,- 
written  or  spoken  in  it.'" 

Isjihella  inherited  the  taste  of  her  father,  Jolui  the  Second,  f'>r  (dlliMtin.' 
hooks.  She  endowed  the  convent  of  San  Juan  de  los  Reyes  at  Tiilcdn,  at  thi 
time  of  its  foundation,  1477,  with  a  library  consisting  itrinciiially  of  manu 
scriitts.*  The  Archives  of  Siniancas  contain  catiilogues  of  jiart  of  t\^ 
sei>arate  collections  belonging;  to  her,  wliose  broken  remains  have  ((nitrihutti! 
to  swell  the  magnificent  library  of  the  Hscurial.  Most  of  them  arc  in  manu- 
script ;  the  richly-coloured  and  liighly-decorated  binding  of  these  vnlium- 
(an  art  whi(;h  the  Spaniards  derived  from  the  Arabs)  shows  how  liiulily  tlitv 
were  i»rized,  and  the  worn  and  battered  condition  of  some  of  tlieni  \>tu\v- 
that  they  were  not  kept  merely  for  show.* 


^  L.  Marinco,  Cosas  mcmoraMes,  fol.  154, 
182. 

'  Ctirw  dc  las  Donas,  lib.  2,  cap.  62  et  scq., 
ajiud  .Mem.  df  la  Aoid.  do  Hist.,  tmii.  vi. 
lliist.  21.  —  I'ulffar,  Lotras  (Ainstclodanii, 
liiVu),  let.  11.  —  L.  .Miiriiiccp,  Cdsits  incnuira- 
Mi'S,  Jul.  ls2.  It  is  Hulliiiciit  evidence  of  her 
I'uuiiliarity  with  the  Latin,  that  the  letters 
addressed  to  her  by  lier  confe-sor  seem  to 
have  been  written  in  that  laii)inatre  ami  tiie 
Castiliaii  indifTerently,  exhibit inmiccasionally 
a  curious  jiatcliwork  in  the  alternate  use  of 
each  in  the  same  ej»istle.  See  (.'urrespondeneia 
epistolar,  apud  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist., 
toni.  vi.  Ilust.  13. 

'  Previous  to  tho  introduction  of  printing, 
collections  of  books  were  necessarily  very 
small  and  thinly  scatten>d,  owing  to  tlie 
e.xtreme  cost  of  manuscripts.  'l"he  learned 
Sae/,  has  collected  some  curious  particulars 
relative  to  this  matter.  Th«'  most  copious 
lilirary  which  he  could  find  any  acco  /it  <  f  in 
4iie  middle  oi  the  fifteenth  century  w;  ^  owned 
by  the  counts  of  Ik'naveiite,  and  c  iitained 
not  more    than    one    hundred    and   twenty 


volumes.  Many  of  these  were  iluiiliiatei;  if 
],ivy  alone  there  were  ei^lit  lepies.  |1„. 
cathedral  churches  in  Spain  reiitMJ  flor 
l)ooks  every  year  bj'  auction  tn  the  l]i>!li"i 
bidders,  whence  tiiey  derived  u  con-uiiritl r 
revenue.  It  would  apjx'ar  f'rniii  a  mpvif 
(iratian's  Canons,  jireserved  in  tlie  ( Vli-tii,' 
inona.>itery  in  Paris,  that  the  ceiiyist  wi< 
engaf^ed  twenty-one  uioiith-i  in  tnmstril- 
iiig 'that  manuscript.  At  tiiis  rate,  tlic  pri> 
duction  of  four  tliousand  cojiles  by  tii" 
hand  wouhl  retpiire  nearly  eiglit  tli"Usaiii| 
years  a  work  now  easily  perfuriiiul  in  li>» 
than  four  iiion'hs.  Such  was  tin'  tanliin'* 
in  niultiplyii  g  copies  before  the  iiiveiitiun  ■  f 
printiufr.  Two  thousand  voliinies  may  U 
jirocured  now  at  a  pnc  ■  which  in  tluwe  (I'V?* 
would  I  ardly  have  sufficed  to  piiriiia.>!i' tifty. 
See  Trafado  de  Moiiedas  de  Kniiiiiie  111. 
apud  Moratin,  Obras,  rd.  d'  la  Acad.  {^U- 
drid,  iHao),  torn.  i.  pj).  91,  92.  Hut  ili-^**  ""' 
MiTatin  draw  liis  conclusions  fruin  cxtrmio 
cases  ? 

'■  Navnpiero,  Vinpcio  fatto  in  Spapiia  it  in 
Francia  (Vinegia,  1563),  fol.  23.-.M''iu.  il*^^ '■» 


vol.  i.,  introd.,  p.  xxxv.)  No  evidence  is 
adduced  to  support  this  conclusion— or  con- 
jecture ;    nor   is   any  notice  taken    of   the 


evic'^nce  by  which,  in  Isabella's  case,  it  is 
clei        refuted. — Eu.] 


CLASSICAL  LEARNING-SCIENCE. 


301 


ruin  a  (npy 


Tlipi|iio<'n  nmnifostod  tho  most  oarncst  solicitude  for  the  instruotiori  of  lior 
ttii  rliiMrt'ii.  Her  diuiiilitcrs  were  endowed  l»v  nature  with  aniiahle  (Us- 
uisitioiis,  that  seconiled  her  maternal  ellorts.  The  most  competent  masters, 
Mjtive  ami  foreign,  esj)3(!iallv  from  Itiily,  then  so  active  in  the  revival  of 
aii.ioiit  Icarnin^^s  were  employed  in  their  tuition.  This  was  j)arti(ularly 
iiitnistcil  tn  two  brothers,  Antonio  and  Alessandro  (ieraldino,  natives  of  tiiat 
rniiiitry.  B'lth  were  conspicuous  for  their  ahiiities  and  classical  erudition. 
anil  the  latter,  who  surviveil  his  brother  Antonio,  was  sul)se(iucntly  rai-^ed 
tdliiu'h  ecclesiastical  preferments/'  Under  tliese  masters,  the  infjintas  nuule 
attJimineiits  rarely  permitted  to  tlie  sex,  and  acmiired  such  familiarity  with 
the  iiiitiii  toii;,Mie  especially  as  excited  lively  aamiration  amon^f  those  over 
whom  tlicy  were  called  to  preside  in  riiter  years/ 

A  >till  ilccjier  anxiety  'vas  shown  in  the  education  of  her  only  s  n,  Prince 
Juhii.  heir  of  the  united  Spanish  monarchies.  Every  precaution  was  tiikeii 
to  tniiii  liiiii  up  in  a  manner  that  might  tend  to  the  formation  of  a  character 
.liti'il  t'l  his  exalted  station.  He  was  placed  in  a  cla.ss  consisting  of  ten 
vmitlis,  sch'cteil  from  the  sons  of  the  princinal  nobility.  Five  of  them  were 
'if  his  own  age,  anl  live  of  riper  ymrs,  and  they  were  all  brought  to  reside 
with  liiiii  ill  the  ^wilace.  By  this  means  it  was  hoped  to  cond)ine  the  advan- 
tages of  public  with  those  of  i)rivate  education  ;  which  last,  from  its  solitiiry 
ihar.U'tcr,  necessarily  excluiles  the  subject  of  it  from  the  wholesome  influence 
I'xertt'il  by  bringing  the  powers  into  daily  collision  with  antagonists  of  a 
Hiiiilivr  age.*' 


ilii's  ca*',  ii  i» 


Acad,  dc  Hist.,   torn.   vf.    Ilnst.    17.— Tlie 
Ur^Tciillcrtion  coniprispil  ahout  two  hutulnil 

iP'l  mif  artiili's,  or  distinct  works.  Of  tiicsf, 
jiiF'itKtliinl  is  ttkiii  up  with  tlieology,  com- 
IT'licniliiiK  |iil)l('s,  jisiiltcrs,  missal-,  lives  of 
•aiiils,  uiul  works  of  tlit;  FutlnTs  ;  one-fifth, 
(ivil  law  mill  tlio  nninicipal  ccnle  of  Spain; 
n--fourtli,  aruKMit  classics,  modern  litoniturt;, 
anilromaiic  suf  cliivalry ;  oiie-tetitli,  history  ; 
!'ii'  residu.'  is  ilovotcd  to  ethics,  mediciiio, 
tTainm.ir,  astrology,  etc.  The  only  Iialian 
auiiior,  Iwsiclcs  Leonanlo  Bruno  d'Arez'.o,  is 
i'Ocac,  io.  Fii  •  works  of  the  latter  writer  cn- 
sistM  "f  the  "  Flam  iietta,"  the  treaiiM's  "  De 
I dstius  Illiixtrium  V'irorum,"  and  "  De  Claris 
Mulii'ribus,",iiiil  |)roiiably  the  "  Pecameroti ; " 
!>  fi'st  in  the  Italian,  and  ihe  three  last 
fri'iMate'l  into  the  Spanish.  Jt  is  sinRular 
tli.it  neither  of  {{occaicio's  great  t'>nti-mpoia- 
r.>-t.  lUiit-  an.l  P  ti  arch,  tlie  foru  •"  whom 
iiul  W;m  transliite.i  by  ViUena,  ai.,  mitated 
ly  liuii  lie  Mcna,  half  a  century  belore, 
■::"iiM  have  rmii  I  a  place  in  the  collection. 

Antonio,  the  eldest,  died  In  Itss.  Pati, 
"fhiH  Utin  poetical  works,  entitled  "Sacred 
'■"'"lii's,"  wiis  priiiU'd  in  1505, at  Salimanca. 
I l.'cymniKer  In-other,  Alessandro,  after  l)ear- 
■■'^  arms  in  tin-  Tortuguese  war,  was  suh- 
-i|iiiiilly  luiiiloycd  in  the  instruction  i)f  the 
•  fwtts,  fiMiUv  euibraeed  the  eeelesiastical 
"■*,.Hn<ldi.'d  hi^hopof  St.  DoniinRo,  ii\  1525. 
"•inn.iV'  la  \v:u\.  de  Hist.,  toni.  v'i.  Ilnst.  Ifi. 
-liralHK,!,],  Letteraturci  Italiana,  torn.  vi. 
I'lrt.  'J,  p.  2-<h 

'  llii'  I'Mrueii  Valeneian,  Luis  Vives,  in  his 
'■r'ati<(?  «l)e  Cliristiana   Feniina,"  remarks, 

■  r-tas  nostra  qu.ituor  illas  Isabella  regime 


Alias,  quas  paullo  ante  memoravi,  rruditas 
vidit.  Non  sine  laudilxis  et  admiraiioiie 
refertur  ndhi  passim  in  bac  terra  .Joaiinam, 
Philippl  conjugem,  (Jaioll  bujus  mairem,  ex 
temiMire  latiids  orationibiis.  f|Uie  de  inoie 
apud  iiovos  prinripes  oppidatim  liabeiitur, 
latine  respondisse.  Idem  de  regina  sua, 
Joanni«  sirore,  lirit.mid  pra'<ii(  ant ;  idem 
omnes  de  du.ilms  alii!-'  (|ua!  in  I^usitania  fato 
coiicessere."  De  (Christiana  Feinina,  cap. 
4,  apn<l  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  toin.  vi. 
Ilust.  16.) — it  appears,  however,  tb.it  IsalipU* 
wa-i  nf)t  inattentive  to  the  more  humble 
accompll.«hments,  in  the  education  of  her 
daughters.  "  Regina,"  says  the  same  author, 
"  nere,  suere,  acu  j)ingere  quatuor  filias  suas 
doctaa  esse  voluit."  Anotlier  contemporary, 
the  atitlior  of  the  Carro  de  las  I'oftas  (,lib.  'Z, 
cap.  62,  apud  .Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Ili-t., 
Ihist.  2\),  says,  "She  edu<-aied  her  son  and 
daughters,  giving  them  masleis  of  life  and 
letters,  iiiid  suriounditig  them  with  such 
persons  as  teniliMi  to  m.ike  them  vess<ls  of 
election,  and  kings  i.i  heaven  "  Krasmus 
notices  the  literary  attainments  of  the  young- 
est daughter  of  the  .'Sovereigns,  the  unforiunato 
Oatharine  of  Aragon,  with  tnif|Malitie<l  ad- 
miration. In  one  of  bis  letters  he  styles  her 
"ogregie  doetam  ; "  and  in  anotlier  he  n-- 
marks,  "  Iti'gina  non  tantum  in  sexus  mira- 
culnin  lit'Tata  est ;  nee  minus  piet.ite  su-^pi- 
cienila,  quam  eruditione."  Fpist.ilie(^I,ondini, 
lecj),  lib.  lit,  epi-<i.  :tl  ;  lib    '2.  epist.  'Jt. 

'  ()vi<Mlo,  (^luineuagina-^.  M.S  ,  iliil.  de  De/.a. 
— Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist  ,  torn.  vi.  Ilust. 
14. 


302 


CASTILIAN   LITKRATURR. 


A  iiiiniifi  r-ouncil  was  also  foniuvl  on  the  model  (if  a  council  of  st.ito,  co-., 
posed  (»f  switaMe  persons  of  inoriv  advanced  standin;:,  whose  provnice  it  wavt,, 
(leliheiate  on,  and  to  dis(Miss,  topics  connected  witii  j,'(»veiniMeht  and  jniHi' 
policy.  Over  this  body  the  princ(^  presided,  and  here  he  was  initiiitfil  into  a 
)nvctical  acipiaintance  with  the  important  duties  which  were  t<»  drvulvc  u\\ 
lim  at  a  future  i»eriod  of  hfe.  The  pa;^'es  in  attendance  on  his  ])(rM»ii  wvw 
also  selecUvl  with  ^reat  care  from  tlie  cavaliers  and  youn;,'  nohihty  df  tin- 
court,  many  of  whom  afterwards  tilled  with  credit  the  most  considcrjiMc  |Hi.t. 
in  the  state.  Tlu^  seveicr  discipline  of  the  jirince  was  H'lieved  hy  attciitinn  ti 
more  li|,dit  and  elegant  accomnlishments.  lie;  devote(l  many  of  his  lciM]n> 
lioiirs  to  nuisic,  for  which  he  had  a  line  natural  taste,  ami  in  which  In-  attaimil 
sntlicient  proticiency  to  peiform  with  skill  on  a  variety  of  instiinncnt\  in 
short,  his  education  was  happily  desi«fned  to  produce  that  comliinatioii  of 
mental  and  moral  excellence  which  sho\ild  lit  him  for  reij,niin;,^ovei  JiisMil,j,rt, 
with  lienevolencc  and  wisdom.  How  well  the  scheme  succeeile(l  is  alinndantly 
attested  by  the  commendations  of  contemjiorary  writers,  both  at  luiinc  aii'l 
aliroad,  who  enlarge  on  his  fondness  for  letters  and  for  the  society  nf  IcariKl 
men,  on  his  various  attainments,  and  more  especially  his  Latin  Mliii'ai>lii|,, 
and  above  all  on  his  disposition,  so  amiable  as  to  f,dve  promise  of  the  lii;;li('^t 
excellence  in  maturer  life,--a  i)romise,  alas!  most  unfortunately  fur  his  own 
nation,  destined  n(!ver  to  be  realized." 

Next  to  her  family,  there  was  no  object  which   the   (pieen  had  so  niiicli 
at  heart  as  the  imnrovemont  of  the   younj.,'  nobility.     ])uiin,i(  the  tnnihlcii 
of    her    predecessor    they    had    abandoned    themselves    to  fiiv, 


rei.ijn 


j)leasure,  or  to  a  sullen  ai»athy  from  whi(!h  nothinji;  was  polt'iit  ( nnii^^ji  i-i 
arouse  them  but  the  voice  of  war."  She  was  obli;;(Ml  to  relimiuisli  licr  iila!.> 
of  amelioration  during  the  all-enj;rossing  stru;^i;le  with  (iranada,  uln'ii  it 
wouUl  have  been  esteemed  a  reproach  for  a  Spanish  knight  to  have  cxclian^'cl 
the  post  of  danger  in  the  lield  for  the  elleininate  jnu'suit  of  letters.  Hut  n  i 
sooner  was  the  war  Ix'ought  to  a  close  than  Isal)ella  resumed  her  jiuriosc.  She 
reiiuested  the  le.*irned  Peter  Martyr,  who  had  come  into  Spain  \sitli  the  fnuiit 
of  Tendilla  a  few  years  previous,  to  rejtair  to  the  court  and  oiien  a xlmul  there 
for  the  instruction  of  the  young  nobility."  In  an  epistle  addressed  liy  Martyr 
to  Cardinal  Mendoza,  dated  at  Granada,  April,  1492.  he  alludes  to  the  proiuho 
of  a  liberal  recompense  from  the  queen  if  he  would  assist  in  reclaiming  the 
young  cavaliers  of  the  court  from  the  idle  and  unprofitable  pursuits  in  wimh.to 
her  great  mortification,  they  consumed  their  hours.  The  prejudices  to  he 
encountered  seem  to  have  filled  him  with  natural  distrust  of  hissucce-s ;  for  he 
remarks, ''  Like  their  ancestors,  they  hold  the  pursuit  of  letters  in  liuht  e>tiiiia- 
tion,  considering  them  an  obstacle  to  success  in  the  iirofession  of  anus,  \vhi'h 
alone  they  esteem  worthy  of  honour."  He,  lutwever,  exi)resses  his  confulen  e 
that  the  generous  nature  of  the  Spaniards  will  make  it  easy  to  infiiso  inti 
tliem  a  niore  liberal  taste ;   and  in  a  subsetpient  letter  he  enh\rufts  on  tlie 

of  Europe,  and  hi.s  untimely  diatli,  «iiiih 
(H'l'urrcd  in  tlio  twentictli  year  of  ln"*  •";''•  «" 
coninicnioratod  by  an  cjiitaiili  of  the  I'ari.ol 
(.iiock  ('.\ilc,  ronstanline  iasoiris. 

'"  "  AfK'ionadofi  ji  la  nuorni,"  siys  Ovii4\ 
speaking  (if  sonic  jMunj?  nolilcs  nf  lii^  tini'\ 
"  j'lir  sii  Ksjxtnolii  y  nntnrl  ihcliiiiiciov.." 
(,!iiincu;jp'iias,  MS.,  liat.  1.  iiuiiic  l.iii.ii    t^. 

■ '  I'or  8oni('  account  of  this  .  iiiiinut  Itali.in 
srhnlar,  8i'c*  tlio  postscript  to  I'ait  I.  cliap.  it. 
of  this  History. 


"  Mem.  do  li  Acad,  dc  Hist.,  toni.  vi.  llust. 
M.— Ju.tu  dc  hi  Kncinn,  in  tlic  (tcdication  to 
till'  prince  of  his  translation  of  Virfjil's  IJuco- 
lics,  pays  the  foUowiuf?  compliment  to  tlio 
<'nli(;!ht.encit  aid  liberal  taste  of  I'rinco  John  : 
"  l'"avoresceis  tanto  lasciencia  anilando  acom- 
paiiado  (le  tantos  o  tan  docti'siuios  varones, 
que  no  menos  dejareis  penlurable  menioriade 
habi'r  alarnado  c  estendido  los  li'niites  c  ter- 
niinos  de  la  sciencia  (jue  los  del  imperio." 
The  extraordinary  i)romi>e  of  tiii-  young 
prince  uiado  his  n'une  known  in  distant  parts 


CLASSICAL  LEARNINC-SCIKNCE. 


SO.*? 


•.'okI  ('(Ifct^  likely  to  result  from  tlio  literary  uiiihitioii  cxiiihited  liy  the  lieir 
.uuirt'iit,  mi  wlioiii  the  eyes  uf  the  nation  were  iiatiiiHlly  tnriie<|."  '"■' 

M;irtyr,  in  oheilicnci'  to  the  royal  simmioiis,  instantly  n'pjiiretl  to  ronrt,  and 
1],  lilt- lin'iithof  SepteniluM' follow  in;,' we  have  a  Irtter  (late<l  frmn  Sara'  'ssa, 
111  wliicli  he  thus  speaks  of  his  success:  "My  house,  all  day  lone,  s\\.wniH 
with  iu'l'lf  youths,  who,  reclaimed  nom  i^Miohle  pursuits  to  those  of  letters,  aro 
ii,,\v  ("iiviiMcd  that  these,  so  far  from  iH'in^'a  lundrame,  are  rather  a  help  in 
ilit>  iirof»'s.>it)n  uf  arms.  I  earnestly  inculcate  <m  them  that  ( onsummato 
,.\.c!lcMce  ill  any  department,  whether  of  war  or  peace,  is  unatlainaiil"  without 
vitiict'.  It  lias  pleased  our  royal  mistress,  the  pattern  of  eveiy  exalted  virtue, 
thiit  liiTown  near  kinsman,  the  duke  (tf  (Juimuraens,  as  well  as  the  youn;,'  duke 
,if  Villalicrmosa,  the  kin,i,''s  nephew,  should  remain  mider  my  roof  diuin;,'  the 
wli";('ila,v  ;  an  examj»le  whirh  has  heen  inutated  l»y  the  princinal  cavaliers  of 
the  ctiiirt,  who,  after  attendiii'^'  my  lectures  in  company  witn  their  private 
titnrs,  retire  at  evening'  to  review  them  with  these  latter  in  then-  own 
>;!  .rtcrs."  '* 

AiMttlicr  Italian  scholar,  ofteji  cited  as  authority  in  the  ]u-ece(liii^  {"irtion  of 
this  work,  huiio  Marineo  Siculo,  co-operated  with  Martyr  in  tlu;  introduction 
,f  .1  more  lihcral  scholarshii)  amon^'  the  C'astilian  nohles.  He  was  horn  at 
IVdiiio,  in  Sicily,  and,  after  completin^^  his  studies  at  Home  imder  the  cele- 
imlv'il  Poiiiponio  Leto,  opemHJ  a  school  in  his  native  island,  where  he  con- 
tiimcil  to  teach  for  five  years.  He  was  then  induced  to  visit  Spain,  in  I4H(;, 
with  the  ailiiiiral  llenriipiez,  and  sooa  took  his  nlace  amon^'  the  ]>rofessors  of 
MJaiiiiUica,  where  he  lilled  the  chairs  of  i>oetry  and  ^^ammar  with  ureat  aiiplause 
fir  twelve  years.  H(^  was  sul)set[uently  transferred  to  the  court,  wliich  lu5 
hrljHMl  to  iiluminc  hy  his  exposition  of  the  ancient  classics,  particularly  the 
j;itiii."  I'lider  the  auspices  of  these  and  other  enunent  scholars,  hoth  native 
ami  ton'i,L,Mi,  the  youn^  nohility  of  Castile  shook  olt'  the  indolence  in  which 
thoy  had  so  lonp;  rusted,  and  apjtlied  with  generous  ardour  to  the  cultivation 
(if  sdoiKv;  so  that,  in  tlie  lanj,'uage  of  a  contemporary,  "  while  it  was  a  most 
rare  occurrence  to  meet  with  a  ]>erson  of  illustrious  birth,  before  the  present 
reign,  who  had  even  studied  liatin  in  his  youth,  there  were  now  to  be  seen 

'  P'tpr  Martyr,  Opus  EpiRt.,  epi^^t.  102, 
:'3.-I,iiii'i  Marint>o.  in  a  discourse  addressed 
III ' hurli's  V  ,  thus  notices  tlie  queen's  scli- 
ctiid  for  till'  iu.slructiuii  of  her  young  iio- 
ii.iiiy:  "Isiilii'lla  pni'serlim  Ri  gina  iuhr- 
!ii;iiiiia,  virtiitiiui  uiniiiuui  in.JxiuM  cultrix. 
VM(|iiiil  III  nniltiH  et  niagnisocciip.ita  iie^^o- 
iii>,  IK  aliis  exeniphun  pnvlH'ret,  a  priniis 
tTinim.itic.e  nidiiiieiitis  stiidere  cu'pit,  et 
mm's  sue  (Idnius  adolescentes  utriusque 
^xi*  iiiilijlium  Uberos,  pra'ceptoiibus  lihe- 
:alit>?r  d  lumoritlce  conductis  erndiendoa 
"lUini'iiiMi.it."  Mem.  de  la  Acid,  de  Jiist., 
Mil.  vi.  Aiiciid.  lo.—See  also  Ovifdo,  t;uin- 

•  ig'iias,  MS.,  l),t.  1,  qiiiuc.  1,  dial.  'M. 
rci.r  Miirtyr,  Opus  K]ii.it.,  epist.  11.'). 
.\  iMrtuulur  iiceiiiiiit  of  Mariiieti's  writ- 

!-•<  iiiiiv  1).'  luiiiid  in   N'ic.  Antonio.     (IM)- 

■ili'v:,  N.iva.  tmii.  ii.,  .Vpend.  p.  'M'.).)  Tlie 
'iii-t  iiii]iortaiit  of  these  is  liis  work  "  I)e 
li'Ns  lh>|i:iiii;e  Menionihilibus,"  often  cited, 
"iilieC'astili.Mi.  in  tiiis  History.  Jt  is  u  rieli 
^iHj'^itory  of  details  res|)ee'ting  tlie  peo- 
riphy,  -tiiti<tics,  and  niaiiiipis  of  tlie  pe- 
'i;n«iila,  witl.  a  copious  historical  notice  of 
5^nt3  in  I  lie  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 


bdla.  The  author's  in'-atiable  niriosiiy, 
during  a  long  residence  in  the  country, 
PUiilili'd  him  to  collect  many  facts  of  a  kiinl 
that,  do  not  fill  1  within  the  ordinary  compass 
of  history  ;  while  his  extensive  Ipiirning,  and 
his  familiarity  with  foreign  nnxlels,  pecu- 
liarly fiuitlitied  him  for  estimating  the  insti- 
tution." he  de.'^crihes.  It  must  he  confessed 
lie  is  sudiciently  partial  to  the  land  of  his 
adoption.  The  edition  refeired  to  in  this 
work  is  in  hlack  letter,  printed  iK'lore,  or 
siMiii  after,  the  author's  death  (the  date  of 
which  is  uncertain),  in  \^M,  at  Ahahi  de 
Ilenares,  by  ,Juan  Hrocar,  one  of  a  faiiiily 
long  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  CJistiUau 
printing.  .Marineo's  prologue  coiicliiiies  with 
til"  fiillowing  noble  tribute  to  letters  :  "  I'or- 
que  lodos  los  otros  bienes  son  subjectos  a  la 
firtiina  y  niudablesy  en  jioco  tienipo  mud.iii 
mnchos  ilnefios  pa.ssando  de  inios  sefiorrs  en 
otros,  mas  los  doiies  de  h'tris  y  hystorias  quo 
se  otresceii  para  j'eri)ef nitlad  de  menioria  y 
faina  son  iinnioitales  y  jipir'  gan  y  guanlari 
para  siempre  la  nienioria  assi  de  los  (jue  los 
reciben,  cumo  de  los  que  los  ofrescen." 


304 


CASTILIAN   LITERATURE. 


iiuniltors  pvory  day  wIid  srmglit  to  shwl  tlio  lustre  of  letters  over  the  niArti.il 
;;l()ry  iiilu-rittid  from  tlu-ir  uiurstors,"  '* 

Tlic,  extent  <»f  this  ^nu'roiis  riiiuliition  may  W.  gatliercd  from  \\w  Lir-, 
correspoiideiicc  hutli  of  .Nlurtyr  iiiid  AIiiriiuM)  with  their  disciples,  incliidin^  tfj, 
most  cuiisiderulile  j»ersoiis  of  the  Castilinh  court;  it  may  U^  still  furtli.i 
inferrnl  from  the  numerous  dedications  to  the.se  persons  of  contcinjHjiidA 
liui)iications,Htt«'stin,i;  their  mnnilict'ut  putruiiage  of  liu-rary  enterprise  ;"'aiiii 
still  more  uneMuivocuiiy  from  the  zeal  with  \vhi<  li  Miany  of  the  hi^liot  rai.k 
jMitered  on  such  severe  literary  lal»our  as  few,  fr<»m  the  mere  jtive  of  It  tui,, 
are  found  willing  to  encounter.  l)on  (Jutierre  de  Toledo,  sun  of  the  duki-  ni 
Alva,  and  a  cousin  of  the  king,  taught  in  the  university  of  iNilamancu.  At 
the  sjime  place,  l>on  Pedro  Kernande/  de  V'elasco,  son  of  the  count  of  Hari,, 
who  subsequently  succeeded  his  father  in  the  hereditfiry  dignity  »i  j;iaii,l 
consUihle  of  Castile,  read  lectures  on  IMiny  and  Uvid.  Don  Alfuiisn  ,i,. 
iManri<|ue,  son  of  the  count  of  I'aredes,  was  nrofessor  of  (Jreck  in  the  iim 
versity  of  Alcalii.  All  ages  seemed  t(>  catch  the  generous  entlinsiusin  ;  iii,,| 
the  manpiis  of  |)enia,  although  tinned  of  sixty,  made  amends  fur  the  >iiis  if 
his  youth,  hy  learning  the  elements  of  the  Latin  tongue  at  thif>  lute  iieinrtl. 
In  short,  as  (jiiovio  remarks  in  his  eulo^dinn  on  Lehrija,  "  No  Spanianl  «a> 
accounteil  nohle  who  held  science  in  inditlerence."  From  a  very  early  [ itIihI, 
a  C()\wtly  sUvmp  was  imjiressed  on  the  jKHitic  literature  of  Sjiain.  A  similiir 
character  was  now  imparted  to  its  erudition  ;  and  men  of  the  most  illll>>tril>u^ 
hirth  seeme(l  eager  to  lead  the  way  in  the  dilhcult  career  of  science,  whiiliHiis 
thrown  ojx'U  to  the  nation." 

In  this  hrilliant  exhihition  those  of  the  otlier  sex  must  not  he  ^!:;;;tt(il,  wlii 
contrihuted  hy  their  intellectual  endowments  to  the  general  illiiniinatinii  nt 
the  perio«l.  Among  them,  the  writers  of  that  day  lavish  tlu'ir  paiicgvriotin 
the  marchioness  of  Monteagudo,  and  J)ona  Maria  l'achec(t,  or  the  amiciit 
house  of  Mendozii,  sisters  of  the  historian  Ikm  Diego  Ilurt^ulo,'*' and  ilaii^'litcr> 
of  the  accomplished  count  of  Tendilla,'"  who,  wluie  amiiassador  at  K-'ine, 
induced  Martyr  to  visit  Spain,  and  who  was  grandson  of  the  famous  iimri|ia^ 


"  Spp\ilvP(la,  I)pir>orritr<<,  apiid  Mmi.  df  la 
Acad.  (ieHist.,  torn,  vi  llust.  16.— SiRiKirolli, 
f'oltura  mile  .'^icilip,  toiii.  iv.  p.  318.— Tini- 
bosclii,  Lettpratura  Itnliuna,  t<jiii.  vil.  part. 
.3,  lib  ;i,  cip.  4.— Cuiiip.  LaiiipiUas,  SaiKK>o 
stfirico-upolojfptico  dc  la  Littfratura  Spa- 
^iiui>la  (Geiiovft,  li7s),  toiii  ii.  dis.  2,  sec.  5. — 
Till' p.'itiiotic  ahiite  is  (treat ly  <iCiiiidiili/pd  by 
tlip  ili'j;rp''  of  iiiflui'iici-  which  Tiruljosihi  and 
•  ilhtT  llaliaii  critics  ascrilx'  to  tlu'ir  own  lan- 
piianc  over  the  Castilian,  especially  at  this 
)ierio(i.  'I'hc  seven  voluuiis  in  which  be  lias 
(liscliargi'd  his  bile  on  the  beails  ot  the 
ottenders  afford  valiiablp  materials  for  the 
histoiian  of  ."^jianisli  literature,  'liraljoscid 
nm>t  l)e  admitted  to  have  the  better  of  his 
antagonist  in  temper,  if  not  in  argument. 

"■  Among  these  \V(>  lind  copiou.s  translationn 
from  the  ancient  classics,  as  C^sar,  Ai>pi:in, 
I'lntirch,  riautn.s,  Sallu«t,  .l-Isup,  Justin, 
Ho('thius,  Apuleius,  HercMlian,  afTonlinj;; 
strong  evidence  of  tli(>  activity  of  the  Cas- 
liliai  SI  bolars  in  this  dr-partnient.  Mem.  de 
la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  pp.  -tOG,  4()T. — 
Mendez.  Typof^rapbia  Espaf.ola.  pp.  l.'J.'l,  l.'f9. 

"  Sdazar  de  Mendoza,  Difrnidad'  s,  cap.  21. 
— Lucio    Marineo   Sicnlo,    in    his    di.seourse 


abovp  alludeil  to,  in  which  he  exliiliii^  ih' 
condition  of  letters  mider  liie  nij;ii  of  K  r- 
dinand  and  I.-^abeUa,  enumerates  dio  iiaii.i 
of  the  nobility  most  conspicuous  fur  tiir 
Pcholarship.  Fliis  valuable  doiuiinut  w»- 
to  be  foimd  only  in  the  edition  ul  M;iriii'''i 
work,  "  De  lU'bus  llispaniic  .Miiinpnilnlil'ii-." 
printed  at  Alcalil  in  1G:;ii,  wliiiic  it  ha^  In-i 
transferred  byCleniencin  to  the  si.\ili\uli.iir' 
of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Uuyal  .\anicuiy  .f 
History. 

'"  His  work  "ftuerni  de  Criu.ul.i "  «a« 
first  i)ublished  at  Madrid,  in  ICilu,  ami  "iiny 
be  comi)ared,"  says  Nic.  Aiitotii",  in  a  ju^l; 
ment  wbicii  ha.s  been  ratilieil  by  the  pMiul 
consent  of  his  countrymen,  "  with  ili  oiu- 
positions  of  Sallust  or  any  other  am  ii  iil  hi-- 
torian."  His  poetry  and  his  ceh  iTai.il  j-n  '• 
r<. SCO  novel,  "Lazarillo  \li'  'r'nni^,"  l,.t\ 
made  an  epoch  in  the  ornauieiital  litiTi«!i.'' 
of  .Spain. 

'"  Oviedo  has  devoted  one  of  his  ilial-iiru'^ 
to  this  nobleman,  eciually  ilislinKUi-l"'^'  [>' 
his  succes^es  in  arms,  letters,  ainl  l"V.;Ui^ 
last  of  which,  according  to  that  writ.r,  l.i'  l.i- 
not  entirely  resigned  at  the  age  of  sev.iiiy- 
Quincuagen.is,  .MS.,  bat.  1,  iiuiiic.  I  Ji«l  ■" 


CLASS^ICAL  LKARNrNVj-S'CIENCK. 


no5 


tlie  iiiArti.il 
»  tilt'  In:, 

ii'lUillll;:  til' 
itill  fiirthn 
iit«'iii|Mirjii\ 
'ris»';'")iiM 

i);lu'>t  raiik 

'  of  ItUci., 

;li«'  duke  m| 

iiiiiiita.    At 

lit  nf  liar... 

tv  "f  ;;inii.l 

AlfiiiiMj  di' 

ill  til*'  uiii 

siasiii ;  iiiM 

the  siiiH  (if 

latf  (leriirtl. 

|iaiiiai>l  Uft> 

•arly  |.eri(Nl, 

.      A  MlllillU 

^t  illiislriuii-. 
(',  wlikliwiis 

)!iiitte(l,  who 
iiiiiiiatiiiii  iif 
aiifuyi'if^  I'll 
llu'  iiiiiifiit 
v\  (langlil«'r> 
»r  at  lv..iiit', 
uus  iiianiuh 

IP  cxliil.iis  iti' 
ni^'ii  ..f  Kr- 

iti/,H  ilu'  iiaiii'< 
lUf*  for  tlM' 
iiumiiit  «4- 
(if  Mariii'''* 
iiMiral'ilil'ii-," 
I'l'  it  Jul-  Ui'ii 
si.\tli\..liiiii" 
AiadiUiy  ••' 

'iniiiula"  «•■»•' 

III,  ami  "iiiiv 

\h;  ill   II  jll'l.'^ 

,v  liic  ^'''li'riti 

\Wlil    111     t'lll- 
;■]-  ;lll(i'  Ml  !""• 

,.lr|.ral..l;'i.  I- 
,,riiic>,"  li.*^ ' 
ital  huraiur. 


l.v 


f  liis  diali'fjii'" 

■itiiiHiii>li'-l 
ai,.l  l-\v;vi' 
writ.'r,  lie  l.i'l 

,f  si'M-llV  — 

lie.  1  .lit'.  -• 


of  Sftiitilljina,  ami  iiopliow  nf  tlni  ^'riviid  cnnliiial."  This  illustiioiis  family, 
mi'lfrtti  y»'t  iin'H'  illuHtriniis  hy  its  inn-its  than  its  hiith,  is  worthy  iti  s)i«'(  iii- 
•.ttimi  ii^ 'i"'"'*''">^' '^'^*'^''^'"''"  ^''*'  ""Jst  n'niaikjihlr  odniltinatKin  nf  lit«'iary 
titlfiil  ill  tJH'  ciili^rhtt'notl  cdMrt  of  ('astil(>.  Thr  i|U('«Mrsin.stnict«>i'  in  llu*  Latin 
niii:un;;<'  ^wis  a  la<ly  iiaiiuMl  hona  licatii/  dc  (iaiiii<li),  cuIIimI  trntn  lirr  |K>ciiiiar 
itt.iiiiiiit'iits  /'t  I. lit  in".  AnothtT  lady,  l)()na  liUcia  dc  Mi'iliano,  iniKhcly 
.rtnrol  ••II  the  Latin  classics  in  th<'  nniv«M-sity  of  Snluinancu  ;  and  anoihcr, 
h'tiii  KraiM'i^cn  do  lichrija,  daiii^'iitor  nf  the;  historian  of  that  iianic,  tihcd  th*; 
hftir  of  rhrtnric  with  applause  »♦  Alcalii.  lint  onr  limits  will  not  allow  a 
;;rtli('r  i'iiiiiiit'rati<tn  of  naint's,  which  should  ncvt'r  U'  |K'rmitt«'d  to  sink  into 
Mividii,  were  it  oidv  for  the  rare  scholarship,  p»'cnliarly  rare  in  tin'  female 
..\,  ttjiicli  they  displayed  in  an  a^e  comparatively  nnenliuhtened.'"  I'emale 
.■.luintiiiii  ill  that  day  emhraced  a  wider  compass  of  erndition,  in  reference  to 
t!ii>  aiM'iciit  langnap's,  than  is  common  at  present;  a  circnmstance  attrilm- 
talijp,  i.rnUihly,  to  the  poverty  of  m(Mlern  literature  at  that  tim«',  and  the  new 
,iii.|  uviit'ial  a|)|>etitc  excited  hy  the  revival  of  classical  learnin;;  in  Italy.  1 
liiii  lint  a»are,  however,  that  it  was  iisnal  for  learned  ladies,  in  any  other 
.'.iiuitry  than  S|>ain,  tot^vke  iMrtin  the  jmhlic  exercises  of  the  ^rynmasnim  and 
I. Iivt'i' lectures  from  the  chairs  of  the  imiversities.*  This  pt'cnliarity,  which 
iiiAV  Ih'  referred  in  part  to  tho  inlluenci^  of  the  (pUHMi,  whoenconraijed  the  lo\t) 
f  stinly  tiy  her  own  example,  as  well  as  liy  i)orsonal  attendance  on  the  aca- 
.li'iiiiccxaiiiiiiations,  may  have  heen  also  .suggested  by  a  similar  usage,  aln'ady 
ii.tnt'il,  aiiiong  the  Spanish  Arabs." 

While  the  study  of  the  ancient  t^)nguos  came  thus  into  fashion  with  i)erson«i 
nf  Uitli  sexes  and  of  the  'lighe.st  rank,  it  was  widely  atid  most  tliorouuhly  cul- 
tivated hy  professed  si  liolars.  Men  of  letters,  some  of  whom  have  heen 
ilreaily  nut  iced,  were  invited  into  Sjrtviii  from  Itjily,  the  theatre  at  that  time 
■nwlilcli,  from  obvious  locul  advaiitJiges,  classical  discovery  was  jiursiied  with 
.T»',ite'<t  ardour  and  success.  To  this  country  it  was  usual  also  for  Spanish 
'tmleiits  to  repair,  in  order  to  complete  their  discipline  in  classical  literature, 
►^inially  the  Greek,  as  first  tiiugnt  on  sound  pruiciplas  of  criticism  by  the 
ifariu'il  exiles  from  Constantinople.  The  most  remarkable  of  the  Spanish 
>ih..lars\vlii)  made  this  literary  jiilgrimage  to  Italy  was  Antonio  de  Lebrija,  or 
Nii.nssensis,  as  he  is  more  frequently  cnlled  from  his  Latin  name.*'  After  ten 
years  passed  at  Holognaand  other  seminaries  of  repute,  with  particular  atten- 
li'ii  to  their  interior  discipline,  he  returned,  in  UT.S,  to  his  native  land,  richly 
iiien  with  the  stores  of  various  erudition.  He  was  invited  to  till  the  Fiatin 
duir  ai  Seville,  whence  he  was  successively  transferred  to  Salamanca  and 


'  r.ir  an  accDTint  of  Santillana,  wn  the 
'r<;  dui.icr  of  this  History.  Th«  curdinal, 
tie«ly  life,  is  siiid  to  have  translated  for  liis 
(itti-rtlic  .1.11.  id.  the  Odyssi-y.Ovid,  Valerius 
iliximiis.  ami  Sallust.  (Mem.  de  In  Acad. 
>Hi-t.,t.iiii  vi.  jliist.  16.)  This  herculean 
iMtwiiiiIij  put  iiKxlcrii  scJioolhoys  to  sltainc  ; 
t'J  w>'  uiiiy  siippiise  that  partial   versions 

"y.iftlii-s.'  authors  are  intended. 

'  Wi'xa..  ill'  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi. 
,  '.'?■' *^ ''''"•  QiiiiicnafCenas,  MS.,  dial. 
i  |jrizi.i.-S.i'i<ir  Clcnit-ncin  ha.s  examined 
»«h  much  can-  the  iiitelU-ctnnl  culture  of 
'•>  latioii  under  Isabella,  in  the  sixteenth 


Ilu^trticion  of  his  work.  He  has  touclwd 
liglitly  oil  its  i)Of'tl<al  character,  coimidcrinf^, 
no  doubt,  that  ttiis  had  been  suftiiii'ntly  dr-- 
velope<l  by  other  critics.  His  essay,  .however, 
is  ricliiii  inforMiatiiiii  in  regard  to  the  sc)i<>lar- 
ship  and  si'verer  studios  nf  the  jxriixl.  The 
reader  who  would  pursue  the  iiii|uiry  stdl 
further  may  Hud  abundant  materiiils  in  Nic. 
Antonio,  Hibliotli.ca  Vetus,  torn.  ii.  lib.  lo, 
cap.  i;J  et  seq.-  Id.m,  Hibliutlieia  Hispana 
Nova  (Matriti,  17s;{-m),  toui.  i.  ii.,  jiassim. 

'"  See  I'art  i.  diap.  s,  of  this  History. 

■■"  For  a  notice  of  this  sclmlar,  see  the  post- 
script to  Fart  I.  chap.  11,  of  this  History. 


Thf  two  examples  cited  in  the  text  do 
M'how  that  th"  practice  was  "usual"  in 
^!*in;  while  at  least  one  earlier  instance  In 


another  country— the  famous  Novella  d'An- 
drea,  of  Bologna— will  be  recollected  by  most 
readers. — Ed.] 

X 


306 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


Alcald,  both  of  which  places  he  long  continued  to  enli,i,'hten  by  his  oral 
instruction  and  publications.  The  earliest  of  those  was  his  Jiitrniluccion'* 
Liitinas,  the  third  edition  of  which  was  printed  in  148"),  beinj;  four  years  oidv 
from  the  date  of  the  first ;  a  reniarkahle  evidence  of  the  growing  taste  fi,"r 
classical  learinng.  A  translation  in  the  vernacular  acfonipaniiMJ  the  la.vr 
edition,  arranged,  at  the  (Hieen's  suggestion,  in  columns  parallel  witii  tlm  cof 
the  original  text ;  a  form  which,  since  bec(  nie  conunun,  was  then  a  novelty.-' 
The  iHiblication of  his  Castilian  granunar,  "  Grammatica  C(tstill<tiiii,'  folju;*,-,! 
in  1492  ;  a  treatise  designed  particularly  for  the  instruction  of  the  ladies  of  tiic 
court.  The  otlici  jtroductions  of  this  indefatigable  scholar  eiidirace  ;i  ];ir;;c 
circle  of  topics,  independently  of  his  various  treatises  on  philology  and  ( riii- 
cism.  Some  were  translated  into  French  and  Italian,  and  their  repultliruti'ii 
was  contiiHU;d  to  the  last  century.  No  man  of  his  owu  or  of  later  times  Cdn- 
trihiited  more  essentially  than  Lebrija  to  the  introduction  of  apureand  lieallh- 
ful  erudition  into  Snain.  It  is  not  too  nmch  to  say  that  there  was  scantiv an 
eminent  Snanish  scholar  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  who  ha'i 
not  formed  himself  on  the  instructions  of  this  master." 

Another  name  worthy  of  conunemoration  is  that  of  Anas  Barhosa,  a  learntM 
Portuguese,  who,  after  passing  some  years,  like  Lebrija,  in  the  scIk-oIs  of  Italy, 
whca.  he  studied  the  ancient  tongues  under  the  guidance  of  Politiaiiu,  w,v 
induced  to  establish  his  residence  in  Spain.  In  1489  we  find  him  at  Sala- 
manca, where  he  contimied  for  twenty,  or,  according  some  accounts,  forty, 
years,  teaching  in  the  de[)artments  oif  Greek  and  rhetoric.  At  the  cl(be  U 
that  period  he  returned  to  Portugal,  where  he  superintended  the  edu(ati(jii if 
some  of  the  meud>ers  of  the  royal  family,  and  survived  to  a  gooil  oV\  a.'i'. 
Barbosa  was  esteemed  inferior  to  Lebrija  n\  extent  of  various  erudition,  but  a^ 
having  surjiasseil  him  in  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Greek,  and  pix'tid 
criticism.  In  the  former,  indeed,  he  seems  to  have  obtained  a  greater  reiiuto 
than  any  Spanish  scholar  of  the  time.  lie  conijjo.sed  some  valuable  work, 
especially  on  ancient  prosody.  The  unwearied  assiduity  and  complete  siKrt's> 
of  his  academic  labours  have  secured  to  him  a  high  reputation  ainoiiu'tlie 
restorers  of  ancient  learning,  and  especially  that  of  reviving  a  livelier  reli>li  f'r 
the  study  of  the  Greek,  by  conducting  it  on  principles  of  pure  criticism,  in  the 
same  manner  as  Lebrija  did  with  the  Latin.'** 

The  scope  of  the  present  work  precludes  the  possibility  of  a  coj»ious  emiiiie- 
ration  of  tiie  pioneers  of  ancient  learning,  to  whom  Spain  owes  so  large  a  (\M 


"  Mendez,  Typographia  EsjiaPoln,  pp.271, 
272. — In  the  wconci  t'duioii,  puhli^lipd  in  11H2, 
the  uuilior  states  that  no  work  of  the  time 
\\i\i\  a  greater  circulat'on,  more  than  a  thou- 
Band  copies  of  it  having  Ix'cn  disposed  of,  at 
a  hi«h  price,  in  the  preceding  year.  Ibid., 
p.  237. 

-'  Nlc.  Antonio,  lUbliothfca  Nova,  torn.  i. 
pp.  i:v2-i;J9. — Lanipillas,  Ltttera'iira  Spa- 
gtmola,  torn.  ii.  dis.  2,  sec.  3.  — Diiilogo  de  las 
Leiif.'-ua'J,  npnd  Mayans  y  Siscar,  On'gcnes 
(Madrid,  17;{7),  toni.  ii.  jip.  46,  47.— Lncia 
Marineo  pays  ti>e  foUowing  elegant  conipli- 
ni'Mit  to  tills  learned  Spaniard,  in  his  discourse 
before  quoted :  "  Aniisit  nuper  Kispaiua 
maximuiu  sui  cnltoreiu  in  re  litteraria,  An- 
toniuin  Nebrisscnsein,  (pil  primus  "v  Italia 
in  Hispaniam  Musas  adduxit,  ([uitmscuin 
barbariem  ex  sua  patrla  fiigavit,  et  His- 
paniam  totam    lingua:     Lutnuu    lectionibus 


illustravit."     "  Meruerat  id,"  says  ( iomn  ile 
Castro  of  I>ebiija,  "  et  niuito  niMJura  lioniinH  j 
eruditio,  cni  Ilispania  dcliet,  ((iiiiqtiid  liaUt 
bonaruni   lit' raruni."    The  nciitr  ..iitliMffj 
the  *'  Diiilogo  de  las  Lentiiias,"  wliilf  lii"  r'!'- 
di-rs  ani|.le   homage   to  Lehriji'-  Latin  cru- 
dition,  disputes  his  critical  ac(iiiaiiiiUH'' with 
his  own  languag'',  from  his  brin^  ,i  iialivi'  'if  I 
Andalusia,    where    the     Castilian    wa.«  ii'lj 
spoken    with    jjurity :  "Il.hl.bA  y  e-crivuj 
coino  en  el  And.ducia  y  no  coiiio  <  ii  la  Ca.*- 
tilUi."    p.  02.     S.'c  also'pii.  it,  ni,  id,  r..)- 

■^'■'  nHrlM)sa,    HlhhoilKca    I.iiMtaim_(l.i>)'»j 
occidi'iital,    1741),    torn.    1.    pp.    Vil-T.-.— "^  ' 
norelli.  Coltura  nelle  Kicilie,  tnui.  iv.  p])  :il.'- j 
321.— Mayans  y  SIscar,  C)ri>.'H'' s,  tnui.  i  p. 
173.  -Lam()lllas,  LetteraturaSpanmn'Is.  tum. 
ii.  dis.  2,  sec.  5.— Nic.  Antonio,  liibliutliectj 
Nova,  torn.  1.  pp.  170,  171. 


CLASSICAL  LEARNING— SCIENCE. 


307 


of  gratitndo.*'  The  Castilian  scholars  of  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  and  the 
bepiiiiiiiu  of  the  sixteenth  century  may  take  rank  with  their  illustrious  con- 
temiHimrit'S  of  Italy.  They  could  not,  indeed,  achieve  such  Itrilliant  results  in 
tilt'  (lixnvcry  of  the  reinanis  of  aiitiuuity,  for  such  remains  had  heen  loni^ 
>oattei(Ml  and  lost  amid  the  centuries  of  exile  and  disastrous  warfare  conseiiuent 
„i]  the  Sanicen  invasion,  liut  they  were  unwearied  in  their  illustrations,  hoth 
pral.'uwi  written,  of  the  ancient  authors  ;  and  their  numerous  commentaries, 
tmii^iiitioiis,  dictionaries,  granmiars,  and  various  works  of  criticism,  nuvny  of 
wliidi,  tliftugh  now  ohsolete,  passed  into  re])eated  editions  in  their  own  day, 
l^irainitle  testimony  to  the  generous  zeiil  with  which  they  conspired  to  raise 
tlii'ir  ciiiitcmi>oraries  to  a  jtroper  level  for  contemplating  the  works  of  the  great 
m-U'V^  (if  anti<iuity,  and  well  entitled  them  to  the  high  eidogiiuu  of  Krasnms, 
that  "  liberal  studies  were  hrought,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  in  Sjjain  to  so 
tiiiiirishing  a  condition  as  might  not  only  excite  the  admiration,  but  serve  as  a 
iii.»lt'l  t(i  the  most  cultivated  nations  of  Europe."'" 

The  Spanish  luiiversities  were  the  theatre  on  which  this  classical  erudition 
was  more  especially  displayed.  Previous  to  Isabella's  reign,  there  were  but 
few  schools  ill  the  kingdom  ;  not  one,  indeed,  of  any  note,  except  in  Sala- 
iiiaiica;  and  liiis  did  not  escape  the  blight  wiiich  fell  on  every  generous  study. 
Hut  miller  the  cheering  patronage  of  the  present  government  they  were  soon 
tiiloij,  ami  widely  nudtiplied.  A<ademies  of  repute  were  to  be  found  in  Seville, 
Tuledis  Salamanca,  Granada,  anil  Alcala ;  and  learned  teache  s  were  drawn 
irmi  abroad  by  the  most  liberal  emohunents.  At  the  head  of  these  establish- 
iiieiits  stiiod  "the  illustrious  city  of  Salamanca,"  as  Marineo  fondly  terms  it. 
"mother  of  all  literal  arts  and  virtues,  alike  renowned  for  noble  cavaliers  and 
leariu'(l  iiieu."  **  Such  was  its  reputation  that  foreigners  as  well  as  natives 
sere  attracted  to  its  schools,  and  at  one  time,  according  to  the  authority  of 
;he same  professor,  seven  thousand  students  were  assembled  within  its  walls. 
A  letter  of  Peter  iMartyr  to  his  patron  the  count  of  Tendilla  gives  a  whimsical 
iiitiire  of  the  literary  enthusiasm  of  this  place.  The  throng  was  so  great  to 
Lear  his  introductory  lecture  on  one  of  the  Satires  of  Juvenal  that  every  avenue 
to  the  hull  was  blockaded,  and  the  jirofessor  was  borne  in  on  the  shoulders  of 
tiie  students.  Professorships  in  every  department  of  science  then  stiulied,  as 
vll  as  of  polite  letters,  were  established  at  the  university,  the  "  new  Athens," 
ivMaityr  somewhere  styles  it.  IJefore  the  close  of  Isabella's  reign,  however. 
its),'l"ries  were  rivalled,  if  not  eclipsed,  by  those  of  Alcala  ;'*'  which  combined 

■^  Amim(»  tlipse  are  particularly  dopervitiK 
(atUntiiiii  the  brutlnTs  .lulin  and  Vraiici.s 
V-rturi,  jinfcssorR  at  Alcalil.  the  latter  of 
»mwa.'<  csti'i'mfd  one  of  the  most  accoiii- 


jii-h'ilMlifilarsi.f  tlieaKo;  Nufiezde  Guzman, 
;  ill'' ancifiit  iiouse  of  that  name,  itrofcHsor 
■"riiiany  yi;irs  at  Salamanca  and  Alcala,  and 
■asuthiir  nf  tlio  Latin  viTsion  in  the  famous 
i'"iyelnt  (if  Cardinal  Ximencs;  he  loft  bciiind 
-m  II  mi'iijus  Works,  ospocially  commcn- 
l*r"«on  tlio  claHsics;  Olivario,  whosi- cnriouH 
'•'jJitiiiii  was  al)undantly  exhihitf'd  in  his 
■  >tr,iti()iisi)fCiiero  and otlicr  Latin  authors; 

[tilaMly,  \'iv{.-s,  whose  fam*'  lu'longs  rather 
''Eiiropc  thati  his  own  country,  and  who, 
jli'n  (iiily  twenty-six  years  old,  drew  from 
t^'»<niii-i   the    encomium    that    "  there    was 

I  ^••'C'lyany  one  of  the  age  whom  he  could 
"i!  irn  ti)  compare  with  him  in  philosophy, 

I '"iT-ncp,  and  liberal  leamlnj;."  But  the 
*>iuijrt|uivi)cal  testimony  to  the  deep  and 


various  scholarship  of  the  peri<Kl  is  afforded 
by  that  stupendous  literary  work  of  Cardinal 
Ximenes,  the  I'olyfjlot  Bible,  wiiose  versions 
in  the  (Jroek,  Latin,  and  Oriental  tongues 
were  collated,  with  a  sinnlc  exception,  by 
Spanish  sihol.irs.  Erasmus,  Kpistolas  lilt,  lit, 
epist.  101.  —  Lampilla.s,  Letteratura  Spa- 
gnuola,  torn.  ii.  pp.  ;<s2-.;j><4,  49f),  7!f^  "iM; 
tom.  ii.  p.  208  It  seq.— Gomez,  De  liebus 
gestis,  fid.  37. 

'■"  Erasmus,  Epistola-,  p.  977. 

*■'  "  I, a  muy  escian  lida  ciudad  d''  Sala- 
manca, madre  de  las  art<s  liberalrs,  y  t(al  s 
virtudi'S,  y  ansi  de  cavallcroscomode  b'trados 
varones,  muy  ilu^tri-."  ('osas  nirnioralde*, 
fill.  11. — Chacon,  Hist,  de  la  UiiviTsidad  <|i' 
Salamanca,  apud  Senianario  erudito,  tnm. 
xviii.  pp.  1-61. 

*'  "  Acadeuiia  Oomitlutensls,"  says  Kras- 
mns  of  this  university,  "non  oliimde  reln- 
britatem  nominis  auspicata  est  quam  a  com- 


308 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


hi^'her  advantages  for  ecclesiastical  with  civil  education,  and  whifli,  under  the 
splendid  patronage  of  Cardinal  Xinienes,  executed  the  famous  Polyj^ldt  veivion 
of  the  Scriptures,  the  most  stupendous  literary  enterprise  of  that  a^e." 

This  active  ciUtivation  was  not  confined  to  the  dead  lan^nages,  but  sj^cafl 
more  or  less  over  every  department  of  knowledge.  Theological  science,  in  ],ar. 
ticular,  received  a  large  share  of  attention.  It  had  always  forme'd  a  priiK  i].iil 
object  of  academic  instruction,  though  suflered  to  languish  under  the  universal 
corruption  of  the  preceding  reign.  It  was  so  conuuon  for  the  clerjiv  to  ]>o 
ignorant  of  the  most  elementary  knowledge,  thut  the  council  of  Araiida  fdniid 
it  necessary  to  pass  an  ordinance,  the  year  l>efore  Isal»ella's  accession,  tliat  ho 
person  should  })e  admitted  to  orders  who  was  ignorant  of  Latin.  Tlie  (|iieeii 
took  the  most  efl'ectual  means  for  correcting  this  abuse,  by  raising'  only  coin. 
petent  persons  to  ecclesiastical  dignities.  The  highest  stations  in  the  (hiin h 
were  reserved  for  those  who  combined  the  highest  intellectual  eiidnwaients 
with  unblemishe(l  piety.  Cardinal  Mendoza,  whose  acute  and  coiniirelien>ive 
mind  entered  with  interest  into  every  scheme  for  the  promotion  of  scieiico, 
was  archl)ishop  of  Toledo  ;  Talavera,  wliose  hospital)le  mansion  was  itself  aii 
academy  for  men  of  letters,  and  wiiose  princely  revenues  were  liWrally  (lis- 
pensed  for  their  support,  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Granada ;  and  Xinienes, 
whose  sidendid  literary  i)rojects  will  recLuire  more  particular  notice  hereafter, 
succeeded  Mendoza  in  the  primacy  of  8pain.  Under  the  protection  of  the>e 
enlightened  jiatrons,  theological  studies  were  pursued  with  ardour,  the  Scriji- 
tures  coj»iously  illustrated,  and  sacred  elfxnience  cultivated  with  success. 

A  similar  impulse  was  felt  in  the  other  walks  of  science.  Jurisiinidenoe 
assumed  a  new  asi)ect,  under  the  learned  labours  of  Alontalvo."  The  niatlio- 
matics  formed  a  principal  branch  of  education,  and  were  successfully  ai  iilied 
to  astronomy  and  geography.  Valuable  treatises  were  produced  on  niedidne, 
and  on  the  more  familiar  practical  arts,  as  husbandry,  for  exaninle."  History, 
which  since  the  time  of  Alfonso  the  Tenth  had  been  held  m  higticr  honour  ai"! 
more  widely  cultivated  in  Castile  than  in  any  other  European  state,  l)e^'a!i  ii 
lay  aside  the  garb  of  chronicle  and  to  be  studied  on  more  scientiHe  |irinciiiks. 
Cliarters  and  diplomas  were  consulted,  manuscripts  collated,  coins  and  lapidary 
inscriptions  deciphered,  and  collections  made  of  these  materials,  the  true  Ki^h 
of  authentic  history  ;  and  an  otlice  of  public  archives,  like  that  now  existing' 
at  Simancas,  was  established  at  Burgos,  and  placed  under  the  care  of  Alouso 
de  Mota,  as  keeiier,  witluaJiberal  salary.'* 

Nothing  could  have  been  more  opportune  for  the  enlightened  purposes  of 


plectfindo  lin(?nas  ac  bonas  litcras.  Cujus 
pra'cipuum  oriiamentuiu  est  e(?ieglus  Ule 
sencx.  plaiiequo  dinnus,  qui  niultos  vincat 
Ncstoras,  Antonius  Ncbrissensis."  Epist. 
ad  Ludovicum  Viv«'in,  15'il,  EpistoliP,  p.  755. 
"  Cosas  iiu'uiorablfH,  ubl  Hupra, — Prtrr 
Martyr,  Opus  Kpi8(.,  cpist.  57. — Gomez,  De 
Kobus  ppstis,  lib.  4. — Cliat'ot),  Univer^idml  de 
Salamanca,  ul)i  nupra. — It  appears  tbat  the 
l)ractice  of  -craping  with  the  feet  a^  a  expres- 
sion of  disapjjrobatlon,  familiar  in  our  uni- 
versities, is  of  vonerat)le  aiiticjuity ;  lor 
Martyr  mentions  ll-.at  he  was  saluted  with  it 
before  flnlshinr'  his  discourse  by  one  or  two 
idle  youths,  dissal'  'itd  with  its  lenpth.  The 
lecturer,  howevei,  seems  to  have  given  pene- 
ral  satisfaction,  for  he  was  escorted  back  in 
triumph  to  his  lodginps,  to  use  his  own  lan- 
guage, •'  like  a  victor  iu  the  Olympic  games," 


after  the  conclusion  of  the  '  xerci«e. 

■'-  For  some  remarks  on  tiic  Inlniursof  i\m 
distinguished  jurisconsult,  sc  rait  liliap.e, 
and  Part  II.  chap.  26,  of  tl>e  pr.  sini  wurk. 

"■'  The  most  remarkable  of  ilicsc  latt'r  is 
Ilcrrera's  treatise  on  Agricultiin',  wliirh, 
since  its  publication  in  1  oledo  in  15'.:ii,  lia« 
passed  through  a  variety  of  editions  at  li'H" 
and  tran>lation8  abroad.  Nic.  Antunio,  llib- 
liotheca  Nova,  tom.  i.  p  5u;f. 

"  This  collection,  with  the  ill  liukwlii^h 
has  too  often  befallen  such  l•(•|lllsitt)^ie^  in 
Spain,  was  burnt  in  thf  wiu  '  tlie  ('im- 
munities, in  the  time  of  Charles  ^ .  Mini  'le 
hi  Aci'd.  de  Hist.,  tom.  vi.Ilust.  16.-M"raKN 
Obras,  tom.  vil.  p.  18.— Inforuic  dv  VM,  wlw 
particularly  notices  the  .solicitude  cf  Hr- 
dinand  and  Isabella  for  preserving  the  public 
documents. 


CLASSICAL  LEARNING-SCIENCE. 


309 


iimlcr  the 
,^liit  ve^ion 
it'.'' 

but  siTcivl 
nee,  in  i^ar- 
a  iiriiiri].;il 

K'  tllliviTS.ll 

ler^y  to  ]>o 
nmlii  foi!ii(l 
(•11,  tluit  ho 

Tlie  (im-fii 
^  only  <''iiii- 

tlic  cluin  li 

JlldnWIlU'lltS 

iH)i'eht'!i>ive 
I  of  scieiiir, 
vas  itself  ail 
lilKTally  dis- 
ul  XiiiH'iifs, 
•e  hereafter, 
tion  (if  llie^o 
r,  the  Scrip- 
ueopss. 
iiri^iinidein'C 
The  iiiatho- 
;fully  ai  lilietl 
(HI  iiieilicine, 
\."   Hi>t.iry, 

hoiKiiir  iiml 
ite,  l»e;zant) 
ie  iiriucil'les. 
and  lai'idary 

le  true  Iwbis 
now  existiii-' 
ire  of  Alonso 


imrposes 


ot 


1,-ilH.urs  of  thi'i 
I'art  I.  dial). 6, 
rrsriit  wi'rk. 

best'  liitt.  r  is 

•ulturi',    v*liii'>i. 

in  \WlfK  li"' 

iliti'ins  at  li"iii" 

AntiiiiiK.  I'i'-'- 

ill  huk  whi^h 
l■(•llllsitl)^i^'^  111 
r  .  <  tlie  C-in- 

H  ^  .     Mf"  '^' 
Kj—MnraliN 

,„.  ,io  Uiol,  «ti" 

citud(>  "f  >';'• 


Uilx'lla  than  the  introduction  of  the  art  of  printing  into  Spain  at  tlie  coni- 
iiipn(^euient,  indeed  in  the  very  first  year,  of  her  rei^n.  She  saw,  ficiii  the 
tir>t  iiiDiiient,  all  the  advanta<,'es  which  it  pmniised  for  diffusing  £:nd  p^rpe- 
ti;atinu'  the  discoveries  of  science.  She  encouraired  its  establislinient,  by  large 
privileges  to  those  who  exercised  it,  whether  natives  or  foreigners,  and  by 
ciiisinii  many  of  the  works  composed  by  her  subjects  to  be  printed  at  her  own 
I  harue." 

Among  the  earlier  printers  we  frequently  find  the  names  of  Germans, — a 
],oii|ile  who  to  the  original  merits  of  trie  discovery  may  justly  arid  that  of  its 
],r(iiagatioM  among  every  nation  of  Europe.  We  meet  with  apragmdtica,  or 
rnval  on'.inance,  dated  in  1477,  exempting  a  German,  named  Theodoric,  from 
taxation,  (in  the  ground  of  behig  "  one  of  the  jirincipal  persons  in  tlie  discovery 
and  iiractico  of  the  art  of  printing  books,  which  he  nad  brought  with  him  into 
Spain  at  great  risk  and  expense,  with  the  design  of  ennobling  the  libraries  of 
tiie  kingiloni.""  Monopolies  tor  printing  and  selling  books  for  a  limited 
\>cm\,  answering  to  the  modern  copyright,  were  granteil  to  certain  nersons  in 
cii!isi(leration  of  their  doing  so  at  a  reasonable  rate."  It  seems  to  nave  been 
ibiial  for  tlie  printers  to  be  also  the  publishers  and  venders  of  books.  These 
exdiisive  privileges^  however,  do  not  appear  to  have  l>een  carried  to  a  mis- 
fjiif'vous  extent,  ioreij^n  books,  of  every  description,  by  a  law  of  1480,  were 
aIliwe(lto])e  imported  into  the  kingdom  free  of  all  duty  whatever;  an  en- 
li:.'hteiie(l  provision,  which  might  furnish  a  useful  hint  to  legislators  of  the 
nineteenth  century." 

The  fii-st  press  amiears  to  have  been  erected  at  Valencia,  in  1474 ;  although 
the  i;lory  of  preceuence  is  stoutly  contested  by  several  places,  and  especially 
I'V  l^aret'lona."  The  first  work  printed  was  a  collection  of  songs  composed 
fiir  a  jioetical  contest  in  honour  of  the  Virgin,  for  the  most  part  in  the 
liiiiioiisin  or  Valencian  dialect.*"  In  the  following  year  the  nrst  ancient 
(■la\sic,  lieing  the  works  of  Sallust,  was  printed  ;  and  in  1478  there  ai)i)eared 
from  the  same  press  a  transhition  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  Limousin,  by  father 
liiiniface  Ferrer,  brother  of  the  famous  Dominican,  St.  Vincent  Ferrer.*' 
Through  tlie  liberal  patronage  of  the  government,  the  art  was  widely  diffused  ; 
aiil  hefore  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century  presses  were  established  and  in 
artive  operation  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  united  kingdom  ;  in  Toledo, 
Seville,  C'iiulad  Real,  Granada,  Valladolid,  Burgos,  Salamanca,  Zamora,  Sara- 
pssa,  Valencia,  Barcelona,  Monte  Rey,  Lerida,  Marcia,  Tolo.sa,  Tarragona, 
Ali'alade  llenares,  and  Madrid. 
It  is  painful  to  notice  amidst  the  judicious  provisions  for  the  encouragement 


''  Mondoz,  Typojyraphia  Espafiola,  p.  51. 
"  Ardiivo  de   Murcia,   apud  Mem    de  la 
.\ca(i.  de  Hist.,  torn.  vl.  p.  244. 

■  .M(;iuk'z,  Typogvaphia  Espafiola,  pp.  52, 

■  OvilonarKjas  Ilealos,  lib.  4,  tit.  4,  li^y  22. 
-Tii'^  pro  uiililf  of  this  statute  is  pxprossod 
i:i  tl»' foUowinpt  enlightened  terms:  "  Con- 
^I'I'MiuIk  Ins  Uoycs  do  (rloiiosn  memoria 
'l':aiitiMTa  iiriiv('ii)0''0  y  honroso,  que  a  estus 
■u«  rcviMis  sc  truxesst'U  lihros  de  otras  partes 
pra  (lue  cuii  ellns  se  hiziessi-n  los  homlires 
l'-'r,itlo>,  (luisierou  y  onienaron,  que  de  los 
Wtms  no  sc  pairC  isse  el  alcavala.  .  .  .  Lo  qual 
IMtcp  que  ndunda  en  provecho  unlve'Hal 
'1-  ti«l()s,  y  en  ennobleciuiiento  de  nuestroa 

P.^Vli„^." 

Capmany,  Mem.  de  Rirc  lona,  torn    i 


part.  2,  lib.  2,  cap.  6. — Meiidcz,  TypoKraphia 
Espafiola,  pp.  55,  93. — Routerwi  k  iiitimates 
that  the  art  of  prin tint;  w  a-  lirst  practiHcd  in 
Spain  by  Gfrnian  printers  at  Seville,  in  the 
hegitniiiiif  of  the  sixtecuth  century.  (Oe- 
Bchiclitc  dor  I'oesie  uiid  Hcredsainkcit  ((i<")t- 
tiiiKen,  1801-17),  UaiKJ  iil.  S  9^.) -He  appears 
to  iiave  lx>en  misled  by  a  solitary  example 
quoted  from  Mayans  y  Siscar.  tIh'  want  i«t 
niaierials  hfls  more  than  once  led  this  eminent 
critic  to  build  sweeping  conclusion^  on  sleiuler 
prenus"'s. 

■"'  'I'ho  title  of  the  book  Is  "Certitnen  po(>- 
tleh  en  lohor  do  la  Cmicecio,"  Valeiiel  i,  UV-I, 
4to.  Thi'  name  of  the  printer  is  wanting. 
Mendez,  Tj'ponraiihia  EspanD'a,  p.  HG. 

•'  Mendez,  Typographia  Espanola,  pp.  6'  ' 
6.3. 


SIO 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


of  science,  one  so  entirely  repugnant  to  their  spirit  as  the  e^tahlishiiiont  of  tlio 
censorship.  Jiy  an  ordinance  dated  at  Toledo,  July  8th,  1502,  it  was  dcdtMil 
that,  "as  n)any  of  the  hooks  sold  in  the  kingdom  were  defective,  or  fal^cor 
apocryphal,  or  pregnant  with  vain  and  superstitious  novelties,  it  was  then- 
fore  ordered  that  no  hook  should  hereafter  he  printed  without  spei  iai  lifcii-i' 
from  the  king,  or  some  jjersou  regularly  commissioned  by  him  for  thcpinjio^e.' 
The  names  of  the  commissioners  then  follow,  consisting  mostly  of  ecck'.vjastios 
archbishops  and  bishops,  with  authority  respectively  over  their  sevcml 
dioceses.**  This  authority  was  devolved  in  later  times,  undoi  Charles  tlir 
Fifth  and  his  successors,  on  the  Council  of  the  Supreme,  over  which  the  in- 
quisitor-general presided  ex  officio.  The  innnediate  agents  emjiloyfil  in  the 
examination  were  also  drawn  from  the  Inquisition,  who  exercised  this  im- 
portant trust,  as  is  well  known,  in  a  manner  most  fatal  to  the  interests  of 
letters  and  humanity.  Thus  a  provision  destined  in  its  origin  for  the  advance- 
ment  of  science^  by  purifying  it  from  the  crudities  and  corruntions  which 
naturally  infect  it  in  a  primitive  age,  contributed  more  effectually  to  its  dis- 
couragement than  an>  other  which  could  have  been  devised,  by  interdictin;,' 
the  freedom  of  expression  so  indispensable  to  freedom  of  incpiiry." 

While  endeavouring  to  do  justice  to  the  progress  of  civilization  in  this  reiirn, 
I  sliould  regret  to  present  to  the  reader  an  overcoloured  picture  of  its  result^. 
Indeed,  less  emjthasis  should  l>e  laid  on  any  actual  results  than  on  the  sjiiiit 
of  improvement  which  they  imply  in  the  nation,  and  the  liberal  disnositioiis  of 
the  government.  The  fifteenth  century  was  distinguished  by  a  zeal  Jor  re-eai  rh 
and  laborious  acquisition,  especially  in  ancient  literature,  throughout  Euroin'. 
which  showed  itself  in  Italy  in  the  beghming  of  the  age,  and  in  Spaiii.  aii'l 
some  other  countries,  towards  the  close.  It  was  nat"ral  that  men  shmil'l 
explore  the  long-buried  treasures  which  had  descended  from  their  ancestor>, 
])efore  venturing  on  anything  of  their  own  creation.  Their  etl'orts  were 
eminently  successful ;  and,  by  opening  an  acquaintance  with  the  ininmital 
l)roductions  of  ancient  Uterature,  they  laid  the  best  foundation  for  the  oiilti\a- 
tion  of  the  modern. 

In  the  sciences,  their  success  was  n^^re  equivocal.  A  blind  reverence  for 
authority,  a  habit  of  speculation  instead  of  experhnent, — so  i)eniirious  in 
physics, — in  short,  an  ignorance  of  the  true  princii)les  of  philosophy,  often  lei 
the  scholars  of  that  day  in  a  wrong  direction.  Even  when  they  t'  ok  a  ritrht 
one,  their  attainments,  under  all  these  inqiediments,  were  necessarily  so  small 
as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible,  when  viewed  from  the  brilliant  heights  to  whieh 
science  has  arrived  in  our  own  age.  Unfortunately  for  Spain,  its  snh  eijueiit 
advancement  has  been  so  retarded  that  a  comparison  of  the  fifteenth  century 
with  those  which  succeeded  it  is  by  no  means  so  humiliating  to  the  furinera< 
in  seme  other  countries  of  Europe  ;  audit  is  certain  that  in  general  intellectual 
fermentation  no  period  has  surpassed,  if  it  Ciin  be  said  to  have  rivalled,  the 
age  of  Isal)ella. 

"  MpiiJoz,  TypoRrapliia  EBpafiola,  pp.  62, 
53. — rraKiijiiiiciis  del  llc\  no,  fol.  138,  139. 

"  Lloiento,  Hist,  do  i'liuiuiwition,  torn.  I. 
chap.  l;i,  art.  l  — "  Ad'^iiplo  per  inquisi- 
tiories,"  nays  Tacitus  of  tlio  glooiuy  times  of 
Domitlan,  "  et  lotjuciidl  aiidicndi(iue  coni- 
i!\crcio."  (Vita  Agricuhv,  sett  2.)  Hcau- 
itiarchais,  in  a  miTiier  vein,  indeed,  makes 
the  same  bitter  reflections:  "II  s'est  etahli 
dms  Madrid  un  systeme  do  Uberte  sur  la 


vente  des  productions,  qui  sVtenl  mmf  .i 
cellos  de  la  presse ;  et  quo,  potirvu  qu''  y  ii 
parle  en  mes  ecrits  ni  de  raiitoiite,  ni  '>•] 
culto,  ni  de  la  politique,  ni  de  la  ni'Tfil',  ni 
des  gens  en  place,  ni  dos  corps  en  criMlit,  i  i 
de  rOpera,  ni  des  autren  sjiectiu'lfs,  in  li- 
personne  qui  lienne  a  (iuol(|ue  clieso.  jf  pn  " 
tout  imprimer  libremont,  sous  l'iiispitii"iHi'' 
deux  ou  trois  ceuseurs."  Mariaj^e  de  Hgaru, 
actc  5,  80.  3. 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRY. 


811 


CHAPTER  XX. 


OASTILIAN   LITERATURE.— ROMANCES  OF   CHIVALRY.— LYRICAL   POETRY.— 

Til':   DRAMA. 


ThisRcltrn  an  Epoch  In  PolltP  Lotters— Romances  of  Chivalry — Ballads  or  Romances — Moorish 
Minstrelsy— "Cancionero  Boncral" — Its  Literary  V'g'iie — Uise  of  the  Spanish  Dniina— 
Critiiisni  on  "Olestina" — Flncina — Naharro^Low  Condition  of  the  Stage— National 
Sjiiiit  uf  llio  Literature  of  this  Epoch. 

Ornamkntai.  or  polite  literature,  which,  emanatinr;  from  the  t^ste  and  sen- 
.-iliility  of  a  nation,  readily  e.xhibits  its  various  fluctuations  of  fashion  and 
fooliiii:,  was  staini)ed  in  Spain  with  the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  this 
RVdliitioiiary  age.  The  Provencal,  which  reached  such  high  perfection  iji 
(iUali mill,  and  subseriuently  in  Aragon.  as  noticed  in  an  introductory  chapter,* 
ixi-ireil  with  the  union  of  this  nionarcliy  with  Castile,  and  the  dialect  ceased 
altogetlier  to  be  ajjplied  to  literary  purposes  after  the  Castilian  becauie  c.'."j 
iaiiguau'c  nf  tlie  court  in  the  united  kingdoms.  The  poetry  of  Castile,  which 
thioiii^liout  the  present  reign  continued  to  breathe  the  same  patriotic  spirit 
and  to  exhibit  tne  same  national  peculiarities  that  had  distinguished  it  from 
the  time  of  the  Cid,  submitted  soon  after  Ferdinand's  death  to  the  influence 
(\  the  iiiorO' polished  Tuscan,  and  henceforth,  losing  somewhat  of  its  distinctive 
]ihysioj:iioiiiy,  assumed  many  of  the  prevalent  features  of  continental  litera- 
ture. Thus  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  becomes  an  epoch  as  memo- 
rable in  literary  as  in  civil  history. 

The  most  copious  vein  of  fancy,  in  that  day,  was  turned  in  the  direction  of 
till'  iMose  romance  of  chivalry,  now  seldom  disturbed,  even  in  its  own  country, 
exa'pt  by  the  anti(iuary.  Tne  circunistances  of  the  age  naturally  led  to  its 
1  ivMhiotion.  The  romantic  Moorish  wars, — teeming  with  adventurous  exploit 
and  meturesque  incident,  carried  on  with  the  natural  enemies  of  the  Christian 
kiii^'ht,  and  opening  moreover  all  the  legendary  stores  of  Oriental  fable,— the 
>tirriii;^  adventn-'^.s  by  sea  as  well  as  land,  above  all.  the  discovery  of  a  woxld 
hoyoiid  the  waters,  whose  unknown  regions  gave  full  scojKi  to  the  play  of  the 
imagination,  all  contributed  to  stimulate  the  appetite  for  the  incredible 
ihiiiieras,  the  ma<jminime  menzo'jiie,  of  chivalry.  The  publication  of  "  Amadis 
lie  Goula'' gave  a  decided  impulse  to  this  popular  feeling.  This  romance, 
which  seems  now  well  ascertained  to  be  the  production  of  a  Portuguese  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  fourteenth  centuiy,'  was  nrst  printed  in  a  Spanish  version, 


'  Eidihorn.  Geschichte  der  Kultur  und 
Liiieratiir  tier  neueren  Europa  (Gutlingen, 
i;9ii-Ml).  pp.  129,  130.— See  also  the  con- 
f^ii-i.iii  of  til,-  Introduction,  Sec.  2,  of  this 
Hi.«tory. 

'  Nic.  An'otiio  Bcenis  unwilling  to  rolin- 
quisli  tii(>  prttiiisioiis  of  Iiih  own  nation  to 
i!i"  antli.ir>liip  of  iliis  romance,  (.See  Hil'lio- 
iiiHS  Nova,  toin.  ii.  p.  394.)  Later  critics, 
»i.'l«iii(iiin  till  m  Lampill:iH(Ensayohist6rico- 
»l«j|(ii.'otJn,  (If  111  Litf-ratuni  Espaftola,  torn. 
^'.  P  ii'i"),  who  resij^ns  no  more  than  he  i.^ 
v'Uip<  11.  (1  to  do,  are  less  disposed  to  contest 
^■''  claims  of  the  Po.tiigiiese.  Mr.  Southey 
!ii<  Cited  two  dDcnnicnts,  one  historical,  the 
ctiier  poetical,  which  seem  to  place  its  com- 


position by  L<jl)eira  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
f(»urteeiitli  century  beyond  any  rea.sonuble 
doubt.  (See  Ainadls  of  Guul,  pref., — also 
Sarmiento.  Meniorius  para  la  Historia  de  la 
I'oP^la  y  PiH'ta.s  Ksp.ifioles,  Obras  ptmtliinnas 
(Mrtilrid,  I77r»),  torn.  i.  p.  '2i9.)  Hout'  rwck  and 
after  him  Sismondi,  without  adducing  any  au- 
tliority,  have  fixed  the  em  of  Lobeir.i'-; death  at 
laj.").  IXiMti',  who  died  but  four  years  jirfvinua 
to  tliat  dale,  furnishes  a  neuMtivi-  ai  guiiient,  at 
least,  an  linst  this,  since  in  his  noliie  of  some 
of  the  best  names  in  chivalry  tlien  known, 
he  makes  no  allusion  to  Amailis,  tlie  Ix-st  of 
all.  Cf.  Fnferno,  cantos  v.,  xxxi.,  xxxii. ; 
also  De  Vulgari  Eloquentia,  cap.  10. 


312 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


prohaMy  not  far  from  1400.*  It-^  editor,  Garci  Ordonez  de  MoiUuIvo,  state> 
lit  his  |in»lo,i;ue  that  "he  correctetl  it  from  the  ancient  ori^iiiaLs,  luiiniiii;  itif 
all  suin'rlliioiis  jihrases,  and  substituting  others  of  a  more  lolr-hi'il  ;u,j 
eloirant  style."  *  How  far  its  character  was  Ijcnefited  by  this  work  of  rmr; 
iication  may  be  doubted  ;  althoudi  it  is  i)robable  it  did  not  sutler  sn  hhkIi  U 
such  a  process  as  it  would  liave  (lone  in  a  later  and  more  cultiv.-iled  Nciici 
The  sim  tie  beauties  of  this  fine  old  romance,  its  bustling  incidents,  ri'lievei 
by  the  (  elicate  i»lay  of  Oriental  maciiinery,  its  general  truth  of  iMniiaitni.. 
aliove  a  1,  the  knightly  character  of  the  hero,  who  graced  the  innwessii 
chivalry  with  a  courtesy,  mo<leoty,  and  fidelity  unrivalled  i\\  the  crcatiuiis  <a 
romanc(>,  soon  reconunended  it  to  jtopular  favour  and  imitation.  A  cnniinu;! 
tion,  bearing  the  title  of  "  Las  Sergas  de  Esplandian,"  was  given  t(»  tiie  woiii 
by  Montiilvo  himself,  and  gi-afted  on  the  original  stock,  as  the  fifth  luM.k  >A 
the  Amadis,  before  K^IO.  A  sixth,  containing  the  adventures  of  his  iieiihou, 
was  printed  at  Salamanca  in  the  course  of  the  last-mentioned  year  ;  and  th;i 
the  idle  writers  of  the  day  continued  to  propagate  dulness  through  a  series  of 
heavy  tomes,  amounting  in  all  to  four-and-twenty  books,  until  the  iimdi 
abused  public  would  no  longer  suffer  the  name  of  Amadis  to  cloak  the  mani 
fold  sins  of  his  posterity.*  Other  knights  eirant  were  sent  roving  ahoiit  the 
world  at  the  same  time,  whose  exploits  would  fill  a  library  ;  but  fortunately 
they  have  been  permitted  to  pass  into  oblivion,  from  which  a  few  of  their  naii:r"~ 
only  have  been  rescued  by  the  caustic  criti(;ism  of  the  curate  in  Don  (.^iiixuto ; 
who,  it  will  be  remembered,  after  declaring  that  the  virtues  of  the  iiarent 
shall  not  avail  his  posterity,  condemns  them  and  their  companiuns,  witli  oi:i. 
or  two  exceptions  only,  to  the  fatal  funeral  pile.' 


'  riio  excollcnt  old  romance  "  Tlrante  the 
Wliitc,"  Tirunt  lo  lilavch,  was  printed  at 
Vuk'iicia  in  1490.  (Sec  Mendcz,  Typogmphia 
Esi)anola,  torn.  i.  pp.  72-75.)  If,  as  Cervantes 
asserts,  tlie  "  Amadis  "  was  tlie  first  lKM)k  of 
cliivalry  i)rinted  in  Spain,  it  must  liave  been 
anterior  to  tliis  date.  Tills  Is  rendered  pro- 
bable by  Montalvos  prologue  to  his  edition 
at  S.inigoj.s.i,  in  1521,  still  preserved  in  tlie 
roynl  library  at  Madrid,  where  he  alludes  to 
his  foirnir  publifaticjn  of  it  in  the  time  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  (Cervantes,  D<in 
(^ni-xote,  ed.  Pellicer,  Di.icurso  prelim.)— Mr. 
Dunlup,  who  has  analyzed  these  romances 
with  a  patiince  that  more  will  Ih>  disposed  to 
commend  than  imitate,  has  been  led  into  the 
error  of  supposing  ihit  the  first  edition  of  the 
"Amadis"  was  printed  at  Seville,  in  1526, 
from  itotach'd  fraf^ments  appearing  in  the 
time  of  Ferdinand  and  Isalx'lla,  and  siibse- 
quontly  by  Montalvo.  at  Salamanca,  in  1547. 
See  History  of  Prose  Fiction.  v«il.  ii.  ciuip.  10. 

'  The  following  is  Montalvo's  brief  pro- 
logue to  tlie  intri'dnction  of  the  first  h<iok  : 
•'  Aqvi  comienca  el  jirimero  libro  del  csforQiido 
et  virtuoso caiiallero  Amadishijo  del  rey  Perion 
deCJaula:  y  dela  nyna  Klis^na :  el  qual  file 
coregido  y  omt'Udado  pur  el  honrado  y  vir- 
tuoso caiiallerii  (larciordniios  de  Montalvo, 
regidor  dela  noble  uilla  de  Medina  liel  campo ; 
et  corregiolo  delos  antiguos  (iriginales  (pie 
estauan  corruptos,  et  compuestos  en  antiguo 
estilo:  jiur  faita  delos  diferentes  escriptures. 
Qnitando  muchas  palahras  superfluas:  et  po- 
nii'iido  otras  de  mas  polido  y  elegante  estilo  : 


tocantes  ala  caualleria  et  actos  della,  uni- 
niando  los  cora9one8  gentiles  <li'  iiiaii7.<l» • 
belicosos  que  con  grandissiuio  allftto  ul>raza:i 
el  arte  dcla  milicia  corporal  ahiinaiiil'i  lu  im- 
mortal menmna  del  arte  de  caualleria  n  ■ 
menos  hoiiestissimo  que  gloriuso."  Amadi; 
de  <jaula  (Venecia,  15X1),  I'ol.  l. 

"  Nic.  Antonio  enumerates  the  fditions  d 
thirteen  of  this  doughty  family  of  Itnigtit" 
errant.  (Bibliotheca  Nova,  toin.  ii.  pp.  aw, 
395.)  He  dismisses  his  notice  uitii  the  r- 
flection,  somewhat  more  charit.iblf  than  tint 
of  Don  (Quixote's  cuiate,  that  "ho  had  M; 
little  interest  in  investigating  tli'se  falk-, 
yet  was  willing  to  admit,  witli  otlifrs,  that 
their  nading  was  not  whidly  useli-s."  .M"ia- 
tin  has  collected  an  appalling  catalopuo  ot 
part  of  the  books  of  chivalry  piiMi^hod  in 
Spain  at  the  close  of  the  flfteeiitli  and  ia  tii^ 
following  century.  The  first  on  the  list  b 
the  Ciinel  de  Amor,  jwr  Diego  Ihrnand^z  d- 
San  Pedro,  en  llurgos,  afio  de  14'JtJ.  Ohra-, 
torn.  i.  pp.  9;5-9x. 

*■•  Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  torn.  i.  ps^rt-  1- 
cap.  6. — The  curate's  wraih  is  vi  ry  tuipliat:- 
cally  expressed.  '•  Pucs  vayaii  t^  il'is  ai  "'rral. 
dixo  el  ("nra,  (pie  a  trueci  do  (iii-inar  a  1' 
reyna  Pintiquinie.stra,  y  al  pastor  Dariii'dy  a 
Rus  eglogas,  y  a  lafl  endiabladas  y  rt*viielta« 
razones  de  su  autor,  (piemara  C"ii  i dlns  ai 
padre  que  me  engeiidro  ai  andubi'ra  en  tigiira 
de  caballero  andante."  The  author  of  tht- 
"  Dial'igo  de  las  l.enguas  "  chimes  in  with  tnc 
sime  tone  of  criticism  *  I..os  qualo,  ^  n-' 
says,    speaking  of    books    of   chivaiiT.  "* 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRY. 


313 


'[hose  romances  of  chivalry  luust  liave  undoubtedly  contributed  to  nourish 
tho^e  fxai;;;t'rated  sentiments  which  from  a  very  e;vrly  period  enteral  into 
tlie  S[iaiiish  character.  Their  evil  intiuence,  in  a  literary  view,  resulted  less 
fpHii  their  imiirobahilities  of  situation,  which  the^  possessed  in  conuiiun  with 
ihf  iiiiinitable  Italian  epics,  than  trom  the  false  pictures  which  they  presenteil 
,,f  huiiiun  character,  familiariziuL'  the  eye  of  the  reader  with  sucii  nindels  as 
ili'liiuu  hed  the  taste  .'uul  rendered  him  incapaltle  of  relisiiing  the  chiuste  and 
Miher  productions  of  art.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  chivalrous  romance, 
uhi.  li  was  so  copiously  cultivated  through  the  greivter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
(er.tmy,  should  not  have  assumed  the  poetic  lorm,  as  in  Italy,  and  indeed 
aiiu)ii„'  our  Norman  ancestors  ;  and  that  hi  its  prose  dress  no  name  of  n(»to 
appiMrs  to  raise  it  to  a  high  degree  of  literary  merit.  I'erhaps  such  a  result 
liiiu'ht  have  been  achieved,  but  for  the  sublime  [»arody  of  Cervantes,  which 
cut  short  the  whole  race  ot'  kaights-errant,  and,  bv  the  tine  irony  whicli  it 
threw  around  the  mock  heroes  of  chivalry,  extinguished  them  for  ever.' 

The  most  popular  poetry  of  this  period,  that  springing  from  the  body  of  the 
Iioi)ple,  and  most  intimately  addressed  to  it,  is  tlie  ballads,  or  romanceSy  as 
tlii'V  are  termed  in  Spain.  These,  indeed,  were  familiar  to  tlie  Peninsula  as 
far  back  as  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries ;  but  hi  the  present  reign 
thev  received  a  fresh  impulse  from  the  war  with  Granada,  and  composed, 
umler  the  name  of  the  Moorish  ballatls,  what  mav  perhaps  be  regarded,  with- 
out tno  iiigh  praise,  as  the  most  exiiuisite  popular  minstrelsy  of  any  age  or 
(.uiiiitry. 

Tlie"liuin])le  narrative  lyrics  making  up  the  mass  of  ballad  poetry,  and  form- 
in;'  the  natural  expression  of  a  simple  state  of  society,  woulu  seem  to  be  most 
atiiiinlaiit  in  nations  endowed  with  keen  sensibilities,  and  i>laced  in  situations 
of  oxiiteiiiont  and  powerful  interest  fitted  to  develop  them.  The  light  and 
lively  French  have  little  to  boasc  of  in  this  way."  The  Italians,  witli  a  deeper 
lioetic  feeling,  were  too  early  absorbed  in  the  gross  business  habits  of  trade, 
and  their  literature  received  too  high  a  direction  from  its  master  spirits  at  its 
viiT  coiaiueucement,  to  allow  any  considerable  deviation  in  this  track.  The 
cnmitries  where  it  has  most  thriven  are  probably  Great  Britain  and  Spain. 
T!k>  Himlish  and  the  Scotch,  whose  constitutionally  j)ensive  and  even  melancholy 
tfuiperaiuent  has  been  deepened  by  the  sober  complexion  of  the  climate,  were 
le  1  to  the  cultivation  of  this  i)oetry  still  further  by  the  stirring  scenes  of  feudal 
warfare  in  which  they  were  engaged,  especially  aloii''  the  bortlers.  The 
Sjaiiianls,  to  similar  .sources  of  excitement,  added  that  of  high  religious  fecUiig 
iu  their  struggles  with  the  Saracens,  which  gave  a  somewhat  loftier  character 


mas  de  scr  mentiros.slssimos,  son  tal  nial  com- 
I'Ufitox,  assi  p(jr  tlezir  la-s  ineiitiras  tau  des- 
\"r({uii(;ailas,  conio  por  tenur  el  estilo  desbara- 
'.I'l'i.  <iue  111!  ay  bu"n  estomago  que  lo  pueda 
!■  r."   .\pud  .Mayans  y  Siscar,  On'genes,  torn. 

1:.  p.  lo-l. 

Tin;  labours  of  B')wles,  Rios,  A"ri<ta, 
I'llinr,  ;iii(l  Navancle  would  sei'iu  to  liavo 
I'lt  liitli'  to  desire  in  regard  to  the  illu.stratioii 
'1  Orvaiit's.  Hut,  the  coninientarif.s  of  Cle- 
i"iHin,  published  since  this  chapter  \va.s 
^^fitt.'ii,  In  l8;t:!,  show  how  much  yet  re- 
tiaiu'd  to  be  supplied.  They  a.Tord  the  most 
liiiuus  illustrations,  Iwth  literciry  and  his- 
'Tical,  of  his  author,  and  exhibit  that  nice 
U>tH  in  verbal  criticism  which  is  not  always 
j"iii-d  with  such  extensive  erut'.ition.  Vn- 
fjrtuuaioly,  the  premotu  e  death  of  Clemencin 


has  left  the  work  unfinished ;  but  the  fragment 
completed,  which  readies  to  the  close  of  tho 
First  Part,  is  of  sufficient  value  peimanently 
to  associ.ite  the  name  of  its  au;hor  with  that 
of  ihe  greatest  genius  of  lii«  cctuntry. 

"  The  faldiaux  cannot  faiily  be  considered 
as  an  excejiiiun  to  tliis.  These  grac<.;ful  little 
performances,  tho  work  of  professtd  bards, 
who  had  nothing  furtlifr  in  view  than  the 
auiusemeiit  of  a  listless  audience,  h.ive  little 
claim  to  be  considered  as  the  expression  of 
national  feeling  or  sentiment.  The  poetry  of 
tlie  south  of  France,  more  impassiont  d  and 
lyiical  in  its  character,  wears  the  stamj*  not 
merely  of  patrician  eleganc  ■,  but  relined  ar» 
tiflce,  which  must  not  be  confoiimied  wiih  the 
natural  flow  of  popular  minstrelsy. 


314 


CASTILIAN  LITERATUUE. 


to  their  effusions.  Fortunately  for  them,  their  earlv  annals  frnve  hirtli,  in  tlie 
(Jid,  to  a  hero  whose;  jjersonal  renown  was  idcntifuvl  with  that  of  his  ciniitrv, 
and  roinid  wliose  name  nii.j;ht  l»e  concentrated  all  the  scattered  li^.'hts  of  sdn;, 
thus  enahlin;^  tlie  nation  to  build  uj)  its  poetry  on  the  proudest  histftric  rcfcii- 
lections."  The  feats  of  many  other  heroes,  fabulous  as  well  as  real,  wcit 
]iermitted  to  swell  the  stream  of  traditionary  verse;  and  thus  a  IkMv  nf 
poetical  annals,  sprin^'in;,^  up  as  it  were  from  the  depths  of  the  pcnj.lcj'wih 
betmeathed  from  sire  to  son,  contributini;,  perhaps,  more  powerfully  than  iinv 
real  history  could  have  done,  to  infuse  a  common  principle  of  patriotism  into 
the  scattered  meml)ers  of  the  nation. 

There  is  considerable  resemblance  between  the  early  Spanish  ballad  ami  the 
liritish.  The  latter  atlbrds  more  situations  of  pathos  and  dcej)  tcndcincss 
mrticularly  those  of  suHerin^,  uncomplainini;  love,  a  favourite  theme  with  oM 
Khf^lish  poets  of  every  description.'"  We  do  not  find,  either,  in  the  halla'U 
of  the  I*eninsula,  the  wild,  romantic  adventures  of  the  rovinjjj  outlaw,  of  tin' 
Robin  Hood  aenus,  which  enter  so  largely  'nto  English  minstrelsy.  The  fdrnur 
a  e  in  genenal  of  a  more  sustained  and  cinvalrous  cliaracter,  less  gloomy,  aiiij, 
although  fierce,  not  so  ferocious,  nor  so  decidedly  tragical  in  their  aspett,  as 
the  latter.  The  ])alla(is  of  the  Cid,  however,  have  many  points  in  cnnniioii 
with  the  border  poetry  ;  the  same  free  and  cordial  manner,  the  same  love  of 
military  exploit,  relieved  by  a  certain  tone  of  generous  gallantry,  and  accoiii- 
])anied  by  a  strong  expression  of  national  feeling. 

The  resemblance  between  the  minstrelsy  of  the  two  countries  vanishos 
however,  as  we  approach  the  Moorish  ballads.  The  Moorish  wars  had  iilvays 
afforded  abundant  themes  of  interest  for  the  Castilian  muse  ;  but  it  was  not 
till  the  fall  of  the  capiUil  that  the  very  fountains  of  song  were  broken  up,  and 
those  beiiutiful  Imllads  were  produced,  which  seem  like  the  echoes  of  deiiartei! 
dory  lingering  round  the  ruins  of  Granada.  Incompetent  as  these  jiioees  may 
be  as  historical  records,  tliey  are  doubtless  sufficiently  true  to  manners."  They 
present  a  mo.st  remarkable  combination  of  not  merely  the  exterior  fimn,  lnu 
the  noble  spirit  of  European  chivalry,  with  the  gorgeousness  and  etlominato 
luxury  of  the  East.  They  are  brief,  seizing  single  situations  of  the  hi^'he>t 
l)oetic  interest,  and  striking  the  eye  of  the  reader  with  a  brilliancy  oi  oxerii- 
tion  so  artless  in  appearance  withal  as  to  seem  rather  the  effect  of  accident 


"  How  far  the  achievements  claimed  for  the 
Cjimi»ea(<;^r  an-  ntvictlj'  true,  is  little  to  tlie 
j)iirp(»-e.  It  is  eii(»nj;li  that  they  were  re- 
I'l'ived  as  true,  tiiroiiKliotit  the  Peiiinfiula, 
as  I'ar  hack  as  tiie  twelfth,  or  at  latest  tlie 
thirteenth,  century. 

'"  One  exci'ption.  among  others,  reiidilv 
occurs  in  the  pjitiietic  old  hallad  of  t\ie  Conde 
Alaieos,  wliose  woeful  catiistrophe,  with  the 
uiirrsistiiiR  suffering  of  tiie  couatess,  suggests 
lUiiny  points  of  coincidence  with  the  Euglisli 
niins  r  isy.  The  English  reader  %vill  find  a 
version  of  it  in  the  "  Ancient  Poetry  and 
llouiames  of  Spain  "  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Howriiig.  to  whom  tlie  literary  world  is  so 
largely  indebted  for  nn  acquaintance  with  the 
popular  minstrelsy  of  Europe 

"  I  have  alreadv  noticed  the  insufficiency 
of  the  romances  for  authentic  history,  in  Part 
I,  diap.  H,  n<ite  31.  My  conclusions  there 
have  Iwen  confirm'd  by  Mr.  Irving  (whose 
resefirches  have  led  him  in  a  similardirection) 
in  his  "  Alhambra,"  publ  shed  nearly  a  year 


after  the  above  note  was  written  The  pnat 
source  of  the  popular  misconcciitidns  rci^pprt- 
ing  the  d  imestic  hi.story  of  Oranada  is  (iinci 
Perez  de  Ilita,  whose  work,  und<  r  tlif  ti  le  of 
"Historia  de  los  Vandos  de  Ids  ZoRrii «  y 
Abencerrages,  Cavalleros  Moms  de  (ir.inada, 
y  las  Guoiras  civiles  que  huvo  on  el'ji,"  «a< 
published  at  AlcaU  in  1604.  This  roman^o. 
written  in  prose,  embodied  many  nf  tlie  cM 
Moorish  ballads,  whose  singular  Ixaiity.  hjih- 
bined  with  the  romantic  and  i)i(tiirf>'|i.o 
character  of  the  work  itself,  soon  iiiail'  it  ex- 
tremely popular,  UJitil  at  Itiiu'th  it  sfini<  to 
have  acquired  a  d-gree  of  the  hist'  riial  ^ruhi 
claimed  for  it  by  its  autlior  as  a  tran-laii' n 
from  an  Arabic  chronicle;  a  credit  whirii  ha« 
stood  it  in  good  stead  with  the  tribe  of  travil- 
mongers  p.nd  raconteurs,  p'r«ons  always  'f 
e.isy  faith,  who  have  propagated  its  fiMfS  far 
anii  wide.  Their  credulity,  however,  may  l»: 
pardoned  m  what  has  imposed  on  the  p<r- 
ppicacitv  of  so  cautious  an  historian  as  MQllcr. 
Allgemeine  Geschlchte  (1817),  Hand  ii.  S.  5U4. 


ROMANTIC  FICTION   AND   POKTRY. 


315 


'til,  in  tlio 
s  ('Miiiitrv, 
;s  of  son:, 
iric  rccdl- 
roal.  were 
I  liody  (if 
(''>l»lt',  \va> 
tliiin  !iiiy 
Litisiii  il!t<J 

111  an<l  the 
LMnlcriioss, 

ic  with  oM 
he  li!\ll;iil> 
aw.  of  thi' 
rho  fdrituT 
Kiiiiy,  anil, 
aspect,  as 
n  foil  I  moil 
,nic  love  of 
Jul  accoiii- 

^  vanishes 

liail  always 

it  was  niit 

[cii  iqi,  and 

:>f  (leiiartoJ 

jiieces  inav 

s."    They 

fiirin,  tint 

elloniinato 

le  lii^'liest 

of  exeou- 

accident 

The  grrat 

ida  is  (iiiii"* 
r  til.'  tilodf 
s  ZoRrii's  y 
di'  (Ir.iMftib, 
n  clii,"  wa< 
lis  roiiiaiu'c. 
y  <,f  ttie  M 
xaiity,  loiii- 
jiicturi'vi'.'^ 

llliul:'  it  f^- 

h  It  spcmi'  to 
ti'rii-al  (T'llit 
a  trau'^biii"" 

t  which  ha.< 
ibt>  of  travil- 
n-i  ttlwuvH  if 

it.<  fiMt'S  far 

pvor,  may  t'' 

on  the  p-r- 

an  as  MflUfr. 
miclii.S.504. 


"  Thus,  in  one  of  these  romances  we  have 
»  M"'ri-h   lady   *' Hhedilinj^  drops  of  liquid 

•ilvi  r, 


^ 


lid: 


and  scattering  her  hair  of    Araniaii 
u\('r  liie  corpse  uf  her  murdered  hus- 


than  stmly.  We  are  transiwrted  to  tho  j;ay  seat  of  Moorish  jiovvor,  and  witness 
the  aiiiiiiatinL'  l»ii.>tle,  its  pomp  and  its  revelry,  prolonged  to  the  last  hour  of  its 
.xisteiin-.  Tlie  linll  fi;^dit  of  the  Vivarrainltia,  the  grac»'fiil  tilt  of  rct'ds,  the 
aiiKiioii-i  k'ni.uhts  with  their  (piaint  si;^niti(!int  devices,  the  dark  Ze^'ris,  or 
(idiiieres,  anti  the  royal,  .self-devoted  Al)encerra;:es  the  Moorish  maiden  ladiant 
;it  the  tourney,  the  uioonli^dit  serenade,  the  stolen  interview,  where  the  htver 
_'ives  vt'iit  to  all  the  intoxication  of  passion  in  the  hnrninj:  languaue  of  Arahian 
iiit'tai'lu'r  and  hy[)erl)ole,"'— these,  and  a  thousand  similar  scenes,  are  lironL,dit 
Ufiire  the  eye,  hy  a  succession  of  rapid  and  animated  touches,  lik»'  the  lights 
aiiil  -hallows  of  a  landscape.  The  light  trochaic  structure  of  the  re>/on(/i/l(i,^^ 
;i>  the  Spanish  Iwillad  measure  is  called,  rolling  on  its  graceful,  negligent 
,Mr)/i/////(.'*  whose  continued  repetition  setMus  hy  its  monutomms  meludv  to 
jTiliiiLr  the  note  of  feeling  orignially  struck,  is  admirahly  suited  l>y  its  tlexi- 
i.ility  to  the  most  varied  and  oi»posit43  expression  ;  a  circumstance  which  has 
nruiiinicnded  it  as  the  ordinary  measure  of  dramatic  dialogue. 

Arabic  verse  c<>rreHp<mds  perfectly  with  the 
redondilla.  (S<'e  his  htuniiuu  imi  dt*  los  Ariilx's, 
pa.><sini.)  The  sam*'  anthor,  in  a  treatise, 
wliieii  he  never  puhlished,  on  tlie  "  poesla 
oriental,"  sliows  more  prin  i^t  ly  tlie  i  aiate 
afllnity  subsisting  between  the  nntriini  loruj 
of  the  Arabian  and  the  old  Custiliaii  verse. 
The  reader  will  tlnd  an  analysis  of  his  laanu- 
ecript  in  I'art  i  chap,  x,  note  Uv,  of  this 
History.  This  theory  is  rendired  tlie  niore 
plansille  by  the  inHuence  wliiili  the  Arabic 
has  excrcisfd  on  (.'astilian  versituation  in  other 
ri'spccts,  as  in  iIr-  prolon^jid  repotitiuu  of  the 
rhyme,  for  e.Nami)le.  whuh  i.s  wholly  l)or- 
row (d  from  the. "Spaiii'^h  Aralis;  wh,)se  superior 
cultivation  naturally  afTcc  ted  the  unformed 
literature  of  tlicir  Minlil)ours,  and  throuKh  no 
chunuel  more  obviously  than  its  poi)ular  min- 
strelsy. 

"  The  asonaiite  is  a  rhyme  made  by  uni- 
formity of  the  vowels,  witliout  reference  to 
the  consonants ;  the  regular  rhyme,  which 
obtuii  s  iti  otiier  Eurxpum  literatures,  is  dis- 
tinguished in  Spain  by  the  t<"rm  lotisouante. 
'llius  the  four  following  woids,  taken  at 
random  from  a  Sji.inisli  ballad,  are  consecutive 
asmiaiites  :  legnzijo,  pelino,  liuid'\  ainnrilln. 
In  tliis  examjile,  tlif  two  l.ist  syllables  have 
the  assonance  ;  although  this  is  not  invariable. 
It  sometimes  falling  on  tho  anti'iH'iiultiniii  and 
the  final  syllalde.  (See  l{eu(;ifi>,  Art'  jKieiica 
Kspaiiola,  pp.  2A4,  '2if>,  '21  s)  There  is  a  wild, 
artless  melixly  in  the  ux<,iiaiitr,  and  a  grac(  ful 
movcuii-nt,  coming  somewher-,  as  it  docs, 
betwixt  regular  rhyme  and  blank  verse,  which 
Would  make  its  introduction  ver3'  desirable, 
but  not  very  feasilrle,  in  lur  owi\  language. 
An  attemjit  of  tlie  kind  h.is  been  maile  by  a 
clever  writer  in  the  Ketrospective  Keview. 
(Vol.  Iv.  art.  2.)  If  it  has  f.iihd,  it  is  from 
the  impediments  presented  by  tlie  language, 
which  has  not  jieirly  the  .canie  numlxT  of 
vow(  1  terniiniitiuns,  nor  of  simple  uniform 
vowel  sounds,  as  the  Spanish  ;  the  double 
termination,  however  full  of  grace  and  beauty 
in  the  Ca.stilian,  assumes,  p(  rhaps  frum  the 
effect  of  association,  rather  a  duggerel  air  in 
the  English. 


"Sobre  el  cnerpo  de  All>encayde 
])e>Mla  lli|uida  plata, 
Y  cniivertidii  en  calx'llos 
Ksparce  el  oro  de  Arabia." 

Cm  anything  be  more  Oriental  than  this 
iiii.i(ri'ry .'  In  another  we  have  an  "hour  of 
}iars  (if  impatient  hopes ; "  a  passionate  .sally, 
i!Mt  cm  s(  arcely  be  outmatched  by  Scrihlerus. 
Ihistu'iit  of  exaggeration,  however,  far  from 
1  ing  p'tuliar  to  the  popular  minsirelsy,  has 
fjiiii  1  its  way,  probably  through  this  channel 
la  [art,  into  most  of  the  poetry  of  the  Peniii- 
■1.1,1. 

'  The  mliindiUa  may  be  considered  as  the 
liisis  (if  .Spanish  versitication.  It  is  of  gre.it 
iiitiiiuity,  and  comp  sitions  in  it  are  still 
txuiit  a.s  (lid  as  the  time  of  the  infante  I>on 
Mami.'l,  at  the  close  of  the  thiiteinth  century. 
'>■(■  Camiiinero  geiural,  fol.  207.)  The  ie- 
'i'liidilla  ailiiiits  of  great  variety;  but  in  the 
i'.imido,;  it  IS  most  frequently  found  to  con- 
■^i-tulCi^'ht  syllables,  the  last  f(K>t,  an'd  some 

r  all  ol  the  preceding,  as  the  case  may  l)e, 
!'i''g  tmchees.  (Uengifo,  Arte  poetlca  Ivs- 
|.ti(iila(_r.ari-elon.'»,  17'27).  cap'.  9,  44).  Critics 
.ivi'  derived  this  delightful  measure  from 
'■iT\»\]n  sdiirces.  Sarmiento  traces  it  to  the 
brxiiuK'ter  id'tlie  ancient  IU)man.s,  which  may 
'•  lji-o(tf d  into  something  anulagous  to  the 
rl-iiiiUas.  (Meniorias,  pp.  16s- 171  )  Ik»u- 
'■r«'k  thinks  it  might  have  bt'en  suggested 
ly  the  sdiifrs  of  the  Roman  soldiery.  (Cie- 
^M'lite  (It  I'oesie  und  IJeredsamkeit,  Band 
■i.Eliileitiing,  S.  20.)  Velazquez  borrows  it 
I'  m  []),■  rhyuiing  hexameters  of  the  Spanish 
l.ati;i  ]iii(ts,  (if  which  he  gives  specimens  of 
'•'•■■'■  l«j:iiiiii!ig   of   the    fourteenth    century. 

ly-H'a  Ca^tellana,  pp.  77,  7s.")  Later  critics 
■  •■'•ritsdirivation  to  the  Arabic.  Conde  has 
'■"■^'ii  a  translation  of  certain  Spanish  Arabian 
1  ;*^'ii5.  In  tiic  measure  of  the  original,  from 
ViitL  it  is  evident  that  the  hemistich  of  an 


310 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


Nitthin^  can  ho  more  agreoaMe  than  tlio  ^Mioral  cflrct  of  the  Mnorish 
l)ana<ls,  wliich  coiuhiiie  the  t loj^ancc  of  a  ri|t«'r  jieriod  of  liU'iatiirt'  with  ihr 
iiutiiral  swechH'sH  and  siiv,>licity,  suvonniif;  sonictinios  even  (»f  thf  riiilciicw. 
of  u  |»riinili\t'  a.ye.  Tlieii  merits  have  raised  tlieiii  lo  a  sort  of  dju^siiul  digintv 
in  Spain,  and  have  led  to  their  eidtivation  hy  a  iii^ilier  order  of  wiittis. ainl 
down  to  a  far  hit<'i  j..  rio<l,  than  in  aiiy  other  country  in  Knrojte.  Tlit-  in-.^t 
.«nccessfid  speeiniens  of  this  imitation  may  U?  assigned  to  the  early  loiit  if 
tlie  seventeentii  centnry  ;  hnt  the  age  was  too  late  to  enahh?  tlie  iirtist,  with 
all  his  skill,  to  seize  the  true  colouring  of  the  anti(iue.  It  is  impossiiilc,  at  tiii 
I)eriod,  to  ascertain  the  authors  of  tliese  veneralde  lyrics,  nor  can  tin-  txiKt 
time  of  tlieir  production  he  now  determined  ;  although,  as  their  sulijcrts  an' 
chieliy  taken  from  the  last  days  of  the  iSjianish  Amhian  empire,  tlie  liiiiiti 
]iart  of  thenj  was  i»rol)a'>ly  posterior,  hut,  as  they  were  printed  in  (uHectiniiv 
at  the  heginnitig  of  the  sixteenth  century,  could  not  have  heen  long  pioterior. 
to  the  capture  <;f  'Jranada.  How  far  they  may  he  refeiTed  to  the  coikiiuuM 
JMoors.  is  iHKvtaiii.  Many  of  these  wrote  and  spoke  the  ('astilia!i  \mi1i 
elegance,  and  there  is  nothing  impro]>ahle  n»  the  suj  jiosition  that  they  slionM 
seek  some  sola.-e  under  present  evils  ni  the  sj)lendid  visions  of  the  jiust.  'ILr 
hulk  of  this  poetry,  however,  was  in  all  jm-liahdity  the  creation  of  theS|.aiiiaril.s 
themselves,  naturally  att  acted  hy  tlie  pictures(|ue  circumstances  in  tlie  cjia. 
racier  and  coi>dition  of  the  concpiered  iwition  to  invest  them  with  poetic  iiitciv-t. 

The  Moorish  ronioncen  fortunately  appe^ired  after  the  introdudinn  nf 
printin,.;  into  the  Penins-.da,  so  that  they  were  secured  a  ijermanent  existtnci', 
instead  of  jierishing  with  the  breath  that  made  them,  line  so  many  nf  tlitir 
pr-jdecessors.  Tiiis  misfortune,  which  attiiches  to  so  much  (^f  jiopular  iidt-iry 
m  all  nations,  is  not  imputable  to  any  insensibility  in  the  Spaniards  to  the 
excellence  of  their  own.  i\Ien  of  more  eiudition  than  t^iste  nui>  have  \M 
them  light,  in  com]»arison  with  more  ostentatious  and  learned  pnnliutions. 
This  fate  has  l)efallen  them  in  other  countries  than  Spain.'*  Jhit  jkmxiiis  nf 
finer  poetic  feeling  and  more  enlarged  s])iriL  of  criticism  have  estiniatcil  thmi 
as  a  most  essential  and  characteristic  portion  of  Castilian  liteiature.  Sin  li  \\;\> 
the  juih;ment  of  the  great  Loji^  de  Vega,  who,  after  exnatiating  on  tlie  e.xtra- 
oniinary  compass  and  sweetness  of  the  romance,  and  its  adaptation  to  the 
lughest  suiijects,  '"ommends  it  as  worthy  of  all  estimation  for  its  jtciiHar 
national  clu'-racter.'"      The  modern  Spanish  writers  have  adopted  a  siiuilar 


"  Tliis  may  be  RtiU  furthpr  Inforred  from 
the  tenor  of  a  liuinorous,  satirical  olii>ti»;i«7ic«, 
ill  vstiicli  tiie  writer  implorcH  tlio  justice  of 
Apollo  on  the  licads  of  the  swarm  of  traitor 
poitH  wlio  liave  dp,»erte(l  the  ancient  tlicuies 
of  8(inp,  the  ('ids,  tlie  Laras,  tlie  (ionzaloz,  to 
celehrate  the  (laiizuls  and  Alxlerrahmans  and 
the  fantastical  fables  of  the  Moors  : 

"Tanta  Z.iyda  y  Adalifa, 

taiita  jiraguta  y  I'arjixa, 
tanl'i  A/aniue  y  t.mto  Adulce, 
tunto  Gazul,  y  Abcnaniar, 
tanto  ahiiiizi  r  y  iiiarlota, 
tiiiUo  almayzar,  y  almalafa, 
tantas  eiiipiisas  y  pliiiuas, 
taiitas  cil'r.is  y  iiictlailas, 
taiita  ropcria  Mora. 
Y  on  vandcrill.is  y  adargas, 
tanto  mole,  y  tantas  motas 
muera  yo  sino  nie  cansan. 


Los  Alfonsos,  los  Henricos, 
los  Saiichos,  y  \kh  de  Lara, 
que  C8  di'lloH,  y  (pie  es  ticl  ("id 
tiinto  olvido  en  ^dorias  tantas  ? 
iiinKUna  plunia  las  bmla 
ninpiiiia  Miisa  las  caiita? 
Justicia,  Apollo,  jiisii(  ia, 
vengadorcH  rayos  lan(;a 
contra  Puctas  iVloriscos." 


jwii  in 
cnituri', 
he  sue- 

sha.i.'. 
,.r.i|'liiT, 


Dr.  Johnson's  opinions  are  well 
regard  to  this  dipartmeiit  of  Engl' 
whicii,  hy  his  ridiculous  jiaii 
ceedi'd  for  a  time  in  throwing  into  , 
or,  in  the  language  of  ills  adiiiiriiig  hi 
made  "pcrftLtlv  contempt ihli-."  Ivtr.rci, 
witli  like  ])edantry,  rested  Ins  hnivs  nftame 
on  his  Latin  epic,  and  gave  away  liis  Ivrns'  i- 
alms  to  ballad-singers,  rostcrity.  duMinjJ'JJi 
surer  principles  of  taste,  has  levi-rsid  I'^^'i" 
these  decisions. 

"   "Alguno-H  quieren  que  sean  la  cartiU* 


UOMANTIC   FICTION  AND  PoETllV 


317 


he  Mfiorish 
tv  with  ill,. 
I'  nidt'iipss. 
•ical  iH^'iiitv 
writt-rs.  iii,il 
The  iiii/-t 
[irly  \w\  if 
iiitist,  Willi 
'ililc,  lit  tlii> 
1  the  exact 
sulijt'its  iiri' 
,  tiu'  liULcr 
\  cnllcctidiis 

\i  (•<)innu'r('<l 
stilian  with 
tilt')'  shoulii 
',  i>ast.  The 
icSiiaiiianIs 
i  in  the  clia- 
elic  iiitert^t. 

■odtictiiill     nf 

lit  «'.\i>t('iuv, 
!Uiy  of  their 
Iiiilar  jKU'lry 
liiinls  to  the 
ly  liave  held 
jirotluetiuhx 

t    JK'IXlllS   lit 

iiiati'd  them 
Such  «:i' 
I  the  extra- 
it  idU  to  the 

its  I'eenhar 
il  a  biiiiilar 

■icoS, 

lira, 

,ifl  Cid 

laiilas? 

'la 

a? 

ill, 


.(■ratup', 

lie   SUl- 

,  sl:a4.'. 
^rl,^.^r.ll'll''^ 
•'      ivtr.irC. 

li,i)W'S  of  1:111'.'' 

y  hit*  lyi'"  *" 
iV,  d<  ciiliiig  "!' 
itviTJ^.d  l'"^'"'' 

'an  la  cdrtilli 


Xhe  la>tiluin  halhuls  were 
.•riiiiiidn  (U'l  Castillo,  in  I.'jII. 


lit 


,,iie  of  criticism,  iiisistiiif;  on  its  study  as  essential  to  a  correct  appreciation 
iiid  cniniiiclicnsion  of  liie  ^'enius  of  ttie  laii%Mia^'e." 

first  j'-inti'il  in  the  "  Cnnriotiero  penenil "  of 
They  were  lirst  iM(;oi|>orau'<l  uito  a  si-parato 
wifk,  liy  Sepulveda,  nniler  the  name  of  "  Ronirtnies  ■.ac;ulo:<  ile  llistniias 
aiiti;''in»,'  I'l'iiitt'il  al  Antwi'tp,  in  l.'tal.'*  Snuc  that  period,  they  liavi'  pa  sed 
into  repeated  edition-;,  at  home  and  abroad,  especially  in  (jernianv,  vslieic 
llicv  have  been  illustrate<l  hy  al»!e  critics.'*  I^'iiirance  of  their  autliors  and 
,,f  the  era  of  their  production  has  prevented  any  attempt  at  exa-t  chrniid- 
JM^'ical  an'iiiiL'i'nu'nt ;  a  circnnistance  ren(K'red,  nioreuver,  nearly  inipossildo 
IV  liie  perietual  ni'tditiiiation  which  the  orij^nnal  style  uf  the  more  ancient 
li'iliuls  lias  experienced  in  their  transition  thronich  sue  essive  ^^'Mierations  ;  so 
that,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  no  earlier  (iate  should  prohahly  U'  assi^'ned 
t(i  tiie  oldest  of  them,  in  their  present  form,  tlian  the  tifteenth  century." 
AiiDther  system  of  classiticntion  has  been  adopted,  of  distrihiitin^  them 
K ((inline' to  their  sul))ects  ;  and  independent  collections  aiso  of  tlie  separate 
ih'|iartiiieiits,  as  ballads  of  the  Cid,  of  the  Twelve  Peers,  the  Morisco  ballads, 
ami  the  like,  have  been  rei)eatedly  published,  lM>th  at  home  and  a])road.'' 

The  l)i;:lier  and  educated  classes  of  the  nation  were  not  insensible  to  tlio 
l»K'tic  spirit  which  drew  forth  such  excellent  minstrelsy  from  the  body  of  the 
|itu[ile.  indeed,  Castilian  poetry  bore  the  same  jtatrician  stamp  throui,di 
llie  whole  of  the  present  reign  which  had  l^een  impressed  on  it  in  its  infancy. 


d.  l.Ki  FoPtas ;  yo  no  lo  Riento  asBi ;  antes  blen 
;  X  Imll"  lap.iccH.  uo  sol"  do  exj)riuiir  y  ile- 
Lir.ir  (inaliiuiiT  coiuopto  con  fucil  «lnlziira, 
j.r.i  di"  i)riisi'(ii!ir  tuda  Rnivf  accion  do  nu- 
uifM*!  I'lictiia.  Y  Koy  tan  de  vcraH  KHpafiol, 
I, III'  [Mil  Mi'r  en  nuestro  idionia  natural  OHto 
i;''ii'rn,  no  nil'  piicdo  per.suadir  <iiu'  no  Hta 
tiL'nn  dc  liKia  t'Htiniaiion."  (Colecclon  de 
ol'M.n8iicltas(Ma<lrid,  177H-9\  torn.  iv.  p.  176, 
l'ri'lii){ii.i  In  another  place,  he  finely  styles 
tiiiui  "Iliads  without  a  Homer." 

'"  Si'c,  aiimnn  others,  the  encomiastic  and 
winmtcil  criticism  of  Fernande/  and  t^uintana. 
I' i-nmiidci,  I'ot'sfas  fHcoxidiiH  de  nuestros  Can- 
I'liiiros  y  Ifomanceros  antinuos  (Madrid, 
l";ii;>,  tdiii.  xvi.,  I'rologo. — (^uintana,  I'ocsiad 
•<'l>'tia.s  Cii-ti'llanat*,  Introd.,  art.  4. 

"  Nic.  Aiiiunio,  iiihliotheca  Nov.v  torn.  ii. 
p.  10.— The  Siianisli  truiiHlatois  of  Ikiuterwek 
iiivi.'  nuliced  the  principal  "collections  and 
•diliiHt  editiims"  of  the  Jtiiiaaines.  Tiiis 
nuiiial  ('(litmn  of  Scpulveda  has  escaped  their 
liitiitv  Sec  l.ltcratura  KHpiifmla,  pp.  '217,  "J is. 

'  Sec  (Jriiiiin,  I)eppin({,  Herd«r,  etc.  Tliis 
M  |im't  lias  Kivcn  a  selection  of  the  Cid 
liillm^,  cliriiiii>lonically  arranged,  and  trans- 
iiini  with  eminent  simplicity  .md  spirit,  if 
'.  t  witli  till'  .scrupulous  tidelity  usually  aimed 
at  hy  till"  tlcrmans.  (See  bis  .Siimmtliche 
Wirki'^Wiin,  iHia),  Rand  iii. 

■  Siniiii'iito,  ':  'morittrt,  pp.  21'2,  24,3.— 
M  'latin  considers  that  none  have  come  down 
!  us  in  their  uri(iinal  costume,  of  an  earlier 
"'II'  iliaii  .li.lin  II. 's  leiKn,  the  first  half  of  the 
:.fi«'|^iiil)ci'mury.  (Ohras,  torn  i.  p.  s4.)  The 
'Spanish  translators  of  LSouterwek  trau^cribe  a 
T'li'anci;  rc^atinK  to  the  Cid,  from  *he  fathers 
wr^ranza  and  Merino,  puriMirting  to  exhibit 


the  primitive,  nncorrnt>ted  diction  of  thn 
thirteenth  century.  Native  critics  are  of 
course  the  only  ones  compel,  nt  to  rpiestions 
of  tllis  Sort  ;  hut  to  the  lens  experienced  eyn 
of  a  foreigner  the;  slyh  of  this  t)allud  would 
seem  to  resemble  much  less  that  nenuino 
specimen  of  the  versification  of  the  piectdinx 
age,  the  poem  of  the  (lid,  than  the  com|Mjsi- 
tlons  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries. 
■'  Tile  principle  of  philosophical  arraufje- 
ment,  if  it  may  l)e  so  calle<l,  is  pursued  still 
furtlar  in  the  latest  Spanish  puhlicutions  of 
the  j'oinavci'S,  where  the  Moorish  ndnstielry 
is  emhixlied  in  a  separate  volume  and  <iis- 
iributed  with  references  to  its  topics  This 
system  is  the  more  practicable  witli  this  cla.ss 
of  ballads,  sirice  it  far  exceeds  in  number  any 
other.  See  Duran,  liomanc*  ro  de  Romances 
Moriscos.  The  Kumancero  I  have  used  Is  the 
ancient  edition  of  Medina  del  Canipo,  Kiiri. 
It  is  divided  into  nine  parts,  thou^^li  it  is  not 
easy  toseeon  what  princijile,  since  prisluetioim 
ditlerinn  widely  in  date  and  tenor  are  broufjht 
into  juxta]>osition.  Tlie  collection  contains 
nearly  a  thiiusand  ballads,  which,  however, 
fall  fir  short  of  the  entire  number  preserved, 
as  may  easily  be  seen  by  refcn-nce  to  other 
compilations.  When  to  this  is  atldid  .ho 
Consideration  of  the  large  nunilxr  which  in- 
sensibly glided  into  oblivion  without  ever 
coming  to  the  press,  one  may  fi>rm  a  notion 
of  the  immense  mass  of  these  humble  lyrics 
which  floated  amonj?  tlie  common  people  of 
Spain  ;  and  we  shall  Ix'  the  less  disposed  to 
Wonder  at  the  proud  and  clhvalrous  Ix'aring 
that  marks  even  the  peasantry  of  a  nation 
which  seems  to  breathe  the  vi-ry  air  of 
romantic  song. 


318 


CASTILIAN   LITKIIATCRE. 


FortiinaU'Iy,  tlK>  now  art  of  priiitinj;  whs  ('niplovcd  horo,  ns  in  tlif»  r.asoof  tlip 
rniu'inrtA,  to  iirnvst  tliuso  fii|,'itivt!  sullies  i>f  iniUijination  whirh  jn  ,,{||,,,. 
coiiiitritiM  were  indinittrd,  from  ujiiit  of  this  tan*,  to  pans  into  oliliviiin  ;  ni,,| 
C'lNcionfntM,  or  collections  of  lyrics,  vvtire  piililished,  emliodyinj^'  the  prcMluc 
tioiis  of  this  i-ei;;ii  ami  that  of  .lohii  the  Second,  thus  bringing  inider  oiiu  view 
the  jMM'tic  culture  of  the  lifteeuth  century. 

Tlie  earliest  cancionero  printed  was  at  Sara;^'os8ft,  in  140*2.  It  rniii|irp. 
Iiended  the  works  of  Mena,  iManri'iue,  and  six  or  seven  otlu^r  hanis  of  ]>•.<, 
note."  A  far  more  copiouH  C(»llection  was  made  hy  Kenuindo  del  ('ji>tilj(t 
and  first  jtuhlished  at  Valencia,  in  l.')!!,  under  tlio  titio  of  "  Ciun  iitiicM 
general,"  snice  wliich  jieriod  it  has  passed  into  repeated  e(litions.  This  (dm. 
pi'ation  is  ct-rtainly  more  creditahle  to  Castillo's  industry  than  to  his  dLs. 
crimination  or  power  of  Hrrangement.  Indeeil,  in  this  latter  n'siicct  iti.sso 
deflective  that  it  would  almost  seem  to  have  heen  put  together  fortrituii-Iy, 
as  the  pieces  came  to  hand.  A  large  portion  of  the  authors  appear  tn  lia\(> 
l)een  persons  of  rank  ;  a  circumstance  to  which  nerhaps  they  were  indctittM, 
more  than  to  any  poetic  nu'rit,  for  a  j)lace  iit  trie  nnscellany,  which  ini^lit 
have  heen  decidedly  increased  in  value  hy  being  diminished  in  hulk.'' 

The  Wf>/'/,s  of  (leootioti  with  which  the  collection  opens  are  on  tlic  wimlo 
the  feeblest  portion  of  it.  We  discern  none  of  the  inspiration  and  lyric  clow 
which  were  to  have  been  anticipated  from  the  devout,  enthusiastic  Siianianl. 
Wo  meet  with  anagrams  on  th(!  Virgin,  glosses  on  the  creed  and  pater  iidstcr, 
C'lHcioncs  on  original  sin  and  the  like  luipromising  tojtics,  all  discusscij  in  the 
most  bald,  prosaic,  manner,  with  abundance  of  Latin  nhrase,  scrii>tiinvl  allu- 
sion, antl  connnonplace  precept,  unenlivened  by  a  single  spark  of  true  iKK'tio 
fire,  and  presenting  altogether  a  farrago  of  the  most  fantastic  iicdaiitry. 

The  lighter,  especially  the  amatory  poems,  are  much  more  sucn'ssfnliy 
execr.ted,  and  the  nrimitive  forms  of  the  old  Castilian  versification  are  ilo- 
veloj  ed  with  considerable  variety  and  beauty.  Among  the  \\u\<t  aurccaMe 
effusions  in  this  way  may  be  noticed  those  of  Diego  Lopez  de  llaro,  who,  to 
borrow  the  encomium  of  a  contemporary,  was  "the  mirror  of  gallantry  for  the 
young  cavaliers  of  the  time."  There  are  few  verses  in  the  cojlcctinn  com- 
posed  with  more  facility  and  grace.'*  Among  tlie  more  elabdiatc  iiiecrs, 
Diego  de  San  Pedro's  "Des])recio  de  la  Fortuna  "  may  be  distingui^licd,  imt 
so  nmch  for  any  poetic  talent  which  it  exhibits,  as  for  its  mercurial  and  some- 
what sarca.stic  tone  of  sentiment.'**    The  similarity  of  subject  may  siigu'ost  a 

-'^Cancionero  RPnoral,  passim.  —  Jlnratin 
lias  given  a  list  of  the  ihpd  of  rank  wImmhii. 
tril)Ut('(l  to  tliis  miwellaiiy :  it  contain'*  th<' 
names  of  the  liighi-st  imlnlity  of  Spal'i. 
(Orij;;.  del  Teatro  Kspaftol,  OIths,  iiiii  i  pp. 
h:>,  Htl.)  Castillo's  Cancionero  [m^sid  throudi 
several  edition.^,  the  latest  of  w  lilcli  apjicar  il 
in  l.''>7;5.  See  a  catalogue,  not  cntirtlyn'ni- 
jilete,  of  the  dilfcnnt  .Spanish  <  atic  oU'Th;'  in 
Houterwek,  Litoratura  Espaiiola,  trad.,  p 
217. 

-'  Cancionero  (general,  pp.  H:i-sn.— Ovitnlo, 
Quincuiipenas,  MS. 

-■  Cancionero  peneral,  pp.  iri.><-lCl.— St'ino 
ineagre  information  respecting  this  j»'rs<in  !"« 
given  hy  Nic.  Antonio.  \vho>e  liiofraiiliiial 
notices  may  be  often  charged  with  il'ticitiicy 
in  chronological  data ;  a  circunistniice  pi^r- 
hapn  unavoidable  from  the  obscurity  of  tin  ir 
subjects,  blbliotheca  Vetus,  toni.  ii.  lib.  lo, 
cap.  6. 


'-  The  title  of  this  work  was  "Coplaa  de 
Vita  Christi,  de  la  Ccna  con  la  I'asion,  y  de  la 
Veronica  con  la  Ui'surreccion  de  nuestro  Re- 
denitor.  K  las  siete  Angustias  e  siete  Gozos 
lie  nuestra  8ei\ora,  con  otras  obras  mnchopro- 
vechosas."  It  concludes  with  the  tollowing 
notices :  "  Fue  la  pri-sente  obra  enipreiitaiia  (n 
la  insigne  Cindad  lie  Zaragoza  de  Aragon  por 
indimlria  I' expensus  de  I'aulo  Hums  de  Con- 
stancia  alenian.  A  27  dias  de  Novii  n)l)re, 
I4i>2."  (iMiiidez,  Typogrupha  Espaflola,  pp. 
i;tl,  i;t6.)  It  appears  there  were  two  or  tlirt^e 
other  cancioneroH  compiled,  none  of  which, 
however,  were  admitted  to  the  honours  of  the 
press.  (IJouterwck,  Literatura  Ksj)aiiola, 
nota.)  The  learned  Castro,  some  fifty  years 
since,  published  an  analysis  with  copi<nis  ex- 
tiacts  from  one  of  these,  made  by  liaeiia,  the 
Jewish  physician  of  John  II ,  a  copy  (»f  which 
existed  in  the  royal  library  of  the  Escurial. 
Blbliotheca  Espafiula,  torn.  i.  p.  265  et  seq. 


Romantic  fiction  and  roKTUY. 


319 


it  miiijirp. 
iinls  (if  l,s^ 
It'l  ^il^til|,,, 

(.'luicioiiero 
This  Cdiii. 

to  his  (lis- 
|"M't  it  \>  >,) 

nrtl-iti'lisly, 

<'.'ir  tu  h;iv(3 
rt'  imlchtiM, 
'liich  iiiiuiit 

II  the  uli(ili> 
1 1  lyric  ii\i<w 
(•  Sii.'uiiaril, 
later  iiostiT, 
iisscil  ill  tlio 
il'tunil  alln- 
true  jKA'tic 
luitrv. 
siic(  t'ssfnliy 
Jnii  are  (Jo- 
;t  aurceahle 
iint,  wiio,  t'l 
iitiy  f(ir  the 
ctiiin  coin- 
itc  liiotr^ 
li^hod,  iii/t 
II id  some- 
siiiru'cst  a 


,n 


parall»'l  Ix'twooii  it  hikI  the  Itnlinn  poet  Oiiidi's  ccU'lMati'd  (xlc  on  F(»rtim<» ; 
ami  the  flilU'r»'/it  st^  es  of  execution  iiuiv  lu'rliiiiis  1k'  takfii  tin  iinlitjitiii^? 
iirt'tty  fairly  tin*  ilistiiictive  peculiarities  of  tlie  Tiiscjin  und  the  old  Spjviii-h 
mIkmII  of  piH'try.  '1'Im!  Italian,  intr(»(liicin^  tlif  fickle  pxldcss  in  por>on  on 
the  scene,  descrilH;.s  her  triumphant  man  li  over  the  rnin.H  of  empires  and 
i|viiatie«;,  from  the  earliest  time,  in  u  How  of  lofty  dithyrand>ic  ehMpience, 
iiildiiicd  with  all  the  hrilliant  (ulonrinL'  of  a  Htimulatcd  ianry  and  a  hiirhly 
tiiiidicd  lanuna^'e.  The  (  aslilian,  on  the  other  hand,  instead  of  this  splendid 
|it'r>niiiti(atiiiii,  deepens  his  verse  into  a  moral  tone,  and,  dwelling,'  on  the 
\i(is>itiides  and  vanities  of  human  life,  points  his  reflections  with  some  cauHtio 
Hrtriiiiii.:,  often  conveyed  with  enchantinj;  simplicity,  but  without  the  leiust 
ii|i].ri>a(li  t<»  lyric  exaltation,  or  indeed  tlie  all'ectation  of  it. 

ihi>  proiieness  to  mnralize  the  son;,'  is  in  truth  a  chivractoristic  of  the  old 
Siiaiiisli  hard.  He  rarely  abandons  himself  without  reserve  to  tlio  frolic 
;ut'rilitie8  so  common  with  the  sister  Muse  of  Italy, 

"S<rittii  I'lHi  tomo  la  jM'iinii  K'''t*. 
FtT  l'U|;Rlr  I' ozio,  e  nun  \H;r  ctrcar  gloria." 

It  is  true,  ho  is  occasionally  betrayed  l>y  verbal  subtilties  and  other  afTecta- 
tions  (if  tiieai^e;"  lint  even  his  liveliest  sallies  are  apt  to  be  seasoned  with 
aiiKiral  or  sharpened  by  a  satiric  sentiment.  His  deflects,  indeed,  are  of  the 
kiiiil  iiinst  opposetl  to  those  of  the  Italian  poet,  showin^^  themselves,  espet  ially 
ill  tlic  iiinre  elaborate  pieces,  in  a  cerUvin  tumid  stateliness  and  overstrained 
I'lHTLTV  of  diction. 

Oiitlie  whole,  one  cannot  survey  the  "Cancioncro  peneral "  without  some 
ilbapiMiiiitment  at  the  little  pro^'ress  of  the  i)oetic  art  since  the  rei^jn  of  John 
the  Second,  at  the  be;^'innini;  of  the  century.  The  l>ost  pieces  in  the  collection 
arcof  that  date,  and  no  ri vat  subsecpiently  arose  to  compete  with  tlie  masculine 
^trcimtli  of  Mena  or  the  delicacy  and  fascinating'  ^'races  of  Santillana.  One 
cause  of  this  tardy  pro^'ress  may  have  been  the  direction  to  utility  manifested 
ill  this  active  rei^n,  which  led  such  as  had  leisure  for  intellectual  i)ursuits  to 
(iiltivate  science,  rather  than  abandon  themselves  to  the  mere  revels  of  the 
iiiuiLCi  nation. 

Another  cause  maybe  found  in  the  rudeness  of  the  lan^'uage,  whose  '  iicate 
tiiii>h  is  so  essential  to  the  purposes  of  the  poet,  but  which  was  .so  imjierfect  at 
this  jicriod  that  Juan  de  la  Kncina,  a  poj)ular  writer  of  the  time,  complained 
that  he  was  obliji^ed,  in  his  version  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  to  coin,  as  it  were. 
a  new  vocabulary,  from  the  want  of  terms  corresjionding  with  the  original 
in  fho  (lid  one.'*'  It  was  not  until  the  close  of  the  jiresent  reign,  wlien  the 
nation  began  to  breathe  awhile  from  its  tuniultuous  career,  that  the  fruits  of 
the]ati('nt  cultivation  which  it  liad  been  steailily  thou;,d»  silently  experiendng 
I't'-an  t<»  manifest  themselves  in  the  improved  condition  of  the  language  and 
its  aibptation  to  the  highest  poetical  uses.    The  intercourse  with   Italy, 


"  Til' ri'  arc  probably  more  direct  puns 
in  I'tininli's  lyrics  alone  than  in  all  tlie 
I'aiuiuiirro  pcniTiil. — There  is  another  kind 
if 'imisfnV,  liowcvcr,  to  whicli  the  Spanish 
p'lfis  \v( TO  naich  addicted,  being  the  trans- 
|H)sitiiiii  ( f  the  word  in  every  variety  of  hense 
aiidcumliiiitttion  ;  as,  for  e.xample, 

"Atiirdad  vuostros  olvidos 
Y  iilvida  vuestros  acuerdoa 
I'onjue  tales  desacueidos 
Acuerdeii  vue^tros  sentidos,"  etc. 

C'aiicionero  general,  fol.  226. 


It  was  such  subtilties  as  thono,  e.i'tn'r  kIi-s 
r<izov>s,  MS  Cervantes  lalls  them,  that  addled 
the  brains  of  poor  l>oii  (Quixote,  'lorn.  i. 
cap.  I . 

-'  Velazquez,  Poesfa  Castellana,  p.  \22. — 
More  than  half  a  century  later,  the  learned 
Ajnbrosio  Morales  complained  of  the  l)arren ■■ 
ness  (jf  the  Castilian,  which  be  imputed  to 
the  too  exclusive  adoption  of  the  Latin  upon 
all  subjectsof  dignity  and  importance.  Obras, 
turn.  xiv.  pp.  147,  148. 


320 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


moreover,  by  natnraliziiifj  new  and  more  finished  forms  of  versifiration, 
atlorded  a  scope  for  tlie  nobler  etibrts  of  tlie  jioet,  to  which  tlie  old  Lu.^tlll;lll 
nu'Hsiires,  however  well  suited  to  the  wild  and  artless  movements  of  the  iin|iii;ar 
minstrelsy,  were  altogether  inade(iuate. 

We  nuist  not  dismiss  the  miscellaneous  poetry  of  tliis  period  without  smne 
notice  of  the  "(Joj this"  of  Don  Jorge  Manricjue,*'  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
the  count  (»f  Paredes,  in  1474."*  The  elegy  is  of  considerable  leiiutli,  aiid 
is  sustained  throughout  in  a  tone  of  the  highest  moral  dignity  ;  while  tlic  jmit 
leads  us  up  from  the  transitory  objects  of  the  lower  world  to  the  coiitcin. 
jtlation  of  that  im|)erishable  existence  which  Christianity  has  openc(|  licynnd 
the  grave.  A  tenderness  pervades  tlie  piece,  which  may  renund  us  nf  the  licst 
manner  of  Petrarch  ;  while,  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  Uunt  of  pcilaniiv, 
it  is  exempt  from  the  meretricious  vices  that  iKjlong  to  tlie  poetry  of  ilu-  a-c. 
The  ertect  of  the  sentiment  is  heightened  by  the  simjile  turns  ami  hidkcii 
melody  of  the  old  Castilian  verse,  of  which  perhaps  this  may  be  acco\uiU'(l  the 
most  finished  specimen  ;  such  would  .seem  to  be  the  judgment  of  liis  nwu 
countrymen,"  whose  glos.ses  and  commentaries  on  it  have  swelled  into  a 
separate  volume." 

1  sliall  close  this  survey  with  a  brief  notice  of  the  drama,  whose  fouiidatimis 
may  l»e  .said  to  liave  been  laid  during  this  reign.  The  sacred  inlays,  nr 
mysteries,  so  popular  through(»ut  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  mav  he  traccii 
in  Si)ain  to  v  \  ancient  date.  Their  fanuliar  iK-Mformauce  in  the  chuichcs,  l.y 
the  clergy,  is  recognized  in  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  by  a  law  uf 
Alfon.so  the  Tenth,  which,  while  it  interdicted  certain  profane  iiiiiiimiciiw 
that  had  come  into  vogue,  pre.scribed  the  legitimate  tojiics  for  exhiliitiuu." 

The  transition  from  these  rude  spectacles  to  more  regular  dramalic  ctl'drts 
was  very  .slow  and  gnulual.  In  1414,  an  allegorical  comedy,  composoil  hy  the 
celebrated  Henry,  marciuis  of  Villena,  was  performed  at  Saragussa,  in  the 
presence  of  the  court. ^'     In  1409,  a  dramatic   eclogue,  by  an  aiionyinuus 

jilso  his  ativent,  and  the  cominit  (if  the  time 
Magi  kiii(;s  to  worbhip  hiu. ;  mul  liis  rfsur- 
rcttioi),  f^howiiiR  his  cruciii.vinn  ami  a.-ccii^iun 
on  tlie  third  day ;  and  other  sucli  tiiiiips 
leading  men  to  do  well  and  live  dnistant  in 
the  faith."  (Siete  Tartidas,  tit.  0,  l.y  :>i.) 
It  is  worth  notin)<,  that  similar  almM?  o<n- 
tinu(d  couinion  among  the  ecxlfsiHstics  d.iwn 
to  Isabella's  reign,  as  may  be  iiilcircd  Irniii  a 
decree,  very  similar  to  the  law  of  tin  l'aril'la« 
above  cited,  published  by  the  Cdumil  nf 
Arai:  la  in  U73.  (Apnd  Moratiii,  Ohras, 
torn.  i.  p.  87.)  Moralin  considers  it  icri.iiii 
that  the  representation  of  the  iiiyst<ri's 
ejcistod  in  Spain  as  far  back  as  the  ilcvi'iitli 
century.  The  principal  grounds  fur  Ihi* 
conjecture  appear  to  be  the  fict  that  kuc!) 
notorious  abuses  hac  jrept  into  printioi  I y 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  ciitury  a;'  i" 
re(iuire  the  intervention  of  the  law  i,lhiii, 
pp.  11,  13.)  The  circumstance  wciiM  >^"iii 
compatible  with  a  much  more  rcirnt  vti\:u>. 
'■'  Cervantes,  Comedias  y  Kiitreiiicse- ;,. Ma- 
drid, \14'J),  torn,  i.,  prolo^o  de  Navarre  - 
Velazquez,  I'oesia  Castelhiiia,  p.  m;-I1i" 
fifth  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Spanish 
Koyal  Academy  of  History  contains  u  dis-'r- 
tation  yn  the  "national  diversioii>,"  hy  I'"" 
tiaspar  Midchor  de  Jovellaiios,  rephti'  wiili 
curious    erudition,  and    exhibiting   the  Ji«- 


•'"  L.  Marinco,  speaking  of  this  accou  • 
plislied  nobleman,  styles  him  "virum  satiS 
illustrein.  Eum  enim  poetaui  et  philoso- 
plium  natura  formavi;  p.c  peperit."  He  un- 
fortunately fell  in  a  skrmish,  five  years  after 
his  father's  death,  in  1479.  Mariana,  Hist, 
de  Kspafta,  toni.  ii.  p.  631. 

^"  An  elaljorate  character  of  this  Quixotic 
old  cavalier  may  be  found  in  I'ulgar,  Claroa 
Varones,  tit.  i:t. 

^  "  Don  .Jorge  Maiiiique,"  says  Lope  de 
Vega,  "cujMs  coplas  Castelianas  admiren  los 
iiigenios  estrangeros  y  nnrecen  estar  escritas 
con  letras  de  oro."  Obras  sueltas,  torn,  xii., 
I'rologo. 

"'  Coplas  de  Don  Jorge  Manrique,  ed.  Ma- 
drid, 1779.— Diiilogo  de  las  Leiiguas,  a])ud 
Mayans  y  Siscar,  Uri'genes,  tom.  ii.  p.  1  lit. — 
Manrique's  Coplas  have  also  been  the  subject 
of  a  separate  puhlicatioti  in  the  United 
States.  I'rofi'ssor  Longtellow's  version,  ac- 
companying it,  is  well  calculated  to  give  the 
Pjiglish  reader  a  correct  notion  of  the  C.i.s- 
tiiian  bard,  and,  of  course,  a  very  exaggerated 
one  of  the  literary  culture  of  the  age. 

"'  After  pioscribiiig  certain  profane  mum- 
meries, t!ie  law  ci'iiiines  the  clergy  to  the 
representation  of  such  subjicts  as  "the  birth 
of  our  Saviour,  in  which  is  shown  how  the 
angels  appeared,  announcing    his   nativity ; 


tnu'icoiiicii 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRV. 


.T21 


aithor,  was  exhibited  in  the  palace  of  the  count  of  Urena,  in  the  presence  of 
l-(i(liiiiiiiil,  on  hi.^  coniinj;  into  Castile  to  espouse  the  infanta  Isaliclla." 
These  jiifces  may  be  re^anled  as  the  earliest  llieutriral  attempt-:,  after  the 
^•li,iiiiis  ilramas  and  iM)pular  {>antominus  already  noticed  ;  l)ut  unfortunately 
tlivliave  not  come  down  tons.  The  next  ])roduetion  deservini,'  attention 
1,  ;"i  "Uialounie  between  Love  and  an  Old  Man,"  iniputi'd  to  Rodri;4o  Cotji, 
apH't  of  whose  history  nothin,t,f  seems  to  be  known,  and  little  conjectured,  ])iit 
tilt  he  nourished  during  the  reigns  of  John  the  Seconil  and  ilenry  the 
Fmrtli.  The  dialogue  is  written  with  much  vivacity  and  grace,  and  with  us 
!.,  iilidraiuatic  movement  as  is  compatible  with  oidv  two  interlocutors." 

A  iiuirh  more  memorable  production  is  referred  to  the  same  author,  the 
tr:i.'i((iiiicily  of  "  Celestina,"or  "Calistoand  MelilK'a,"  as  it  is  freipiently  called. 
Till'  tir>t  act,  indeed,  constituting  nearly  one-third  of  the  piece,  is  all  that  is 
a  rilrt'il  to  Cota.  Tlie  remaining  twenty  acts,  which,  however,  should  rather 
U'  (It'iioiiiinated  scenes,  were  written  by  another  hand,  some— though,  to 
];M,'efn»in  the  internal  evidence  nllbrded  by  the  style,  not  m.uiy — years  later. 
I'iie  second  author  was  Fernando  de  Roxas,  bachelor  of  law,  as  he  nifonns  u.-', 
m:,. ((imposed  this  work,  as  a  sort  of  intellectual  relaxation,  during  one  of  his 
vaatiuiis.  The  time  was  certainly  not  misspent.  The  continuation,  however, 
i-  not  esteemed  by  the  Castilian  critics  as  having  risen  quite  to  tiie  level 
if  the  original  act." 

novor  apppared  In  print ;  the  copy  which  I 
have  used  is  a  transcript  from  tlie  one  in  tiio 
U(jyal  Lllirary  at  Madrid,  and  belongs  to  Sir. 
Ocoi'ge  Tioixnor. 

"■  'I'ranicome'lia  de  Talisto  y  Meliboa(AI- 
calit,  151^1)),  Introd.  -NotldnK  Is  positively 
asTiTtained  re.spcetin'^'  lie  authorsliip  of  tlirt 
first  ;u't  of  tlie  (Jel'Stin.i.  Some  impute  it  to 
Juan  (if  Metia  ;  (>iliers  with  more  j)ri»lml)ility 
to  Hodrigo  ('ota  el  Pio,  of  I'oledu,  a  person 
who,  altlioU(5h  literally  nothing  is  known  of 
him,  has  in  >oiue  way  or  otlur  obtained  the 
credit  (if  the  autlior.-iiip  of  some  of  the  most 
p  pillar  elTusioiis  of  the  llftecntli  century; 
su(.h,  for  example,  as  tii(>  Dial'if^ue  .il)ovo 
cited  of  "  Love  and  an  Old  Man,"  the  Coiihw 
of  "  Minj^o  llevulgu,"  and  tiiis  ticst  act  of  the 
"Celestina."  The  principal  foundaiion  of 
these  imputations  would  app<^ar  to  be  the 
bare  assertion  of  an  e(lit<ir  of  the  "  Dialogue 
b('tvve('ii  Ivove  and  an  Old  Man,"  which  ap- 
peare(i  at  Medina  d(d  Oampo  in  \M'J,  nearly 
a  century,  probably,  after  (Jota's  death; 
another  exampb!  of  the  obscinity  which 
involves  tlu^  liistory  of  the  early  Spanish 
drama.  Many  of  ;lio  Castilian  critics  detect 
a  flavour  of  anti(iuity  in  tlie  lirst  act  which 
should  carry  bade  its  comixwiLioi  as  f  ir  Vi 
John  II. 's  ri  igii.  Moraiiii  docs  not  clisceni 
this,  however,  and  is  incliiii'd  to  r^  fcr  its  i)ro- 
ductioti  to  a  date  not  much  if  at  all  moro 
distant  thin  Isab»dla'.'<  time.  To  th  ■  un- 
practised eye  of  a  f(jreigner,  as  far  as  style 
is  conccriRMl,  the  whob'  work  might  well 
seem  the  ])ro(bu-tion  of  the  same  period. 
Moratin,  Oi>ras,  torn.  i.  pp.  sh.  ll."),  lit;. - 
Diiilego  de  las  I.,engni<,  apud  .Nfayans  y  Sis- 
car,  Origenes,  p;..  Hi,')  |ii,\  —  Nic.  Autjuio, 
iJibliotheca  Nova,  torn.  ii.  p.  'J(5;{. 


ri:i.iii.itiiin  taste  to  have  been  expected  from 
i.-!»oiiiiiplislif(l  author.  Among  thes  •  anti- 
qiiriin  researches  the  writer  has  included  a 
rri  f  view  of  th(>  first  theatrical  attempts  in 
v.iin.  See  Mem.  dc  la  Acail.  de  Hist.,  torn. 
v'  M-m.  6. 

•  Mnratiii,  Obras,  torn.  i.  p.  115. — Nosarre 
'•rv,iMts,  i)omedias,  j)r61.),  Jovellaiios 
M'ln  (Ir  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  v.  M.'iiior. 
,  IVlliciT  (I  •n'gen  y  Progreso  de  la  C'oinedia 
.•u),  tiiiii.  i.  p.  12),  and  others,  relV-r  tin; 
iv,;Mr-liii)  of  tills  little  piece,  without  liesi- 
tii HI,  t.)  .hiaii  de  la  Eiicina,  although  the 
y  ('  of  it-i  representation  corresponds  j)re- 
>  Ivwith  that  of  his  birth.  The  jjrevalence 
•  SI  (truss  a  blundor  among  the  Spanish 
^  .iar't  shows  how  little  the  antiquities  of 
1 1  ir  tiiPtttre  were  studied  before  the  time  of 
Mmtjn. 

I'liH  little  piece  has  been  i)ub!ished  at 
i'v'tii  hy  Moratin,  in  the  first  volume  of  his 
»  :k».  (Sh'  Origenes  del  Teatro  EsparTol, 
"tris,  t<im  i,  pp.  :{(i:i-:ju.)  The  celebrattil 
3.c(]iiis  of  Saiitillana's  ixietical  dialogue, 
"'  'ini><iieta  da  I'otr/.a,"  has  no  pretensions 
I-  rank  as  a  dramatic  composition,  notwitli- 
'■vuliiitf  its  title,  which  is  indeed  as  little 
^i.'iitic.iiit  of  Its  real  character  as  the  term 
'miiiciija"  is  of  Dante's  epic.  It  is  a  dis- 
.-"ir^'  on  the  vicissitudes  of  human  llfi', 
!':.';j.sti>(l  by  a  .sea-light  near  Ponza  in  14:J5. 
■'■  I*  (."ii'liiited  without  any  att"mpt  at  dra- 
Mi.'  iii'tion  or  character,  or,  indeed,  dra- 
iai;i-  (li'vejopnient  of  any  sort.  The  same 
•^iMrk-  iiiiy  be  made  of  the  political  satire 
"^)Ii:ii.M  lievulgo,"  which  appeared  in  Ilenry 
'•  '  r.'iifii,  Dialogur>  was  selected  by  tiies; 
'•■"rsasaiiiori^  p.ijiular  and  spirited  medium 
t.«:,  .lin.it  ii:irrativi!  for  conveving  their 
*'iim  :its.    The  "  Comedieta  da  i'on/.a "  has 


322 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


The  story  turns  on  a  love-intri^iie.  A  Spanish  youth  of  rank  is  enanioiiro<i 
of  a  lady,  whose  allcctions  he  gams  with  some  ditiiculty,  but  whom  ho  (inallv 
seduces,  through  the  arts  of  an  accompUshed  courtesan,  whom  the  author  ha', 
introchioed  under  the  romantic  name  of  Ceiestina.  The  [)iece,  althouj,'h  coiiii.-. 
or  rather  sentimental,  in  its  pro<;ress,  terminates  in  the  most  traixica!  latn 
strophe,  in  which  all  the  principal  actors  are  involved.  Tiie  general  texturfof 
the  plot  is  exceedingly  clumsy,  yet  it  affords  many  si;  '.ations  of  dee^)  and  varitii 
interest  in  its  progress.  The  principal  characters  are  delineated  ui  the  |iiw 
with  considerable  skill.  The  part  of  Ceiestina,  in  particular,  in  wliifji  a  vfil 
of  i)lausible  hyi)0crisy  is  tiirown  over  the  deepest  protiigacy  of  comlnct,  \< 
managed  with  much  adflress.  The  subordinate  parts  are  br'oiinht  into  hii>k 
comic  action,  with  natural  (Ualogue,  though  somewnat  obscene  ;  and  an  intertNt 
of  a  graver  complexion  is  raised  l)y  the  passion  of  the  lovers,  the  timid,  con 
tiding  tenderness  of  the  lady,  and  the  sorrows  of  the  broken-hcartcil  iiarent. 
Tlie  execution  of  the  play  reminds  us,  on  tiie  whole,  less  of  the  Spanish  tliaii 
of  the  old  English  theatre,  in  many  of  its  defects  as  well  as  beauties ;  in  the 
contrasted  strenj^^h  and  imbecility  of  various  passages  ;  in  its  .■•cermixturenf 
broad  farce  and  deep  tragedy  ;  in  the  unseasonable  introduction  of  friuil 
metaphor  and  pedantic  allusion  in  the  midst  of  the  most  passionat*^,  discoursis ; 
in  the  unveilea  voluptuousness  of  its  colo\iring,  occasionally  too  ^ross  for  any 
piiblic  exhibition  ;  but,  above  all,  in  the  general  strength  and  fidelity  of  l:^ 
portraiture. 

The  tragicomedy,  as  it  is  styled,  of  Ceiestina,  was  obviously  never  iiitonil.'! 
for  representation,  to  which  not  merely  the  grossness  of  some  of  tiie  detaiK. 
but  the  length  and  arrangement  of  the  piece,  rendered  it  uiisuitalilo.  But, 
notwithstanding  this,  and  its  apnroximation  to  the  character  of  a  mnianoe,  it 
must  be  admitted  to  contain  within  itself  the  essential  elements  of  draiimti' 
composition  ;  and,  as  such,  it  is  extolled  by  the  Spanish  critics,  as  openinir  the 
theatrical  career  of  Europe.  A  similar  claim  has  been  maintained  for  pri- 
ductioas  nearly  contemporaneous  in  other  countries,  and  especially  for  Politiaii  > 
''  Orfeo,"  which  there  is  little  doubt  was  publicly  acted  before  1483.  Notwith- 
standing its  representation,  however,  the  "  Orfeo,"  presenting  a  comliiiiati'':i 
of  the  eclogue  and  the  ode,  without  any  proper  theatrical  movement,  or  atti'iuit 
at  development  of  character,  cannot  fairly  come  within  the  limits  of  draiiwtie 
writing.  A  more  ancient  exam))le  than  either,  at  least  as  far  as  the  oxtcri 'r 
forms  are  concerned,  may  be  probably  found  in  the  celebrated  French  farce  'i 
Pierre  Pathelin,  printed  as  early  as  1474,  having  been  repeatedly  ]tlay('(l  (luriii.' 
the  preceding  century,  which,  with  the  requisite  modifications,  still  kcc\'<_ 
possession  of  the  stage.  The  pretensions  of  this  piece,  however,  as  a  woric  "f 
art,  are  comparatively  humble  ;  and  it  seems  fair  to  admit  that  in  the  higher 
and  more  important  elements  of  dramatic  composition,  and  esjiecially  in  the 
delicate  and  at  the  same  time  powerful  delineation  of  character  and  jiassinii. 
the  Spanish  critics  may  be  justified  in  regarding  the  "  Ceiestina "  as  having 
led  the  way  in  modern  Europe.'' 


'■  Such  is  the  high  encomium  of  the  Abate 
Antires  (Letteratuiii,  torn.  v.  pare.  2,  lib.  1) 
— (Cervantes  dooa  not  lu'situte  to  call  it  "  libro 
divino;"  and  the  acute  author  of  thc"I)ia- 
h><io  do  las  Lcnji^uas ''  concludi's  a  criticism 
«l)on  it  Willi  till'  remark  tliat  "there  is  no 
biioiv  ir  tlx'  Castilian  which  surp.isscs  it  in 
flie  ))r'  jiricty  and  clcj^ance  of  its  diction." 
(l>on  tjuixote,  ed.  dc  I'ellicer,  torn.  i.  p. '2  !9. 
— May.uis  y  Sisc  ir,  torn.  ii.  p,  lC7.)-It8 
merits  indeed  seem  in  some  dejrree  to  have 


disarmed  even  thf^  severity  of  forpipn  cr'ic«; 
and  Signorelli,  after  standinp  up  -t^utlv  in 
defence  of  the  precedence  of  the  "Orffi)'  i* 
a  dramatic  composition,  ailmits  tlii»  "(Vl-«- 
tina  "  to  t)e  a  '*  work  rich  in  Viiri'ms  Ixa'iti'', 
and  meritinf?  undoiibt'd  api>lftM-i\  Inhi". 
he  continues,  "the  vivaiify  "f  tli<'  ilsiripti " 
ot  character,  and  I'aithfui  I'v.rtraiiiif  cf  Ui^tr- 
ners,  liave  made  it  immortal."  Stiiria  iti'im 
de'  Teatri  antichi  e  modurni  (.Napuli.  '"''■ 
torn.  vi.  pp.  140,  147. 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRY. 


323 


Wiilioiit  deciding  on  its  proper  cla.ssification  as  a  work  of  art,  however,  its 
real  iiii^'iit^  ai"« -settled  by  its  wide  iiopularity  both  at  home  and  abroad.  It 
lias  Ik'cii  translated  into  most  of  the  Euroi»ean  language-!,  and  tlie  preface  to 
tiie  li^-it  edition  pubhshed  in  Madrid,  so  recently  Jis  18'22,  enumerates  thirty 
e  litiiiiis  of  it  in  Spain  al«  me  in  the  course  of  tlie  sixteenth  century.  Impressions 
were  multiplied  in  Italy,  at  the  very  time  when  it  was  interdicted  at  home  on 
till'  score  of  its  immoral  tendency.  A  popularity  thus  extendinj,^  through 
(Lsiiuit  ai;es  and  nations  shows  how  faithfully  it  is  built  on  the  principles  of 
human  nature.** 

The  dijuua  assumed  the  pastoral  form,  in  its  early  stages,  in  Sjiain,  a.s  in 
Itiilv.  The  oldest  specimens  in  this  way  which  have  come  down  to  us  are  the 
piuiluctions  of  Juan  de  la  Encina,  a  contemporary  of  Roxas.  lie  wjus  born  in 
Uii!),  anil,  after  completing  his  education  at  Salamanca,  was  received  into  the 
uiiiily  of  the  duke  of  Alva.  He  continued  there  several  years,  enii»loyefl  in 
tlie  composition  of  various  poetical  works,  among  others,  a' version  of  Virgil's 
Eclo^nies,  which  he  so  altered  as  to  acconunodate  them  to  the  mincipal  events 
in  the  rci;,ai  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  He  visited  Italy  in  tne  beginnin*'  of 
the  following  century,  and  was  attracted  by  tlie  munihcent  patronage  of  Leo 
the  Tenth  to  fix  his  residence  at  the  papal  court.  While  there,  he  continued 
his  literary  'abours.  He  embnvced  the  ecclesiastical  profession  ;  and  his  skill 
m  imisic  recommended  him  to  the  othce  of  principal  director  of  the  pontifical 
tiiapel.  He  was  subse(iuently  presented  with  the  priory  of  Leon,  and  returned 
toSiiain,  where  he  died  in  lo.'U.** 

Encina  s  works  first  appeared  at  Salamanca,  in  1496,  collected  into  one  volume 
fulio."  Besides  other  poetry,  they  comprehend  a  number  of  dramatic  eclogues, 
sacred  a..d  profane  :  the  former  suggested  by  topics  drawn  from  Scripture,  like 
tlie  ancient  mysteries;  the  latter  chiefly  amatory.  They  were  performed  in 
tlie  jialacc  of  his  patron,  the  duke  of  Alva,  in  the  presence  of  Prince  John,  the 
(iiike  of  Infantado,  and  other  eminent  persons  of  the  court ;  and  the  poet  him- 
R'lfoccasiniuilly  assisted  at  the  re[)resentation." 

Don  Fernando  o  YpeIk'! 
(que  ya  con  los  pantos  reynan) 
do  cciiar  ilc  Espana  acabavau 
to<los  los  MorisCDS,  ()ue  cran 
De  aquol  Hey  no  do  (Iraniula, 
y  ontonces  se  dava  en  ella 
principio  a  la  Inquisicion, 
Be  lo  dio  a  nuentra  eoiuedia. 
Juan  de  la  Encina  el  primero, 


"  BoutiTwek,  Literatura  Espanc  la,  notas 
df  trailuct'ires,  p.  2;U. — Andies,  liett<'ratura, 
Mu.  V.  pp.  170,  171.— Lampillas,  Letleraiura 
>l'jgimol,i,  tiiin.  vi.  pp.  f>"-o9. 

'  Kojiis,  Viage  entretenido  (1614),  fol.  46. 
-Nk.  Antonio,  Bibliotheca  Nova,  torn,  i.  p. 
6-i.-M,irjitin,  (Jbras,  torn,  i  pp.  126,  127.-- 
P'lliccr,  Origen  de  la  Comedia,  torn.  i.  pp. 
11,  n. 

'  riioy  wore  published  under  the  title 
"Cinciiinert)  tie  todas  las  Obnis  de  .fuan  de 
1»  tiiieitia  am  otrus  afiadidas."  (Mendez, 
T;-yi"i:raiiliia  Hspanola,  p.  247.)  Subsequent 
inii fissiuiis  of  his  works,  more  or  less  com- 
p.ttc  appoaml  at  Salamanca  in  1509,  and  at 
>Ji-ig-ssa  ill  1512  and  1516.— Moratin,  Obraa, 
t"!ii.  i.p.  r^7,  nota. 

"  Tlip  Cdincdi.in  Rojas,  who  fl.)urished  in 
th'-  brpiiiiiiiif^  of  the  following  century,  and 
■  N"!!..- "Viago  entretenido"  is  so  essential 
^iiy  kiioulcilgo  of  the  early  histrionic  art 
10  >paiii,  itl'Mitiftes  the  appearance  of  Encina's 
t'l'Kurs  with  the  dawn  of  the  Ca-ntilian 
•Irwua.    His  verses  may  be  worth  quotuig : 

"Qiii^  IS  en  nnestra  madre  Espafia, 
p'Tquf  en  la  dichosa  era, 
quo  aqui'llos  gloriosos  Reyes 
Jiguus  de  memoriii  eterna 


aquel  insigiie  poeta, 

que  tanto  bien  emi)e7,o 

de  ([uien  tcnemos  tren  eglogas 

(^ue  el  nii>nio  repp  sento 

al  Aliiiirrtiite  y  Duquessa 

de  Castilla,  y  (!••  Infantado 

quo  estas  futroii  las  primeras 

Y  para  mas  honra  suya, 

y  (ie  la  comedia  nuestra, 

en  los  (lias  (pie  Colon 

descubrio  la  gran  ri(iiie7.a 

De  Indias  y  nmvo  inundo, 

y  el  gran  Capitnn  empieza 

n  stigctar  aq.iel  Koyno 

de  Najxili's,  y  su  ti(.'rra. 

A  disctibrirse  cinpezo 

el  us(j  de  la  comf(lia 

poniue  todos  se  animassen 

a  empreiukr  cosas  tan  buenas." 

fol.  ■.e,  47. 


324 


CASTILIAN  LITERATURE. 


Enciiia's  oclon;ncs  arc  simple  coinpositinns,  with  little  pretence  to  (Irainati' 
artifice.  The  st'»ry  is  too  mea,L,Te  to  admit  of  niiiuli  ingenuity  or  (niitiiv.nii,. 
or  to  excite  any  (le[)th  of  interest.  There  are  few  interlocntors,  sclddiu  ii„,r,. 
tlian  three  or  four,  altiioii^h  on  one  occasion  risinj^  to  fi-s  many  as  seven  ;  if 
course  there  is  little  scope  for  theatrical  action.  The  characters  arc  rif  tl^ 
Innnble  (Jass  l)elon;;in<^  to  pastoral  life,  and  the  dialopie,  which  is  extninclv 
appropriate,  is  conducted  with  facility  ;  but  the  rustic  condition  of  the  sicakcr, 
precludes  anything'  like  literary  elegance  or  finish,  in  which  respect  tlicv  an' 
doubtless  surpassed  by  some  of  his  more  amltitious  comjiositions.  There  i>  a 
comic  air  imparted  to  them,  however,  and  a  lively  colkupnal  turn,  wliicji  renders 
them  very  ayreealjle.  Still,  whatever  l)e  their  merit  as  pastorals,  tliey  nw 
entitled  to  little  consideration  as  specimens  of  dramatic  art,  and  in  the  vitalspirit 
of  dramatic  composition  must  be  regarded  as  far  inferior  to  the  "  Cclestina. ' 
The  simi)licity  of  these  itroductions,  and  the  facility  of  their  exhibition,  win. h 
re(|uired  little  theatrical  decoration  or  costume,  recommended  thciii  u>  ii(.]iiilar 
imitation,  which  contiiuied  long  after  the  i^egular  forms  of  the  drania  were 
introduced  into  Spain." 

The  credit  of  tins  introduction  belongs  to  Hartolonie  Torres  de  Naliarro,  often 
confounded  by  the  Castilian  writers  themselves  with  a  player  of  the  same  naiin' 
who  flourished  half  a  century  later. ***  Few  particulars  have  been  ascoitainrl 
of  his  personal  history.  He  was  born  at  Torre,  in  the  province  of  Estn'iua4i,ra. 
In  the  early  part  of  nis  life  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Algeriiies,  and  was 
finally  released  from  captivity  by  the  exertions  of  certain  benc^volcnt  Italian-, 
who  generously  paid  his  ransom.  He  then  established  his  residence  in  Italy, 
at  the  court  of  Leo  the  Tenth.  Under  the  genial  influence  of  that  iiatronatic 
which  iiuickened  so  many  of  the  .seeds  of  genius  to  production  in  every  depart 
nient,  he  composed  his  "  Projialadia,''  a  work  embracing  a  variety  of  lyri  ;il 
and  dramatic  poetry,  first  published  at  Rome,  in  L^)17.  Unfortunately,  tl.e 
caustic  satire  levelled  in  some  of  the  liigher  pieces  of  this  collection  at  i\x 
license  of  the  pontifical  court  brought  such  obloquy  on  the  he<ad  of  the  antli-r 
as  compelled  him  to  take  refuge  hi  Naples,  where  he  remained  under  theiT- 
tection  of  the  noble  family  of  Colonna.  No  further  particulars  are  recdrded  f 
him,  except  that  he  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession  ;  and  the  time  ai.  1 
place  of  his  death  are  alike  uncertain.  In  person  he  is  said  to  have  beiii 
comely,  with  an  amiable  disposition  and  sedate  and  dignified  denicanonr.*' 

His  "  Pro[ialadia,"  first  published  at  Rome,  passed  through  several  eiliti"n< 
subsequently  in  Spain,  where  it  was  alternately  prohibited  or  iKiiiiittod, 
according  to  the  caprice  of  the  Holy  Office.  It  contiiins.  among  other  tliin.'N 
eight  comedies,  written  in  the  native  redondiUas,  wliich  continue  to  U' 
regarded  as  the  suitable  measure  for  the  drama.  They  afford  the  caiiie-t 
example  of  the  division  into  jornad'ts,  or  days,  and  of  the  intruifo,  or  pri*- 
logue,  ill  which  the  author,  after  propitiating  the  audience  by  suitable  com- 


"  SignoroUi,  corrpctinR  what  he  donomi- 
n.ites  the  "  romaiico  "  of  I^iuni)illa.s  considers 
Eiiciiia  to  have  conip()>eJ  only  one  pastoral 
drama,  and  that  on  occasion  of  F'Tdinand's 
entrance  into  Castile.  Tiie  critic  shcuhi  liive 
been  more  charitable,  as  he  has  mado  ,',..-o 
blundors  iiimsclf  in  correcting  iyi\(>.  Storia 
critica  de'  Teatri,  tom.  iv.  pp    192,  lO.I. 

*'  Andres,  confonnding  Torres  de  Naharro 
the  poet  with  Naharro  tlie  comedian,  who 
flourished  about  half  a  century  later,  is  led 
into  a  ludicrous  train  of  errors  in  controvert- 
ing Cervantes,  whose  criticism  on  the  actor 


la  perpetually  misapplied  l\v  Amlros  tn  tb' 
poet.  V(da/.quez  seeius  to  Imve  ceiifeiiii'i'i 
them  in  like  manner:  anntlur  rvMein-'  'f 
the  extremely  superficial  acquaiiitaiKP'if  t:i'; 
Spanish  critics  with  their  early  ilriuna.  C-iup. 
Cervantes,  Comedias  y  Entrenicses,  ti'm.  i., 
prologo.  -  Andres,  Letteratnra,  tern.  v.  p. 
179.— V'el.izquez,  Poesia  C.istelhuia,  p.  >>■  , 
"  Nic.  Antonio,  nibliotlieci  Nuv.i.  t"m  i. 
p.  202.— Cervantes,  Comedias,  toni.  i  .  P'' '■ 
de  Nasarre.— Pellicer,  Ori'^en  d''  l.i  O'liv  .i'. 
tom.  ii.  p.  17,— Moratin,  Ubras,  turn.  i.  1'  ^' 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRY. 


325 


tilinient,  and  -witticisms  not  over-delioato,  gives  a  view  of  the  lcni;tli  and 
.'I'licnil  scope  of  his  phiy." 

'  The  scenes  of  Nahiirnrs  oomeilies,  with  a  sini,de  exception,  are  hiiil  in 
S|iaiii  and  Italy;  those  in  the  latter  conntry  jmdtaMy  iM'ini;-  selected  with 
rriVioii'  i>  to  tiie  andiences  l)efore  whom  tiiey  were  acted.  The  diction  is  easy 
;iiiil  correct,  withont  nuieh  atl'ectation  of  relinement  or  rhetorical  ornament. 
Tilt'  iliidou'iie,  especially  in  the  lower  jiarts,  is  sn^tained  with  mn<h  eoniio 
\n;i(ity  ;  indeed,  Naharro  sterns  to  have  iiad  a  nicer  pv  rception  of  character 
,vit  is" found  in  lov.er  li^e  than  as  it  exists  in  the  higher  ;  and  more  than  one 
iifiiisiilays  are  devoted  exclusively  to  its  illustration.  On  some  occasions, 
huwt'vcr,  the  author  assumes  a  more  elevated  tone,  and  his  verse  rises  to  a 
dt'.Teeof  poetic  heanty,  deepened  hy  the  moral  reflection  so  characteristic  of 
tl;i'S|i;iiiiiirds.  At  otlier  times,  his  pieces  are  disli,i,Mired  by  such  a  liaheldiko 
,i|ifiisii>u  of  ton.i^nies  as  makes  it  doulitful  whicli  maybe  the  poet's  vernaci.Iar. 
Fr-'iioii,  Spanisli,  Italian,  with  a  variety  of  barbarous  vatois  and  moni,Tel 
Litiii.  are  all  brou^dit  into  play  at  the  same  time,  anu  all  comprehended, 
ailiarciitly  with  e(pial  facility,  bv  each  one  of  the  </ra/ii(itispersoti(v.  Hut  it 
b  diiticult  to  conceive  how  such  a  jar^^on  could  have  been  com[>rehen(led,  far 
uwre  reli>lieil,  l)y  an  Italian  audience.*^ 

NuIkuios  coinedies  are  not  much  to  be  commended  for  the  intrii,'ue,  wliich 
.Tuorally  excites  l)iit  a  lani,niid  interest,  and  shows  'ittle  power  or  adroitness 
in  the  contrivance.  With  every  defect,  lutwever,  they  must  be  allowed  to 
have  j,dvcn  the  first  forms  to  Spanish  comedy,  and  to  exhibit  many  (»f  the 
kit.nes  which  continued  to  be  cliaracteristic  of  it  in  a  state  of  more  iH'rfect 
iievoli'iiincnt  under  Lope  de  Vei,^a  and  Caideron.  Such,  for  instance,  is  the 
aiiiiruus  jealousy,  and  especially  the  point  of  honour,  so  conspicuous  on  the 
vanish  theatre  ;  and  such,  too,  the  moral  confusion  too  often  jtroduceil  by 
Kit'iidiiiL;  t!ie  foulest  crimes  with  zeal  for  relipon."    The.se  comedies,  more- 


'  Hirti.liiiiip  Torres  do  Nftlifirrn,  I'ropnladia 
Mulriil,  l.'iT.t). — Tli(  'ifficipncy  of  tlio  oarlior 
^[li'iisii  IviokH,  of  which  IVmtfTwek  rppcuteilly 

ni)iliiiMs,  has  UmI  him  into  an  error  ri'six^ct- 
;.:  th'  "  rriiiiUiuiiii,"  wiiich  h((  liad  never 
'••n  III'  stat'S  that  Niiliiirro  \va^  tlio  first 
:  'ii-triliiitp  tlio  i>lay  into  threo  joriin.las  or 
;•-,  tiii'l  tiikcfl  Cprviintes  roundly  to  task  for 
i-uiii  ii'„'  till'  original  merit  of  this  distriltu- 
!Mi  I"  liiiiiself.  In  fuct,  Naharro  did  iiitro- 
Jwf  thi'  (livi-^idn  into  Jlvc  jurnadas,  and 
l'".amts  assumi'H  oidy  tlie  credit  of  liaving 
'  ■  tiio  first  to  ndnce  them  lu  three,  (-'omp. 
l-ut-rwek,  <ii'sihlclite  der  Poetic  inul  Mered- 
ani'vit.  H.iiid  iii.  S!.  '285,— and  Cervantes, 
l"iii-lias,  toiii.  i.,  pn'il. 

In  tlio  arjiument  to  the  "  Serajihina,"  ho 
t-iU'iir-paris  the  audience  for  this  cuUociuial 

"  .Mas  liavpis  de  estar  alerta 
P'lr  siiitir  los  persoTift;i;es 
que  lialilan  (|uatro  leiij^iiagCB 
li.;stii  acalmr  su  rciiyerta 
nci  salen  d(>  enenta  cierta 
Jiiir  Latin  e  Italiano 
Cast  ■llano  y  Valeneiano 
que  ninguno  dcsconeierta." 

rroi);iIadia,  p.  50. 

'  Thi'  f..|l,i\ving   is   an   exanijile    of    tlio 
[fscious  ri'asuiiing  with  whicli  I'loristan,  in 


the  play  above  finoted,  recon-'iles  his  coti- 
scionce  to  the  murder  of  his  wife  Orfea  in 
order  to  gratify  the  jealousy  of  his  mistress 
Serajihina.  t'lonstan  is  addressing  himself 
to  a  jiriest : 

"  Y  por  mas  dai"io  eseusar 
no  lo  quiero  liora  lia/.er, 
8inii  (|ue  es  meiiester. 
quo  yo  mate  Inego  a  Orfea 
do  Seratina  lo  vea 
jioro^uc  lo  jiuetla  creer. 
Que  yo  l>ien  mo  mataria 
puos  tiKla  razon  ine  inclina; 
pero  se  de  Serafina 
que  se  desesperaria. 
y  Orfea,  pues  (|ue  iiaria  ? 
(juando  mi  muerte  suiiiesse: 
((ue  creo  f|ne  n-,  pudiesse 
Hostener  la  vida  un  d'a. 
I'u's  liahlando  aca  eutre  noa 
a  Orfea  cat)'  la  Huerte  ; 
porque  con  su  si.la  mueito 
se  escusaran  utras  dos  : 
de  niiHlii  que  padre  voH 
si  llauiar  me  la  qu'rey:-*, 
a  mi  merced  me  l.areyn 
y  tamhieii  sirvieio  a  Dios. 
•  *  «  •  • 

porque  si  yo  la  matare 
m(jrira  christi.inamcute ; 


320 


CASTILIAN  LITERATrRE. 


jvcr,  far  from  blind  cnnforniity  with  the  ancients,  discovered  imuli  of  thp 

spirit  of  inde[)end<'nc(!  ami  deviated  into  many  of  the   eccentricitits  wlij,h 

di.^tini^idsh  the  national  tjieatre  in  later  times,  and  wliich  tiie  criti(•i^|||  nf 

our  own  day  has   so  successfully  explained  and  defended  on  phil(is(,ji),],;il 

prin('ii»les. 

Naharnt's  plays  were  rei>resented,  as  appears  from  his  proloi^qic,  in  Italy. 

prohahly  not  u'    Rome,  which  he  (piitted  soon  after  their  jtuhhcatidM,  tmt  at 

Naples,  which,  then  forming  a  part  of  the  Spanish  dominions,  miulit  nin  h 

easdy  furnidi  an  audicMice  cnpahle  of  comprehending  them."    It  is  leiinirkai'Ic 

that,  notwithstanding  their  roi)eated  editions  in  Spain,  they  do  not  aiiiicar  t 
t 1 ...f 1    ii rm.„  ,. ..*    4.1.:..    ^ i.*.,i.i A      1 


have  ever  been  jterformed  there.  The  cause  of  this,  prohahly,  was  the  Uw 
state  of  the  histrionic  art,  and  the  total  deficiency  in  tlieatrical  costiiinc  aii'l 
decoration  ;  yet  it  was  not  easy  to  dis[)en.se  with  these  in  the  reiire^ciitatinii 
of  pieces  which  brought  more  than  a  score  of  persons  occasionally,  and  tlie.>e 
crowned  heads,  at  the  same  tinu',  unon  the  stage.** 

Some  conception  may  be  allbrded  of  the  lamentable  poverty  of  the  thea- 
trical eipiipment  from  rae  account  given  by  Cervantes  of  its  condition  lialf  a 
century  later.  "  The  whole  wardrobe  of  a  manager  of  the  theatre  al  that  tunc,' 
says  he,  "  was  contained  in  a  single  sack,  and  amounted  only  to  foiu'  drevNO 
of  white  fur  trinnned  with  gilt  leather,  four  beard.s,  four  wigs,  aii'l  four 
crooks,  more  or  less.  There  were  no  traji-doors,  movable  clouds,  or  niHiJiiiu'ry 
of  any  kind.  The  stage  itself  consisted  only  of  lour  or  six  planks,  placcl 
across  as  many  benches,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  scpiare,  anu  elevatt'l  Imt 
four  palms  from  the  ground.  The  only  decoration  of  the  theatre  was  an  nU 
coverlet,  drawn  from  side  to  side  by  cords,  behind  which  the  musicians  siing 
Home  ancient  romduce,  without  the  guitar."*"  In  fact,  no  further  aiiiiaratiis 
was  employetl  than  that  demanded  for  the  exhibition  of  mystfrics,  ur  the 
pastoral  dialogues  which  succeedal  them.  The  Spaniards,  nutwithstanilinu 
their  precocity,  compared  with  most  of  the  nations  of  Europe,  in  dra;uaticart, 
were  unaccountably  tardy  in  all  its  histrionic  accompaniments.  Tiic  \A\\>]h: 
remained  content  with  such  poor  mummeries  as  could  be  got  ui»  by  struhin,' 
players  and  mountebank.s.  There  was  no  fixed  theatre  in  Madrid  until  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  and  that  consisted  of  a  coiutyurtl,  with 
only  a  roof  to  shelter  it,  while  the  spectators  sat  on  benches  ranged  aruiunl, 
or  at  the  windows  of  the  surroin\ding  houses.*' 

A  similar  impulse  with  that  experienced  by  comic  writing  avus  given  to 
tragedy.  The  first  that  entered  on  this  department  were  professed  sdiohirs, 
who  adojited  the  error  of  the  Italian  dramatists,  hi  fashioning  their  [liods 
servilely  after  the  anti(pie,  instead  of  seizuig  the  expression  of  their  own  ago. 
The  most  conspicuous  attempts  in  this  way  were  made  by  Fernan  Perez  de 


yo  raorirc  pcnitcnto, 
qiiando  mi  suerto  llcffiirc." 

Fropuladla,  fol.  68. 

*'  Slgnorelli  waxes  excef>dingly  wroth  with 
Ddii  Bias  Nasarre  for  the  assertion  that 
NalKirro  first  taught  the  Italians  to  write 
Cinni'dy,  taxing  hiui  witli  downright  men- 
dacity ;  and  lie  stoutly  denies  the  prohability 
of  Naharro's  comedies  ever  having  been  per- 
formed on  tlie  Italian  boards.  The  eritic 
seems  to  be  in  tlie  rigiit,  as  far  as  regards 
the  influeney  of  the  Spanish  dramatist  ;  but 
he  miglit  have  been  spared  all  doubts  re- 
specting their  reprusentatian  in  the  country. 


Lad  he  consulted  the  prologue  of  Naliarro 
himself,  where  he  asserts  the  fact  in  th'.' 
most  explicit  manner.  Coni]).  rriipHlsili  , 
prol.,  and  Signorelll,  Storia  critica  dc'  liairi, 
tom.  vi.  pp.  171-179.— See  also  .Muratlii, 
Origenes,  Obras,  tom.  i.  pp.  14'.t,  150. 

"''  I'ropaladia;  bee  the  comedies  of  "Tre- 
fea"and  "  Tinelaria."— .luvellanos.  .Meinurii 
sobre  las  Diversiones  piiblicas.  apud  .Mtiu  J- 
la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  tom.  v, 

•"  Cervantes,  Comedias,  torn,  i.,  prnl. 

"  Pelllcer,  Origen  di-  la  Couie.iia,  toiii.  ii. 
pp.  58-6-.3.— .See  also  American  Quarterly  lit- 
view,  no.  viii.  art.  3. 


ROMANTIC  FICTION  AND  POETRY. 


327 


dliva."  Tie  was  born  at  Cordova,  in  1494,  and,  after  many  years  passed  in 
the  viirioiis  scliools  of  fSpain,  Franre,  and  Italy,  retnnicd  to  )iis  native  land, 
■iml  lioiuiiie  a  lectnrer  in  tlie  nniversity  of  Salamanca.  H?  instructed  in 
mural  iihilosophy  ami  mathematics,  and  esUiblished  the  hi^diesl  reputation  for 
liiscriti<al  aciiuaintance  with  the  ancient  ians^na^^es  and  his  own.  He  died 
VMiing.  at  the  age  of  tiiirty-nine,  deeply  lamented  for  liis  moral  no  less  than 
iVir  ills  intellectual  worth." 

His  various  works  were  published  by  the  learned  Morales,  his  nejihew,  some 
tiftvy-ars  after  his  dea.h.  Anion,!,'  them  are  translations  in  prose  of  tho 
Fli'ctra  ')f  iSiiphocles,  and  the  Hecuba  of  Euripides.  They  may  with  more 
] niiuit'ty  )>e  teruied  imitations,  and  those  too  of  the  freest  kind.  Althoni^^h 
they  cdiifonn,  in  the  general  arrangement  and  progress  of  the  story,  to  their 
oiiiiiials,  yet  characters,  nay,  whole  scenes  and  dialogues,  i*re  occasionally 
(iiiiltttMl ;  and  in  those  retjiined  it  is  not  always  easy  to  recognize  the  hand  of 
the  Grecian  artist,  whose  modest  beauties  are  thrown  into  sharle  by  the  aml)i- 
tiuus  ones  of  iiis  imitator.**  JJut,  with  all  this,  Oliva's  tragedies  must  bo 
;i4iiiittcd  to  be  executed,  on  the  whole,  w  itli  vigour  ;  and  the  aiction,  notwith- 
,«t;iii(liiig  the  national  tendency  to  exaggeration  above  alluded  to,  may  be 
/oueraliy  connnended  for  decorum,  and  an  imposing  dignity  quite  wortliy  of 
the  tra.uic  drama ;  indeed,  they  may  be  selected  as  ati'ording  probal)ly  the  best 
jlieciiiieii  of  the  piogress  of  ])rose  composition  during  the  present  reign." 

olivas  ie{)utation  led  to  a  similar  hnitation  of  the  anti(pie.  Hut  the  Sjian- 
ianis  were  too  national  in  all  their  Uistes  to  sanction  it.  These  classical 
r'iin|)Ositi()ns  did  not  obt'iin  i)Ossession  of  the  stfige,  but  were  confined  to  the 
r'uM't,  serving  oidy  as  a  relaxation  for  the  man  of  letters  ;  while  the  voici;  of 
the  jK'Ople  Compelled  all  who  courted  it  to  acconnnodate  their  inventions  to  those 
Miiaiitic  forms  which  were  subse([uently  developed  in  such  variety  of  beauty 
iy  the  great  Spanish  dramatists.*" 

We  have  now  surveyed  the  dillerent  kinds  of  ])oetic  culture  familiar  to  Spain 
uiider  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  Their  most  conspicuous  element  is  the  national 
>ldiit  wliicU  pervades  them,  and  the  exclusive  attachment  which  they  manifest 


"  Oliva,  Obras  (Mudrul,  1787).— Vasco 
Diaz  Taiicu,  a  native  of  Estromadura,  who 
lluurislud  ill  tlui  first  half  uf  the  Mi.xtecMith 
uiiiuiy,  uifiitions  In  one  of  his  works  throe 
t'at;>ilit:'  oiiiiposoil  by  himself  on  iScripture 
i-ul)j(C't8.  As  there  is  no  evidente,  however, 
if  tlitir  liaviiij;  been  printed,  or  performed,  or 
'W'li  pad  ill  maiiiiscript  by  any  one,  they 
iidrJly  liiscrve  to  bo  ineluded  in  the  catalogue 
'1  ilraiuaiic  compositions.  (Moratin,  Oltras, 
t'liii.  i.  J)]!.  150,  151.— LampiUas,  Letteratura 
>iiaKMu<j|a,  torn.  v.  dis.  1,  sec.  5.)  Tiiis 
i'iir.ytic  litlrruteur  endeavours  to  establish 
'u-  prixluitiuii  of  Oliva's  tragedies  in  tho 
.var  151,1,  in  tiie  hope  of  antedating  that  of 
rri«sin(j's  "  Sophonisba,"  composed  a  year 
litir,  and  ilius  securing  to  his  nation  the 
1  :iliii  of  iirccodeiice,  in  time  at  least,  though 
It  sliould  lie  only  for  a  few  m<jnths,  on  the 
tr.iKic  till  aire  of  modern  Europe.  Lettera- 
tura Spagmiola,  ubi  supra. 

Nic.  Antoiiiii,  lUbliotheca  Nova,  torn.  i. 
P  .')•<(;,— oliva,  Obras,  pref.  de  Morales. 

"  Mil'  following  passage,  for  example,  in 
A.-  "Veiiiraza  de  Agumemnon,"  imitated 
■''"111  tlic  Klecira  of  .Sophocles,  will  hardly  be 
clurged  oa  the  (jireek  dramatist:    "Habed, 


yo  OS  ruego,  de  mi  compassion,  no  querais 
atajtar  oon  vuestros  consejos  los  respiraderos 
de  las  hornazfis  de  fuego,  (pie  deiitro  me 
atormcntan."     See  Oliva,  Obras,  p.  1m5. 

''•  Compare  the  diction  of  thesi-  tragedies 
with  that  of  the  "Ceiiion  epistolario,"  fcr 
instance,  esteemed  one  of  the  lM>st  literary 
compositions  of  .John  II. 's  reign,  and  see  ihe 
advance  made,  not  only  in  orthogrupliy,  but 
in  the  verbal  arrangement  generally,  and  the 
whole  complexion  of  tlie  style. 

■•'■  Notwithstanding  some  Spanish  critics, 
as  Cueva,  for  example,  have  vindicated  the 
romantic  forms  of  the  drama  on  scientific 
princijdes,  it  is  apparent  that  the  mo>t  suc- 
cessful writers  in  this  dciiartment  have  been 
constraiiu'd  to  adopt  them  by  i)ublic  opinion, 
rather  than  their  own,  which  would  have 
suggested  a  nearer  imitation  (jf  the  dussicil 
niotlels  of  antiquitj',  the  practice  so  generally 
followed  by  the  Italians,  and  one  which 
naturally  reeommends  itself  to  the  scholar. 
.S<'e  the  caiiiin's  discourse  in  ('ervaiites,  Don 
Quixote,  ed.  de  I'ellicer,  torn.  iii.  pp. '2i)7-'.i2ii, 
— and,  more  explicitly.  Lope  de  Vega,  Obras 
sueltaa,  torn.  iv.  p.  4u6. 


328 


CA8TILIAN  LITERATURE. 


to  the  pninitive  forms  of  versificution  peculiar  to  the  Peninsula.  The  mH 
roinarkalile  portion  of  this  Ixxly  <>f  pfH'try  may  doubtless  lie  cniisiilcrcl  the 
Spanish  ru/n<niceK,  or  ballads  ;  that  poi)ular  minstrelsy  which,  coniiiu'iiiinatiii' 
the  pi(tin-es(|ue  and  chivalrous  iucidents  of  the  a;^e,  reflects  most  f.iitlifully 
the  romantic  genius  of  the  peoi>le  who  gave  it  utterance.  The  lyric  eitnits  ■  f 
the  period  were  less  successful.  There  were  few  elul»orate  attempts  in  thh 
lield,  indeed,  by  men  of  decided  genius.  Jiut  the  p-axt  obstiicle  may  he  foim  1 
in  the  imj)erfection  of  the  langujige  and  the  deficiency  of  the  more  exact  aini 
finislied  met  icjil  forms  indispensable  to  high  poetic  execution. 

The  whole  period,  however,  comorehending.  as  it  does,  the  first  dpciijci 
ai)proaches  to  a  regular  drama,  may  ne  regardeil  as  very  important  in  a  literary 
aspect;  sip.;e  i*  exhibits  the  indigenous  peculiarities  of  Castilian  literatiiri'm 
al  heir  '  hness,  and  shows  to  what  a  degree  of  excellence  it  ((tuld  attain. 
wh-U'  u?M..  iched  by  any  foreign  influence.  The  oresent  reign  may  !•<■  n'u'anl'M 
as  ib-  v[:t-  which  divides  tl  ancient  from  the  modern  school  of  S|iaiii>li 
pootii;  •.  h{  h'rlch  the  language  ?,s  slowly  but  steadily  undergoing  the  iinx.M 
of  refiuoiiient,  ^t  "made  the  Knowledge  of  it,"  to  borrow  the  words  of  a  con. 
temporary  critic,  *  pass  for  an  ^>legant  accomplishment,  even  with  the  cavaliers 
and  dames  of  cultivated  Italy;""  and  which  finally  gave  full  scope  to  the 
poetic  talent  that  raised  the  "terature  of  the  country  to  such  brilliant  lieighLn 
m  the  sixteenth  century. 


"  ♦'  Ya  on  Italia,  assl  entre  Damas,  como 
entre  CubaUcros,  se  tietie  por  (?eriiik'za  y 
galaiiia,  saber  hablar  Castellano."    Didlogo 


do  las    Lenguaa,    apud    Mayuns  y  Siscar, 
Orfgenes,  torn,  ii.  p.  4. 


I  have  had  occasion  to  advert,  more  than 
once  in  the  course  of  tliis  chapter  to  the 
Buiierlicial  aeciuuiiitance  ol'  tlie  Spanish  critics 
■with  tlie  early  liistory  of  their  own  drama, 
authentic  materials  for  which  are  so  extremely 
rare  and  difficult  of  access  as  to  i)reclude  tlie 
expectation  of  any  tiling  like  a  satisfactory 
account  of  it  out  of  the  Peninsula.  Tlie 
noarest  approach  to  this  within  my  know- 
ledge is  made  in  an  article  in  the  eiglith 
number  of  tiie  American  (Quarterly  Ueview, 
ascribed  to  Mr.  Ticknor,  late  Professor  of 
Modern  Literature  in  Harvard  University. 
'I'his  gi'iitlenian,  during  a  residence  in  tlie 
Peii'.dBula,  had  every  facility  for  replenishing 
hio  lilirary  w  ith  tiic  most  curious  and  valu- 
able works,  both  printed  and  manuscript,  in 
this  department;  and  his  essay  embodns  in 
a  brief  compass  the  results  of  a  well-directed 
industij-,  which  he  has  expanded  in  greater 
detail  in  his  lectures  on  Spanjsli  literature, 
delivered  before  tlie  classes  of  tlie  University. 
Tlie  sulject  is  discussed  with  his  usual 
elcganci;  and  perspicuity  of  style;  and  the 
fiireign,  and  Indeed  Castilian,  scholar  may  find 
much  novel  information  there,  in  the  views 
presented  of  the  early  progress  of  the  dra- 
matic and  the  histrionic  art  in  the  Peninsula. 

.Silica  the  publication  of  this  article,  >!•  ra- 
tiu's  treatise,  so  long  and  anxiously  expected, 
"Origenes  del  Teatro  Espanol,"  has  made  its 
apjiearunce  under  the  auspices  of  the  Royal 
Acaileiuy  of  History,  which  has  enriched  tlie 
national  literature  \sith  so  many  admirable 
editions  of  its  tuicicnt  authors.    MonUin  states 


in  his  Preface  that  he  was  empl'\vp(l  friin  Lis 
earliest  youth  in  collecting  nuiiics,  Utli  Ht 
home  and  abroad,  of  whatever  iiii|.'lit  illu-triiio 
the  origin  of  the  Sjianisli  drama.  The  ri>i,i;s 
have  been  two  volumes,  c<'ntiiiiiint.'  iii  i!.-' 
First  I'art  an  historical  discussion,  will;  niiii'> 
explanatory  notes,  and  a  cataluK'"' "'  »iraiiiiitic 
pieces  frum  the  earliest  epncli  iImwh  tn  iir- 
time  of  Lope  de  Vega,  cliniU'iln^'iraily  :ir- 
ranged,  and  accompanied  with  nitiiiil  analy- 
ses, and  copious  illustrative  extrait"  fr"iii 
i)iece8  of  the  greatest  merit.  The  SnuiiJ 
'art  is  devoted  to  the  pulilicatimi  of  niti^e 
pieces  of  various  authors,  s\liieli  trcm  tinir 
extreme  rarity,  or  thrir  e.xistiiue  eiily  la 
manuscript,  have  had  but  little  clRiilati'ii. 
The  selections  throughout  ate  made  with  thtit 
careful  discrimination  which  reMiltcii  frnni 
poetic  talent  combined  with  extui'^ivi'  and 
thorough  erudition.  The  criticisin.s  aliiu'U^'ii 
Bomrtimes  warped  by  the  peculiar  ilraiiuiii'j 
principles  of  tiic  author,  are  O'lulmtid  in 
general  with  great  fairness ;  ami  amiil-',  hut 
not  extravagant,  commendation  is  l.isti'W-il 
on  produetii)ns  whose  merit,  to  !«•  iiii.i«riy 
appreciated,  must  l)o  weighed  by  eiie  n'li- 
versant  with  the  character  and  iiitclleitnal 
culture  of  the  periiHl.  The  work,  uiif"rtii. 
nately,  did  not  receive  the  la.st  tmirhes  ef  its 
author,  and  undoubtedly  soinetiiim:  may  li' 
found  wanting  to  thf»  full  roiiijiletiini  ef  i''* 
design.  On  the  whole,  it  niu-^t  he  cibiilir  J 
as  a  rich  repertory  of  old  fa-'itilian  literati'.r", 
much  of  it  of  the  most  rare  and  recmulii'' 
nature,  directed  to  the  illuttratiou  of  a  df 


ROMANTIC   FICTION    AND   PoHTKY. 


:52{) 


ptrtm(>nt  tlmt  lias  hitherto  boon  sufTprfHl  to 

i,t!n;iii«li  in  till-  Inwt'Ht  oliHi'iirity,  hut  wliiili  \h 
i,..a  «' arriin^'''il  tlmt  it  imiy  Iw  ciiiiii'iiiiilatiMl, 
i.i  It  wiTr,  iindir  HMO  iispi'ct,  mill  itn  real 
imrits  aiciirati'ly  (It'lcrmiiinj. 

|t  \M>x  not  till  siiiiii'  tiiiH'  itlirr  tlii<  [iiilijita- 
ijuii  .f  this  llistiiry  tlmt  my  iittciitiou  wan 
oil'l  t(,  ihiit  ii'irtinti  i.r  the  writiiiKf*  t>f  Dim 
M.iriiiic/  '[■■  l.'i  K"'<«  ill  wiiicii  In-  critiiisfH  the 
\:iri"ii-'l"|''irtiiiriitsiif  the  MiitiDiial  liti-raturt,'. 
riil«  criii  i-iii  is  ciiilKMlifil  in  tiic  iiniiututloiis 
vmI  apiMii'lix  to  hlHcJcgjiiit  "  I'oftica  "  (,()liriw 
litirariiis  (I'aris,  1x27),  toiu.  i.  11.).  Tlie 
f'lriinr  iliscuKs  tlio  (t'-neral  laws  hy  wliich  tlie 
Mriuiw  kiiiils  of  poetry  are  to  bo  regulated  ; 
ihi'  latiiT  iircstMits  a  very  Hearcliiiiguiid  wticii- 
!ili  analysLs  of  tlio  jiriiicipal  prodiutious  of 
tiif  .Spaiiisii  jiocts,  down  to  tiic  clo^p  of  tlio 
lut  century.     The  critic  exemplilies  his  own 


vlowT  l>y  copious  extracts  fnun  tho  hu  iJi^tH 
of  ids  I  ritici.siii,  and  tli:'<>\NS  imi.  Ii  < nlLktcriil 
livrlit  oti  till'  ar^uiih'Dt  l>y  illustratiutm 
iMirrowcil  friiiii  fur(i;;u  iitcraturi'.  In  t'lo 
o.Miniin.'ilinii  id  tlii- Spjinish  dnimn,  fspcriallv 
comedy,  widili  lie  modistly  (iuiild\''s  u.s  • 
"siutiuct  iiotiie,  II, )t  very  e.vaet,"  lie  IS  V'l; 
c'liilMiraie,  mid  discovers  the  smiie  taste  m.i 
sanaeity  in  eHtiiii.HtiuLC  the  mi'rils  of  iuilivid  ' 
writers  which  lie  hml  sliowii  in  disiiissinn  th.- 
({onenil  iiriiitiples  id'  the  art.  Ilad  I  rend  lii.s 
wurk  souner,  it  would  have  ^reiitly  faeilitati'd 
my  own  hii|uirieH  In  the  siime  obscure  path; 
and  I  Hlmiiid  liavo  recognized  at  lea-st  mio 
brilliant  e.\cei)tioii  to  my  swi'epin^;  reimirU  on 
the  upiithy  manilested  by  the  (-'astiliun 
RchidarH  to  the  authiuitios  of  tbo  national 
dratua. 


PART    SECOND. 

1493-1517. 

The  period  when,  TIIR  INTKKIOH  OROANIZATION  op  the  MOKAUrHY  HAVIvo 
BEEN  OOMl'LKTKI),  THE  Sl'ANISII  NATION  ENTERED  ON  ITS  HCUKMKS  njf 
DISCOVERY  AND  CONQUKST  ;  OR  THK  I'KRIOD  ILLUSTRATI  N(}  Mnlu;  i>\n. 
TICULARLY    THE   FoRElUN    I'ULICY   OF    FERDINAND   AND   IsAUELLA. 


CHAPTER  I. 


ITALIAN   WARS — GENERAL   VIEW   OP   EUROPE  —INVASION  OF  ITALY  BY  CIIAKLES 

VIII.   OF   FRANCE. 

1493-1495. 

Europe  at  tho  Close  of  the  riftopiitb  Cvntiiry— Morf  Intimalo  Rolatlons  botwoon  States  -Ftnly 
the  School  of  Politics — I'rctriisinim  ol'Cliarlcs  V'lII,  to  NiipU'H — 'I'reaty  of  H.ircilunn -llie 
French  liiviuli!  Naples — Fenliiuimr-i  Dissaiisf.ict ion  Tactics  uiiti  Arms  of  the  diUVr'iit 
Nations  rreparatioiis  of  Spain — Mission  to  (Jharloa  VIII.— Bold  Conduct  of  the  Eiivuj*- 
Thc  French  enter  Naples. 

We  have  now  reached  that  meinorahle  epooli  when  the  dirterent  nation^  df 
Europe,  snrinountiiiu  tlie  barrier;-;  wliich  liad  liitherto  confined  tlicin  \sitliiii 
their  respective  limits,  brought  their  forces,  as  if  by  a  .siniuLaneous  iiiipiilx', 
aj^ainst  each  other  on  a  connnon  theatre  of  action.  In  the  nrecciljn,'  ]iart  if 
this  work,  we  have  seen  in  what  manner  Spain  was  prei)areu  for  tlic  contf-t. 
by  tlie  concentration  of  lier  various  states  under  one  ^'overnment,  and  liy  siirli 
internal  reforms  as  enal>led  the  ^^)verinnent  to  act  with  vi>;our.  The  ^^'iiius 
of  Ferdinand  will  apnear  as  predominant  in  what  concerns  the  foreign  relations 
of  the  country  .as  did  that  of  Isabella  in  its  interior  administration  ;  m  imiLh 
so,  indeed,  that  the  accurate  and  well-informed  historian  who  has  iiio>t 
copiously  illustrated  this  portion  of  the  national  annals  does  not  even  niention, 
in  his  introductory  notice,  the  name  of  Isabella,  but  refers  the  a<;eiu'y  in  these 
events  exclusively  to  her  more  ambitious  consort.'  In  this  lie  is  alniiKlantly 
justilied,  botii  by  the  prevailiiiii;  character  of  the  policy  pursued,  widely  dilter- 
in<?  from  that  which  uistinj,niished  the  tpieen's  measures,  and  by  the  eircuin- 
stance  that  the  foreign  contpiests,  although  achieved  by  the  united  eflorts  uf 
both  crown.s,  were  undertaken  on  behalf  of  Ferdinand's  own  douiiiiioiis  ut 
Aragon,  to  which  in  tiie  end  they  exclusively  ai)pertiiined. 

The  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  pre.sents,  on  the  whole,  the  most  striking 
I»oint  of  view  in  modern  history ;  one  from  which  we  may  contemplate  the 
consummation  of  an  inportant  revolution  in  the  structure  of  ]»olitieal  sueiety, 
and  the  first  appliwition  of  several  inventions  destineil  to  exercise  the  wii'.e^t 
influence  on  human  civilization.  The  feudal  institutions,  or  rather  the  f'  udal 
principle,  which  operated  even  where  the  institutions,  strictly  spoaki'iu', /liJ 
not  exist,  after  having  wrought  its  appointed  uses,  had  gradually  fallen  into 


'  Zurita,  Ilistoria  del  Roy  Don  Hernando 
el  Cathulicu  (Anales,  turn.  v.  vi.,  Zaragoza, 


1580),  lib.  1,  introd. 


KXl'KDITIUN   OF  CIIARLKS   VIH. 


\m 


liivav  ; 

I 


for  it  liad  not  tlio 


of  acfoininodjitin^,'  it^^clf  to  tlio  incrca-cd 


BY  CHAULE3 


t)o\v('r  ol 

iiiiaml^  Jiinl  improved  ciUKlitjoii  of  soi'icty.  However  well  siiitetl  to  a  liar- 
liiin HIS  Hire,  it  was  found  that  the  distrihiitioM  of  power  aiiionii  the  inemliersof 
aiiitiiiepciideiit  aristocracy  wns  iiiifa\oMrahIe  to  that  dei;reeof  personal  security 
,iiii|  trauipiillity  which  is  indispensul)le  to  ureat  proticiency  in  the  hi^lier  arts 
(if  riviiJAition.  It  WHS  «>(pially  repii;i:nant  to  the  |trin('i|ile  of  patriotiMn,  whi  li 
is  sn  t'«sciitial  to  national  indejiendence,  Imt  which  ninst  ha\e  oicrated  feehly 
aiiMiii;' II  people  whose  synipatfiies,  instead  of  lieioLj  concentrated  on  the  stafe, 
Rvri'  cliiiiiied  Ity  a  hundre(l  maters,  as  was  thecji-e  in  every  feudal  connnnnity. 
The  iiiiiviction  of  this  reconcileij  the  nation  to  the  transfer  of  anthority  inio 
itlicr  hands  ;  not  those  of  the  people,  indeed,  who  were  too  i;^norant,  and  too 
liii:: accustomed  to  a  siihordinate,  dependent  situation,  to  admit  of  it,  hut 
iiiti)  till'  lian<ls  of  the  soverei;,qi.  It  was  not  until  three  eenturiev  more  had 
ilii|iscd  that  tJje  condition  of  the  prat  mass  of  the  peojile  was  to  he  so  far 
iiiilirnvcd  as  to  (jualify  them  ft»r  assertinj^  and  maintaining^  the  political  con- 
>;;(li'ratinn  which  of  riuht  belonirs  to  them. 

in  whatever  dei,'ree  puhlio  opinion  and  the  proirross  of  events  nii^dit  favour 
tlif  transition  (»f  power  from  the  aristocracy  to  the  monarch,  it  is  (i])vious  that 
iiiiiili  would  depend  on  his  personal  character;  since  the  advantages  of  Ins 
stitiiiu  alone  m.adc  him  hy  no  means  a  match  for  the  comliined  force's  of  his 
LTcat  iinhility.  The  remarkable  adaptation  of  the  characters  of  thv  |»rincipal 
viverciuns  of  Europe  to  tiiis  e.\i;^'ency,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
HiiiiM  seem  to  have  had  somethin;^  jirovidential  in  it.  Henry  the  Seventh  of 
Kii^'laiid,  Louis  the  Eleventh  of  France,  Ferdiiumd  of  Naples,  John  the  Second 
I'f  Arai,'on  and  his  son  Ferdinand,  and  .John  the  Second  of  J'ortu;^'aI,  however 
ilitlcrciit  in  other  respects,  were  all  distinuuished  l»v  a  sa^'acity  which  enabled 
tlii'iii  to  devise  the  most  subtile  and  comprehensive  schemes  of  ]»olicy,  and 
which  was  })rolific  in  exjiedients  for  the  circumvention  of  enemies  too  jiotent 
til  he  oiK'ountered  by  open  fo  .,-. 

Their  operations,  all  directeil  towards  the  same  point,  were  attended  with 
similar  success,  resu'*:.i:,'  in  the  exaltation  of  the  royal  J>rero^,^'ltive  at  tli«.' 
t'Xiiciise  of  the  aristocracy,  witli  more  or  less  deference  to  the  ri;,dits  of  the 
lit'(i|tlt',  as  the  ease  mi^ht  l)e  ;  in  France,  for  example,  with  almost  total  inditler- 
I'lict'  to  them,  while  in  Spain  they  were  reirarded,  under  the  parental  admini- 
stration of  Isabella,  wjiich  tempered  the  less  scruimlous  policy  of  her  Imsband, 
with  tciulerness  and  respect.  In  every  country,  however,  the  nation  at  lar^e 
^iiit^'l  ureatly  by  the  revolution,  which  came  on  insensilily,  at  least  witjiout 
any  violent  shocli  to  the  fabric  of  .society,  and  which,  by  seciu'in^^  internal  tian- 
t|iiillity  and  the  ascendency  of  law  over  brute  force,  j;ave  ample  scope  for  tho.se 
iiitt'lloctual  iiursuits  that  withdraw  mankind  from  sensual  indulgence  and  too 
e.xohisive  devotion  to  the  animal  wants  of  o\ir  nature. 

No  sooner  was  tlie  internal  orj^anization  of  the  different  nations  of  Europe 
placed  on  a  secure  basi.s,  than  they  found  leisure  to  direct  their  views,  hitherto 
oiiifjiu'd  within  tlieir  own  limits,  to  a  bolder  and  more  distant  si)here  of  action. 
Tlicir  intern.ational  comnumication  was  greatly  facilitated  by  several  useful 
inventions  coincident  with  this  period,  or  then  first  extensively  supplied.  Such 
wus  the  art  of  jtrintin;.?,  dithising  knowledixe  w  ith  the  speed  and  universality  of 
li;'lit ;  the  est.i))lishnH'nt  of  posts,  which,  adcpted  by  Louis  the  Eleventh  in 
tlie  tiftcentii  century,  came  into  freijuent  u.se  in  the  beginning,'  of  the  six- 
teenth;* and  la.stly,  the  compass,  which,  j;uidinj;  the  mariner  unerringly 
tlin.iu,i,^h  the  trackles.s  wastes  of  the  ocean,  lirought  the  remotest  regions  into 


*  'Tlif  |iostal  systom  a-;  a  means  of  "  inter- 
natimial  i  ummunication "  can  pcarccly  1)0 
'<ai'i  t(j  have  exiated  before  the  Beveuteeuth 


<-pt)tury.  The  j><>sts  estiibli.sliod  by  I."iila 
XI.  were  nitTt'ly  relays  of  Iioihch  for  the  /ii- 
veyance  of  government  luesseniierB. — Eu.] 


332 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


cnntjiot.  With  thoso  inrroa^cd  farilitios  for  iiitorcomniMiiicfttifni,  tho  (lifliniit 
Kiii<t|i('aii  states  riii;4lit  lie  sjiid  to  It*'  lir()ti;:lit  into  a-;  iiitiriiatt'  relation  witli  ni„' 
aiK'tlicr  as  llic  (lillciciit  iirovincci  of  tlicsariit'  kiiiuiltun  were  licfdn*.  Tlicyii.  w 
for  ili(!  lirst  tiiiM'  iv/^anicd  each  otlicr  as  mciiiiicis  of  oih'  ^rcat  Miiiiiniihi'tv,  m 
\vhns«')i'tioii  tlii'v  wen'  all  iniitiuilly  coincrnc'l.  A  unatcr  anxiety  wa«.  niaiii' 
ivsU'A  to  detect  the  spI•ill,l,^s  (»f  every  jKilitieal  iiioveineiit  nf  tlieir  iu'io||lM,iir>. 
Missions  hecaine  fre(inent,  and  actrechted  agents  were  stationed,  as  a  Mit  of 


honourahle  sjiies,  at  tfie  diljerent  courts.  The  srience  of  diidoniacy,  on  narruucr 
Kionnds,  indeed,  than  tiiose  on  which  it  is  now  practised,  Ite^'an  io  In*  stiidii"!.' 
tSchenies  of  a;,fj.!;ression  and  resistance,  leadiiii:  to  political  coinliinati()ii>  tii' 
most  complex  ami  extended,  were  ;^nadiiallv  fornuMl.  We  uvv.  not  to  imaLriiif, 
lioweviM',  the  existenct;  of  any  well-detined  ideas  of  a  halance  of  jiowor  at  tins 
early  perio*!.  Theohject  tif  tliest!  condtinations  was  some  positive  act  of  a;;i.'n^- 
sioM  or  resistance,  for  purpose's  (»f  conquest  or  defence,  not  lor  tlic  inajn. 
tenance  of  any  abstract  the(»ry  of  political  eiinilibrium.  This  was  the  rt>ult 
of  much  deeper  retlction,  and  of  prolonueij  experience. 

The  management  of  the  forei;:n  relations  of  the  nation  at  the  dose  of  the 
fifteenth  century  was  resi;;ned  wholly  to  the  .^^overeiKn.  The  jieople  tdnk  iki 
further  part  or  interest  in  the  matter  tiian  if  it  had  concerned  oidy  tlic  (li>i.M. 
sition  of  his  private  property.  His  measures  were,  tlier^tfore,  often  cfiarai  tcii/c'l 
by  a  de^re<'  of  temerity  and  precipitation  that  could  not  have  been  pcimittfil 
under  the  salutary  checks  atlbrded  by  popular  interposition.  A  straii^i  in- 
sensibility, indeed,  was  shown  to  the  rl^dits  and  interests  of  the  nation.  War 
was  re;^arded  as  a  ^ame,  in  which  the  soverei^^n  parlies  en;4a,i;ed,  not  "U  lichalf 
of  their  subjects,  lait  exclusively  on  their  own.  Like  desperate  pinddcrs  tht y 
contended  for  the  spoils  or  tlu;  honours  of  victory  with  so  nnich  the  inon' 
reckle>sness  as  their  own  st;ition  was  too  elevated  to  l)e  materially  iircjinliicMl 
hy  tli(!  n^sults.  They  contended  with  all  the  animosity  of  jiersuiial  fcclin;: ; 
every  device,  however  jialtry,  was  resorted  t(» ;  and  no  advantage  was  (KrntM 
unwarrantable  which  could  tend  to  secure  the  victoiy.  The  most  priilli::at(' 
maxims  of  state  i)olicv  were  openly  avowed  b^  men  of  repiiteil  honour  and 
integrity.  In  short,  the  diplomacy  <»f  that  day  is  very  generally  cliaiiu  tcii/.i'l 
l)y  a  low  cunning,  subterfuge,  and  petty  trickery  whicli  would  leave  an  imlf- 
hble  stain  on  the  transactions  of  private  individuals. 

Italy  was,  doubtless,  the  great  school  where  this  political  morality  was 
taught.  That  country  was  broken  up  into  a  number  of  small  states,  ton  neaiiy 
e(iual  to  allow  the  al)solute  supiemacy  of  any  one,  while  at  the  saine  tinu' it 
demanded  the  most  restless  vigilance  on  the  part  of  each  to  maintain  its  imif- 
jiendence  against  its  neighbours.  Hence  such  a  complexity  of  intrigues  iiiid 
combinations  as  the  world  had  never  before  witnessed.  A  subtile,  ivtiiicd 
policy  was  conformable  to  the  genius  of  the  Italians.  It  was  partly  the  result, 
moreover,  of  their  higher  cultivation,  which  naturally  led  them  to  trust  tho 
settlement  of  their  disjtutes  to  su[»erior  intellectual  dexterity,  rather  tluiii  t^ 
brute  force,  like  the  harharians  beyond  the  Ali)s.'  From  these  and  otluT 
CiUhses,  maxims  were  grathially  estabUshed  so  monstrous  in  their  nature  as  t" 


"  The  "  Lcga/ioiio,"  or  ofTlciftl  corroBpond- 
enco  (if  Miiiliiiivelli  wliil^'  statioiiril  at  tlie 
(iilTorpiit  I'iuroix'tin  courts,  iniiy  bo  rc(;(iriled 
as  tilt'  most  coinplcti'  inuimtil  of  (liploimicy 
a8  it  existed  fit  tlic  bpniiiuiiij:  of  tho  sixti'ciith 
century.  It  affords  more  copidus  aiul  lUiiuuH 
iut'Driniition  nspcctlii^;  the  iutorior  \vorkiiij;s 
of  the  (ioxcrmnciiiM  wiih  which  he  rcsidid 
than  is  to  he  found  in  any  rcfinlar  history; 
aud  it  allows  the  variety  and  e.\te»t  of  duties 


attached  to  the  ofllce  of  resident  niinisttrl'rnm 
the  firKt  niouient  of  its  creation. 

■'  "Scd  din,"  says  ■'^allust,  notiiiiip  ili'' 
sii  liiar  conse(|uencc  of  increased  rriliii'intiit 
anioPR  the  ancients,  •'  niaRnuni  inter  nuirlal"  s 
certi'.nien  fuil,  vine  corporis  an  viruti;  aiim  i 
n  s  liiilitaris  niajiis  jirocederet.  .  .  .  'I'uin  il'- 
nnini  periculo  atipie  ne^;otiis  compel tiiiu  '■'. 
in  hello  plurimum  iuKeuium  posse."  '■'■"'i'" 
Catiliuarium,  cup.  1,  2. 


l^fUuiu 


EXI'EDITION  OF  CHARLES  VIII. 


ann 


iiorality  «;is 
's,  too  nearly 
vjiiiu'  tiiiit'  It 
aiii  its  imic- 


,  minister  from 


jrivp  till'  \v(irk  whirh  Hist  cuilMxlio.l  tlicni  In  a  rt'^rtilarhystoin  tlic  air  of  a  satire 
riitliiM'  than  a  st-rinns  |»t'if(tniiiini  c,  while  the  n/nie  of  its  jiuthor  has  heen  eon- 
Mitfl  iiitoji  by  won  1  fur  |iiihti(al  kn.ivrrv.* 

At  the  |if'ri<»l  hefiirc  us,  the  |nini'i]ial  .stutps  of  Italy  wore  the  rojnilthcs  ctf 
Vi'iiire  aii'l  l-'lnitMHe,  the  <hithy  nf  Milan,  the  papal  sec,  and  th«'  kinudnm  nf 


Nn|t|('>.  The  othiTs  may  he  reuanletl  merely  as  satellit4's,  revulvinn  roiiinl 
siiiiifune  or  other  of  these  sii|nTior  powers,  liy  wjiotn  their  respeetive  move- 
nit'iits  were  reuulate*!  and  controlleil.  Venire  may  ho  eonsjilered  as  the  most 
foriiiiilahle  of  the  Italian  powers,  taking'  into  consideration  lier  wealth,  her 
piunful  navy,  her  territory  in  the  north,  and  lier  jirimcly  cctlonial  domain. 
TlitTc  was  no  jxoverinndnt  in  that  aue  which  attracted  such  general  admiration, 
Iwith  from  natives  and  forei^'ners,  who  seemed  to  have  looked  up(tn  it  as  ath>rd- 
in:  thf  very  best  model  of  polili(uil  wisdom.*  Vet  there  was  n(»  ((Hintry  where 
till' citi/eii  enjoyed  less  positive  freedom;  nono  whose  forfi;^'n  lelations  were 


mlui  ted  with  more  al»solute  sclfishiK'ss,  and  with  a  more  luirrow,  liar;.'ainin'4 
spirit,  savoiiriim  rather  of  a  company  of  traders  than  of  a  ^rent  and  powerful 
state,  lint  all  this  was  compensated,  in  the  eyes  of  her  contemporaries,  hy 
the  staliility  of  her  institutions,  which  still  remained  unshaken  amidst  revolu- 
tions which  had  convulsed  or  overturned  every  other  social  fahric  in  Italv." 

Tli('i;ovtMiunent  of  Milan  was  at  this  time  under  the  direction  of  Lodovico 
SfiMv.a,  or  liO(lovico  the  Moor,  as  lie  is  commoidy  called  ;  an  epithet  suLTuested 
k  his  complexion,  hut  one  which  he  willinuly  retained,  as  indi(  atiui,'  the 
siipcriitr  craftiness  on  which  he  valned  himself.'  lie  iield  the  reins  in  the 
niiiin'  of  his  nephew,  then  a  minor,  nntil  a  convenient  season  should  arrive  for 
a-suiiiiiiu'  tlicm  in  his  own.  His  cool,  perlidioiis  character  was  stained  with 
the  wi)r>t  vices  of  the  most  |)rotli;4ate  class  of  Italian  statesmen  of  that  pericxl. 

The  iciitral  jiarts  of  Italy  were  occupied  hy  the  repuhlic  of  Florence,  which 
li;ii|e\cr  heen  the  rallyin;,'-point  of  the  friends  of  freedom,  toooftiMi  of  faction, 
but  which  hail  now  resii^ned  itself  to  the  d(»miiiion  of  the  .Medici,  whose  cniti- 
vateil  tastes  and  nuinificent  natrona^'O  shed  a  splendid  illusion  over  their 
atliiiiiii^ration,  which  blinded  tlie  eyes  of  contemporaries,  and  even  of  posterity. 

The  jiajtal  chair  was  tille(l  by  Alexander  the  Sixth,  a  pontitl"  whose  liien- 
ti"iisiiess,  avarice,  and  unl)luslnn,i,^  etlrontery  have  l>een  the  theme  of  unmin",ded 
rt'pni;i<li  with  Catholic  as  well  as  Protestant  writers.  His  preferment  was 
etieited  by  lavish  bribery,  and  liy  his  consinnmate  address,  as  well  as  ener/^'y 
of  cliaracter.  Althou^di  a  native  Spaniard,  his  election  was  extremely  unpahi- 
tiible  tu  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  deprecated  the  scandal  it  must  l»:in^ 


'  MiicliiiiV'lliV  political  trcatlsos,  his  "  Pi  in 
fi[i''"  iiml  "  llisoorsi  supra  Tito  l.ivio,"  which 
iplM'aml  after  his  doatli,  excilcil  no  scandal 
itthi'tlni"  iif  th'ir  j)u))li(ation.  Tln'y  came 
into  til"  world,  iiidi'i'd,  from  thi'  pontifical 
pr"«,  (ind'T  tii(>  j)rivil('K(>  of  tlic  rcijfiiing 
P't  ''['•iiHMit  VII.  It  was  not  until  tliirty 
VHsr-  lattT  tliat  thoy  wtTt;  placed  in  tlio 
Iiiil'X ,  and  tiiis  not  from  any  exceptions 
tilvcn  to  file  immorality  of  their  doctrines, 
as  liintMi'  ;o  jms  well  proved  (Histoire  littc- 
riir-' (i'ltal  e  (I'aris,  1811-19),  torn.  viii.  pp. 
^-.  ;4\  hilt  from  the  Imputations  they  con- 
tained (111  ilic  CI  iirt  of  Home. 

'  "  Ai|iitl  Sonado  6  Scfioria  de  Venocianof," 
wy<  lioiizalo  de  Oviedo,  "donde  me  parecc 
i  mi  i|u-  esta  recofjido  todo  el  saIxT  e  pru- 
'I'li'ist  lie  los  homlires  humanos ;  jioniue  es 
l4({i'Uti' di-l  muiido  ([lie  uu-jor  so  sahe  jrobet- 
lir;  tj   Li   r^puLdica,   que  maa  tkuipo    hi 


durado  on  ol  mundo  por  la  hnena  forma  df>  fu 
rejjimient",  6  donde  con  niejor  mai  em  h/in 
los  liomlireH  vivido  en  coniunidid  ,^in  tener 
Iley  ;  "  etc.  Quinciugenas,  .MS.,  bat.  1,  quiiic. 
3,  dial.  44. 

"  Of  all  the  Incense  which  poets  and  poli- 
tiiiiins  have  offered  to  the  Queen  of  the 
Adriatic,  none  is  more  exqui-ite  tiiaii  that 
conveyed  in  these  few  lines,  wliere  Saima/Hro 
notice.s  her  pi^sition  na  the  Inihsurii  of 
Christendom  . 

"Una  Italum  rogina,  alti  iiiiielierrimallomai 

..Kmula,  qu!v  terri*,  (|U:i  ao:iiin:iriH  afpiis! 

Tu  tliii  velreges  lives  Ucis;  (>  d'  ci  ■  '  O  lux 

Ausiini^',  i)er  juam  lih'Ta  turha    i;;nus  ; 
Per  <iuam  barb;i.ri''s  i.obis  iioii  iniji  !  ;i  ,  et  Sol 
Kxuriens  niistr..  clnriiis  orbo  Mii.  .     " 

('jier.i  Lutina,  lib,  :;,  ( 'o'-;.  I,  95. 

'  Guicdardini,  istoria,  tuui.  i.  lib,  3,  p.  147. 


334 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


upon  the  cliurch,  an<l  who  had  little  to  hope  for  thomselves,  in  a  politiijil  view 
from  the  elevation  of  one  of  their  own  suhjects  even,  whose  mercenary  spirit 
])la('(Ml  hill)  at  the  cdiitrol  of  the  hiL;h(^st  hiddcr.' 

The  NeaiMilitan  sceptre  was  swayeil  hy  Ferdinand  the  First,  wh()S(>  father. 
Alfonso  the  Fifth,  the  nncle  of  Ferdinand  of  Ara.uon,  had  ol)t'iined  the  cmuii 
by  the  adoption  of  Joanna  of  Naiih^s,  or  rather  by  hi>  own  ^(K.d  swi.ril. 
Alfonso  settled  his  con(iueston  his  ide;j:it! mate  son  Ferdinand,  to  the  prcjiiduc 
of  the  rijihts  of  Ara^on,  by  whose  blood  .ir.:l  treasure  he  ha<l  achieved  it 
Ferdinand's  character,  ihe  very  opjiosite  of  his  noble  father's,  was  dark,  wilv, 
and  ferocious.  His  life  was  spent  in  coidlict  with  his  urwit  feudal  imliiHty, 
many  of  whom  supi)orted  the  pretensions  of  the  Angevin  family.  Kut  his 
superior  craft  enahled  him  to  foil  (!very  attempt  of  his  enemies,  in  ctrcctini.' 
this,  indeed,  he  shrunk  from  no  deed  of  trwichery  or  violence,  however  atr(M  iiiii<, 
and  in  the  end  had  the  satisfaction  of  estiiblishini;  liis  authority,  undisinitcil, 
on  the  fears  of  his  snl)iects.  He  was  about  seventy  years  of  age  at  the  |icrioi| 
of  which  we  are  treating,  14!>,S.  The  heir  apparent,  Alfonso,  was  (Mjually 
sanguinary  in  his  temper,  though  possessing  less  talent  for  dissimulatidii  thaii 
Ins  f-  jier. 

Such  was  the  character  of  the  principal  Italian  courts  at  the  close  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  politics  of  the  country  were  necessarily  regulated  hv 
the  temper  and  views  of  the  leading  [)owers.  They  were  essentially  scltlsh 
and  i>ersonal.  The  ancient  rei)ublican  forms  had  been  gradually  etia<vd 
during  this  century,  and  more  arbitrary  ones  introduced.  The  name  of 
fretidom,  indeed,  was  still  inscribed  on  their  banners,  but  the  sidrit  had 
disappeared.  In  almost  every  state,  great  or  small,  some  military  aUveiilurer 
or  crafty  statesman  had  succeeded  in  raising  his  own  authority  on  the  lil)erties 
of  his  country  ;  and  his  s((le  aim  seemed  to  be  to  enlarge  it  still  further,  and 
to  secure  it  against  the  conspiracies  and  revolutions  which  the  remiiiisceiKcof 
ancient  independence  naturally  cnlled  forth.  Such  was  the  case  with  Tuscany, 
Milan,  Naples,  and  the  numerous  subordinate  states.  In  Rome,  the  I'oiititl' 
proposed  no  liiglier  object  than  the  concentration  of  wealth  and  public  hoii(»iirs 
in  tlie  hands  o?  his  own  family.  In  short,  the  aduunistration  of  every  st^Uc 
seemed  to  be  managed  with  exclusive  reference  to  the  personal  interests  of  its 
chief.  Venice  was  the  only  [)ower  of  sufficient  strength  and  stahihly  to 
engage  in  more  extended  schemes  of  policy,  and  even  these  were  coiulucted. 
as  has  been  already  noticeil,  in  the  narrow  and  calculating  spirit  of  a  trading' 
corporation. 

But  while  no  spark  of  generous  patriotism  seemed  to  warm  the  bosoms  of 
the  Italians,  while  no  sense  of  j)id)Iic  good,  or  even  menace  of  foreign  iuva-^inii, 
could  bring  them  to  act  in  concert  with  one  another,"  the  internal  coudiliini 
of  the  country  was  enunently  prosperous.  Italy  had  far  outstripped  the  rest 
of  Europe  in  the  various  arts  of  civilized  life  ;  and  she  everywhere  atlVmled 
the  evidence  of  faculties  developed  by  unceasing  intellectual  action.  Thefaoo 
of  the  country  itself  was  like  a  garden  ;  "  cultivated  through  all  its  plains  to 

qnamvisconim  (litionariuni.  porvenissp.  Vr- 
rentur  namque  iie  illiuscuiiiiliins,  iiP  iUiiMti", 
no  (qiKjdfiravUi^)  iiinUities  tUialisChri-tiaDiini 
rpliKii)ii('iii  in  imvccps  traliat."    Kpist   u;t. 

'  A  rciiiark.il.lp  example  of  tlii'<  nciiirrcil  in 
the  iniddlo  of  ttu'  rifloeiitii  century,  '.vIkm  tin' 
inunilution  of  tl.»  Turks,  wiiidi  secnitii  p.iiiy 
to  iiurst  upon  tlioih,  ;.l"tor  ovcrwlirlininn  ili'- 
Aral'iaii  and  (ireek  enipires,  liiul  ii"  |"'\wrt' 
ptill  tiie  vuicp  of  faction,  or  to  concent iii!i>  t  ,i' 
attention  of  the  Italian  stati'S,  even  fvr  a 
mument. 


"  Peter  Mart>T,  Opus  Epist.,  eplst.  119, 
12;j. — Kleury,  Histoire  occlesiastique,  contin. 
(Paris,  17:ii'),  toin.  xxiv.  lib.  117,  p.  ."its.— 
Peter  Martyr,  whose  reside.iceand  rank  at  tlie 
Spaiiisli  court  pave  hiui  access  to  tlie  best 
poiirces  of  information  as  to  tiie  repute  in 
wliicli  tile  new  pontiff  was  held  there,  ex- 
presses himself  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Cardinal 
Sforza,  who  iiad  assisted  at  liis  e!ecti<»n,  in  the 
following  tmequivocal  lant;u.iKe  :  "  Sed  hoc 
habeto,  priiiceps  ilUistrissime,  non  placnisso 
meis  llegibus  poiitilicatuiu  ad  Alexandrum, 


EXPEDITION  OP  CHARLES  VIII. 


3.35 


tolitiral  view, 
cejiary  spirit 

'hose  father, 
''1  the  cniwn 
.uodd  swi.rij. 
^lic  tircjiidKr 
adiicvcil  it 
s  I  lark,  wily, 
ilal  iKiliilitv. 

ly.    I>iit  hh 

in  ctrcrtiiii; 

'er  atrfMimis 
^nlli^])llt(■l!, 
it  tlie  pt'riiMl 
was  (Mjiially 
ulatiiiii  tliaii 

close  of  tlio 

■e,i,Milatci|  jiv 

itially  scIiinIi 

tally  olia<r(l 

lie  iiaiiic  of 

!  siiirit  hiul 

^  ailveiiturcr 

tlio  lilicrtics 

fui'th(>r,  ami 

liiiisceiK'c  of 

th  Tus(aiiy, 

,  the  poiitiit' 

)li(.'  honours 

every  .stato 

erests  of  its 

stability  to 

coiuiucfpil. 

f  a  trailing 

liosoiiis  of 

n  invasion, 

cdiidition 

ed  the  ro-^t 
e  attonlrd 
The  face 

■cs  iiluins  to 

iTiiisso.  Vf- 
s.  no  ;iiiiMli", 
;('hri-tianani 
Kpist  li:i. 
s  iiciiirri'il  in 
ry,  '.vlii'ii  till' 
;('(';ni<l  naiiy 
hclininn  tli'' 

nil  pnurr til 
icontrali'  t'.e 

evfi!  fur  a 


the  very  tops  of  the  mountains ;  tcominc;  with  population,  with  riches,  a!i<l 
an  unlnniteil  connnerce  ;  illustrated  hy  many  nniniticent  princes,  Iw  the 
splend'Hir  of  many  nohle  and  hwiutiful  cities,  and  by  the  majesty  of  reIi,i,non  ; 
and  ailorned  with  all  tho.se  rare  and  precious  fjifts  which  render  a  name 
piiirioiis  amonir  the  naticjns."  '"  Such  are  the  cjlowin^  strains  in  whi(  h  the 
Tusian  historian  celehrates  the  prosperity  of  his  country,  ere  yet  the  storm  of 
war  had  descended  on  her  beautiful  valleys. 

This  scene  of  domestic  tranquillity  was  destined  to  be  ciianged  by  that 
torrihlc  invasion  which  the  ambition  of  L(Hlovico  Sforwi  brouirht  upon  his 
ciiiiiMy.  lie  had  already  or^^anized  a  coalition  of  the  northern  powers  of 
Italy,  to  defeat  the  interference  of  the  king  of  Naples  in  behalf  of  Ids  giand- 
y.n,  the  rightful  (hike  of  Milan,  whom  his  uncle  held  in  subjecti(»n  during  a 
irotrarted  minority,  while  he  exerci.sed  all  the  real  functions  of  sovereignty  in 
lis  name.  Not  feeling  sufficiently  -secure  from  his  Italian  confederacy,  Sforza 
invited  the  king  of  France  to  revive  the  hereditary  claims  of  the  hou.se  of 
Anion  to  the  crown  of  Naples,  |)romisingto  aid  him  in  the  enterj>rise  with  aM 
his  resources.  In  this  way,  this  wily  politician  jtroposed  to  <livert  the  .storm 
fr^ni  his  own  head,  by  giving  Ferdinand  sufHci<'nt  occujjatioii  at  home. 

The  throne  of  France  was  at  that  time  filled  by  (.Iharles  the  Eighth,  a 
monarch  scarcely  twenty-two  years  of  age.  His  father,  Louis  the  Eleventh, 
had  uiven  him  an  education  un])Ccoming  not  only  a  great  prince,  bii':  even 
a  private  gentleman.  He  would  allow  Ir'ni  to  learn  no  other  Latin,  says 
l'rant(''iiie,  than  his  favourite  maxim,  "  (^ui  nescit  dis.simulare,  nescit  reg- 
iiare.'"  Charles  made  some  amends  for  this,  though  with  little  judgment, 
in  later  life,  wlien  left  to  his  own  disposal.  His  favourite  studies  were  tlie 
exjiloits  of  celebrated  conciuerors,  of  (Ja?sar  and  Charlemagne  particularly, 
which  filled  his  young  mind  with  vagnie  and  visionary  ideas  of  glory.  These 
dreams  were  still  further  nouiished  bv  the  tourneys  and  other  chivalrous 
spectacles  of  the  age,  in  which  he  delighted,  until  he  seems  to  have  imagined 
liimsolf  some  doughty  paladin  of  romance,  destined  to  the  achievement  of 
a::ran(l  and  perilous  enterprise.  It  affords  .some  proof  of  tliis  exalted  state 
of  his  imagination,  that  he  gave  his  only  son  the  name  of  Orlando,  after  the 
telehrati'd  hero  of  Roncesvalles.'^ 

With  a  mind  thus  excited  by  chimerical  visions  of  military  glory,  he  lent 
a  willing  ear  to  the  artful  propositions  of  Sforza.  In  the  extravagance  of 
vanity,  fed  by  the  adulation  of  interested  jiarasites,  he  affected  to  regard  the 
cnter|>ri.se  against  Naples  as  only  o]iening  the  way  to  a  career  of  more 
.■splendid  coiKjuests,  whidi  were  to  terminate  in  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
and  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  He  even  weiit  so  far  as  to  purchase 
of  Andrew  Paleologus,  the  nei>liew  and  heir  of  Constantine,  the  last  of  the 
C'a'sais,  his  title  to  the  Greek  empire." 

X(tthing  could  be  more  unsound,  according  to  the  principles  of  the  present 
flay,  than  Charles's  claims  to  the  crown  of  Naples.  Without  discussing  the 
ori-inal  pretensions  of  the  rival  houses  of  Aragon  and  Anjou,  it  is  sufhcient 
to  state  that  at  the  time  of  Charles  the  Eighth's  invasion  the  Ne^apolitan 
throne  had  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Aragonese  family  m(»re  than  half 
a  century,  under  three  successive  princes  solemnly  recognized  l»y  the  people, 

1°  <^tiUi  innlini,  Istori.i,  torn.  5,  lib.  1.  p.  '2. 
Uraiitc'iiiiP,   Vies  dos   lloimno.s  iUustrcfl, 
fKuvrps  11)111]. lotea  (Paris,  18',i!2-3),  toin.    ii. 
•i'-i'-  I,  l')).  2.  20. 

"  Si>tii.'iiili,  Hist,  dca  Fran<;als,  torn,   xv, 
p.  IIJ  -iJaiUanl,  Uivalito.  toin.  iv.  pp   2,  :<. 

I  'ani.  Histuiro  dc  la  l'<'iniMi(iii('  di'  Vcniso 
(iWis.  is21),  torn.  iii.  liv.  2o.— See  the  deed 


of  cpssloii,  In  tlip  irn'niciir  nf  M.  dc  lonco- 
iimtfrip.  (Mf'iiiuirf'f^  di-  rAtadpniic  dt-H  Ii\- 
Hiri|itii'ns  ct  lldlcs  !  ••tires,  timi  xvii.  pp. 
hA%  fiT".!.')  'lh\^  dm  iiiiiirit,  as  urll  as  s.>tiie 
iitlnTs  vvliicli  (i])j)".iri(i  I'll  the  ov^  i>t  Cliarlfs's 
•■xpi  (litioii.  lircdtiips  a  t"ni'  of  t^uixotic  ami 
ri  lipioiis  ciitlni'^iasni  that  iransports  U9  liack 
to  the  days  of  the  crueades. 


330 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


paiiftiohod  by  repeated  invostittircs  of  tho  pajial  snzornin,  and  admitted  bv 
all  the  state!.;  of  Kurojii",  If  all  this  did  not  ^ive  validity  to  tlieir  tillf,  wiifi, 
was  the  iia'Jon  to  expect  re]iose^  Charles's  claim,  on  the  other  li.iiitj,  was 
derivcfl  originally  fmni  a  testamentary  bennest  of  Rem',  count  of  i'n.vciiic. 
operating;-  to  the  exclusion  of  the  son  of  his  own  dau^diter,  the  rightful  lien' 
of  the  hou.se  of  Anjou  ;*  Najdes  heinj;  too  notoriously  a  female  tief  toatlnrl 
any  jiretext  for  the  action  of  the  Salic  law.  The  pretensions  of  Fcnliiia.M 
of  Spain,  as  representative  of  tlie  legitimate  branch  of  Aragon,  wore  far 
more  plausible.'* 

independently  of  the  defects  in  Charles's  title,  his  position  was  siidia^^to 
make  the  projected  expetlition  every  way  impolitic.  A  misuiKhMstandint;  lia.l 
for  some  tnne  subsisted  between  him  and  the  Snanish  sovereigns,  aii(l  hv  ^va^ 
at  open  war  with  Germany  and  England  ;  so  tiiat  it  \\as  oidy  l)y  lariiv  cuii. 
cessions  that  he  could  hope  to  secure  their  ac([uiescence  in  an  eiiteriiri>,'  most 
precarious  in  its  character,  and  where  even  complete  success  coiilil  ho  of  m, 
jiermanent  b?neiit  to  his  kingdom,  "ile  did  not  understand,"  says  \()ltaiR'. 
"that  a  dozen  villages  adjacent  to  one's  territory  are  of  more  valiic  thaii 
a  kingdom  four  hundnid  leagues  distant.'"'*  Ry  the  treaties  of  Etaiilcs  ami 
Scidis,  lie  purchased  a  reconc  illation  with  Henry  the  Seventh  of  Kn-lainl, 
and  with  iMaximilian,  the  emjieror  elect  ;  and  finally,  by  that  of  JJaiLdiuia, 
cli'ected  an  amicable  adjustment  of  his  dithc\dties  with  Si)ain."* 

This  treaty,  which  involved  the  restoration  of  Roussillon  and  Conlaiine. 
was  of  great  importance  to  tne  crown  of  Aragon,  These  provinces,  it  will 
be  remembered,  bad  been  originally  mortgaged  V)y  Ferdinand's  father,  Kin- 
John  the  Second,  to  Louis  tlic!  Eleventh  of  Fraiu'e,  for  the  sum  cf  tlnw 
hundred  thousand  crowns,  in  consideration  of  aid  to  be  aHbrded  by  the  latter 
monarch  against  the  Catalan  insurgents.  Although  the  stipulated  Mini  had 
never  been  jiaid  by  Aragon,  yet  a  plausihle  pretext  for  reipuring  the  n-stitu- 
tion  was  ad'orded  by  Louis  the  Eleventh's  incomplete  performaiue  of  his 
engagements,  as  well  as  by  the  ample  reimbursement  which  the  Freiuh 
government  had  already  derived  from  the  revenues  of   these  countries." 


'*  Tlio  coiiflutin^  claims  of  Aiijoii  and 
Aragdii  arc  stated  at  h'ligtii  tiy  Ciaillard,  wiili 
niore  ciuiditur  and  impart iulity  tliaii  were  to  bo 
ex|K-i;tiii  n-um  a  Friiiih  writer,  (.llintoire  du 
Fran9i)i8  1.  (I'aris,  17(i'.t).  toiu.  i.  \)\>,  71-'.'',2.) 
Tiiey  form  tiie  snljoct  of  a  juvenile  essay  of 
(iiblxMi,  in  which  we  may  discern  tho  ^orms 
of  niany  (if  tii(>  jx-culiarities  wiiicii  afterwards 
charaetirizod  tlie  liistoriaii  of  tiio  Decliiio  and 
Fall.  Miscoilanodi's  Works  (London,  1814), 
vol.  iii.  jip.  'imi  'ITI. 

''■"  Eisai  sur  les  M(oiirs,  chap.  lOV. — His 
politic  father,  I.imis  XI.,  acted  on  tliis  prin- 
ciple, i"or  lie  made  no  attempt  to  maintain  ins 
preten>ions  toXai)les;  altlmngh  Malily  alTects 
to  doiilit  whetlier  this  wasn^t  the  resnlt  of 
necessity  rather  than  jiolicy,  "11  est  douteux 
si  cette  luoderation  liil  roiivrape  d'une  C'.n- 
noissance  approl'ondie  do  tew  vrais  interCts, 


ou  Houlenient  do  cetto  defiance  qiril  avuit  dfs 
ftrands  de  gon  royaiuno,  et  ipi'il  n'o^nit  prrdre 
de  vue."  Observation.s  siir  I'liistujn'  de 
trance,  UMivres(  I'aris,  1794-51,  liv.  (i.ih.if  .4. 

"■  Fiassan,  Histcjire  de  la  Diplonuilit  Iraii- 
^aise  (I'aris,  l,S09),  torn.  i.  I'p.  •i5»-2r)9.- 
Dumont,  ('orps  nnivorsol  diploiuatiquo  du 
Droit  des  (jens  (Auisterdam,  17'.!C-:J1),  tem. 
iii.  pp.  V97-300. 

'•  See  tlie  narrative  of  tho8(>  transactien'  in 
the  tiMh  and  sixth  chapters  of  I'.irt  I  ef  this 
History. — Most  historians  seem  to  tai<e  it  fur 
grantul  that  Louis  XL  advaiK<d  a  sum 't 
money  to  the  king  of  Aragon;  ami  smUh; 
state  that  payment  <.f  the  debt  fer  wliirh  tho 
l>rovincos  were  n.ortfiapced  was  siibsicjii'iitly 
tendered  to  the  French  king.  C>ee,  m\m\i^ 
otluTs,  Sisnioiidi,  Republi()ues  Italic  nn-^, 
torn.  xii.  p.  93.— Roscoe,  Life  and  P^^utificate 


•  [This  is  Fomewhat  incorrectly  stated. 
Tiie  Frencli  claim  was  dc  ri\e(l,  not  from  the 
tesiamoni  of  Ueiie,  undtT  whiili  Ins  nephew, 
Charles  of  !\!'ii"",  .succeeded  him,  in  .Fuly, 
ll-*o,  as  count  of  Provence  and  titular  kiiip; 
of  Sicily,  but  from  the  will  of  tliis  latter 
priucc,  who  died  childless  iu  Uecember,  \\><\, 


coupled  with  alleged  earlier  settlements  unit- 
ing Naplis  and  I'lovence,  with  the  efT'i:.  a.~ 
\Kas  maintaiiiid,  of  excluding  female  tiia?nlies 
from  the  succi  8Ki<;u.  Conf  C'euiines.  .M'- 
moires,  liv.  7,  chap.  1,  and  dociniM  in?  ii. 
Lenglet,  lom.  iii.  pp.  324-336,  torn.  iv.  par  i, 
pp.  5-13.— Eu.j 


EXPEDITION  OF  CHARLES  VIII. 


337 


uln  lit  toil  l,v 
'  tillf,  wiifii 
r  liaiid,  was 
if  J'nivciirc, 
•iuhtfiil  heir 
jet  to  affnrl 
t  Fenliiiii.vi 
11,  wore  far 

s  such  a<  t" 
tauiliiii:  ha^l 
JUid  111'  \va> 
y  lar,i;v  ci.!,. 
L'rpii>,'  iiiii>t 

lu    llO  of  110 

lys  \'oltaire, 
value  thaii 
Ktajik's  ami 
nf  Kuulainl, 
i  liarceiona, 

I  ("cnlapie, 
iiccs,  it  will 
"atlicr,  Kiii^' 
111  i>{  tliRr 
)y  the  latter 
ed  Mini  had 
the  R>titu- 
nice  of  his 
the  P'reiirh 
cuuutrie.s.'' 

n'il  avoit  des 
n'lxi'it  pt-nlro 
rilistujri'  i)e 
iv.  ti,i:ti  ip.4. 
lumtk  Kraii- 

im.itiquo  ilii 
:;o-:in,  t"iii. 

iiisactiims  in 
irt  1  »( this 
)  taki'  it  fur 
(i  a  siiiii  I'f 
;  ami  shuh! 
.r  whWh  tlip 
iilis>iiti"iitly 

pre,   .illlullg 

liali'iiii'S 
d  I'.jutifkate 


■nuiits  uiiif 
111.'  rffn;.  ll^ 
ial'"livdin!i'5s 
iiuiiiii'!*,  M<" 
iiciiin<nt.«  iii 
iv.  par  -', 


This  treaty  had  long  been  a  priiicii)al  object  of  Ferdinand's  policy.  He  had 
i.Mt,  imleeil,  c<»ntiiie(I  liiniseif  to  negotiatiuii,  hut  hud  made  active  dcnion- 
stratious  uiore  than  once  of  occiipyin,u  tiie  contested  tenitniy  by  force. 
\,>u'ntiivtion,  however,  was  innre  consonant  to  his  liabitiial  policy  ;  and,  after 
tiie  teriiiina'uon  of  the  Moorisii  war,  he  pressed  it  with  the  utmost  vigour, 
rojiairin^;  \wLh  the  (pieen  to  Jiarcelona,  in  order  to  watch  over  the  delilx^rations 
of  the  envoys  of  '  .e  two  nations  at  Fi^niera.s.'* 

The  Kreucli  historians  accu>e  Ferdinand  of  ])ril)ini,'  two  ecclesiastics,  in 

■  Ji  inllueiice  at  tiieir  court,  to  make  such  a  representation  of  the  alhiir  as 

,:;iijil  alarm  the  conscience  of  the  young  monarch.     These  holy  men  insisted 

oi  the  restoration  of  Koussillon  as  an  act  of  justice  ;  since  the  sums  for 

tiiili  it  had   been  mortgaued,  tiiough  not  repaid,  had  U'en  s[)ent  in  the 

viianion  cause  of  Christendom,  the  Moorish  war.     The  soul,  they  siiid,  coulj 

•  ver  hope  to  escape  from  purgatory  until  restitution  was  ma<le  of  all  proixirty 

.lilinvfiilly  held  during  life.    His  royal  father,  Louis  the  Eleventh,  was  clearly 

!:i  this  predicament,  as  lie  himself  would  hereafter  l)e,  unless  the  Spanish 

tt'rritones  should  be  relimjuished  ;  a  measure,  moreover,  the  more  obligatory 

lii  him,  since  it  was  well  known  to  1)C  the  dying  reipiest  of  his  parent.     These 

ar.iiments  made  a  suitable  impression  on  the  yomig  moiiarcii,  and  a  still 

•■(.'li'r  on  his  sister,  the  duchess  of  Beaujeu,  who  exercised  great  influence 

r  liini,  ami  who  believed  her  own  soul  in  i)eril  of  eternal  damnation  by 
!d>rrin.j  the  act  of  restoration  any  longer.  The  etl'ect  of  this  cogent  reasou- 
:;i.'  was  no  doubt  greatly  enhanced  by  the  reckless  im[«\tiencc  of  Chaiies, 
«hi>  calculated  no  cost  in  the  prosecution  of  liis  chimerical  enterprise.  With 
:  ,i'>e  amicable  dis|)ositions  an  arrangement  was  at  length  concluded,  and 

■  dved  the  sign.utures  of  the  respective  monarchs  on  tlie  same  day,  being 

jii'd  liv  Charles  at  Tours  and  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  at  IJarcelona, 
.iuuiaiy'lDth,  1403. '» 

Ih'!  principal  articles  of  the  treaty  provided  that  the  contracting  parties 
>:iuulil  niiitually  aid  each  other  against  all  enemies  ;  that  they  should  recipro- 
cally prefer  this  alliance  to  that  with  any  other,  the  vicar  of  Chrisf.  excepted  ; 
liiiit  the  iSpanish  sovereigns  should  enter  into  no  understanding  with  any 
I'jwiT,  the  vicar  of  Christ  evcepted,  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  France ; 
tiiat  their  children  should  not  be  disposed  of  in  marriage  to  the  kings  of 
Hiiirkiul  or  of  the  llomans,  or  to  any  enemy  of  France,  without  the  French 
.%iiii:'s  consent.  It  was  finally  stipulated  that  Koussillon  and  Cerdagne 
MrAil'l  be  restored  to  Aragon,  but  that,  as  doubts  might  Ixj  entertained  to 


•  Uj  X.  (London,  1827),  vol.  i.  p.  14  7.)  The 

f.r-t  uf  ihesp  stati-mcnt.s  is  a  palpabk-  error; 

»  1  1  liinl  111!  evidence  of  tlic  last  in  any 

^ani'h  autiiority,  where,  if  truo,  it  would 

•iiirally  liavi-  lieen  noticed.     I  must,  indeed, 

pt  fi'Tiialili'/.,  wiio  saya  that  Ferdinand, 

ivinj;  ri'inid  tli(>    money,  borrowed  by  his 

■  '!iT  frmii  I,.iiiis  XI.,  to  Ciiarh'S  VIIl',  the 

■■''■r  iiKiiiarcli  rctiirn<.-d  H  to  Isalx'lla,  in  eon- 

^••ratiDii  .if  till'  nr(;at  e  ;penseH  incurred  by 

.MiMirisii   war.     k   is    a    pity   th.it   tliJfi 

"Miitic  ]m(e  of  nallantry  does  not  rest  on 

■  >  t'lil'T  authiirity  than  ihat  of  tlic  Curate 

•  l."!'  I'lilaeiiis,  who  shows  a  degree  of  ign  .r- 

•■  i'.i  tlie  first  i)art  of  his  statement  that 

■ill's  liiui  to  little  credit  in  tile  last.     In- 

■•-'1,  tile  uuithy  (.'urate,  jiltlioiigh  much  to 

'•  rtlii',1  on   f,,r   what    pisseil   in   his    own 

;r'MiRe,  uiay  he  found  fre(|uently  tripping 

-tiie  autalls  of  vliat  passe.]  out  of  It.     IkT- 


tJald 


ez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
Zurila,  Hist,  del  Hey  Herna 
cap.  4,  7,  10 


„,,.  117. 
rnando,  lib.  1, 


pociisy.  always  eiiijiloyed  priests  in 
tiii'ir  iieg.itiations :  "Carl  ute>  leui.--  leiivres 
ont  fait  meiier  et  coiidtiire  jar  teller  gens 
(reli^iieu.x),   ou   par   hypocrisie,  ou  afin    tie 

mollis  des]iclidre."      (  Nlemoite-J.  p    'IW.)     'ihe 

Ireiich  king,  liowever,  made  more  use  of  llu; 
eli'igy  in  this  viry  transaction  than  the 
Spanish.  Ziirita,  UM.  del  Key  Hernando, 
lib.  1,  cap.  1(J. 


338 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Avliich  powpr  tho  pnsspssion  of  tliose  countries  ri^htfnIly  apportaiiicd,  arhi- 
trators  nniued  hij  Ferdiii'ind  and  Isnbelbi  should  ))e  apj)oiiit<(l,  if  rcniiostt'ii 
by  tlie  Frondi  monarch,  witli  full  power  to  decide  tin;  (juestiMn,  liy  win,,,, 
judgment  the  contractin,'^'  pai'ties  nui.ually  promised  to  al.ide.  This  f;ist  m,! 
vision,  ohvionsly  too  well  ^niarded  to  jeojiard  the  interests  of  the  SpjiniJi 
sovereit^nis,  was  introduced  to  allay  in  sonic  measure  the  discontents  of  ijie 
French,  wlio  louilly  invei;^di<-d  a;4ainst  their  cabinet,  as  sacrificing  the  interests 
of  the  nation  ;  accusing,  indeed,  the  cardinal  D'AIbi,  the  principal  a-ent  in 
the  negotiation,  of  being  in  the  pay  of  Ferdinand.'" 

The  treaty  excited  ejual  surprise  and  satisfaction  in  Spain,  where  lioiis- 
sillon  was  regarded  as  of  the  last  importance,  not  merely  from  the  extent  ^f 
its  resources,  but  from  its  local  i)Osition,  which  made  it  the  key  of  Catalonia. 
The  nation,  says  Zurita,  looked  on  its  recovery  as  scarcely  less  ini])ortaiit  timn 
the  concpiest  of  ({lanada  ,  and  they  doubted  some  sinister  motive,  nnlecjitr 
ltf)Iicy  than  ajipeared  in  the  conduct  of  the  French  king.  He  was  inliut'iia'l, 
however,  by  no  deeper  jtolicy  than  the  cravings  of  a  puerile  aml)ition.''' 

The  piTparations  of  Charles,  in  the  mean  while,  excited  general  alarm 
throughout  Italy.  Ferdinand,  the  old  king  of  Nir.iles,  who  in  vain  cnilca- 
voured  to  arrest  them  by  negotiation,  had  died  m  the  beginning  uf  14!)4. 
He  was  succeeded  hv  his  son  Alfonso,  a  prince  of  bolder  but  less  pf.lit;: 
character,  and  e(pially  odious,  from  the  cruelty  of  his  disposition,  with  h;^ 
father.  He  lost  no  time  in  ]»utting  his  kingdom  in  a  posture  of  defence;  liit 
he  wanted  the  l)est  of  all  defences,  the  attachnr  nt  of  his  sulijects.  Ihs 
interests  were  suppi  rt<jd  bv  the  Florentine  repujiio  and  the  pope,  wlio>e 
family  hail  intermarried  with  the  royal  house  of  Ni'ij.les.  Venice  stood aloif, 
secure  in  her  remoteness,  unwilling  to  compromis'';  L^r  interests  by  too  pre- 
cii»itate  a  declaration  in  favour  of  either  party. 

The  European  powers  regarded  the  expedlti:  :i  of  Charles  the  Eighth  with 
somewhat  ditlerent  feelings ;  most;  of  them  .  "e  not  unwilling  to  see  so 
formidal)le  a  prince  waste  liis  resources  in  d  .emo;  j  v.nd  chimerical  expeilition; 
Ferdinand,  however,  contemplated  with  ;  lore  a;  Xijty  an  event  which  iniiih: 
terminate  in  the  snl)version  of  the  leapolittm  branch  of  his  house,  and  Idn.: 
a  powerful  and  ;  i  tive  neighbour  in  contacf.  with  his  own  dominions  in  ."^iiily. 
He  lost  no  time  iii  lortifvlng  the  faltering  courage  of  the  pope  by  assurances 
of  support.  His  ami  assad*;.  tlien  resident  at  the  papal  -ourt  was  (Jardlasvu 
de  la  Vega,  ather  .f  rlic  i!  ;strious  poet  of  that  !iame,  and  familiar  to  the 
reader  by  his  exploits  m  the  Granadine  war.  Tliis  personage  with  rare 
l>olitical  sagacity  combined  an  energy  of  jmrpose  which  could  not  fail  to  infibe 
(<iurage  into  the  hearts  of  others,  lie  urged  the  pope  to  rely  on  his  iiiiuster, 
the  king  of  Aragon,  who,  he  assured  him,  would  devote  all  his  resource'',  if 
necessary,  to  the  protection  of  his  person,  honour,  and  estate.  Alexander 
would  gladly  liave  liad  this  promise  under  the  liand  of  Ferdinand  ;  hut  the 
latter  did  not  think  it  expedient,  considering  his  delicate  relations  with 
France,  to  put  himself  so  far  in  the  power  of  the  wily  pontitt'."' 


''"  Paolo  fJiovio,  Hist.  8ui  Trniporis  (Ba- 
pilia>,  ir)7M\  lil(.  1,  p.  Hi.  — 'I'lic  troaty  of 
Hari'oliin.i  is  (rivi'ii  ac  Ifiiiith  by  Duiiioiit 
(('orps  (iipl()nmti<|ii<>.  !■  in.  iii.  pp.  '2;t7-;jU(i). 
It  is  rpii()rt('(l  with  8unii'i<'iit  inanuracy  by 
many  liistoriaiis,  wlifi  make  no  hosit.ition  In 
sayincrtiiat  Kcnlinand  expressly  Imund  liira- 
P(^lt',  liy  oni'  <if  11  (■  articles,  n(>t  to  interfere 
witii  Cliari  -'s  in"'iitated  attempt  on  Naples. 
(<Jaill:\r(!,  ({ivalite,  torn.  iv.  d.  1 1.  — V'i>liair(\ 
Essai  snr  les  Mn-urs,  diap  .OV.-  ('•  mines, 
Memuires,  liv.  8,  cbap.  2a.— Giovio,  ilLst.  sui 


Temporis,  lib.  1,  p.  16.— Variilns.  Pnlitii-y 
d'Kspapne,  on  dii  lioi  FerdinaniHAuisterdam, 

1()HH),     pp.     II,     12.— Uoscne,     I.iff   uf  1,(0  .\. 

torn.  i.  chap.  3.)  So  far  fvnni  this,  tliw  i- 
DO  alhision  whatever  to  the  pi,,p(isiMi  c\\-f\\\- 
tion  in  the  treaty,  nor  is  the  name  of  Nap:- 
o!ice  iiii'iitioiied  in  it. 

-'  Znrita.  Mi  t.  del  Rey  Hernami'i.  HI'  ' 
cap.  IS.— Abarea,  Ueyes  de  Arag"".  «' 
supra. 

'-'  ZiL-ita,  Hist,  del  Key  Tf.  rtian^lo.  liK  '■ 
cap.  28.— Bcmbo,  Lstoria  Viniziana  (Milan 


EXPEDITION  OF  CIIARLE55  VIII. 


sno 


In  the  mean  time,  Charles's  preparations  went  forward  with  the  languor 
aixl  vacillation  resulting  fron)  divided  councils  and  niultiplieii  endtarra^snicnts. 
'Nothiii;^  essential  to  the  conduct  of  a  war  was  at  liandj"  says  Coinines.  The 
kiiiu  was  very  young,  weak  in  [lerson,  headstrong  in  will,  surrounded  hy  few 
liiMivct  counsellors,  and  wholly  destitute  of  the  requisite  funds."  llis  own 
iiii|iatioii<'e,  however,  was  stimulated  by  that  of  the  youtlifid  chivalry  of  his 
cniiit,  \\lio  hurned  for  an  opportunity  of  distinction  ;  as  well  as  by  the  repre- 
M'litatioiis  of  the  Neapolitan  exiles,  who  hopeil,  under  his  protection,  to  re- 
L>talili>li  themselves  in  their  own  country.  Several  of  these,  weary  with  the 
ilrlay  already  experienced,  made  overtures  to  King  Ferdinand  to  luidertake 
the  euteriirise  on  his  own  behalf,  and  to  assert  his  legitimate  jiretensions  to 
the  crown  of  Naples,  which,  they  assured  him,  a  large  party  in  the  ((Muitrv  was 
reaily  to  sustain.  The  sagacious  monarch,  however,  knew  how  little  reliance 
was  to  lie  place<l  on  the  reports  of  exiles,  whose  imaginations  readily  exagge- 
rateil  the  amount  of  disatt'ection  in  their  own  country.  Hut,  although  the 
naMHi  had  not  yet  arrived  for  asserting  liis  own  paramount  claims,  he  was 
tlctcriiiined  to  tolerate  those  of  no  other  potentate." 

diaries  en'.ertained  so  little  suspicion  of  this,  that  in  the  month  of  June  he 
(K'-jiatihed  an  envoy  to  the  Si»anish  court,  re(|uiring  Ferdinand's  fultilmcnt  of 
the  treaty  of  J3arce!ona,  by  aiding  him  with  m.  n  and  money,  and  by  tin-owing 
epeii  his  ports  in  Sicily  for  the  French  navy.  "This  gracious  proposition," 
sus  tl.ie  Aragonese  historian,  "he  accom[)anied  with  information  of  Iris  [iro- 
jiosed  expedition  against  the  Turks  ;  stating  incidentally,  as  a  thing  of  no 
cnnsoqiience,  his  intention  to  take  Naples  by  the  way."^* 

Fenlinanil  saw  the  time  was  arriveii  for  coming  to  an  exjilicit  declaration 
with  the  French  court.  He  appointed  a  special  mission,  in  order  to  do  this  in 
tiie  least  oflensive  manner  possible.  The  person  selected  for  tliis  delicate  task 
was  Alonso  de  Silva,  brother  of  the  count  of  Cifuentes,  aiid  ■duvtro  >/i  Cala, 
trava,  a  cavalier  possessed  of  the  coolness  and  address  recpiisite  for  diplcn\.i.tic 
success.*" 

The  ambassador,  on  arriving  at  the  French  court,  fouTid  it  at  Viennc  in  all 
the  liustle  of  preparation  for  immediate  departure.  After  seeking  i\!  vain  u 
private  audience  from  King  Charles,  he  exi)lained  to  liim  the  i)urport  of  hr-. 
niissiuii  in  the  presence  of  his  coiu'tiers.  He  assured  him  of  th';  s;itisiacti''H 
which  the  king  of  Vragon  had  experienceil  at  receiving  intellig^-nce  of  his 
projooted  exj)edit''^n  against  the  infidel.  Nothing  gave  iv,  master  "'o  great 
'Hiiteiituient  as  to  see  his  brother  monarchs  emjih  Mg  their  arms  and  -'Xpend- 
iii',' their  revenues  against  the  enemies  of  the  ('■ 
•,'reater  gain  than  success  in  other  wars.  He  i 
111  the  prosecution  of  such  wars,  even  though  t! 
the  Mahometans  of  Africa,  over  whom  the  nai 
exfiusive  rights  of  conquest.  He  besought  tn< 
ile>tiiu'(l  to  so  glorious  a  purpose  against  one  oi  the  princes  of  Europe,  but  to 
rofleet  how  great  a  scandal  tnis  must  necessar-  v  bring  on  the  Christian  cause  ; 

l"i;i),  torn.  i.  lib.  •>.  pp.  nn,  119.-— Oviwio, 
^^uinaiani'iias,  MS  ,  l.ut.  1,  quiiic.  3,  dial.  43. 

'■  ('.(iiiiues,  Mt'iniiircs  liv.  7,  iiitroti. 

'  Zuriia.  Hist,  del  Ucv  !!(  rimmlo,  lib.  1, 
i«|).  '.iiJ.-  lVt>T  .Miirtyr,  Opu^^  Kpist..  cpist. 
lj:i.-fj)niliiis,  M('iuiiires,  liv.  7,  chap.  3. — 
Mariana,  Hist,  de  Ksp.ina,  torn.  ii.  iib.  '26, 
u|j.  0.— Zurita  (•■nuludi's  tlif  arp\iin«'iit.>< 
'^liicii  (jcrid.Ml  FiTditiniut  against  a>simiiiig 
till'  f'iit<  rprisp.  with  one  wliitii  iiiav  be  eoii- 
«i'i'  reij  till'  gi.st  of  till!  whole  inattiT  :  "  El 
•^.v  putoiidie   bicn  que  no  era  lan  facil  la 


;  wliere  ever,  failure  w.is 

I'd  Ferdinand's  assisUince 

hould  be  directed  against 

sanction  liad  given  Spain 

ng  not  to  employ  the  forces 


caus;i    HI-- se  pioponia."     lib.  1,  cap.  JO 

•  Zmita,  llisl.  dtl  Wy  ilcnmiido,  lib.  1, 
cap.  31. 

•'■■  Ovii  do  notices  Silva  as  one  of  t-in-e 
brothers,  ,ill  Rentle  cavalier.^,  of  iinlil'iiii-^l'ed 
lioiioiir,  ri  uitirkal'le  for  tli"  phiiiiiiess  of  tliiif 
jiersoiis,  the  elc^iaoce  and  couitesv  of  their 
nirtiiners,  and  the  ni.i^jiiilicenee  of  tlieli'  st.yle 
of  iivinfi  Tlds  one.  Alon>;o,  he  doyiiil)es  as 
a  man  o!  -  >^iM^rul:irly  clear  head.  Q^'i'^ua- 
genaa,  il"^  ,  liat.  1,  quiuc.  4. 


340 


ITALIAN  WARS 


o. 


above  all,  he  cautioned  him  a;?ainst  forming  any  designs  on  Naples,  sinw  tliat 
kin'^doni  wjus  a  fief  of  tiie  (•hiiicli,  in  wlidse  favour  an  excei»ti(in  was  ('X|in\s,v|y 
niaiU'  by  the  ticaty  of  IJjirct'lona,  wliich  reco^ni/ed  her  alHajice  and  I'lMtntioi) 
as  ])aniinoiint  tu  every  other  obligation.  Silva's  disconr.-*!  uas  rcsjiondtMl  to 
by  the  president  of  thei»arliainent  of  J'aris  in  a  formal  Latin  oration, a>MTtiiii; 


tlie  1 
erall 


generally  Charles's  right  to  Naples,  and  liis  resolution  to  enforce  it  previously 
to  his  crusade  :.,gainst  the  intidel.  As  soon  as  it  was  concluded,  the  king  niv'e 
and  abruptly  (piitted  the  apartment.'*' 

iSome  days  aft(!r,  he  interrogated  the  Spanish  ambassadf)r,  whether  his  master 
would  not,  in  case  of  a  war  with  Portugal,  feel  warranted  hy  the  terms  df  tlio 
late  treaty  in  refpuring  the  co-operation  of  France,  and  on  what  plea  tlie  lattfr 
power  could  pretend  to  Avithhold  it.  To  the  first  of  these  proi»ositions  the  am- 
bassador answered  in  the  aliirmative,  if  it  were  a  defensive  war,  hut  imt,  if  an 
ofiejisive  one.  of  his  owji  seekin;;  ;  an  exidanation  by  no  means  satisfactory 
to  the  Frencii  monarch.  Indeeil,  he  seems  nut  to  haVe  been  at  all  prc|iaiiil 
foi  this  interi»retation  of  the  comjtact.  He  had  relied  on  this,  as  securing 
Avithout  any  douht  the  non-interference  of  Ferdinand,  if  not  his  actual  o.- 
operation  in  his  designs  against  Naples.  The  clause  touching  the  ri-hts  of 
the  church  was  too  frequent  in  public  treaties  to  excite  any  particular  attfii- 
tion  ;  and  he  was  astounded  at  the  broad  ground  which  it  was  now  niailc  tu 
cover,  and  which  defeated  the  sole  object  proposed  by  the  cession  of  Hoii»i!loii. 
JJe  could  not  disguise  his  chagrin  and  indignation  at  what  he  deeiiic(j  tlic 
perfidy  of  the  Sjianish  court,  lie  refused  all  furtlier  intercourse  with  Siha, 
and  even  stationed  a  sentinel  at  his  gate,  to  prevent  his  connnunicatinn  with 
his  subjects ;  treating  him  as  the  envoy,  not  of  an  ally,  but  of  an  oiiou 
enemy.'* 

The  unexpected  and  menacing  attitude,  however,  assumed  by  Fenliiiainl, 
failed  to  arrest  the  operations  of  the  French  monarch,  who,  having  complctt'd 
his  i)reiiarations,  left  Vien;  ^^  in  the  month  of  August,  1494,  and  cros>o(l  tlio 
Alps  at  the  head  of  the  most  formidable  host  Avhich  had  scaled  that  niountain 
bai'rior  since  the  irrui)tion  of  the  nojthern  barbarians."  It  will  be  unnecessary 
to  follow  his  movements  in  detail.  It  is  sulhcient  to  remark  that  his  coiuliiet 
throughout  Avas  equally  defective  in  principle  and  hi  sound  policy.  He  ulicnatcl 
his  allies  by  the  most  signal  acts  of  nertidy,  seizing  their  fortresses  for  liiiiisclf, 
and  entering  their  caiiitals  with  all  tlie  vaunt  a.ul  insolent  i)ort  of  a  eoniiucror. 
On  Ills  approach  to  Rome,  the  pojie  and  the  cardinals  took  refuge  in  the  castle 
of  8t.  Angclo,  and  on  the  31st  of  December,  1494,  Charles  defiled  into  the  tity 
at  the  heiid  of  hi.s  victorious  chivalry  ;  if  victorious  they  could  be  called,  ulion, 
as  an  Italian  historian  remarks,  they  had  scarcely  broken  a  lance,  or  spread  a 
tent,  in  the  Avhole  of  their  progress. *° 


"'  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Ilprnaiulo,  ubl 
Biipr.i. 

-'•  |l>id.,lib.  l.cap.  31,  41. 

'■'■'  Vin«»n«'uvo,  MciDoires,  apud  Petitct.  Col- 
lection (ios  Mt'iiioirci!,  toiii.  xiv  ]>p.  2ri5.  '256. — 
Tlip  Frencii  army  consisted  of  36()<)  rciis 
d'arinos,  20,0ii0  Froiiclt  infantry,  and  x'lotj 
S\viK<,  witliuiit  inchidinp  flio  rcfrniar  camn- 
foUowers.  (Sisniondi,  Kt'■p^ltlli(|^(':^  ItaH- 
enncs.  toni.  xii.  p.  132.1  'I'lie  spli'iulour  and 
iinvilty  of  tlii'ir  a))ji»arani'e  excited  a  di'iiree 
c{'  admiration  >>.  liich  disarm' d  in  some  ni>-a- 
pnte  tlie  terror  <if  the  Irali.ms.  Pet'T  >lartyr. 
uliose  distance  I'r.'iii  th'- tlieatre  of  action  fii- 
abli'l  liim  to  col  leinplati'  inor-'  cahnly  fLe 
operation  of  events,  teheld  witL  a  proplietio 


eye  tlie  mafcnitnde  of  the  calamities  inir''nd- 
ing  over  his  (onntry.  In  one  •(  hi*  I'tt^rs, 
he  writes  thuH  .  "Sirihitnr  •  .vt'i-citum  visum 
fiii^.se  nostra  tenipestato  imllimi  iniijiiaiu 
nitidion  ui  Et  (pn  lutnri  sunt  CiiUiiii;ati« 
participes,  Carolum  aciesriue  illiiis  ac  i^ciituui 
tnnnas  landiluw  .>xtoUiiiit ;  sed  Ital'Tun;  ini- 
petiHa  instructas."  (Opii*  Kpist,.,  epist.  143  ) 
IJh  coiielvides  another  witli  thin  reinaikaMf 
pi»-licfion  :  "P<rimeri«,  (lalle.  ex  ma,i 'fi 
[lart*-,  nee  in  p'»trJani  redihis  l,«-iliir"  in- 
sej)iiltns  ,  ftt^i  tiia  non  restituet  strag-'s, 
Italia"    Ept«f    I23. 

"  (Jiiicciardini,  Is'oria,  torn,  I    lit' 
-Scipioiie     /.uinii'ato,     Istc  rie     !• 


P  :i 

-tiiiii'' 


(,F'  tn-ie,  1647 \  p.  205.— Giauiione,  Ist  rm  di 


,  sinco  tliat 
,s  cxim's.viy 

1  lilntiM  ti(i|| 
'Slinilili'il  to 

n,  a>,M'itiii,' 
;  itrcvioiisly 

r  Ills  master 
cniis  (if  tiio 
a  the  hitti-r 
)iis  tlio  am- 
t  iiut,  if  ail 
^atisfactiiiv 
.11  pn'iiaivil 
as  scciuii!.,' 
actual  cd- 
le  ri;;lits  of 
•niar  attci;- 
)\\  niailt'  to 
Kon.s>ill(iii. 

Iccllifll    till' 

with  Silva, 
catitiii  with 
)f  an  uiK'ii 

Fenliiiam], 

J  (•(iliililcted 

crusM'il  tliu 

t  iiioiiiitaiii 

niitTcs^iuv 

is  coinltid 

ealicnatcil 

ir  liiin.H'lf, 

(■(iiKiUcror. 

tilt'  (ibtle 

to  tlit>  city 

llcil,  wlioii, 

Dr  spread  a 


ituni  vi>um 

mil    iiiii|uam 
I  M.jiiiKati" 

I-  ar  lM(l:ti;iil 

lali'niiii  ini- 

.  r|.i-t,  un  ] 

ri  iiiaik.iM>' 

(x    maii'ri 

1  „-..l,i-  in- 

-(r;ip'S 

i;,.    •    p  71- 
U',  1-t  r:d  di 


EXPEDITION  OF  CHARLES  Vlll. 


341 


!ic  Italians  were  jiaiiin-struok  at  tlie  aspect  of  troops  so  (liflVrent  frotn  tlicir 
o'.Mi,anil  >o  siijK'iior  totliciii  in  oruauization. scioiice,  and  military  tMHiipiiu'iit ; 


aii'l  >ti!l  more  in  a  remorseless  ferocity  of  temjier  wliicli  lia<l  rarelv  heeii 
uitncsH'il  ill  their  own  fends.  Warfare  was  conducted  on  pci-uliar  prnicinlcs 
ill  Italy,  adapted  to  tlie  character  and  circnmstances  of  the  peo[ile.  The 
bii>iiioss  of  fighting',  in  her  tlirivinj;  comnumities,  instead  of  forming  part  of 
the  roLTuIar  jirofession  of  a  gentleman,  as  in  other  countries  at  this  jK'riod,  was 
intrusted  to  the  hands  of  a  few  soldiers  of  fortune,  <'<>n<fo(fifn\  as  they  were 
chled,  who  hired  themselves  out,  with  the  forces  muler  their  conunand,  con- 
si-iin;.'  exclusively  of  heavy-armed  cavalry,  to  whatever  state  would  pay  them 
|i'>-t.  These  forces  constituted  the  capital,  as  it  were,  of  the  military  chief. 
uhose  oinious  interest  it  was  to  economize  as  far  as  possible,  avoiding  all 
'iiiiK'cessaiv  expenditure  of  his  resources.  Hence  the  science  of  defence  was 
almost  exciusiveiy  studied.  The  object  seemed  to  be,  not  so  much  the  annoy- 
;iii'(!  of  the  enemy,  as  self-preservation.  The  connnon  interests  of  the  mn- 
ilot'i'-ri  being  paramount  to  every  obligation  to  the  state  which  they  served, 
th'-y  easily  came  to  an  understanding  with  one  another  to  spare  their  troops 
as  !iiu(  li  as  possible ;  until  at  lengtli  l)attles  were  fought  with  little  more 
I'crsiiiiul  ha/,a,rd  taan  would  be  incurred  in  an  ordinarv  tourney.  The  man-at- 
arms  nas  riveted  into  plates  of  steel  of  sutticient  thickness  to  turn  a  nuisket- 
I'iiil.  The  ease  of  the  soldier  was  so  far  consulted  that  the  artillery,  in  a  siege, 
w;t.s  liot  allowed  to  be  fired  on  either  side  from  sunset  to  suniise,  for  fear  of 
disturliiiig  his  repose.  Prisoners  were  made  for  the  sake  of  their  ransom,  and 
l.'Ut  little  blood  was  spilled  in  an  action,  Machiavelli  records  two  engagements, 
at  Aughiari  and  Castracaro,  among  t'-  most  noted  of  the  time  for  their 
ii:il)ortan',  consequences.  The  one  la?te  t  ar  hours,  and  the  other  half  a  day. 
The  n-ader  is  hurried  along  throiigh  all  tne  b>i  ;tle  of  a  well-contested  fight,  m 
the  course  of  which  the  field  is  won  and  lost  several  times  ;  but,  when  he  comes 
to  the  close,  and  looks  for  the  list  of  killed  and  wounded,  he  finds  to  his  surprise 
not  a  single  man  slain  in  the  first  of  tiiese  actions,  and  in  the  second  only  one, 
who,  having  tumbled  from  his  horse,  and  being  unable  to  rise,  from  the  weight 
of  his  armour,  was  suifocated  ui  the  mud  !  Thus  war  became  disarmed  of  its 
terrors.  Courage  was  no  longer  essential  in  a  soldier  ;  and  the  Italian,  ma<Je 
etteiuiiiate,  if  not  timid,  was  irscapable  of  encountering  the  adventurous  daring 
anil  severe  discipline  of  the  northern  warrior.'" 

Tlie  astonishing  success  of  the  French  was  still  more  imputable  to  the  free 
u?;e  and  admirable  oiganizaiion  of  their  infantry,  whose  strength  lay  m  the 
Swiss  mercenaries.  Machiavelli  ascribes  the  misfortiuies  of  his  nation  chiefly 
ti.  its  exclusive  reliance  on  cavalry."  This  service,  during  the  whole  of  the 
MuliJIe  Ages,  was  considered  among  the  European  nations  the  most  inn)ortant ; 
the  horse  being  styled  by  way  of  eminence  "the  battle."'  The  memorable  conflict 
'1  f'liarles  the  Bold  with  the  Hwiss  moinitaineers,  however,  in  which  the  latter 
hroke  ill  iiioces  the  ce'  brated  Burgimdian  onlonri'inces,  constituting  the  finest 
"I'lv  nf  (liivalry  of  the  age,  demonstrated  the  caiiacity  of  infantry  ;  and  the 
Italian  uars,  with  whicli  we  are  now  engaged,  at  length  fully  re-established  its 
ain'ient  superiority. 

ilie  Swiss  were  fori:!-^!  '^o battalions  varying  from  tliree  to  eight  thousand 
luoii  each.  They  won  .  ,  defensive  armour,  and  their  princii)al  weapon  was 
the  j.ike,  eighteen  feet  long.      Formed  into  tliese  solid   battalions,  which, 


Nnp-li,  (oni.  iii,  lib.  29,  intn/d.  ComirK-. 
MH.„„ir,.s,  liv.  7,  chap.  n.-Cn-inio.  Quln- 
cua.-iiis  MS.,  bat.  1,  quino.  3,  .iial  4H. 

Uu  Bo»,  Histoire  de  la  Ligue    Mto   a 


Cnii.hray   (Pnris,  1728),  torn.  1.  (llx'Jcrt    pr*- 
llni.— >i;icliiHV(lli,  I-toric  Fii>rfiifiiu',  lib    5. 
—  Dpnina,  HivoUr/.iuiil  iTItaUa,  lib.  18,  cap.  3. 
'■'  Arte  JcUa  Gucrra,  lib.  2. 


342 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


bristliii^f  with  spoars  all  around,  roceivcd  the  tochniral  aiipollation  of  the  heil-ic- 
hixj^  they  presents  I  an  invuliicratiji^  front  on  every  (juarter.  In  the  li'vcl  lifl,!, 
with  free  scopo  allowed  for  action,  tliey  l»ore  down  all  ojjposititm,  and  rccciMMl 
unshaken  the  must  despcrat*'  char^^esof  th(>  steel-elad  cavalry  on  their  ttiiiMf 
array  of  pikes.  They  were  too  unwieldy,  however,  for  rapid  or  (•(iiupIi(at(M 
inanu'uvres  ;  they  were  ensily  disconcertetl  hy  an  unforeseen  injpedimciit.  m 
irre;;ularity  of  the  ground  ;  and  the  event  proved  that  the  Spani.^h  foot,  armed 
Avith  its  short  swords  and  hueklers,  by  breaking  in  under  the  long  jiikes  nf  jts 
enemy,  coidd  suceeed  in  bringing  him  to  close  action,  where  his  fdrinjilalie 
weapon  was  of  no  avail.  It  was  repeating  the  ancient  lesson  of  the  Kuinaii 
legion  an<l  the  Macedonian  phalanx." 

In  artillery  the  French  were  at  this  time  in  advance  of  the  Italians  I  erhajis 
of  every  nati(»n  in  Euro[ie.  The  Italians,  indeed,  were  so  exceedingly  defci  ti\e 
in  this  department  that  their  best  field-pieces  consisted  of  small  co] ;  er  tiik's 
covered  with  wood  and  hides.  They  were  mounted  on  unwieldy  (•.uria;;<'> 
drawn  by  oxen,  and  followed  by  cars  or  wagons  loiided  with  stone  balls.  TIiom' 
guns  were  worked  so  awkwardly  that  the  besieged,  says  (jinicciardini,  hail 
time  between  the  discharges  to  repair  the  mischief  inflicted  by  them.  Fnim 
these  circumsUmces,  artillery  was  held  in  so  little  repute  that  some  of  tin' 
most  competent  Italian  writers  thought  it  might  be  dispensed  with  altogether 
in  field  engagements.*^ 

The  French,  on  the  other  hand,  were  provided  with  a  beautiful  train  nf 
ordnance,  consisting  of  bronze  cannon  abotit  eight  feet  in  length,  and  many 
smaller  pieces.''  They  were  lightly  mounted,  drawn  by  horses,  and  easily  ke|it 
pace  with  the  ra])id  movements  of  the  army.  They  discharged  iron  balls,  ami 
were  served  with  admirable  skill,  intimidating  their  enemies  by  the  rajiiility 
and  accuracy  of  their  fire,  and  easily  demolishing  their  fortifications,  which, 
before  this  invasion,  were  ci  instructed  with  little  strength  or  science." 

The  rapid  successes  of  the  French  spread  consternation  among  the  Italian 
states,  who  now  for  the  first  time  seemed  to  feel  the  existence  of  a  cnmnion 
interest  and  the  necessity  of  eflicient  concert.  Ferdinand  was  active  in  pM- 
iiioting  these  dispositions,  through  his  ministers,  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega  ami 
Alonso  de  tSilva.  The  latter  had  miitted  the  French  court  on  its  entrame  into 
Italy,  and  withdrawn  to  Genoa.  From  this  i)oint  he  opened  a  corresp(;iiilena' 
with  Lodovico  Sforza,  who  now  began  to  understand  that  he  had  Ijnmglita 
terrible  engine  into  play,  the  movements  of  which,  however  nilscliieyoiis  to 
himself,  were  beyond  his  strength  to  control.  Silva  endeavoured  to  iiitlaii;e 
still  further  his  jealousy  of  the  French,  who  had  already  given  him  many 
serious  causes  of  disgust,  and,  in  order  to  detach  him  mon>  ellectually  from 
Charles's  interests,  encouraged  him  with  the  hope  of  forming  a  niatrinitinial 
alliance  for  his  son  with  one  of  the  infantas  of  Spain.  At  the  same  time,  he 
used  every  etlbrt  to  bring  about  a  co-operation  between  the  duke  ami  tlio 
re[)ublic  of  Venice,  thus  opening  the  way  to  the  celebrated  leiigue  wliiili  was 
concluded  in  the  following  year.'' 

""  fiTiicciiinlini,  Istnria,  toiii.  i.  rP'  •♦•''>  ^''■ 

—  MacliiiivfUi,  Arte  ilelhi  Oinrra,  lili.  3.-I'u 
I5i)?,  Lipuc  (le  Canibni.v.  ulii  siijira. 

'■  (Juieeianliiii  speaks  of  the  ranu'  "i 
"cannon."  which  the  Krencli  irave  t"  llnir 
pieces,  as  a  novelty  at  tliat  time  in  Italy. 
Istoiia.  pp.  4r),  4(5. 

'  tiiovio.  Hist,  sni  Tcnipoiis  li!i.  '.;.  p-  •'-■ 

—  MachiaveUi.  .\rte  d.  11a 'in  rra,  iil'  '■ 
■'"  Zurita,   Hist,  del  Il.-y  H.Tnamlu,  lib.  1, 

cap  ;<;'..— Alonso  de  Siha  acquitted  liiiii^«;ll 
to  the  entire  satisfactlo-u  of  the  syvcroign.-'  iii 


*'  MachiaveUi.  Arte  della  Gvurra,  lili.  3.— 
Pu  Bo.s  Lif^ue  de  Canibray,  toni.  i.  dis,  pre- 
lim, -(iiovin,  Hist,  sui  Tcnii>ori>,  lib  2,  p. 
41. — Polyliiiis,  in  his  minute  account  of  this 
c.idebrated  udlitary  institution  of  tlu'  (ireeks, 
has  recapitulated  nearly  all  the  advantages 
and  defects  iniputcil  to  the  Swiss  hm'.ysiut  by 
modern  Euroiican  \\riii'rs.  (See  lib  IT,  sec. 
2,'(  et  Ke(|.)  it  is  siufxular  that  tlicsi'  exploded 
arms  and  tactics  shouM  be  revived,  after  the 
lapse  of  nearly  seventeen  centuries,  to  be 
foiled  again  in  the  same  uianner  as  before. 


EXPEDITION   OF  CHARLES  VIII. 


343 


The  Rniiiaii  pontifl"  liivl  lost  no  time,  .'iftcr  the  aiiiiearance  of  the  Kreiich 
army  ill  Italy,  in  i»re.s.sing  the  Sj)anisli  court  to  fiillii  its  eii;;agenieiits.  lie 
lUilt-avuiiiLMl  to  pr(jj»itiate  the  ;;oo(l  will  of  tlie  soverei;;ns  hy  .several  iniiiortant 
(,,iut'>>ioiis.  lie  ;;ninttMl  tu  them  and  their  .successors  the  dniitu,  or  two- 
•jiiitlis  of  the  tithes,  thiou;4hout  the  ilominions  of  Castile  ;  an  inijiost  still 
;■  riiiiii:;'  I'art  of  the  re;;ular  revenue  of  thecrinui.'*  He  cau.sed  Imlls  of  crusade 
tu  U'  jtrmiiul^ated  throughout  Npain,  granting  at  the  same  time  a  tenth  of  iho 
e.rlc.>iiistii.'al  rents,  with  the  undersUmding  that  the  proceeds  should  ho 
(iivoleil  to  the  itrotuction  of  the  Holy  See.  Towards  the  close  of  this  year, 
14'J4,  ur  the  heginning  of  the  following,  he  conferred  the  title  of  Catholic  on 
tiiO  Siiaiii>h  sovereigns,  in  cfjiisideration,  a.s  is  stilted,  of  their  eminent  virtues, 
tiiiirzoal  in  defence  of  the  true  faith  and  the  ai»o.st(jlic  see,  their  reformation 
if  Lniivoiitual  discipline,  their  suhjugation  of  the  Moors  of  (Jranada,  and  the 
]uriti(<iti()a  of  their  dominions  from  the  Jewish  heresy.  This  orthodo.x  title, 
^ihiih  >till  continues  to  he  the  jewel  most  i>ri/ed  in  the  Si»anish  crown,  has 
Ixrii  aiijtropriated  in  a  peculiar  manner  to  Ferdinand  and  Isjihella,  who  are 
uiiiveisilly  recognized  in  history  as  Los  Reyes  OttuUcos^^ 

Fmlmand  was  too  .sensihle  of  the  peril  Xo  which  the  occu[)ation  of  Naples 
U  the  French  would  e.\pose  his  own  iniciests,  to  recpiire  any  stimulant  to 
iktiuu  from  the  Roman  iiontifl.  Naval  nreitarations  had  heen  going  forward 
iluriiig  the  summer,  in  the  ports  of  Galicia  and  Cuipuscoa.  A  considerahle 
iiriiiaiiient  was  made  ready  for  sea  by  the  latter  part  of  Deoemher,  at  Alicant, 
ami  [ilaccd  under  the  command  of  Oalceran  de  llcipiesens,  count  of  Trevento. 
The  land-forces  were  intrusted  to  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  better  known  in  history 
,1^  the  Great  Captain.  Instructions  w  ere  at  the  same  time  sent  to  the  viceroy  of 
>idly  tu  provide  for  the  security  of  that  island,  and  to  hold  himself  in  rwuliness 
tuaet  ill  concert  with  the  Spanish  fleet.*" 

Ferdinand,  however,  determined  to  send  one  more  emliassy  to  Charles  the 
Ki;'lith,  k'fore  cominjg  to  an  open  rupture  vvitli  liim.  He  selected  for  this 
l:li^^iull  Juan  de  Albion  and  Antonio  de  Fonseai,  brother  of  the  bishop  of 
that  name,  whom  we  have  already  noticed  as  snnerint^ndent  of  the  Indian 
ilqiaitinoiit.  The  two  envoys  reached  Rome,  January  '28th,  Hfif),  the  same 
day  on  which  Charles  set  out  on  his  march  for  Naides.    They  followed  the 


LU  (lllllcuU  mission.  He  wa.s  Rubsoquontly 
'•ntiiti  Viirious  otbere  to  the  dlfforent  Italian 
C'uri>.  and  utiiformly  sustaiiitiil  liis  reputa- 
!i  :i  for  ability  and  prudence.  He  did  not 
iive  to  be  eld.  Ovledo,  Qulncuagenas,  MS., 
Irtt  1,  (luiiif.  4. 

■  Miiriaim,  Hist,  de  Enpafm,  totn.  ii.  lib.  26, 
.i|i  ij.— Salnzar  de  Mendoza,  Monarquia,  lib. 
-.up.  14.— Tlii.s  branch  of  tlie  revenue  yields 
at  the  present  day,  according  to  Laborde, 
il'jiit  «,uiiij,ooo  reals,  or  1,500,000  francs. 
Itiiieiaire,  torn,  vl   p.  51. 

Zurita,  Almrca,  and  other  Spanish  his- 
t  riiiis  ti.x  tiie  date  of  Alexander's  grant  at 
!"-duse  <if  1.196.  (Hist,  del  Key  Heniando, 
lilj.  '2,  tan.  4u.— Reyes  de  Aragon,  rey  :{0, 
f'P.  i»  1  Alariyr  notices  it  with  great  partiru- 
.srny  ai  al'eady  conferred,  in  a  letter  of  Fel>- 
'uiTV.  U'JO.  (Oims  tpist..  epist.  157.)  The 
Ml",  acciinling  to  Comines,  designed  to  C(jni- 
jiiiuirit  1  inliiiand  and  Isabella  for  their  con- 
S't^^-t  iif  (ininuda,  by  transferring  to  them 
ti'f  title  of  .Most  Ciiri-tian,  hitherto  enjoyed 
'•'tlie  kind's  of  France.  He  had  even  pone 
•  liir  a.^  to  address  them  thus  in  more  than 

•t  of  hl3  briefs.    This  produced  a  remon- 


strance from  a  number  of  the  cardinals ; 
which  led  him  to  substitute  the  title  of  Most 
Catholic.  The  *'pithet  of  Catholic  was  not 
new  in  the  royal  house  of  ('astile,  nor  indeed 
of  Aragon;  having  been  given  to  the  Astii- 
rian  prince  Alfonso  I.  aJx)Ut  the  middle  of 
the  eighth,  and  to  I'edro  II.  of  Aragon  at  the 
b<'ginning  of  the  thirleentli  century.  1  vvill 
remark,  in  contlusiMii.  that  although  the 
phrase  Las  lieyes  Catoluos,  aa  ai>plled  to  a 
female  efpially  with  a  male,  would  have  a 
whimsical  appearance  literally  translated  into 
Kiigli>h,  it  is  perfectly  consonant  to  the 
Spanish  idiom,  which  requires  that  all  words 
having  reference  to  l)oth  a  ma.-culine  and  a 
feminine  noun  should  be  expressed  In  the 
former  gender.  So  also  in  the  ancient  lan- 
guages :  'H^iev  Topun/Oi,  says  Qtieen  Hecuba 
(Euripides,  ii'ui  xJi.  v.  474)  Ihit  it  is  clearly 
incorrect  to  render  J.as  lieyts  Caldlicos,  as 
usually  done  by  Engli.^h  wi iters,  by  the  cor- 
responding term  of  "Catlxjlic  kings." 

'"  /urit.i.  Hist,  del  Key  Hernando,  cap.  41. 
— Qiiintana,  Vidas  de  Espafioles  celebres 
(Madrid,  l»u7,  1^30),  torn.  i.  p.  2'ri. — Carbajal, 
Anulcs,  MS.,  ailo  14'j5. 


a44 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


army,  and  (iii  nrrivinp  at  Vellctri,  ahout  twenty  niilos  from  the  ciipitul,  wou. 
udmitU'd  to  an  audience  l>y  the  monanli,  who  reccivcMl  tlicm  in  the  iiiocikc  nf 
his  oliiccrs.  The  ambassadors  freely  eininierated  the  varluns  faiix-s  df  k,],;. 
phiint  entertained  liy  their  master  niiainst  the  Krendi  kin^':  the  insult  otl.r.,1 
to  liim  in  the  jierson  of  his  minister  Alonso  de  Silva  ;  the  <oiitunielinu>  tn.it. 
nient  of  the  iiojte,  and  forcilde  (jccuimtion  of  the  fortresses  ;iiid  estiites  of  the 
chiireh  ;  an(l  finally  the  enter))rise  up'iinst  Naples,  the  claims  to  wiiidi,  a^  ,i 
papal  tief,  could  of  ri^dit  l)e  determined  in  no  other  way  than  hy  the  ai  lijtrati.  ii 
of  tlie  pontitr  himself.  Should  Kin^  ( 'harles  consent  to  accejit  tliis  aiMtratini,, 
they  tendered  the  ^ood  otlices  of  tiieir  master  as  mediator  hetween  the  [artif  : 
should  he  decHne  it,  liowever,  the  kin^  of  Sjiain  stood  al)solved  from  all  fuitln; 
obligations  of  amity  with  Idm,  l)y  tin;  terms  of  the  treaty  <if  Harceloiui,  whiui 
expressly  recognized  ids  riglit  to  interfere  in  defence  tif  tlie  <hin(li.*' 

Cliaries,  wlio  coidd  not  disseml)le  his  indignation  during  this  (liscoursf,  rr 
torted  with  great  acrimony,  when  it  was  concluded,  on  the  condiK  t  if  Ftnl: 
nanil,  which  he  stigmatized  as  pertidious,  accusing  him,  at  the  same  tiinc,  cf ,» 
deliberate  design  to  circumvent  him,  by  introducing  into  their  tivaty  ti,'' 
clause  resi»ecting  tlie  pope.  As  to  the  expedition  against  Najdes,  he  had  ihh, 
gone  too  far  to  recede  ;  and  it  would  be  soon  enough  to  canvass  the  i|iu'>tiiiii 
of  right,  when  he  had  got  possession  of  it.  His  courtiers,  at  the  same  tiiiic 
with  the  impetuosity  of  their  nation,  heightened  by  the  insolence  of  siurc  -, 
told  the  envoys  that  they  knew  well  enough  how  to  defend  their  rights  with 
their  arms,  and  that  King  Ferdinand  would  find  the  Frendi  chivalry  eiRiiar> 
of  unite  another  sort  from  the  lioliday  tilters  of  dranaihi. 

Tliese  taunts  led  to  nuitual  recrimination,  until  at  length  Fonse(a,  {h'\v:\<. 
naturally  a  sedate  person,  was  so  far  transported  with  anger  that  he  exdainu'l, 
"  The  issue,  then,  must  Ite  left  to  Cod, — arms  must  decide  it ; "  ami,  jirdilin  in: 
tlie  original  treaty,  bearing  the  signatures  of  the  two  monardis,  he  tore  it 
pieces  before  the  eyes  of  Charles  and  his  court.  At  the  same  time  he  (mu- 
nianded  two  Spaiusli  kniglits  who  served  in  the  French  army  to  Mitliilr,i« 
from  it,  under  ])ain  of  incurring  the  j)enalties  of  treason.  The  FrciK  li  (a\;i 
liers  were  so  much  incensed  by  this  audacious  action  that  they  would  li;ui> 
seized  the  envoys,  and,  in  all  probal)ility,  offered  violence  to  their  jicrsoiis,  hut 
for  the  interposition  of  Ch.arles,  who  witli  more  coolness  caused  them  to  Ic 
conducted  from  his  presence  and  sent  back  under  a  safe  escort  to  Knuie.  Sudi 
are  the  circumstances  reported  l)y  the  French  and  Italian  writers  of  \hU 
remarkable  interview,  Tliey  were  not  aware  that  the  dramatic  exliiliition,  ;b 
far  as  the  ambassadors  were  concerned,  was  all  previously  concerted  Ixfuri' 
their  departure  from  8iiain." 

Ciiarles  ])ressed  forward  on  his  marcli  without  further  delay.  Alfnii-o  t!io 
Second,  losing  his  confidence  and  martial  courage,  the  only  virtties  that  ic 
possessed,  at  the  crisis  when  they  were  most  demanded,  had  prctijiitattly 
abandoned  his  kingdom  while  the  French  were  at  Rome,  and  taken  refii-'ein 
Sicily,  where  lie  formally  abdicated  the  crown  in  favour  of  his  son,  Ferdiuaii  1 


*'  'HornaMpz,  Rpvps  Catnlicos,  ISIS.,  cap. 
1.18. — Sismotidl,  Rpimlili(iucs  Italioniios,  toin. 
xii.  pp.  192-  I'Jt. — (iaribay,  Compemlio,  lib. 
19,  Clip.  4. 

•"  Ovicdo,  Qniiicnntrciias,  ATS.,  bat  1,  quinc. 
3,  dial,  i;!,— Zuritii,  Hist,  (id  Rev  irTiiaiiiln, 
111).  1,  cap.  1:1.  licrtiuldi'Z,  Hoyi's  Ciitniicos, 
IMS.,  cap.  IS-*. — (lidvio.  Hist,  stii  Ti'inpori-;, 
lib.  2,  p.  46.— l.aiiuza,  Historias,  tojn,  i.  lil). 
1,  cap.  6. — Tliis  ai>i)f'ars  frmii  a  icttor  nf 
Martyr's,  dated  three  months  before  the  inter- 


view; in  wliich  bo  Pays.  "  .Antoiiin.'*  Foii'M, 
vir  c(iucstiis  oniinis,  et  anni-i  clanis,  cii>ti- 
nattis  es_t  orator,  qui  rum  moticat,  up,  I'fi"!"- 
quani  dp  j>iip  inter  ipsuui  et  .\lfoiisiiiii  r-ir'ni 
Ni'apolitanum  dpcernatv:.  ulterius  pnK.''iiit 
Fprt  ill  niandati.s  Antoiiii  -^  hniscca,  ut  <'ar'; ' 
capituliiui  id  s(Jiiaiis  ostciiilat,  aiil<<iiu-  i|'*^i'9 
ocuIks  (si  di'tipctavprit)  paiti  vi'tiTJs  diir''- 
k'raplinm  lacrret,  at(|ue  iudicat  iiiimicitias. 
Opus  Epist.,  eplst.  144. 


EXl'KDITlON   OK  Cl'ARLlvS   VIII. 


.U.") 


(•l'l^||ll^  Willi  II 


tlio  Sccdiid.  This  priiico,  tlioii  twoiity-fivo  years  of  !yj,o,  wliosoiviuialilc  iiiaiiiit'i-s 
wi'ic  iciidiTCil  still  more  attrai'tivr  liy  contrast  Nyitli  the  ftMncioiis  ti'iii|it'f  tif 
hh  liitli'T,  was  |iosst's>('il  of  talent  and  cnerLiy  coiiiin'tciit  to  the  nresent  eiiier- 
U't'iH'V,  liail  he  heeii  siistaineil  hv  his  siihjects.  Mut  the  latter,  nesides  heini; 
stnii'k  with  the  saiiu;  i>anic  whidi  had  paraly/i'd  the  other  people  df  Italv,  had 
t.M  little  interest  in  the  government  to  he  willini,'  to  ha/jird  much  In  its 
ilrft'iKc.  A  change  of  dynasty  was  only  a  chaii;;e  of  masters,  hy  which  thev 
li;i4  little  either  tn  iiain  or  to  lose.  Thou-h  favoiirahly  inclined  tn  {''crdinand, 
tlii'V  refused  to  stand  hv  hint  in  liis  perilous  extremity.  They  i^ave  way  in 
every  direction,  as  the  l'*rench  advanced,  renderin;,'  Ixtpeless  every  attempt  of 
tln'ii- spirited  yoim,i,Mnonarch  to  rally  them,  till  at  lenuth  no  alternative  was 
li'ft  Imt  to  ahandon  his  dominions  to  the  enemy  without  striking'  a  hl(»w  in 
their  (lefenoe.  lie  withdrew  to  the  neiuhhourini;  island  of  Ischia,  wli(>nce  lie 
SHdii  after  passed  into  Sicily,  and  occupieij  himself  there  in  collectinir  th(^ 
triii:iiicnts  of  liis  [>arty,  until  the  time  should  arrive  for  more  decisive  action.''* 

Charles  the  Eighth  made  his  entrance  into  Na['les  at  the  head  of  his 
loi;i"ii>',  Fehruary  •J'ind,  14!>r),  havimx  traver.sed  this  wlK)le  <'xtent  of  hostile 
territni y  in  less  time  than  would  he  occupied  hy  a  fashionahle  tourist  of  the 
jireseiit  day.  The  ohject  of  his  exjitMlition  was  nnw  achieved,  lie  seemed  to 
liave  reached  the  consummation  of  his  wishes  ;  and,  althout^h  he  assinned  the 
titles  of  Kin;4  of  Sicily  and  of  Jerusalem,  and  all'ected  the  state  and  authority 
(if  Kiiiperor,  lie  took  no  measures  for  proseeutin^^  his  chimerical  enterprise 
further.  He  even  nei;leott>d  to  nrovide  for  the  security  of  his  present  coni|uest, 
aiiil.  without  h(\stowin,ic  a  thou^^nt  on  the  ;;overimient  of  his  new  dominions, 
re>iirnod  himself  to  the  licentious  and  efl'eminate  pleasures  so  con^^enial  with 
the  soft  voluptuousness  of  the  clin)ate  and  his  own  character." 

V/liile  Charles  was  tlius  wastin,!^'  his  time  and  icsources  in  frivolous  amnso- 
inputs,  a  dark  .storm  was  «;atherini,^  in  the  north.  There  was  not  a  state 
tlinm-li  which  he  iiad  nassed,  however  friendly  to  his  cause,  which  had  not 
ciiiiiiilaiuts  to  make  of  ids  insolence,  Ids  hreaeii  of  faitii,  his  infrini,Tnu'nt  of 
their  rights,  and  his  cxorhitant  exactions.  His  inrpolitie  treatment  of  Sforza 
liivl  \ou'^  since  alienated  that  wily  and  restless  politician,  and  raised  suspicions 
in  his  mind  of  Charles's  desi^nis  a,i;ainst  his  own  duchy  of  .Milan.  The  emperor 
elect,  .Maximilian,  whom  the  French  kin;;;  thought  to  have  bound  to  his 
interests  l)y  the  treaty  of  Senlis,  took  undirage  at  his  assumption  of  tho 
iiii|ierial  title  and  dignity.  The  Spanish  amhassailors,  (jarcila.sso  de  la  Vega, 
and  his  hrother,  Lorenzo  Suarez,  tiie  latter  of  whom  reaided  { "  ce,  were 

iiulefatigahlo  in  stinndating  the  spirit  of  discontent.  Suarez,  Ui  particular, 
ii-ed  every  etl'urt  to  secure  the  co-oi)eration  of  N'enice,  representing  to  tho 
froveriiiiient,  in  tlie  most  urgent  terms,  the  neces.sity  of  general  concert  and 
instant  action  among  the  great  powers  of  Italy,  if  they  would  preserve  their 
own  lilierties.'** 

Venice,  from  its  remote  position,  seemed  to  afford  the  ])pst  point  for  coolly 
coiiteiii](lating  the  general  niterests  of  Italy.  Envoys  of  the  different  Kuro|)can 
puujMs  were  assend)Ied  there,  as  if  hy  conunon  consent,  with  the  vitiw  of  con- 
certing some  scheme  of  operation  for  their  nuitual  good.  The  conferences 
Wore  Conducted  hy  niuht,  and  with  such  secrecy  as  to  elude  for  some  time  the 


"  ''oiiiines,  M<<nKiirpR.  liv.  7,  chap.  16.— 
Vllli-ni  uvf,  Moiiioires,  ii|)uil  Petitot.CnUoction 
'!''■<  .\iiMii..jrrs,  tciin.  xii.  p.  2M.  —  Anuninito, 
l-t"rji'  iJMn.ntini'.  toni,  iii.  lil).  'JO.— Siiin- 
""'iiti',  lli?jt.  (\i  Naiioli,  tdiii.  iii.  lib.  6,  oip. 
1,2. 

"  <iii,vji),  Hist,  siii  IV'mporis,  iilv  2,  p.  .15. 
-Glauiiune,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  lib.  29,  cap.  1, 


2 — Andre  do  la  Vijrne,  Hi.qtolre  di;  Charles 
VIII.  (I'ari.s  ir,n\  p.  201. 

•  iiiu\ii),  Hist,  Hiii  Tempi  iris,  lib.  2,  p.  no. 
(iiiicciardiiii,  fstdfia,  tmn.  i  pp.  «•;,  s7. — 
Hiiiibo,  Istiiria  Vini/iaiia,  totn.  i.  lib.  2,  p. 
120.— Zurita,  Hist  dd  Key  Hernando,  lib,  2, 
chap.  3,  5. — Comiues,  Meuioires,  Uv.  7,  chap. 
19. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1.4 


^    us,    12.0 


2A 
2.2 


1.6 


V] 


<? 


/i 


7 


.1^  ;> 


o 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


L<P 


846 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


vigilant  eye  of  Con/:ics,  tlie  sagacious  minister  of  Charles,  then  resident  at 
the  capital.  The  result  was  the  celebrated  league  of  Venice.  It  was  s\iz]m\ 
the  last  (lay  of  March,  1495,  on  the  part  of  8pain,  Austria,  Rome,  >Iil;,:i,  aii,i 
the  Venetian  republic.  The  ostensible  object  of  the  treiity,  which  was  to  last 
twenty-five  years,  was  the  preservation  of  the  estates  and  rights  of  tlic  con- 
federates, esnocially  of  the  Roman  see.  A  large  force,  amounting  in  all  to 
thirty-four  thousand  horse  and  twenty  thousand  foot,  was  to  be  assesscil  in 
stipulated  proportions  on  each  of  the  contracting  parties.  The  secret  articles 
of  the  treaty,  however,  went  much  further,  providing  a  formidable  phm  of 
offensive  operations.  It  was  agreed  in  these  that  King  Ferdinand  shoulil 
emjiloy  the  Spanish  armament,  now  arrived  in  Sicily,  in  re-esUiblishinif  his 
kinsman  on  the  throne  of  Naples  ;  that  a  Venetian  fleet,  of  forty  galleys, 
should  attack  the  French  positions  on  the  Neapolitan  coasts  ;  that  the  (liike 
of  Milan  should  expel  the  French  from  Asti,  and  blockade  the  passes  of  tlie 
Alps,  so  as  to  intercept  the  passage  of  further  reinforcements ;  and  that  the 
emperor  and  the  king  of  Spain  should  invade  the  French  frontiers,  and  their 
exjjenses  be  defrayed  bv  subsidies  from  the  allies."  Such  were  the  terms  of 
this  treaty,  which  may  be  regarded  as  forming  an  era  in  modern  political  his- 
tory, since  it  exhibits  the  first  exami)le  of  those  extensive  combinations  among 
European  princes,  for  mutual  defence,  which  afterwards  became  so  frecjuent. 
It  shared  the  fate  of  many  other  coalitions,  where  the  name  and  authority  of 
the  whole  have  been  made  subservient  to  the  interests  of  some  one  of  the 
parties,  more  powerful  or  more  cunning  than  the  rest. 

The  intelligence  of  the  new  treaty  diffused  general  joy  throughout  Italy. 
In  Venice,  in  particular,  it  was  greeted  with  fetes,  illuminations,  and  the  nmst 
emphatic  public  rejoicing,  under  the  very  eyes  of  the  French  minister,  who 
was  compelled  to  witness  this  unemiivocal  testimony  of  the  detestation  in 
which  his  countrymen  were  held."    The  tidings  fell  heavily  on  the  ears  of  the 


*"  Guicciardini,  Istoria,  torn.  i.  lib.  2,  p.  88. 
— C!omlne8,  M^moires,  liv.  1,  chap.  20.— 
Itembo,  Istoria  Viiiiziana,  torn.  i.  lib.  2,  pp. 
122,  123.— Daru,  Hist,  de  Vcnise.  torn.  iii.  pp. 
255,  256.— Zurita.  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando, 
lib.  2,  cap.  5. 

*'  Couiines,  Memoires,  p.  96. — Cominps 
takes  great  credit  to  himself  for  his  perspi- 
cacity in  detecting  tln»  secret  negotiations 
carried  on  at  Venice  again«t  his  ma-ster.  Ac- 
cording to  Benibo,  however,  the  affair  was 


managed  with  such  profound  caution  a.«  to 
escape  his  notice  until  it  was  officially  an- 
nounced by  the  doge  liimsclf;  wlien  he  wm 
BO  V,  ucb  a.stoundcd  by  tlie  intelli^tiK-e  that 
he  was  obliged  to  asii  the  secretary  of  tlie 
senate,  who  accompanied  him  home,  the  par- 
ticulars of  what  the  doge  iiad  Haiti,  as  his 
id'as  were  so  confusrr^  at  the  time  that  he 
had  not  perfectly  comprehended  it.  Istoria 
Viniziana,  lib.  2,  pp.  128,  129.* 


•  [The  account  given  .^y  Bembo  is  based 
apparently  on  that  of  the  contemporary  Vene- 
tian diarist  Malipiero,  whose  Annali  Veneti 
have  been  published  in  the  Archlvio  storico 
Italiano,  torn.  viii.  But  the  veracity  of  Co- 
mines  in  this,  as  in  other  cases  in  whicli  it 
has  been  hastily  impugned,  can  be  estab- 
lished on  the  highest  pussible  authority.  The 
minutes  of  the  Venetian  senate  at  tiiis  period 
are  still  preserved  in  the  so-called  "  Secret 
Archives,"  and  it  is  there  recorded  that  on 
the  30th  of  March,  the  day  before  the  treaty 
V  as  signed,  the  French  ambassador  presented 
himself  before  the  senate  and  urged  the  in- 
expediency of  the  league, — "dimostrava 
I'inutilita  della  loga."  See  Romanin,  Storia 
docuinentata  di  Vonozia,  tom.  v.  (Venezia, 
1H5U).  His  consternation  when  informed,  in 
the  public  audience  to  which  he  was  sum- 


moned two  days  later,  that  the  treaty  had 
been  concluded  on  the  previous  eveniiip,  i* 
admitted  by  himself.  It  proceeded  not  fruiii 
any  previous  Ignorance  of  the  ne(;oliiitioiis, 
but  from  u  natural  inference  that  i  he  pM()ara- 
tions  to  give  efifect  to  the  agreement  were  in 
a  more  advanced  state  than  was  actually  the 
case,  and  from  consequent  alarm  for  the 
safety  of  the  king.  ("J'avoye  le  oeiirserre 
et  estoye  en  grant  donbte  de  la  p<rsoiiiii'  liu 
Roy  et  de  toute  sa  compaignie,  et  ciiyd 've 
leur  cas  plus  prest  qu'il  n'estoit.")  It  *^"iiW 
have  been  strange  indeed  if  so  a,>;tute  a  diplo- 
matist had  observed  the  extraordinary  con- 
flux of  envoys  at  Venice  and  found  himselt 
excluded  from  their  conclaves,  without,  as 
Benil>o  pretends,  "having  the  least  su>iici'ii 
of  what  was  going  on."  The  ignorance  was 
on  the  side  of  the  diarists,  who  knew  ouly  of 


EXPEDITION  OF  CHARLES  VIII. 


317 


French  in  Naples.  It  dispelled  the  dream  of  idle  dissipation  in  vhich  tliey 
Hdi'ili-^'-'lvod.  They  felt  little  concern,  indeed,  on  the  score  of  their  Italian 
tiit'iiiics,  whom  their  easy  victories  Uiught  them  to  rei^^ard  with  the  same 
)iiMik'i)t  cniitemnt  tliat  the  paladins  of  romance  are  made  to  feel  for  the 
iinkniuiitly  rabhle,  myriads  of  whom  they  conld  overturn  with  a  single  lance. 
lint  they  felt  serions  alarm  as  they  beheld  the  storm  of  war  gathering  from 
thor  liuarters, — from  Spain  and  G('rn)aiiy,  in  defiance  of  the  treaties  by  which 
tiicy  had  hoped  to  secure  the  neutrality  of  those  jtowers.  Charles  saw  the 
iitvessity  of  instant  action.  Two  courses  presented  themselves;  either  to 
strengthen  himself  in  his  new  compiests  and  prepare  to  maintain  them  until 
lit'  cuiiKl  receive  fresh  reinforcements  from  home,  or  to  abandon  them 
aiti'i.'etiiL'r  and  retreat  across  the  Alps  before  the  allies  could  nmster  in 
Miiticieiit  strength  to  oppose  him.  With  the  indiscretion  characteristic  of  his 
ttlinlf  eiitoriirise,  he  end)raced  a  middle  course,  and  lost  the  advantages  which 
ttuuld  have  resulted  from  the  exclusive  adoption  of  either. 


Ill'  puhlic  audience  to  whicli  Comiiips  wa« 
SJinrnuiM'il,  imt  of  the  previous  private  one  cf 
hi* own  M'iking.  Tlie  fragments  whicli  have 
U-n  procrvfil  of  his  corit>ponilence  at  tliis 
[» li  kI,  ami  two  letters  of  the  duke  of  Orleans 
ttlii  iliike  of  nourl)on,  attest  his  activity  in 
kM:ll'^i^^  iiifurmation  and  coniniunicatiiiK  it 
I'  Ins  iua>ter,  besides  contirniing  particulars 
ui'iitiuiieJ  ill  bis  memoirs.     (See  Mile.  Du- 


Tho  priruipal  light  by  which  we  are  to  be 
c'iiitdl  tliiounh  the  remainder  of  this  history 
18  thr  Anigonese  annalist,  Zurita,  whose 
great  w(irk,  although  less  known  abroad  than 
V.Mse  (if  some  more  recent  Castilian  writers, 
'Uvaiii-  a  icjiutation  at  borne  unsurpassed  by 
iiiyutlit-r  in  the  great,  substantial  qualities 
'  f  an  hi>torian.  The  notice  of  his  life  and 
writings  li.is  l>een  swelled  into  a  bulky  quarto 
by  hr.  Diego  Dormer,  in  a  work  entitled 
"I'r.iftr.ssos  de  la  Historiu  en  el  Reyno  de 
Arap.ii.  Zaiagoza,  16«0;"  from  which  I 
exirait  a  few  particulars. 

•jtn'iiiiiiiii  Zurita,  descended  from  an  an- 
cient and  noble  family,  was  born  at  Sara- 
P-Ni,  l)oc<'iiiber  4th,  1612.  He  was  matrl- 
tilatitl  at  ail  early  age  in  the  university  of 
Aiiahi.  11."  there  made  extraordinary  pro- 
tidiny,  under  the  immediate  instruction  of 
til'  learned  Nunez  de  (ruzinan,  commonly 
uUeil  Kl  I'lnciano.  He  became  familiar  with 
tlieamieiit  and  a  variety  of  motlern  tongues, 
«'i't  attnuted  particular  attention  by  the 
I'lrity  and  elegance  of  his  I^atinity.  His 
ITsenal  merits,  and  his  father's  ii'ifluence, 
rtf'.niinend.d  him,  soon  after  quitting  the 
umversity,  to  the  notice  of  the  emperor 
Uarles  V.  He  was  consulted  and  employed 
ii  affiirs  of  public  impon^nce,  and  subse- 
'i""iitly  raixeil  to  several  posts  of  honour. 
'""■tins:  the  entire  conlidi  nee  reposed  in  his 
"itecriiy  u,nj  abilities.  His  most  honourable 
il'l«'intiuent,  however,  was  that  of  national 
•  i-tnrj.pgraplier. 

'"  IMV,  an  art  passed  the  coites  general  of 
■yair,.n.  jiroviding  for  the  ■  fflce  of  national 
t'^'Miie!,  r,  vNith  a  tixed  salui  whose  duty  it 
«i"-'UM  k'  to  compile,  from  authentic  sources, 


pont's  edition,  torn,  lit..,  preuve.s.)  Nor  Is  it 
just  tc  say  that  he  "  takes  great  credit  to  him- 
etdf  for  his  perspicacity  in  detecting  the  secret 
negotiations."  He  m<  rely  tells  us  that  he 
had  good  means  of  ])rocuring  inf>nnation, 
which  he  paid  for,  and  he  says  that  the  king 
received  similar  warnings  from  bis  agcnte  at 
Rome  and  Milan.— Ed.] 


a  faithful  history  of  the  monarchy.  The 
talents  and  eminmt  nt'i'llfications  of  Zurita 
recommended  him  to  tliin  pv>8t,  and  he  was 
raisrd  to  it  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the 
legislature,  in  the  following  year,  15»h. 
From  this  time  he  conscientiously  devoted 
himself  to  the  executitm  of  his  great  task. 
He  visitwl  every  part  of  his  own  country,  as 
well  as  Sicily  and  Italy,  f«  '  the  purpose  of 
collecting  materials.  The  public  archives, 
and  every  acceH>ible  source  of  information, 
were  freely  thrown  open  to  his  inspection  by 
order  of  the  government ;  and  he  returned 
from  bis  literary  pilgrimage  with  a  large 
accumulation  of  rare  and  original  documents. 
The  fir^t  jKirtion  of  his  annals  was  publislied 
at  Saragossa.,  in  two  volumes  folio,  1562. 
The  work  v.aB  not  completed  until  nearly 
twenty  years  later,  and  the  last  two  volumes 
were  printed  under  his  own  eye  at  .Siiragossa, 
in  1580,  a  few  months  only  Ix  fore  his  death. 
This  edition,  being  one  of  those  used  in  the 
present  history,  is  in  large  folio,  fairly  exe- 
cuted, with  double  columns  on  the  page,  in 
the  fashion  of  most  of  the  ancient  Spanish 
historians.  The  whole  work  was  again  pub- 
lislied, as  l)efore,  at  the  exjiense  of  the  state, 
in  15«.'>,  by  his  son.  amended  and  somewhat 
enlarged,  from  the  niiinuscrlpts  left  by  his 
father.  Houtrrwek  has  fallen  into  the  error 
of  supposing  that  no  edition  of  Zurita's 
Annals  appeared  till  after  the  reign  of  Philip 
11.,  who  died  in  1592.  ((ieschichte  der  Poesie 
und  Hcredsaiiikeit,  Hand  iii.  S.  319.) 

No  incidents  worthy  of  note  seem  to  have 
broken  the  peaceful  tenor  of  Zurita's  life; 
which  he  terminated  at  Saragossa,  in  the 
Bixly-eighth  year  of  his  age,  in  the  monastery 


fes... 


348 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


of  Sttiita  T'lipraria,  to  which  ho  hail  rotirM 
fliiriiiK  <i  ti'iiiporury  riHidiricc  in  the  city,  to 
HiipiTiiitfiKl  tlio  iMililiciiticn  of  hiH  Annals. 
His  rich  collection  of  ImioIih  and  nianuscriptH 
was  Iclt  to  th<'  Canliusian  monastery  of  Aula 
Dei ;  but,  from  uc(  identor  ncKlcct.  tlie  (.greater 
part  liave  lonu  Hincc  perished.  His  remains 
were  interred  in  the  convent  wliere  lie  died, 
and  a  munument,  bearing  a  m<Mlest  inscrip- 
tion, was  erected  over  tliem  l)y  his  son. 

'Jhe  Ixst  monnment  of  Zurita,  however,  is 
his  Annals.  They  ta.ko  uj)  tlie  iiistory  of 
Aragon  from  its  first  rise  after  the  Arabic 
con<iue8t,  and  cciiitinue  it  to  tlie  death  of 
Ferdinand  tlie  Catliolic.  Tlie  reign  of  tliis 
prince,  as  (lossessing  the  largest  interest  and 
importance,  is  e\panded  into  two  volumes 
folio;  ix'ing  one-third  of  the  wliole  worli. 

The  minuteness  of  Zurita's  investigations 
hiis  laid  liim  open  to  tlie  charge  of  prolixity, 
especially  in  the  earlier  and  less  important 
periiMis.  It  should  1)6  rem< mbeied,  lio^ever, 
that  his  woric  was  to  lie  the  great  national 
repository  of  fucts,  interesting  to  his  own 
countrjnnen,  but  which,  from  dilflculty  of 
access  to  authentic  sources,  could  never  before 
be  fully  exhibited  lo  their  inspection.  But, 
whatever  be  thought  of  his  redundancy,  in 
this  or  the  subsequent  parts  of  his  narrative, 
it  must  be  admitted  that  he  has  uniformly 
and  emphati<  ally  directed  the  attention  of  tlie 
reader  to  the  topics  most  worthy  of  it ;  sparing 
no  pains  to  illustrate  the  constitutional  anti- 
quities of  the  coimtry,  and  to  trace  the  gra- 
dual formation  of  her  liberal  polity,  instead 
of  wasting  his  strength  on  mere  superficial 
gossip,  like  most  of  the  chroniclers  of  tlie 
period. 

There  is  no  Spanish  historian  less  swayed 


by  party  or  religious  prejudico.  ur  l.y  Uif  f.  .j. 
ing  of  nationality,  \shi<h  is  >o  apt  to  i>v.rll.,w 
in  tlie  loyal  elTusinns  of  the  Cusiilian  wijt,.p, 
This  laudable  teiiipcraine,  iixlcc-d,  hn.,  hroiu'tjt 
on  liim  the  rebulte  of  more  tlmn  (.n,.  ,,f  ,,,', 
patriotic  countrymen.  1  here  is  a  »ol.i|,tv 
and  coolncHS  in  his  estimate  of  lii<torim|  cvi'- 
dence,  e(|ually  removed  fnnii  tiin.  rjty  ,,„  ,,^^ 
one  hand,  and  credulity  on  tlw  otinr;  in 
sliurt,  his  wliole  manner'is  tlmt  i.f  a  nmn  (mi- 
versant  with  public  business  ami  frn  ir,,ui 
the  closest  pedantry  which  t(K)  cttci  cljarm. 
tcrizes  the  monkish  annalists.  'I'lic  (tr.ai.r 
part  of  his  life  was  passed  under  the  pich  >  f 
Cliarles  v..  wlien  the  spiiit  of  the  natiiii  «is 
not  j-et  liroken  by  arbitrary  powf,  n,,ri|.. 
bafled  by  the  melaticliojy  8uiiir.«titiijri  whirii 
settli'd  on  it  tnider  his  stui  > .«.«(, r;  an  j^;,.  ,„ 
which  the  memory  of  aiuieiit  iilnrty  had  n.t 
wholly  failed  away,  and  wlieii,  if  ui.'n  ,||,i ,,,  ( 
dare  express  all  they  thougtii,  tii.y  al  l.ii.«t 
thought  with  a  degree  of  iml'  pcii.l.tKe  wliiih 
f;ave  a  niasculint!  character  tn  tlnir  ixpr  •.- 
sion.  In  this,  as  well  as  in  the  lih.  raijty  ,,f 
his  religious  sentiments,  he  may  he  coiiijiarMl 
favourably  wit  .  his  celebrated  iciiintryiimn 
Mariana,  who,  educated  in  the  iloist<r.  ami  .it 
a  period  when  the  nation  was  sdmulKi  to 
maxims  of  despotism,  exhibits  few  Khinji^i 
of  the  sound  criticism  and  reflcdiun  \m,i,|i 
are  to  be  found  in  the  writings  ef  hi.*  .Ua- 
gonese  rival.  The  seductions  of  styl",  Imw. 
ever,  the  more  fastidious  selection  of  iiailents, 
in  short,  the  superior  graces  of  imirutiun, 
have  given  a  wider  fame  to  tlie  fdriinr,  wtiny> 
works  liave  passed  into  most  of  the  ciiliivatnl 
languages  of  Kurope,  while  those  of  Zur u 
remain,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  still  uiidisturM 
in  the  vernacular. 


CHAPTER  II. 


ITALIAN  WARS. — RETREAT  DP  CHARLES  VIII. — CAMPAIGNS  OP  GONSALVO  DE 
CORDOVA. — FINAL  EXPULSION  OF  THE  FRENCH. 

1495-1496. 


Impolitic  Conduct  of  Char'es— He  plunders  the  Works  of  Art — Gonsalvo  de  Cordova-  I 
Urilliant  Qualities— Raised  to  the  Italian  Command— Battle  of  Semlriara— (ion-alvu's  Si 


-His 
Qualities— Raised  to  the  Italian  Command— Battle  of  Semlriara— (ion-alvu  8  Siio- 
cesses— Decline  of  the  French— He  receives  the  Title  of  Great  Captain— Lxpul.-iiuii  of  tlie 
French  from  Italy. 

Charles  the  Eighth  might  have  found  abundant  occupation,  durlDL;  his 
brief  residence  at  Naples,  in  placing  the  king^dom  in  a  pro;).?r  pnsture  of 
defence,  and  in  conciliating  the  good  will  of  the  inhabitants,  without  which  he 
could  scarcely  hope  to  maintain  himself  permanently  in  his  con(iuest.  So  far 
from  this,  liowever,  he  showed  the  utmost  aversion  to  business,  wastiiii;  his 
hours,  as  has  been  already  noticed,  in  the  most  frivolous  anuisoinont.>*.  He 
treated  the  great  feudal  aristocracy  of  the  country  witli  utter  neuicit ;  ren- 
dering himself  dithcult  of  acce.s.s,  and  lavishing  all  dignities  and  eiiiolniiientj 
with  i.>:.rtial  prodigality  on  his  French  subjects.    His  followers  disgu.sted  the 


',  or  l>yilif  f.  ri- 
"I't  t(..)v.  rll  A 
iisiiliiiii  \Mit.  rv 
i-i'il,  \iii>  liri'inri.i 

than   dill'  ijf  ilia 

('  is  a  Kiiliiwty 
)f  lii-t.iriial  cvi- 
tcuK'iity  Mil  tiie 
tlic  iitlur;  in 
nt  lit'  a  man  run- 
K  uikI  friM  (ri.m 
K)  uliili  diara.- 
ts.  Till-  (tPal'T 
idcr  tlic  r-iini  if 
(  tlio  iiati'in  ViiA 
■  imwc,  nor  il^'- 

lHTStili(]||    Wliul) 

rsscir  ;  an  utt''  in 
I  iiln-rty  liHil  n^t 
1,  it'  iii<  n  ilhi  1,'  t 

lit,  tllry  ,il  i',1-t 
ipclhlcllic  \s|;|i  ll 

til  tlii'ir  fxpr-- 
tlic  lili'-rality  uf 
nay  !"•  cnnifiardl 
,tc(l  iiaintryuiftn 
ic  I  luisii-r,  aiiit  i\\, 

WilS      S(  llD'il.ll    t.l 

lils  few  nliniii-<« 
rt'fli'itiiiii  wiiiili 

iiijis  iif  lii.«  Ara- 
iiH  (if  siyl'',  liiiw. 
ftioii  of  inciileiits, 
[■es  of  iiairutii'ii, 
liif  foriuiT.  wlidse 

of  tlu'  cultivati.ll 
tlioHt'  uf  y.nrdi 

still  undisturW 


JONSALVO  DE 


i»  Cordova- His 
(HiTi-'alvy's  Sue- 
'^xpulsiuii  of  iIk' 


11,  during  his 
or  iinstiire  'A 
loiit  which  he 
luest.  So  fur 
wasting;  his 
sonitMits.  lie 
TU'-lfrt ;  ren- 
ll  ciiioluiiii'iitj 
disgusted  the 


:..itiiin  f 

1 1'lt'  ' 

IfllllitTil 
!.eW    lilil: 

iIltlTl'il  i 

(iii-iilcr; 

■  f  Aniu'o 

In  the 

i\(it'iliii() 

Tiicir  ini 

cmilitioii 

himself  SI 

tiH'<l  on  I 

tiic  variui 

.>'iil|iiiirei 

ari'liitectii 

k't'iiilarl 

till'  Curat 

km;"!  of  J 

tlit'ir  plac* 

0,1  Pisa.  ^ 

Charles 

It  a  reci»i. 

'it'tt'riiiiiRM 

the  li>th 


n 


>!'len(lii 
as(X'])tri' 
"thef;  wli 
title  of  En 
liis  iiistair 
lijiiiewanl 
«i"re  thai  I 
ijt'fenre  '-^ 
(le  neitiK:,- 
secure  the 
It  is  not 
throiigli  hi 

'  Ciiniinps, 
SumniKiito,  li 
'»P'.'.-i;iani 

aakes  a  rciiu 
■"lywoii  a|i|i 
C:.»rl.s  VIII. 
■*"ni»tiis.  III 

|ii'it,int.     If, 

ilit'lliircrc    ],„: 

"'fila  essc>  \ii| 
''iiimiilt.iK  a. 
"'iii'oxti-r.i'  11 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  GONSALVO. 


349 


r.^tion  still  fnrthor  by  their  insolence  and  unhri<lle<l  lirentionsness.  The 
u'xylc  iiiitiniilly  vaWvA  to  mind  the  virtues  of  the  exiled  Ferdinand,  whuso 
;.iii|iiniti'  r.ile  they  contrasted  with  the  rash  and  rapacious  conduct  (»f  their 
r.ew  iiiiistcrs.  The  spirit  of  discontent  spreail  nioiL'  widely,  as  the  French 
wfw  till)  thinly  scattered  to  enforce  sid)ordination.  A  corres|»ondence  was 
lUtiifil  into  with  Ferdinand  in  Sicily,  and  in  a  short  time  several  of  the  most 
(iii.iilciHlile  cities  of  tiie  kingdom  openly  avowed  their  allegiance  to  the  house 
,f  Arau'on.' 

Ill  the  mean  time,  Charles  and  his  nobles,  satiated  with  a  life  of  inactivity 
and  pleasure,  and  feeling  that  they  had  accomplished  the  great  object  of  the 
i\|it'.|ilioii,  began  to  look  with  longing  eyes  towards  their  own  country. 
Tiit'ir  impatience  was  converted  into  anxiety  on  receiving  tidin  :s  of  tlie 
(iiiilitioii  nnistering  in  the  north.  Charles,  however,  took  care  to  secure  to 
h  iiiM'lf  some  of  the  spoils  of  victory,  in  a  manner  wliich  we  have  seen  i>rac- 
t'M'il  (HI  a  nnich  greater  scale  by  his  countrymen  in  our  day.  lie  collected 
liif  various  works  of  art  with  wliich  Naj)les  was  adorned,  precious  anti(pi&s, 
.Miil|itiired  marble  and  alabaster,  gates  of  bronze  curiously  wrought,  and  such 
aniiitcetural  ornaments  a.s  were  capable  of  transjmrtation,  and  caused  them  to 
iit'iiiliarked  on  board  his  fleet  for  the  south  of  France,  "endeavouring,"  says 
till' Curate  of  Los  Palacios,  "to  build  up  his  own  renown  on  the  ruins  of  the 
ki'iirsiif  Naples,  of  glorious  memory."  His  vessels,  however,  did  not  reach 
thi'ir  place  of  destination,  but  were  aiptured  by  a  liiscayan  and  Genoese  tleet 
rd  Pisa.^ 

Charles  had  entirely  failed  in  his  application  to  Pope  Alexander  the  Sixth 
fra  rocoirnition  of  his  right  to  Naples  by  a  formal  act  of  inv&stiture.*  He 
icteniiinod,  however,  to  go  through  the  ceremony  of  a  coronation  ;  and,  on 
tlio  Ijith  of  iMay,  he  made  his  public  entrance  into  tlie  city,  arrayed  in 
•lilt'niiiil  rol)es  of  scarlet  and  ermine,  with  the  imperial  diadem  on  his  haul, 
liMCVtrc  m  one  hand,  and  a  globe,  the  symbol  of  universal  sovereignty,  in  the 

ther;  while  the  aduLatory  jwpulace  saluted  his  royal  ear  with  the  august 
title  of  Eiiii)eror.  After  the  conclusion  of  this  farce,  he  made  preparations  for 
liis  instant  departure  from  Naples.  On  the  20tli  of  May  he  set  out  on  his 
liuiiiewanl  march,  at  the  head  or  one-half  of  his  army,  amouating  in  all  to  not 
niore  than  nine  thousand  fighting-men.  The  other  half  was  left  for  the 
'Hence  -^^  his  new  com^uest.  This  arrangement  was  highly  impolitic,  snice 
he  neitiici"  took  with  him  enough  to  cover  his  retreat,  nor  left  enough  to 
secure  the  preservation  of  Naples.* 

It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  French  army  in  its  retrograde  movement 
througli  Italy.     It  is  enough  to  say  that  this  was  not  conducted  with  sutiicient 


Cuniinfs,  M6moire8,  liv.  7,  chap.  17. — 
kmniuntp.  Hist,  di  Napoli,  torn.  iii.  lib.  6, 
up.  2— (iiannune,  Istoria  di  Naptdi,  lib.  29, 
c«p.  2. 

'  BtdhWz,  Rryps  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
U't  14,1.— ('icrro,  ill  liis  charges  against  VorrcH, 
nakes  a  ri'iiiark  respecting  tlie  Greek.'*,  that 
iiuvHol!  ajiply  to  tlie  plundered  Italians  of 
Curbi  Vlll.'s  day  and  our  own;  "  Deinde 
■ii'  'Tnatiis,  hii'c  opera,  atque  artiticia,  signa, 
f'lU'  pict.1',  (Jnvcos  iiouiinea  niuiio  ojiere 
-"t.mt.  Ifa(iue  ex  illorum  (lueriinmiiis 
:W;llii;orp  iKL-isuiiiu-s  ha'c  illis  acert>issiina 
' -ri,  (|U,i'  iiul)i,s  forsltan  levia  et  contem- 
uriii  eosc  viclcantur.  Milii  credite,  judices, 
t'lni  nuilt.i-i  aifiperiiit  per  hosce  aiinos  noeil 
"'I'J' e.\ti  r,e  luitioues  calamitates  et  iiijurias, 
'-'US  Greti  homiues  gruviua  tuleruut,  nee 


ferunt,  quam  hujuscemodi  epolialionea  fano- 
rum  atque  oppidorum." — Actio  ii.  lib.  4,  ciip. 
59. 

•'  Sumnionte,  Hist,  di  N'apoli,  toin.  Iii.  lib. 
6,  cap.  2. — According  to  Uiannone  (I.storia  di 
Napoli,  lib.  29,  cap.  2),  he  did  obtain  the 
investiture  from  tin'  pope  ;  but  this  statement 
is  contradicted  by  several,  and  confirmed  by 
none,  (if  til"  autliorities  1  have  consulted. 

*  Urantoine,  lloranies  illustres,  (Kuvres, 
torn.  ii.  pp.  .3-5. — Comines,  .Memoires,  liv. 
8,  chap.  2.  The  particulars  of  tlie  coronation 
are  recorded  with  punctilious  precision  by 
Andre  de  la  Vigne.  secret, iry  of  Cjueen  Anne. 
(!li<t.  de  Charles  Vlll.,  p.  2i)l  )  Darn  has 
confoimded  tills  farce  with  Cluirles's  oi-i(_'iiial 
entry  into  Naples  in  February.  Hist,  de 
VeuLse,  torn.  iii.  liv.  20,  p.  247. 


350 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


dos|),itrh  to  anticipate  the  junction  of  tlie  allied  forces,  who  assomlilf.,!  to 
(lisputc  its  passa^'c  on  the  hanks  (if  the  Tarn,  near  Fornovo.     An  artion  was 
there  foM;,dit,  in  which   Kinj:   Charles,   at  the   heail  of  his  loval  diivalrv 
a«  hieveil  such 'jeeds  of  heroism  as  slied  a  histre  over  his  iil-concertcil  ciitir' 
iri  (!,  an<l  which,  if  they  ilid  not  wiin  him  an  undisputed  victory,  seinifil  the 


etVect 


f  it  liy  enahlintf  him  to  eMect  his  retreat  without  further  molestation. 


iin  (!,  ai 
fruits  o 

At  TiUMU  he  entered  into  neirotiation  with  the  calculatin;,'  duke  of  Aiiian 
which  terminated  in  tlie  treaty  of  Vercelh,  Octoher  lOtli,  WXk  My  tins 
treaty  Ciiarles  ohUvined  no  other  advanta^^e  than  that  of  (h'tm  lijn;'  Jijs 
cunnnii;  adversary  from  the  coalition.  The  Venetians,  althom;li  nfibui.'  u 
accede  to  it,  ma<le  no  opposition  to  any  arranL'oment  which  would  e.xiHMJitc 
the  removal  of  their  formidalile  foe  heyond  the  Alps.  This  was  siM-cliiv 
accomplished  ;  an<l  Charles,  yielding,'  to  liis  own  ini|tatience  an<l  that  of  his 
nohles,  recrossed  that  mountain  rampart  which  natiu'e  has  so  inetlcctnally  j>ro. 
vided  for  the  security  of  Italy,  and  reacheil  (jrenf)hlc  with  his  army  on  tliei'Tth 
of  the  month.  Once  more  restored  to  Ins  own  dominions,  the  youm,'  iiiuiia;i  h 
ahandoned  himself  without  reserve  to  tlie  licentious  pleasures  to  whiili  ho 
was  passionately  addicted,  for;,'ettini;  alike  his  dreams  of  andiition,  ami  tlio 
brave  companions-inarms  whom  he  had  deserted  in  Italy.  Thus  eiiilfd  tlli^ 
memorahle  expedition,  which,  though  crowned  witii  complete  sudcss,  wa-; 
attended  with  no  other  permanent  n-sidt  to  its  authors  than  that  of  opcnin,' 
the  way  to  those  disastrous  wars  which  wasted  the  resources  of  tlieir  country 
for  a  ^reat  part  of  tlu^  sixteenth  century.* 

Charles  the  Eighth  had  left  as  his  viceroy  in  Naples  Oilhert  de  Boiirhim, 
duke  of  Montpensier,  a  prince  of  the  hlood,  and  a  hrave  and  loyal  iinMcmaii, 
but  of  slender  military  wipacity,  and  so  fond  of  his  bed,  says  CoiniM(>s,  that  ho 
seldom  left  it  before  noon.  The  command  of  the  force.s  in  Cahihria  was 
intrusted  to  M.  d'Aubigny,  a  Scottish  cavalier  of  the  house  of  Stuart,  raided 
liy  Charles  to  tlie  dignity  of  grand  constable  of  France,  He  was  so  nnnh 
esteemed  for  his  noble  and  chivalrous  cpialities  that  he  was  styled  by  the  annal- 
ists of  that  day,  says  Brantome,  "grand  chevalier  sans  rejiroche.''  He  hal 
large  exjierience  in  military  matters,  and  was  reputed  one  of  the  l)est  otliccr^  in 
the  French  service.  Besides  these  principal  commanders,  there  were  otliers 
of  subordinate  rank  stationed  at  the  head  of  small  detacmneuts  on  (litii'iciit 
points  of  the  kingdom,  and  especially  in  the  fortified  cities  along  th(>  masts.* 

Scarcely  had  Cliarles  the  Eighth  cpiitted  Naples,  when  his  rival,  Fonlinaii'l 
who  had  already  completed  his  preiiarations  in  Sicily,  made  a  de.scent  im  tlio 
southern  extremity  of  Calabria,  lie  was  supported  in  this  by  the  Sjiani^h 
levies  under  the  admiral  Keipiesens,  and  Gonsalvo  of  Cordova,  who  rem  heil 
Sicily  in  the  month  of  May.  As  the  latter  of  these  commanders  was  desiinol 
to  act  a  most  conspicuous  part  in  the  Italian  wars,  it  may  not  be  aiiii.s.s  to  give 
some  account  of  his  early  life. 

Gonzalo  Fernandez  de  Cordova,  or  Aguilar,  as  he  is  sometimes  styldl  irm 
the  territorial  title  assumed  by  his  branch  of  the  family,  was  born  at  -Montilla, 
in  14r)3.  His  father  died  early,  leaving  two  sons,  Alonso  de  Aguilar,  whose 
name  occurs  in  some  of  the  most  brilliaiit  passages  of  the  war  of  Oranada.and 
(jionsalvo,  three  years  younger  tlian  his  brother.  During  the  troulih'd  ri'i.irn> 
of  John  the  Second  and  Henry  tlie  Fourth,  the  city  of  Cordova  was  diviileil  i'V 


*  Vinciionvo,  Mrnmiros,  apud  Potitot,  Col- 
Ipttioii  (If  MT'iiKiiriS,  toiii.  xiv.  jip.  '26-,  "203. 
—  Klassaii,  Diiiloinatic  Fraiivaisc,  toiii.  i.  pp. 
267-2(iU  — ('(iiiiini's,  M/^mniro.-*,  liv.  8,  chap. 
10-12.  IH. — "  lit's  ('(ini|in"ti»pi,"  uhftcrvcs  .Mmi- 
tesquiuu,  "aout  aisees  a  I'aire,  parce  qu'on 


Iph  fait  avcc  t  ntes  sor  furcos;  (Won  f'nt 
diflltilfs  a  coiiM.  ivtr,  parce  riunn  ni'  I'';,'''" 
ft'iid  (lu'avoc  une  partie  ilc  s^'^s  ("WOf  — 
(irandi'ur  ot  D^cailciice  des  Koui  liiis.  diap.  i 
'  CiiiiiiiiPH.  Meraoiros.  liv.  s,  iliap.  ••— 
Braniome,  IIommL-s  illustres,  torn.  ii.  p.  5»' 


CAMPAIGNS  OP  aONSALVO. 


3Sl 


was  so  mm  ti 


the  fends  of  the  rival  fainilios  of  Cal»ra  anrl  Apniilar ;  and  it  is  roportotl  tliat 
the  citi/riiH  of  the  \nilor  faction,  after  tlie  loss  of  thoir  natural  Uairr,  (Jon- 
salvo's  fatliiT,  used  to  testify  tiieir  loyalty  to  his  house  by  l»earin^  the  infant 
fliiMrcn  alonj;  with  them  in  their  rencontres:  thus  (.lonsalvo  may  he  said  to 
hii\t'  Ik'cu  literally  nursed  atuid  the  din  of  hattle.' 

(»n  the  hreakin;;  out  of  the  civil  wars,  the  two  hrotliers  attaclied  themselves 
totlie  fcrtiuies  of  Alfonso  and  Isahella.  At  their  court,  the  y»'ung  (ionsiilvo 
soon  attracted  attention  by  the  uncommon  beauty  of  his  jierson,  his  polished 
iiianiiers,  and  proficiency  in  all  kni;:htly  exercises.  lie  imhd^'ed  in  a  profuse 
niaL'iiiticence  in  his  'iijjatel,  e<inii»a;,'e,  and  ^'eneral  Ftyle  of  livinj,' ;  a  circum- 
stHiKP  which,  accompanied  with  nis  brilliant  (pialites,  j^avchim  the  title  at  the 
mnioi  tf  jirindjie  (fe  lo8  cavnlltroSy  the  prince  of  cavaliers.  This  careless- 
ness of  exTH'iise,  indee<l,  called  forth  more  than  once  the  atlectionate  remon- 
strance (»f  his  brother  Alonso,  who,  as  the  elder  son,  had  inherited  the 
ru'ii/onnjo.  or  family  estate,  and  who  providwl  lil)erally  for  Cionsalvo's 
siijiport.  lie  served  durinj;  the  Portuguese  war  nmler  Alonso  de  Cardenas, 
pnimi  master  of  St.  James,  and  was  honoured  with  the  i)ublic  conunendations 
of  his  ^'ciieral  f<»r  his  signal  display  of  valour  at  tlie  liattie  of  Allmera  ;  Avhere, 
it  was  remarked,  the  young  hero  incurred  an  umiecessary  degree  of  personal 
hazard  by  the  ostentations  splendour  of  his  armour.  Of  this  comman(h'r,  and 
of  the  count  of  Tendilla,  Gonsalvo  always  sp(»ke  with  the  greatest  deference, 
ackiiowjedging  that  he  had  learned  the  rudiments  of  war  from  them.' 

The  long  war  of  Granada,  however,  was  the  ^reat  school  in  which  his 
military  discipline  was  perfected.  He  did  not,  it  is  true,  occupy  so  eminent 
a  position  in  these  campaigns  as  some  other  chiefs  of  rii>er  years  and  more 
enhirfied  exoerience  ;  but  on  various  occasions  he  displayed  uncommon  proofs 
botii  of  address  and  valour.  lie  particularly  distinguished  himself  at  the 
captiiro  of  Tajara,  lllora,  and  Monte  Frio.  At  the  last  place,  he  headed  the 
sraliiiji,'  party,  and  was  the  first  to  mount  the  walls  in  the  face  of  the  enemy. 
He  wellnigh  closed  his  career  in  a  midnight  skirmish  h'fore  Granada,  which 
(vcurred  a  short  time  before  the  end  of  the  war.  In  the  heat  of  the  struggle 
his  horse  was  slain  ;  and  Gonsalvo,  unal»le  to  extricate  himself  from  the 
nicrass  in  which  he  was  entangled,  would  have  perishe<l,  l>ut  for  a  faithful 
servant  of  the  family,  who  mounted  him  on  his  own  horse,  briefly  conunending 
to  his  niaster  the  care  of  his  wife  and  children.  Gonsalvo  escaped,  Itut  his 
brave  follower  paid  for  his  loyalty  with  his  life.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war, 
he  was  solectea,  together  with  Ferdinand's  secretary  Zafra,  in  consequence  of 
his  plausible  address,  and  his  familiarity  with  the  Arabic,  to  conduct  the 
negotiation  with  the  Moorish  government.  He  was  secretly  introduced  for 
this  puqtose  by  ni^ht  into  Granada,  and  finally  succeeded  in  arranging  the 
terms  of  capitulation  with  the  unfortunate  Abdallah,  as  has  been  already 
statnl  In  consideration  of  his  various  services,  the  Spanish  sovereigns 
granted  him  a  pension  and  a  large  lande«l  estate  in  the  coiui^uered  territory.* 

After  the  war,  Gonsalvo  remained  with  the  court,  and  his  high  reputation 
and  brilliant  exterior  made  him  one  of  the  most  distinguished  ornaments 


'  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  lib.  2, 
t'p.  7— (iioviu,  Vita  Magni  Gonsalvi,  lib.  1, 
ri'-  204,  2(ir). 

"  I'lilirar.  Sumario  de  las  Hazaftas  del  Oran 
'j'»l'itan  Madrid,  1834).  p.  145.— <jliovio,  Vita 
Mainii  lioii'^alvi,  lib.  1,  pp.  '20.5  ct  soq. 
,;  l''tfr  Martyr,  Opus  Kpi-t  ,  t-pist.  90.— 
I'l'jvi...  Vita  Mapni  (ionsalvi,  lib.  I,  pp.  211, 
■.;•■•""'  "'"'''.  I'l'iiiinai'ion  de  los  Arat)os,  tnui. 
"'•  cap.  42.— Quintaua,  Espafioles  c^lebres, 


torn.  i.  pp.  207-216.-^  Pulpar,  Sumario,  p. 
i;i.{. — Florian  lia.s  given  circulatinn  to  a  popu- 
lar error  by  his  romance  of  "'Jonsalve  do 
(Nirdoue,"  where  the  ynuiig  warrior  in  made 
to  play  a  part  he  is  by  no  mean-  entitled  to, 
as  hero  of  the  (Jraiiadine  war.  (iraver  writers, 
who  eannot  lawfully  ph'ail  the  privilege  of 
romancing,  have  committed  the  same  error. 
.See,  among  others,  Varillas,  Politique  de 
Ferdinand,  p.  3. 


352 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


of  the  rnval  circle.  His  niaiinors  displayotl  all  the  romantic  gallantry  diarnr 
tcri^tic  of  tli(!  a^'c,  of  which  the  followiilL',  miiioiik  other  instaiKcs,  is  Veionlfil. 
Th(^  ([uecn  accoinpaiiioil  liur  (iaii;;hter  .r»)iiiiiia  on  hoard  tiio  lici't  \\\\h\\  u;i.s 
to  l)wir  her  to  KlaiiiU'rs,  th(!  cnimtry  of  hrr  ilo.Ntiiicij  hiishaml.  After  hi.Miiiu' 
allien  to  the  infanta,  Isahcila  retnrne<|  in  her  hoat  to  the  shore  ;  l.iit  tho 
waters  were  so  swollen  that  it  was  fonnd  diHicuIt  t<»  make  good  a  fontiin;  fnr 
lier  on  the  l.i'ach.  As  the  sailors  were  jtreparin^  to  dra^  tlie  hark  lutilicr 
up  the  strand,  (ionsalvo,  who  was  j)rescnt,  and  diessed,  as  the  Castilmn 
historians  are  careful  to  inform  us,  in  a  rich  suit  of  bromde  and  criinMjii 
velvet,  unwilling'  that  the  j)ers(»n  of  his  royal  mistress  siiould  he  iiiufaiicl 
by  the  touch  of  such  rude  hands,  waded  into  the  water,  and  hore  tlie  (|U('«'ii 
in  his  arms  to  the  shore,  amid  the  shouts  and  ]»laudits  of  the  spcdaturs. 
The  incident  may  form  a  counterpart  to  the  wellknowa  anecdote  of  Sir 
Walter  llalei^di.'" 

Isahella's  lou^  and  intimate  ac(iuaintance  with  Gonsjilvo  enali1c(l  her  to 
form  a  correct  estimate  of  his  ;j;reat  t;ilents.  When  th«'  Italian  expeilitioii 
was  resolv(!d  on,  she  instantly  fixed  hvr  eyes  on  him  as  the  most  suitaMc 
l)erson  to  conduct  it.  She  knew  that  he  possessed  the  «|ualities  essential 
to  success  in  a  new  and  diflicnlt  enterprise, — coura^n^,  constancy,  siii>:iilar 
l>rudenc(%  dexterity  in  nejfotiation,  and  inexhaustihle  fertility  of  rcsinirrf. 
iSlie  accordingly  recommendi'd  him,  without  hesitation,  to  her  hushaiid,  as  iho 
commander  of  the  Italian  arm)r.  He  approved  her  choice,  although  it  mmius 
to  havtt  caused  no  little  surprise  at  the  court,  which,  notwithstandinj;  tin- 
favour  in  which  Gonsalvo  was  held  by  the  sovereigns,  was  not  prejiaivil  to 
see  him  advanced  over  the  heads  of  veterans,  of  so  much  riper  years  ami 
Jiigher  miUtiiry  renown  than  himself.  The  event  proved  the  sagacity  of 
Lsahella." 

The  i)art  of  the  squadron  destined  to  convoy  the  new  general  to  Sicily  wa^ 
made  ready  for  sea  in  the  spring  of  14!).").  After  a  temnestuous  voya^'o,  he 
reached  Messina  on  the  24th  of  ^lay.  He  found  that  l<erdinaiid  of  Xaplcs 
lia<l  already  begun  operations  in  Calabria,  where  he  hail  occui)ied  i<eggi<»  nith 
the  assistance  of  the  admiral  Reciuesens,  who  readied  ISicilv  with  a  part  of 
the  armament  a  short  time  previous  to  Gonsalvo's  arrival.  Tne  whole  cllktive 
force  of  the  Snaniard.s  did  not  exceed  six  hundred  lances  and  tifteeii  liiiiiilnil 
foot,  besides  tnose  employed  in  the  fleet,  amounting  to  about  three  tlioiisaii<l 
five  hundred  more.  l7ie'finances  of  Spain  had  been  too  freely  drained  in  tlu' 
late  iNIoorish  war  to  authorize  any  cxtiuordinary  expenditure  ;  and  Kenlinaml 
designed  to  assist  his  kinsman  rather  with  his  name  than  with  any  i^wM 
acc«\ssion  of  numbers.  Prei)arations,  however,  were  going  forward  fur  vaA-^ui:. 
additional  levies,  especially  among  the  hardy  peasantry  of  the  Asturias  anil 
Galicia,  on  which  the  war  of  Granada  had  fallen  less  heavily  than  on  the  south." 


""  fJiovlo,  Vita  MnRni  donsnlvl,  p.  214.— 
Chronica  <lol  (Jran  Capitan  (Jonzalo  Ilcrnan- 
do7.  dc  Cordova  y  At{nilar(  Alcalado  n<'ii;ir('H, 
irih4),  cap.  ■.^;{. —Allot her  o.xamplo  of  liis  (gal- 
lantry occurrod  during  tlie  (irariMilino  war, 
avIk'H  till'  fire  of  Santa  Fc  iiad  coiisuiiie'l  the 
royal  tout,  with  tlio  ^r'-ntfr  part  of  the  iniorn'i 
H))jiarcl  and  other  %'alual)lo  elfects.  (Jonsalvo, 
on  learning  the  (li!«aHier, at  liisca."*tlci)f  lUora, 
Knpplied  the  t|neen  no  ahundantly  tmni  the 
iiia;j;nifiiTiit  wardrolie  of  his  wife,  Dona  Maria 
i\lanri(|ne.  as  h'd  isahella  ]>lensnntly  to  re- 
mark that  "  the  lire  had  d<ine  more  i',\eeiition 
in  ills  (inarters  tliau  in  lur  own."  I'ulgar, 
Suiuario,  p.  187. 


"  Giovio,  Vita  Magnl  Gons^dvi,  p.  2'.l- 
Chr6niea  d"!  Gran  Capitan,  cap.  'It. 

'^  Znrita,  ni<t.delRevHeniai:do.lib.2,rap. 
1,  24.— (^nintana,  Ksjiafioles  iZ-lrhn^,  t.nii  i. 
p.  2'J2.— Clironicadel  (Iran  CV.itit.m,  iiM  suim. 
-(iiovio,  in  his  bionra,iliy  <if 'ion-jilvu,  esti- 
mates these  forces  at  51)00  foot  ami  timi  li"rs'', 
whieli  last  in  his  History  he  raises  to  Tim'. 
I  have  followed  Znrita,  as  i)n  seuting  iIr' 
more  prohable  statement,  and  as  (rein'riiliy 
more  accurate  in  aU  tliat  relatis  to  hisuwu 
nation.  It  is  a  hojteless  task  tn  ait-  inpt  t" 
reconcile  th"  maiiil'old  inaccinai  ies,  c.nti*- 
dictions,  and  discrepancies  whicii  p  rj'lix  tli«' 
narratives  of  the  writers  on  Iwtti  siaes,  iu 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  GONSALVO. 


3."»3 


On  tho  2r)th  of  May,  Gonsalvo  do  C'Dnlova  crossed  ovor  tn  Roji^io  in 
ralftl'ri'^.  wIk'Ic  a  T»liiii  nf  ()|K'nitions  wns  coiifj'rtrd  Ix'twrcn  hiiii  and  tlio 
\faiHilitiin  MUHiurcri.  licfoni  n|ie;iiiij^  tlio  camiiaiun,  M'vciiil  slinim  idaci's 
ill  the  iiioviiico,  which  (lued  allcuiaiicc  t<»  tho  Ara;,'niu>se  fuiiiily,  wvro  placed 
Ki  the  iiands  of  th«  Sjninish  general,  as  s«'cnrity  for  the  rciinh  rcniont  of 
t\N'iisc«;  incurred  l»y  his  government  in  th«  war.  As  (iunalvo  phiced  littlo 
uliaiice  on  his  Cahihrian  or  Sicilian  rocruits,  he  was  ohiiged  to  detach  a 
(iiiisiijcralile  part  of  his  S|xuiish  forces  to  ijarriMni  these  places.'* 

The  ]trcseiice  of  their  monarch  revived  the  dormant  loyalty  of  his  Calahrian 
v'ttjcctv  They  throngod  to  his  standard,  till  at  length  he  fi>imd  himself  at 
ihf  licad  of  six  tlio\i>and  men,  chieHy  com|)Osed  of  the  raw  militia  of  the 
niiiiitiv.  He  marched  at  once  with  (ionsalvo  on  St.  Agatha,  which  o|MMicd 
it'ptt's  without  resistance,  lie  then  directed  his  course  towanis  Sennnara, 
.iliiiiiv  of  some  strength  ahout  eight  leagues  from  Keggio.  On  his  way  ho 
(lit  in  piiMcs  a  detachnuMit  of  French  on  its  march  to  reinforce  the  garrison 
thi'iv.  Scminara  imiUiteil  the  example  of  St.  Agatha,  and,  receiving  tho 
Ncaiwilitiiii  army  without  opposition,  unfurled  the  standard  of  Aragon  on  its 
wa!l\  While  this  was  going  forward,  Antonio  (Jrimani,  the  Venetian  admiral, 
^oiiied  the  eastern  coasts  of  the  kingdom  with  a  fleet  of  foiu-and-twcnty 
,rllt ys,  :iiid,  attacking  the  strong  town  of  Monopoli,  in  the  possession  of  tho 
FrPiifli,  put  the  greater  part  of  the  garrison  to  tho  sword. 

DAtiliigny,  who  lay  at  this  time  with  an  inconsiderable  hotly  of  French 
tproiis  ill  the  south  of  Calabria,  saw  the  necessity  of  siuue  vigorous  njovcnuuit 
•  I  ilicck  the  further  progress  of  the  enemy.  IL  determined  to  concentrate 
li!v  forces,  scattered  through  the  province,  and  march  against  Ferdinand,  in 
'ill'  hope  of  hriuLdng  him  to  a  decisive  action.  For  this  purjtose,  in  addition 
'  I  the  L'lirrisons  dispersed  among  the  |)rincipal  towns,  he  sunnuoned  to  his  aid 
the  forces,  consisting  i)rinci|Milly  of  Swiss  infantry,  sUUiontid  in  tho  Hasilicatc 
'■I'lcr  I'rccy,  a  brave  young  cavalier,  esteemed  one  of  the  l)est  otlicers  in  tho 
Fniuli  service.  After  the  arrival  of  this  reinforcement,  aided  by  the  levies 
f  the  .\iigevin  barons,  D'Aubigny,  whose  etl'ectivo  strength  now  greatly  sur- 
I'l  <fi\  tliat  of  his  adversary,  directed  his  march  towards  Seminara." 

Fertliiiaiid,  who  had  received  no  intimation  of  his  adversary's  jiuiction  with 
Precv,  and  who  considered  him  much  inferior  to  himself  in  nundK'rs,  no  sooner 
heanl  of  his  approach  than  he  determined  to  march  out  at  once,  before  he 
I'liiM  reach  Seminara,  and  give  him  battle.  Gonsalvo  jvas  of  a  dilierent 
•^^inion.  His  own  troops  had  too  little  ex]terience  in  war  with  the  French 
nn  1  Swiss  veterans  to  make  him  willing  to  risk  all  on  the  chances  of  a  single 
t  ittli'.  The  Spanish  heavy-armed  cavalry,  iiideed,  were  a  mat(;li  for  any 
;:i  Kinn])c,  and  were  even  said  to  surpass  every  other  in  the  beauty  and 
f'xceliencc  of  their  appointments,  at  a  period  when  arms  were  finished  to 


"vmtliinir  rplatinR  to  numerical  eRtiinatPS. 
li'ililll.  nlty  is  xrciitly  Increased  by  tin-  ex- 
'MiiHiy  \a^'ii('  application  i)f  the  term  hnw-f, 
iM\i.  unit  witii  it  iiicliiciiiiK  six,  four,  tiiroe, 
' r  'Veil  H  less  iiuinlicr  of  followers,  us  the 
'A-''  iniirlit  lie. 

Miriiiiii,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  t<im.  11.  lib. 
:\t:n\>.  Ill  — Zurifa,  Mist,  del  Hey  HcruiTido, 
'  '-. lap.  7.  — 'I'lie  occupation  of  these  places 
'yi'iKiiivd  I'Xiiti'd  llie  |>op("'s  jialoiisy  as  to 
'  "  it'-simis  of  tlie  Spanish  sovereigns.  In 
^  |ny(iu(ii(i.  of  his  remonstrances,  the  Cas- 
'•i'n  Pinov.  «furcil(isso  de  la  Vpri,  was 
iMruct'il  to  ilirt'ct  (ions.ilvo  that,  "in  case 
"i)  iiif' rjor  places  had  been  Rini.e  pm  into 


his  hands,  he  should  restore  thi'iu;  if  they 
were  of  im|K(rtance,  however.  In'  was  fir^t  to 
confer  with  his  own  goveriinnnt."  Kiii^ 
Ferdinand,  as  Aharca  assures  his  reudi  rs, 
"was  unwilling  to  ^ive  cause  of  coiiipiamt 
to  any  one.  unfexz  hr  wfrc  ymalUi  a  ijitno  r 
h>/  if."  l{eyes  tie  Ara(rot),  rey  3(1,  cap.  H.— 
Zurita,  Hist,  del  Hey  Hernando,  toni.  v.  lib. 
1!,  cap.  .s. 

'  (iiovio,  Vita  Mai^rd  (ion«alvi,  pp.  215- 
217.  Mem,  Hist,  siii  reiiii><iris,  pp.  H.'l  ms. 
— HenilM).  Istoria  N'iiiiziana.  lib  ;i,  pp.  l«o, 
1X.5.— Zurita,  H  st.  did  Key  Heruando,  lib.  2, 
cap.  8. -(tuiiciardini,  Isloria,  lil^.  '2,  pp.  SS, 
V2. — Clii6iiica  ihd  <»iaii  Capitan,  c,i[i   2."). 


■v>. 


X,i 


ITALIAN   WAK.S. 


luxury'*  n<' lijid  Imt  u  haiidfiil  of  these,  Imwcvcr ;  I'V  far  the  create*.!  p«rt 
of  his  cuvjilrv  cMHsisliii'i  of  tjineftHy  or  h^htariiied  trofips,  of  iiifNtiinaLIc 
Hervico  in  the  wild  ^ciierillii  warfare  to  whith  thev  had  Imm-m  ft((ii>tuni»'.l  n, 
<iraiiada,  I'Ut  ohviousiy  ineaiiahle  of  eojiinK  with  ll»'  irnii  ijfm/'iriiin-if  nf 
France.  He  felt  sonm  di>t;n.st,  ton,  in  l»riiiuiii«  his  little  corps  uf  iiifantrv 
\\ithout  further  |»n'|»aniti<iii,  armed,  us  th(\v  were  (tiily  with  slmit  s\\(»nl>  ;iii'| 
hucklers,  and  much  reiliicr  I,  as  h.xs  heen  alreiuly  .state<|,  in  tmiiilicr,  l<i  ..|i 
coiMiter  the  f(trmidal»le  phalanx  of  Swiss  nikes.  As  for  tlie  ('alal.riaii  Icvu., 
he  did  not  place  the  Icust  n-liance  oi\  tfiein.  At  all  events,  Ik-  tlioii^ht  it 
prudent,  heforo  comiiii;  to  action,  to  ohtain  more  accurate  infoniiatiun  ihan 
they  now  puHsessnl  of  the  actual  stren;:th  of  the  enemy 


I'l 


In  all  this,  however,  lu;  ivas  overruled  hv  the  impaiKMioe  of  Kenlinanil 


/; 


Ii.iii. 


his  followers.  The  principal  S|»Hnish  cavaliers,  indeed,  as  well  as  the  Ita 
auioii!^  wh(»m  may  he  fomid  nanavs  which  aft(!rwards  rose  to  hi;;li  ili>tiii(ti.  n 
in  these  wars,  iu'K«'d  <ionsalv«»  to  lay  asid(<  his  scruples;  repreM-utiii;.' tlir 
iu'jiolicy  of  showin;^' any  distrust  of  their  own  stren^^th  at  this  <riMs.  iiii'i  <i 
halkin;^  tln^  ardour  (»f  their  soldiers,  now  hot  for  action.  The  Spaiii>li  ilmi. 
though  far  froui  heiuL,' oonvinceil,  viel(h'(l  to  these  e-arnest  remonstrances,  lunl 
Kin;;  Ferdinand  led  (tut  his  little  army  without  further  delay  a;;ainst  llu' 
enemy. 


After  traversin;,'  a  chain  of  hills  .stretching  in  an  eajiterly  diection  fnnii 
Seminara,  at  the  distance  of  ahout  three  miles  he  arrived  hcfon-  a  -im] 
streum,  <»n  the  jdains  heyttnd  which  he  discerned  the  Frem  h  armv  m  riijinl 
advance  a.u'iiinst  him.  lie  resolved  to  await  its  approach  ;  ami,  ta]<iii:.'  |"i-i 
tion  on  the  slope  of  the  hills  towards  the  river,  he  drew  up  his  Imrsc  tm  the 
ri^^ht  wiuu,  and  his  infantry  on  the  h'ft." 

The  French  generals,  l)'Auhi;.;ny  and  Trecy,  pnttinj^  themselvo  at  th' 
head  of  their  cavalry  on  the  left,  consisting;  of  ahout  fourliimdrcd  luaw  arninl 
and  twice  as  many  li;;ht  horse,  dashed  into  the  water  without  hesitation.  Tlmr 
riiiht  was  occupied  l»y  tlu;  hristling  phalanx  of  Swiss  spearmen  in  cIom- aria\ ; 
hehind  these  were  the  militia  of  tlie  country.  The  Spanish  iiincu.i  .MKrct-iliI 
in  throwin,;;  the  French  gendarmerie  into  some  disoider  he^tre  it  cnulil  firiii 
after  crossing'  the  stream  ;  hut  no  sooner  was  this  accomplislied  tliaii  tli<' 
Snaniards,  incai)ahle  (»f  withstandin;;  the  char;;e  of  the  enemy,  sinMtnW 
wiieeled  ahout  and  precipitately  retreated,  with  the  intention  of  ivaiii 
retiu'ning  on  their  assjiilants,  after  tlie  fashion  of  the  iMottridi  tactics.  Tlio 
Calahrian  militia,  not  comprehendini;  this  nianceuvre,  inteiprcted  it  iiitn  a 
defi'at.  They  thought  the  hattle  lost,  and,  seized  with  a  panic,  hrukc  tiuir 
ranks,  and  tied  to  a  man,  hefore  the  Swiss  infantry  had  time  so  iiiiu  li  as  to 
lower  its  lances  against  them. 

King  Ferdinand  in  vain  attem[»ted  to  rally  the  dastardly  fui^ntivcs.  Th' 
P'rench  cavalry  was  soon  upon  them,  making  frightful  slaii^liter  in  their  rankv 
The  young  monarch,  whose  splendid  arms  and  towering  plumes  iii;nle  liim  a 
conspicuous  mark  in  the  field,  was  exposed  to  innninent  peril.  He  li;i'l  ln'ki'i 
his  lance  in  the  Inwly  of  (tne  of  the  foremost  of  the  French  cavaliers,  \\lieii  ln^ 
horse  fell  under  him,  and,  as  his  feet  were  entangled  in  the  stiriii|is.  lie  weiill 
inevitahly  have  peiished  in  the  melee,  hut  for  the  prompt  assist.imc  (if  a 
young  nohleman  named  Juan  de  Altavilla,  who  mounted  his  master  en  lli^ 
own  horse  and  caludy  awaited  the  aj)proach  of  the  enemy,  liy  whom  lie  "as 


"  (Jiovio,  Vita  Mnniii  (lunsiilvi,  lil).  1.— Du 
Ik>s,  l.inui'  di'  (.'aiuhiay,  inirml  .  p.  f)M. 


Giovio.  Vila  Maniii  (ioiisalvi.  111'.  KM' 
'210.   'JIT  — Clin'ini.M  -l.'t    <ii.iii   Cipitaii.  'Jp 


Zurita,  Ilisl,  rtrl   l{.y  Hcrn.un|i»,  lih.  ?,         '1%. — (^uiiitaiia,    E^poJioUa  celcbrL'?,  t'liii.  i 


cap.    7.— Giovio,  Vita   Mamii  Ouusalvi,  ubi 
bupia. 


pp.  2-J.J-221. 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  OONSALVO. 


355 


imnu'<li)itcly  Hlain.  Inst  •  )f  this  affecting  loyalty  ftml  self  dcvotinn  not 
iiiiiitijiitMilly  occur  in  i.^.-t-  whih,  throwing  a  melancholy  ^race  over  tho 
ilarkti  ami  inon;  ferocious  features  of  the  time,'' 

(i..ii>iilvo  was  seen  in  the  thickest  of  the  fi^'ht,  lonu'  after  the  kinj^'s  escape, 
ilmr::iiiU  the  enemy  briskly  at  the  head  of  his  han<lfiil  of  Spanijinls,  not  in 
tin-  linpc  of  retrievni;;  tlie  <lay,  hut  of  covering'  the  fli;,'lit  of  tlie  panic-struck 
.Nt'iiiKilitans.  At  length  he  was  home  alon^  hy  the  rushing  tidt",  and  sue- 
rcnii't  111  lirin^inu  oU  the  ureater  part  of  his  cavalry  Nvfe  to  Seininara.  Had 
tlif  I'niich  followed  up  the  Mow,  the  ^'renter  part  of  tho  royal  arn>y,  with 
I'ri'Uililv  Kin;^  Ferdinand  and  (ionsalvo  at  its  head,  would  have  fallen  into 
tliiir  li.iiids  ;  autl  thus  not  only  the  fate  of  the  caminiiKn,  hut  (»f  Naples  its«'lf, 
Hiiujil  have  heen  pernumently  decideil  hy  tliis  Iwittle.  Fortunately,  tho 
Krt'in  li  did  not  understuud  so  well  how  to  use  a  victory  as  how  lo  ^ain  it, 
Tlifv  made  no  atteujpt  to  pursue.  This  is  imputed  to  Jie  illness  of  tlieir 
LTiiciai,  h'Auhi^'ny,  o«'(Usioned  hy  the  extreme  uuheulthiness  of  the  climate, 
lie  uu>  tno  feelile  to  sit  lonu  on  his  lutrse,  and  was  ivmoved  into  a  litter  a.s 
M*)\\  ii>  the  action  was  decided.  Whatever  was  the  cause,  the  victors  hy  this 
iiiiiitinii  sutlered  the  K'>lden  fruits  of  victory  to  escape  them.  Ferdinand  made 
his  I'Map*'  on  the  sjime  day  on  lM)ard  a  vessel  whiih  conveyed  him  hack  to 
^i^ily  ;  and  (Jonsalvo,  on  the  following'  inornin;,'  liefore  hreak  of  day,  ellectt'd 
\\\<  retreat  across  the  nioinitains  to  Ke;;uio,  at  the  \nw\  of  four  hundred 
S|iiiiii>li  liinces.  Thu.s  terminated  the  first  hattle  of  importance  in  which 
liiiiMilvo  (tf  (..'ordova  held  a  distinuuished  command  ;  the  oidy  one  whi(  h  h«^ 
lust  diiiinu'  his  lon^  and  fortiniati^  career.  Its  loss,  however,  attached  no 
ili>in'ilit  to  him,  since  it  was  ent<'red  into  in  manifest  opposition  to  his  jud^- 
iiifiit.  (hi  the  contrary,  his  conduct  throughout  this  atlair  tentled  K>'*'fttly 
to  estaMi>h  his  reputation,  hy  showinj;  him  to  Ik;  no  less  prudent  in  council 
than  hold  in  action.'" 

Kill,'  Ferdinand,  far  from  heinj;  disheartened  hy  this  d(>feat,  ^'aine<l  new 
(iiiitiileiicc  fioiu  his  exnerienct'  of  tlie  favouralile  dispositions  existmj,'  towards 
liiiii  ill  (Jilaliria.  Relying  on  a  similar  feelin^j  of  loyalty  in  his  capital,  he 
ik'teiiiiiiied  to  hazard  a  hold  stroke  for  its  recovery,  and  that,  too,  instantly, 
1^'fint'  his  late  discomtiture  should  have  time  to  operate  on  the  s|)iritr;  of  his 
jiartisaiis    He  accordingly  embarked  at  Messina,  with  a  handful  of  troo[>s  ordy, 

lesens.  It  amounted  in  all  to 
e  size.  With  this  armament, 
wliidi,  notwithstariding  its  formidable  show,  carried  little  etiective  force  for 
laiid-diiorations,  the  adventurous  young  monarch  appeared  off  the  harbour  of 
.\a|ile-  licfore  tlie  end  of  June. 

(.'Iiarlcs's  viceroy,  the  duke  of  Montpensier,  at  that  time  fxarrisonoil  Naples 
flitii  six  thousand  French  troops.  On  the  appearance  of  the  Sjianish  navy, 
III'  inarched  out  to  prevent  Ferdinand's  landings  leaving  a  few  only  of  his 
siiMiers  to  keep  the  city  in  awe.  liut  he  had  scjircely  (juitted  it  hefore  the 
iiilialiitaiits,  who  had  waite<l  with  impatience  an  opportunity  for  throwing  off 
ttie  yoke,  sounded  the  tocsin,  and,  rising  to  arms  througli  every  part  of  the 
iitv  iiiKJ  massacring  the  feeble  remains  of  the  garrison,  shut  the  gates  against 
Mill;  while  Ferdinand,  who  had  succeeded  in  drawing  otf  the  French  com- 
iiiaiMJer  in  another  direction,  no  sooner  presented  himself  bcfon^  the  walls 
'liaii  he  was  received  with  transports  of  joy  by  the  enthusiastic  peojde.'^'* 


on  hoiinl  the  fleet  of  the  Spanish  admiral,  Rerni 
pii:lity  vessels,  most  of  them  of  inconsiderable 


"(iiiivi.),  Hist.  8ui  TomTioriH,  lib.  .1,  pp. 
'i-'i.— ('Iin'.iiica  (lei  (Jran  Capitan,  tap.  24. 
-Siiiiinii.iiir,  Hist,  di  NaiK.li,  toiii.  iii.  lib.  6, 
cap  'J  — Ciiiaiiinlini,  Istoria,  lib.  2,  p.  112.— 
'j»r;Uiy,  CuHij)  iiUiu,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  p.  C90. 


'»  (Jtiiccianiinl.  T-toria,  lib.  1.  p.  112.— 
(liitvio,  Hist,  Hiii  TcmjHiriw,  lib.  :!,  j).  .s5. — 
Laiiiiza,  Historias,  toui   i.  lib.  l,  ra)>.  7. 

•"  Suiiiiii' lit",  Hist.  <li  N.ipoji,  t'lm.  vi  p. 
519.— Ouict'i.mliiii,    Istoria,   lib.    2,    pp.    113, 


856 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


The  French,  however,  though  exchided  from  the  city,  by  making  a  cirniit 
ofl'ected  an  entrance  into  the  fortresses  which  conini.'inded  it.  From  tlioe 
jiusts,  Montpensier  sorely  annoyed  the  town,  making  frequent  attacks  on  it, 
day  and  night,  at  the  liead  of  his  gendarmerie,  until  they  were  at  l(ii;:tli 
cjjecked  in  every  direction  by  barricades  which  tiie  citizens  hastily  constriK  tcil 
with  wagons,  casks  of  stones,  bags  of  sand,  and  whatever  came  most  nailily 
to  hand.  At  the  same  time,  the  windows,  balconies,  and  honse-t<i|>.s  wc'i- 
crowded  with  conduitants,  who  jtoured  down  such  a  deadly  shower  of  misfit's 
on  the  heads  of  the  French  as  hnally  conntelled  them  to  take  shelter  in  their 
defences.  iMonti)ensier  was  now  closely  besieged,  till  at  length,  rcdiKcd  hy 
famine,  he  was  conijielled  to  capitulate.  Jiefore  the  term  prescriht'ij  fm-  his 
surrender  had  arrived,  however,  he  efl'ecteil  his  escape  at  night,  hy  watei-,  U) 
Salerno,  at  the  head  of  twenty-Hve  himdred  iiiei>.  The  remaining  garrison, 
with  the  fortresses,  submitted  to  the  victorious  Feidinand  in  the  licyiiuiiii^  of 
the  following  year.  And  thiLs,  l>y  one  of  those  suduen  turns  which  liclon;:  to 
the  game  of  war,  the  ej^iled  jirince,  whose  fortunes  a  few  weeks  hefoic  hail 
appeared  perfectly  desperate,  was  again  established  in  the  palace  of  his 
ancestors.*' 

Montpensier  did  not  long  remain  in  his  new  quarters.  He  saw  the  necessity 
of  immediate  action,  to  counteract  the  alarming  progress  of  the  enemy.  He 
quitted  Salerno  before  the  end  of  winter,  strengthening  his  army  l»y  siuli  rv- 
inforcements  as  he  could  collect  from  every  quarter  of  the  country.  \\  itli  tins 
])ody  he  directed  his  course  towards  Apuliti,  with  the  intention  of  lirim:iii,' 
Ferdinand,  who  had  already  established  his  head-ciuarters  there,  to  a  dei  i>i\e 
engagement.  Ferdinand's  force,  however,  was  .so  far  inferior  to  that  oi  his 
antagonist  as  to  comi)el  him  to  act  on  the  defensive  until  he  had  hecii  rt'iii 
forced  by  a  considerable  body  of  troops  from  Venice.  The  two  armies  were 
then  so  eipially  matched  that  neither  cared  to  hazard  all  on  the  ( liances  ul 
a  battle  ;  ami  the  campaign  wasted  away  in  languid  oi>erations,  whitli  led  to 
no  important  result. 

In  the  mean  time,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  was  slowly  fighting  his  way  up 
through  southern  Calabria.  The  character  of  the  country,  rougli  and  hhmiii- 
tainou.s,  like  the  Alpujarras,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  fortified  places,  enahltd 
him  to  bring  into  play  the  tactics  which  he  had  learjied  in  the  war  of  (ininuda. 
He  made  little  use  of  heavy -armed  troops,  reiving  on  his  ginctes,  and  still  iiinre 
on  his  foot ;  taking  care,  however,  to  avoid,  any  direct  encounter  with  the 
dreaded  Swiss  battaliojis.  He  made  amends  for  paucity  of  luunhers  and  want 
of  real  strength  by  rapidity  of  movement  and  the  wily  tactics  of  Moorish  wai- 
fare  ;  darting'  on  the  enemy  where  least  expected,  surprising  his  stroiiKhnl'ls 
at  dead  of  night,  entangling  him  in  ambuscades,  and  lesolating  the  (mnitry 
with  those  terrible  forays  whose  effects  he  had  so  often  witnessed  on  tlie  fair 
vegas  of  (Jranada.  He  adopted  the  policy  practised  l)y  his  master,  Ferdinand 
the  Catholic,  in  the  Moorish  war,  lenient  to  the  submissive  foe,  but  wreakin:: 
terrible  vengeance  on  such  as  resisted.'^* 

The  French  were  sorely  disconcerted  by  these  irregidar  operations,  so  mdike 
anything  to  which  they  were  accustomed  in  Ktiropean  warfare.  They  were 
further  disheartened  by  the  continued  illness  of  D'Aubigny,  and  by  the  ;;niw- 


114. — (iiovio,  Hist,  Bill  Tpniporis,  lib.  ,"?,  pp. 
h7,  hs.  —  \'ill('iu'iiv(\  MriiKiins,  ajjiul  IN-titot, 
(lollt'clioii  (les  Meiuoires,  toiu.  xiv.  pp.  '204, 
'Mb. 

-'  fJiovio,  Hist,  pni  Tpnip(iri«,  Mi.  3,  pp. 
88-90,  il4-ll!t.— Ciiic  idKlini.  l>toria,  iih.  2, 
pp.    lU-117. — Suuiuionte,  iiist.   ili   Napoli, 


torn.  vi.  pp.  520,  521. 

-'  BoiuImj,  Ii-toria  Vini/ianft.  lH'.  ■''.  If 
n:{,  n4.-<;iin,'.nica  del  <;nui  Cai'itm.  up. 
■2H.— (iiovio,  Vita  Mafrni  (ioiifalvi,  lili.  1,  !'■ 
2l><.— VilloiKMivo,  MeniiiircH,  i».  :iia.— si^- 
inondi,  Uepubllques  italieiiiu'S,  torn.  xii.  P- 
38o. 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  GONSALVO. 


357 


6,  turn.  xii.  P' 


inj,'  (li^iifToction  of  the  Calabrians,  who  in  the  southern  provinces  contiguous  to 
Sicily  were  particularly  well  in(;lined  to  Spain. 

(loiisalvo,  availing  himself  of  these  friendly  dispositions,  pushed  forward  his 
sucrcsscs,  carrying  one  stronghold  after  anotlu-r,  until  l»y  the  end  of  the  year 
lie  \\:\i\  overrun  the  whole  of  Lower  Calabria.  His  progress  would  have  Ikhmi 
-till  111' lie  rapid  but  for  the  serious  embarrassments  which  he  exiterienced  from 
',va!it  of  sujiplies.  lie  had  received  some  reinforcments  froju  Sicily,  but  very 
ftu  from  Spain  ;  while  the  baasted  Galician  levie.^,  instead  of  fifteen  hundred, 
iiad  dwindled  to  scarcely  three  hundred  men  ;  who  arrived  in  the  ujost  niiser- 
alilt' plight,  destitute  of  clothing  and  nninitions  of  every  kind.  He  was  com- 
|it'!le(l  to  wwiken  still  further  his  inadequate  force  by  garrisoning  the  conquered 
[ilivccs,  most  of  which,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  without  any  defence  at 
all.  In  addition  to  this,  lie  was  so  destitute  of  the  necessary  funds  for  the 
]iiUiiuMit  of  his  troops  that  he  was  detained  nearly  two  montbs  at  Nicastro, 
until  Febnuiry,  1490,  when  he  receive<l  a  remittance  from  Spain.  After  this, 
lie  r('siiiiiedo|>erations  with  such  vigour  that  by  the  end  of  the  following  spring 
lit"  liinl  reduced  all  Upper  Calabria,  with  the  excejjtion  of  a  small  corner  of  the 
province,  in  which  D  Aubigny  still  maintained  himself.  At  this  crisis  he  was 
MjiiiiiDiied  from  the  .scene  of  bisc(  mpiests  to  the  sui)port  of  the  king  of  Naples, 
who  lay  encamped  before  Atella,  a  town  intrenched  among  the  Apennines,  on 
the  western  borders  of  the  lUsilicate.*' 

The  cami>aign  of  the  preceding  winter  had  terminate<l  without  any  decisive 
riMilts,  the  two  armies  of  Montpensier  and  Ki  ig  Ferdinand  having  contiiuied 
in  siulit  of  each  other  without  ever  coming  to  action.  The.se  protracted  opera- 
tiiiiis  were  fatal  to  the  French.  Their  few  .sup]>lies  were  intercepted  by  the 
]Ha.sjuitry  of  the  country  ;  their  Swiss  and  (Jernian  mercenaries  nuitiniea  and 
ilescrted  for  want  of  pay  ;  and  the  Neapolitans  in  their  service  went  off  in 
p'at  numbers,  disgusted  with  the  in.solent  and  overbearing  manners  of  their 
new  allies.  Charles  the  Eighth,  in  the  mean  while,  was  wasting  his  hours  and 
lioalth  in  the  u.sual  round  of  profligate  pleasures.  F^rom  the  moment  of  re- 
truisiiig  the  Alps  he  seemed  to  have  .shut  out  It^ily  from  his  tbought.s.  He 
was  eipially  in.sen.sible  to  the  supitlications  of  the  few  Italians  at  his  court,  .and 
tlu'  remonstrances  of  his  Frencn  nobles,  many  of  whom,  although  ojiposed  to 
till'  lirst  expedition,  would  willingly  have  undertaken  a  second  to  su|»i)ort  their 
bravo  comrades,  whom  the  heedless  young  monarch  now  abaiuloneu  to  their 
fate.-* 

At  length  jMontpensier,  finding  no  prospect  of  relief  from  home,  and 
straiteiieil  by  the  want  of  provisions,  determined  to  draw  otf  from  the  neigh- 
iMmrhiind  of  Benevento,  wnere  the  two  armies  lay  encamped,  and  retreat  to 
the  fruitful  province  of  Apulia,  whose  princi})al  places  were  still  garrisoned 
i'V  the  Frencn.  lie  broke  up  his  camp  secretly  at  dead  of  night,  and  gained  a 
(lay  s  march  on  his  enemy  before  the  latter  bei^'an  his  pursuit.  This  F'erdinand 
I'lblud  with  such  vigour,  however,  that  heo\crt(K)k  the  retreating  army  at  the 
t'lwii  of  Atella,  and  completely  intercepted  its  further  )»ri»gres.s.     This  town, 

flit's  Rodf^ralonu'iit  parlant,  pt  <!<>  bion  mvU- 
leuic  iniiic  noun  los  arnios,  (\n('  U-s  I'antaHsiiis 
.Suiss<?8;  mais  ils  ('aoieiil  iiicapalili'H  dc  dis- 
cipliiip.  All  ctiiitiaire  des  Sinhscs,  ils  otoicnt 
Rails  (iJW'issiiiK'c  piiur  lours  cIh'Ih,  ot  hums 
anilti<'  pours  Icuis  lainar.idcs."  (I.if^ue  d'' 
C.iinhiay,  tuin.  I.,  dissert,  |Telim.,  p.  Gti.) 
Coiniiii's  luiitiriiis  till'  disHiH'ti'-ii,  witli  a  liiijli 
triliiitc  ti)  tlic  liiyaliy  ot  tlic  Swi-s,  wliicti  li.is 
coiitiiiuod  tlifir  liuiidiiralile  cliaract'Ti-tic  tu 
the  pieacut  day.     Mt-iuoiree   '.v.  «,  cliap.  21. 


"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Uoy  Hernando,  li)).  2, 
fap  11,  ■Jii,~<.;uicciardini,  Istoriii,  lib.  2,  p. 
liu.-dioviu,  Vita  Magni  (ionsalvi,  lib.  1, 
ri'  219,  220.— Chronica  del  Gran  Capitan, 
mp.  2."),  21). 

1^'  <iiu(viardini,  Istoria,  lib.  3,  pp.  140, 
!5T,  IG"}.— Coniino.s,  Menioires.  liv.  «,  chap. 
2a,  24.  — Peter  .Martyr,  Opus  Eplst  .epist.  183. 
-I'll  iiiisilisiTuninates  between  the  cliaracter 
of  till'  (Jrrnian  levies  or  landskneditu  and  tiie 
Swios,  III  the  following  terms:  "  Les  lans- 
qutuc'ts  ctuivHt  memo  de   beaucoUiJ  uiieu.\ 


358 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


which,  as  already  noticed,  is  situated  on  the  western  skirts  of  tlie  T^asilioatc 
lies  in  a  broad  valley  encompassed  by  a  lofty  amphitheatre  of  hills,  tliruu.l' 
which  flows  a  little  river,  tributary  to  the  Ofanto,  waterin;,'  the  town,  aiHl 
turning  several  mills  which  supplied  it  with  flour.  At  a  few  miles'  iljstaiicc  w.is 
the  stronj^  place  of  Kipa  Candida,  garrisoned  by  tlie  French,  tl.ioii.;!!  wliid, 
MontiKMisier  hoiKjd  to  maintain  his  communications  with  the  fertile  n';;i,iii:, 
of  the  interior. 

Ferdinand,  desirous  if  jiossihle  to  bring  the  war  to  a  close  bv  tho  raptiiro  ..f 
the  whole  French  army,  prepared  for  a  vigorous  I  'ockade.  tie  (iijK.st'd  lijs 
forces  so  as  to  intercejit  sujtplies  by  connnanding  i..'^  avenues  to  the  town  in 
every  direction.  He  soon  found,  however,  that  his  army,  though  consiilcinliiv 
stronger  than  his  rival's,  was  inconn)etent  to  this  without  further  aid.  1!,' 
accordingly  resolved  to  summon  to  his  support  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  tlic  fanif 
of  whose  exploits  now  resounde<l  through  every  jiart  of  the  kingdom.-' 

TheSi)anish  general  received  Ferdinand's  sunnnons  while  encamps  I  with  hi> 
army  at  Castrovillari,  in  the  north  of  Upper  Calabria.  If  he  coiiijihcij  with 
it,  he  saw  himself  in  danger  of  losing  all  the  fruits  of  his  long  caiMiiai.:n  of 
victories  ;  for  his  active  enemy  would  not  fail  to  profit  by  Tiis  alienee  to 
repair  his  los.ses.  If  he  refused  ol)edience,  however,  it  might  defeat  the  most 
favourable  oi)portunity  which  had  yet  presented  itself  for  bringing  tlic  war  td 
a  close.  lie  resolved,  therefore,  at  once  to  ^uit  the  field  of  his  triuniphs  and 
march  to  king  Ferdinand's  relief.  But,  before  his  departure,  he  jircparcil  t" 
strike  such  a  lilow  as  should,  if  possible  incapacitiite  his  enemy  for  any  cHoitiial 
movement  during  his  ab.-;ence. 

He  received  intelligence  that  a  considerable  number  of  Angevin  lords,  mostly 
of  the  i)owerful  house  of  tSan  Severino,  with  their  vassals  and  a  reinforct'nicnt 
of  French  troojis,  were  assembled  at  the  little  town  of  Laino,  on  the  iinith 
western  borders  of  Upper  Calabria,  where  they  lay  awaiting  a  junction  with 
D'Aubigny.  (ionsalvo  determined  to  surprise  this  place,  and  cai)tun'  the  ri(  h 
spoils  which  it  contained,  before  his  departure.  His  road  lay  through  a  \\\A 
and  mountainous  country.  The  passes  were  occujiied  by  the  Calahiian 
])easantry  in  the  interest  of  the  Angevin  party.  The  Spanish  general,  how- 
ever, found  no  dithculty  in  forcing  a  way  through  this  undisciplined  rahhlc 
a  large  body  of  whom  he  surrounded  and  cut  to  [tieces  as  they  lay  in  aniltush 
for  him  in  the  valley  of  Murano.  Laino,  whose  base  is  washed  by  the  wattis 
of  the  Lao,  was  defended  l)y  a  strong  castle  built  on  the  opjjosite  side  of  tho 
river,  and  connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  town.  All  ai)proach  to  the  plarc 
l)y  the  high-road  was  commanded  by  this  fortress.  Gonsalvo  obviated  thh 
dithculty,  however,  by  a  circuitous  route  across  the  mountains.  He  inarchtMl 
all  night,  and,  fonUng  the  waters  of  the  Lao  about  two  miles  above  the  town, 
entered  it  with  his  little  .army  before  break  of  day, having  previously  (h'taihc  1 
a  small  corps  to  take  possession  of  the  bridge.  The  inhaliitants,  startled  fmiii 
their  slumbers  by  the  unexpected  appearance  of  the  enemy  in  their  stroot\ 
hastily  seized  their  arms  .and  m.ade  for  the  castle  on  the  other  side  of  thi'  river. 
The  i)ass,  however,  w.as  occujjied  by  the  Spaniards ;  and  the  NeajKilitans  aiid 
French,  hemmed  in  on  every  side,  begfin  a  desper.ate  resistance,  wiiidi  tcriiii- 
nated  with  the  de.ath  of  their  chief,  Americo  San  Severino,  .and  the  captiuv  of 
such  of  his  followers  as  did  not  fall  in  the  ni6'ee.  A  rich  booty  fell  intn  the 
hands  of  the  victors.  The  most  glorious  j>rize,  however,  w.as  the  .Vnu't'vin 
barons,  twenty  in  number,  whom  Gonsalvo,  .after  the  action,  sent  prisoners  to 


"'•  Giovlo,  Vita  Magnl  Oonsiilvi,  lib  1,  pp. 
21H,  210. — L'hronica  de"  (irat)  Capitan,  &ip. 
2£!. — Quintaua,  Eapafioles  celebrcs,  t  >u.  i.  p. 


226.— Rprabo,  TstoriaVinlziana,  lib.  :i, 
— Guicciardini,  Istoria,  lib.  3,  p.  158. 


Is4. 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  GONSALVO. 


3o9 


At. 


Vnplos.  Tliis  decisive  Mow,  of  which  the  tidings  spread  Hke  wild-fire  through- 
',t  ti»'  country,  scith'd  the  fate  of  t'alahria.  It  struck  terror  into  th«^  hearts 
i  the  French,  and  crippleil  them  so  far  as  to  leave  Gonsalvo  little  ciuse  for 
,i:;xn'ty  ilurin,!;  his  projioscd  absence.'"' 
riie  Spanish  geiu'ral  lost  no  time  in  pressing  forward  on  his  march  towards 
(Hii.  IJefore  (putting  Calabria  he  had  received  a  reinforremcnt  of  live 
i,iiiiilrc(I  soldiers  from  Spain  ;  and  his  whole  Spanish  forces,  according  to 
(ii„vio,  amounted  to  one  hundred  men-at-arms,  five  hundred  light  cavalry, 
.dtwo  thousand  foot,  picked  men,  and  well  scIiooKmI  in  the  hanly  service  of 
;,v  late  camjiaign.*'  Although  a  grwit  part  of  his  march  lay  through  a  hostile 
M.iiitry,  he  encountered  little  opposition  ;  for  the  terror  of  his  name,  says  the 
writer  l;i>t  (juoted,  had  everywhere  gone  before  him.  He  arrived  l»efore  Atella 
a;  till'  iit'giiming  of  July.  The  king  of  Naples  was  no  sooner  advised  of  his 
a;.|ip)a(li  than  he  marched  out  of  the  camp, attended  by  tlie  Venetian  general, 
III''  iiianpiis  of  Mantua,  and  the  papal  legate,  Ca'sar  Borgda,  to  receive  him. 
All  were  eager  to  do  honour  to  the  man  who  had  achieved  such  brilliant 
fX|il(»its ;  who.  In  less  than  a  year,  had  made  himself  master  of  the  larger 
[art  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  that  with  the  most  limited  resources,  in 
jftiaiico  of  the  bravest  and  best-disciplined  soldiery  in  Kurope.  It  was  then, 
arnnliiig  to  the  Spanish  writers,  that  he  was  by  general  consent  greeted  with 
'M  title  of  the  Great  Captiiin  ;  by  whicli  he  is  nuich  more  familiarly  known 
i  I  Sjiaiiisli,  and,  it  may  be  aikled,  in  most  histories  of  the  perioil,  than  by  his 
iffii  iiaiiic.'-"* 

liniisilvo  found  the  French  sorely  distress<'d  )»y  the  blockade,  which  was  so 
;triilly  niaii»tiiined  as  to  allow  few  supplies  from  abroad  to  pass  into  the  town. 
iii^ijuirk  eye  discovered  at  once,  however,  that  in  order  to  render  it  perfectly 
fitttiial  it  would  l>e  necessiiry  to  destroy  the  mills  in  the  vicinity,  which 
>iili|ilit'i|  Atella  with  tlour.  lie  undertook  this,  on  the  day  of  his  arrival,  at 
tiie  lioad  of  his  own  corj)s.  Montpensier,  aware  of  the  importance  of  these 
mills,  hail  stationed  a  strong  guard  for  iheir  defence,  consisting  of  a  bcnly  of 
liibcoii  archers  and  the  Swiss  pikemen.  Although  tlie  Spaniards  had  never 
W\\  brought  into  direct  collision  with  any  large  masses  of  this  formi<lable 
iifaiitry,  yet  occasional  rencontres  with  small  detiichments,  and  incrwised 


'  (iiovio,  vita  Miifjui  Oonsalvi,  pp.  219, 
■.^''l.-Cllro|li(■a  (id  (iraii  Capital),  cap.  27. — 
Z^irita,  llist.  (If'l  Key  III  riiando,  toni.  i.  lil). 
■■  cap.  20. — Qiiiiitana,  K.spafiolps  celchrcs, 
'."Di.  i.  pp.  22T,  22M.  — Giiiccianlini,  Isioria, 
il'  3,  pp.  15H,  159  —Mariana,  lli.xt.  de  Ks- 
I«ui&,  toin.  ii,  lib.  26,  cap.  12. 

■  Olovio,  Hist,  del  Key  Hernando,  lib.  4, 
p  U2. 

'■  Qiiiiitana,  Espaftoles  cdlcbros,  torn.  !.  p. 
:>.— 'liuvin,  Vita  MMgiii  Goiisalvi,  lib.  1,  p. 
"'I -Till'  Aragoiicse  bistoriaim  are  nmch 
ruffled  tiy  tiie  irreverent  manner  in  which 
'I'Uc  ardini  notices  the  origin  of  the  (ogno- 
'i'-M  "f  till'  (ireat  Cajitain ;  which  even  his 
":'"'f([mMit  panegyric  cannot  atone  fcjr : 
"Kra  r.ipjtano  Consalvo  Eriiande><,  di  casa 
'1'  .\gliiliir,  di  patria  Cordovese,  tionio  di 
H'I'i  valiire,  ed  e<ercitato  lunganiente  nelle 
t Trt-  ill  (iranafa,  il  quale  nel  principio  della 
'■•'Ilia  sua  Ml  Italia,  cognonunato  (ZuZ/a  ja<- 
'it'm  SjHiijnuiila  il  Oian  Cajjitano,  j)er  Bigni- 
!•  rn  ((III  (pipsio  titolo  la  suprema  podesta 
'  "f  1  Inrn,  uierito  per  le  ]ireclari'  vittorie  die 
t-'lv  dipoi,  the  per  conseniimeuto  universale 


gli  fopse  conferniato  o  pevpetuato  questo 
sopranonie,  per  sigiiificazioiie  di  virtn  grande, 
e  di  grande  eccclleiiz.i  nella  discj)>lina  inili- 
tare."  (Istoria,  toni.  i.  p  112  )  AcKpniing 
to  Zarita,  tlie  title  was  not  conferred  till  the 
Spanish  general's  appearanee  before  AtelUt, 
and  the  first  example  of  its  formal  recognili  n 
wa.s  in  the  instrument  of  capitulation  at  th.it 
place.  (Hist,  del  Key  Hern.tndo.  lib.  2,  cap. 
27.)  This  seems  to  derive  suj)p<irt  fnjin  the 
fact  that  (ionsiilvo's  biograph<'r  and  loiiteTn- 
porary.  (jiovio,  begins  to  disiinguish  him  by 
that  epithet  from  thispfriod  Abarca  assigns 
a.  higher  aiitiipiity  to  it,  (pioting  the  words  (jf 
the  royal  grant  of  the  diicliy  of  Sessa,  niadi'  to 
(jonsalvo,  as  authority.  (Ueyis  de  .\r;\gon, 
rcy  1)9,  cap.  9.)  In  a  former  edition  I  inti- 
mated mj'  doubt  of  the  hi.'^torian's  accuraty. 
A  tHibsi'ipieiit  insp<ttion  of  the  instrument 
it>cll',  in  a  work  since  come  into  niy  ])os,ses- 
Kioii,  shows  this  distrust  to  liave  biiri  well 
f  lunded  ;  for  it  is  there  simply  said  that  the 
title  w  as  conferred  in  Italy .  I'ulgar,  Sumario, 
p.  138. 


360 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


familiarity  with  its  tactics,  had  stripped  it  of  much  of  its  torrnrs.  Oori-alvo 
hail  oven  so  far  profited  by  the  example  of  the  .Swiss  as  t<j  strcimthcn  hj, 
infantry  hy  mingling  the  long  pikes  with  the  short  swords  and  bucklti>  (;f  tin- 
Spaniards." 

lie  formed  his  cavalry  into  twodivisions,  posting  his  handfid  of  hcavv  ariiicl 
with  some  of  the  light  horse,  so  as  to  check  any  sally  from  the  town,  \sliilt'  hi' 
destined  th'.;  remainder  to  support  the  infantry  in  the  attack  itpun  tlie  ciifinv. 
Having  ii'.dde  these  arrangements,  the  iSjianish  chieftain  led  on  his  mcii  n,u 
lidently  to  the  charge.  The  Gascon  archery,  however,  seized  with  a  iiam,, 
scarcely  awaited  his  apjiroach,  b\it  tied  shamefully,  before  they  had  time  u<  ilh- 
charge  a  second  volley  of  arrows,  leaving  the  battle  to  the  S\sis,>.  TIicm' 
latter,  exhausted  by  the  sufierings  of  the  siege,  and  dispirited  by  long  rcvciM'^ 
and  by  the  presence  of  a  new  and  victorious  foe,  did  not  behave  with  tlnir 
wonted  intrepidity,  but.  after  a  feeble  resistance,  abandoned  their  |M.>iiii,ii 
anil  retreated  towards  tlKicity.  Gonsalvo,  having  gained  his  object,  did  imt 
care  to  pursue  the  fugitives,  b\it  instantly  set  about  demolishing  tlie  iiiili\ 
every  vestige  of  which,  in  a  few  hours,  was  swejtt  from  the  ground.  Thnc 
days  after,  lie  sujtported  the  Neapolitan  trooi)sin  an  assault  on  liipii  (  amlida, 
and  carried  that  important  post,  by  means  of  which  Atella  maintaini'd  a  cmii- 
munication  with  the  interior.'" 

Thus  cut  ort'  from  all  their  resources,  and  no  longer  cheered  hy  ImiKSdf 
succour  from  their  ow^n  country,  tli  '  French,  after  sullering  the  severest  iiri\a 
tions  and  being  reduced  to  the  most  loathsome  aliment  for  subsistciK  c,  madi' 
overtures  for  a  capitulation.  The  terms  were  soon  arranged  with  the  kini;  "i 
Naples,  who  had  no  desire  but  to  rid  his  country  of  the  invaders.  It  was 
agreeil  that  if  the  French  commander  did  not  receive  assistance  in  thirty  day>, 
he  should  evacuate  Atella,  and  cause  every  place  holding  under  him  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  with  all  its  artillery,  to  l)e  surrendered  to  Kiiii:  Fcnli- 
nand,  and  that,  on  these  conditions,  his  sold'crs  should  be  furnished  with 
vessels  to  transport  them  back  to  France  ;  that  the  foreign  mercenaries  shoulil 
be  permitted  to  return  to  their  own  homes  ;  and  that  a  general  anmesty  shmiM 
be  extended  to  such  Neapohtiins  as  returned  to  their  allegiance  iii  fifteen 
days.'' 

Such  were  the  articles  of  cajntulation,  signed  on  the  21st  of  July,  i4!i(i. 
which  Comines,  who  received  the  tidings  at  the  court  of  France,  dues  nut 
hesitate  to  denounce  as  "a  most  disgraceful  treaty,  without  parallel,  save  in 
that  made  by  the  Roman  consuls  at  the  Caudine  Forks,  which  was  toudis 
honourable  to  be  sanctioned  by  their  countrymen."  The  reproach  is  certainly 
unmerited,  and  comes  with  ill  grace  from  a  court  which  was  wasting  in  iiotuii> 
indulgence  the  very  resources  indispensable  to  the  brave  and  loyal  subjects 
who  were  endeavouring  to  maintain  its  honour  in  a  foreign  land." 

Unfortunately,  Montpensier  was  unable  to  enforce  the  full  i)erfoniiance  of 
his  own  treaty ;  as  many  of  the  French  refused  to  deliver  up  the  iilare- 
intrusted  to  them,  under  the  pretence  that  their  authority  was  ilerived,  nut 
fnMu  the  viceroy,  but  from  the  king  himself.  During  the  discussion  "f  tlii< 
point  the  French  troops  were  removed  to  Baia  and  Pozzuolo  and  the  adjacent 


■^"  This  was  iniproviiiR  on  tho  somowliat 
similar  pxpodioiit  ascriboii  by  I'olybiu.^  to 
Kinn  I'yrrlius,  wlio  iiiinfilinlaltVmat*'  cohorts, 
ariiu'tl  with  short  woapuiis  after  the  Iloman 
fashion,  with  tiiose  of  tlie  Mactdonian  spear- 
nuMi.     Lib.  I",  see.  21. 

'"  <Jiovio,  Hist,  sui  Tomporis,  lib.  4,  p. 
KKl. — Mem,  Vita  Magiii  (umsalvi,  pp.  '2'iO, 
221.— Zurita,  Hist,  ilol  Key  Hernamlo,  lib.  2, 


cap.  27  — Clironica  del  Gran  Ciiiiitan,  rap.  '>. 
— l^iiintaiia,  I">pafiole8  ccUl)p  s,  ti>iii  i.  ]'• 
229.— Abarca,  Keyes  de  Arugun.  vy  3>'. 
cap.  9. 

■"  Villrneuve,  Memoirns,  p.  .■US.-Oiiniiios 
Menioires,  liv.  «,  cliap.  21.— Giovio,  lli>t.  ^'li 
Teniporis,  lil).  4,  p.  l.'to. 

'•'  Comines,  Memoires,  liv.  8,  cliap.  '^1- 


CAMPAIGNS  OF  QONSALVO. 


361 


plaops  on  the  coast.  The  unhealthiness  of  the  situation,  tojrothpr  with  that 
of  tilt' auturunal  season,  and  an  intemperate  indulgenre  in  fruits  and  wine, 
Mioii  liruiight  on  an  ej)ideinic  among  the  soldiers,  which  swept  them  otf"  in  great 
hiiiiilit'i'.-'.  The  ^aliant  Montpcnsier  was  one  of  the  tirst  victims.  He  refused 
the  earnest  soh<'itntions  of  his  hrother-in-law,  the  manpiis  of  Mantua,  to  quit 
hi^  iiiifnrtunate  companions  and  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  in  the  interior.  The 
viiorc  wiis  literally  strewed  with  the  l»o<lies  of  the  dying  and  the  dead.  ( )f  the 
wji.ilc  numlier  of  Frenchmen,  amounting  to  not  less  than  five  thousivnd,  who 
iiiiirclu'd  out  of  Atella,  not  more  tiian  live  hundred  ever  reached  their  native 
rMiiiitry.  The  Swiss  and  other  mercenaries  were  scarcely  more  fortunate. 
-Tlicy  maile  their  way  hack  as  they  could  through  Italy,"  siiys  a  writer  of  the 
]Mrioil,  "in  the  most  (k;ploral>le  sUvte  of  destitution  and  sutlering,  the  gaze  of 
a'l.  and  a  sad  example  of  t!»e  caj)rice  of  fortune."  "  Such  was  the  miserable 
latt'uf  that  brilliant  and  formidable  array  which  scarcely  two  years  before  had 
]iimrcil  dnwn  on  the  fair  li(!lds  of  Itiily  in  all  the  insolence  of  expected  con- 
H'lt'st.  Well  would  it  be  if  the  name  of  every  con([ueror,  whose  successes, 
llumji  built  on  human  misery,  are  so  tUizzling  to  the  imagination,  could  bt>, 
made  to  point  a  moral  for  the  instruction  of  his  species,  as  etlectually  as  that 
uf  <  liarlcs  the  Eighth. 

The  yiiung  king  of  Naples  did  not  live  long  to  Cnjoy  his  triumphs.  On  his 
ntiini  ivoiu  Atella  he  contracted  an  inauspicious  iiiarriage  with  his  aunt,  a 
blv  uf  nearly  his  own  age,  to  whom  he  had  been  long  attached.  A  careless 
ami  suniewhat  intemperate  indulgence  in  pleasure,  succeeding  the  hardy  life 
»hiih  he  had  been  lately  leading,  brought  on  a  Hux  which  carried  him  otl' 
ill  the  twenty-eighth  year  of  his  age  and  second  of  his  reign.  (Sept.  7th, 
WM').].  lie  wa-!  tlie  fifth  monarch  who,  in  the  brief  compass  uf  three  years, 
hal  sat  on  the  disastrous  throne  of  Naples. 

FtTilinand  possessed  many  qualities  suited  to  the  turlndent  times  in  which 
he  lived.  He  was  vigorous  and  nromjit  in  action,  and  naturally  of  a  high  and 
,'tiierons  spirit.  Still,  however,  ne  exhibited  glim|)ses,  even  in  his  last  liours, 
"f  an  oblitpiity.  not  to  say  ferocity,  of  temper,  which  characterized  many  of 
Ills  line,  and  wliich  led  to  ominous  conjectures  as  to  what  would  have  Wn 
\\]<  future  policy.'*  He  was  succeeded  <in  the  throne  by  his  uncle  Frederick, 
.i|irinre  of  a  gentle  disposition,  endeared  to  the  NeajKtlitans  by  repeated  acts 
"f  licncvulence,  and  by  a  magnanimous  regard  for  justice,  of  which  the  re- 
iiiaikalile  Huctuations  of  his  fortune  had  elicited  more  than  one  example.  His 
aiuialilc  virtues,  however,  required  a  kindlier  soil  and  season  for  their  expan- 
sion, and,  as  the  event  proved,  made  hijn  no  match  for  the  subtile  and 
iiiKcnipulous  politicians  of  the  age. 

lli>  first  act  was  a  general  anuiesty  to  the  disaffected  Neapolitans,  who 
felt  such  confidence  in  his  good  faith  that  they  returned,  with  scarcely  an 
fxri'iition,  to  their  allegiance.  His  next  measure  was  to  re(piest  the  aul  of 
'■misalvK  de  Cordova  ni  supi)ressing  the  hostile  moveuKMits  made  by  the 
Krcndi  during  his  absence  from  Calabria.  At  the  name  of  the  Urcat  Ca)»tain, 
till-'  Italians  Hocked  from  all  cpiarters,  to  serve  without  pay  un<ler  a  banner 
which  was  sure  to  lead  them  to  victory.     Tower  and  town,  as  he  advanced, 


"  <iiovio.  Hist.  Fui  Temporis,  p.  137.— 
'yiniiifs,  .\f(?inoires,  liv.  H,  chap.  21.— Giovio, 
\ita  Maniii  (Jonsiilvi,  lib.  1.  p.  2.il .— Guic- 
fiarliiii,  Istoi-ia,  lib.  3,  p.  160.— Villeneuve, 
M^iUdins  apud  Fetitot,  torn.  xlv.  p.  318. 

"  tjiarmniio,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  lib.  23, 
c«p.  2.-SiiiiiinonU'.  Hi.-.t.  di  Naivdi,  lib.  ti, 
•^'P.  ..i,— i'tter  Martyr,   Opus   Kpist.,   tpist. 


]M?<.— Whilr  strptclipd  on  liis  dcafb-lv^d,  Fer- 
dinand, acoordinn  to  hi'tnlx),  ^a^l^<od  tlip  hcail 
of  bis  priHoncr,  the  Mi'^hoj)  of  Tcano,  to  Im^ 
broiifrht  to  idni  and  laid  at  the  fiM.t  of  liiH 
couch,  tliat  lie  niijriit  Iw  asHuri'd  witli  bis  own 
pyos  of  tlio  execution  of  the  sentence.  laturia 
Yiniziana,  lib.  3,  p.  1H9. 


302 


ITALIAN  WARS 


went  down  before  him  ;  and  the  French  j^enenil,  D'Auhii^my,  soon  saw  liiiii';o!f 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  niakinij:  the  best  terms  he  could  with  his  cm. 
(jueror,  anil  evacuatin<,'  the  [irovince  alto.i^ether.  The  submission  of  Calatnia 
was  sjKiedily  followed  by  that  of  the  few  r(!inainin<r  cities  in  other  iiuaitrr-. 
still  garrisoned  by  the  French  ;  coin])n'hcn(lin,ir  the  last  rood  of  tciriiniy 
possessed  by  Charles  the  Ki^-hth  in  the  kin;^fdom  of  Naples." 


•"  Oioviii,  Hist.  Hui  Tcnij^oris,  lib.  4,  p. 
139.— Ziifita,  Hist  ili'l  l{t'y  llcrniuiilo,  lib.  2, 
cap.  30,  33.— (jiuiciiardiui,  l>>t<.iria,  lib.  3,  p. 


Kii).— (lianiioni',  Istoria  di   Naixili,  ic.iii 
lib  2i»,  cup.  3. 


Our  narrativo  now  leads  usontiio  beaten 
tiack  i)f  Itilian  liiHtory.  1  have  I'lidt-avourcd 
to  niak '  tilt!  reader  ac«iuaitited  with  tbe 
pC('uIiar  cliiiracter  and  pn  tensions  of  the 
principal  Spani.xh  authoritieH  on  wlioin  I 
have  relied  in  tlie  progress  of  the  worli. 
'I'liis  would  be  Hupertluons  in  rt^r.ird  to  the 
Itiilians,  wl)o  enjoy  the  rank  of  tia^Hits,  not 
only  in  tiieir  own  country,  but  tliroiigliout 
Kurope,  and  have  furnl.->hed  the  eailie.-t 
niodels  ainouK  the  moderns  of  hi^itoric  coin- 
po>ition.  l'"onunalel\',  two  of  the  nioRt  en.i- 
neni  of  them,  Uuicci.irdini  and  I'uolo  Uiovio, 
livi'd  at  the  period  of  our  narrative,  and  liave 
embraced  the  wliolo  extent  of  it  In  tl  eir 
liiatoriefl.  Tliese  two  writeis,  besides  the 
ntti.ietioiis  of  (!lej;  ,nt  seliolarsliip,  and  talent, 
oceupied  a  jiosiMoii  wliich  enal)led  tlum  to 
take  a  clear  view  of  all  the  irincijial  j'oliticul 
nioveinenisoftlieirane ;  circtimstaiues  which 
have  made  their  accounts  of  infinite  value  in 
respect  to  foreign  tratisaciions,  as  well  as 
doinestic.  (Juicciardini  was  a  (on'pictious 
aetor  in  the  sieiU'S  he  describes  ;  and  a  luiifr 
riNidence  at  the  court  of  herdinand  tlie 
CatMolic  opened  to  him  the  most  authentic 
Bources  of  information  in  ngnrd  to  Spain. 
Giovio,  fnmi  his  intimite  relations  with  the 
principal  persons  of  his  time,  had  also  acce.-s 
to  the  best  Bources  ot  knowledge;  while  in 
the  notice  of  lureign  transactions  he  was  but 
little  e.xpoBcd  t(»  tliose  venal  infiuenceB  which 
led  him  too  often  to  employ  the  golden  or 
iron  pen  of  histoiy  as  intere.vt  dictated.  Un- 
f  rtunately,  a  lamentable  liiatus  occurs  in 
his  gnatist  work,  "  Historiie  sui  Tein|toris," 
enibracinj^  tlie  whole  i)eriiMl  intervening  be- 
tween the  end  of  Chailea  VlH.'s  expeidtion 
and  the  accession  of  Leo  X.,  in  ISia.  At  the 
tune  of  the  memorable  sack  of  Koine  by  the 
Duke  of  I?ourl»on,  in  iri'27.  Giovio  deposited 
his  manuscript,  with  a  quantity  of  plat(>,  in 
an  iron  chist,  which  he  hid  in  an  obscure 
corner  of  tlie  church  of  .s^anla  Maria  so|)ra 
Minerva.  'J'he  treasure.  Low.  ver,  did  not 
esc.ipe  the  searching  ejes  of  two  Spanish 
soldiers,  who  broke  open  the  chest  and  one 
of  tln-m  seiz  d  on  the  plate,  regarding  the 
pai)ers  as  of  no  value.  The  other,  not  U  ing 
(juite  such  a  fool,  says  '-tiovio,  preserved  such 
of  the  manuscripts  as  were  on  vellum  and 
ornamented  willi  rich  bindings,  but  threw 
away  w  hat  v\  as  writt  ii  on  paper. 

The  part  thus  thrown  away  contained  six 
books,  relating  to  the  period  above  mentioned, 


which  wiTe  never  afterwards  reroverfd.  Thf- 
Boldier  brought  the  remaind'T  to  tie  ir  aiii||.,r. 
who  Imuglit  tliem  at  the  price  of  u  vara  i 
benetice,  which  he  jiersuadid  the  fHppp  ti 
confer  on  the  freebooter,  in  his  nativ.'  jan'l 
of  Cordova.  It  is  not  oltijii  that  siiii.  ny  lai 
found  so  good  an  apology.  Tli(>  diMiiiiiny, 
although  never  repaircnl  by  (iiovin,  was  in 
8oin(!  degree  supplied  by  his  bingripliirs  i.f 
eminent  men,  and,  among  other-,  liy  thai  of 
Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  in  wliicli  lie  has  M- 
lected  with  great  industry  all  the  event.*  ,.f 
any  interest  in  the  life  of  this  gn^at  cinii. 
maiider.  The  narrative  is  in  general  rur- 
roboiated  by  the  Spanish  autlmrities,  iin.l 
contains  some  additional  particulars,  ev]i.ii- 
ally  res|)e(tiiig  his  early  life,  whirh  (;iiisj..'-i 
personal  iiitiiiuicy  witli  the  priiicip.-il  dmrai'- 
ters(d'  the  1  eriod  might  easily  have  luriiishiil. 

This  jiortion  of  our  story  is,  im.r.'ovir, 
illiisirateil  by  the  lalxiiirs  of  .M.  Si^uiniiili,  in 
his  "  Kepiibl1()ues  It.ilieniie'i,"  which  in.iy 
undoubtedly  claim  to  b(  ranked  aiiiniiK  the 
most  remarkable  hisforieal  aeliieviim  niv  >■[ 
our  tim(> ;  whether  we  coii'^idiT  tin'  d.xtir.ni'' 
m.inagement  of  the  narrative,  or  th."  ail 
mirable  spirit  of  philosophy  by  which  ii  is 
illuniiiied.  It  must  be  adniittrd  that  he  lias 
perfectly  succeeded  in  tuiravelliiig  the  intr- 
cate  web  of  Italian  i)olitics;  ami,  notwiili- 
Btanding  the  conifdicated  and.  indeed,  niutlrv 
characicr  of  his  subject,  tbe  liistori.m  has  lot'c 
a  uniform  and  harmonious  inipressinii  mi  tho 
mind  of  the  reader.  This  he  has  acriiiiii>li>li'il 
i)y  keeping  constantly  in  view  the  priii(i|il 
which  regulated  all  the  various  niovunnts 
of  the  complex  machinery;  so  that  his  nana- 
live  liecomes,  what  he  terms  it  in  hi'  Knfii-li 
abridgment,  a  lii.-.tory  of  Italian  liberty.  Hy 
keeping  this  princijde  Bteadily  liefore  him. 
he  has  been  able  to  solve  much  that  hith.rt.i 
was  dark  and  problematical  in  his  suhjcd; 
and,  if  he  has  occasionally  sacrificed  sein'- 
tliiiig  to  theory,  he  has,  on  the  wli(>h\  pur-ii.-.| 
the  investigation  in  a  truly  philns.ii  hical 
manner,  and  arrived  at  r  suits  the  imM 
ho  lourable  and  cheering  to  liuiiianity. 

Fortunately,  his  own  mind  was  dci>ily 
penetrateil  witlj  reverence  for  the  free  iii«ti- 
tutions  which  he  has  analyzed  If  it  is  t-i 
much  to  say  that  the  historian  of  r-imhlics 
sliouhl  be  himself  a  rei  ublicaii,  it  i-*  at  I-h-' 
true  that  his  soul  should  be  penetrated  t..  its 
very  depths  with  the  spirit  which  Hiiimatcs 
theiu.     Mo  one  who  is  not  smitten  with  tlie 


■fXf  of  ff'H'dfi 
.  It   is  elilk'll 

•  ,,ii.lle   li;s| 
. ,.  v.-  lentil 
,,,  pvi'alin^r  t| 
1..1I  ttiihlii 
liiat  p'.rii 
r,.  rad  \Nit| 
„in|iy  much 
i^  Ji>cussed  I 


inLl.^N  w. 


T.n«»lvo  siicci 
natid's  \\i\ 

It  had  lu'cn 
OTviiiir  oil 
iMkea  I  live) 
^vllK'^f^rlll( 
vir,  he  had 
Feqii^iiaii. 
iti'TH'  aiiil  t'lf' 
|»:tssarily  i 
ljrte.<iirc  occf 
!loii,>;>illiin  \\ 
vtiiii;  oil  tlu 
'iliftet'ii  or 
>  coimtry 
"ii'.riit  rated 
:::ijiie  nf  whi 
'"rks,  h(j\v{'\ 
•fiulilcaiid  : 

V'll  folliiWCil 

Till'  siihiiii 
linns  of  the  < 
I'f  eii,i;a,i,a'd  : 

■nlliaiit  ('[lisi 
Itoiiiu  the  { 

With,  and 
li'iiiinaiid  of 

'  >itiiateil  J 

■nuical  liori 

Zurita,  Hisi 
T'l'.!'.;,  11,  k;, 

•  Kinj;  K-rdini 

•''  IrnlltjiT,    "  ] 

•■  ■Huiii.e  ten 
■'-''it:)s  ad  d 
p.Jiu  beliuiu   1 


GONSALVO  SUCCOURS  THE  POPE. 


363 


n  saAv  liiiii^rlf 
Willi  his  (oil- 
II  (if  CaliiKria 
licr  (luaittT-. 
I  of  ItiTiliirv 

iiUMjli,  luiii.  ill 


,1.  of  fn'odiitn  ran  furnish  tho  koy  to  iimcli 
.  ]•  j4  I'lik'iii  itlial  ill  iiiT  I'liiinu'tcr,  hiuI 
•  n  ilp  I'"'  rciidiTs  to  till'  Imrsli  aiiil  rt'- 
.  ,  VI'  IfHtiircs  timt  hIi»'  HKinctiim'.s  wears, 
,  r.ui«l'"K' ""'  Ix'aiity  and  gr.UKlcur  of  tin; 
^,il  MJtliiii. 

Hut  piirti  11  of  our  narrativo  wfiicii  is  in- 

r;. r it'll  « it li   Italian  story  is  too  small  to 

,„ii|iy  intiili  s|iac(^  on  SismoniirH  pliin.     H<^ 

it*  iji>cu!*SL'd  it,  moreover,  in  a  nmuuer  not 


very  favoural)l«>  to  tho  Rpaninrds,  whom  lie 
pociiis  to  Imvi-  n^anlcd  wiili  sunicwlial  of 
the  aversion  with  wtiidi  an  Italiat;  of  tin- 
sixteenth  tentiiry  viewed  tlie  (illraniontano 
ImrliariiiMs  of  Kurope.  Perliajis  the  r^  ad'T 
luty  tind  soiiit;  adsanlaif  in  coiit<  niplatint; 
aiHitlicr  side  of  the  picturi'.  and  studying'  the 
less  tanilliar  details  l)re^ent(•d  hy  the  Spunisli 
authorities. 


rorovrrod.  Tli'; 
r  to  tie  iraiitliur, 
•ice  of  u  vara:  t 

ed    the    |i(,jip    fi 

his  naiivi'  laiM 
that  si  III.  iiy  ii.i-. 
Tlie  di'licii'iiiy, 

tiiovio,  Wll'<  III 
S     Ilin^'r.lpllicS    l.f 

tlier>,  by  IhiU  of 
licli  he  IliUS  Oil. 
II  the  events  nf 
this   jfri'iit  ciiiii- 

in  neiK.ral  cur- 
autlmritii's,  hihI 
rticiilars,  fi]i,, j. 
,  which  (Jiiiviii'fi 
irinci|ial  c  liarac- 
•  have  liinn^lii'il. 
y    is,    nmriMiviT, 

M.  Si-iiiniii||,  ill 
\^,"   which    may 

ked  aiiiiiii;;  tlic 
lii'vi'iiiiiit'-  l.f 

111!'   dlVVtlTDll" 

,  or  till'  ail- 
y  wliicli  ii  is 
d  that  III-  lias 
iiit;  till'  iiitr- 
iiid,  imtwiili- 
Ildeid,  IlliitliV 
tori. Ill  lias  lofc 
rcssimi  mi  tin' 
accuiiiiill>liii! 
tlie  iiriiici|il  ■ 
s  niiivciii-iiis 
hat  his  iiari.i- 
in  Id-  Kii);.i-!i 
iherty.  Hy 
y  lietnro  him. 
'  that  hitiiiTto 
n  his  suhjoct; 
rificed  seiiii- 
hdl",  piir»ii'-i 
jihiliis.ii  liiciil 
iit-<  till'  iiiti-t 
iiaiiity. 

was  dci'i'ly 
tlie  free  ill'^ti- 
If  It  i-  till 
n  of  ri'i'ii'ilics 
,  it  i<  at  l''a-t 
iietratcd  t'l  its 
iiicii  aiiiMi:iti'^ 
itten  with  ilic 


CHAPTER  III. 

ITALIAN   WARS. — nONSAIiVO    SUCCOURS   TIIK    POI'K.— TREATY    WITH    FRANCE. — 
OROAMZATIOX    OF    THE    SPANISH    MILITIA. 

1496-1498. 

riiilvo  succours  the  Pope — Storms  Ostia— Reception  in  Rome— Peace  with  France— Fcrdi- 
iKiiid's  deputation  advanced  by  his  Conduct  in  the  War— ()rt;anizalion  of  the  Miliiia. 

it  hivl  liccn  arranf?ecl  hy  tlie  treaty  of  V^enice,  tliat,  while  the  allies  were 

Iwiiii:  nil  the  war  in  Naples,  the  emperor  elect  and  the  kinj^'  of  Sjiain  should 

I  Miii'ii  diversion  in  their  favour,  hy  invading'  the  French  frontiers.  Ferdinand 

'f*l]»'rf.iriii(M|  his  ]>art  of  the  enjia.i^enient.     Ever  since  the  hc^inninj,' of  the 

»iir,  he  liiid  maintidned  a  lar^e  force  alon*;^  the  Ixirders  from  Ftintaiahia  to 

Ffr]ii^iiaii.     in  14!>(),  the  re.milar  army  kept  in  pay  amounted  to  ten  thousand 

li-rsouml  fifteen  thousand  foot ;  which,  together  with  tlit;  Sicilian  armament, 

|5.vossarily  involved  an  expenditure  exccedinuiy  heavy  under  the  tinancia! 

jassnic  occasioned  hy  the  Moorish  war.      The  command  of  the  levies  in 

ituiissilldii  was  ^iveii  to  Don  Eiiri(jue  Enricjuez  de  (Guzman,  who,  far  from 

i  Mini:  on  the  defensive,  carried  his  men  repeatedly  over  the  horde!',  sweeping' 

itiftt'i'ii  or  twenty  thousand  head  of  cattle  in  a  sin,:,de  foray,  ami  rava^diiL^ 

|;tie  toiintry  as  far  as  Carcassona  and  Narhonne.'    The  French,  who  liad 

"!M'iitiate(l  a  considerahle  force  in  the  south,  retaliated  hy  similar  inroads, 

i'jin'  (if  which  they  succeeded  in  surprising  the  fortified  town  of  Salsas.     The 

I '"rks,  however,  were  m  so  dilapidated  a  state  that  the  jilace  was  scarcely 

I'mlilt'.aiid  it  was  ahandoned  on  the  apju'oach  of  the  Sj)anish  army.     A  truce 

'1)1  followed,  which  jiut  an  end  to  further  operations  in  that  <[ii:irter.' 

The  suliiiiission  of  Calabria  seeme<l  to  leave  no  further  occupation  for  the 

hniisfif  the  (ireat  Cajttiiin  in  Italy,     liefore  quitting-  that  country,  however, 

I'f  eMi,'aueil  in  an  adventure  which,  as  narrated  hy  his  l)io;;raphers,  forms  a 

nlliaiit  episode  to  his  regular  campaigns.     (Mia,  the  seaport  of  Home,  was 

tolll^  the  places  in  the  panal  territory  foicil)ly  occui»ied   hy  Charles   the 

|ti,iilli,  and  on  his  retreat  nad  heen  left  to  a  French  garrison  under  the 

lyiiiiiuiid  of  a  Jiiscayan  adventurer  named  Ah>naldo  (Juerri.     The  ]»l:ice  was 

"  Mtiiated  as  entirely  to  command  the  month  of  the  Tiher,  enahliiig  the 

|;:uUi(<il  horde  who  garrisoned  it  almost  wholly  to  destroy  the  commerce  of 


II 


Zurita,  Mist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  lib.  '2, 
'■'■}-,  II,  Ki, '24. — (jiovio  says,  in  allusion 
•  Kinx  Kirdinaud's  show  of  |)reparation  on 
-•  Iriiiitiir,  "  Kerdinandus,  maxiine  cautiis 
'  "('iiiiia'  tciiax,  specieni  in(j;enti8  coacti 
I'Wiitiis  ad  di'lerrendos  hosies  |inel)ere, 
iiiiu  litiluin  gcrere   luallet,  quum  id  Biiie 


inRenti   pecnnia  adniinistrari   noii   posse   in- 
telliKcret."     Hist,  siii  'I'eiiii>i.iis.  p.  Mo. 

•■  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  lib.  2, 
cap.  35,  30.  -Abarca,  Reyes  (ie  Ara(?on,  rey 
30,  cap.  9. — (iaiibay,  Coin|)endio,  toui.  ii.  lib. 
l!l,  cap.  ,5.  Comines.  Meinoires,  liv.  «,  chap. 
23.— IVter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  eplst.  Itifl. 


864 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Romp,  and  even  to  reduce  tlie  city  to  {]n*oat  distress  for  want  of  jirovisinnv 
The  imltecilc!  ^^uverinnent,  iiicaiiable  of  def«'ndiiig  itself,  iiiii)lore(l  <J(iiisjil\ns 


aid  ill  dislod^nii^  this  nest  of  /onnidahle  freehooters.  The  Spanish  Lrt'iitia;. 
Avho  was  now  at  h'isiire,  complied  with  the  pontill's  soiicitjition.s,  jiml  vkiJ 
after  presenttMl  himself  liefore  Ostia  with  his  little  corps  of  tro<»ps,  iiinoinitii,.- 
in  all  to  three,  hundred  horse  and  Hfte<m  lundred  foot. 

iiiierri,  trustin;,'  to  the  strcn^^th  of  liis  defences,  refused  to  surrendtT.  (liu- 
salvo,  after  coolly  pre|»arin^'  ids  batteries,  OjKined  a  iieavy  caiuiduailc  dn  tli.' 
tlace,  which  at  the  end  of  live  days  eU'ected  a  practicable  breach  in  tiic  \\ai:>. 
n  the  mean  time,  (Jarcilasso  de  la  Ve^a,  the  Ca>tilian  andiassiuldi-  at  th.' 
tajial  court,  who  could  not  bear  to  remain  inactive  so  near  the  tied  uhirc 
aurels  were  to  be  won,  arrived  to  Gonsiilvo's  supjtort,  with  a  handful  df  lii« 
own  coimtrymen  resident  in  Rome.  'I  his  gallant  little  band,  scaliiiL;  the  «;ilN 
on  the  opposite  side  to  that  assjiiled  l)y  tionsiilvo,  effected  an  entrance  ii.to 
the  town,  while  the  ^^arrison  was  occupied  with  maintiiinin'^  the  breadi  a;;aiirt 
the  main  body  of  tlie  Spaniards.  Thus  siu-]>rised,  and  nenuued  in  im  hi.th 
sid(vs,  (Juerri  and  his  associates  made  no  further  resistiince,  but  sinremleivl 
themselves  })risoners  of  war ;  and  (ionsalvo,  with  more  clemeiuy  than  w.o 
usually  shown  on  such  ocwisions,  stopped  the  carnage,  and  reserved  lli^ 
ftintives  to  jj^race  Ins  entry  into  the  capital.* 

This  was  made  a  few  days  after,  with  all  the  pomp  of  a  Roman  tritiniph. 
The  Sjjanish  j,'eneral  entered  by  the  gate  of  Ustia,  at  the  head  of  liis  maiiiai 
Sijuadrons  in  battle  array,  witn  colours  flying  and  nuisic  playing,  while  iIr- 
rear  was  brought  uj*  by  tlie  captive  chief  and  his  confederates,  mi  Inn::  tlie 
terror,  now  the  derision  of  the  populace.  Tlie  balconies  and  windows  weiv 
crowded  with  spect^itors,  and  the  streets  lined  with  multitudes,  who  slioiucil 
forth  the  name  of  (Jonsalvo  de  Cordova,  the  "deliverer  of  Koine!'  Tlic 
nrocession  took  its  way  through  the  principal  streets  of  the  city  towards  tiu' 
Vatican,  where  Alexander  the  Sixth  awaited  its  ajtproach,  seateil  under  a 
canopy  of  sUite  in  the  chief  .saloon  of  the  ]»alace,  surrounded  by  his  great 
ecclesiastics  and  nobility.  On  Gonsalvo's  entrance,  the  cardinals  rose  tu 
receive  him.  The  Spanish  general  knelt  down  to  receive  the  beiiediition  if 
tlie  pope ;  but  the  latter,  raising  him  up,  kis.sed  him  on  the  forehead,  ami 
conijilimented  him  with  the  golden  rose,  which  the  Holy  See  was  aLcustuuieJ 
to  dispense  as  the  reward  of  its  most  devoted  champions. 

In  the  conversation  which  ensued,  Gonsalvo  ol)tiiined  the  iiardon  of  Ouerri 
and  his  associates,  and  an  exemption  from  taxes  for  tlie  oppressed  inliahiraiit> 
of  Ostia.  In  a  subsecpient  part  of  the  discourse,  the  iiope  taking  oecasiiin 
most  inoi)portunely  to  accuse  the  Spani.sh  sovereigns  of  unfavonrahle  di^ 
positions  to\v;ards  himself,  Gonsalvo  replied  with  much  warmth,  enumeratini.' 
the  various  good  othces  rendered  by  them  to  the  church,  and,  roumlly  ta.xih- 
the  i)Ope  with  ingratitude,  somewhat  bluntly  advised  him  to  lefoini  his  life 
and  conversation,  which  brought  scandal  on  all  Christendom.  His  IbliiR'ss 
testified  no  indignation  at  this  unsavoury  rebuke  of  the  Great  Caiitaiii, 
though,  as  the  historians  with  some  luiivete  inionn  us,  he  was  greatly  sur|iriM<l 
to  find  the  latter  so  Huent  in  discourse,  and  so  well  instructed  in  iDUtters 
foreign  to  liis  profession.* 

Gon.salvo  experienced  the  most  honourable  reception  from  King  Frederick 
on  his  return  to  JS'aples.    During  his  continuance  there,  he  was  lodged  and 


'  Giovio,  Vita  Ma^ni  Gunsalvi,  Ub.  1,  p. 
2'21. — Chronica  del  (Jian  Capitan,  cap.  30. — 
Zurita,  Hist,  del  Hey  IIiTiiando,  lib.  3,  cap. 
1. — ViUeneuve,  Memoiros,  p.  ;il7. 

*  Giovio,  Vita  Magni  Gonsalvi,  p.  222.— 


Quintana,  Espafioles  celebres.  toni.  i.  p.  I'M. 
^  <iiovio,  Vita  Magni  Gonsalvi.  p.  '.i'.!- — 
Zurita.  Hist,  tlel  Uey  Hernan.lo.  lili.  3,  cap.  1. 
— (luicciardiiii,  Istoria,  lib.  3,  p.  175.— Cliro- 
nica  del  Gran  Capitau,  cap.  3U. 


GONSALVO  SUCCOURS  THE  POPE. 


365 


siimptnniisly  entertained  in  one  of  the  royal  fortresses  ;  and  tl>o  prati'fiil 
iiio!i:i  li  nMiuited  his  services  with  the  title  of  Duke  of  St.  An^'olo,  uinl  nii 
cstitoin  Al»rii/.zo  containing  throe  thousand  vassals,  lie  had  before  pressed 
tiit'M'  lioii'iiirs  on  the  victor,  wiio  declined  accepting:  them  till  he  hiul  olttiiined 
tho  oiiisL'iit  of  his  own  sovereigns.  Soon  after,  Oonsiilvo,  ((uitting  Naples, 
r»'\i>iteil  Sicily,  where  he  adjusted  certain  ditierences  which  luwl  arisen  In-twixt 
the  vi'eroy  and  the  inhabitants  respecting  the  reveniies  of  the  island.  Then 
piiiKarkinu'  with  his  whole  force,  he  reached  the  shores  of  Spain  in  the  nidulh 
f.Viiciist,  14i>8.  His  return  to  his  native  land  was  ;,Teetetl  with  a  (general 
ciithiisiasiu  far  n)ore  grateful  to  his  Patriotic  heart  than  any  honiai;*'  or 
h-mours  conferred  by  foreimi  princes.  Isabella  welcomed  him  with  pride  and 
sati-if.vtiiin,  as  havini,'  fully  vindicated  her  nreference  of  him  to  his  more 
exiH>ri('iiceil  rivals  for  the  ditiicult  post  of  Italy  ;  and  Ferdinand  did  not 
hesitate  to  declare  that  the  (.'alabrian  caii  >aigns  reflected  more  lustre  on  his 
(Piwii  tliaii  the  con(piest  of  (Jranada.* 

Tlic  t'ltal  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Naples  bronirht  hostilities  between 
that  iiiitioii  ana  Spain  to  a  close.  The  latter  had  gained  her  point,  and  tho 
1  inner  had  little  neart  to  re>ume  so  disastrous  an  enterprise.  Before  this 
event,  indeed,  overtures  had  been  made  by  the  French  court  for  a  separate 
treaty  with  Spain.  The  latter,  however,  was  unwilling  to  enter  into  any 
I  iiiiiiac't  without  the  particination  of  her  allies.  After  the  total  abandonment 
'f  tlu'  French  enterT)rise,  there  seemed  to  exi.st  no  further  pretext  for  ]>ro- 
Injiii'j  the  war.  Tne  Spanish  government,  moreover,  had  little  cause  for 
Nitisfactioii  with  its  confederates.  The  emperor  had  not  co-operated  in  tho 
liesi-eiit  on  the  enemy's  frontier,  according  to  agreement;  nor  had  the  allies 
ever  reiiiii)iirsed  Spain  for  the  heavy  charges  incurred  in  fultilling  her  part 
nf  the  engagements.  The  Venetians  were  taken  up  with  securing  to  them- 
selves as  much  of  the  Neapolitjin  territory  as  they  could,  by  way  of  indenuu- 
fi'-atioti  for  their  own  expenses.'  The  duke  of  Milan  had  alreaily  nuwle  a 
separate  treaty  with  King  Charles.  In  short,  every  niendK>r  of  the  leagu(!, 
after  the  tir-st  alarm  subsided,  had  shown  itself  rwidy  t<i  sacriHce  the  connnon 
weal  til  its  own  private  ends.  With  these  causes  of  disgust,  the  Spanish 
:overiunont  consented  to  a  truce  with  France,  to  begin  for  itself  on  the  Ath  of 
.Man  h,  and  for  the  allies,  if  they  chose  to  l)e  included  in  it,  seven  weeks  later, 
and  to  continue  till  the  end  of  October,  1497.  This  truce  was  subseiiuently 
Dmlonu'ed,  and,  after  the  death  of  Charles  the  Eighth,  terminatea  in  a 
detinitive  treaty  of  peace,  signed  at  Marcoussi,  August  oth,  1498.' 

Ill  the  discussions  to  which  these  arrangements  gave  rise,  the  project  is 
*iit  to  have  been  broached  for  the  conquest  and  division  of  the  kingdom 
of  .Naples  by  the  combined  powers  of  France  and  S|«iin,  which  was  carried 
iiitnefiVct  some  years  later.  According  to  Comines,  the  proposition  originated 
«ilh  the  S]»anisli  court,  although  it  saw  fit,  in  a  subsecpient  period  of  the 
iiek'itiatioiis,  to  disavow  the  fact.^    The  Spanish  writers,  on  the  other  hand, 

'  iJiovio.  Vita  MaRiil  Gonsalvi,  p.  223. — 
(^"'•m-n  (|"1  (iran  Capitan,  cap.  ;tl,  32.— 
i^'irita,  Hist,  il.'l  U<y  Hernando,  lib.  3,  cap. 

''"inirifx  s;iy<,  with  somo  vairefe,  in  ro- 
'■;rfii(:e  tn  thn  pbicos  in  Naplps  which  tliR 
^''ii'tiaiw  liiui  (Tot  into  tlii'ir  possoasion,  "  .lo 
■yiHii'  Itiir  intention  nVst  point  do  Ics 
mMf;  car  lis  no  I'ont  point  do  couKtiunc 
I'.M'leiKs  j.'ur  aoiit  bionsoanti-s  romnio  Hont 
C'l-sfv.  qui  s(>nt  ihi  cost<<  de  leur  goufre  de 
WnUe."  Mi'.;n..irps,  p.  19 ». 
■ '■"'iiicdaiilini,    Istoria,    lib.    3,    p.    ITS.— 


Zurita,  Hist,  dot  Hoy  Hornaiido,  lib,  2,  rap. 
41;  lib.  ."?,  cap.  13,  lit,  21,  26.— Comini's,  .M6- 
nioiros,  liv.  s,  chap.  23. 

"  Cominos  pivos  soino  cnrions  details  ro- 
spootiiiR  tho  Fronch  embassy,  which  lio  con- 
siders to  liavo  bi'cn  completely  outwitted  hy 
the  Ru]iiTii)r  inmacenieni  of  the  Spaiii-sli 
pivoriiuient ;  wiio  intitided  noihirig  fiiriher 
at  this  time  Viy  the  pnijn  sal  ot  a  division 
than  to  annis4>  tho  French  c'liirt  until  the 
fate  (pf  Naplos  should  be  decided,  ^ilemoires, 
liv.  8,  chap.  23. 


366 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


i\<:\ 


impiito  the  first  sii^postion  of  it  to  tlio  Frorioli,  who,  thoy  say,  wont  so  far.r-i 
to  specify  the  <h't;ii  s  of  the  pai'titioii  siihseiineiitly  adopted  ;  accnnlin^,  (,, 
which  the  two  ('ulahriuH  were  assigned  to  iSpaiii.  However  this  iiia\"lM, 
then^  is  little  dtMiht  that  Ke/diiiaiid  had  loni(  Kinoe  entertained  the 
(»f  assertini,'  Ids  claim,  at  some  time  or  otner,  to  the  cr^wn  of  Napltv 
He,  in  \vv]\  as  his  father,  and  ind«'ed  the  whole  nation,  had  Itelidd  with  ,|i. 
satisfaction  the  transfer  of  what  they  deemed  their  ri^htfnl  iniieritaiiic.j.iir 
chaseil  hv  th(^  hlooij  and  treasnnM)f  Ara;,Mni,  t<»  an  ille^timate  lira'irli  (,f  tin 
family.  ^IMie  accession  of  FredcM'ick,  in  narticniar,  who  came  to  the  tl 
with  the  snpport  of  the  Anycvin  jMirty,  the  old  enemies  of  Aragon,  Un 
;,'reat  uml>ra.;(*  to  the  Spanish  monarch. 

The  Ca-itiiian  envoy,  (Jarcilasso  de  la  Vejra,  a^Teoably  to  the  iiistnu  tion> 
of  his  conrt,  ur;,'ed  Alexander  the  Sixth  to  withhold  the  inve-titiiic  of  tin 
kiiij^dom  from  Frederick,  hut  unavailinirly,  as  the  jiojte's  interests  wen-  t'«' 
cliiscly  connected  l)y  marria;;e  with  tiiose  of  the  royal  family  of  .Napli' . 
I'nder  these  circnmstaiiccvs,  it  was  sonnnvhat  donhtful  what  c(Mnse  (iuii>al\  > 
shonid  he  direct<Ml  to  j>nrsiie  in  the  present  exigency.  'J'hat  pnidcnt  (nm 
inander,  howev(>r,  founo  the  new  monarch  too  stronj;  in  the  atlc(tiuii>  nf  h^ 
people  to  he  disturheil  at  present.  All  that  now  remaine(|  for  Kcnlinaii'l, 
therefore,  was  to  rest  contented  with  tlu^  jiossession  of  the  stmii,'  \hiA^ 
pledj^ed  for  the  reimhursement  of  his  exi)enses  in  the  war,  and  to  makt'  >ii(li 
use  of  the  correspondence  which  the  late  campai;,fns  had  opened  to  hiin  in 
Calabria,  that,  when  the  time  arrived  for  action,  he  mij^ht  act  with  cticd.'*' 

Ferdinaml's  conduct  thron,u;h  the  whole  of  the  Italian  war  liad  ;:rt'atlv 
enhanceil  his  reputation  throiij^diout  Knrope  for  sagacity  and  pruiliiiti'.  It 
allorded  a  most  advantajj;(!Ous  comparison  with  that  of  his  rival,  (liarl(N  tin' 
Fiijj;hth,  whose  very  first  act  had  heen  the  surrender  of  so  important  atcniti  ly 
as  iioiisillon.  The  construction  of  the  treaty  rclatinj^  to  this,  indeed,  laid  tlr 
Spanisli  monarch  open  to  the  imputation  of  artifice.  But  this,  ut  Ica^t. 'HI 
no  violence  to  tlu^  j)olitical  maxims  of  the  a^o,  and  only  nia<le  him  iv^aplii 
as  the  more  shrewd  ami  subtile  diplomatist :  while,  on  the  other  haml.  he 
aitpeared  before  the  world  in  the  imi»osinfj  attitude  of  the  defeMd<r  <if  tin' 
church,  and  of  the  ri^'hts  of  his  injured  kinsman.  His  intluence  iiaij  U-tii 
clejirly  discernible  in  every  operation  of  moment,  whether  civil  or  military. 
He  had  been  most  active,  throujih  his  an)bassadors  at  Genoa,  Vcnito,  anl 
Rome,  in  stirrin;^  up  the  ^eat  Italian  confederacy,  which  eventually  hnke 
the  power  of  King  Charles  ;  and  his  representatiims  had  tended,  a>  niiiili 
as  any  other  cause,  to  Jilarm  the  jealousy  of  Sforza,  to  fix  the  varilhitin: 
politics  of  Alexander,  and  to  (pncken  the  cautions  and  dilatory  iiioveinciit' 
of  Venice.  He  had  shown  equal  vigour  in  action,  and  contributed  luainlv 
to  the  success  of  the  war  by  his  operations  on  the  side  of  Roussilhm,  and  -ti'l 
more  in  Calabria.  On  the  latter,  iiKleed,  he  liad  not  lavished  any  extra  ■; 
dinary  expenditure  ;  a  circumstance  partly  attributable  to  the  state  of  lii< 
linances,  severely  taxed,  as  already  noticed,  by  the  Granadine  war.  as  wi'll 
as  by  the  opeiations  in  Koussillon,  luit  in  part,  also,  to  his  haliitiial  friij;ality, 
which,  with  a  very  different  sjiirit  from  that  of  his  illustrious  consort,  always 
stinted  the  measure  of  his  supplies  to  the  bare  exigency  of  the  o(rasi"ii. 
Fortiuuitely,  the  genius  of  the  Great  Captain  was  so  fruitful  in  n'smines :i^ 
to  supply  every  (leliciency,  enabling  him  to  accomplish  such  lirilliant  ie>ult> 
as  effectually  concealed  any  ])Overty  of  i)reparation  on  the  part  of  his  ina^t<  i 

The  Italian  wars  were  of  signal  importance  to  the  Spaniards.    l'nU\  that 


'"  Zuritii,  Hist,  ilol  Rev  llprnando,  lib.  2, 
cap.  26,  33.— .Mariana,  Hist,  de  Lsp..iia,  lib. 


26,  cap.  16.-Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Monarquf*, 
torn.  i.  lib.  3,  cap.  lu. 


GONSALVO  SllCCOrnS  TIIK  P(»PE. 


n<i7 


timo,  tlioy  had  l)Oon  cooiumI  »ip  within  tho  narrow  hmits  df  tho  IN'ninsiihv, 
niiiibtrmtt'il  iitid  tiikiim  littlo  inU'rest  in  tho  concerns  of  tho  rost  (if  Kiin)|i«'. 
\  new  wi'iid  wjis  n(»w  opi'iu'd  to  thoin.  They  were  tau;;ht  to  Micusiui'  thrir 
,i«n  stri'ii.LCth  hy  ('(tllisitui  with  oth«'r  iiowcrs  on  a  ((Hiinion  sccno  of  action  ; 
mid  siKccss,  inspiring'  them  with  jrroater  confidonco,  scoincd  to  ln'ckon  thmi 
,.ii  towards  tho  Held  whore  they  wore  destined  to  achieve  still  more  sjilondid 

triuiiiplis. 

'I'liis  war  atVordod  thcni  also  a  most  useful  lesson  of  tactics.  Tho  war  of 
(iniiii'la  had  iiiseiisihiv  trained  up  a  hardy  militia,  patient  and  capahio 
nt  t'vcry  jirisation  and  /ati^nie,  and  hroij^dit  under  strict  suhordinatitm.  'I'his 
n;i>  a  i:reat  advance  heyond  tho  independent  and  disorderly  hahits  of  tho 
fcinial  HTvict".  A  most  valuah'e  corps  of  li^ht  troops  had  heen  formeil, 
yJiiHilt'd  in  all  tho  wild,  irre^ndar  movements  of  ^nierilla  warfare.  lint  tin; 
natinii  was  still  defective  in  that  stondy,  well-disciiilined  infantry,  which,  in 
theiniprovcd  condition  of  military  science,  seemed  destined  to  decide  the  fate 
of  lattlis  in  Kurope  thenceforward. 

The  Calalirian  campaitrns,  which  wore  suited  in  some  dof^ree  to  the  display 
"i  their  own  tactics,  fortunately  ;:avo  the  Spaniards  opjiortunity  f(tr  studyiu}.; 
at  leisure  those  of  their  a<lver>arios  The  lesson  was  not  lost.  Hefctro  the 
(ortant  innovations  wore  made  in  the  di.scipliiu>  and  aruis 
ior.     Tho  Swiss  pike,  or  lance,  which,  as  has  heen  already 

till"!,  iion.silvo  de  Cordova  liad  nnnj;lod  with  the  short  sword  of  his  own 
li'.iiiiis,  now  hecame  the  ropdar  weapon  of  one-third  of  the  infantry.  Tho 
ijivisioii  of  tho  various  corps  in  tho  cavalry  and  infantry  services  was  arranj,'ed 
nil  iiiiirc  scientific  iirinciplos,  and  tho  whole,  in  short,  (omplotely  reorpuii/.cd." 

iVforc  the  eiKi  of  the  war,  |>reparations  were  mauo  for  emhodyin;;  a 
national  militia,  which  should  take  the  place  of  the  ancient  hermandad. 
Litts  were  pas.sod  repilating  thi^  ocjinpment  of  every  individual  according  to 
lii^  jiropcrty.  A  man's  arms  wc-o  declared  not  liaiile  for  deht,  even  to  tho 
trowii ;  and  smiths  and  other  art.ricers  were  restricted,  under  .seveie  penalties, 
fruiu  working  them  up  into  other  articles.'*     In  HiMj,  a  census  was  taken  of 


(inl  of  the  war,  im 
A  tilt'  Spanish  soh 

liol 
I 


idoza,  Monarqui*, 


M<m.   (!''  la  Acad,   de   Hi8t.»  toni.   vi. 

Ilust.  B— Zioita,  Hi^t.  dt-l  Hey  Hernando, 
nil.  3,  ia|i.  6. — Tho  ancient  SpaniardH,  who 
»•■:€  as  nuicd  aa  tlie  niudern  lor  the  tiinpcr 
inl  tiiiish  lit  tlieir  t)ladef»,  used  short  swords, 
in  the  Qianii),'cinent  of  which  they  were  very 
klr'ijt.  "  llisiiano,"  says  Livy,  "piinctim 
M'Si",  qujini  ca'sini,  adsiioto  pt^tere  hosteui, 
'"■vjtaii'  lial)ilfs  [gladii]  et  cum  niucroiii- 
f'lK."  (]\\-\.,  Mb.  ri,  cip.  47.)  S.indoval 
ri"!icp<i  till'  slmrt  sword,  "cortas  espada."*,"  a.s 
'HP  piiiilijr  \\('a]H)ii  of  the  Spanisli  sol(hcr  in 
'•'■  twflfih  ci'iitury.  Histiiria  de  los  lieyes 
"I  i-tilla  y  de  Leon  (Madrid,  1792),  toni.  ii. 

I'   JID. 

1'rKpmiitica.s  del  Royno,  fol.  S3, 127.  129. 
-I'liH  fciriiHr  "f  these  oniinances.diited  Taia- 
i;"n,i,  S..|,t.  i-tli.  Uy."),  is  extremely  {iret  ise 
in  S"'it\iiif;  tlie  appoint ment,><  re(|nired  for 
'I'll  iiMtivjilual.  Anion^  other  iniprove- 
'•ints,  iiiti-iHiiued  somewhat  earlier,  may  l)e 
't'iiti"iicil  tiiat  of  organizing  and  thoroughly 
t.iinin^.H  small  corjis  of  heavy -armed  cavalry, 
'iiidtimiiig  to  twenty-five  hundred.  The 
i;i;iiilir  (,f  men-at-arms  had  hem  greatly 
'"luced  in  il,e  kingilom  of  late  years,  in  con- 
'^luence  of  the  exclusive  demand  for  the 
>'n«ei  ill  the   Moorish  wa.-.     Oviedo,  (Juin- 


ctiagenas,  MS.— Onlinances  wire  also  paMStd 
for  encouraging  the  hrecd  of  horses,  whitb 
had  sulfered  greatly  from  the  preference  very 
generally  given  by  the  .spanianls  to  mul<  b. 
This  had  heen  carrie<l  to  sueh  a  length  that, 
while  it  was  nearly  impossihle,  according  to 
lieruuldez,  to  moiini  ten  or  twelve  thousand 
cavalry  on  imrses,  ten  tunes  that  numlnT 
could  l)e  provided  with  nmles.  (IteyesCato- 
lico>,  .MS,  cap.  IHJ.)  "K  piirque  si  a  esto 
se  diesse  lugai ,"  says  one  nf  tUi-  ina'fntfitiidS, 
adveitiiig  to  this  evil.  "  miiy  preslamente 
se  perderia  en  nuesims  rc'ynos  la  nohleza  i.e 
la  cauelli-n'a  (|ue  en  ellos  su(  le  auer,  e  se 
oluidaria  el  e.\ercicio  militar  de  rpie  en  los 
tiem[ios  pa.ssados  niiestra  naiioii  de  Kspiiha 
ha  alcan(;adii  gran  fama  e  lour,"  it  w  as  ukIi  red 
that  no  person  in  the  kiii!:dom  should  he 
allowed  to  keep  a  mule  unless  he  own- d  a 
hors(!  also,  and  that  none  hut  eeclesiasties 
ami  women  sliouUl  Ix-  allowed  the  us«'  of 
mules  in  the  saddle.  These  ediits  were  ei;- 
lorced  with  the  utmost  rigtiur,  the  king  him- 
self setting  the  example  of  conformity  to 
them.  I5y  these  seat-onahle  pn  cautions,  the 
1  reed  of  .Spanish  h<irses-,  so  long  noted  tl  r  ngh- 
out  Europe,  was  restored  to  It-  ancient  ciedit, 
uud  the  mule  consigned  to  the  humble  a:  d 


,%8 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILV. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


ALLIANCES   OF   THE   ROYAL   FAMILY.—  DEATU    OF   I'RINCE  JOHN  AND  I>RINCE(.« 

IHAUKLLA. 

Uoyal  Family  of  Castile  MatriinonlHl  Alilancon  with  PortiiKal— Witli  Austria  MHrrlsjri  f 
Jtihii  (iiid  MurKiirct — Dratli  uC  I'rlinc  .loliii— Tlic  C^uri'iiV  ]{»Hlf?imtioii  -  liiilrp,  ii<I<iim  .  f 
the  CoittH  ol  Aragoii— I)  .th  of  the  I'riuti'HM  Isabella — lleCDgnltlon  i»l  licr  lulaiit  Mi 
Miguel. 

The  credit  ami  autliority  wliicli  tlic  Spanisli  sovcreij,'ns  estalilislieil  ly  tho 
success  of  their  anus  were  peatly  raised  by  the  rnatriiiiouiai  coiuitrtioiiN 
which  they  formed  for  their  children.  This  wjus  too  imiiortaiit  a  siiriiig  (if 
their  i)olicy  to  be  passed  over  in  silence.  Tlieir  family  consisted  ol  niie  mhi 
and  four  daughters,  whom  they  carefully  educated  iii  a  manner  botittin;,'  tiieir 
high  rank,  and  who  rei)aid  their  sohcitnde  hy  exemplary  filial  oltediciice,  and 
the  early  manifestation  of  virtues  rare  even  in  a  private  station.'    They  H'tni 


apiirt)prlftto  offlcrs  of  drndRcry,  or  rai^^ed 
only  lor  i'.xpnitati()n.  P'or  tlicso  and  Hiniilar 
provisions,  st^f  rrannii'iticaR  del  Rcyno,  ful. 
127-13J. — MiitcM)  Alcniiin's  whimsical  /iVa- 
reKCii  iioM'l,  fiu/.niau  d'AUaracho,  contains  a 
comic  adventure  sliowinp  tho  e.xcossivo  rigour 
with  which  the  edict  apainst  mules  was  en- 
fori'cd,  as  liite  as  the  dose  of  I'hilip  11. 's 
rei^n.  Tho  i)assnKO  Is  extracted  in  Uoscoe's 
elegant  vtrsion  of  the  Spanish  Novelists,  vol. 
i.  ]).  i;J2. 

' '  See  a  copy  of  the  ordinance  taken  from 
the  Archives  of  Simancas ;  ni>ud  Mem.  do  la 
.Acad,  do  Hist.,  toni.  vl.  npend.  l.'J. — When 
Krancls  I.,  who  was  de.stlned  to  feel  the 
elTects  of  tJii'  careful  military  discipline,  be- 
held, duiing  his  detontion  In  Sptin  In  tho 
hogiuning  of  tho  follow  Ing  century,  strijilings 
with  scanty  down  upon  tlie  chin,  all  armed 
with  swonis  at  thoir  sides,  ho  is  .said  to  have 
cried  out,  "()   hicnaveniurada   Ksjiaha,  quo 


pare  y  crla  los  hombres  arniadns '"  (j. 
M.irineo,  l.'osus  tnomoraiiUs,  llli.  f).)  Amv- 
clamation  not  unworthy  of  u  Nupuk-i'ii,— it 
un  Attlla. 

'  'I'he  princess  Doha  Isal«'l,  iho  tMc-i 
daughter,  was  l.)orn  at  Duiiius,  (Kl'ilwr  i^r, 
1470.  Tlieir  second  child  ami  only  i«'n,  Jiiici, 
prince  of  Asturius,  was  imt  liniii  until  -ici.i 
years  later,  .June  ;iOth,  14"s,  ai  Scviij.'.  Ii'n 
. I  nana,  whom  the  queen  used  piaytiiliy  t' 
call  her  ••  mother-in-law,"  fiii;/i(i,  iV'W  lur 
resemblance  to  King  FerdinaiHlV  uintinr,  »  •* 
liorn  at  Toledo,  November  tiih.  147!i.  \|«v^ 
Maria  was  l)orii  at  Cordova,  in  I  Is.',  aiul  I"":,* 
Catalina,  the  lifth  and  last  cliiiil,  at  .\i>al.i  ■! 
Henares,  December  .Oth,  I4sr..  Tlie.tftiij.'lit'r- 
all  lived  to  ri'ign  ;  but  tlieir  briliiant  .|i.-tiiii" 
were  clouded  with  dDUiostic  afllHtMiis,  In  m 
which  royalty  could  atlnrd  no  n  tuge.  Cir* 
baj.il,  Analrs,'  M.'s.,  loc.  mult. 


ALLIANCKS  AND  DKATIIS. 


:m 


■jO(\  at  Valla- 

out  (if  t'Ncry 

;«'   slimiM  If 

e  sll|'|iH's.Mi  II 

calk'd  fill  III 
i\uv,\ii  Hctiml 

('    tin'    (1(1;.^ 

wort'  to  tjik»' 
I  |»ii/('s  Wert' 
'.  iiM'  (if  tlii'ir 
tizcii,  witlimit 
raiii('(|  (i|i  fiT 
iitiraiiic  (if  .1 

the  (•iiiiiitrv, 
wlu'iu'Ncr  the 


\NI)   I'UIXCESiS 


irla-  Marrlddn  .f 
liiM'  |H  imI'II"  'f 
I   li.r  iiilaiil  Nil 


lisheil  I'V  tho 
il  (•(iiiiK'i  tiuiis 

t  a  ^I'liiit;  "f 

;'(l    (if     cue    Kill 

otittin;:  their 
lodiciKt'.  aiid 
They  M'fiii 

nrniadns ' "  (!■ 
ill.  !>.)  Ant.v- 
a  .Naji'ilc'ii,— «'f 

rtl«.l,    ilio   cMf'' 
1,^,   (Kt'il""''  ''•'> 
,l,ly  M'l).  J''«"i 

iHiiii"  iiiilil  "«''' 
11  Sfviilf.    I'"'* 
il  i.iHytiir'.v  I ' 

mi's  iiiotliir,  \».' 
,tli,  UVit.  li-i» 
1  l^■J,  aii'l  !'"''♦ 
ilil,  at  Al.ttl.i  .1 
•riiiMinu^'lii'f' 
.riUiiiiit  cii'^liiii" 
a(li:iUoiislr''i' 
mi  ntuge.    Cti- 


tihavc  iiilicritod  many  of  the  (iiialitics  which  <listiri;;ui.-hc(l  tfieir  illiistridiis 
mot  lit  r :  k''*''^^  <'*-*'*"'""> '^"'l  <'>Ki>ity  of  iiiuiiikts  rotiiliinuil  with  anlciit  m'iisj* 
l,ilitii'<,  ami  )iiiatl(s't4>(l  piety,  which,  at  Icnst  in  the  eidot  uini  fa\()urito 
Uu.litcr,  I^^^lK'lll^  was,  iiiihapiiily,  Ktronuly  tinctured  with  hi^otry.  They 
,iil(|  imt,  indc('(|,  pretend  to  their  rndthoi'.s  coniitreheiiNive  mind  and  talent 
i,r  liii'iiiess, aithoij^li  there  seems  to  have  \hv\i  rnxUMici^Micy  in  the-e  r(.'^pe(.ts, 
if.  if  any,  it  was  most  etlcctiially  supplied  hy  their  excellent  eihicatinn." 

The  iiiarria;:;e  of  the  princess  Isaltella  with  Alonso,  the  heir  df  the  I'ortu- 
.'Ui-xf  (Town,  in  IMh),  Ikis  U'cn  already  Udticed.  This  had  hecn  i-nveriy 
.ii'>iivi|  liy  her  parents,  not  only  for  the  p(»ssil»le  contingency  whicli  it  attonlcil 
.;f  liriii;:iii;,'  the  various  monarchies  of  the  Peninsula  under  one  ln'ad  (a  desi^ni 
if  wlmli  they  never  wholly  lost  si^ht),  hut  from  the  wish  to  conciliate  ii, 
wriiiiilalilc  nei;,'hlM)ur,  who  jJosM'ssed  various  menus  of  annoyanc^e,  which  Ik; 
iuiil  sjiowii  no  leluctuncc  to  exert.  The  r"i^ininL'  inoniirch,  John  the  Second, 
,1  IkiM  iiml  crafty  prince,  had  never  forgotten  liis  ancient  (juurrel  with  the 
Siuiiii>li  Miveiei^'iis  in  support  of  tis'ir  rival,  .Joanna  H<'!tran«*Ja,  or  Joanna 
the  Nun, as  she  was  f^enerally  called  in  the  Castilian  court  after  she  had  tikeu 
tlii>  veil.  John,  in  open  contempt  of  the  treaty  of  AlcnntAra,  and  indeed  of  all 
:iit)iiii.Nti('  rule,  had  not  only  removeil  his  relative  from  the  convent  (»f  Santa 
llara,  hut  had  permitted  her  to  assume  a  royal  sUvte  and  suhscrihe  herself  "  I 
tiie  l^iiccti."  'Hiis  empty  insult  he  accompanied  with  more  serious  etiorts  to 
fiiriii  siK  II  a  forei|(n  alliance  for  the  liherated  princess  as  should  secure  her  the 
ii|ili<irt  of  some  arm  more  powerful  than  his  own,  and  enaltle  her  to  renesv 
till'  >tnii;i;Ie  for  her  inheritance  with  better  clumce  of  su(!cess.*  Thes('  fla^^rant 
lintwiliii^'s  had  |)rovoked  the  admonitions  of  the  Roman  see,  and  had  formed 
the  topic,  as  may  he  helieved,  of  repeated,  though  incllvctual,  remonstrance 
from  tilt'  court  of  Castile.* 

It  sc.iiu'd  prol»able  that  the  union  of  the  princess  of  Asturias  with  the  heir 
of  Piirtuiial,  as  originally  provided  hy  the  treaty  of  Alcantivra,  would  so  far 
identify  the  interests  of  the  respective  jMirties  as  to  remove  all  further  cause 
of  diMjiiictude.  The  new  hride  was  received  in  Portugal  in  a  spirit  which 
^-ave  cordial  assurance  of  these  friendly  relations  for  the  future  ;  and  the  court 
of  Li>hoii  celebrated  the  auspicious  nuntials  with  the  gorgeous  magnificenco 
for  which,  at  this  j)eriod  of  its  successful  enterprise,  it  was  distinguished  abovo 
t;verv  other  court  m  Christendom.*     (Nov.  2*2nd,  141K).) 

Aluiso's  death,  a  few  months  after  this  event,  however,  blighted  the  fair 
holies  which  had  l)cgun  to  open  of  a  more  friendly  feeling  between  the  two 
wuiitries.  His  unfortunate  widow,  unable  to  endure  the  s(!ene.s  of  her  short- 
lived hiuipiness,  soon  withdrew  into  her  own  country,  to  seek  such  consola- 
liuu  as  slie  could  find  in  the  bosom  of  her  family.    There,  alwindoning  luMself 


'  Tlioonly  exception  to  those  remnrk«  was 
ttiat  affurliil  by  the  Infantii  J(janna,  wlio80 
'iiifMniiimtc  f'cTctitricitlcs,  dovcUipcd  in  latpr 
liK  luiM  1)0  inijiuted,  indi'Ltl,  to  IxxJily  in- 
Srniity. 

'  Nile  difrpfeiit  matches  were  pr<)p<ise*l  fbr 
•J'laiina  ill  till!  ciiiirsi' of  iier  lil'c;  but  tlicy  all 
vinisiicj  jiiti,  air.  and  "the  exccUi'nt  lidy," 
i^shcw.is  usually  caUed  by  the  I'ortUKUi'se, 
Was  she  had  lived,  in  single  blpsscdiiesH,  at 
i!ic  riiK"  afro  of  Rixty-eight.  In  tiie  Mem.  de 
UAad.  lip  Hist.,  t4ira.  vi.,  the  19th  I.usira- 
ci  n  is  (It  viitod  to  this  topic,  in  regard  to  which 
f^Mliir  Kliinz  shows  sulTlcicnt  ignorance,  or 
iMi.nir;i( y.  Ilpyna-i  Catlu)licaH,  toiu.  ii.  p.  780. 

'  laslructions    relating     to    this    matter, 


written  with  tlio  qnePii's  ftwt.  band,  still  exi-'t 
ill  tlie  ArcliiV(?s  of  Siinam'as.  .\1eni.  de  la 
Acnd.  di-  Hist.,  nbi  supra. 

^  l,a  Clede,  llistoire  <lc  Portugal,  toni.  Iv.  p. 
100.  The  I'ortugiiesi!  historian,  I'ariu  y  S<;usa, 
expends  half  a  dozen  folio  pages  on  tlieso 
royal  revelries,  wiiicli  cost  six  months'  pre- 
paraiion,  anl  taxed  the  wits  of  the  niost  lin- 
iRlied  artists  and  artificers  in  Krance,  Eii^slaiid, 
Fhiiidirs,  Casiile,  and  roitug.il.  (Kiirnpa 
Portuguesa,  torn.  ii.  pp.  452  et  se(|.^  We  see, 
througliont,  tlie  same  luxury  of  spectacle,  tho 
same  elegant  games  of  chivalry,  as  the  tilt  of 
reeds,  the  rings,  and  the  like,  whi(  h  the  Cas- 
tiliana  adopted  from  the  Spanish  Arabs. 

2a 


370 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILY. 


to  tlie  melancholy  rejjrets  to  which  her  serious  atul  pensive  temper  natiimllv 
disposed  her,  she  devoted  her  hours  to  works  of  piety  and  henevolencc,  rcsoluMl 
to  enter  no  more  into  engagements  which  liad  thrown  so  dark  a  cloud  over  i!io 
mornint;  of  lier  life." 

On  King  John's  death,  in  140'),  the  crown  of  Portugal  devolved  on  Einnmjc!. 
that  enlightened  monarcli  who  had  the  glory  in  the  very  conmienccuiciit  of  h  s 
reign  of  solving  the  grand  proltlem,  which  had  so  long  pen»lexed  the  worM,  if 
the  existence'  of  an  iui(Uscovered  nassage  to  the  p]ast.  This  prince  had  ron- 
ceived  a  i>assi()n  for  the  young  and  beautiful  Isabella  during  her  luief  nsidciiM! 
in  Lisbon  ;  and  soon  after  his  accession  to  the  throne  he  desputrlicd  an 
embassy  to  the  Sjtanish  cotirt  inviting  her  to  share  it  with  him.  Hut  tlif 
]irincess,  wedded  to  the  memory  of  her  early  love,  declined  the  proposals.  \v.\. 
withstJinding  they  were  strongly  seconded  by  the  wishes  of  her  parents,  wlm, 
however,  were  iniwilling  to  constrain  their  daughter's  inclinations  on  so 
delicate  a  point,  trusting  perhaps  to  the  ettects  of  time  and  the  perseverance 
of  her  royal  suitor.^ 

In  the  mean  while,  the  Catholic  sovereigns  were  occupied  with  negotiatimis 
for  the  settlement  of  the  other  members  of  their  family.  The  and)itious  scheiiie-i 
of  Charles  the  Eighth  established  a  community  of  interests  among  the  ^ucat 
p]uropean  states,  such  as  had  never  before  existed,  or,  at  least,  been  umleistootl ) 
and  the  intimate  relations  thus  introduced  naturally  led  to  interniarria.'is 
between  the  princijial  powers,  who  until  this  period  seem  to  have  been  severed 
almost  as  far  asunder  as  if  oceans  had  rolled  between  them.  The  S|iaiii>li 
monarchs,  in  particular,  had  rarely  gone  beyond  the  limits  of  the  rcninsuLi 
for  their  family  alliances.  The  new  confederacy  into  which  Spain  had  entered 
now  opened  the  way  to  more  remote  connections,  which  were  destined  to  ex(  n  i<e 
a  pern)anent  influence  on  the  future  politics  of  Europe.  It  was  while  Cliarles 
the  Eighth  was  wasting  his  time  at  Naples  tliat  the  marriages  were  arraiiired 
between  the  royal  houses  of  Spain  and  Austria,  by  which  the  weight  of  tlie>e 
great  powers  was  thrown  into  the  same  scale,  and  the  balance  of  Euroiie  uii- 
settleu  for  the  greater  part  of  the  following  century.' 

The  treaty  provided  that  Prince  John,  tlie  heir  of  the  Spanish  inonarohie^. 
then  in  his  eighteenth  year,  should  be  united  with  the  princess  Mariraret, 
daughter  of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  that  the  archduke  Pliili]),  his  siii 
and  heir,  and  sovereign  of  the  Low  Countries  in  his  mothei*'s  right,  should  marry 
Joanna,  second  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  No  dowry  was  to  I't 
reiiuired  with  either  princess.* 

In  the  course  of  the  following  year,  arrangements  were  also  conoludcil  f"r 
the  marriage  of  the  youngest  daughter  of  the  Castilian  sovereigns  with  a  \>m<v 
of  the  royal  house  of  England,  the  first  example  of  the  kind  for  more  tliaii  a 
century.'"    Ferdinand  had  cultivated  the  good  will  of  Henry  the  Seventii,  in 


"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  v. 
fol.  'M. — Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  il. 
fol.  312. 

'  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  v. 
fill.  7S,  H2.—\.a  Clede.  Hist,  (ie  PortURal,  torn, 
iv.  p.  0.5. — I'etcr  Martyr,  Opns  Epist ,  <'iiist. 
146. — Martyr,  in  a  letter  written  at  the  close 
of  1496,  tlnis  speal\8  of  tlie  princess  Isabella's 
faitliful  attachment  to  lierhu>ban(l's  memory: 
"Mira  fuit  liiijus  fcemina'  in  abjiciendis  se- 
ciindis  nuptiis  ccmstantia.  Tanta  est  ejus 
modesfia.  tanta  vidualis  castitas,  ut  necin»'nsa 
jxst  maritl  mortem  eomederit.  nee  lauti  quic- 
(|uam  denustavcrit.  .(ejuniis  sepe  vif^iliisque 
ita  maceravit,  ut  sicco  stipite  siccior  sit  efl'ecta. 


SufTtilti  nilwre  pertnrbatnr,  quandix'iinniio  ik 
jiipiii  thalanio  sermo  intexitur.  IVitintiim 
timen  ali<iuand*»  precihii.«,  vi  luti  ollaciimi*, 
inflectetur.  V'iget  faina,  t'litunini  vistii  pxU 
Euiinanuelis  u.xorcm."    Eiiisf.  171. 

"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Hey  ilcniiui'ii',  i"Ui.  v. 
fol.  (V.i. 

"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rev  Herniiiui".  torn.  v. 
lib.  2,  cap.  5.— Ferreras,  Hint.  dKspaKno,  torn. 
viii.  p.  160. 

'"  I  believe  there  is  no  instance  of  onch  .* 
union,  save  that  of  .John  of  tiiiniit,  dnkcf 
Eaiicaster.  with  Dofla  Constan/a.  .IniKhi'T  "' 
I'eter  the  Cruel,  in  IIHI,  froiri  whnin  iiin'f'i 
Isabella  was  lineally  desceuaed  ou  the  hm:  i 


ALLIANCES  AND  DEATHS. 


371 


the  iKipe  of  drawing  liim  into  llie  confederacy  against  the  French  monarch, 
and  in  this  liad  not  wfiolly  failed,  although  the  wary  king  seems  to  have  conic 
into  it  rather  as  a  silent  partner,  if  we  may  so  say,  than  with  tlie  intention  of 
utiiiniiiig  any  ojien  or  very  active  co-operation."  The  relations  of  amity 
i^'iwt'fii  the  two  courts  were  still  further  strengthened  liy  the  treaty  of  mariiage 
ahovc  alluded  to,  tinally  u'ljusted  Octoher  1st,  141M>,  and  ratihed  the  following 
year,  lictween  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  and  the  infanta,  Doha  Catalina,  con- 
">[iiruiius  in  English  history,  ecjuady  for  her  misft^rtunes  and  her  virtues,  as 
latliariueof  Aragon."^  The  French  viewed  with  no  little  jealousy  the  progress 
n\  these  various  negotiations,  which  they  zealously  endeavoured  to  thwart  hy  all 
the  artifices  of  diplomacy.  ]iut  King  Ferdinand  had  sutiicient  address  to 
M'cure  in  his  interests  persons  of  the  highest  credit  at  the  courts  of  Henry  and 
.Maximilian,  who  promptly  ac([uainted  him  with  the  intrigues  of  the  French 
^uvtrnMicnt  and  eH'ectually  aided  in  counteracting  them." 

The  Knglish  connection  was  necessarily  deferred  foi  some  years,  on  account 
if  the  youth  of  the  parties,  neitlier  of  whom  exceeded  eleven  years  of  age.  No 
>iuh  impediment  existed  in  regard  to  the<Jeiman  alliances,  and  measiires  were 
taken  at  once  for  providiniij  a  suit<af)le  conveyance  for  the  infanta  .loanna  into 
Flumlers,  which  should  hring  hack  the  princess  Margaret  on  its  return.  By 
•he  end  itf  summer,  in  149(),  a  fleet  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  vessels, 
jarueand  small,  strongly  manned  and  thoroughly  etpiipped  with  all  the  means 
(if  defence  against  the  French  crui.sers,  was  got  ready  for  sea  in  the  ports  of 
Giiiiuisi  ua  and  iJi.'^'^ay."    Tlie  whole  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Don 


•ill".  Tlip  titlp  of  Prince  of  Asturias,  appro- 
iriait'l  lo  tlie  lit'ir  apparent  <jf  Castile,  was 
t;r«t  tnatid  for  the  infant  Don  Henry,  after- 
wards llciiry  III.,  on  occasion  of  liia  marriage 
witb  Jiilm  of  (Jaunt's  daugliter,  in  KJss.  It 
was  prcifcssedly  in  imitation  of  the  Englinh 
'iilc  nf  I'riiicc  of  Wales;  and  Asturias  was 
tliitfij,  a.-*  that  jKjrtion  of  the  ancient  tiothic 
ni'MiHrcliy  which  had  never  lx»wed  beneath 
ilif  .Mraci'n  yoke.  Florez,  Keynas  Catholicas, 
t'liu.  ii.  pp.  708-715. — Mendoza,  Dignidades, 
lib.  3,  ia]i.  23. 

Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  lib.  2, 
i-.ip.  'J.i.— liyuier,  Ka'dera  (London,  1727"),  vol. 
xii.  |ip.  tiiis  (;42. — Ferdinand  used  his  good 
'  tliits  to  mediate  a  peace  between  Henry  VII. 
iiiil  tlic  king  of  Scots  ;  and  it  is  a  proof  of  liie 
r"-f«(t  (iitiTtained  for  him  by  both  these 
iiiiuardis,  tiiat  they  agreed  to  refer  their  di.s- 
Iiitw  to  his  arbitration.  (Uymer,  Fu-dera, 
V'l.  .\ii.  p.  671.)  "And  so,"  says  the  old 
ihriitiicl'T  Mall,  of  the  Knglish  prince,  "  bo- 
.vinccuiiliiii  rate  and  alied  by  trcatie  and  league 
^itii  al  Ills  neighbors,  he  gratelied  with  his 
Ui'i^st  liciirtii'  thanks  kyiig  Ferdinand  and  the 
i\w-w  Ills  wife,  to  which  woman  ni)ne  other 
».is  C(iiii|iaral)le  in  her  tyme,  for  that  they 
'"T"  the  iiH'iliators,  organes.and  instrumenteii 
•jyibe  which  the  truce  was  concluded  betwene 


the  Scottish  kynge  and  him.  and  rewardwl  his 
ambassadoure  moost  lilKTally  and  bounte- 
fully."    Chronicle,  p  4.s;j. 

'-  iSoe  the  marriage  treaty  in  Kymer.  (Fa>- 
dera,  vol.  xii.  pp.  (>r)H-<)t>H.)  'Ih"  contract 
had  been  arranged  between  the  Spanish  and 
Knglish  courts  as  far  bick  as  Murch,  1  t.H9, 
when  the  elder  of  the  parties  had  not  yet 
reached  the  tifih  year  of  her  age.  'I'his  was 
confirmed  by  another.  m(.>re  full  and  definite, 
in  the  h)llo\\ing  year.  1490.  Hy  this  treaty  it 
was  stipulated  that  Catharine's  portnm  should 
be  200,000  gold  crowns,  one-half  to  Iw  paid 
down  at  the  date  of  her  marriage,  and  the 
remainder  in  two  e<iual  payments  in  the 
course  of  the  two  years  ensuing.  The  prince  of 
VVales  was  to  settle  on  her  one  third  of  the 
revenues  of  the  principality  of  Wales,  the 
dukedom  of  Cornwall,  and  the  earldom  of 
Chester.  Rymer,  Fadera,  vol.  xii.  pp.  411- 
417.* 

"  "Procure,"  says  Zurita.  "que  se  effec- 
tuassen  los  matrinmnios  de  sus  hijus,  no  .«olo 
con  prouiesas,  pero  con  dadivas  (jue  se  hizieron 
a  los  j)rivados  de  a<iiiell(is  pr.ncipes,  (|ue  en 
ello  entendian."  Hist,  del  Hey  Hernando, 
lib.  2,  I'ap.  :i. 

"  Historians  differ,  as  usual,  as  to  the 
strength  of  this  armanent.     .Martyr  makes  it 


*  [For  the  details  of  the  negotiation  w  hicli 
pfHcili'il  the  marriage  treaty, — characterized 
ty  rniin- than  the  usual  amount  of  meaimess 
aiiililiicit,  esiieciiiily  on  the  side  of  Henry, — 
«■  Herginroth,  Letters,  Despatches,  and  State 
I'sp'^rs,  vol.  1,  In  the  Supplementary  Volume 
!iiH  jcaiif^il  editor  has  devoted  ttiuch  space  to 
Jutumeiiis   relating   to   Catharine's    lite    in 


Kngland  from  15ol  to  If)  10,  and  to  an  inve.s- 
tiiration  int(i  her  character  and  coiiiluct  dining 
that  periixl.  The  view-<  which  he  ailvances — 
founded  on  testimony  interesting  anil  impor- 
tant iiuiied,  but  inconclusive  aliki-  from  want 
of  fulness  and  its  often  doubtful  nature— have 
not  bteu  generally  accepted. — Eu.] 


372 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILY. 


Fadrique  Enriqucz,  admiral  of  Castile,  who  carried  with  him  a  srtlondi'l  sjicw 
of  chivalry,  chictly  drawn  from  the  northern  provinces  of  the  kin;;«l(iiii.  \ 
more  ^^allant  and  Wautifui  armada  never  before  ([uittesd  the  shores  of  .siniju. 
The  infanta  Joanna,  attended  l)V  a  numeroiis  suite,  arrived  on  hoard  the  fleet 
towards  the  end  of  An^nist,  at  tne  port  of  Laredo,  on  the  eastern  l)or(ler>  i,f 
Asturias,  where  she  took  a  last  farewell  of  the  (jueen  her  mother,  who  \in,\ 
l>ostponed  the  hour  of  separation  as  long  as  possible,  by  accompany  in^^  her 
dawuhter  to  the  place  of  end)arkation. 

The  weather,  soon  after  her  departure,  became  extremely  rou^di  aii'l  tem. 
pestuons  ;  and  it  was  so  long  before  anv  tidings  of  the  sijuadron  readn  il  th^ 
cpieen,  that  her  atl'ectionate  lieart  was  nlled  with  the  most  distressing  api'ie 
hensions.  She  sent  for  the  oldest  and  most  experienced  navigators  in  ihtM' 
boisterous  northern  seas,  consulting  then),  says  iMartyr,  day  and  nij;jit  on  tlic 
I>ro])}ible  causes  of  delay,  the  prevalent  courses  of  the  winds  at  that  season,  anJ 
the  various  difhcnlties  and  dangers  of  the  voyage  ;  bitterly  regretting  that  the 
troubles  with  France  i)reventeu  any  other  means  of  comnnmication  than  the 
treacherous  element  to  which  she  had  trusted  her  daugliter.'*  Iler  >]w[<. 
were  still  further  depressed  at  this  juncture  by  the  death  of  her  own  mother, 
the  dowager  Isabella,  who,  under  the  mental  hdirmity  with  which  slie  hail 
been  visited  for  many  years,  had  always  experienced  the  most  devoted  attention 
from  her  daughter,  who  ministered  to  her  necessities  with  her  own  luuuls,  and 
watched  over  her  (lecliidng  years  with  the  most  t^ender  solicitude.'" 

At  length  the  long-desired  hitelligence  cause  of  the  arrival  of  the  Castilian 
fleet  at  its  place  of  destination.  It  had  been  so  grievously  shattered,  hdwever. 
l)y  tempests,  as  to  reciuire  l)eing  refitted  in  the  ports  of  England.  Several  ef 
the  vessels  were  lost,  and  many  of  Joanna's  attendants  perislied  fioni  thi' 
inclemency  of  the  weather  and  the  numerous  hardsiiins  to  whicli  they  wcie 
exposed.  The  infanta,  however,  haimilv  reached  Flanders  in  safety,  aiid,  not 
long  after,  her  nuptials  with  the  archduke  Philip  were  celebrated  at  Lille  with 
all  stntable  pomp  and  solenniitv. 

The  fleet  was  detained  until  the  ensuing  winter,  to  transport  the  dostincil 
bride  of  the  young  prince  of  Asturias  to  Spain.  This  lady,  who  had  boon 
affianced  in  her  cradle  to  Charles  the  Eighth  of  France,  had  received  her 
education  in  the  court  of  Paris.  On  her  intended  husband's  marriaije  with  tho 
heiress  of  Brittany,  she  had  been  returned  to  her  native  land  imder  circuni- 
st«ances  of  indignity  never  to  be  forgiven  by  the  house  of  Austria.  She  was 
now  in  the  seventeenth  year  of  her  age,  and  had  already  given  ample  promise 
of  those  unconunon  powers  of  mind  which  distinguished  lier  in  riper  years,  aiitl 
of  which  she  has  left  abundant  evidence  in  various  written  compositions.'' 

On  her  passage  to  Spain,  in  midwinter,  the  fleet  encountered  such  tremendmiN 
gales  that  part  of  it  was  shipwrecked,  and  Margaret's  vessel  had  wellniyli 


110  vessels,  and  10,000  soldiers  (Opus  Epist., 
rpist.  168)  ;  whilst  Bernaldpz  carries  the 
iiuniber  to  l.'fO  sail,  and  'iS.oiio  soldiers  (Reyes 
Ctttolieos,  MS.,  cap.  isai.  Ferroras  adopts  the 
latter  estimato  (toin.  viii.  p.  17.'i;.  Martyr  may 
have  intended  only  liie  galleys  a;:;'  regular 
troops,  while  Hermiidcz,  more  l(H)8»»ly,  inciuil"d 
vessels  and  seamen  <>t'  every  description.  See 
also  the  royal  ordinances,  ap.  Coleccion  de 
Cedillas  (ten.  i.  nos.  79,  hO,  h2\  whose  lan- 
guage implies  a  very  large  number,  without 
Bpe»  ifying  it. 

'■  Peter  Martyr.  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  172.— 
Carhajal,  Anales,  MS.,  ano  1496.— Mariana, 
Ilitit.  de  EspaXia,  turn.  il.  lib.  26,  cap.  12. 


"•  Carl)ajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  U96.— Pete- 
Martyr,  Opus  Epist  ,  epist.  172. 

'■  I'eter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epi^t.  174.— 
Giiribay,  Conipeiidio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  ly,  cap.  ti,  - 
(^iaillard,  Rivalii^,  toui.  iii  pi>.  4 id,  l^iS.— 
Sandoval,  Historia  del  Enipt  nulor  (  ai  lo->  \  . 
(Amberi's,  JOsl),  torn.  i.  p.  2.-  Tle-^'',  i"iii- 
prehending  her  verses,  public  aildre>si  s,  an  I 
discourse  on  her  own  life,  have  Iteeu  collects  a 
into  a  single  volume,  under  the  title  «!  "I.i 
Couroiine  Margariti<iue,"  Lyons,  ISIK,  'y  the 
French  writerJean  La  Maire  de  II.  l^."■.■*.  lur 
faithful  follower,  whose  greatest  ghTV  it  is  to 
have  been  the  instructor  of  Clement  Maiot. 


ALLIANCES  AND  DEATHS. 


873 


friunilcrod.  She  retained,  however,  sufficient  composure  aniicLst  the  perils  of 
her  sitiuitian  to  indite  her  own  epitiiph,  in  the  form  of  a  pleasjiut  di.stich,  wiiich 
Fiiiilfiiclk!  has  made  the  Hul)jei  t  oi  one  of  his  amusing  lUalogut's,  where  he 
atft'cts  to  consider  the  fortitude  disit:ayed  by  her  at  this  awtul  moment  as  sur- 
|,ii>siii.;  that  of  the  philosophic  Adrian  in  his  dying  hour,  or  the  vaunted 
jit'nii>iii  ot  Cato  of  I'tica.'*  Fortunately,  however,  Margaret's  epit^iph  was 
not  needed ;  she  arnved  in  satety  at  the  port  of  iSantander,  eiiriy  in 
Marcli,  1497. 

The  young  prince  of  Asturias,  accompanied  by  the  king  his  father,  hastened 
towards  the  north  to  receive  his  royal  mistress,  whom  they  met  and  escorted 
to  Ijiirgos.  where  she  wa,s  received  with  the  highest  marks  of  wvti.^faction  by  the 
i|iieen  iui(l  the  whole  court.  I'reparations  were  instantly  made  for  solemnizing 
llie  nuptials  of  the  royal  pair,  after  the  expiration  of  Lent,  in  a  style  of 
iiiau'uitirence  such  as  had  never  before  been  witnessed  under  the  jiresent  reign. 
Tlie  Muuriage  cereuiony  took  place  on  the  3rd  of  April,  and  was  peiformtd  by 
tlieanhl»isliop  of  Toledo  in  the  presence  of  the  grandees  and  principal  nobility 
of  Castile,  the  foreign  ambassaclors,  and  the  delegates  from  Aragon.  Among 
these  latter  were  the  magistrates  of  the  princiijal  cities,  clothed  in  their 
iiiuuicipal  insignia  and  crimson  robes  of  olHce,  who  seem  to  have  had  (piite  as 
iiiiliortiuit  parts  assigned  them  by  their  democratic  comnumities,  in  tliis  and 
all  similar  pageants,  as  any  of  the  nobility  or  gentry.  The  nuptials  were 
fiillowed  by  a  brilliant  succession  of  ii'tes,  tourneys,  tilts  of  reeds,  and  other 
wiU'.ike  s})ectacles,  in  which  the  matchless  chivalry  of  Spain  poured  into  the 
lists  to  disnlay  their  magnificence  and  prowess  in  the  presence  of  their  future 
qiU'eii."*  The  chronicles  of  the  day  remark  on  the  striking  contrast  exhibited 
at  these  entertainments  between  the  gay  and  familiar  manners  of  Margaret 
ami  her  Flemish  nobles  and  the  pomp  and  stately  ceremonial  of  the  Castilian 
cniirt,  to  which,  indeed,  the  Austrian  princess,  nintured  as  she  had  been  in  a 
Parisian  atmosphere,  could  never  be  wholly  reconciled.-'* 

The  marriage  of  the  heir  ajjparent  could  not  have  been  cele^rated  at  a  more 
aiis|ii(  ions  period.  It  was  in  the  midst  of  negotiations  for  a  general  pe.ice, 
when  the  nation  mij,lit  reiisonably  hope  to  taste  the  sweets  of  repose  after  so 
many  uninterrupted  years  of  war.  Every  bosom  swelled  with  exultation  in 
oiiiteiiiplating  the  glorious  destinies  of  the  country  under  the  beneficent  sway 
if  a  inince,  the  hrst  heir  of  the  hitherto  divided  monarchies  of  Siwiin.  Alas  ! 
at  the  moment  when  Ferdinand  and  Lsabella,  blessed  in  the  affections  of  their 
Kople,  and  surrounded  by  all  the  trophies  of  a  glorious  reign,  seemed  to  have 


,0  H9tj.— Peter 


'  Fontciielle,  Qtiuvres,  torn.  i.  dial.  4. 

•Ti  (;ist  Margot,  la  gentil'  damoisellc 
t^u'a  deux  maris,  et  encore  est  pucoUe." 

It  uiiwt  be  allowed  that  Margaret's  quiet 
nndiahino'  was  much  more  suited  to  Fon- 
5'!iille's  Imhitual  taste  than  the  iuii)()sing 
^'iiiMif  Cato's  death.  Indeed,  the  Frencli  sa- 
t  i-t  uds  So  avcr^>  to  scenes  of  all  Itiiuts,  that 
i'-  ii.is  contrived  to  find  a  ridiculous  side  in 
till-  !i«t  lut  ot  the  patriot  Roman. 

i  luit  those  were  imt  mere  holiday  sports, 
W'.si/iuv.il  hy  tlie  ineluncholyd>'atiio'f  Alonso 
'i  i'.ini>iia«,  son  of  tlie  couiendiulor  ot  L'-oii, 
«iiu  l(]«t  iii>  life  in  a  tourney.  Oviedo,  t^uin- 
cu.ipiias  MS.,  l)at.  1,  quinc.  2,  dial.  I. 

•  '.'irl'ajil,  Anales,  MS.,  uno  I  »97.— Ma- 
riana, lij-t.  do  hspafta.  torn.  ii.  lib.  '.it;,  cap. 
'■•-I,.iiiuza.  Histori.is,  lib.  l,cap  8.— Aba  c  i, 
1' vts  de    Aragon,   torn.    il.    fol.    ;iao.— '•  Y 


aunqiie,"  says  the  la.«t  author,  "a  la  princes«a 
He  le  dexaron  ttnios  sus  criados,  esiihjs,  y  en- 
tictenimientos,  se  la  advirtio,  que  en  las  cere- 
moinas  no  havia  de  tratar  a  las  personas 
lleales.y  Grandes  con  lafamiliaridady  IKiiieza 
de  las  casas  de  Austria,  Uoigoftiu,  y  Krancia, 
siiio  con  la  gravedad,  y  mesiiiada  autoridad 
do  los  Keyes  y  naciones  de  Kspai'ta  1  "  Tliti 
sixth  volume  of  the  .Spanish  Aiademy  td" 
History  cotit.iins  an  inveiitoty,  takiii  from 
tlie  Archives  of  Simancas,  of  the  rich  pl.ite 
and  jewels  pre>enti'd  to  tlie  princess  Margaret 
on  the  ilay  of  her  marriage.  They  are  said  to 
he  "(jf  such  value  and  perfect  workMuui'-liip 
that  the  like  was  iicver  before  seen."  (Ilu^t. 
11,  pp.  3:{8-;J42.)  Isabella  had  turned  these 
baubles  to  gocMl  account  in  the  w.irof  tiraiiada. 
She  was  too  simplt!  in  her  taste  tu  uttaclt  much 
Value  to  luxury  of  apparel. 


374 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILY. 


reached  the  very  zenith  of  hunian  felicity,  they  were  doomed  to  reoeive  (me  of 
those  inouruful  lessons  which  admonish  us  that  all  earthly  prosperity  is  hut 
a  dreaiu.^' 

Not  long  after  Prince  John's  marriage,  the  sovereigns  had  the  satisfaction 
to  witness  that  of  their  diiughter  Isabella,  who,  notwithstanding  ht-r  rfpiiirnanre 
to  a  second  union,  had  yielded  at  length  to  the  urgent  entreaties  of  her  pa^ollt^  tu 
receive  the  addresses  of  her  Portuguese  lover.  8he  recjuired  as  tlic  prld-  of 
this,  however,  that  Kinannel  should  first  hanish  the  Jews  from  his  doiiiiiiioii>, 
where  they  had  bri})ed  a  resting-place  since  their  expulsion  from  Sjiain;  a 
circumstance  to  which  the  sufierstitious  princess  imputed  the  misfurtimo.s 
which  liad  fallen  of  late  on  the  royal  house  of  I'ortugal.  Emanuel,  wlmsc  own 
liberal  mind  revolted  at  this  unjust  and  impohtic  measure,  was  wcal^  ciinULrli 
to  allow  his  passion  to  get  the  l^etter  of  his  principles,  and  passed  seiiti'inc  of 
exile  on  every  Israelite  in  his  kingdom  ;  furnishing,  perhaps,  the  only  exainiilo 
in  which  love  has  been  made  one  of  the  thousand  motives  for  persecuting^  tins 
unhai)py  race.** 

The  marriage,  ushered  in  imder  such  ill-omened  auspices,  was  releltnatC'l  at 
the  frontier  town  of  Valencia  de  Alcantara,  in  the  presence  of  the  ('a*';iilic 
sovereigns,  Avithout  poUip  or  parade  ">f  any  kind.  While  they  were  dctaincil 
there,  an  express  arrived  from  8alamanca,  bringing  tidings  of  the  daniii'mus 
illness  of  their  son,  the  prince  of  Asturias.  He  had  been  seized  with  a  fever 
in  the  miiLst  of  the  public  rejoicings  to  which  his  arrival  with  his  youthful 
bride  in  that  city  had  given  rise.  The  symptoms  speedily  assumed  an  ahirniin_' 
character.  The  prince's  constitution,  naturally  delicate,  though  strcngtliene.1 
by  a  life  of  habitual  temperance,  sunk  under  the  violence  of  the  attack ;  ami 
when  his  father,  who  posted  with  all  possible  expedition  to  Salamanai,  arriveJ 
there,  no  hones  were  entertained  of  his  recovery.*^ 

Ferdinand,  however,  endeavoured  to  cheer  his  son  with  hopes  which  he  did 
not  feel  himself  ;  but  the  young  prince  told  him  that  it  was  too  late  to  he 
deceived  ;  that  he  was  prepared  to  part  with  a  world  which,  in  its  best  estate, 
was  hlled  with  vanity  and  vexation  ;  and  that  all  he  now  desired  was  that  hi> 
parents  might  feel  the  same  sincere  resignation  to  the  divine  will  wimli  he 
exf>erienced  himself.  Ferdinand  gathered  new  fortitude  from  the  oxuin|ile  of 
his  heroic  son,  whose  presages  were  unhappily  too  soon  verified.  He  expired 
on  the  4th  of  October,  1497,  in  the  twentieth  year  of  ins  age,  in  the  same 
sjtirit  of  Christian  philosophy  which  he  had  displayed  during  his  whole  ilhiess.'-' 


"*  It  is  precisely  tliis  perifxl,  or  ratlior  the 
vvholf  pcriinl  Irom  1493  to  H97,  wliicli  Oviedo 
selects  as  that  of  the  greatest  spleihlour  and 
festivity  at  the  court  of  the  Catiiolic  sovereigns. 
"  Kl  auo  de  149),  y  uno  6  dus  de^pues,  y  aun 
hatita  el  de  1497  alios  fue  ouando  la  corte  de 
los  Heyes  Catolicos  Don  Fernando  e  Dona 
Isabel  de  gloriosa  uiemoiia,  mas  alegres.tieni- 
jios  e  mas  regozijiuios,  %ino  en  su  corte,  6  mas 
meunibrada  andiibu  la  gala  e  las  fiestas  e 
servieios  de  gaumes  6  danias."  t^uincuugenas, 
MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  4,  dial.  4t. 

■'  Faria  y  Sousa,  Euiopa  I'ortuguesa,  torn., 
ii.  pp.  49S,  499.— La  Cledc,  Hist,  de  I'ortugal, 
toni.  iv  p  !>.').  — Zunta.  toni.  v.  lib.  3,  cap.  6. 
— Lanuza,  Hi>turias,  ulii  supra. 

-•'  Carbiijal,  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  1497.— Floroz, 
Reynas  Catholicas,  toui.  ii.  pp.  «46,  84s.— 
/urita.  Hist,  dil  Rey  Hernando,  toni.  v.  fo,. 
I'i7,  12S.— La  Clede,'  Hist,  de  i'ortugal,  toni. 
iv.  p.  101.— The  physicians  roconnneiuii'd  a 
temporary  separation  of  John  Iroiu  his  young 


bridi- ;  a  remedy,  however,  whidi  tiie  quffti 
opposed  from  conscientious  scruplr^c  »(iiiiiw  hut 
singular.  " Hortantur  niediii  llefriimiii,  lur- 
tatur  et  Re.\,  ut  a  principis  latire  .Mui>Miiiaiii 
ali(iuando  senioviat,  inti  rpcllet.  IihIikm'H 
precantur.  Protectant ur  pcriculnni  cv  ir>- 
quenti  copula  epheboimuiineie;  <iu.>iiti  r^  luu 
su,\erit,  quamve  subtristis  iiicedat,  (ipii>iil  r  i 
iterum  atqne  it.  .i;i  uionent,  nioliilia.-i  h.li. 
st*iniaclinni  helx'tari  se  sentiri-  Urgiii  !■  riniin- 
ciant.  Intercidat,  dum  licet,  olisii-tciU'-  imn- 
cipiis,  instant.  Nil  proficiunt  Iif>iM.i»i  t 
li>'gina,  homines  iion  ojuiitcrc,  >\ni>^  I''"' 
jngali  vinculo  junxerit,  scparare."  liter 
Martvr,  Opus  lipist.,  tpist.  176. 

^'  i'eter  Mai  tyr.  Opus  Kpist..  ipiNi.  1"- - 
L.  Marineo,  Cosas  nn'morables,  li'l.  l*-  — 
Carba.ial,  AnaU'S,  M.S.,  afio  U<i7.-0M<<i". 
t^uincuaginas,  MS.,  dial,  de  Deza  IM-r 
Martyr,  in  more  of  a  classic  llian  a  ClirhtirtU 
vein,  refers  Prince  John's  coni|insmf  In  I'.i- 
latter  houiri  to  his  familiarity  witii  tH'-  J'vuie 


ALLIANCES  AND  DEATHS 


375 


Fenlinaiul,  apprehensive  of  the  effect  which  the  abrupt  intelh^^ence  of  this 
cahiiiity  inij;ht  have  on  tlie  (jueeii,  caused  letters  to  he  sent  at  hrief  intervals, 
c.iiitainiiiK  accounts  of  the  graihial  decHne  of  the  prince's  health,  so  as  to 
jrcjuire  her  for  the  inevitable  stroke.  Isabella,  however,  who  through  all  her 
i, II,' ciucer  of  prosperous  fortune  may  l»e  said  to  have  kent  her  heart  in  con- 
vent training  for  the  dark  hour  of  adversity,  received  tlie  fatal  tidings  in  a 
,.]iirit  of  meek  and  hundde  accpiiescence,  testifying  her  resignation  in  the 
itautifnl  language  of  Scripture,  "  The  Lord  hath  given,  and  the  Lord  hath 
ukt'ii  away,  Idessed  be  his  juiuie  I  "" 

"Thus,"  says  Martyr,  who  had  the  melancholy  satisfaction  of  rendering'  the 
la>t  s<i(l  ottices  to  his  royal  l)ui»il,  "  was  laid  low  the  hope  of  all  Spain."  "  Never 
«a>  there  a  d'^ath,"  says  anotner  chronicler,  "  which  occasioned  such  deep  and 
Lfiieml  lamentation  throughout  the  land."  All  the  unavailing  honours  which 
aitfition  could  devise  were  paid  to  his  memory.  His  funeral  obsecpues  were 
deliiatcd  with  melancholy  splendour,  and  his  remains  deposited  in  the  noble 
I»'iiiiiiiicun  monastery  of  St.  i'hoinas  at  Avila,  which  had  been  erected  by  hi.s 
Hircnts.  The  court  put  on  a  new  and  deeixT  mourning  tlian  that  hitherto 
ii-eil,  as  if  to  testify  their  unwonted  grief."  All  othces,  public  and  private, 
were  closed  for  forty  days  ;  and  sable-coloured  banners  were  sus|)ended  from 
the  walls  and  portals  of  the  cities.  Such  extraordinary  tokens  of  public 
Mimiw  licar  strong  testimony  to  the  interest  felt  in  the  young  prince,  inde- 
iKinleiitly  of  his  exalted  .station  ;  similar  and  jterhaps  more ecpiivocal  evidence 
(ihis  worth  is  afforded  by  abundance  of  contemporary  notices,  not  merely  in 
wnrks  designed  for  the  public,  but  in  jirivate  correspondence.  The  learned 
Martyr,  in  particular,  whose  situation  as  Prince  John's  preceptor  aflorded  him 
ihelie.st  opportunities  of  observation,  is  unbounded  in  commendations  of  his 
rmal  iiupil,  whose  extraordinary  promise  of  intellectual  and  moral  excellence 
liiul  furnished  liim  with  the  liappiest— alas  I  delusive— auguries  for  the  future 
tifstiiiy  of  his  country." 

By  tlie  death  of  John  without  heirs,  the  succession  devolved  on  his  eldest 
sjjter,  the  queen  of  Portugal.'"      Intelligence,  however,  was  received,  soon 


Aristotle:  "  .Ktatem  qua*  fenbat  Buporabat ; 
11"^:  iiiircni  tajiit'ii.  PerlcRerat  naniquc  divini 
.\:i^tl)lell8   plcia(iue    voluuiina,"    etc.      Ubi 

iu],Ti. 

Pitor  :\lartyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  183.— 
Mirt.vr  draws  an  affecting  picture  of  the 
tiiguisli  (,f  the  befeaved  pnreiitH,  which  be- 
irajAl  itself  in  looks  more  eloquent  than 
^'irds:  "  I'tges  tantam  dissiniularea-runinam 
^.i'uiitur;  list  no8  prostiatuin  in  internis  ip- 
'rum  aniimmi  cerninius;  oculos  altir  in 
finHiii  altirius  creimi  conjiciuiit,  in  proimtulo 
s^lentcs.  Unde  quid  lateat  pnxlitur.  N'imi- 
rum  tanion,  <lesinerent  humana  came  vestitl 
f^'i^  iiiiiiiiiies,  ewentque  atlamante  duriores, 
i'-i  i|iiiil  iiniiserint  Kentirent." 

iilaiuas,  Coroiiaciones  de  los  Berenisnimos 
"■.vcsdf  Aragdn  (Zar.tgoza,  1641),  lib. ;{.  cap. 
'"-^larihay,  CDUipi'miio,  torn.  ii.  lil).  19, 
cup.  6.— Saikciotli  was  substituted  fur  tlie 
wliitp  ser.e  wliicji  till  this  time  had  Iwen 
^<i  iis  ilie  nKiiirninp  dress. 
'■  I'K^r  Martyr,  Opu.s  Epist.,  epist.  182.— 
'iril.ay,  Omip'  nilio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  6.— 
-  Marin, Ml,  Cosas  meuiorabli'S,  fol.  1x2. — 
■''lancas,  t'uronac ones,  p.  248. — It  must  be 
»llunp,i  to  f'liniish  no  mean  proof  of  the 
".dl(ncp  of  Pnuce  John's  heart,  that  It  was 


not  corrupted  by  the  liberal  doses  of  flattery 
with  which  his  worthy  tutor  wa.s  in  tlie  habit 
of  re>ralini<  hiui  from  time  to  time.  Take 
the  beginning  of  one  of  Martyr's  letters  to 
his  pupils,  in  the  following  modest  strain  : 
"  .Mirande  in  pueritia  senex,  salve.  Quot<iu<)t 
tecum  versantur  homines,  sive  genere  pol- 
leant,  sive  ad  obsequium  fortuna;  hun  iliores 
destinati  ministri,  te  laudant,  extoUunt,  ad- 
mirantur."    Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  9h. 

'''  Hopes  were  entertaine<l  of  a  male  heir  at 
the  time  of  King  John's  death,  as  his  widow 
was  left  pregnant ,  but  tiiese  were  frustrated 
bj'  her  being  delivered  of  a  still  lK)rn  in'ant 
at  the  end  of  a  few  months  Margaret  did 
not  continue  long  in  Spain.  She  experienced 
tiic  most  affectionate  treatment  from  the  kiin; 
and  queen,  who  made  her  an  extremely 
liberal  provision.  (Zurita.  Hist,  del  Key  Her- 
nando, torn.  V.  lib.  3,  cap.  4.)  I5ut  her 
Flemish  followers  could  not  reconcile  them- 
selves to  the  reserve  and  burdensome  t  ere- 
nmnial  of  the  Castilian  court,  so  dilTP'ent 
from  tlio  free  anil  jocund  lile  to  which  tiny 
had  been  aertistouied  at  home  ;  ami  they  jire- 
vailed  on  their  mi-tress  to  return  to  her  native 
land  in  the  course  of  the  year  1499.  She  was 
subsequently  married  to  the  duke  of  Savoy, 


376 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILY. 


after  that  event,  that  the  archduke  Philip,  with  the  restless  ainliiti'.ii  \\lii,!i 
distiiij,'iiisho(l  him  in  later  life,  had  assumed  for  himself  and  his  wife  .J.aiu.H 
the  title  of  "princes  of  Castile."  Ferdinand  and  Isahella,  disgusted  w'nh  th.^ 
j)roceeding,  sent  to  retjuest  the  attendance  of  the  kin^  and  (jueen  of  i'oitiitra! 
Ill  Castile,  in  order  to  secure  a  recognition  of  their  rights  hy  the  natinha! 
legislature.  Q'lie  royal  pair  accordingly,  in  ohedience  to  tlie  sunmions.  umtttil 
their  capital  of  Lisbon  early  in  the  spring  of  149.S.  Jn  their  jirogrcss  thnMi^'h 
the  country  they  were  magnificently  entertained  at  the  castles  of  the  j^qcnt 
(  aslilian  lords,  and  towards  the  close  of  April  reached  the  ancient  city  of 
Toledo,  where  the  cortes  had  been  convened  to  receive  them/'* 

After  the  usual  oaths  of  recognition  liad  l»een  tendered,  without  oppdsiiiVni, 
hy  the  ditlerent  branches  to  the  Portuguese  j.rinceK,  the  court  adjdiiriici!  to 
8'aragossa,  where  the  legislature  of  A  ragon  was  assembled  for  asiniiljirpuijosc. 

Some  apprehensions  were  entertained,  however,  of  the  unfavouralplc  (li^. 
position  of  that  body, since  the  succession  of  females  was  not  coimtenanitil  by 
the  ancient  usage  of  the  country ;  and  the  Aragonese,  as  Martyr  remarks  in 
one  of  his  P'pistle.s,  *'  were  well  "known  to  be  a  i)ertinacious  race,  who  wnuld 
leave  no  stone  unturned,  in  the  maintenance  of  tneir  constitutional  rights. ' " 

These  apprehensions  were  fully  realized  ;  for  no  sooner  was  the  ultject  nf  tlic 
present  meeting  laid  before  cortes  in  a  speech  from  the  throne,  with  wlmh 
l»arliamentary  business  in  Aragon  was  always  opened,  than  decided  (ijj|i(ivitii.ii 
was  manifested  to  a  proceeding  which  it  was  declared  had  no  precedent  in  tlifir 
liistory.  The  succession  of  the  crown,  it  was  contended,  had  been  liiiiitcil  la 
repeated  testaments  of  their  princes  to  male  heirs ;  and  practice  ainl  ]>n\<\K 
sentiment  h.ad  so  far  coincided  with  this,  that  the  attempted  violation  (if  {\w 
rule  by  Peter  the  Fourth,  in  favour  of  his  own  daughters,  had  pliui^'fil  tin' 
nation  in  a  civil  war.  It  was  further  urged  that  by  the  will  of  the  veiy  la-t 
monarch,  John  the  Second,  it  was  provided  that  the  crown  should  descend  to 
the  male  issue  of  his  son  Ferdinand,  and,  in  defaidt  of  such,  to  the  male  issue 
of  Ferdinand's  daughters,  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  the  females.  At  all  cvciiIn 
it  was  better  to  posti)one  the  consideration  of  this  matter  until  the  result  of 
the  <iueen  of  Portugal's  pregnancy,  then  far  advanced,  should  be  astcrtaiiifd ; 
since,  should  it  prove  to  be  a  son,  all  doubts  of  constitutional  validity  wuuM 
be  removed. 

In  answer  to  these  objections,  it  was  stated  that  no  express  law  existed  in 
Aragon  excluding  females  from  the  succe.ssion  ;  that  an  example  had  alivadv 
occurred,  as  far  back  indeed  as  the  twelfth  century,  of  a  queen  who  held  the 
crown  in  her  own  right ;  that  the  acknowledged  power  of  females  to  traiisinit 
the  right  of  .succession  necessarily  inferred  that  right  existing  in  thenisoho ; 
that  the  present  monarch  had  doubtless  as  competent  authority  as  his  jjiede 


who  died  without  issue  in  loss  than  three 
years,  pnd  Margaret  passed  tlie  remainder  of 
her  life  in  widowliood,  being  appointed  by 
her  fathi  r,  the  emperor,  to  the  govertiment 
of  tlie  Netlierlands,  which  she  aidministerd 
with  ability.     Sin'  diid  in  IT);}!). 

-"  Marina  has  transcribed  from  thear(hive.s 
of  Toledo  tlie  writ  of  huiunions  to  tliat  city 
on  tills  occasion.  Teoria,  torn.  ii.  p.  16. — 
Zurita,  Hist,  del  Roy  Ileriiaiido.  torn.  v.  lib. 
3,  cap.  18.  -  IJernaldez,  Ueycs  Catolicds,  MS., 
cap.  l.'>4.— La  Clelc,  Hist,  de  I'ortnt^al,  torn, 
iv.  p.  101. — (.^arliiijal,  Anales,  MS.,  nfio  N'JS. 
— Faria  y  Sousa,  Eumpu  Portuguesa,  toin.  ii. 
pp.  MO,  5U1. — The  last  writer  e.xpatiatis  with 
|ir<at  sati-factioii  on  the  stalely  eiinuctte 
observed  at  the  recepttoa  of  the  Poriuguesa 


monarchs  and  their  suite  by  the  .'^pani'li 
sovereiRiis.  *•  Queen  IsalH'lla,"  In-  says,  ".ip- 
jteart'd  leaning  on  the  arm  of  lieniUltav(junii' 
liutierre  de  Cardenas,  comendador  of  Ltiii, 
and  of  a  Portuguese  noble,  Hon  iliwn  li' 
Sousa.  Tlie  latter  ti;ok  care  to  uKiiiuiiit  Ikt 
with  the  rank  and  condition  of  ciuh  of  Lis 
countrymen,  as  tln-y  were  jin'scntcil.  in  onli-r 
that  slic  might  the  bet  er  adjust  the  nuu-uri' 
of  cijiulescension  and  courto.sy  dur  u>  (.uli;  a 
perilous  obligation,"  he  C(jntinui's,  "  vutti  all 
nations,  but  with  the  Portuguese  moi't 
perilous  ! " 

^"  Peter  Martyr.  Opus  Epist..  epi-t.  IM,- 
Abarca,  Reyes  de  Araguii,  toiii.  ii.  f"l-  ^^-J-— 
Mariana,  Hist,  de  E.>;paaa,  turn.  ii.  Uh.  'i',, 
cap.  3. 


ALLIANCES  AND  DEATHS. 


37; 


cessors  to  roffiilate  the  L  •  of  inheritnnoo,  and  that  his  act,  siip[)orte(l  hy  the 
suiiri'iiit'  autliority  of  cortos,  might  set  aside  any  former  disposition  of  tlie 
crown  ;  tiiat  tiii.s  interference  was  called  fur  l»v  the  present  oppoituni*  '  of 
iiiaintiiiiiing  the  permanent  union  of  Castile  antl  Aragon,  without  v  Inch  ihey 
imist  it'tiirn  to  their  ancient  divided  state  and  comiiarative  insigiiihcance.*' 

Tlii'se  arguments,  however  cogent,  were  far  from  heinj'  conclusive  with  the 
opiHisite  party  ;  and  the  debate  was  protracted  to  such  length  that  Isabella, 
iiii|ati('iit  of  an  opposition  to  what  the  [»ractice  in  her  own  domin'ons  had 
tau''lit  her  to  regard  as  the  inalienable  right  of  her  daughter,  inconsiderately 
cxt  ijiiiiit'd,  "  It  would  be  better  to  reduce  the  country  l»y  arms  at  once,  than 
eiiiliirc  this  insolence  of  the  cortes."  To  which  Antonio  de  Fonse«i,  the  same 
cavalier  who  had  spoken  his  mind  so  fearlessly  to  Kin<f  Charles  the  Eighth  on 
his  march  to  Naples,  had  the  independence  to  rei»ly,  "That  the  Aragonese  I  ad 
oiilvjuted  as  good  and  loyal  subjects,  who,  as  they  were  accustomed  to  keei) 
tlii'lr  (laths,  considered  well  before  thev  took  them  ;  and  that  they  must  cer- 
tiiiily  stand  excused  if  they  moved  with  caution  in  an  att'air  which  they  found 
so  (liiliciilt  to  justify  by  i)recedent  in  their  history."  "  This  blunt  exnostula- 
tioii  (if  the  honest  courtier,  e(pially  creditable  to  the  sovereign  who  could  endure 
ami  the  subject  who  could  make  ft,  was  received  in  the  frank  spirit  in  which  it 
wa.s  i^iven,  and  probably  opened  Isabella's  eyes  to  her  own  precipitivncy,  as  we 
timl  no  further  allusion'  to  coercive  measures. 

Before  anything  was  determined,  the  discussion  was  suddenly  l)rought  to  a 
(' !.se  l>y  an  unforeseen  and  most  melancholy  event, — the  death  of  the  iiueen  of 
i'oitiipvl,  the  unfortunate  subject  of  it.  Tl»at  princess  had  possessed  a  feeble 
C'Histitiition  from  her  birth,  with  a  strong  tendency  to  pulmonary  complaints. 
Slit'  had  early  felt  a  presentiment  that  she  should  not  survive  the  birth  of  her 
child ;  this  feeling  strengthened  as  she  approached  the  period  of  her  delivery  ; 
aiiil  ill  less  than  one  ho\n'  after  that  event,  which  tooli  place  on  the  '23rd  of 
Alienist,  1498,  she  expired  in  the  arms  of  her  afflicted  i)arents." 

This  blow  was  almost  c-oo  much  for  the  unhappy  mother,  whose  spirits  had 
not  yet  had  time  to  rally  since  the  death  of  her  only  son.  She,  indeed, 
exhitiited  the  outward  marks  of  comi>osure,  testifying  the  entire  resignation  of 
one  who  had  learned  to  rest  her  hopes  of  happiness  on  a  better  world.  She 
sijiodleil  herself  so  far  as  to  continue  to  take  an  interest  in  all  her  public 
diitii's,  and  to  watch  over  the  common  weal  with  the  same  maternal  solicitude 
as  before  ;  but  her  health  gradually  sunk  under  this  accmnulated  load  of 
sorrow,  uhich  threw  a  deep  shade  of  melancholy  over  the  evening  of  her  life. 

The  infant,  whose  birth  had  cost  so  dear,  proved  a  male,  and  received  the 
name  of  Miguel,  in  honour  of  the  saint  on  whose  day  he  first  saw  the  light. 
In  order  to  dissipate  in  some  degree  the  general  gloom  occasioned  by  the  late 


"  Blaiicas,  Conimpntarii,  p.  273.— LIpih, 
i-'uruiiacioiii's,  lib.  1,  cap.  is. — .Manana,  lILst. 
il"  Kjipaiia,  tmn.  ii.  lil).  21,  cap.  3. — Zurita, 
Hi-t.  (|.  I  Il..y  Hornaiido,  torn.  v.  fol.  .'ift,  56. — 
it  i"  Liiiurkablu  that  tlie  Aragonese  sliould 
^'  roiiilily  have  acfjuieflced  in  the  riglit  of 
fnulfs  ti.  convey  a  title  to  tlic  crown  wliich 
t!i'"y  cuiil,!  ii„i  enjoy  themselves.  Tliis  was 
I'^'iis-ly  the  jiriuciple  on  whicu  Edwaid  HI. 
^■'[  iiji  hit  claim  to  the  throne  of  Fnince,  a 
rri.Ki|ili'  too  repujrnant  to  the  commonest 
rules u|  iiiiicritaiice  to obt.iin  any  counti'iiance. 
ill''  <xi.Ui<iuu  (if  leniales  in  Aranon  coiilil  not 
jr-t'ihi  tu  be  founded  on  any  express  law,  a.s 
w  train;,-,  but  the  i)ractice,  with  the  exception 
^'  4  single  example,  three  centuries  old,  was 


quite  a'*  uniform. 

'^  IMaiieas,  Coionaciones,  lib.  3,  rap.  IH. — 
Zurita,  Hist,  del  liey  Hi-niando,  tom.  v.  lib. 
;f,  cap.  M).  It  is  a  pi  oof  of  tiie  IiIkIi  esteem 
in  wliich  Isabella  held  this  independent 
state.smaii,  that  we  find  his  name  nifiitioned 
in  her  tistament  among  half  a  dozen  otiiers 
wlmm  she  p.irticularly  recomni'Miled  to  her 
successors  for  their  meritorious  and  loyal 
services.  See  the  document  in  Dormer,  Dis- 
curscjs  varios,  p.  :iM. 

•"  Carbaj:;!,  Anales,  MS,,aflos  1470,1108.— 
Florez,  Hrynas  Calliolicas,  torn.  ii.  \i\k  846, 
847. — F'aria  y  Sousa,  Europa  Fortuguesa,  tom. 
ii.  p.  5U4. 


378 


THE  ROYAL  FAMILY. 


catastrophe,  it  was  thon<;ht  best  to  exhibit  the  yoiiii;;  prince  before  tlie  eytsnf 
liis  future  siii>j('cts  ;  ana  he  was  aceonlin^^'ly  liorne  in  the  arms  of  his  nui-f,  in 
a  niajL^nifieeut  litter,  thnMigh  the  streets  of  the  city,  escorted  by  the  piiiiii|ial 
nohiiity.  Mejisures  were  then  taken  for  obtainin;^^  th(*  siinction  of  |ii>  U'iin\. 
mate  claims  to  the  crown.  Whatever  doultts  had  been  entertained  <<(  the 
validity  of  tiu;  mother's  title,  there  could  be  none  whatever  (tf  ihc  diiid  s ; 
since  those  who  denied  the  right  of  females  to  iidierit  for  thems(dv»'s,a(|iiiitti'il 
i\mr  power  of  conveying  such  a  right  to  male  issue.  As  a  i)relimin,;i y  >u-\\  to 
the  public  recognition  of  the  prince,  it  was  necessary  to  name  a  guanlian,  ulm 
should  be  empowered  to  make  the  recpiisite  engagements  and  to  ad  in  iii> 
behalf.  The  Justice  of  Aragon,  in  his  of'l?ial  capacity,  after  due  exaiiiinatiun, 
ap{)ointed  the  grandparents,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  to  the  otiice  of  guanliuns 
during  his  minority,  which  woidd  expire  by  law  at  the  age  of  fourteen." 

On  Saturday,  the  2"2nd  of '  yeptenjl>er,  when  the  (pieen  had  sultiricntly 
recovered  from  a  severe  illness  brought  on  by  her  late  sutl'erings,  the  fuur 
arms  of  tlie  cortes  of  Aragon  assembled  in  the  liouse  of  depiitiUion  at 
Saragossa ;  and  Ferdinand  and  Isalxjlla  made  oath  as  guardians  of  the  heir 
apparent,  l)efore  the  Justice,  not  to  exercise  any  jurisdiction  whatever  in  tlie 
name  of  the  young  prince  during  his  minority  ;  engaging,  moreover,  >(>  far 
as  lay  in  their  power,  that,  on  his  coming  of  age,  he  should  swear  to  re^invt 
the  laws  and  liberties  of  the  realm,  before  entering  ou  any  of  the  ri-lits  nf 
sovereignty.  The  four  estates  then  took  the  oath  of  fealty  to  Prince  Mii^'ul, 
as  lawfiU  heir  and  successor  to  the  crown  of  Aragon  ;  with  the  prott^tntimi 
that  it  should  not  Ihj  con.strued  into  a  precedent  ifor  exacting  sucli  an  oath 
hereafter  during  the  minority  of  the  heir  apparent.  With  such  watchful 
attention  to  constitutional  forms  of  procedure  did  the  people  of  ,\ra;;'jii 
endeavour  to  secure  their  liberties ;  forms  which  ojntiiuieu  to  be  observed 
in  later  times,  long  after  those  liberties  had  been  swept  away.'* 

In  the  month  of  January  of  the  ensuing  year,  the  young  i)rince's  sucrossinn 
was  duly  confirmed  by  the  cortes  of  Castde,  and  in  the  following  Miinh, 
by  that  of  Portugal.  Thus,  for  once,  the  crowns  of  the  three  nioiiarchies 
of  Castile,  Aragon,  and  Portugal  were  suspended  over  one  head.  The  Portu- 
guese, retaining  the  bitterness  of  ancient  rivalry,  looked  with  distrust  at  the 
prosjiect  of  a  union,  fearing,  with  some  reason,  that  the  import^ince  of  the 
lesser  stite  woidd  be  wholly  merged  in  that  of  tlie  greater.  But  the  uiitiinely 
death  of  the  destined  heir  of  tfiese  honours,  which  took  place  before  he  had 
completed  his  second  year,  removed  the  cau.ses  of  jealousy,  and  defeated  the 
only  chance  which  had  ever  occurred  of  bringing  under  the  same  nde  three 
independent  nations,  which,  from  their  conunon  origin,  their  geo-rajdiiral 
position,  and,  above  all,  their  resemblance  in  manners,  sentiments,  ana  lan- 
guage, would  seem  to  have  originally  been  intended  to  form  but  one.^* 


^*  lUaiicas  Comuif'iitarii,  pp.  510,  511. — 
Idem,  Ci)roimLioiies,  lib.  3,  cap.  19. — (jieroniino 
Miirtcl,  Forma  d<;  c<-l('l)rar  Cortes  en  Ara^ou 
(/.aru.goza,  1641),  cap.  44. — Alvaro  Gomez, 
l)e  Rel)us  (.^csiis  a  Francisco  XiuicninCisnerio 
((.\)uipluti,  l.')G9),  fol.  '.it*.  Lanu/a,  Historias, 
lib.  1,  cap.  9. 

'■  Blancas,  Coron;iciones,  ubi  supra.— Idem, 
Coniint-ntarii,  pp.  51ij,  511.  The  reverence 
of  the  Arai?one.se  for  their  institutioiisj  is 
siiown  in  their  observance  of  the  most  in- 
signilicant  ceremonies.  A  remarkable  in- 
stance of  this  occurred  in  the  year  1481,  at 
Sarafto'ssa,  when,  the  (jue  n  havinj^  been  con- 
stituted licutcnant-<jeneral  of  the  kingdom, 


and  duly  qualified  to  hold  a  cortes  in  tV 
ab-ence  of  the  kiiiR  her  liusliaiul,  wlio  I'.v  tl"' 
ancient  laws  of  the  land  was  nM|iiir>''l  t" 
preside  over  It  in  person,  it  was  (tn  in  li  nt- 
cessary  to  obtain  a  formal  act  of  tli'-  !■  j.'i«la- 
ture  for  opening  the  door  for  her  jnhii^-i' n 
See  HI mcas.  Modo  de  procedrr  en  I'ortP.s  de 
Aragon  (.Zaragoza,  Hill),  tol.  ^'2.  ><;t 

'"■  Fari.i  y  Sjusa,  Eiirojm  Portiigu.  ^ii.tm- 
li.  pp.  504,  507.  — Bernaldez,  Hoyis  Citolios 
MS.,  cap.  154.  Carbajal,  Anales,  Mv.  mi" 
1499.— Zurita,  Hist,  del  i?ey  H.riian.lo  tdii. 
V.  lib.  3,  cap.  33.— Sandov.il,  Hist,  del  tm\^ 
Carlos  v.,  torn.  1.  p.  4. 


MONASTIC  REFORMS.  379 


i*  tlio  oyo^fif 
lii>  niii-c,  ill 
.lie  i>iiiici|iiil 
of  lii>  It'u'iii 
iiiii'4  of  till' 

till'  chilli  s  ; 

.•<'s,a(liiiittcil 
iii.;ry  >U-\>  to 
iiinliiui,  wild 

0  act  ill  \\U 
'Xiiiiiiiiiitiwii, 
of  ^Mianliuiis 
•tt't'ii." 

1  suttici(>ntly 
Vf^s,  tliti  fuur 
.'piitatiou  at 
s  uf  tilt'  heir 
iitcvcr  ill  till' 
•eoviT,  s(i  far 
iir  to  re>iKvt 
the  rights  of 
rincc  .Mi,i:'icl, 

I»rott'>tatii'ii 
;uch  an  oath 
icli  watchful 
le  of  Ara;,"jii 

be  observed 

e's  succession 
wiiijf  March, 
e  inoiiarcliii's 
The  I'oitu- 
stnist  at  till' 
uice  of  the 
le  uiitiiiii'ly 
fore  he  had 
fi'atetl  the 
e  rule  tlnvc 
eo'^raiihical 


(11 


ts,  and 
ine.^' 


Ian- 


oirtcs  in  t''' 
1.  Willi  liy  thi' 
,in  riM|iiir>->l  t" 
lis  ill  Tiir  il  III- 
,)f  til.'  i't-'i'^li- 
tier  Miiii.i'^'i"" 
r  til  I'urti's  de 
x'2,  x:! 

rtugti''-;'.  till- 
{oy.'S  C.il'ilii^^"'' 
rtlVs,  M-;..  "1"'" 
riiaiiilii,  '"""• 
Hist,  lii'l  tmii 


CHAPTER  V. 

PEATII  OK  CARDINAL   MENDOZA.— RISE  OF   XIMENES.— ECCLESIASTICAL  UKFoHM. 

iifiitiiif  Mi'iiiloza— Hi«  Early  Mfo,  and  riiaractor— Tlio  (^ncoii  hi«Expiiit(>r  Origin  of  Xiiiicnos 
—lie  nittrs  till"  Kraiuisiaii  Ordt-r  Mix  Ascetic  Life — >  DiilcHHor  to  tli<'  giifcn  Matic  Arcli- 
l.j^iiip  nf  Toledo— A imtpriiy  of  Ids  Life  Koforui  of  the  MoiiaHtic  UidtTrt— IiisuUh  oncivd 
tu  tlif  yuccii — iSlie  coii(*eiitH  to  the  Keforui. 

In  the  beLrinniiiK  of  149.'),  tlie  .soverei;,'ns  lost  their  old  anil  faithful  iniiiister, 
tilt'  <rni!i(l  cardinal  of  Spain,  Don  Pedro  (ionzalez  de  Mendoza.  He  was  the 
fiiiirtli  M)ii  of  tl»e  celebrated  inaninis  of  Santillana,  and  was  placed  by  hi.s 
talents  at  the  head  of  a  family  every  i.iendter  of  which  must  be  alfowed 
111  have  exhibited  a  rare  union  of  public  r.nd  private  virtue.  The  cardinal  had 
rcailic'l  the  a^e  of  sixty-six,  when  his  days  were  tenninate<l,  after  a  long  and 
laiiiful  illness,  on  the  1 1th  of  January,  at  his  i»alace  of  (iiiadalaxara.' 

Ill  the  uiiliai»py  feuds  l)etween  Henry  the  Fourth  and  his  younjj;er  ])rother 
AliDiistj,  the  cardinal  hail  remained  faithful  to  the  former,  ihit  on  the  death 
if  that  monarch  he  threw  his  whole  weight,  wi Ji  that  of  his  powerful  family, 
i.itiithe  scale  of  Isabella,  wlietlier  influenced  by  a  conviction  of  her  sujierior 
laiiiis  or  her  capacity  for  government.  This  was  a  most  important  acquisition 
to  the  royal  cause ;  and  Alendozii's  consunmiate  talents  for  business,  reoom- 
iiii'inleil  by  the  most  agreeable  address,  secured  him  the  confidence  of  both 
Fenliiiaml  and  Isabella,  who  had  long  Iwen  disgusted  with  the  rash  and 
arrnuaut  lu'aring  of  their  old  minister,  Carillo. 

Oil  the  death  of  that  turbulent  prelate,  Mendoza  succeeded  to  the  archiepis- 
(iiuil  see  of  Toledo.  His  new  situation  natunally  led  to  still  more  intimate 
reatiuiis  with  the  sovereigns,  who  uniforndy  deferred  to  his  exj^'rience,  con- 
>iitiiijr  him  on  all  importiint  matters,  not  merely  of  a  jnililic  but  of  a  private 
iiiUuie.  in  short,  he  gained  such  ascendency  in  the  cabinet,  during  a  long 
lliilli^try  of  more  than  twenty  years,  that  he  was  plea.santly  called  by  the 
umitiers  the  "  third  king  of  Sjiain." ' 

The  minister  did  not  abuse  the  confidence  so  generously  reposed  in  him. 
He  called  the  attention  of  his  royal  mistress  to  objects  most  deserving  it. 
His  views  were  natiu-ally  grand  and  lofty;  and,  if  he  .sometimes  yielded  to 
the  fanatical  impulse  of  the  age,  he  never  failed  to  support  her  heartily  in 
•  U'ly^^eneruus  enterprise  for  the  advancement  of  her  people.  When  raised 
t'the  rank  of  primate  of  Spain,  he  indulged  his  natural  inclination  for  pomji 
Hii't  mapiiticence.     He  tilled  his  palace  with  pages,  selected  from  the  noblest 


Carliujal,  Analen,  MS.,  afio  149,5.— Sali\zar 
!'MiiKl.i/.a,  Cn'm.  del  Gran  Cardcnal,  lib.  2, 
(■!>  «,  40  — Zurita,  Aiialca,  toin.  v.  fol.  61. 
-  I'u  irar,  I'laros  VaroriLS,  tit.  4.— His  dis- 
'''l"r  w;i.«  iin  abscess  on  Mie  kidneys,  which 
<""iiniil  liiiu  to  the  liouse  nearly  a  year  Ix'fore 
■I"  ili'atii.  When  this  event  hai  peneil,  a 
»!i:ti'  truss  of  extraordinary  niagiiiiude  and 
'I ^iiiilmir,  sliapeil  precisely  like  tiiat  on  his 
i'li",  was  sffn  in  the  heavens  direetly  over 
"i^iiiuHf,  by  a  crowd  of  ppectators,  for  nit)re 
t:iiii\vo  liMiirs;  a  lull  account  of  which  was 
-Jly  t  aiisniitted  to  Rome  by  the  Sp.inish 
'  irt,aiul  lias  ubiiiineil  easy  credit  with  the 
in'iil'al  Spanish  historians. 
'  Alvaro  Gomez  -ays  of  him,  *'  Nam  prteter 


clarissimum  tnm  natalinm,  tum  fortunm 
turn  di^^iiitatis  splendoreni,  <iua'  in  illo  oriia- 
nienta  snmnia  erant,  incrt'tlii)ileiii  Miiiniisiib 
liniitatcni  cum  paii  nioruni  f.icilituti-,  elf- 
paiitiitiiue  coiijunxerat ;  ut  nierito  locum  in 
rfjuiblica  summo  proximum  atl  suprcnium 
usque  diem  tenuerit."  (\H-  Rebus  j^.-st's,  fol. 
9.)  Martyr,  noticlnp  the  cardin.il's  death, 
bestows  the  follow  ing  brief  but  cciuipreheiisive 
)atiegyiic  on  htm:  "I'eriit  (ioiis.ilus  Men 
dotiii'.  domi'is  sjilentlor  et  lucida  fax  ;  periit 
quern  universa  colebat  llisjiania,  qiiem  exteri 
etiam  principes  veneral)antur,  (|iietii  ordo 
cardineus  collegam  sibi  ease  gloriabatur." 
Opus  Epist.,  epi.st.  168. 


3S0 


RISE  OF  XIMKNRS. 


f;uiiili<'s  in  tlie  kiiii^^doiii,  wlioii.  lit;  carcfiilly  cdiic'itcd.  He  inaiiitaiiH'.l  a 
jiiiiiicndis  l»(»(ly  of  iiniicd  ictjiiiicis,  wliicli,  far  fmiii  hoiii};  a  inert'  riniitv 
|)fi;;('iiiit,  fitniicd  a  nio>t  ftlcrtivc  corps  for  piililic  service  on  ul|  rf>iiii>it,. 
occasions.  Il(!  (lispciiscd  tlu'  iiiiiiiciisc  rcvcimcs  of  liis  liisli(i|iiic  v.jtli  thf 
saiiic  iiiiiiiilict'iit  hand  which  has  so  frei|iit'iitly  distinguished  the  >|iiiii-li 
jtrelacy,  enconiai;in;;  learned  men  antl  enilowin;^  jmlihc  in-titutinns.  '|'|,„ 
nio.>t  reniarkahle  of  these  were  the  colle^^e  of  Santa  C'niz  at  N ;'.'!, idnljil,  am 
the  l)os|»ital  of  th(!  same  name  for  fitnndhni^s  at  ToIcmIo,  the  eiction  <if  win  L, 
conijileted  at  his  solo  fhar;;(!,  consumed  more  than  ten  years  earh.* 

The  car(hnal,  in  hi>j  younger  (hiys,  was  occasionally  sedined  \>\  th"  ■■ 
amorous  proj tensities  in  which  the  Spanish  ch'r.ny  freely  indul^cij,  ((,: 
taminatcd,  j)crhaps,  hy  tlie  example  of  their  Mahometan  'nei;,diliiiur>.  11, 
left  several  children  liy  his  amours  with  two  ladies  of  lank,  from  uIkhh  ^miw 
of  the  hest  IxHises  in  the  kin^'dom  are  desccndeu.*  A  characteiistic  ainrtlnt.' 
is  recorded  of  him  in  relation  to  this  matter.  An  ecclesiastic,  wIki  udc  i|a\ 
delivered  a  discourse  in  ins  presence,  took  occasion  t(j  advert  to  the  laxity  lii 
the  u>;o,  in  general  terms,  indeed,  hut  bearin;^  too  pertinent  an  ajiiilitatiuli  i, 
th(i  cardinal  to  be  misUiken.  The  attendants  of  the  latter  boiled  \sitli  iikI!.' 
nation  at  the  freedom  of  tiie  prwicher,  whom  they  determined  to  c|ia-ti>e  Pr 
liis  prt!smn|)tion.  They  prudently,  however,  pnst|>oned  this  until  tlicv  .^ludiM 
see  what  etlect  tlie  discourse  had  on  their  master.  The  cardinal,  ^ir  fnun 
betraying  any  resentnu'ut,  took  no  other  notice  of  the  i)reacher  than  tu  si'inl 
him  a  dish  or  choice  ^^ame,  wh'ch  had  been  served  uj*  at  his  own  taMc,  wliciv 
he  was  entertainini;'  a  party  of  friends  that  tlay,  iiccompanyini:  it  at  tin-  y.wiv 
time,  by  way  of  sauce,  with  a  substantial  donative  of  gold  doblas ;  an  act  ^f 
Christian  charity  not  at  all  to  the  taste  of  bis  own  servants,  it  wru;i;,'lit  its 
cllects  on  the  worthy  divine,  who  at  once  saw  the  error  of  his  ways  ''iu'l.  tli^' 
next  time  he  mounted  the  ])ulpit,  took  care  to  frame  his  discourse  in  muIi  a 
manner  as  to  counteract  the  former  unfavourable  imjiressions,  to  tlie  cntin' 
sati-facti(.ji,  if  not  edification,  of  his  audience.  "  Nowadays,"  says  the  hnw-i 
bioL;rapher  who  rejiorts  the  incident,  himself  a  lineal  descendant  I'f  tin' 
cardinal,  "the  i)reacher  would  not  have  escaped  so  easily.  And  witii  l''"'1 
reason  ;  for  the  holy  gospel  should  be  discreetly  praiched,  'cum  iirano  sili  . 
that  is  to  say,  with  tlie  decorum  and  deference  due  to  majesty  ami  nicii  >  i 
high  estate."'* 

When  Cardinal  Mendoza's  illne'^s  assumed  an  alarming  aspect,  the  cwiii; 
removed  to  the  neighbourhood  of  (Juadalaxara,  where  he  was  conlincil.  Tin 
king  and  (pieen,  especially  the  latter,  with  the  atlectionate  concern  wlm  h  >!n' 
main'fested  for  ii  tre  thaii  op.e  of  her  faithful  sul)jects,  used  to  visit  him  ni 
jierson,  testifying  her  sym]»athy  for  his  sufferings,  and  Ix'iieliting  by  the  liujit^ 
of  the  sagaci()us  mind  which  had  so  long  helped  to  guide  her.  Slie  still  funln  r 
sh(twed  her  regard  for  her  old  minister  by  condescending  to  accept  the  nil.  '■ 
of  his  executor,  which  she  punctually  discharged,  superintending  the  dispc.- 


^  Salazar  do  Mpndoza,  Croii  del  Gran  Gar- 
den,il,  pp.  'je.f-'iT.t,  :}Hi-4U). 

^  "(Jraii  vunm,  y  niuy  (>xporiinontadi>  y 
j>niii('iil('  en  lu'iiocit  i,"  siiys  Ovicdo  nf  the 
crdiiial,  " [wro  a  riicltds  df  las  neiivciaviones 
diftn  rida,  tuvo  tres  liijns  varoiies,"  etc. 
'I'licn  1'oUo\v8  a  ftiU  iKitii'i'  of  tins  gr.ici  less 
jn-diieny.  Quinriiageiias,  M.S.,  bat.  1,  (juinc. 
1,  dial.M. 

■  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Cron.  del  (Jran  C'ar- 
deiial,  lil>.  2,  cai).  (iG.— Tlie  doctor  redri) 
Salazar  de  Mendoza's  b.ograpliy  ot  his  illus- 


trious r.lative  is  a  very  fair  ?iteeinieii  ••f  t'- 
Spanish    style    of    book  iiiaUiiej;    in    aini|;: 
times.     One  event  .^^eeuis  to  Micgi  «t  iDi't^'- 
wlth  about  as  nnieh  cohesion  as  tlf  r!i,^ii>  ■ 
of  "Tiie   llou.se  that  ,lack  buiit."     l^r^    • 
8(are(  ly  a  place  or  iier-^oiiaiie  uf  note,  thai  t. 
praud  cardinal  was  liroujiht  in  o'liiact  wi: 
in  the  course  of  bis  life,  whose  hi-tury  i-  i'  ■ 
made    the    theme    of    proluse    dis«.rt..tin! 
Nearly  fifty  chapters  are  taken  up,  f"r  ' '  • 
ample,    with    the    distiiinui-^hed    ii" "    «'- 
graduated  at  the  college  of  Santa  Cruz. 


CARDINAL    XIMENES    DE    CISNEROS, 


REGENT    OF    CASTILE. 


■  :i  of  hi 
.i.'l  U'fon 

III  ()IU> 

.vhii'c  nv 

i:init'>tl_V 

.  :nit,v,  ft 

j-iUTt'llI  I 

tiii'piyal  i 
.\r'litii>li( 

t'i'i:ii^'llt  l» 

r"iiiiiiin'ii 
(fiiT,  ami 
a  iimri'  idi 

>':l'j(rt,  (|i 

till'  rcailiT 

Xiiiit'iit', 

llttli'  tdWI 

I'liiiily.'" 

vilJyili;:  f. 
>alaMiaii(','i 
I'lirMU'il,  i| 

•■li'l  I'f  ^i.\ 

•taiii'c  at  t 

Tliri'c  y( 

'iii'ailvici' 

I'rrtVriiiciit 

«"Illt'  lldtici 

'tiidies  nui 


'  "  Noil  Ik 
"[''''1  ipiiuiii 
lliirirtiiin  i)j 
ni'iiiiiiidS)',  (| 
"ii'S  111).  2,  I 
IM'T  .Ma 
'4r''»jal,  Aim 
MHi'liiza,  Ck'i 
<5.-A  fiHiiid 
rj'.c  oiiiic  ai 
■"  "'.Hla;:iir,  th 
J-itrnycil  tl)( 
;nto  \u'U<  ar 
'•"^■n  places 
'y'lil^insiinidtt 

!.V  i|i»p!-,s   nf  , 

'ftwi  tt(,rni.,| 
ninmls."  Til 

f'.rnMi,.,!  an  t 

''"''•'■ssthaii 
iWicap  til, 
'  ^ala/ar  dc 
*•'«!,  III).  2, 
t'-li".  ful.  K._ 
'*>'•'  rtToiiiiiip 

'!"•  'I'I'+II  k||,„ 

J"tmia  Hi-ltra 
^'"'iK  princu  I 
•^'  >j  littlu  to 


MONASTIC  IlKFOUMS. 


381 


:i.nof  lii^  ofTi'ctM  arronliim  t<»  his  tostjuiuMit,"  utid  nartinil.'irly  tli«>  rrortioii  oi 
:  .•>tati'ly  li<ts|.itnl  of  Saiitiv  Cniz  lu'toie  meiitioiiea,  iittt  a  stone  of  wlriili  wjih 
,w\  U'foiv  his  (h'ath.' 

li,  oiif  nf  her  iiit«'rvi«>ws  witli  the  (lyiiij?  iniiiistor,  tlio  t|uroii  roinipstod  his 
vWia'  rcspi'ctiiiK  the  iiotiiiiiiition  of  his  succossor.  Tho  ninliiml.  in  rrply, 
t;»rm'»tly  tiintioiu'tl  hrr  acaiiist  raising' any  one  of  th«' jiriiiri|tal  nolijiity  to  this 
L'liit.v,  aliiio>t  too  rxaltrd  for  any  snhjt'ct,  ami  whicii,  when  coinl-innl  with 
;- AiTtuI  fiiiiiily  connrctions,  would  t'nahio  a  man  of  factions  disposition  to  defy 
•uroval  uuthoiitv  itself,  as  they  had  oncf  had  Itittcr  rxpcricnct' in  th«*  casctif 
\iitil.i^hii|i  Caiillo.-  On  heinj^'  pn-ssj-d  to  name  the  individual  whom  ho 
;;. i;;lit  h«'st  (|uanh«'d,  in  ovi'ry  point  of  vii'W,  for  the  (»lh( c,  he  is  said  to  havo 
rrviiiiiit'iiilfd  Fray  Francisco  Ximenez  de  Cisncros,  a  friar  of  tlie  Franciscan 
irliT,  aii'l  ctMifessor  of  the  (piecn.  As  this  extraonhnary  persona^'e  ext'rciscd 
iiiKire  important  control  over  the  destiines  of  his  country  than  any  (»th('r 
.,1  iirt,  "liiriu),'  the  remainder  of  the  present  reif,'n,  it  will  he  necessary  to  put 
;;ir  rt-ailcr  in  possession  of  his  history.* 

XiiiH'iii'/ de  Cisneros,  or  Ximenes,  as  he  is  usually  called,  wafi  horn  at  the 
';;;;li'  tnwn  of  TordelaKuna,  in  the  year  14;{<J,*  of  an  ancient  hut  decavcd 
iiiiiily.'"  11»!  was  early  'estined  hy  his  parents  for  the  church,  and,  aher 
«'jii|yiiijr  ^^rammar  at  Alcahi,  was  removed  at  fourteen  to  the  university  of 
Mluiiiiiiica.  Here  he  went  throujrh  the  re^Milar  course  of  instruction  then 
inMiol,  ilevotinj,'  himself  assiduously  to  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  at  the 
111  of  six  years  received  the  de^^ree  of  hachelor  in  each  of  tluMu,  a  circum- 
'tan  •!' Jit  tfiat  time  of  rare  occurrence." 

Tlirtr  years  after  quitting  the  innversity,  the  youn;;  l^achelor  removed  hy 
the  iidvici'  of  his  parents  to  Rome,  as  atlbrdiny;  a  netter  Held  for  ecclesiastical 
irift'iiiiciit  than  lie  could  find  at  home.  Here  he  seenis  to  have  attracted 
viiit'  iKitice  hy  the  dilij^ence  with  which  he  devoted  himself  to  his  professional 
jtulies  and  employments.    But  still  he  was  far  from  reaping  the  gohlen  fruits 


'"Non  hot',"  8ays  TacHuH  with  truth, 
"privipiiiiin  Hiiiicoruin  tiiuiuih  cnt,  j)ron»'(|ui 
d'dKictuiii  i^rIlav•o  (jiifntu  :  s.  d  t|un'  volucrit 
lU'iiiihJ!!'*',  i|uii'  inaiidavcrit  ex^sl•(lul."  An- 
uK  III).  2,  wet.  71. 

iM.r  .Miirtyr,  0\)m  Epist.,  ppmt.   143.— 

'irl'njal.  .\iiiil.H,  MS.,  afio  1494.— Siilazar  de 

MHi'li)/,a,  Cioii.  del  (Jraii  Cardonal,  lib.  '2,  cap. 

4J.-.V  fiiuii(iliii«-li()sj)ital  dors  not  hconi   to 

fcne  naiif  aiiii(*.s  in  Spain,  w  iicrc,  according 

to  Sala/rtr,  the  wrctiiicd   parcntH  fn'(|uciitly 

J'^triiyi'il   tlicir    olT>pdng   by  casting   tlicni 

min  wclU  and    jiits,  or  t'XiH)Hlng    tlicin    in 

<!■«■«  ]j|aics  to  dio  of  faaiinc.     "  The  movi 

'■"mj^issiiiwitf,"  111'  obHiTvo.t,  "laid  tlicui  at 

»••  (l(i.ir>  of  ilmr(.lii'H.  wlicre  tlipy   were  too 

fiHi  ttcrricd   to  death    by   doi^H   and   otlicr 

miials."    I'Ui'  (rr.iiid  rardinal's  n('i)li<'\v,  wlio 

fmlpil.i  ^inlililr  insiimtion,  is  said  to  have 

f.nii«lw,|  lui  asylum  in  the  course  of  his  life 

nn  !•■<•*  tlmn  13,uoo  of  these  little  victims! 

I'l'iiiap.  61. 

■  "^aiawr  de  Moiuloza,  Cron  del  Gran  Car- 

*'»1.  iili.   '2,    cai>.    4G.— <;ouiez,    l)c    Hebu.4 

Miv  f„i.  N._Tlie  dying  cardinal  is  said  to 

^v-rfidiiiinended.  among  otlier  tilings,  that 

to' 'jiiffMi  Klii.iild  ri'|>iiir  any  wrong  done  to 

J*iina  Hdtrancja,  by  marrying  her  to  the 

T  "'in  prince  of  .\stilriaH;  which  suggestion 

»i-'5u  link-  to  Isabella's  taste  that  she  broke 


off  the  conversation,  saying,  "the  good  man 
wander«Hl  and  tallted  nonsense." 

"  It  is  singular  tliut  Klei  hiiT  should  havo 
blinidered  some  twenty  years  in  tlie  date  of 
Ximenes's  birth,  which  lie  makes  14:>7.  (Mist, 
de  XimeM<5s,  liv.  1,  p.  11.)  It  is  not  singular 
tliat  Marsollier  should.  Ilistoiredu  Ministeie 
du  Cardinal  Xiiuenez  (_  Tuuloum-,  1BH4),  llv.  1, 
p.  3. 

'"  The  honourable  extraction  of  Ximenes 
Is  intimateil  in  .Juan  V'ergani's  ver>es  at  tlio 
end  of  the  Complulensian  I'o  yglot . 

"  Nomine  Clsneritis  dara  de  stirjte  parentuin, 
Et  meritis  factus  clarior  ipse  sui>.." 

Fray  Pedro  de  liulntaniUa  y  .Mendoza  makes 
a  gci<i<ll,v  genealogical  tree  for  liis  hero,  of 
which  King  I'ela.vo,  King  l'epiii,</linrh  m.gii", 
and  other  royal  woitliie>  are  tlii>  respectable 
routs.  (I'roii'inia  Unlicaiona,  pp.  :>:!.'«.; 
According  to  (ion/alo  de  (Jviido,  Ins  failier 
was  a  poor  hidalgo,  who,  having  spent  his 
little  substance  on  tlie  education  of  his  chil- 
dren, was  obliged  to  take  up  the  profebsiou 
of  an  advocate.     t^nincuag'Miaw,  MS. 

"  (^uintanilla,  Archetypo,  p.  6.  -Gomez, 
De  Rebus  gpstis,  Ximen.,  lol.  2. — Idem,  Mls- 
cellanear.,  MS.,  ex  Hibliotbeca  lUgia  .Nlairi* 
tcnsi,  torn.  ii.  lol.  189. 


382 


RISE  OF  XIMENES. 


presaged  by  his  kindred  ;  and  at  the  expiration  of  six  years  he  was  sii(l(l,^ii'v 
recalled  to  his  native  country  l)y  the  death  of  his  father,  who  left  his  atlairs 
in  so  eniharrassed  a  condition  as  to  rei[nire  his  immediate  presence.'* 

Hefore  his  return,  Ximenes  obtained  a  papal  hull,  or  exuectative,  prefcriin,' 
liim  to  the  first  beneHce  of  a  si)eciHed  value  which  sliould  become  vacant  in  tl,"' 
st^e  of  Toledo.  Several  ywirs  elapsed  before  such  a  vacancy  otlercd  itself  Iv 
the  dciath  of  the  archpriest  of  Uzeda  (147.'^) ;  and  Ximenes  took  possession  Jf 
that  living  by  virtue  of  the  aj)Ostolic  grant. 

This  assumption  of  the  [)apal  court  to  dispose  of  the  church  livings  at  its 
own  pleasure  had  been  long  regarded  by  tlie  Spaniards  as  a  flagrant  iiiiiMoi- 
tion  ;  and  Carillo,  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  in  whose  diocese  tlie  vaciunv 
occurred,  was  not  likely  to  submit  to  it  tamely.  lie  had,  moreover,  uidiiiJNil 
this  very  place  to  one  of  his  own  followers.  lie  det<irmined,  accon{ini,'lv,  to 
compel  Ximenes  to  surrender  his  pretensions  in  favour  of  the  latter,  ami,  iiinl. 
ing  argument  ineffectual,  resorted  to  force,  confining  him  in  the  fortress  of 
Uzeda,  whence  he  was  subse(piently  removed  to  the  strong  tower  of  SantonaA 
then  used  as  a  i)rison  for  contumacious  ecclesiastics.  JJut  Carillo  un(lerstni«l 
little  of  the  temper  of  Ximenes,  which  was  too  inflexible  to  be  lirokcn  \>\  jn!- 
secution.  The  archbishop  in  time  t)ecame  convinced  of  this,  and  was  pers'uaileil 
to  release  him,  but  not  till  after  an  imprisonment  of  more  than  six  year .'' 

Ximenes,  thus  restored  to  freedom,  and  placed  in  undisturbed  possession  (.f 
his  benefice,  was  desirous  of  withdrawing  from  the  jurisdiction  of  hi-^  vinilictiw 
superior,  and  not  long  after  effected  an  exchange  for  the  chaplainship  of  Si-r, 
enza  (14S0).  In  this  new  situation  he  devoted  himself  with  renewed  ariloi:r 
to  his  theological  studies,  occupying  himself  (Uligently,  moreover,  with  Ilehivu 
and  Chaldee,  liis  knowledge  of  which  proved  of  no  little  use  in  the  concoction 
of  hi-!  famous  Polyglot. 

Mendoza  was  at  that  time  bishop  of  Siguenza.  It  was  impossil)le  that  a 
man  of  his  penetration  should  come  in  contact  with  a  character  like  that  ^f 
Ximenes  without  discerning  its  extraordinary  qualities.  It  was  nut  Va\z 
before  he  api)ointed  him  his  vicar,  with  the  administration  of  Ids  diocese ;  in 
which  situation  he  displayed  such  capacity  for  business  that  the  connt  of 
Cifuentes,  on  falling  into  tlie  hands  of  the  Moors,  after  the  tuifortunato  attair 
of  the  Axanpua,  confided  to  him  the  sole  management  of  his  vast  estatfs 
during  his  captivity.'* 

lint  these  secular  concerns  grew  more  and  more  distasteful  to  XiinencN 
whose  naturally  austere  and  contemplative  disposition  had  l>een  doe|ieiu'4, 
probably,  by  the  melancholy  incidents  of  his  life,  into  stern  reliuious  enthu- 
siasm, lie  determined,  therefore,  to  break  at  once  from  the  shackles  whiili 
bound  him  to  the  world,  and  seek  an  asylum  in  some  religious  estaMishnient, 
where  he  might  devote  himself  unreservedly  to  the  service  of  Heaven.  Ih' 
selected  for  tins  piu'pose  the  Observantines  of  the  Francisain  order,  the  most 
rigid  of  the  monastic  societies,  lie  resigned  his  various  employments  and 
benefices,  witii  annual  rents  to  the  amount  of  two  thoi'sand  ducats,  and.  in 
defiance  of  the  arguments  and  entreiities  of  his  friends,  entered  on  his 


"■-'  Gomez.  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  2.— Idem, 
MisceUaiiear..  MS.,  ul)i  supra. — Eugetiio  de 
Koblca,  Coinpendio  <le  la  Vida  y  Hazana.s  del 
Canleual  Don  Fray  Framisco  Ximeuez  de 
Cisneroa  (Toledo,  1604),  cup.  11. 

'^  Quiutanilla,  Archctyiio,  pp.  8,  10. — 
Gomez,  De  Relius  gestin,  fol.  2. — Flechier, 
Ilmt.  de  Xiiu<Mie«.  pp.  s-io. — "^nuia  do  la 
Vida  d"l  R.  S.  ("ardeual  Don  Fr.  Francisco 
Ximcuez  de  Cisnerus,  sacada  de  los  .\leuju- 


riales  de  Juan  de  Vallojo.  Pajf>  de  r.'iinara,^ 
de  algunas  Personas  que  en  su  Ti'iiiji"  !• 
vicron  :  para  In  lluKtrisiina  Scfinia  Dniiat'sis- 
lina  de  la  Zerda,  t'ondesa  <.V  ('onnia.  a  lan  » 
Dios  guanlf,  y  de  su  Gracia,  por  uii  t'riad"  ilf 
8U  Ca.-a,  MS. 

"  Suma  de  la  Vida  de  Cisnepw.  Mv- 
Goniez,  De  Uebus  gentiP.  fol.  .i.— It-in'"^.  » i'* 
de  Xinienez,  cap.  11.— Oviedu,  (Julli^■uag^■Inl^ 
MS.,  dial,  de  Ximeui. 


MONASTIC  REFORMS. 


3S3 


noviciate  in  the  convent  of  San  Juan  de  los  Reyes,  at  Toledo  ;  a  superb  pile 
then  (Mootiiij;  l)y  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  in  pursuance  of  a  vow  made  during 
tluMvar  of  Granada." 

He  distinguished  ids  noviciate  hy  practising  every  ingenious  variety  of 
iiinititic.ition  with  which  superstition  has  contrive<l  to  sw(dl  the  inevitable 
catali'gnc  of  human  sutt'erings.  He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  lloor. 
with  a  iiillet  of  wood  for  his  pillow.  He  wore  hair  cloth  next  his  skin,  ami 
.■xt'iciscd  himself  with  fasts,  vigils,  and  strii)es  to  a  degree  scarcely  sinpassed 
iiv  tlie  fanatical  founder  of  his  order.  At  the  end  of  the  v*'Hr,  he  regularly 
professed,  adopting  then  for  the  first  time  the  name  of  tVancisco,  in  com- 
jiiiiiieiit  to  his  patron  siiint,  instead  of  that  of  Gonzalo,  hy  which  he  had  been 
jiiiiitized. 

Nil  sooner  had  this  taken  place,  than  his  reputation  for  sanctity,  which  his 
late  course  of  life  had  dillused  far  and  wide,  attracted  nndtitudes  of  all  ages 
and  cuiiditions  to  his  confessional ;  and  he  soon  found  himself  absorbed  in 
the  same  vortex  of  worldly  passions  and  interests  from  which  he  had  been 
SI)  aiixio\is  to  escape.  At  his  solicitation,  therefore,  he  was  permitted  to 
tniiisfcr  his  abode  to  the  convent  of  Our  Lady  of  CasUinar,  so  called  from 
aiteep  forest  of  chestnuts  in  which  it  was  end»osomed.  In  the  nudst  of  these 
ilAik  iiiiiuntain  solitudes,  he  built  with  his  own  hands  a  little  hermitiige  or 
.ahiii,  of  dimensions  barely  sufficient  to  adnut  his  entrance.  Here  he  pas.sed 
his  (lays  and  nights  in  prayer,  and  in  meditations  on  the  sacred  volume, 
>ii>taiiiiiig  life,  like  the  ancient  anchorites,  on  th.e  green  herfts  and  running 
waters.  In  this  state  of  self-mortification,  with  a  frame  wasted  by  abstinence. 
and  a  mind  exalted  by  spiritual  contemplation,  it  is  no  wonder  that  he  should 
have  indulged  in  ectiisies  and  visions,  until  he  fancied  himself  raised  into 
coiiiimiiiication  with  celestial  Intel, igences.  It  is  more  wonderfid  that  his 
understanding  was  not  permanently  impaired  by  these  distempered  fancies. 
This  period  of  his  life,  however,  seems  to  have  been  always  regarded  by  him 
with  peculijir  satisfaction  ;  for  long  after,  as  his  biographer  assures  us,  when 
roiiosiiig  in  lordly  palaces,  and  surroundeti  by  all  the  ai)pliances  of  luxury,  he 
lixiked  hack  with  fond  regret  on  the  hours  which  had  glided  so  peacefully  in 
the  lieriiiitage  of  Castanar."* 

Fortuiiatdy,  his  superiors,  choosing  to  change  his  place  of  residence 
iiccortling  to  custom,  transferred  him  at  the  end  of  three  years  to  the  convent 
of  Salzeda.  Here  he  practised,  indeed,  similar  austerities,  but  it  was  not 
I'liit,'  liefore  his  high  reputation  raised  him  to  the  post  of  guardian  of  the 
lonveiit.  This  situation  necessarily  imposed  on  hnn  the  management  of 
the  institution  ;  and  thus  the  powers  of  his  mind,  so  long  wasted  in  nni)ro- 
ntatile  reverie,  were  again  called  into  exercise  for  the  benefit  of  others.  An 
'•voiit  which  occurred  some  years  later,  in  1492,  opened  to  him  a  still  wider 
>\'\w\v  of  action. 

J{y  the  elevation  of  Talavera  to  the  metropolitan  see  of  Orana<la,  the  ofHcc; 
"f  i|iiet'n's  confessor  became  vacant.  Cardinal  Mendoz.*^,  mIio  was  consulted 
"11  the  choice  of  a  successor,  wed  knew  the  import^mce  of  selectuig  a  man 
"f  the  highest  integrity  and  ta,lent ;  since  the  ipieen's  tenderness  of  con- 

frotn  the  inflii'^ls.  The  great  chapel  wan 
puiiiishfd  with  the  ftltcia  taken  tnim  tho 
(iuiif^eoiiH  of  Miihipa,  in  wliioli  the  Mimrs  coii- 
fiiieil  tli"ir  Christian  captives.  Monarciuia, 
torn.  i.  p.  41U. 

'"  KK'-cliiiT.  Hist-  (ie  Ximones,  p.  14.— 
Quintanilhi,  Arclieiypo,  pp.  13,  14.— (ionicz, 
I>c  Rebus  fre.-itis,  IVil.  t. — Snrna  de  la  Viil.i  de 
Cisneros,  M8.— Oviedo,  (^uincuagcnas,  MS. 


'  yuiiitanilla,  Archctypo,  p.  11. -Gomez, 
>li<cfll,iiiiar.,  MS.,  ubi  snpra.— Idem,  De 
K.lius  ^'i-siis,  fol.  4.  This  edifice,  says  Sa- 
W  dt*  Mi-ndoza.  in  respect  to  its  sacristy, 
iii"ir,  i.li)istt'rs,  library,  etc.,  was  the  most 
^uuiitihius  and  noted  of  its  time.  It  was 
'jriirinally  di'stined  by  the  Catholic  sovereigns 
f  rtlnir  jilace  of  sejuilture  ;  an  honour  after- 
»irdii  reserved  lor  Uranadii,  ou  its  recovery 


384 


RISE  OF  XLMENES. 


science  led  her  to  take  counsel  of  her  confessor  not  merely  in  regard  to  Iier 
own  sjiiritiual  concerns,  but  all  the  great  measures  of  her  adininistration.  H,' 
at  ouvv.  fixed  his  eye  on  Xiinenes,  of  whom  he  had  never  lost  si^'ht,  iiidccii, 
since  his  first  acquaintance  with  him  at  Siguenzji.  lie  was  far  from  apiirov- 
ing  his  adoi)tion  of  tiie  monastic  life,  and  had  heen  heard  to  say  that  "■  i:uu 
so  extraordinary  would  not  long  l)e  buried  in  the  shades  of  a  convent.'  Hi' 
is  siiid,  also,  to  have  predicted  that  Ximenes  would  one  day  succecil  him  in 
the  chair  of  Toledo  ;  a  prediction  which  its  author  contributed  mure  than  any 
otJjer  to  verify," 

lie  recommended  Ximenes  in  such  emphatic  terms  to  the  (lueeti  as  raiseil 
a  strong  desire  in  her  to  see  and  converse  with  him  herself.  An  in  vita- 
tion  was  accordingly  sent  him  from  the  cardinal  to  rei»air  to  the  court  at 
Valladolid,  without  intimating  the  real  purpose  of  it.  Ximenes  olieycd  the 
summons,  and,  after  a  short  interview  with  his  early  patron,  was  ((inducttMl, 
as  if  without  any  previous  arrangement,  to  the  «|ueen's  aiiartincnt.  On 
finding  himself  so  unexi)ectedly  in  the  royal  presence,  he  betrayed  none  of 
the  <agitation  or  embarrassment  to  have  been  expected  from  tlie  .MTluiltil 
inmate  of  a  cloistt^r,  but  exhibited  a  natiu-al  digiuty  of  manner,  with  .mkIi 
discretion  and  fervent  piety,  in  his  replies  to  Isabella's  various  intern i^atnrics, 
as  confirmed  the  favourable  prepossessions  she  had  derived  from  the  caidiiial. 

Not  many  days  after,  Ximenes  was  invited  to  take  charge  of  the  (;u(tii s 
conscience  (1492).  Far  from  a})pearing  elated  by  this  mark  of  royal  favour, 
and  the  i)rospects  of  advancement  which  it  opened,  he  seemed  to  view  it  with 
disquietude,  as  likely  to  hiterrupt  the  pejiceful  tenor  of  his  religious  duties ; 
anil  he  accepted  it  only  with  tlie  understanding  that  he  should  lie  alloucd 
to  conform  in  every  respect  to  the  obligations  of  his  order,  and  to  remain 
in  his  own  monastery  when  his  othcial  functions  did  not  require  attendance 
at  court.'" 

Martyr,  in  more  than  one  of  his  letters  dated  at  this  time,  notices  the 
impression  made  on  the  courtiers  by  the  remarkable  appearance  of  the  new 
confessor,  in  whose  wasted  frame  and  paliid  care-worn  couutenaiu  e  they 
seemed  to  behold  one  of  the  primitive  anchorites  from  the  deserts  of  Syria  (ir 
Egypt.'"  The  austerities  and  the  blameless  purity  of  Ximenes"s  life  had  ;:iven 
him  a  reputation  for  sanctity  throughout  Spain  {^^  and  Martyr  anlnl^es  the 
regret  that  a  virtue  which  had  stood  so  many  trials  should  be  exnosed  to  the 
worst  of  all,  in  the  s,.iuctive  blandi.shments  of  a  court.  But  Xiu  '.'iiess  heart 
had  been  steeled  by  too  stern  a  discipline  to  be  moved  by  the  fascinations  nf 
pleasure,  however  it  might  be  by  those  of  ambition. 

Two  years  after  tiiis  event  he  was  elected  provincial  of  his  order  in  Castile, 
which  placed  him  at  the  heiid  of  its  numerous  religious  estal>lislunents.  In 
his  frequent  journeys  for  their  inspection  he  travelled  on  foot,  suppurtin;; 


"  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Cr',n.  del  Gran 
Cardcnal,  lib.  '2,  rap.  63.— <ioriicz,  Do  Rebus 
gf'stis,  lol.  4. -Stmiii  di'  la  Vida  de  Cistieros, 
MS.— Rohie.s  VidA  de  Xiinciiez,  cap.  12. 

"•  Fleeliicr,  Hint,  de  Ximenes,  pp.  1«,  19. — 
I'eter  Martyr,  Opus  K})ist.,  ejjist.  los. — 
l\ol)les,  Vidade  Xiinencz,  ubi  supra. — Oviedo, 
yuiiu'iianenas,  MS. 

'■'  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  los.— 
"  Fru'terea,"  says  Martyr,  in  a  letter  to  Don 
Fernando  Alvart'Z,  one  of  the  royal  secre- 
taries, "noniie  tu  saiutissiuiuni  quendam 
viruni  a  solitudine  abstrusisque  silvis,  mueie 
ob  abstinentiaiu  ronfectuni,  relicti  <iraii.-tensi8 
loco  fuisse  Kuffectuui,  scriptita-sti .'    In  istius 


facie  oMuctA.  nonne  Ililariouis  to  iumgiii'  m 
aut  priTui  Pauli  vultum  conspe.xisse  laieris  : 
Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  1(15. 

■'"  "TodoHliablaban,"  says  Oviedo,  "d;'  la 
panctinioina  6  vida  de  este  relininNi.'  Hi" 
same  writer  says  that  he  saw  li'^i  at  M  diiM 
del  Canipo,  in  1491,  in  a  soleaui  iiro(.>M"ii, 
on  the  day  of  Corpus  Christi,  his  li.«ly  uuuli 
emaciated,  and  walking  baril"oti d  in  m> 
coarse  friar's  dress,  in  the  same  pnpc->ssioii 
was  the  maRuificent  cardinal  of  Spaui,  h".'' 
dreaming  how  soon  his  proud  iK.iioins  wt'> 
to  descend  on  the  head  of  iiis  more  liuuiMP 
companion.    Quincuagenas,  JIS. 


MONASTIC  REFORMS. 


385 


ganl  t'l  luT 
ralidii.  lie 
i;;lit,  iiitleed. 
•(iiii  ai'iii'DV- 
tiial  "  larls 
uvc'iit."  He 
•cr»'(l  Iiiiu  ill 
ji'c  lliiiu  any 

leii  as  raised 

An  iuvila- 

tlic  ciiurt  al 

S  olil'Vfil  llic 
ts  (•(ilulucU'il, 
irtiiifiit.  Oil 
iiycil  nt'iu'  of 
the  sceliuli'il 
er,  witli  Mich 
iU'rn);:;atnrit's, 

the  amlinal. 
{  the  tMicen's 
royal  favour, 
0  view  it  with 
igioiis  (hitii'S ; 
Jd  be  al!ii\MMl 
md  tt)  remain 
re  atteiidana' 

e,  notices  the 

.e  of  tlie  new 

itename  tlu'V 

ts  of  Syria  or 

life  had  f:ivoii 

indulges  the 

M)().-ed  to  tk' 

1,  ..Mies's  heart 

iseiuatiuiis  uf 

Ider  in  Castilo, 
Ishiuents.  In 
Tot,  suppurtiiin' 

luis  to  inii»Kii"'", 
llM'xbsoliiKTis:' 

Ovioiio, ''d;'  1" 

Ivh'ui  1'  ^' ■■''"'•' 
llcuui  iiron'r.>i"i|, 
liis  ti.«iV  UllHh 
trrfootrtf  in  111* 
Tsaiiu-  I'l-'K"^^;;,", 
Vluf  Si.ain.  li"-' 

Vs  wore  huuiI'lP 
IMS. 


him^olf  hy  he^'ging  alms,  confornial)ly  to  the  niles  of  his  order.  On  liis 
rt'ti'.rn  he  inade  a  very  unfavourable  report  to  the  queen  of  tlie  condition  of 
tiio  variniis  institutions,  most  of  which  he  represented  to  have  ^aievously 
r,la?:e(l  in  discipline  and  virtue.  Contemporary  accounts  corroliorato  this 
iniaviiiirable  picture,  and  accuse  tlie  religious  connnmnties  of  both  sexes 
ttirouuhoiit  Si)ain,  at  this  period,  of  wasting  their  hours  not  merely  in  un- 
j.rniitaMe  sloth,  but  in  luxury  and  licentiousness.  The  Franciscans,  in 
jaiticiihir,  had  so  far  swerved  from  the  ol)ligations  of  their  institute,  which 
■iite.iuted  the  possession  of  projierty  of  any  description,  that  they  owned 
Ur,'e  estates  in  town  and  country,  living  in  stately  edifices,  and  in  a  style  of 
prdiiral  expense  not  surpassed  by  any  of  the  monastic  orders.  Those  who 
iiiiliil,L'e<l  in  this  latitude  were  called  conventwils,  while  the  comparatively 
MnHJl  numl»er  who  put  the  strictest  construction  on  the  rule  of  their  founder 
ivere  deiioininatcd  observant i ties,  or  brethren  of  the  observance.  Ximenes, 
it  will  he  remembered,  wa«  one  of  the  latter.'^' 

The  Spanish  sovereigns  had  long  witnessed  with  deep  regret  the  scandalous 
aliases  which  had  crept  into  these  ancient  institutions,  and  had  employed 
maiiiiissioners  for  investigating  and  reforming  them,  but  ineffectually.  Isa- 
Kl.a  now  gladly  availed  herself  of  the  a.ssistiince  of  lier  confessor  in  bringing 
theai  into  a  better  state  of  discipline.  In  the  course  of  the  same  year,  1404, 
slioiihtained  a  bull  with  full  authority  for  this  purpose  from  Alexander  the 
Sixth,  tlie  exeoition  of  which  she  instrusted  to  Ximenes.  The  work  of  reform 
r-Niireil  all  the  energies  of  his  powerful  mind,  ba(;ked  liy  the  royal  authority. 
F'r,  in  adilition  to  the  obvious  dithculty  of  persua,ding  men  to  resign  the  good 
tiling's  of  this  world  for  a  life  of  penance  and  mortification,  there  were  other 
i;iil.etii!iients,  arising  from  tlie  circumstance  that  the  conventuals  had  been 
ovip.tonauceil  in  their  lax  interpretation  of  the  rules  of  their  order  by  many 
'f  thi'ir  own  superiors,  and  even  the  popes  themselves.  They  were,  oesides, 
<:i<taiiied  in  their  opposition  by  many  of  the  great  lords,  who  were  apprehen- 
>ivi'  that  the  rich  chajiels  and  masses  which  they  or  their  ancestors  had 
i'iiiidel  in  the  various  monasteries  would  be  neglected  by  the  observantines, 
wJii^e  scrui)t'lous  adherence  to  the  vow  of  poverty  excluded  them  from  what, 
i:.  church  as  well  as  state,  is  too  often  found  the  most  cogent  incentive  to  the 
I«'!"forinaiH'e  of  duty.*^ 

Fnnii  these  various  causes,  the  work  of  reform  went  on  slowly  ;  but  the 
'utirin,;'  exertions  of  Ximenes  gradually  ejected  its  adoption  in  many  estab- 
lishments ;  and,  where  fair  meHins  could  not  prevail,  he  sometimes  resorted  t^i 
{'■ree.  The  monks  of  one  of  the  convents  in  Toledo,  being  ejecte<l  from  their 
liivelliiii;  in  consequence  of  their  pertinacious  resistf'tice,  marched  out  in 
siieiiiii  procession,  with  the  crucifix  before  them,  chanting,  at  the  sjime  time, 
thnnsaha  In  exitu  Isni'd,  in  token  of  their  persecution.  Isivbella  resorted  to 
"liMer  methods.  She  visited  many  of  the  nunneries  in  person,  t«'iking  her 
to'dle  or  distiifl"  with  her,  and  endeavouring  by  her  conversation  and 
fXiiinplp  to  withdraw  their  inmates  from  the  low  and  frivolous  pleasures  to 
'iii'jh  they  were  addicted." 
While  tlie  reformation  was  thus  silently  going  forward,  the  vacancy  in  the 

"  Flocliirr,  Hist,  do  XInionos,  pp  2f>,  2B — 
QniiitjuiiUii,  .Arcliotypo,  pp.  'Jl,  '11. — tionu^z, 
l)i'  Kchus  f;('>tis,  I'ol.  6,  7. — Uoi)lfS,  Vidu  <lc 
Xiuicil''/.,  riip    !'2 

■  I'lecliiir,  Hist,  do  Ximcnos,  p  25. — 
C^uiiUaiiiili,  AiciictyiK>.  lib.  1,  cap.  11. — 
Mciii.  df  la  .\(;id  dc  Hist  ,  ti>ni.  vi.  Hunt.  s. 
-  Uobk'8,  \"u\a.  d(3  Xiun'inz,  ul)i  supra. 


B<^riialcl<'z,  RoypR  Catolicoa,  M.S.,  cap. 
«'l-Siii,iH  d"  la  Vida  do  Ci.sncrus,  MS.— 
"'"'.icim,  hk;>l(siastii.'al  Hi.story,  vol.  iii  cent. 
j'.p.  2.— I'.fr  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  t  pist. 
;.f "L'  M  I'ini'i),  (,'usas  iiioinorabloH,  ful. 
•(--Ovi.Mlii,  Kpilngo  r<Ml,  imperial  y  poii- 
«al  .MS..  a()ii.l  M(Mii.  do  la  Aoad.  ^W  Hist., 
I'm  vi.  Iliist.  s.-Zuriia,  Hist,  did  Key  llor- 
'■'■'>,  liti.  ;i,  iMp.  15. 


•) 


•JO 


386 


RISE  OF  XIMENES. 


arclihishopric!  of  Toleflo  alrmdy  noticed  occurred  by  the  de<ath  of  tiio  {rrand 
cardinal  (140.')).  Isjvhella  (ieejdy  felt  the  responsibility  of  providiiiLC  a  suitaM.' 
jKTsou  for  this  dignity,  the  most  considerable  not  merely  in  Siiaiii,  Kiit 
probably  in  Christendom,  after  the  i>a]iacy  ;  one  which,  moreover,  niiscij  it^ 
possessor  ,  eminent  i»olitiail  rank,  as  hif;h  chancellor  of  Castile.*^  The  riirht 
of  nomination  to  benefices  was  vesteci  in  the  (lueen  l»y  the  original  settleniciit 
of  the  crown.  She  had  uniformly  discharged  this  trust  with  the  most  (dii- 
scientious  impartiality,  conferring  the  lionours  of  the  church  on  iione  Imt 
per-i(»ns  of  approved  piety  and  learning.**  In  the  present  instance  she  \v;vs 
str(»ngly  solicited  by  Ferdinand  in  favour  of  his  natural  son  Alfoiisn,  anh. 
bishop  of  Saragossa.  But  this  i)relate,  although  not  devoid  of  talent,  hail 
neither  the  age  nor  experience,  and  still  less  tiie  exemplary  morals,  (Iciiiaiidfil 
for  this  injportant  stJition  ;  and  the  (lueen  mildly  but  unhesitatingly  rt'sistcil 
all  entreaty  and  expostulation  of  her  nusband  on  his  behalf.** 

The  post  had  always  been  filled  by  men  of  high  family.  The  (lueeii,  loatli 
to  depart  from  tliis  usage,  notwithstanding  the  dyhif,'  admonition  of  Mcinli./^i, 
turned  her  eyes  on  various  candi<lates  before  .she  determined  in  favdur  of  lur 
own  confessor,  whose  chr,  .A'tcr  presentetl  so  rare  a  combination  of  talent  aii'l 
virtue  as  amply  compensated  any  deficiency  of  birtli. 

As  .soon  as  the  panal  bull  reached  Castile,  confirming  the  royal  noiuinatioii, 
Lsabella  sununoned  Ximenes  to  her  pre.sence,  and,  delivering  to  him  the  pant'j, 
re(iuested  him  to  open  it  before  her.  The  confessor,  who  had  no  suspiciitn  (if 
their  real  purport,  took  the  letters  and  devoutly  pres.sed  them  to  liis  lins ; 
when,  his  eye  falling  on  the  sujierscrintion,  "  To  our  venerable  lirntluT 
Francisco  Ximenez  de  Cisnero.^  archbi.sliop  elect  of  Toledo,"  ho  fhan;:t'd 
colour,  and  involuntarily  dropped  the  packet  from  his  hands,  exclaiiniiiL', 
*'  There  is  some  mistake  in  this  :  it  cannot  be  intended  for  me  ;  "  ami  almiptly 
quitted  the  apartment. 

The  (|ueen,  far  from  taking  underage  at  this  unceremonious  ])rncooiliii?. 
waited  awhile,  until  the  first  emotions  of  .surprise  should  have  sulisiilfl. 
Poinding  that  he  did  not  return,  however,  she  despatched  two  of  tlio  giamlt'O^. 
who  she  thought  would  have  the  most  influence  with  him,  to  seek  liini  out  anl 
persuade  him  to  accejit  the  otfice.  The  nobles  instantly  repaired  to  his  con- 
vent in  i^Iadrid,  in  which  city  the  queen  then  kept  her  court.  They  foiiii'l, 
liowever,  that  he  had  already  left  the  place.  Having  ascertained  his  rniitc. 
they  mounted  their  horses,  and,  following  as  fast  a.s  possilile,  surrot'di'il  in 


"  Oviodo,  Qnincuaponas,  MS.,  hat.  1,  qiiiiic. 
2,  liidl.  1. — Fcnlinaiid  and  IsahcUa  lumcxed 
the  difiiiity  nf  liiiili  I'liaiu'cllur  in  perpetuity 
to  that  of  arehhishiip  uf  Tolpdo.  It  socnis, 
lio\V(>ver,  at  Ina-^t  in  lator  times,  to  have  boon 
a  ni.ro  honorary  title.  (Mondoza,  DiKnidadcs, 
lih.  'J,  cap.  8.)  'I'ho  revtMiuos  of  tiie  arch- 
hishopric  at  the  he(;ini''iig  of  the  si.xteeiilli 
coiunry  amounted  to  SD.ooO  dueaf.s  (Nava- 
giero,  ViagfJtio,  fol  9.— L.  ^larineo,'  ('osas 
niemora.ble.s,  fol.  2:i),  oquivahiit  to  about 
70J,2UO  dollars  at  tlie  present  day. 

'■"  "De  mas  (K*sto,"  says  Liuio  Marinoo, 
"tenia  por  wtnmbro,  que  quaiido  avia  de 
dar  alf^nna  dijcnidad,  o  obispado,  mas  mirava 
en  virtud,  humstiilad,  y  seieneia  de  las  per- 
soiias,  (lue  las  ritiU'  zas,  y  jjeiierosidad,  ami 
que  fucsspn  sus  deudos.  Lo  qual  lue  causa 
(pie  muchos  de  los  que  hablavan  poco,  y 
tenian  los  cal)ellos  mas  cortos  (pie  las  eejas, 
comeiisaron  a  truer  los  ojos  b.ixos  mirando  la 


tiorra,  y  andar  con  mas  frravcil.itl,  y  li.i^r 
niejor  vida,  Kimulando  jnir  revtnni  nliiimi't 
vias  la  viititd,  '[ue  exercitawhiUi."  (i'i»«* 
memorahles,  fol.  Is2.)  "  L'hy|KicriM''  >■< 
rhommaKo  ([ue  le  vice  rend  a  Lh  vortii." 
The  maxim  is  now  somewhat  stale,  like  most 
otliers  of  its  j)r(doun<l  author. 

■'"■  t^ii-.itanilla.  Archetype,  lih.  I.  cap.  1'" 
— .Sala/.ar  de  Metidoza,  Cron  del  (iraii  'ai- 
denal,  lil>.  2.  cap.  65.— This  jirel.ite  \v,i»  iit 
this  time  only  twenty-four  years  ( f  ii:i'.  H" 
had  been  r.iis'ed  to  the  see  of  ,SaraK">>ii  «'"'' 
only  six.  This  stranjre  abuse  <>f  jirelerrinK 
infants  to  the  hifrhest  dignities  of  the  cliiir'!i 
seems  to  have  prevailed  iti  Ca-tile  as  will  «< 
Aragon;  for  the  tombs  of  hve  arclnl'iu.iii'i 
mi^rht  be  seen  in  the  church  of  Miuln'  lU' 
!>ios  at  Toledo,  in  Sai.  "r's  time,  «lh'M' 
muted  ages  amounted  ...  only  thirty  years. 
See  Cron.  del  Gran  Cardenal,  ubi  siijTa. 


MONASTIC  REFORMS. 


387 


nvprtakiiiK  liini  at  throp  loajxiios'  distance  from  tho  city,  as  lio  was  travclliiicf 
„nf(iot  at  a  rapid  rate,  tiiou^di  in  the  noontide  lieat,  on  liis  way  to  the  Fran- 
ci^an  iiiDiiastery  at  Ocana. 

AfUT  a  brief  expostnlation  with  Xiniones  on  his  alirupt  departinv,  they 
prevailed  on  him  to  retrace  his  stei)s  to  Madrid  ;  but,  npon  his  arrival  there, 
neither  tlie  argmnents  nor  entreaties  of  his  friends,  bacl<ed  as  they  were  by 
the  avowed  wishes  of  his  sovereign,  coidd  overcome  Ins  s( riinU's,  or  in(hi»e 
hiiii  to  accept  an  office  of  which  lie  professed  himself  nnworttiy.  "He  had 
\fi\\c<\,"  he  siiid,  "  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the  (jniet  jiractice  of 
rii>ii)iiiia>tic  dnties  ;  and  it  was  too  late  now  t<»  call  him  into  pnblic  life,  and 
iiiilMtse  a  charge  of  snch  heavy  responsiliiiity  on  him,  for  which  lie  ha;l  neither 
ia|ia(ity  nor  inclination."  In  this  resolution  he  pertinacionsly  persisted  ft»r 
iijiiic  than  six  months,  until  a  second  bull  was  obtained  from  the  noiie,  com- 
uiamliiij:  him  no  longer  to  decline  an  ai)])ointnient  which 


the  nope, 
the  cliiircli  had 
Htii  tit  to  sanction.  This  left  no  further  room  for  onposition,  and  Xbiienes, 
atiinicsccd,  though  with  evident  reluctance,  in  his  advancement  to  the  lirst 
iii;niity  in  the  kingdom.^' 

There  seems  to  be  no  good  grotuid  for  charging  Ximenes  with  hvjiocrisy  in 
tlib  singular  display  of  humility.  The  )wlo  episco/jiiri.  indeed,  lias  passed 
iitoa  proverb ;  but  his  refusiil  was  too  long  and  sturdily  maintained  to  he 
rfioiieiled  with  atlectation  or  insincerity,  lie  was,  moreover,  at  this  time  in 
the  sixtieth  yeiu  of  his  age,  when  ambition,  though  not  extinguished,  is  usually 
chilled  in  the  human  heart.  His  habits  had  been  long  ac(  ommodated  to  the 
Ketic  duties  of  the  cloister,  and  his  thoughts  turncil  from  the  business  of 
tills  world  to  that  beyond  the  grave.  However  gratifying  the  distinguished 
kioiir  conferred  on  him  might  lie  to  hi.s  personal  feelin^^s,  he  might  naturally 
hesitate  to  exchange  the  calm,  setpiestered  way  of  life,  to  ^v1nch  he  had 
vuliiiiiarily  devoted  liimself,  for  the  turmoil  and  vexations  of  the  world. 

liut,  alihough  Ximenes  showed  no  craving  for  power,  it  must  be  confessed 
he  was  by  no  means  dittident  in  the  use  of  it.  One  of  the  very  first  acts  of 
his  administration  is  too  characteristic  to  be  omitted.  The  government  of 
lazorla,  the  most  considerable  place  in  the  gift  of  the  archbisTiop  of  Toledo, 
had  lieen  intrusted  by  the  grand  cardinal  to  his  younger  brother,  Don  Pedro 
liiirtado  de  Mendoza.  Tlie  friends  of  this  nobleman  applied  to  Ximenes  to 
coiitirni  the  app'^'ntment,  reminding  him  at  the  same  time  of  his  own  obliga- 
tions to  the  cardinal,  and  enforcing  their  j[)etition  by  the  recommendation 
»hi(h  they  had  obtained  from  the  queen.  This  was  not  the  way  to  api»roach 
X'liieiies,  who  was  jealous  of  any  impro]»cr  iiiHuence  over  his  own  judgment, 
ain!,  above  all,  of  the  too  easy  abuse  of  the  royal  favour.  He  was  deter- 
niiied,  in  the  outset,  efi'ectually  to  discourage  all  such  applications  ;  and  he 
il'thiivd  that  "the  sovereigns  might  send  him  back  to  the  cloister  again,  l>ut 
!!;;U  no  jicrsonal  considerations  should  ever  o[ieiate  with  him  in  distributing 
tne  hunours  of  the  church."  The  aiijdicants,  nettled  at  this  response, 
retiiined  to  the  queen,  complaining  in  the  bitterest  terms  of  the  arrogance  and 
ifi.Tiititnde  of  the  new  primate.  Isabella,  however,  evinced  no  symptoms  of 
iNii'indltation,  not  altogether  di.splcased,  perhaps,  with  the  honest  indepent' 


28 


-ai'innnaiion,  not  aitogetner  Ui.spicased,  periiaps,  wiin 
fiiceof  her  minister  ;  at  any  rate,  she  took  no  further  notice  of  the  aflair, 

^'•lae  time  after,  the  archbishop  encountered  Mendo/a  in  one  of  the  avenues 
'■f  the  palace,  and,  as  the  latter  \\as  turning  oti  to  avoid  the  meeting,  he 


Oarittiiy,  Compendio,  torn.  li.  lib  19, 
ap  4. -Mariana.  Hist,  de  Espafm,  torn.  ii. 
M'  M,  call  :.— Suma  de  la  Vida  de  Cisneios. 
''■-l^iiiitiinilla,  Arclietvfio,  lib.  1,  cap.  16. 
-^j'.'tuw,  Dc' Kebus  gestis,  tbl.  U.-Curbajal, 


Anales,    MS.,    ano 
XiiiH'iHz,   cap.    13. 
MS. 
-■'  Gomez,  Do  licbus  gc-tis,  fol.  11 


1495.— RoblcR,    Vida  de 
-Oviedo,    <.^uiiiiuagenas, 


388 


RIVE  OF  XIMENES. 


KJilutcfl  him  witli  the  title  of  adelantndo  of  Cazorla.  MoiKloza  staml  witl) 
nstoiiishniont  at  the  lurhito,  who  rcijontcd  the  saiiitulioii,  assurinj,'  him  "that. 
now  he;  was  at  full  lihcrty  to  consult  his  own  jii(l;j,ni('iit,  without  the  siis)iiri,,ii 
of  any  sinister  intluence,  he  was  liajiny  to  restore  him  to  a  station  fdr  wlii.), 
lie  had  shown  himself  well  qualihed."  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that 
Ximen(\s  was  not  imiiortiuied  after  this  with  solicitations  for  crfice.  liifhcl, 
any  personal  aiijilication  he  at'.ected  to  regard  as  of  itself  sutlicient  fziioDid  d  r 
a  (lenial,  since  it  indicated  "the  w mt  either  of  merit  or  of  humility  in  thi' 
aiii)licnnt.'"'  *" 

After  his  elevation  to  the  primacy,  he  retained  the  same  simple  and  anstiiv 
maimers  as  hefore,  disnensing  his  large  revenues  in  i,id)lic  ami  ]  livatc 
charities,  hut  regidating  liis  domestic  expenditure  with  the  severest  ccniKiniy," 
until  he  was  admonished  by  the  Holy  ^ee  to  adopt  a  stJite  more  consmuuir 
with  the  dignity  of  his  office,  if  he  would  not  dis]  ar.age  it  in  popular  otimation. 
In  obedience  to  this,  he  so  far  (hanged  his  habits  as  to  disjilay  the  u.-ii;.l 
magnificence  of  his  jiredecessors  iji  all  that  met  the  public  eye,— his  general 
style  of  living,  e<[uipage,  and  the  nundier  and  pomp  of  his  retainers ;  hut  he 
relaxed  nothing  of  his  iiersonal  mortifications,  lie  maintained  \\w  w,\\\w 
abstemious  diet  amidst  all  the  luxuries  of  his  table.  Under  his  robes  df  ^ilk 
or  costly  furs  he  wore  the  coarse  frock  of  St.  P'rancis,  which  he  useil  tu  mcii'l 
■with  his  own  hands.  He  used  no  liiien  about  his  person  or  bed  ;  and  ho  >lfiit 
on  a  miserable  pallet  like  that  used  by  the  monks  of  his  fraternity,  and  so 
contrived  as  to  be  concea,'etl  from  observation  under  the  luxurious  couch  in 
which  he  atlected  to  rejKjse.^' 

As  soon  as  Ximenes  entered  on  the  duties  of  his  oftice,  he  bent  all  the 
energies  of  his  mind  to  the  constmnnation  of  the  schemes  of  reform  'vhi(  h  his 
royal  mistress,  as  well  as  himself,  had  so  nnich  at  heart.  His  attention  was 
particularly  directed  to  the  clergy  of  his  diocese,  who  had  widely  dt'iiartc! 
froni  the  nde  of  St.  Augustine,  by  which  they  were  bound.  His  attcii!)  t;  at 
reform,  however,  excited  such  a  lively  dissatisfaction  hi  this  reverend  UAs 
that  they  determined  to  send  one  of  their  own  number  to  Rome,  to  prefer 
their  complaints  against  the  archbishop  at  the  pai>al  com  t.*'^ 

Tlie  person  selected  for  this  delicate  mission  was  a  shrewd  and  intelliireiit 
canon  by  the  name  of  Albornoz.  It  could  not  be  condiicted  so  privatdv  a> 
to  escai)e  the  knowledge  of  Ximenes.  He  was  no  sooner  acqmiiuted  with  it 
than  he  desijatched  an  otticer  to  the  coast,  with  orders  to  arrest  the  eini>siiiy. 
In  ciise  he  had  alrejvdy  embarked.,  the  officer  was  authorized  to  fit  out  a  fast- 
sailing  vessel,  so  as  to  reach  Italy,  if  possible,  before  him.  He  was  at  tlu' 
same  time  fortified  with  desimtches  from  the  sovereigns  to  the  Sjianish 
minister,  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  to  be  delivered  immediately  on  his  arrival. 

The  atljiir  turned  out  as  had  been  foreseen.    On  arriving  at  the  port,  the 

he  urged  his  uiulctcer  to  dn'ss  hims'.f 
quickly;  at  whicli  the  laiter  irn  vcii  iitly 'X- 
cltiiiiiid,  "CiKTpo  de  Dios!  d>.">s  yowx  ti"li- 
news  think  1  liavc  iicithing  more  to  dn  than 
to  sliake  nivself  lik-  a  wet  spiinitl  ni'i 
tigliten  my  \-ord  a  little?"  giiiiitaiuh:-. 
Arclietypi),  uhl  sujira. 

•'"  (Joiiiez,  De  Helms  gpstis,  lol.  16—1 
Venetliin  minister  NavagiiTo.  iioticiiif!  H"' 
condition  of  the  caimns  of  'I'dUdo  >uiii'  t^^ 
yurs  later,  celebrates  llu'Ui  as  "1(imIii:i.' i- 
ai)()V('  all  others  in  tlicir  own  city,  1' '■  •• 
espeeial  fav.iuriti's  with  the  huiiis,  tlwcl'";^ 
in  statrly  niansimis,  iiassiiiii,  in  sluTt,  tin' 
uiost  agreeable  lives  in  the  woild,  *^'"'^'" 
any  one  to  trouble  them."     Vi;ib'(:i".  f*^''  ^' 


"  Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  11.— Robles, 
Vida  d(^  Xiincnez,  cap.  Kl,  14. 

■"'  "  He  kept  rtve  or  six  friars  of  his  order," 
bays  t!on/,alo  d(i  Oviedo,  "  in  his  palace  with 
him,  and  as  many  a.sses  in  his  stablus ;  but 
the  latter  all  grew  sltv.'k  aiul  lat,  fur  the  areh- 
bislmi)  would  not  ride  himself,  nur  allow  his 
brethnn  to  ride  eilh(  r."     (^uiiieuagenas,  MS. 

'•  Suma  de  la  Vidu  de  Cisneros,  MS. — 
t^ulnt.Miilla,  Arehetypo,  lib.  2,  cap.  h,  <».— 
Ci"mez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  ful.  r.i.-  Oviedo, 
(inincuagenas,  MS.— Robles,  \'ida  de  Xime- 
iicz,  cap.  13. -lie  commonly  sleiit  in  his 
rraiuiscan  habit.  Of  course'  his  toikt  took 
iio  long  time.  On  one  occasion,  as  he  was 
travelling,  and  up  as  usual  long  before  dawn, 


M0NA8TIC  RKFORMS. 


389 


n*^(or  f 01 111(1  the  liinl  had  flown.  I lo  fn!ln\v('(l,  howovcr.  without  dt'Iay,  and 
\y\i\  the  i,'o(»(l  fortune  to  reach  Ostia  seveial  days  hefoie  liiin.  lie  fuiwanleil 
tii>  iii-trnctinns  at  onee  to  the  Spanisli  minister,  who  in  pursuance  of  them 
,;i!i>i'il  Alhornoz  to  he  arrested  the  iiioiuent  he  set  foot  on  sliore,  and  sent  him 
luick  ii>;  a  prisoner  of  state  to  Spain  ;  v  licre  a  close  conlinement  for  two  and- 
twfiity  months  admoiushed  the  worthy  canon  of  the  inexpediency  of  thwarting 
till'  |ilaiis  of  Ximenes." 

His  attempts  at  innovation  amonj^'  the  rej,Milar  cler<,'y  of  his  own  order  were 
eiuoiiiitcred  with  more  serious  opposition.  The  refoiMu  fell  most  heavily  on 
tilt"  iMiiiicisc^ins,  who  were  interdicted  by  their  rules  from  holdiuj,^  property, 
Hlietlicr  as  a  community  or  as  individuals  ;  while  the  members  of  other  trater- 
iiities  foimd  some  compenNaticm  for  the  surrender  of  their  [irivate  fortunes,  in 
tlii'miiseqiient  aii^menUition  of  those  of  their  fraternity.  There  was  no  one 
iif  tilt'  K'li^uious  orders,  therefore,  in  which  the  archhisjiop  experienced  such  a 
il(i^';;tMl  resistance  to  his  plans  as  in  his  own.  More  than  a  thousand  friars, 
annnliiii,'  to  souie  accounts,  (piitted  the  country  and  pjussed  over  to  BarUiry, 
[nvtViriii-  lather  to  live  with  the  inhdel  than  conform  to  the  strict  Icttt'r  of 
till'  founder's  rules." 

Tlif  (lirticulties  of  the  reform  wore  perhaps  auj^uented  hy  the  mode  in  which 
it  was  ((inducted.  Isabella,  iiidee(l,  used  all  [gentleness  and  persuasion  ;  '*  but 
Xiiiit'iies  carried  measures  with  a  hinh  and  inexorable  hand.  He  was  naturally 
of  an  austere  and  arbitrary  temi»er,  and  the  severe  training  which  he  had 
iiiiiicr.LCone  made  him  less  charitable  for  the  lapses  of  others,  especially  of  those 
who,  like  himself,  had  voluntarily  incurred  the  obligations  of  monastic  rule. 
He  was  conscious  of  the  rectitude  of  his  intentions  ;  and,  as  he  identihed  his 
'iwii  interests  with  those  of  the  church,  he  regarded  all  opposition  to  himself 
as  an  olt'ence  against  religion,  warranting  the  most  pereniptoiy  exertion  of 
[Miwer. 

Tho  clamour  raised  against  his  proceedings  became  at  length  so  alarnnng 
tliat  the  general  of  the  Franciscans,  who  resided  at  Kojue,  determined  to 
aiiti(  ipnte  the  regular  period  of  his  visit  to  Castile  for  inspecting  the  atl'airs  of 
iIk'  (iidcr  (14i)(5).  As  he  was  himself  a  conventual,  his  preju(Uces  were  of 
oDurse  all  enlisted  against  the  measures  of  reform  ;  and  he  came  over  fully 
resMlveil  to  comnel  Ximenes  to  abandon  it  altogether,  or  to  undenmne,  if 
]"i><iM(>,  his  credi'"  and  iuHuence  at  court.  Ihit  this  functionary  had  neither 
tlu'  talent  nor  teh.^er  reipiisite  for  so  arduous  an  undertfiking. 

He  had  not  been  long  in  (Jastile  before  he  Avas  convinced  that  all  his  own 
(^^'wer,  as  head  of  the  order,  would  be  incompetent  to  protect  it  against  the 
'did  innovations  of  his  i)rovincial,  while  supported  by  royal  authority.  He 
(It'iuaniled,  therefore,  an  audience  of  the  (pieen,  in  which  he  declared  his  senti- 
iMt'iits  with  very  little  reserve.  He  expressed  his  astonishment  that  she  shouh^ 
have  selected  an  individual  fo.  the  highest  dignity  in  the  church,  who  was 
(lo^tituto  of  nearly  every  (pialidcation,  even  that  of  birth  ;  whose  .sanctity  was 
a  iiit'ie  cloak  to  cover  his  ambition  ;  whose  morose  and  melancholy  temper 
made  him  an  enemy  not  only  of  the  elegances  but  the  conuuon  courtesies  of 


"  <;oiiii>z,  T)e  Rebus  pestia,  fol.  17. 

"  t.'iiiiitiuiilla.  Arcliftypo,  pp.  22.  23. — 
M''ni.  a-  l;i  At'ttil.  (Ic  Hist.,  toin.  vi.  p.  201.— 
y-mUi,  Hist,  del  R.y  Il.niiliulo.  lil).  ;!,  Cil]). 
li— Oiif  lutiiurit  roprcsfiit.s  IIk;  luiumtidii  a.s 
l>'!nirt()  It.ily  uml  utii'T  Ciiristimi  Cduntrios, 
»hiri>  thf  ('(luvoiitual  oidiT  was  jirutoi'tcd  ; 
»'liicii  Wniilil  soi'iii  the  more  piohahlc,  tlKHixli 
"'It  the  better  aulhuuticated,  stateuieut  of  the 
two. 


'"  "Tratabu  las  monjas,"  says  Hiol,  "con 
un  afisradu  y  amor  tan  earifiosu,  (jue  las  ro- 
Itaba  Ins  cora/<iiics,  y  lift  ha  ducfia  de  cllas, 
la.s  pcrsiuulia  coii  suavid.id  y  fti(.acia  li  quo 
viitasfii  rlausiira.  Y  ch  cosa  adiniraldc,  (iiio 
raro  t'uc  d  i'i>iivf>iito  doi.df  ciitro  esia  ci'l'diro 
iifroina,  doiidt;  no  lonraso  en  o!  propio  dia  cI 
pfceto  de  su  saiilo  dcsco."  Iiil'orme,  upud 
Scmauario  eruditu,  torn  iii.  p.  110, 


390 


RISE  OF  XIMENES. 


life  ;  and  whose  rinle  maimers  were  not  conmensated  "tty  any  tincture  of  Ijlicral 
l(^■u•|liIl,l,^  ile  (Icidorctl  the  maj^iiitiKle  of  the  evil  wliich  liis  iiit<'iii|icratt> 
nieasiMcs  had  hi(ni;^ht  on  the  chinch,  l)nt  which  it  was,  perhaps,  not  vot  tiHi 
late  to  rectify  ;  and  lie  conchided  hy  adnidnishini;  her  that,  if  she  valiicd  |„.r 
own  fauK^  or  the  interests  of  lier  soul,  she  would  <  )nipel  this  man  of  yc>t«Miliiv 
to  alidicat(;  the  olhee  for  which  he  had  proved  .nniself  so  inconn>eteut,  anil 
return  to  his  orij^inal  ohscurity  I 

The  (jueen,  who  listened  to  this  violent  haranpie  with  an  indi;:natioii  that 
prompteil  hoy  more  than  once  to  order  the  s|teaker  from  her  presence,  put  a 
restraint  on  her  feelinus,  and  patiently  waite(l  to  the  end.  Wlicn  he  Jiail 
finished,  she  eahnly  askel  him,  "  if  he  was  in  his  senses,  and  knew  whom  he 
was  thus  addressiu''  i "  "  Yes,"  replied  the  enraged  friar,  "  1  am  in  my  senses, 
and  know  very  well  whom  1  am  sj)eaking  to ;-  the  (pieen  of  Castile,  a  nuie 
handful  of  dust,  likc^  myself  I  "  With  these  words,  he  rushed  out  of  the  apart- 
ment, shutting  the  iloor  after  him  with  furious  violenee.'" 

Such  impotent  hursts  of  nassion  .'•(juld,  of  course,  have  no  power  to  turn  the 
(jueen  from  her  pnrj)Ose.  The  general,  however,  on  his  return  to  Italy,  had 
sullicient  address  to  ohtain  authority  from  His  Holiness  to  send  a  coiiiniis>iiiii 
of  conventuals  to  Castile,  who  should  he  associated  with  Ximeiies  in  the 
management  of  the  reform.  The.se  individuals  soon  found  themselves  mere 
ciphers  ;  and,  highly  ollended  at  the  little  account  which  the  archhishop  made 
of  their  authority,  they  preferred  such  complaints  of  his  proceedings  to  the 
l)ontifical  court  that  Alexander  the  Sixth  was  induced,  with  the  advice  of  tlie 
college  of  cardinals,  to  issue  a  hrief,  Novemher  9th,  149(),  ^ierem]i)torilv  inliihit- 
ing  the  soverehgns  from  proceeding  further  in  the  atlair  until  it  liad  Urn 
regularly  suhmitted  for  examination  to  the  head  of  the  church.^' 

Isahella,  on  receiving  tiiis  unwelcome  mandate,  instantly  sent  it  toXimenes. 
The  si)irit  of  the  latter,  however,  rose  in  proportion  to  the  obstacles  it  had  to 
encounter.  lie  sought  only  to  rally  the  queen's  courage,  beseeching  her  not 
to  faint  in  the  good  work,  now  that  it  was  so  far  advanced,  and  assuring  her 
tiiat  it  was  alieadv  attended  with  such  beneficent  fruits  a.s  could  not  fail  to 
secure  the  protection  of  Ileiiven.  Lsiibella,  every  act  of  wlujse  adniiMistratinn 
may  l)e  said  to  have  had  reference,  more  or  less  remote,  to  the  interests  of 
religion,  was  as  little  likely  as  himself  to  falter  in  a  matter  whicdi  pniposed 
these  interests  as  its  direct  and  only  object.  She  assured  her  minister  that 
she  would  support  him  in  all  that  was  practicable ;  and  she  lost  no  time  in 
presenting  the  affair,  through  her  agents,  in  such  a  light  to  the  court  of  Kome 
as  mi^iit  Mork  a  more  favourable  disposition  in  it.  In  this  she  succeedeij, 
though  not  till  after  multii)lied  dehi<ys  and  embarrassments  ;  and  such  ami)le 
powers  were  conceded  to  Ximenos  (1497),  in  conjunction  with  the  anostoHc 
nuncio,  as  enabled  him  to  consummate  his  grand  scheme  of  reform,  in  cletiance 
of  all  the  edbrts  of  liis  enemies.^* 

Tiie  reformation  thus  hitroduced  extended  to  the  relignous  institutions  of 
every  order  eipially  with  his  own.  It  was  most  searciiing  in  its  operation, 
reaching  eventually  to  the  moral  conduct  of  the  subjects  of  it,  no  less  than  to 
mere  points  of  moiuustic  discij)line.  As  n^gards  the  latter,  it  may  h(>  thoudit 
of  doubtful  benefit  to  have  ejiforced  the  rigid  ii  ^erpretatiou  of  a  rule  fouiide! 
on  the  melancholy  prhicip'e  that  the  amount  i/  happiness  in  the  next  wurM 


»o  Flpchirr,  Hist,  de  Xinicm'p,  pp.  56,  6i^.— 
GoTiii  •/,  Do  Itclius  testis,  fol.  14. — Zuritii, 
Ilist.  (Ii'l  llt'.v  Hcniiuidti,  lih.  3.  cup.  15. — 
liuhlrs.  Vida  ill'  Xiiucni'/,,  cap.  Ki. 

"  (Joinoz,  IV  liobus  gcstis,  fol.  23. — Quiu- 
tuiiillu,  Arclietjpo,  lib  1,  cap.  11. 


»"  Qiiintanilla,  Archotypo,  lit).  1,  cap.  11- 
14, — Kiol  disciiK.-!C.s  tlic  viiriiMis  nuimistif  n- 
fornis  clTectcd  hy  Xiiup'  in  liis  Mi'iiimiil 
U)  riiilij)  v.,  apud  Sem.  .  -u  cradito  Km. 
lii.  pp.  102-110. 


MONASTIC  REFORMS. 


.191 


is  to  be  rPi^nilated  liv  that  of  solf-inHict^vl  siifliM-in^'  in  this.  I^it  it  slionld  1k> 
leiin'iiilicrcd  tliiit,  liowovcr  olijcctioiialtlc  sucli  a  rule  may  Ik*  in  itself,  yrt 
whtTC  it  is  voluntarily  assumed  as  ai  imperative  moral  oiiliuation  it  caiuiot 
U' ili>r(';;arded  witliout  throwin;,'  down  the  harrier  to  unhounded  license  ;  and 
that  tilt'  reassertion  of  it,  undor  these  circumstiintes,  must  [Hi  u  necessivry  lire- 
jiiiiiiiiiry  to  any  etleetual  reform  of  morals. 

Tho  lieneticial  ohan;:es  wrouj,dit  in  this  latter  particular,  which  Is;ilK'lla  had 
far  mure  at  heart  than  any  exterior  forms  of  discipline,  are  the  theme  of  un- 
,[iiiililit'(l  pane|;yric  with  her  contemporaries^*  The  Spanisli  clergy,  as  1  have 
U'fore  had  occasion  to  remark,  were  early  note<l  for  their  dissolute  way  of  life, 
which,  to  a  cerUiin  extent,  seemed  to  W  countenanced  hy  the  law  itself." 
This  laxity  of  morals  had  hecn  carrioil  to  a  most  lamentable  extent  under  the 
hbt  rcii^ii,  when  all  orders  of  ecclesiastics  whether  regular  or  secular,  infected 
|.ruhal»ly  hy  the  corrupt  example  of  the  court,  are  represented  (we  may  hope  it 
i>  an  exaggeration)  as  wallowing  in  all  the  excesses  of  sloth  and  sensuality. 
,SMli'iil()ral)le  a  pollution  of  the  verv  sanctuaries  of  religion  could  not  fail  to 
iia'asioii  sincere  regret  to  a  pure  wi  virtuous  mind  like  IsaheUa's.  The  stain 
jiivl  sunk  too  deep,  however,  ^to  he  readdy  purged  away.  Her  jiersonal 
txiUinilf,  indeed,  and  tlie  scrupulous  integrity  with  which  she  reserved  all 
iV(  lesiastical  preferment  for  persons  of  unhlemlshed  l»iety,  contrihuted  greatly 
t«i  bring  about  an  amelioration  in  the  morals  of  the  secular  clergy.  Hut  the 
H'chnlod  inmates  of  the  cloister  were  less  open  to  these  intluences  ;  and  the 
work  of  reform  could  only  be  accomplished  there  by  bringing  them  back  to  a 
reverence  for  their  own  institutions,  and  by  the  slow  operation  of  public 
I'jijnion. 

Nutwitlistanding  the  queen's  most  earnest  wishes,  it  may  l>e  doubted  whether 
this  would  have  ever  been  achieved  without  the  co-operation  of  a  man  like 
Xiiiienos,  whose  character  combined  in  itself  all  the  essential  elements  of  a 
reforiiuT.  Happily,  Isabella  was  permitted  to  see  before  iier  death,  if  not  the 
cmiiiiletion  at  Iwist  the  commencement,  of  a  decided  amendment  in  the  ir  jrals 
of  tiie  religious  orders  ;  an  amendment  which,  far  from  Ijeing  transitory  in  its 
character,  calls  fortii  the  most  emphatic  eulogium  from  a  C'astilian  writer  far 
ill  the  following  century ;  who,  wliile  he  laments  their  ancient  laxity,  ])oIdlv' 
challenges  comiiarison  for  the  religious  communities  of  his  own  country  with 
those  of  any  otner,  in  temperance,  chastity,  and  exemplary  purity  of  life  and 
cuiiversiitiun.'" 


"  L.  Marineo,  Coaas  momoraMfs,  fol.  165. 
-Rornaldi.'z;,  ileyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  2U1. 
-ctal, 

"  Tlip  practico  of  concubinage  by  the  clergy 
was  fully  recognized,  and  the  ancient /woos 
(ifi'atitilc  permitted  their  issue  to  inherit  tlie 
states  <,f  such  parents  as  died  intestate. 
iS-r  Marina,  Eiisayo  liist6rico-cr(tico  subre 
1.1  aiitigua  J.,egi8laciiin  de  Castilla  (.Ma- 
ilriii,  Irus),  p.  184.)  Tlie  effrontery  of  these 
I'gaiized    strumpets,  barraganas,    as   they 


were  called,  was  at  length  so  intolerable  as 
to  call  for  repeated  laws,  regulating  their 
ai)parel,  and  prescril)ing  a  badge  tor  distin- 
guishing th.  ni  from  Imnest  women.  (S'Ui- 
pere,  Hist,  del  Lu.xo,  toui.  i.  pp.  Iti.'i-Itiii.)— 
Spain  is  probably  the  only  country  in  (/hris- 
tondiioi  where  concubinage  was  ever  sanc- 
tioned hy  law  ;  a  circumstance  doubtless  im- 
putable in  some  niea.'iure  to  the  inlluence  of 
the  .Mahometans. 
*'  Gomez,  De  llebus  gestis,  fol.  23. 


The  autliority  on  whom  the  life  of  Cardinal 
.Xiiiii'iio  mainly  rests  is  Alvaro  (ionu'z  de 
LaMre.  He  was  l)orn  in  tlie  villaue  of  .St. 
Kiilalia,  ii.ar  Toledo,  in  1515,  and  received 
Ills  eiimation  at  Alcalil,  where  he  obtained 
Kroat  repute  for  liis  critical  acquaintance  with 
tli'-'aiKii'iit  elassies.  He  was  alterw arils  male 
I'tiili'ssor  uf  the  humanities  in  the  university  ; 
» situation  which  he  lilled  with  credit,  but 


subseqaently  exchanged  fbr  the  rhetorical 
chair  i'l  a  scliool  recently  founded  at  Toledo. 
Wliile  thus  oicujiied,  he  was  chosen  hy  tin; 
university  of  Alcala  to  pay  the  most  di.'-tin- 
guished  honour  which  coiild  lie  rendered  to 
the  nil  niory  of  its  illustrious  founder,  hy  a 
faithful  record  of  his  extraordinary  life.  The 
most  authentic  si'urces  of  information  were 
thrown  open  to  hnu.     lie  obtained  au  iutl- 


392 


RISE  OF  XIMENES. 


mate  acf|iialntanco  witli  thf  privato  Itff  of 
tlic  canliiml  troiii  tlirc*'  or  IiIm  |iriii<  ip.tl  ilo- 
liH'>-tt(H,  win)  furitislnfl  alMiinliiiMi'  of  rciiil- 
iiiHcfiiccH  fmiii  (MTs^iiial  ohscrviitl'in,  \sliili» 
tli)>  arcliivcH  of  the  uiiivcrsity  siiji|ilk>il  a  iiitiMH 
of  tlocuuicntH  n-liilliiK  to  tlir  j>iil)lle  Hcrvicfs 
<if  its  patron.  I'lmii  tliisc  and  Mimilar  nia- 
Icriuls, « ionic/  pppnrcd  hin  hin^riipliy,  after 
many  yeare  of  patii-nt  labour.  Tlu'  work 
fully  aiLswcn-d  piihUc  ox|Kit  dioii ;  and  il8 
incritH  ari!  huiIi  oh  to  \"n\  the  Itarnrd  N'ic 
Antonio  to  t'xprpsH  a  douoi  wlicihcr  anyiliinn 
more  cxccllont  or  ptrfi'ct  iti  Its  way  could  Iw 
acldevfil ;  "rjuo  opcrc  in  co  KcntTc  an  pni'- 
PtantiuH  <|ui(l(|uuin  ant  pfrfcctius,  tssc  |)o-Hit, 
non  immoiito  Hii'pr  duhitavi."  ( Hildiotlicca 
Nova,  toin.  1.  p.  fiH.)  'I'lip  cnconiiiini  may  l)o 
.tlioiiKhl  somewhat  oxceNoive ;  hut  it  cannot 
he  denied  thai  tlio  narrative  is  writt.n  in  un 
cany  and  natural  manner,  with  lldclity  and 
accuracy,  with  conimendal)le  lilwrality  of 
opinion,  thou^li  witli  a  Judgment  Hometiniea 
warped  into  an  undue  estimate  of  tli(M|uall 
tiefl  of  his  hero.  It  is  dlstinnuished,  more, 
over,  by  such  l)eauty  and  correctness  of 
Latlidty  us  have  made  it  a  text-lx>ok  in  many 
of  the  schools  anil  colleges  of  the  I'eninsula. 
The  first  edition,  beinn  that  used  in  the  pro- 
sent  work,  was  publislied  at  Alcalil,  in  150!*. 
It  has  since  l)een  reprinted  twice  iiitieiTnany, 
and  p<  rhaps  elsewhere.  (Joiue/  was  tmslly 
<>ccupled  witli  other  literary  lucutirations 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  pub- 
llshed  several  works  in  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  l)oth  of  which  he  wrote  with  ease  ant! 
elegance.  He  died  of  a  catarrh,  in  IfiHO,  in 
the  sixty-sixth  year  of  his  a^e,  leaviii(<  be- 
liind  him  a  reputation  for  disinterestedness 
and  viitue  wliicli  is  sufliciently  commemu- 
rattd  in  two  lines  of  his  epitaph : 

"  Nemini  unquam  sciens  nocnl, 
Prodesse  quam  [iluribus  curavi." 

Tlie  work  of  Gomez  has  furnished  the  lia-ols 
for  all  those  biographies  of  Ximciies  which 
have  since  ajipeareil  in  Spain.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these,  probably,  is  (^uintanilla's ; 
wliich,  with  little  merit  of  selection  or  ar- 
rannement,  prescnth  a  copious  mass  of  details, 
drawn  from  every  quarter  whence  his  patient 


industry  could  jtlean  them.  Its  fluiher  «,,. 
a  Fruni  iscaii,  and  euiploycd  In  pri.i  iirim,'  n,,. 
beaiiticaiion  of  Cardinal  .Xinientt  dy  tin' 
court  of  Itomc ;  a  circumstnncf  \\\,u\i  i 

biibly  di^^pO-ed  liilU  to  lasier  fuitli  ill  (lie  ),„ir. 

r(7/<//(.5  of  his  t-tory  than  most  of  tii-"  r.u.l.  r- 
will  Ih-  reiiily  to  }{ive.  The  work  \sa-  inl. 
lished  .  t  I'aleriiio  in  \MA. 

In  iiddition  to  these  authorltii",  I  Inn,. 
availeil  myself  of  a  cunous  old  niiiiui-iri|it, 
jtrescnted  to  me  by  Mr.  O.  i;j<li,  tntm  .j 
"Sunia  lie  la  Vida  del  K.  .S.  i.'iiKlciial  lh;ii  h. 
I'rancisco  Ximeiiez  de  ('istnnis."  h  >*n, 
written  within  half  a  century  albr  the  r.ir- 
dinal's  death,  by  •' uncriado"  ilc  la  (as.i  ,|.- 
Corufta."  'i'he  orljrinal,  in  "  very  and'  n; 
letter,"  was  extant  in  the  ardiivix  of  tli.,t 
noble  house  in  (^umtaniUa's  time,  and  m 
ollen  «itid  by  him.  CAichityim,  npinM  .  p 
77.)  Its  author  evidently  had'a(»i>*  to  ili  »,. 
contemporary  notices  some  of  whi.li  fur. 
nished  the  basis  of  Castro's  imrniiivi',  fr  m 
wliich.  indeed,  it  exhibits  no  iiiaierial  ihs- 
crepancy.  , 

The  extraordinary  diaracter  of  .Xiin, n'l 
has  naluially  attracted  the  ntfcntion  .,! 
foreiftn  writers,  and  especially  tin.'  IthuIi. 
who  have  prcMluced  repeated  bio^rapliicH  .,f 
him.  The  most  eminent  of  tlic-i'  Is  by  I  !.'•- 
chier,  the  elo(|uent  bishoj)  of  Nisuiis.  It  Is 
writt«'n  with  the  simple  elegainc  and  j-r- 
spiculty  which  characterize  his  oilur  ihuiih,. 
sitions,  and  in  the  neneral  tone  of  its  x-nti- 
ments,  on  all  matters  lK)tli  of  rlain  li  ainl 
state,  iscpiite  as  orthodox  as  the  most  liitri.iMl 
admirer  of  the  cardinal  could  desire.  .Anntlicr 
life,  by  Marsollier,  has  obtaiiml  a  very  un- 
deserved  ri'pute.  The  nutlior,  not  contiiit 
with  the  extraordinary  f|ualities  nally  ,i|i- 
pertaining  to  his  hero,  mnkt-s  him  out  a  '•"rt 
of  universal  genius,  rivalling  .Molii'rr's  i'r. 
I'ancrace  himself.  One  may  form  soiiic  id' a 
of  the  historian's  accuracy  fmui  the  fiut  th.it 
lie  refers  the  commencement  and  londint  >'i 
the  war  of  (iranada  chiefly  to  the  (oimsiW  nf 
Ximencs,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  wns  not  i\'ii 
IntKHluceil  at  court  till  after  the  close  of  tli<' 
war.  Marsollier  reckoned  lar^;l■ly  on  tlii> 
Ignorance  and  yuUiliility  of  his  rcailirs.  Tlic 
event  ])roved  he  was  not  mistaken. 


PEKSECJUTIONS  IN  GRANADA. 


303 


Its  aullmr  wm 

In  iiri.(  iiriri([  th,. 

t'tkitli  ill  tlic  Miiir. 

(*t  i.f  lijx  ria>l. M 

«tirk  wii-t  |iiili. 

hciritii's,   I  liiiM' 

iilil  iiiHiiu-i  ri|it, 

>.    Ilitli,  I'litiil  ,| 

.'iiulciml  iiiiii  \r. 

IIKTOS."       It     Wn. 

iry  (liter  thf  e.ir- 
lu  di'  la  (SS.I  i|>' 
I  "  very  Hiiri'  !i; 
ardijvc!.  of  ili.,t 
ii's  tiuii',  anil  i> 

•  tyiio,  ai>fiiil .  p 

1(1  U(((S8  tip  111  •«■ 

'   iif   wlii.li    fur. 

*  iiarnitivc,  friii 
rill  iiittterlal  dii*- 

• 
I'fcr  (if  Miii'ii'i 
lie  ftltciiticiii  (it 
ally  till'  l-ri'iuli. 
■il  liiiiiirnpliicH  nf 
r  tlicsi.  Is  liy  Fl.'- 
if  Nisiiii-;.  It  it 
k'giiiirc  Hiiil  |"r- 
Ills  (itlii  r  (iiiii|ii  • 
tone  (if  it*  !>«-iiti- 
li  of  clmnli  aiiil 
I  tlic  most  IiIpiImI 
I  (Icnirc.  AiiolliiT 
uiiinl  a  very  mi- 
Imr,  not  coiiti'm 
ticN  ri'ally  ap- 
liiiii  out  a  •■'•n 
MiiIIi'tc's  l)r. 
foriii  soiiu-  iil'4 
ui  llic  lait  tli.it 
and  ((iii'luit  I'f 

tllO  (ClIllScW  iif 

II,  was  not  (Mil 
ic  closf  of  til'' 
argi'iy  on  tin' 
IS  rcaikrs.  llic 
akfu. 


Ill 


ii^r 


•tl 


CllAPTKH  VI. 

XlMKMIrf   IN  (JKANAUA. — PEIHKCUTroN,    INSUIIUEOTIUN,   AND  CONVKRSION   OV 

THE    MOORS. 

1499-1600. 

TMni|iiil  State  of  ftranada— Mill!  I'dlicy  of  Talav(^ra  -  Clcrtry  (lIssatlHflcd  with  It— Violent 
M(a~nri'<  of  Xlinciics  — llin  Kanall'.iHin— Uh  nii>*<liiovuua  KITi  cts — InHurrcctlun  In  Uran.iilft 
—'iraiKiuilllty  ri'8t(jriil  — lluptisni  of  tlit  luliabitantH. 

Mhkal  ciuTgy,  or  constuiicy  of  purpose,  seoins  to  he  loss  projtorly  an  iiide- 
Ikiiili'iit  power  of  the  iiiiiid  than  a  iiiode  of  action  \>y  which  its  various  powers 
iilKTiite  with  effect.  Hut,  however  this  may  he,  it  enters  more  hir;;ely,  per- 
haps, tlian  mere  talent,  as  commonly  umlerstood,  into  the  formation  of  wliat 
is  willed  character,  and  is  often  confounded  hy  tht;  vulgar  with  talent  of  the 
hij:liest  order.  In  the  ordinary  concerns  of  life,  indeed,  it  is  more  serviceal)lo 
tjiiiii  brilliant  parts ;  whilt;  in  the  more  imi)ortant  these  latter  are  of  little 
wel<;ht  without  it,  evapomting  only  in  hrief  and  harren  Hashes,  which  nuvy 
tlaz/le  the  eye  by  their  splendour,  but  pass  away  anil  are  forgotten. 

The  iiuportjince  of  moral  energy  is  felt  not  only,  where  it  would  be  expected. 
ill  the  concerns  of  active  life,  htit  in  those  more  e.xclusively  of  an  intellectual 
duinicter, — in  deliberative  as.semblies,  for  example,  where  talent,  as  usually 
luidiTsttHid,  might  be  sup[)osed  to  assert  an  absolute  supremacy,  but  where  it 
is  invariably  made  to  bend  to  the  controlling  influence  of  this  princijile.  No 
iiiaii  destitute  of  it  can  be  the  leader  of  a  party  ;  while  there  are  few  leaders, 
Iirukihly,  who  do  not  niunl)er  in  their  ranks  minds  from  which  they  would  be 
Miipelled  to  shrink  in  a  contest  for  purely  intellectual  pre-eminence. 

Tills  energy  of  purpose  presents  itself  in  a  yet  more  imposing  form  when 
stiiimlated  by  some  intense  passion,  as  ambition,  or  the  nobler  principle  of 
jatriotism  or  religion  ;  when  the  soul,  spiu'ning  vtdgar  considerations  of 
interest,  is  ready  to  do  and  to  dare  all  for  conscience'  sake ;  when,  insensible 
alike  tti  all  that  this  world  can  give  or  t^ike  away,  it  loosens  itself  from  the 
:;ro<s  tics  which  bind  it  to  earth,  and,  however  humble  its  powers  in  every 
ether  [loiiit  of  view,  att^iins  a  grandeur  and  elevation  which  gc'us  alone,  how- 
eviT  j;ifted,  can  never  reach. 

Hut  it  is  when  associated  with  exalted  geniu.s,  and  under  the  action  of  the 
t^'teiit  principles  above  mentioned,  that  tnis  moral  energy  conveys  an  image  of 
jiiiwer  which  auproaches  nearer  than  anything  else  on  earth  to  that  of  a  ilivine 
iiitelli-ence.  It  is,  indeed,  such  agents  that  Providence  selects  for  the  accom- 
li^hiiieut  of  those  gi'eat  revolutions  by  whicli  the  world  is  siiaken  to  its 
jumlations,  new  ana  more  beautiful  systems  created,  and  the  human  mind 
wrrieil  forward  at  a  single  stride,  in  the  career  of  improvement,  further  than 
it  hii'l  advanced  for  centuries.  It  must,  indeed,  be  confessed  that  this  powerful 
toury  is  sometimes  for  evil,  as  well  as  for  good.  It  is  this  same  imoidse 
^vliirli  spurs  guilty  Ambition  alons^  his  l)loody  track,  and  which  arms  the  liand 
"f  the  patriot  sternly  to  resist  hun  ;  which  glows  with  holy  fervour  in  the 
koiii  nf  the  martyr,  and  Avhich  lights  ujithe  fires  of  persecution,  by  which  he 
Muwiii  his  crown  of  glory.  The  direction  of  the  impulse,  diiJering  in  the 
*iie  individual  luidor  ditierent  circumstances,  can  alone  determine  whether 
"t'^liall  be  the  scourge  or  the  benefactor  of  his  species. 

These  reflections  have  been  suggested  by  the  cliaracter  of  the  extraordinary 


304 


XI  MEN  EH. 


person  ]irnni:lit  forward  in  tho  proccdiri;^'  cliiiptor,  Ximonos  dc  CisncrfK,  ainl 
tin'  new  iimi  l('-;s  ailviiiitH^'<'«Mis  ii>|.('rt  in  wliiili  lie  imist  ii(»\v  iipiicar  tn  the 
rj'ntlcr.  Iiitlcvililc  coiistjiiii  y  '"f  pmiMisc  fdniit'd,  perhaps,  tlicimisl  prninint.iit 
trait  of  liis  r«>iiiarkahli;  cliaractiM*.  What  (lir«>('tioii  it  uw^hi  have  rco-JMii 
under  otli(!r  circnnistanees  it  is  inij»ossilih>  to  say.  It  wmild  he  no  i^re.it  stn-t.li 
(»f  fancy  to  inia;;ine  that  the  unyieldin.Lr  sjiirit,  which  in  its  eaily  day.>  (i,iil I 
vohnitarily  emhn'c  years  of  iniprisonnient  rather  than  snhniit  to  an  act  (if 
ccclesia^itical  ojiiiressiun,  ini^dit  under  similar  inlliicncivs  have  licen  aruiisnl, 
Iik(^  Luther's,  to  shake  d<twn  th(!  ancient  jtilhirs  of  Catholicism,  instead  nf  li  i|,|. 
in;;  all  its  stren^'th  to  uphold  theiu.  Tlu;  latter  i)osititin,  however,  would  m'ciii 
better  as.siiuilat«'(|  to  the  constitution  of  his  mind,  whose  soml»re  elltllll^l;l^!l| 
naturally  nrepared  him  for  the  va;,'U»!  and  iuysteri(»us  in  the  Komisli  faith,  as 
his  inflexil)l(!  temper  di<l  for  its  iMtJdand  arro^^ant  dogmas.  At  any  rate,  it  was 
to  this  cause  ho  devoted  the  whole  strength  of  liis  tJilents  and  conunaiiiliiij,' 
energies. 

Wo  have  seen  in  tho  precedinjLj  ehapter  with  wliat  promptness  he  oiitcrcil 
on  the  reform  of  religious  discipline  as  soon  as  he  «ime  into  ollice,  ami  with 
what  pertinacity  he  piusued  it  in  contempt  of  all  piTsonal  interest  and  i"i|iii. 
larity.  We  are  now  to  see  him  devoting  himself  with  similar  zeal  to  the 
extirpation  of  luM-esy ;  with  cont(Mnpt  not  merely  of  personal  coiis(M|iifiKr>, 
hut  also  of  the  most  ohvious  princi|>les  of  good  faith  and  national  honuiir. 

Nearly  eight  years  had  elapsed  since  the  con(piest  of  (Jranada,  and  the 
snhjugated  kingdom  continued  to  repose  in  jteaceful  security  under  thi- 
shadow  of  the  treaty  which  guaranteed  the  unmolested  enjoynicnt  of  its 
ancient  laws  and  religion.  This  uidtroken  continuance  of  puhlic  tran(|iiilli(y, 
especially  ditlicult  to  1h'  maintained  among  the  jarring  elements  of  the  laiiital, 
whose  motley  popidation  of  Moors,  renega<les,  and  Christians  suggested  per- 
l)etual  jioints  of  collision,  must  he  cJiieHv  referred  to  the  discreet  and  teniix'iatt' 
conduct  (tf  the  two  individiuils  whom  Isabella  had  charged  with  tli'.  'ivil  and 
ecclesiastic<al  government.  These  wer3  Mendoza,  count  of  Tendilla,  i\\A 
Talavera,  archbishop  of  (Jranada. 

The  former,  the  brightest  ornament  of  his  illustrious  house,  has  boon  hofop' 
ni.ade  known  to  the  reader  by  his  various  important  services,  both  military 
and  diplomatic.  Immediately  after  the  concpiest  of  (iranada  he  was  iiiade 
alttiyde  and  captain-general  of  the  kingdom ;  a  post  for  which  ho  was  every 
way  (pialified  oy  his  prudence,  firmness,  enlightened  views,  and  lon^'  I'X- 
perience.' 

The  latter  personage,  of  more  humble  extraction,*  was  Fray  Fernando  ilf 
Talavera,  a  Ilieronymite  monk,  who,  having  Iwen  twenty  years  jirior  of  tin' 
monastery  of  Santa  Maria  del  Prado,  near  Valladolid,  was  nuide  confessor  of 
Queen  Isjibella,  and  afterwards  of  the  king.  This  situation  iiecess;irily  Lraw 
him  considerable  influence  in  all  pu])lic  measures.  If  the  keeping  of  the  roval 
conscience  could  l)e  safely  intnisted  to  any  one,  it  might  certainly  be  to  tliis 
estimable  [)relate,  eqiially  distinguished  for  his  learning,  amiable  inaniicrs, 
and  unblemished  piety  ;  and,  if  his  character  was  somewiiat  tainted  \u;h 
bigotry,  it  was  in  so  mild  a  form,  so  far  tempered  by  the  natural  bene\oli'iia' 


'  "Hoinhro,"  liis  son,  the  bistoriati,  says 
of  )iin),  "dc  prudciicia  vn  negoi-ios  (graves,  ile 
aiiinio  Urmc,  ascgurado  con  liii'iijfa  I'xperi- 
t'liii.i  do  rciinii'iitroa  i  battallus  naiiadas." 
((iucrra  do  Ciraiiadn,  lib.  1,  j).  9.)  Oviodo 
dwellH  witli  sufllcioiit  ainitlilk-ation  on  tho 
personal  liistory  and  inorits  of  this  distin- 
guislifd  inilividiial,  in  his  j;urrulaus  nniinis- 
ceuccs.    IjuinuuagL'uas,  M6,,  bat.  I,  quiiic.  1, 


dial   2H. 

'■'  Oviodo,  at  least,  can  find  no  bott>  r  H': 
groe  for  him  tlian  tiiat  of  Adam;  •'gn.mt.i.i 
sn  linaRo  6\  fue  dol  linajro  t\>'  tmlu'^  l- 
hninanoH  6  do  aquol  barm  y  sulK-VKii'ii  <i^- 
Adin."  (yuimnajjonas,  MS.,  dial,  do  l.i'«- 
vi-ra.)  It  is  a  vory  bard  oaM',  sUioii  u  t.i.<- 
tiUan  can  make  out  uo  better  gcnealugy  M 
his  hero. 


I'KUSEcrTIONS  IN'  OKAN'ADA. 


305 


,,f  his  (lisnosition,  as  to  nuike  a  favuiiruble  cuiitru.st  tu  tlie  doiiiiiiAiit  spirit  of 

till'  tiiiit'/ 

Aft<  r  the  ((HKiuost,  lie  fxcliaii'T*!  tlu' lti.sh(»|»rii'  of  Avila  for  the  iinliicpis- 
,,,uil  sfc  of  (iruiiHtlii.  Motwitlistuiiiiiii;;  tlu*  Nvislios  of  thf  ^o^(•|•t'i;,'lls,  hf 
nfiiM-tl  to  ii('(ri)t  any  iiumist;  of  tMiiolumetit  in  this  new  and  iiioi-«>  fxaltol 
.-tatioii.  Ili-^  I'i'vcmics,  iiitlct'tl,  which  aiinMiiitcd  to  two  niiihoiis  of  iiima\('i!is 
aiiiiiiaiiy,  ^M'lf  ^olm!^^hat  Irss  ihait  he  licforo  I'lijoyt'd.*  Thr  jircutn  juirt  of  this" 
MiiiihfiilK'nilly  cxpt'iKlcd  on  piildic  iinprovciPciitV  and  worksof  <  hjuily  ;  ohji-cts 
«liii  li,  V>  tht'ir  m'dit  Ik*  it  sp(»k»'ii,  havi'  rarely  failed  to  i'n;^'a^t^  u  iar;;!'  .>>hare 
..( the  attt'iition  and  resonnes  of  the  higlicr  Spjuiish  cN'ruy.* 

Till'  >iiltji'tt  which  prtisscd  most  .seriously on  the  mind  of  tlu'^'oodanhliishop 
Mii>  tlu' »<iiiV('r.>ion  ot  the  Mudrs,  whose  sj»iritnal  Itlindness  he  renaideil  with 
ftrliii^s  of  tt'nderness  and  charity  very  diflerent  from  those  entertained  liy 
iiiii>l  (it  his  revereml  hrethren.  lie  proposed  to  acct»nipli>h  this  hy  the  most 
mtimial  method  possihie.  ThouKh  late  in  life,  he  set  ahout  learning  Arahic, 
tiat  lie  iiii;;ht  (onnmmii  ate  with  the  MiMtrs  in  their  own  lan^^ua.ue,  and  com- 
iiiiiiKlcd  his  clergy  to  do  the  same."  lie  caused  an  Arabic  vocahulary,  ;',rannnar, 
iiinl  cateciiism  to  l»»'  compiled,  and  a  version  in  the  same  ton^^ue  to  he  niadt'  of 
till' liliu;;y,  comprehending^  the  selections  fiom  the  (iosp«'ls,  and  pro|i(tsed  to 
ixtciid  this  at  .some  future  time  to  the  whole  l)ody  of  the  Scriptures.'  Thus 
iiiiMaliiiu  the  siicred  oracles  which  had  heen  hitherto  sliiit  out  from  their  si;;ht, 
lit'  u|i('iR'd  to  them  the  only  true  s  »urces  of  Christian  knowled^«',  and,  l»y 
iiMcavoinin;;  to  etlect  tlieir  eonversi(.;:  ♦••>-'>ii..|i  the  mediinn  of  their  under- 
-taiidiiius,  instead  of  seihicinj;  their  inuij,'inations  with  a  vain  .^how  of  (»st»'n- 
tiitioiis  cereiMonies,  propo.sed  the  oi.iy  method  l>y  which  conversion  could  he 
.-iiMrrc  and  permanent. 

These  wise  and  benevolent  measures  of  the  ^^^ood  prelate,  recomiueuded  as 
tlit'.v  Were  bv  the  most  e.xemplary  purity  of  life,  actpnred  iiim  ^'reat  authority 
aiiiuiiic  the  .\ioors,  who,  e^timatinfi  the  value  of  the  doctrine  iiy  its  fruits,  were 
Ht'll  iiulined  to  listen  to  it,  antl  numbers  were  daily  ad<it'd  to  the  church.' 

Till'  pio^qess  of  proselytism,  however,  was  necessiirily  slow  and  jiainful 
aiiiuiiic  a  i)eo|)l','  reared  irouj  tlie  cradle  not  merely  in  antipathy  to,  l»ut 
aliliuireiice  of,  Christianity  ;  who  were  .severed  from  the  Christian  comnuniity 


'  I'liirii/a,  AntiuU'dfitl  dc  (Jrnimdii,  lib.  3, 
n]>.  lu.— Miiriuiil,  Kflxlimi  dc  Iun  ^inriscoH, 
lili  1,  rap.  2i. —  I'lilftViTa's  corri'spoiiiirtici' 
(iitli  ilii-  i|ui'<-ii,  ]iiil)liHlu-'l  ill  vuriiiim  workH, 
lilt  UHist  iiirrt'ctly,  imiliiibly,  in  tlic  sixlli 
V"lumf  iif  tiic  iMcin.  df  la  Aiad.  dc  Hist. 
Iliist.  i:i),  is  not  caU'uliitftI  ti»  ruisc  IiIh 
r>|>ulati«iii.  IIJH  lettciH  urc  liltlt;  elwc  than 
li'milji's  (III  tilt'  love  of  fonipuny,  tianciiig, 
anil  till-  iiki'  lieiiioiiH  offciKi's.  The  wlmle 
MvuiirsniiTi'iil  tli<'Hlian)tvvaiin<)f  I'nritaiiiHiu 
than  (if  the  Honian  Catholic  wliool.  Hut 
t'L'"try  Is  ii-iitral  ground,  on  vsbicii  the  uiost 
"Ii|iMi.|t(.  sc(  ts  may  meet. 

'  i'nlra/.a.  Antigllcdail  de  Granada,  lib.  .1, 
(.■i|i.  Ill,— MiiriiKil,  lib.  1,  raj). '21.-  Etiuiviildit 
t'r.ii.iHiii  ildllurs  of  thf  iire-cnt  day;  a  «uui 
«lii.li  I'.ilra/a  niakcM  do  <iiiiti'  aH  hard  duty, 
«ivi,r(liiin  to  it.s  uiagnitude,  as  tbe  5U0  pounds 
tl  l'(j|ic^  .Man  of  Ross. 

'  l''iii  i/a,  ubi  supra. — Oviedo,  (^uincua- 
t'lias  -MS,,  dial,  do  Talavcra.— Thf  worthy 
"rilil'islioip'K  liciicfactionH  on  Home  occaHioim 
'"f  (if  r.itlicr  an  extraorditmry  cliaractt^r. 
"i'iiliiiiilnlc  liniu.Hiia."  t^ays  I't-drazu,  "inia 
U'U|5(.r  que  uo  tenia  camisa,  se  eiitro  en  luia 


casa,  y  hi'  dcsimdi'i  la  suya  y  «<•  ladio;  (bzi- 
ondo  COM  san  \'i  dro.  No  tciipo  oro  ni  plata  <|iic 
dartc,  lioytc  In  (pic  tcngo."  AntlKdcdud  de 
Uraiiada,  lib.  ;i,  cap.  lu. 

'  .Mariiiol,  Uib(  lion  dc  Ion  Moriscos,  lib.  I, 
cap.  Jl. — I'ldia/.a,  AntlKlictlinl  dc  (iranada, 
ubi  Hiipra. 

I'U'chicr.  Hi^^t.  dc  Xinit  lit'-',  p.  17.— C^uiii- 
tanilla,  Ardictypo,  lib.  2,  cap.  '2. — (ionic/., 
|)c  Ivcbll^  gcslis,  fol.  ;('2. — Oviedo,  (^iijiii  iia- 
pcnas,  .M.S.— 'I'Ikhc  tracts  were  pulili.^hcd  at 
(iranaila,  in  l.'iiiri,  in  Koiiiaii  cliar.ictcrs,  Im'Iiik 
the  first  IxMikH  ever  printed  in  the  Arabic 
language,  acidrdiiiK  to  l)r.  M'Crie  (^Ueiornia- 
tion  in  Spain,  ji.  Tii),  who  citc-i  >Scliiiurrcr, 
Itibl.  Ar.iliica.  jip.  Iti-IH. 

"  li|i(l,i,  ( 'iir(')iiica,  lib.  ."i,  cap.  2H.-  I'cdra'/a, 
Aiitiniicdad  <ic  <iraiiad.i,  lib.  .'i,  cap.  10. — 
Marnidl,  Kcbclion  (|c  los  .MoiiscoH,  lib.  I,  rap. 
21.— <ioni(  /.  !)<•  KcbuH(iistis,  lol.  2'J.—"  ilacia 
!(•  (pic  preiticaba,  e  prc(li(  ('i  lo  (Hie  hi/.o,"  sayH 
Oviedo  of  the  archbishop,  briefly,  "e  a.^f  fiK- 
niiicho  jirovecho.so  e  util  en  a(|iiellH  ciiidad 
para  la  conversion  dc  los  Aloros.''  (^uincua- 
genau,  M^. 


396 


XIMENES. 


by  stron),'  dissimilarity  of  laiigiiaf,'e,  hal)it?;,  and  iiistitntioiis,  and  now  imlis. 
soliihlykiiit  together  hya  coninion  sense  of  national  misfortune.  Muiiyof  tlie 
more  zealous  chMxy  and  relij^ious  jtersons,  conceivin;^^,  indeetl,  this  l.ariicr 
alto^Ttiier  insurniountalde,  were  desn'ous  of  seeing  it  swept  away  ut  (huo  |,v 
the  stronj^r  arm  of  jiower.  They  rei»resented  to  the  sovereii^^ns  that  it  serin,.,'! 
lik(^  insensibility  to  the  [,M(>dness  of  Providence,  which  li.^d  delivcicil  the 
infidels  into  their  hands,  to  allow  them  any  longer  to  usin*p  the  fair  iiilici itaihc 
of  tiic  Christians,  and  that  the  whole  of  the  stiff-necked  race  of  .Maliuiiict 
might  justly  l)e  recjuired  to  submit  "ithout  exce])ti()n  to  instant  baptism,  ,,r 
to  sell  their  estates  and  remove  to  Africa.  This,  tlH\y  maintained,  cmuIiI  he 
scarcely  regarded  as  an  infringement  of  the  treaty,  since  the  Moors  woiiM  l.e 
so  great  gainers  on  the  score  of  tiieir  eternal  sjilvation  ;  to  say  nothing  <if  the 
in(lisi)ensableness  of  such  a  measure  to  the  permanent  trancpiillityand  sccmity 
of  the  kingdom  !  * 

Hut  these  considerations,  "just  and  holy  as  they  were,"  to  borrow  the  Wdids 
of  a  devout  Sijaniard,'"  failed  to  convince  the  sovereigns,  who  resolved  to  al,i,le 
l>y  their  royal  word,  and  to  trust  to  llie  conciliatory  measures  now  in  jiiogicss, 
and  a  longer  and  more  intimate  intercourse  with  the  Christians,  as  the  mily 
legitimate  nieiins  for  t;i'comi)lishing  their  object.  Accordingly,  we  tiinl  tliV 
various  pub  ic  ordinances,  as  low  down  as  14!)}),  recognizing  this  i)rin(iiilt',  liy 
the  resjK'ct  which  they  show  for  the  most  trivial  usages  of  the  Moors,'  nil 
by  their  sanctioning  no  other  stimulant  to  conversion  than  the  ainclioratidii 
of  their  condition."^ 

Among  those  in  favour  of  more  active  measures  was  Ximenes,  aicliliisli,,|i 
of  Toledo,  Having  followed  the  court  to  Granada  in  the  autumn  of  I4!)!».  In- 
took  the  occasion  to  communicate  his  views  to  Talavera,  the  an  liltishd]), 
recjiiesting  leave  at  the  same  to  participate  with  him  in  his  labour  of  love  ;  to 
which  the  latter,  willing  to  strengthen  himself  by  so  eflicient  an  ally,  iiinilLstly 
assented.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  soon  after  removed  to  iSeville  (>ov.  14!)!ii, 
but,  before  their  departure,  enjoined  c»n  the  pelates  to  observe  the  teiiiiicnitc 
jiolicy  hitherto  pursued,  and  to  beuaro  of  giving  any  occasion  for  disc  uiitint 
to  the  Moors." 

No  sooner  had  the  sovereigns  left  the  city,  than  Ximenes  invited  somo  ><i 
the  leading  (dhKiniii,  or  .Mussulman  doctors,  to  a  conference,  in  which  he 
expounded,  with  all  the  eloiiuence  at  his  command,  the  true  fouudiitiinis  if 
the  Christian  faith,  and  the  errors  of  their  own  ;  and,  that  his  teaching  iiii::ht 
he  the  more  palatal )ie,  enforced  it  by  liberal  presents,  consisting  mostly  "t 
rich  and  cootly  articles  of  dress,  of  which  the  jMoors  were  at  all  times  e.\ceeti- 


'  Marmol,  llebelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1, 
cap.  '23. 

'"  Ibid.,  ubi  Pupra. 

' '  in  the p-raipiKitica  dated  Gmnada,  October 
aotb,  1499,  pioliibitiiif?  silk  apjund  of  iiny 
descriptiiiti,  an  e.vi'cption  wr.H  made  in  favoiir 
of  tlie  .Mdiirs,  wliMse  hiIk'S  were  usually  of 
that  material,  amou)];  tlie  wi'althier  classes. 
Praf^iuiitiias  did  Iteyno,  I'ol.  120. 

'-  Another  law,  "Oelober  3l8t,  1499,  pro- 
vided airainst  the  disiidieritaiice  of  Mooiisb 
children  who  liail  embraeed  Christianity,  and 
sicured,  moreover,  to  the  female  eoiivfrt.s  a 
portiou  of  the  property  vhich  had  falh-n  to 
tlie  .slate  on  the  eoiiipieHt  of  (Jranada.  (^I'raj^- 
niAticas  di  IJeyno,  fol.  5.)  Morente  has 
reported  tids  pratiuiatic  with  .some  inaccuracy. 
Hist,  de  rin(iiiisition,  loni.  i.  p.  ;i,'i4. 

"  lileda,  C'oronica,  lib.  5,  cap.  23.— Gomez, 


De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  29.— Qulntanilla.  Anl),- 
typo,  lib.  2,  p.  54. — .Siinia  il  la  \'i'la  ili' 
Ci-!!ero8,  MS. — Ferdinand  ami  Isabel. a,  jl- 
cordin^  to  Ferreras,  took  counsel  of  suinlry 
learned  theologians  and  jurists,  whitlur  tiny 
could  lawfully  conijiel  the  Malmnietaii'  lu 
become  Cliristians,  iiotwitlistandingtlietrcHty, 
which  guaranteed  to  them  tiie  exircisi^  nf 
their  religion.  After  repeated  eonfiniics  uf 
this  erudite  l>ody,  "  il  fnt  decide,"  su\>  die 
liiptorian,  "qu'on.  sollieiteroit  la  (oiiviisinii 
de.s  Mahometans  de  la  Ville  et  ilu  Kny.uiiiie 
de  (JrenatJc,  en  ordonnaiit  a  ceu.\  i|ui  ne  vuii- 
droient  pa,s  embrasser  la  ndigion  Cliretniiii,', 
de  veiulre  leurs  biens  etde  sortirdu  ruvauiiir." 
(.Hist.  d'Kspagne,  toin.  viii.  p.  I'Jt.)  "^inh 
was  the  idea  of  solicitation  entertain,',!  liy 
these  reverend  I'aHuints  !  'I'lie  story,  huwcvir, 
wants  u  better  voucher  tUau  Verreraa. 


PERSECUTIONS  IN   GRANADA. 


897 


indy  fond.  This  policy  he  pursued  for  some  time,  till  the  effect  became 
\\>\i<\o.  Whether  the  proacniii^^  or  i)reseiit.s  of  the  archl)ishop  had  most 
ttci;;ht,  docs  not  appejir,'*  It  is  pro]>al»le,  however,  that  the  Moorish,  doctors 
foiiiul  conversion  a  nuich  more  jdeasant  and  profitable  business  than  they  luul 
anticipated  ;  for  they  one  after  another  declared  their  conviction  of  their 
errors,  and  their  willingness  to  receive  Imptism.  The  exami)le  of  these  learned 
pier.MWis  was  soon  followed  by  i;reat  nundjers  of  their  illiterate  disciples,  inso- 
much that  no  less  than  four  thousand  are  said  to  have  presented  themselves 
in  one  day  for  iKiptism  ;  and  Ximenes,  unable  to  admiiuster  the  rite  to  each 
iniliviiliially,  was  obliged  to  ailopt  the  expedient  familiar  to  the  Christian 
iiiixsiniiaries,  of  christening  them  en  masse  by  asper^«ion  ;  scattering  the  con- 
sciiatcil  droi»s  from  a  mop,  or  hyssop,  as  it  was  called,  which  he  twirled  over 
the  heads  of  the  multitutfe.'* 

Sii  far  all  went  on  prosjierously  ;  and  the  eloqiience  and  largesses  v(  the 
aicliliidiop,  which  latter  he  lavished  so  freely  as  to  encumber  his  revenues  for 
sevcial  years  to  come,  brought  crowds  of  i)roselytes  to  tlie  Christian  fold.'^ 
Tlicrt'  were  some,  indeed,  among  the  Mahometans,  who  regarded  these  pro- 
ar(liii;j;s  as  repugnant,  if  \v>^  to  the  letter,  at  least  to  the  spirit  of  the  origmal 
treaty  of  aipitulation  ;  whi^  n  seemed  intended  to  i»rovide  not  only  against  the 
em]ilityiiient  of  force,  but  of  any  undue  incentive  to  conversion.''  Several  of  the 
mure  sturdy,  including  some  of  the  [)rincii)al  citizens,  exerted  their  etibrts  to 
stay  the  tide  of  defection,  which  threatened  soon  to  swallow  up  the  whole  popu- 
lation of  the  city.  But  Ximenes,  whose  zeal  had  mounted  np  to  fever  heat  ia 
the  excitement  of  success,  wtis  not  to  be  cooled  by  any  opposition,  however 
f(iriiii(lable  ;  and,  if  he  had  hitherto  respected  the  letter  of  the  treaty,  he  now 
showed  himself  j)repared  to  trample  on  letter  and  spirit  inditierently,  when 
they  crossed  his  designs. 

Among  those  most  active  in  the  opposition  was  a  noble  Moor  named  Zegri, 
well  skilled  in  the  learning  of  his  countrymen,  with  whom  he  had  great  con- 
sideration. Ximenes,  having  exhausted  all  his  usual  artillery  of  arguments 
and  presents  on  this  obdurate  infidel,  had  him  taken  into  custody  by  one  of 
his  officers  named  Leon,  "  a  lion,"  says  a  punning  historian,  "  by  nature  as 
well  as  by  name,"  "  and  commanded  the  latter  to  take  such  measures  with 


"  Tbe  honest  RoblPR  appoars  to  be  of  the 
latter  o])iiiiim.  "Alfin,"  ways  ho,  with 
miivrti;  "(on  halagos,  dadivas,  y  caricias,  los 
trnxD  a  conucimiento  del  verdaduro  Dius." 
Villa  ill'  XiiiK'iK'z,  p.  loo. 

'  I'liliics,  Vida  de  Ximcnez,  cap.  14. — 
M;irinul.  Kohclion  de  los  Mori.scos,  lib.  l.cap. 
■-M,— (iniiK.z,  Do  Fii'bus  gestis,  I'ol.  29. — vSuma 
tl''  la  Villa  de  Cisiieros,  MS. — .Some  ccclesi- 
a,-tiral  writers  (iiid  no  trace  uf  christening  by 
(i/jK^rHov  earlier  tlian  tlie  fourteentli  century. 
(Hi'iiry,  Ilistiiiro  occlesia.stiqur,  liv.  9S.)  But 
tailirrTdrqucinadii,  in  discu.ssiiig  the  validity 
of  this  nicide  ot  b:ipti8ui,  finds,  or  imagines  liu 
finds  "arrant  fur  it  as  (ar  back  us  the  age  of 
thi^  .\p(.stlcs.  "  Lo  ha  avidi),"  be  says  oi  tbe 
Uviluiivdo  am  hisoj^i,  "  y  buvo  en  la  primi- 
tiva  ijili'sia,  en  tiinipo  de  los  .\postolos  do 
Ciiristu,  y  (<n  otros  dcspues.  E>t(t  dice  Ter- 
tiiliaiio  averse  UKado,  y  en  su  tiempo  se 
di'l'iji  lie  iisartanibicn,  nombrando  el  bautisnia 
foil  '1  nmiibre  de  aspersion  de  agiia.  Y  )o 
nii-^nm  lo  dice-  San  Cyprianoen  la  l^pistola  76, 
A'l  M,u^'n\iii),  y  die"  ser  Verdadero  Haiitismo." 
-Muii,ir,|uia  Indi.ma  ^Madrid,  1723),  torn.  ili. 
"b.  lU,  cap.  1. 


'"  Robles,  Vida  de  Ximenez,  cap.  14. — 
Quiutaidlla,  Archetypo,  fol.  55. — The  sound 
of  bells,  so  unusuul  to  Mahometan  ears, 
pealing  day  utid  night  from  the  ni'wly-con- 
secrat'd  mo8((ues,  gaiiiid  Ximenes  the  appel- 
lation ol  aljaqui  camjHinero  from  the  (irana- 
diue,-.     Suma  de  la  Vidu  de  Cisneros,  M.S. 

"  Mamiol,  Itebeliou  de  los  Muriscos,  lib.  I, 
cap.  25. — Take  for  example  the  following 
provisions  in  the  treaty  :  "(juesi  algun  Moro 
tuviere  alguna  renegada  por  muger,  no  senl 
apremiada  user  Christiana  contra  su  voluntad, 
sino  que  seni  interrogada,  en  presencia  de 
Christianos  j*  de  Moros.  y  se  siguira  su  volun- 
tatl ;  y  lo  mesmo  se  entenderu,  con  los  nihos 
y  nifias  iiacidos  de  Christiana  y  Monj.  (jue 
ningnn  Moro  ni  Mora  seran  apremiados  u  .ser 
Christianos  contra  su  volHnt.id ;  y  (pie  si 
alguna  doncella,  6  ca.sada,  6  vmda,  por  rai:on 
de  algnnos  amoreH  se  (|uisiero  tornar  Christi- 
ana, tamiioco  sent  reccbida,  hasta  .ser  interro- 
gada."  The  whole  treaty  is  niveii  m  exttnso 
by  Marmol,  and  by  no  other  author  that  1 
Lave  seen. 

"■  Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  lib.  2,  fol.  29. 


398 


XIMENES. 


his  prisoner  as  woiilfl  clear  the  fihn  from  his  eyes.  This  faithful  fnnctinnarv 
executed  his  orders  so  ett'ectualiy  that,  after  a  few  days  of  fastings  fetters,  aiiii 
iniprisonineut,  lie  was  ahle  to  present  his  charue  to  his  emjdover,  jjenitcnt  to 
all  outward  appearance,  and  with  an  huiiihle  mien  strongly  cor.trastm^'  witli  his 
former  proud  and  lofty  bejirinj,'.  After  the  most  respectful  obeisance  to  tho 
archbishop,  Zeirri  informed  him  that  "  on  the  i)recedin<,^  night  he  had  hail  a  rcrc- 
lation  from  Allah,  who  had  condescended  to  show  him  the  error  of  his  ways, 
and  commanded  him  to  receive  instant  bai)tism  ;"  at  the  same  time,  jMiinrin:; 
to  his  gaoler,  he  "jocularly"  remarked,  "Your  reverence  has  oi.ly  ti)  turn 
this  lion  of  yours  loose  aiwonff  the  people,  and,  mv  word  for  it,  there  will  in  it 
be  a  jMussulman  left  many  days  within  the  waifs  of  Granada."  '*  "  Thus,' 
exclaims  the  devout  Ferreras,  "did  Providence  avail  itself  of  the  darkiuss  nf 
the  dungeon  to  pour  on  the  benighted  minds  of  the  infidel  the  light  of  the 
true  faith  !  "  " 

The  work  of  proselytism  now  went  on  apace  ;  for  terror  was  added  to  the 
other  stimulants.  The  zealous  propagandist,  in  the  mean  while,  Hushed  with 
success,  resolved  not  only  to  exterminate  infidelity,  but  the  very  characters  in 
which  its  teachings  were  recorded.  lie  accordingly  caused  all  the  Arabic  niami 
scrints  which  he  could  procure  to  be  heaped  together  in  a  common  j)ile  in  mv 
of  tlie  great  squares  of  the  city.  The  largest  part  wei-e  copies  of  tin;  Kdian, 
or  works  in  some  way  or  other  connected  with  theology  ;  with  many  others, 
however,  on  various  scientific  subjects.  They  were  beautifully  executcii,  for 
the  most  part,  as  to  their  chirography,  and  sumptuously  bound  and  d(M'urate(i ; 
for  in  all  relating  to  the  mechanical  finishing  of  books  the  iSpanish  Arahs 
excelled  every  people  in  Europe.  But  neither  splendour  of  outwanl  garniture, 
nor  intrinsic  merit  of  composition,  could  atone  for  the  taint  of  heresy  in  the 
eye  of  the  stern  inquisitor  ;  he  reserved  for  his  university  of  Alcala  throe 
hundred  works,  indeed,  relating  to  medical  science,  in  which  the  Moors  were 
as  pre-eminent  in  that  day  as  the  Europeans  were  deficient ;  but  all  the  rest, 
amounting  to  many  thousands,^'  he  consigned  to  indiscriminate  contlagra- 
tion." 

This  melancholy  auto  dafe,  it  will  be  recollected,  was  celebrated,  not  hy  an 
unlettered  barbarian^  but  by  a  cultivated  prelate,  who  vras  at  that  very  time 
actively  employing  his  large  revenues  in  the  publication  of  the  most  stujieiidons 
literary  woi-k  of  the  age,  and  in  the  endowment  of  the  most  learned  university 
in  Spain.^'    It  took  place,  not  in  the  darkness  of  the  Middle  Ages,  but  in  the 


\ 


'"  Rohlps,  VidadeXimenez,  cap.  1 1.-  Suma 
(1c  I;i  Villa  de  CisniTos,  MS. — ftom«z.  He 
Ilcbiis  gcstis,  fol.  30.  -Maniiol,  Kebfiioii  dft 
los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  '25. — ZoRii  as'fuinod 
the  baptismal  name  of  the  Groat  ('aptain, 
GoMzali;  Hornandcz,  whoso  prowess  he  ba<i 
cxpericnrod  in  a  pcrsoiiiil  ri'iicoiitre  in  ilie 
vf'(?a  of  Granada.  Alarnml,  Ri-bi  lion  dc  los 
Moriscos,  nbi  supra. — Suuia  do  la  Vida  de 
Cisnoros,  i\n. 

-"  Hist.  dEspapno,  toni.  viii.  p.  195. 

■"  Accordiiitr  *«  Roblos  (Vida  de  Ximonoz, 
p.  lot)  tiiid  the  Suma  do  la  Vida  df  I'isncros, 
1,005,000;  to  Condci  (Kl  Niil)ipns(',  Dcscrip- 
cion  di'  Kspafia,  p.  4,  note),  so.ooo ;  to  Guni"/. 
and  others,  5oi)o.  TlitTo  are  sciirccly  i.,' 
data  for  arrivinp;  at  probability  in  tills  nioii- 
Btrous  discrepancy.  The  famous  librar.v  of 
the  Ommeyades  at  Cordova  was  said  to  contain 
600,000  volumes.  It  had  lonn  since  bccu 
dlsaipatcd ;  and  no  timilar  culiLCtiyn  had  bccu 


attempted  in  Granada,  where  leaniitift  was 
never  in  that  palmy  state  whic.li  it  narti'd 
tinder  the  Cordovan  "dynasty.  Siill,  iidwi'vir. 
learned  men  were  to  be  found  fliere,  aii'l  tli>' 
Moorisii  metropolis  would  naturally  bo  tlic 
dejwsitory  of  such  liten'ry  tn.'asun  s  a-*  h.ni 
cBcajied  tlie  general  shipwreck  of  time  iinl 
accident.  On  the  whole,  the  esfimat''  "f 
Gomez  would  appear  much  too  suiail.  ainl 
that  of  Roblea  as  disproportionately  (  \.i(r).'i  - 
rated.  Conde,  better  instructed  in  AniMi  lure 
than  any  of  his  predecessors,  may  be  Iniuiil, 
perhaps,  here,  as  elsewhere,  the  best  initlinriiy. 

-^  (iomez,  Ue  Rebus  gesiis,  lib.  2,  fel,  ;i(i.  - 
Marmol,  Rebelion  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  l,('ap. 
25.— Robles,  Vida  de  Ximeiiez,  cap.  M — 
Suma  de  la  Vida  do  Cisnoros,  MS.— ituinta- 
nilla,  Archetyjjo,  p.  5h. 

-■"  Yet  the  archbishop  mifiht  find  soiiie 
connteiumce  for  his  taiiatii:isin  in  tiie  luo-t 
pulite  capital   of   Europe.    I'hc  faculty  uf 


PERSECUTIONS  IN  GRANADA. 


399 


dawn  of  the  sixtooiith  oentury,  and  in  the  midst  of  an  cnliditenod  nation, 
(l.'t'ply  indebted  for  its  own  nroi^n'ess  to  these  very  stores  of  Aral)ian  wisdom. 
It  forms  a  counterpart  to  the  imputed  sacriU'Ke  of  Omar,'*  ei;:ht  centuries 
before,  and  shows  that  bi<,'otry  is  the  same  in  every  faith  and  every  ape. 

Tlie  mischief  occasioned  hy'this  act,  far  from  l»ein{,'  limit^'d  to  the  inmiediate 
loss,  continued  to  be  felt  still  more  severely  in  its  consequences,  Sucli  as  could, 
s((Tt'tc(l  the  manuscriftts  in  their  possession  till  an  opportunity  occjirred  for 
runvcyinjf  them  out  of  the  country  ;  and  many  thousands  in  this  way  were 
|iriv;itcly  ship])ed  over  to  iiarbary."  Thus  Arabian  literature  became  rare  in 
iho  liliraries  of  the  very  country  to  which  it  was  indigenous  ;  and  Arabic  scholar- 
ship, once  so  flourishing  in  Spain,  and  that  too  in  far  less  polished  ages,  gradually 
fell  into  decay  from  want  of  aliment  to  stistain  it.  Such  were  the  melancho  y 
results  of  this  literary  persecution  ;  more  mischievous  in  one  view,  than  even 
tiiat  directed  .against  life ;  for  the  loss  of  an  individual  will  saircely  l)e  felt 
Itevoiid  his  own  generation,  while  the  anniliilation  of  a  valuable  work,  or,  in 
dtfuT  words,  of  mind  itself  embodied  in  a  permanent  form,  is  a  loss  to  all 
future  time. 

The  liign  hand  with  which  Ximenes  now  carried  measures  excited  serious 
alarm  iu  many  of  the  more  discreetand  temperate  Castilians  in  the  city.  They 
liesouulit  him  to  use  greater  forbearance,  remonstrating  against  his  o)»vio\is 
violations  of  the  treaty,  as  well  as  against  the  expediency  of  forced  conversions, 
which  could  not,  in  the  nature  of  things,  be  lasting,  lint  the  pertinacious 
jnelate  oidy  re{)lied  that  "a  tamer  policy  might,  indeed,  suit  temporal  matters, 
hut  nut  those  m  which  the  interests  of  the  soul  were  at  stake  ;  that  the  un- 
heliever,  if  he  could  not  be  drawn,  should  l)e  driven,  into  the  way  of  salvation  ; 
and  that  it  was  no  time  to  stay  the  hand,  when  the  ruins  of  Mahometanism 
were  tottering  to  their  foundations."  He  accordingly  went  on  with  untiinching 
resoluiion.*" 

Hut  the  patience  of  the  Moors  themselves,  which  had  held  out  so  marvellously 
nmlcr  this  system  of  oppression,  began  now  to  be  exhausted.  Many  signs  of 
this  might  l)e  discerneit  t)y  much  less  acute  o])tics  than  those  of  the  archbishop  ; 
hut  his  were  blinded  by  the  arrogance  of  success.  At  length,  in  this  intlammable 
stiUe  of  public  feeling,  an  incident  occurred  which  led  to  a  general  exi>losion. 

Three  of  Ximenes's  servants  were  sent  on  some  business  to  the  Ali)aycin,  a 
quarter  inhabited  exclusively  by  Moors,  and  encompassed  by  walls,  which 
sppanited  it  from  the  rest  of  the  city.'"  These  men  had  made  themselves 
lieeuliarly  odious  to  the  people  by  their  activity  in  their  master's  service.  A 
disfiute,  having  arisen  between  them  and  some  inhabitiints  of  theciuarter,  Ciime 
at  last  to  blows,  when  two  of  the  servants  were  massacred  on  tiie  spot,  and 
their  comrade  esaiped  with  dithculty  from  the  infuriated  mob.'*  The  afiiiir 
nlierated  as  a  signal  for  insurrection.     The  inhabitants  of  the  district  ran  to 


Tli('(jliif:y  in  Paris,  sonio  few  yi^ars  later,  de- 
ilarcil  "ciuc  e'en  «''tait  f:iit  de  la  rt'lipiixi,  si  on 
piiiii'ttait  roludi'  du  (irec  ot  d(>  I'lIAhn-u!  " 
VIII.  r-,  Esfvd  sur  I'Ksprit  ct  rinflnciicc  dc  la 
Ki'lnruiation  de   Lutlicr  (.l'''ri'S  1**-^),  p.  64, 

Ilntc. 

"  ^iililMjii's  argnmotit,  if  it  ditos  not  shake 

''!<■  li)\indatii)iis  of  thi    whole   story  of   the 

.iiiilriiiii  coiiHaprutiou,  may  at  least  raise 

a  iiatiual   skepticism   as   to    the    pn  tended 

aiiKjiiiil  and  value  of  the  \V(jrks  destroyi-d. 

■'  The  learned  (Jranadiin",  Kco  Afiicanns, 
y'h'i  t migrated  to  Fez  after  the  full  of  the 
tttliit.il,  notices  a  sinyle  collection  of  luiuo 
niaiiu<(ti]it';li{'longingto  an  individual,  svhicii 
li*;  saw  iu  Algiers,  wLiithur  tiiey  had   been 


secrrtlj-  brou^rlit  hy  the  Moriscos  from  Spain. 
C'onde,  I'oniiiiacion  de  los  Arahes,  prolono. — • 
Casiri,  Hibliotheca  Escurialensis,  torn.  i.  p. 
172. 

■"  (ionie/,  DeRehnsgestis,  fol.  30. — Abarci, 
Reyes  de  Arajion,  rey  ;ii),  eaj).  10. 

'■"  Casiri,  Hililiotlieea  Escurialensis,  toni.  ii. 
p.  2H1.— I'edraza,  Antigtledad  de  (iranada,  lib. 
3,  cap.  10. 

^'  (rouiez.  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  31.— There 
are  some  discrepancies  not  important,  how- 
ever—  between  the  narrative  of  (ioine/,  and 
the  otlii  r  authorities,  (ioinez,  considering 
his  uncomuion  <jpportunities  of  iuforniatiou, 
is  worth  them  all. 


400 


XIMENES. 


arms,  ji;ot  possession  of  tlie  ^tcs,  barricaded  tlie  streets,  and  in  a  few  Iioiirs 
tlic  wliolc  Alhaycin  was  in  rcbcl'iion.'^^ 

In  the  course  of  the  follctwing  ni^^ht,  a  lar^'e  number  of  the  enrajrod  iwimlafc 
made  their  way  into  the  city  to  the  quarters  of  Xinienes,  with  tiie  iJiiriiosc  df 
taking  summary  vengeance  on  liis  head  for  all  his  jjersecutions.  Fortunately. 
his  palace  was  strong,  and  defended  by  numerous  resolute  and  well-uiUHMl 
attendants.  The  latter,  at  the  approach  of  the  rioters,  implored  their  iiia>t('r 
to  make  his  escape,  if  jiossihlc,  to  the  fortress  of  the  Alhambra,  where  the 
count  of  Tendilla  was  established.  But  tlie  intrepid  nrelate,  who  held  life  too 
cheap  to  be  a  coward,  exclaimed,  "  God  forbid  I  shoukl  think  of  my  own  safetv, 
when  so  many  of  the  faithful  are})erilling  theirs  !  No,  1  will  stand  to  my  |lll^t, 
apd  await  there,  if  Heaven  wills  it,  the  crown  of  martyrdom.""  It  must  he 
confessed  he  well  deserved  it. 

The  building,  however,  proved  too  strong  for  the  utmost  efforts  of  the  iiuili ; 
and  at  length,  after  some  hours  of  awful  suspense  and  agitation  to  the  l.e- 
leagtiered  inmates,  the  comit  of  Ten<lilla  arrived  in  person  at  the  head  df  jiis 
guards,  and  succeeded  in  dis])ersing  the  insurgents  and  driving  them  lai  k  to 
their  own  quarters.  But  no  exertions  could  restore  order  to  the  tuniultiious 
populace,  or  induce  them  to  listen  to  terms  ;  and  they  even  stoned  the  mes- 
senger charged  with  pacific  proposals  from  the  count  of  Tendilla.  They 
organized  themselves  under  leaders,  provided  arms,  and  took  every  jiossihle 
means  for  maintaining  their  defence.  It  seemed  as  if,  smitten  A\;ith  the  recol- 
lections of  ancient  liberty,  they  were  resolved  to  recover  it  again  at  all 
hazards.*' 

At  length,  after  this  disorderly  state  of  things  had  lastM  for  several  days. 
Talavera,  the  archbishop  of  Granada,  resolved  to  try  the  effect  of  his  [xMNoi'ial 
influence,  hitherto  so  great  with  the  Moors,  by  visiting  himself  the  disatieott-d 
quarter.  This  noble  purpose  he  put  in  execution,  in  spite  of  the  most  earnest 
remonstrances  of  his  friends.  lie  was  attendeil  only  by  his  chaplain,  lienniiL: 
the  crucifix  before  him,  and  a  few  of  his  domestics,  on  foot  and  unarmed  like 
himself.  At  the  sight  of  their  venerable  pastor,  with  his  countenance  beaniiiii: 
with  the  serene  and  benign  expression  with  which  they  were  familiar  when 
listening  to  his  exhortations  from  the  pulpit,  the  passions  of  the  midtitude 
were  stilled.  Every  one  seemed  willing  to  al)andon  himself  to  the  tender 
recollections  of  the  nast ;  and  the  simple  people  crowded  around  the  good  man, 
kneeling  down  .and  kissing  the  hem  of  his  robe,  as  if  to  implore  his  benediction. 
The  count  of  Tendilla  no  sooner  learned  the  issue,  then  lie  followed  into  the 
Alhaycin,  attended  by  a  handful  of  soldiers.  When  he  had  reached  the  jilace 
where  the  mob  was  gathered,  he  threw  his  bonnet  into  the  midst  of  them,  in 
token  of  his  jjacific  intentions.  The  action  was  received  with  acclaniatidiis, 
and  the  people,  whose  feelings  had  now  taken  another  direction,  recalkd  hy 
his  presence  to  the  recollection  of  his  uniforndy  mild  and  equitable  rule,  treated 
him  with  similar  respect  to  that  shown  the  archbishop  of  Granada.*^ 

These  two  individuals  took  advantiige  of  this  favourable  change  of  feeling 
to  expostulate  with  the  Moors  on  the  folly  and  desperation  of  their  conduct, 
which  must  involve  them  in  a  struggle  with  such  overwhelming  odds  as  that 
of  the  whole  Spanish  monarchy.    Tiiey  implored  them  to  lay  down  their  arms 


■■"  Suma  de  la  Vi>ia  de  Cisneros,  MS. — 
Gomez,  De  Rebus  geHtis,  lib.  2,  fol.  ;U. — 
ManiiDl,  Rebelioa  de  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1, 
cap.  UC). 

"  Hobli'S,  Vida  de  Ximonez,  cap.  U. — 
IV  ariana,  IMst.  de  Espafia,  toiii.  ii.  lib.  '27, 
cap.  f'.— QiiiiitaiiiUa,  Arelietyjio,  p.  50. — 
rotor  Martyr,  ()j)us  Epist.,  epist.  ai2. 


"  Mariana,  Hist  ue  Espafia,  ubi  sup.— 
Rleda,  Coronica,  lib.  5,  cap.  23.— .MiMuln/3, 
Guerra  de  Grannda,  p.  11. 

■'•'  Marmi)!,  Rebelion  de  los  Moriscos",  lil'- '. 
cap.  26.— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  ('[^K 
212.— QuintaniKa,  Archetypo,  p.  06.--Bleda, 
Corouica,  ubi  supra. 


PERSECUTIONS  IN  GRANADA. 


401 


anil  rotiirn  to  their  duty,  in  which  event  they  pledged  themselves,  as  far  as  in 
their  power,  to  allow  no  further  repetition  of  the  grievances  complained  of 
ami  to  intercede  for  their  pardon  with  the  soverei;^ns,  Tlie  count  testified  his 
MiiK'iity,  by  leaving  his  wife  and  two  children  as  hostages  in  the  heart  of  the 
Alliiivtiii ;  an  act  which  nnist  he  adnntted  to  imply  mihounded  contidence  in 
the  integrity  of  the  Moors."  These  various  mcastuvs,  harked,  moreover,  hy 
the  coimst'ls  and  authority  of  son»e  of  the  chief  alfatiuis,  had  the  etlect  to  restore 
tiiuniiiillity  among  the  people,  who,  laying  aside  their  hostile  preparations, 
letiii  lied  once  n>ore  to  their  regular  em])]oyments.** 

Tlie  rtnnour  of  the  insurrection,  in  the  mean  while,  with  the  usual  exag- 
p'liition,  reached  Seville,  where  the  coiirt  was  tlien  residing.  In  one  resj)ect 
rmiinur  did  justice,  hy  imjiuting  the  whole  lilame  of  i\w  aflhir  to  the  intom- 
jifi-atc  zeal  of  Ximenes.  That  personage,  with  his  usual  promptness,  had 
sent  early  notice  of  the  atiiiir  to  the  (jueen  hy  a  negro  slave  nnconunoniy 
tieet  of  foot.  But  the  fellow  had  become  intoxicated  by  the  way,  and  the 
court  were  several  days  withotit  any  more  authentic  tidings  than  general 
report.  The  king,  who  had  always  regarded  Ximenes's  elevation  to  the 
liriiiiacv,  to  the  prejudice,  as  the  reader  may  remember,  of  his  own  son,  with 
(liv<iitisfaotion,  could  not  now  restrain  his  indignation,  l)ut  was  heard  to 
excliiiiii  tatmtingly  to  the  (pieen,  "So  we  are  like  to  nay  dear  for  your  arch- 
liisliojt,  whose  rashness  has  lost  us  in  a  few  hours  what  we  have  been  years 
inaivpiiring.''" 

The  queen,  confounded  at  the  tiding,  and  unaole  to  comprehend  the 
silence  of  Ximenes,  instantly  wroUi  to  hnn  in  the  severest  terms,  demanding 
an  explanation  of  the  whofe  proceeding.  The  archbishoi)  saw  his  error  in 
coiniiiitting  atiairs  of  moment  to  such  hands  as  those  of  his  sable  messenger  ; 
ami  the  lesson  stood  him  in  good  sttvad,  according  to  his  moralizing  biogi'aplier, 
for  tiie  remainder  of  his  life.'"  He  hastened  to  repair  his  fault  by  proceed- 
ini,'  to  Seville  in  person  and  presenting  himself  before  the  sovereigns.  He 
detailcil  to  them  the  history  of  all  the  ])ast  transactions  ;  recaj>itulate(l  his 
manifold  services,  the  arguments  and  exhortations  he  had  used,  the  large 
sums  he  had  expended,  and  his  various  expedients,  in  short,  for  etllecting 
conversion,  before  resorting  to  severity.  He  l)oldly  assume(l  the  responsibility 
of  the  whole  proceeding,  acknowledgmg  that  he  had  puri)Osely  avoiiled  com- 
nnniicating  his  plans  to  the  sovereigns  for  fear  of  opposition.  If  he  had 
erred,  he  said,  it  could  he  imputed  to  no  other  motive,  at  worst,  than  too 
^Teat  zeal  for  the  interests  of  rciigion  ;  hut  he  concluded  with  assuring  them 
that  the  present  position  of  aflairs  was  the  best  possible  for  their  purposes, 
Miice  the  late  coiuhict  of  the  Moors  involved  them  in  the  guilt,  and  con- 
seiiuontly  all  the  penalties,  of  treason,  and  that  it  would  be  an  act  of  clemency 
to  otter  pardon  on  the  alternatives  of  conversion  or  exile  !  ^' 

The  archbishop's  discourse,  if  we  are  to  credit  his  enthusiastic  biograj)her, 
not  only  dispelled  the  clouds  of  royal  indignation,  but  drew  forth  the  most 
enijihatic  expressions  of  approbation.'^  llow  far  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
were  moved  to  this  by  his  final  recommendation,  or  what,  in  clerical  language, 


■^  M;iriii<il,  RobeUon  de  los  Moriscos,  loc. 
cit.-Miinlii/a,  (iu»rra  do  liranada,  lit).  I,  p. 
11— Th.it  siidi  con.Udeiice  was  jiistifipti,  may 
Ix'  iiifirrcd  fnnn  ii  i-oiiuiion  nayiti^  of  Ardi- 
t'i^hu)!  Taliivora,  "  FJiat  Mnorish  wovks  and 
N'»iii-^li  f.iitli  wcro  aU  tluit  wit-  want  inn  to 
"i:iki'  :i  p)(,(|  Cliri-iiiin."  A  Inttor  saR'asm 
tlii"  oil  his  iiwii  LDUMtrymen  !  IVdraza,  Aiitl- 
gii'ilail  dc  (iraiMda,  Uh.  ;{,  c:ip.  10. 

"  I'tttT  Mariyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  212.— 


IMcda,  Coronica,  loc.  cit. — ^larniol,  Rebcllon 
de  los  M(irisi(is,  iil>i  supra. 

■'•  Marian  i,  Hi-'t.  dc  Hspafia,  torn.  il.  lil). 
'27,  cap.  5,- Hiililfsi,  Vida  di'  Xiun'ncz,  cap. 
11. — Suiiia  di'  la  Vida  di'  ('isnoni^,  MS. 

"    (ionil  /.,  I)l>  llrllllS  l^l'Stis,  lol,  'SI.      UobloH, 

Vida  di'  Xinii'Mc/,  cap.  14. 

"'  (idini'z,  di'  Uilnis  f^cstis,  uhi  fupra. 

"'  (ionirz.  1).'  lUd.us  gcstis,  ful.  3J.— Suoxa 
di.'  la  Vida  de  CiBiieroB,  WS. 

2  1> 


402 


XIMENES. 


may  lip  oallod  the  "imnrovemont  of  his  d i scon rsp,"  does  not  appear.  Tlicy 
did  not,  at  any  rate,  auopt  it  to  its  literal  extent.  In  dn«'  tnne,  howovcr, 
eomniissioners  were  sent  to  Mranada,  fnlly  authorized  to  inquire  into  the  late 
disturliances  and  punish  their  guilty  authors.  In  the  course  of  the  inve>tiL'ii- 
tion,  many,  includint;  suuw,  of  the  principal  citizens,  wore  imiirisoiKMl  on 
suspicion.  The  j^reater  part  made  tneir  jieace  hy  eml)racin^f  Christianity. 
Many  others  sold  their  estates  and  mijjrated  to  Bjirhary ;  and  the  reiiiaindcr 
of  the  lopulation,  whether  from  fear  of  punishnuiut  or  contagion  of  exaiiiplt^ 
alijuret.  their  ancient  superstition  and  consented  to  receive  baptism.  The 
wliole  numher  of  converts  was  estimated  at  about  fifty  thousand,  wIiom' 
future  relapses  promised  an  almost  inexhaustible  supply  for  the  liery  labours 
of  tiie  Ini|uisition.  From  this  period  the  name  of  Moors,  which  had  gradually 
sujuM-seded  the  ]»rimitive  one  of  Spani.sh  Arabs,  gave  way  to  the  title  rif 
Moriscos,  l)y  which  this  unfortunate  ]>eople  continued  to  he  known  tliroi';;li 
the  nMuaiiuler  of  their  protracted  existence  in  the  Peninsula.'" 

The  circunistances  under  which  this  important  revolution  in  religion  was 
effected  in  the  whole  population  of  this  great  city  will  excite  oidy  f('('liiii:s 
of  disgni.st  at  the  present  day,  mingled,  indeed,  with  compassion  for  tlic 
mdiai>py  beings  who  so  heedlessly  incurred  the  heavy  liabilities  attariit'(l  to 
their  new  faith.  Every  Hpainanl,  doubtless,  antici[)ated  the  political  advan- 
tages likely  to  result  from  a  measure  which  divested  the  Moors  of  the  iieciiliar 
inummities  secured  by  the  treaty  of  capitulation  and  subjected  them  at  nnro 
to  the  law  of  the  laiid.  It  is  eiiually  certain,  however,  that  they  attachoij 
great  value  in  a  spiritual  view  to  tne  mere  show  of  conversion,  placing  inmJicit 
confidence  in  the  purifying  intluence  of  the  waters  of  baptism,  to  wtioin- 
ever  and  under  whatever  circumstances  administered  Even  the  nhilosoiijiic 
Martyr,  as  little  tinctured  with  l>igotrv  as  any  of  the  time,  testines  his  jny 
at  tlie  conversion,  on  the  ground  that,  although  it  might  not  peiietiate 
i)eneath  the  crust  of  infidelity  which  had  formed  over  the  mind  of  the  oldor 
and  of  course  inveterate  Mussulman,  yet  it  would  have  full  eflect  on  liis 

Sosterity,  subjected  from  the  cradle  to  the  searching  operation  of  Christian 
iscipline." 

With  regard  to  Ximene.s,  the  real  author  of  the  work,  whatever  donlits 
were  entertained  of  his  discretion  in  the  outset,  they  Avere  completely  dispollcd 
by  the  rcfudts.  All  concurred  in  admiring  the  invincible  energy  of  the  man 
who,  in  the  face  of  such  mighty  obstacles,  had  so  speedily  effected  this 
momentous  revolution  in  the  faith  of  a  people  bred  from  childhood  in  the 
deadliest  hostility  to  Christianity ; "  and  the  good  archbishop  Talavera  was 


'"  nioda,  Cor6nlca,  lib.  5,  cap.  2.3. — Mariana, 
Hist.  (Jo  Espafia,  tom.  ii.  lib.  27,  cap.  .5. — 
I'ctcr  Martyr,  Opus  Epist ,  rpist.  216. — Mar- 
niol,  Rt'ltolion  tie  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1,  cap.  27. 
—  (lomcz.  Dc  Rebus  gestis,  lib.  2,  fol.  32. — 
I.anuza,  Historia-s,  tom.  i.  lib.  1,  cap.  11. — 
Ciirbiijal,  Anak'8,  MS.,  alio  1500. — Bernaldoz, 
KeycH  Cat61icos,  M.S.,  cap.  159.— The  last 
author  carries  the  iiuniber  of  converts  in 
Granada  and  its  environs  to  70,000. 

'"  "Tn  \('r()  iii(|uios,"  he  says,  in  a  letter 
to  the  cardinal  of  S.infa  Cruz,  "iisdem  in 
fiuuni  Mahonieti'ui  vivcnt  aniniis,  atque  id 
jure  nierilo  8us])icaiiduin  est.  Durum  nuni- 
que  nia.jorum  instituia  relinquere ;  attanien 
p^o  existimo,  cousultum  optinie  fuissc  ipso- 
runi  iidniittere  p(istulata:  jiaulatini  naui(|ue 
nova  superveniente  discipliiia,  juvenum  sal- 
tern et  infantum  atquc  co  tutius  uepotuui, 


inanibns  illis  fluperstitionibtis  abr.?sis,  nn^•i^ 
imbuentur  ritibus.  De  senescentrms,  qui 
callosis  aniniis  indurueniiit,  hand  ecu  fiuiilmn 
id  futurum  inlicior."  Opus  Kpist.,  epist.21'). 
—  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  expresses  himself  in  a 
similar  tone  of  satisfaction  in  a  letter  to  tlio 
secretary  Almazan,  Car'a  fecha  en  Carapo9a 
(Siracusa?),  April  I6th,  1501,  M.S. 

"  •' Magna'  deinceps,"  ,s;jys  Gomez,  "apii'l 
omnes  venerationi  Ximenius  esse  c(e]iit. 
Porro  plus  mentis  acie  videre  quani  snlent 
homines  credebatur,  quod  re  aiuijiiti,  iki|i:<' 
plane  contirmata,  barbara  civitate  ailliiii: 
suuni  Mahunietuin  spirante,  tantii  animi  mii- 
tenf  ion",  ut  (^hristi  doctrinam  aniiilecteicntiir, 
lalHiraverat  et  effecerat."  (De  Reims  ^,'('^ti.s 
fol.  3;!.)  The  panegyric  of  tie  Simniiinl  is 
endorsed  by  Flechier  (Histoire  de  Xiiiicin'*, 
p.  119),  who,  in  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.,  Ji'*- 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAR. 


403 


hcirfl  in  the  fulness  of  his  lieart  to  exclaim  that  "Xinionos  ha-.I  nchiovcd 
jrifuU'r  triumphs  than  oven  Kcnlinand  and  Isahclhi;  since  they  had  cun- 
(liiercd  only  tiie  soil,  while  he  had  gained  the  souls,  of  Granada  1 "  " 


CHAPTER  VII. 


lUSING   IN  THE   ALPUJARRAS.— DEATH   OF   ALO.VmO   DE   AOtJILAR.— EDICT 

AUAINST  THE  MOOUS. 

1500-1502. 

rj^injf  in  tho  Alpiijarras — Fxppilifion  to  tho  Sif-mi  Vernoja — Alonso  dc  ARuilnr— His  nohlo 
('Imrrtittr,  and  Diatli  — Hloixly  Kout  of  tlio  S|)aniar(l< — Final  Siiliniissii.n  to  Kfiilinand — 
(riiil  I'olicy  of  tilt;  Victors— ('oinuicmoraiivc  Itallmis-  Kdict  a^alnwt  tlie  Moors— Cuusoh  of 
Intolerance— Last  Notice  of  tlio  Moors  under  tlie  pn  sent  Ueign. 

WiuLK  affairs  went  forward  so  triumphantly  in  the  cjipital  of  dranada,  they 
excited  pMieral  discontent  in  other  parts  of  that  kingilom,  especially  the  wild 
K'liidMs  of  the  Alpiijarras.  This  range  of  maritime  Ai[)s,  which  stretches  to 
the  distance  of  seventeen  leagues  in  a  south-easterly  direction  from  the  Moorish 
ciipitjil,  sending  out  its  sierras  like  so  many  broad  arms  towards  the  Mediterra- 
nean, was  thickly  sprinkled  with  Moorish  villages,  cresting  the  bald  summits  of 
the  mountains,  or  checkering  the  green  sl»4)es  and  valleys  which  lay  between 
tlieiu.  Its  sinii)le  inhabitants,  locked  up  within  the  lonely  recesses  of  their 
hills,  and  accustomed  to  a  life  of  penury  and  toil,  had  escaped  the  corruptions, 
as  well  as  refinements,  of  civilization.  In  ancient  times  they  had  afforded  a 
liaiily  militia  for  the  princes  of  Granada  ;  and  they  now  exhibited  an  un- 
shaken attachment  to  tlieir  ancient  institutions  and  religion,  which  had  Iteen 
somewhat  eH'aced  in  the  great  cities  by  more  intimate  intercourse  with  the 
Eunipeans. 

These  warlike  motmtaineers  beheld  with  gatliering  resentment  the  faithless 
conduct  pursued  towards  their  countrymen,  which  they  had  good  reason  to 
fear  would  soon  be  extended  to  themselves ;  and  their  fiery  passions  were 
inflamed  to  an  ungovernable  height  by  the  j)ublic  apostasy  of  (Jranada.  They 
at  length  resolved  to  anticipate  any  sinnlar  attempt  on  themselves  by  a 
general  insurrection.    They  accordingly  seized  on  the  fortresses  and  strong 


plays  all  the  bigotry  of  that  of  Ferdinand  and 

I.-nli<lla. 

*'  lalavcra,  as  I  have  already  noticed,  had 
cau'io.l  the  ofTices,  catechisms,  and  otlier  re- 
li^:il. Us  exercises  to  be  tmnslated  into  Arabic 
f<ir  the  use  of  tlie  converts;  proposing  to 
pxtond  the  translation  at  some  future  tiin.'  to 
the  groat  body  of  tlie  Scriptures.  That  time 
liail  now  arrived;  i)ut  Ximenes  veheincJitiy 
niiiHii^tratt'd  apainst  the  measure.  "  It  would 
tie  tliniwinp  pparls  Ixfore  swine,"  said  lie, 
"  ti)  .ijicn  the  Scriptun  s  to  pers'  iis  in  their  low 
S't.itf  of  ifrnorance,  who  could  not  fail,  as  St. 
Paul  siiys,  to  wrist  tlieni  to  tin  ir  own  de- 
s-truction.  The  word  of  (ii.d  should  be  wrapjted 
ill  (lii-iTi^et  mystery  from  the  vulgar,  who 
fi'tl  little  rrverenci'  for  what  is  i)lain  and 
i'l'vi(]us.  It  was  for  this  reason  that  our 
Saviour  himself  clothed  liis  doctrines  in  jyar- 
abks,  when  he  addressed  the  people.    The 


Scriptures  should  l)e  confined  to  the  three 
ancient  lanpuape.s,  which  God  with  mystic 
import  permitted  to  be  inscribed  over  tho 
head  of  his  crtuif)c<l  Son  ;  and  the  vernacular 
should  Ik?  reserved  for  such  divotional  and 
moral  treatises  as  holy  men  indite,  in  order 
to  (piicken  the  .soul,  and  turn  it  from  tho 
pursuit  of  worldly  vanities  to  heavenly  con- 
tcnijdati'fi."  !)(■"  Helms  gestis.  fol.  ;!'2,  :n. 
Tlif  narrowest  ojiinioii,  as  usual,  jirevailed, 
and  'J'alavera  abandoned  his  wise  and  benevo- 
leni  pur]ios<'.  Thi'  sagacious  argtinients  of 
til''  jirimute  had  his  biographer,  Gomez,  to 
"niulude  that  lie  had  a  pnipliftic  knowledge 
of  the  coming  heresy  of  l.nther,  which  owed 
s(j  much  of  its  success  to  the  vernacular  ver- 
sions of  the  Scriptures;  in  which  probable 
opinion  lie  is  faithlully  echoed,  as  u.-ual,  by 
th.'  gooii  bishop  of  Nismez.  Flechier,  Hist, 
de  Ximeues,  pp.  117-119. 


./-^ 


404 


RISING  IN  THE  ALPrjARRAS. 


])assos  tliroii^^liout  the  country,  and  ])0^'an  as  usual  with  forays  into  the  luiids 
of  the  (  hiistians. 

These  iMtld  acts  excitecl  much  alarm  in  the  cnpitjil,  and  the  count  of 
I'endilla  took  vi;;()rous  measures  f(»r  (jucnchinj^^  tlu'  iclicilion  in  its  liiitli. 
(Jonsalvo  i\v  Cord-iva,  his  early  i»ui»il,  hut  wiio  mi/,dit  now  well  be  his  masirr 
in  the  art  of  war,  was  at  that  time  roidin^'  in  (iliana(bi ;  and  Tendilla  a\ai!('(| 
himself  of  Jiis  assistance  to  enforce  a  hasty  muster  of  levies  and  marcii  at  liine 
a^^ainst  the  enemy. 

Jiis  first  movement  was  ajrainst  Iluejar,  a  fortified  town  situate<l  in  (nie  (,f 
the  eastern  ranj^es  of  the  Alpujarras,'  whose  inhahitants  ha<l  taken  the  lead  in 
the  insurrection.  The  enterprise  was  attended  wicli  more  diliiculty  than  was 
exi»ecte(l.  "(lod's  enemies,"  to  hormw  tlu'  charitahle  epitlu't  of  the  ('a>tiliaii 
chroniclers,  ha<l  plou^died  up  the  lands  in  the  neiKhhourhodd  ;  and,  a.>  the 
li,i,dit  cavalry  of  the  Sjiaiiiar(ls  was  workini;  its  way  through  the  dee])  furrows, 
the  Moors  opene(l  the  canals  which  intersected  the  fields,  and  in  a  moniciit 
the  horses  were  flounderinj;  up  to  tht'ir  prths  in  tLe  mire  and  water.  Thus 
end>arrassed  in  their  pro.^ress,  the  Spaniards  presented  u  fatiil  mark  to  the 
JMoorisli  missiles,  whicli  rained  on  them  with  pitiless  finv  ;  and  it  was  not 
■without  ^M'eat  eflorts  and  considerable  loss  that  they  gained  a  fiim  landing  on 
the  ojjposite  side.  Undisniayeil,  l.o;vevcr,  they  then  charged  the  enemy  with 
K.uch  vivacity  as  coinpelled  him  to  give  way  and  take  refuge  within  thedefeiKcs 
of  the  town. 

No  imjiediment  couM  now  check  the  ardour  Oi  the  assailants.  They  threw 
themselves  from  their  horses,  and  bnnging  forward  the  scaling  ladders,'plaiittd 
them  against  the  walls.  Gonsalvo  Avas  tlie  first  t')  gain  the  sununit ;  and,  as 
a  iiowerful  Moor  endeavoured  to  thrust  him  from  the  toijmost  rotmd  of  the 
ladder,  ho  grasped  the  l»attlon)ents  firmly  with  his  left  Iiand  and  dealt  tlie 
infidel  such  a  blow  with  the  sword  in  his  right  as  brought  him  headlong  to 
the  ground.  He  then  le/ipt  into  the  place,  and  was  speedily  followed  by  his 
troops.  The  enemy  made  a  brief  and  inetl'ectual  resistance.  The  gicatcr 
I)art  were  put  to  the  sword  ;  the  remainder,  inchiding  the  women  and  chilihcii, 
•were  made  slaves,  ami  the  town  was  delivered  up  to  ]>illage.^ 

The  severity  of  this  military  execution  had  not  the  etiect  of  intimidating: 
the  insurgents  ;  and  the  revolt  wore  so  serious  an  asjjcct  that  King  Ferdinand 
found  it  necessary  to  take  the  field  in  i)erson,  which  he  did  at  the  head  of  as 
com])lete  and  beautiful  a  body  of  Castilian  chivalry  as  ever  graced  the  cain]iaigns 
of  Granada.^  Quitting  Alhendin,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  in  the  latter  eml  oi 
Felmiary,  1500,  he  directed  his  march  on  Lanjaron,  one  of  the  towns  most 
active  in  the  revolt,  and  perched  high  among  the  inaccessible  fastnesses  of  the 
sierra,  south-east  of  Granada. 

The  inhabitants,  trusting  to  the  natural  strength  of  a  situation  which  had 


'  Alpiijamis,— an  Arabic  word,  signifying 
•'land  of  warriors,"  uccordiii}^  to  Sulnzar  de 
ISIcndoza.  (Monarqiifa,  torn.  ii.  p.  l.'ix.)  Ac- 
cording to  tlic  nioro  accurate  and  loar-icd 
Condf,  it  is  d('ri%'od  from  an  Aral)ic  term  for 
"pastnrago."  (Kl  Nubicnse,  Duscripcion  de 
Esi)ana,  p.  187.) 

"La  Alpuxarra,  aqucssa  sierra 
<]\i(>  al  Sol  la  cerviz  Icvanta 
y  (\\n-  iiohlada  de  Villas, 
f>s  Mar  de  ix'fias,  y  plantas, 
adoiule  sus  jiobLiciones 
oiidas  navegaii  de  jilata." 

Calderon  (Ct'medias  (Madrid,  1760),  torn.  i. 


p.  35.3),  whose  gorgpous  muse  sheds  a  blaze 
of  glory  over  the  rudest  scenes. 

-  Marniol,  llc^bclion  de  los  Moriscos,  toiii.  i. 
lib.  1,  cap.  'JH.— Cjuintana.  Lspanolcs  rr'lclns, 
toni.  i.  ]).  2.'!9.— nicda,  ('oionicii,  lib.  ;"),  caji. 
^3.— IJernaldez,  Keyes  Oatolicos,  MS.  caji. 
159. — Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragon,  tnni.  ii.  I'll. 
338.— Mendoza,  Guerra  de  t;ru:>ada,  p.  I'.!. 

"  If  we  are  to  believe  Mariyr,  the  myal 
force  amounted  to  so.OOO  foot  and  iri,u(io 
horse.  .So  large  an  army,  so  inoiniitly 
brought  into  the  fii'l  i,  would  s  igfrtst  hi'.'li 
ideas  of  the  resources  of  tlie  nation  ;  tn  •  liit;li. 
indeed,  to  gain  credit,  even  from  Martyr, 
without  coiitiimatiou. 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAU. 


405 


riirp  hnffldl  tlio  arms  of  tlio  ludd  Moorish  chief  EI  Zairal,  took  no  prorautioiVs 
t(i  M'ciirc  tl'.o  iiasscs.  FrnhiuuHl,  rt'lyiii;,'  on  this,  uvoidtMl  tlio  moio  din-ct 
nvcniio  to  the  iilace,  ami,  hnimiiitr  his  mcti  l»y  a  circuitous  route  over 
(laiii;orous  ravines  and  dark  and  (iiz^:y  precipices,  where  the  foot  of  the  hunter 
liad  seldoni  ventured,  succeeih'il  at  length,  after  increthhie  toil  and  hazard,  in 
rcjvrliing  an  elevated  point  which  entirely  conunandiHl  the  Moorish  fortress. 

(Ireat  was  the  dismay  of  the  insur^'ents  at  tiie  apparition  of  the  Ciuistian 
)i;uiiicrs,  strwvmin<^  in  triumph  in  the  upper  air  from  the  very  pinnacles  of  the 
sicna.  They  stoutly  i)ersisted,  however,  in  the  refusal  to'  surrender.  Hut 
their  works  were  too  feeble  to  stand  the  assault  of  men  who  had  vanifuished 
tlic  more  formidable  obstacles  of  nature  ;  and,  after  a  short  stru^^ude,  the  place 
was  carried  by  storm,  and  its  wretched  inmates  experienced  the  same  dreadful 
fate  with  those  of  Huejar.     (March  8th,  loOO.)* 

At  nearly  the  sjime  time,  the  count  of  Lcrin  took  several  other  fortified 
[ilaces  in  trie  vVhmjarras,  in  one  of  which  he  blew  up  a  mos(pie  tilled  with 
wuiiien  and  children.  Hostilities  were  carried  on  with  all  the  ferocity  of  a 
civil,  or  rather  servile,  war ;  and  the  Sjjaniards,  repudiatiii;.,'  all  the  feeling's  of 
(diirtcsy  and  mMierosity  which  they  had  once  shown  to  the  same  men,  when 
(lt'aiiii;^Mvith  them  as  honourable  enemies,  now  regarded  them  only  ti-s  reU'llious 
vassals,  or  indeed  slaves,  wiiom  the  public  safety  required  to  be  not  merely 
chastised,  but  exterminated. 

Tliese  severities,  added  to  the  conviction  of  their  own  impotence,  at  length 
hroke  the  spirit  of  the  Moors,  who  were  reduced  to  the  most  humble  conces- 
sions ;  and  the  Catholic  king,  "  unwilling  out  of  his  great  clemency,"  says 
Aharca,  "to  stain  his  sword  with  the  blood  of  all  these  wild  beasts  of  the 
Al[>u.i arras,"  consented  to  terms  which  may  be  deemed  reasonable,  at  Uuist  in 
oomparison  with  his  previous  policy.  These  were,  the  surrender  of  their  arms 
and  fortresses,  and  the  payment  of  the  round  sum  of  fifty  thousand  ducats.* 

As  soon  as  trampiillity  was  re-establislied,  measures  were  Uiken  for  securing 
it  jicrinanently,  by  introducing  Christianity  among  the  natives,  without  which 
thoy  never  could  remain  well  affected  to  their  present  government.  Holy  men 
were,  therefore,  sent  as  missionaries,  to  admonish  them,  calmly  and  without 
violence,  of  their  errors,  and  to  instruct  them  in  the  great  truths  of  revelation," 
Various  innnunities  were  also  proposed  as  an  additional  incentive  to  conversion, 
itidudiiig  an  entire  exemption  to  the  convert  from  the  payment  of  his  share  of 
the  heavy  mulct  lately  imposed.^  The  wisdom  of  these  temiicrate  measures 
hccanie  every  day  more  visible,  in  the  conversion  not  merely  of  the  simple 
inouiitaincers,  but  of  nearly  all  the  population  of  the  great  cities  of  Jiaza, 
Gua(lix,and  Almeria,  who  consented  before  the  end  of  the  year  to  abjure  their 
ancient  religion  and  receive  baptism.' 

This  defection,  however,  caused  great  scandal  amonj^  the  more  sturdy  of 
their  countrymen,  and  a  new  insurrection  broke  out  on  me  eastern  conPnes  of 
the  Aljiujarras  (Dec.  1500),  which  was  suppressed  with  similar  circumstances 
of  stern  severity,  and  a  similar  exaction  of  a  heavy  sum  of  money, — money, 
wliu..c  doubtful  efficacy  may  be  discerned,  sometimes  hi  staying,  but  more 
fretpiently  in  sthnulating,  tlie  arm  of  persecution.' 


'  Pi'tor  Martyr,  Opua  Epist.,  epist.  215.  — 
Ahirca,  Roycs  de  Aragon,  torn.  li.  fol.  33s. — 
Znrita,  Annies,  t(im.  v.  lib.  3,  cap.  45. — 
t'arlajal,  An.ilcs,  MS.,  afio  1500. 

Mariiii.l.  Ilebeliun  <ie  los  Moriscos,  lib.  1, 
c:il'  -■'•-Aharca,  Ucyoa  (1r  .\rap)n,  torn.  ii. 
fol.  :i:H.— HiMiiMldpz,  Rcvps  C'alolicos,  MS., 
c.p.  ir)9._Rl(.ila,  Coronica.  lib.  5,  cap.  24. 

"  lilida,  Corouica,  lib.  5,  cap.  24.— ikrnal- 


dez,  Roycs  Catolicofi,  ^fS.,  cap.  165. 

•  l'rivil<'t;ii>s  il  los  Moros  de  Valdclecrin  y 
las  Alpu.xarras  quo  so  CKnvirtiorcn,  il  3o  de 
Julio  do  l.'iuo.  Ardiivo  ile  Simancas,  apud 
Meui.  d'  la  .Vcad.  d"  Hist.,  toui.  vi. upend.  14. 

"  Carliujal,  .Viiale.s,  MS.,  afio  LOUO.— (Jari- 
bay,  Coiiipi'ndio,  Vim.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  10. 

'■'  Carbajal,  Atiales,  Ms.,  afio  lOui.— Zurita, 
Aualcs,  tuiu.  v.  lib.  4,  cap.  27,  31. 


400 


RISING  IN  THE  ALPUJAIIRAS. 


lint  while  llio  miinimrs  of  rclx-llion  died  away  in  t'  c  ea.st,  tlioy  woro  licniil 
in  thnnilors  from  tlic  dvstant  h''l.s  on  tlio  w.itcrn  lionicrs  of  (Iranada.  This 
district,  conipnOuMidin^'"  tlio  sierras  Voriueja  and  Villa  Iinoii;;a,  in  tlic  iiciLrli. 
l»ourliood  i-f  lionda,  was  pcdplcd  hy  ii.  varliko  race,  ainon;;  wlioin  was  the 
African  trihoof  (Jandules,  whoso  blood  hoih'd  with  the  same  trofiieal  fervour  as 
that  which  flowed  in  the  veins  of  their  ancestors.  They  had  early  sIkiwd 
symptoms  of  discontent  at  the  late  proceedinc.rs  in  the  capital.  Tl>e  (lu(lie>s  of 
Arcos,  widow  of  the  jLrrrat  inaninis  duke  of  Cadiz,  whose  estates  lay  in  that 
qnarter,'"  iscd  lier  jiersonal  exertions  to  appease  them  ;  and  the  ^overiiiiieiit 
made  the  most  earnest  assnran''es  of  its  intention  to  respect  whatever  had 
Iteen  ^niaranteed  hy  the  treaty  of  cai»itnlation."  Tint  they  liad  leariie(l  to 
place  littlo  trust  in  princes ;  ai:d  the  rapidly  extendinti;  apostasy  of  their 
conntrymoi  exasperated  them  to  s.ich  n,  decree  that  they  at  len.t^th  broke  out 
in  tlie  most  atrocious  act-,  of  violence  ;  nnirderini;  the  'Jnristian  missioiiari(s, 
and  kidnapi)iiij;,  if  report  be  true,  many  Spainanls  of  both  sexes,  whom  thev 
sold  as  slaves  in  Africa.  They  were  accused,  with  far  mon;  probability,  (if 
entering  into  a  se  ret  correspon('"-nce  with  their  l)rethren  on  the  oitposite  shore, 
in  order  to  secure  their  support  m  the  ineditate<l  revolt." 

The  fjjovernment  disjdayed  its  usual  promptness  and  enercry  on  this  occasion. 
Orders  were  issued  to  the  ])rinci;)al  chiefs  and  cities  of  Andalusia  to  imister 
their  forces  with  all  i»ossi  )le  despatch  and  concentrate  them  on  Ronda.  The 
summons  wa.s  ol)eye(I  wit!'  .such  alacrity  that  in  the  coui-se  of  a  very  few  weeks 
the  streets  of  tliat  busy  city  were  thron^^ed  with  a  shiiung  array  of  warriors 
drawn  from  all  the  principal  towns  of  Andalusia.  Seville  sent  three  hundrei 
horse  and  two  tltouvind  foot.  The  principal  leaders  of  the  expedition  were 
the  count  of  Cifuentes,  who,  as  assistant  of  Seville,  commanded  the  troojis  of 
tliat  city  ;  the  count  of  Urena,  and  Alonso  de  Aguilar,  elder  brother  of  the 
(jlreat  Captain,  and  distinguished  like  him  for  tlie  highest  qualities  of  mind 
antl  person. 

It  was  determined  by  the  chiefs  to  strike  at  once  into  the  heart  of  the 


'"  Tlio  (TToat  mfirquis  of  Cadh  wa«  third 
count  (if  Arcos,  fro.n  wliich  liia  (Ic^scondaiits 
took  tlicir  tiMf  on  the  rcsmniiti  jii  of  r.ulie 
l)v  till!  crown  after  hlH  Joalb..  Memloza, 
DiHiiiilados,  lib.  ,1,  cap.  s,  17. 

"  Spc  two  letters,  da  ed  Seville,  January 
and  Fel)niary,  l.'iort,  addressed  hy  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  to  the  inliabitant'^  of  tlicSerrania 
de  Kinda,  j)reservtd  in  tlie  Arcliives  of  Si- 
mancas,  apiid  Men.,  do  la  Ac;»d.  de  Hist., 
toni.  vi.  Ilust.  15. 

'■'  liernnldez,  R^yes  Cat61icos,  MS.,  cap. 
1(5.5. — Rled  I,  Coronica,  lib.  5,  cip.  25. — Peter 
Martyr.  Opus  Kp  st.,  ejiist.  221  — The  coni- 
jilaintx  of  the  .Spanish  and  African  Moors  to 
tiie  Sultan  of  Ej;ypt,  nr  of  BaViylon,  as  he 
was  then  usually  :*tyled,  hwl  drawr  from  that 
prince  sharp  remonstrances  to  the  Catholic 
Povereipu^*  ;(frain-it  their  persecutions  of  the 
Moslems,  accompanied  bv  nv  naces  of  strict 
retaliation  on  the  Christians  in  hisdomininns. 
Ill  order  to  avert  s(uh  calamitous  conse- 
(luences,  Peter  Martyr  was  sent  as  ambas- 
sador to  Esxypt  He  left  Granada  in  August, 
1501,  proceeded  to  Venice,  and  embarked  tlcre 
for  Alex.\ni!ria,  \\hich  jilace  he  readied  in 
December,  'rhonph  cautidned,  on  his  arrival, 
that  his  mission,  in  the  present  exasperatncl 
Btat  ■  of  feelinp  (It  the  court,  mi^rht  cost  him 
Lis  head,  tiie  dauntless  envoy  sailed  up  the 


Nile  under  a  Mameluke  puard  to  'Iranii 
Cairo.  Far  from  experiencing  any  oiitrrtin', 
liowcver,  he  was  courteously  received  by  tlip 
Sultan;  although  the  ambassador  dediiioil 
com])r()misiiin  the  dignity  of  the  coiirt  in' 
rcpres<'nted,  by  paying  the  usual  huniiliatitii,' 
mpTk  of  o})eisance,  in  pmstratiiifr  himself .  ii 
the  (jround  in  the  royal  jiresenee ;  an  inili'- 
pendent  beariuji  highly  salisfaetory  to  tin' 
Castitlan  historians.  (See  Garilmy.  <'"in- 
pendio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  12.)  lb'  IihiI 
three  audiences,  in  which  he  suecoeili'ij  s(i 
completely  in  elTaciuR  the  mifavounibie  v.n- 
pressions  of  the  Moslem  prince  that  tlielnttiT 
not  onl\'  dismissed  bim  with  liberal  iin'<eiit'<, 
but  grantrd,  at  his  reipiest,  several  important 
privilep;es  to  the  Christian  residents,  and  the 
Jiilrrims  to  the  Holy  Land,  which  lay  uitliin 
his  dominions.  Martyr's  accoimt  of  this  ititrr- 
estinn  visit,  which  (jave  himampleopportiuiity 
for  stU'iyinp  the  niann'Ts  tif  a  nation,  anil  ^I'f- 
iufr  the  stupendous  tnonuments of  ancii'iit  .irt, 
then  little  familiar  to  Kuropeans,  was  |iiili- 
lished  in  Latin,  under  tiie  title  of  "!>•  I/l's- 
tioiie  liabylonica,"  in  thre"  Ixioks,  apin'iiil'tl 
to  his  more  cflebr.ited  "  Decades  'h'  \li-hwi 
Oceanicis  et  Novo  Ori)e."  Ma/./uchclli  (Strit- 
tori  '.:'  Italia,  iv/ceAnfjhiera)  notices  an  e<liti'in 
which  he  had  seen  publishrd  separately, 
without  date  or  name  of  the  printer. 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAR. 


407 


Sii^rra  Vormoja,  or  Rod  Siorra,  as  it  wa«  cvillcd  fmm  t!.,  .-(.lonr  of  it."  rooks, 
ri^iiiu'  to  tlio  cast  of  Roii(lii,aii(l  the  principal  thcat.  •  of  ihsuncctloii.  On  th'^ 
iHtti  of  March,  loOl  the  little  army  encainped  ht-fore  Monar.hi,  oi'  the  slviits 
fif  ii  iiioimtaiii,  wluMo  the  Moors  were  mi«ler,>to<Ml  to  hav  ussemliled  in  con 
sidi'iiil'le  force.  Tl-ey  hail  not  heen  Ioiijl,'  in  these  (inarters  U-for-.-  parties  of 
thtf  iMieiiiy  were  seen  hovering'  along  the  slopes  of  the  inountai'i,  from  which 
the  (.'liristian  cami)  was  divided  l»y  a  narrow  river,  tiie  Rio  Veide,  prolHil)ly, 
whiili  has  gained  such  mournful  celehrity  in  Spanish  song.'*  Aguilar's  troops, 
who  occupied  the  van,  were  .so  nnich  rou.si'd  |>y  the  sight  of  the  enemy  that  a 
MMiill  party,  .seizing  a  hanner,  ru.died  across  the  stream  witlioiit  orders,  iii 
imrsuit.  The  odds,  however,  were  .so  great  that  they  would  have  been  severely 
liiiii(llcd,  had  not  Aguilar,  while  he  bitt^-rly  condenuied  their  temerity,  a<lvanced 
iiroiiiptly  to  their  support  with  the  renuiinder  of  his  corps.  The  coinit  of 
1  reiia  followed  with  the  central  division,  leaving  the  count  of  Cifuentes  with 
tlio  troops  of  Heville  to  protect  the  aimp.'* 

The  .Moors  fell  buck  as  the  Christians  advanced,  and,  retreating  nimbly 
from  iii>int  to  point,  led  them  ui>  the  rugged  .steeps  far  into  the  recesstus  of 
tilt'  mountains.  At  length  they  reached  an  ojm'u  level,  encomnassed  on  all 
sides  by  a  iiatural  rampart  of  rocks,  where  they  had  dejtosited  tlieir  valuable 
ctiects,  together  with  their  wives  and  children.  The  latter,  at  sight  of  the 
iiivailcrs,  uttered  dismal  cries,  and  tied  into  the  remoter  depths  of  the  sieira. 

The  Christians  were  too  much  attracted  l»y  the  rich  .spoil  l)efore  them  to 
think  of  following,  and  dispersed  in  every  direction  in  cpiest  of  plunder,  with 
;i!l  the  lieedlessue.s.s  and  insubordinati(jn  of  raw,  inexperienced  levies.  It  was 
in  vain  that  Alonso  de  Agudar  reminded  them  that  their  wily  enemy  was  still 
iiiR'om[uered,  or  that  he  endeavoured  to  force  them  into  the  ranks  again. 
and  restore  order.  No  one  heeded  hi.s  call,  or  thought  of  anything  l»eyona 
the  itresent  moment  and  of  securing  as  much  booty  to  liim.self  as  he  could 
carry. 

The  Moors,  in  the  mean  while,  finding  themselves  no  longer  pursued,  were 
aware  of  the  occupation  of  the  Christians,  whom  they  not  improbably  had 
ji'irposely  decoyed  into  the  snare.  They  resolved  to  return  to  the  .scene  of 
action  and  surprise  their  incautious  enemy.  Stealthily  advancing,  therefore, 
under  tlie  shadows  of  night,  now  falling  thick  around,  they  poured  through 
the  rocky  defiles  of  the  enclosure  upon  the  a.stoni.shed  SpaniaKis.  An  unlucky 
cxiilosioiij  at  this  crisi.s,  of  a  cask  of  powder,  into  which  a  spark  had  accidenta  ly 
fallen,  threw  a  broad  glare  over  the  scene,  and  revealed  for  a  moment  the 
sitiiatiun  of  the  hostile  parties ;— the  Spaniards  in  the  uimo.st  disorder,  many 
of  tlitjin  without  arms,  and  stagcjering  untler  the  weight  of  their  fatal  booty  ; 
"hile  their  enemies  were  seen  gliding  like  so  many  demons  of  darkness  through 
evrv  crevice  and  avenue  of  the  enclosure,  in  the  act  of  springing  on  their 
tu    led  victims.    This  appallhig  spectacle,  vanishing  almost  as  soon  as  seen, 


'  "  Rio  Verde.  Rio  Verde, 
'J'lnto  va  en  sangre  viva." 

P'^K. ,  in  his  well  known  version  .'  one  of 
tliosi-  agreeable  rontan<:es,  adopts  the  tame 
epitlift  (jf  ••  gentle  river,"  from  tlie  awkward- 
Iic^'<,  he  says,  of  the  literal  translation  of 
"vcniaiit  river."  He  was  not  aware,  it 
>I'p''ars,  that  the  .Spanish  is  a  proper  name. 
tVe  U(li(|ues  of  Ancient  Knglish  Poetry 
.l."iuiuii,  l»i'i),  vol.  i.  p.  357.)  The  more 
tiitlilul  vtTsiiin  of  "green  river,"  however, 
*"iiM  have  nothing  very  unpoetical  in  it ; 
'liougli  our  gifted  countryman  Bryant  seems 


to  intimate,  by  his  om'sslon,  somewhat  of  a 
similar  diHicnlty,  in  his  agr(>eal)le  sf.n/as  on 
the  Inautiful  stream  of  that  name  in  New 
England. 

'*  Znniga,  Annales  do  Scvilla,  afio  1601. — 
Aliarca,  lley(8  de  ,\ragon,  torn.  ii.  p.  340. — 
Hleda.  Coroniia,  lib.  5.  cap.  "iti.  -RemaMez, 
Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  16.5.— "Fm-  mny 
genMl  capitan,"  says  Ovledo.  speaking  of  this 
latter  nobleman,  "y  valifiite  lanza;  y  niuchas 
ve/.es  dio  tcHtinmnio  grande  de  su  aninioso 
esfuerzo."  Quincuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc. 
1.  dial.  36. 


408 


RISING  IN   THE  ALIMVAKIIAS, 


anrl  f(illowo(l  l>y  tho  liitloons  yells  and  war-cries  of  the  assailants,  stnirk  a 
itariic  into  the  hearts  of  the  soldiers,  who  tieil,  scarcely  ()tri'rin.ir  any  re>i>taii(,-. 
The  (larknasH  of  tlu;  hii,dit  was  as  favoiirahlo  t(»  the  Mours,  familiar  with  ali 
the  Mitrieacies  of  the  ^Mound,  as  it  was  fatal  to  tin-  Christians,  who,  hcwIMcuil 
in  th(!  nia/es  of  the  sierra,  and  losiiiij  their  footin;,'  at  every  step,  fell  mimIi  r 
tho  swords  of  their  imrsiiers,  or  went  down  the  dark  gulfs  and  itrecii»ices\slii(li 
yawned  all  around.'* 

Amidst  this  dreadful  confusion,  the  count  of  Urcfia  succeede*!  in  jiainin;,' 
a  lower  level  of  the  sierra,  where  he  halte(l  and  endeavoured  to  rally  his  jiiinji  • 
stnisk  f(»llowers.  His  noltlo  comrade,  Alonso  de  A^'uilar,  still  maintained  iii> 
position  on  the  heij,dits  above,  refusing'  all  entreaties  of  his  followc;-.s  to  uttemiit 
a  retre^vt.  "  When,"  said  he,  jiroudly,  "  was  the  hanner  of  A^uilar  ever  kiniwn 
to  fly  from  the  field?"  His  eldest  son,  the  heir  of  his  house  and  li(iii<iiir>, 
Don  Pedro  de  Cordova,  a  youth  of  ^leat  promise,  fou;,dit  at  his  side.  \\v  jiail 
received  a  severe  wound  on  the  head  from  a  stone,  and  a  javelin  had  pii'nt'tl 
quite  through  his  leg.  With  one  knee  resting  on  the  groimd,  hnwcviT,  he 
Rtill  made  a  hrave  defence  with  his  sword.  The  si^ht  was  too  nnich  fur  the 
father,  and  he  implored  him  to  sulier  himself  to  he  removed  from  tlie  fuld. 
"Let  not  the  hopes  of  our  house  be  crushed  at  a  single  blow,''  saiil  lie  ;  "k'*. 
my  son,  live  as  In'comes  a  Christiaii  knight, — live,  and  cherish  your  ilcHilate 
mother."  All  his  entreaties  were  fruitless,  however ;  and  the  galliuit  JMy 
refused  to  leave  his.  father's  side,  till  he  was  forcibly  borne  away  hy  tli'i' 
at^ndants,  who  fortunately  succeeded  in  bringing  hiiu  in  safety  tu  the 
station  occupied  by  the  count  of  IJrena." 

Meantime  the  brave  little  band  of  cavaliers,  who  remained  true  to  .\;jui!ar, 
had  fallen  one  after  another  ;  and  the  chief,  left  almost  alone,  retreated  to  a 
huge  rock  which  rose  n  the  middle  of  the  plain,  and,  placing  his  ba<k  against 
it,  still  made  fight,  though  weakened  bv  loss  of  blood,  like  a  lion  at  hay, 
against  his  enemies."  In  this  situation  he  was  pressed  so  hard  by  a  Mdin  nf 
unconnnon  size  and  strength  that  he  was  compelled  to  turn  and  close  with  him 
in  single  combat.  The  strife  was  long  and  desperate,  till  Don  Alonso,  wIiom' 
corslet  had  become  unLaced  in  the  previous  stniggle,  having  receiviMl  a  sever" 
woimd  in  the  breast,  followed  by  another  on  the  head,  grappled  closely  with 
liis  adversary,  and  they  came  rolling  on  the  ground  together.  The  Mi«ir 
renmined  nppermost ;  but  the  spirit  of  the  Spanish  cavalier  had  not  sunk 
with  his  strength,  and  he  proudly  exclaimed,  as  if  to  intimidate  his  enemy,  "1 
am  Don  Alonso  de  Aguilar ;"  to  which  the  other  rejoined,  "And  I  am  tin' 
Feri  de  ]^n  Estepar,"  a  well-known  name  of  terror  to  the  Christians.  The 
sound  of  this  detested  name  roused  all  the  vengeance  of  the  dying  hero;  ami. 
grasping  his  foe  in  mortal  agonv,  he  rallied  his  strength  for  a  final  blow  ;  imt 
it  was  too  late,— his  hand  failed,  and  he  was  soon  despatched  by  the  dajz^'er  vi 
his  more  vigorous  rival;     (March  18th,  1501.)  '* 


'*  Abarca.  Rpyos  do  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  fol. 
340.— Zurita,  Aiialcs,  torn.  v.  lib.  4,  cap.  33. — 
Gariba.v,  Conipfnitio,  toni.  ii.  lil).  19,  cap.  10. 
—  Roriialticz,  Hcvoh  Catolicos.  MS.,  cap.  165. 
— Martnol,  Hi'beliou  de  loa  Moriscos,  lib.  1, 
cap.  2H. 

'"  Mondoza,  Oiiprra  de  Granada,  p.  13. — 
Abarca,  Hoyos  de  .\raR(iii,  torn  ii.  fol.  340.^ 
Maniidl,  Rcbeliou  de  Ins  Mdriscos,  lib.  1,  cap. 
28.— Dviedo,  (.luiniuagi'iias,  Al.S.,  I)at.  1,  quinc. 
1,  dial.  36.  -  'I'hi'  Ixiv,  who  livt'd  to  man's 
CHtatc,  was  aftcrwaids  croattd  niar(iuiM  of 
Pricvjo  by  tlic  Catliulic  sovuvigiis.  Sulazar 
de  Meuduza,  Digiiidades,  lib.  2,  cap.  13. 


"  It  is  the  simile  of  the  fine  old  ballml : 

"St)lo  qiieda  Don  Alonso 
Su  canipafta  os  acabuda 
Pelea  conio  un  Leon 
Pero  poco  aprovtcliaba." 

"  neniabiez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  uM 
supra. — Abarca,  Reyes  de  Annon.  tfiii.  ii. 
ubi  suiira.--(;aiibay,  Couii>endio,  tnui.  ii.  Ii''. 
lit,  cap.  10.— Menilo/a,  (iiicrra  ile  (iMiiink 
p.  13  — StuKioval,  Hist,  del  Knip.  I'mi"*  V., 
toin.  i.  ]).  ;').— Acconlitij:  to  Hit;i's  ]>:'<■'■■, 
At;uilar  liad  tir.st  dcspatcbcd  uioii'  thiiii  tiiirty 
Moors  with  his  own  hand.    ((Jucrrai  Ue  Lira- 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DK  AiHIILAR. 


400 


liic  old  ballaii  ■■ 


TliiH  foil  Aloiiso  Ilcnminlcz  ilo  Conlovji,  or  Aloiiso  do  Amiiliir,  as  hr  \a 
(Miiiiiiiiiily  cullcil  fiotii  tlio  liiiid  wlicro  liis  fainily  c-tatt's  lay.'"  *' lie  wiv^*  of 
thf  uivatest  jvulliority  jimoiin  tlu!  ,i;iivii<l('«'s  nf  his  tiiiir,"  says  fatlitT  AKarca, 
"fur  li's  liiieivKO*  pt'rsoiial  cliaractor,  larj^c  (lninains,  utnl  the  liii^li  posts  which 
he  tilli'il,  Itoth  in  Ik'ucc  ami  war.  .Vlon;  than  forty  yt'ars  of  his  hf»'  ho  sorvcd 
Hpiiii>t  the  infidel,  under  the  hanner  of  his  house  In  liovliood,  and  a-s  lead«>r 
(if  that  sftuie  hanner  in  later  life,  or  as  viceroy  of  Andalusia  and  conmiandiT 
(if  till'  royal  armies.  He  wius  the  fifth  lord  of  Ins  warlike  and  pious  house  who 
hiul  fallen  ti;,ditinic  for  their  euuntry  and  reiiKiou  a;;ainst  the  accursed  sect  of 
.Miihoiiiet.  And  there  is  good  reason  to  helieve,"eontiinies  the  same  orthodo.x 
luitliniity,  "  that  hi <  soul  has  received  the  ulorious  reward  of  the  ('hristian 
snjilirr :  since  Im  was  armed  on  that  very  morning  with  tiie  hlesse<l  sacrament.^ 
of  niiife.ssion  and  connnunion."*" 

The  vict»»rious  Moors,  all  this  time,  were  drivinjr  the  unresistinj,'  Spaniards, 
like  so  many  terrified  deer,  tlown  the  dark  steeps  of  the  sierra.  'I'he  count  «if 
I  refia,  who  had  seen  his  .son  stretched  hy  his  side,  and  receive<l  a  .severe 
woiiml  himself,  made  the  most  desperate  «'floits  to  rally  the  fugitives,  hut  was 
at  lt'ii;;th  swept  away  by  the  torrent.  Tru.Ntin.u  himself  to  a  faitliful  adalid, 
MJMi  knew  the  pas.se.s,  he  succeeded  with  much  dilhcnlty  in  renchinj,'  the  ftt(»t 
of  the  mountain,  with  such  a  small  remnant  of  his  followers  as  could  keep  in 
ills  track. ■■"  Kortimately,  he  there  found  the  count  of  CifiUMite.s,  who  had 
crossed  the  river  with  the  rear-^^uard  and  enciunped  on  a  rising  i^round  in  the 
iR'i;4hl>ourhood.  Under  favour  of  this  strong  position,  the  latter  conunander 
ami  his  hrave  Sevillian.s,  all  fresh  for  action,  were  enabled  to  cover  the 
shuttered  remains  of  the  Spaiuards,  and  Ixvat  off"  the  assaults  of  their  enemies 
till  tlif  hreak  of  morn,  when  tht^y  vanished,  like  so  many  foul  birds  of  night, 
into  the  recesses  of  the  mountains. 

The  rising  day,  which  dispersed  their  foes,  now  revealed  to  the  Christians 


naila.  part.  i.  p.  .IBS.)    Thf  l)allad,  with  more 
ilis<r(  timi,  dot'S  not  vouch  for  uiiy  partlcuhir 

Dumkr. 

"  iVin  Aloiiflo  on  oHto  tlompo 
Muy  Rran  h-itaUa  ha(  ia, 
Kl  caviiUo  !«'  havian  niuerto, 
I'or  uairallii  le  tonia. 

Y  arriniadi)  li  un  Rtan  pcfion 
Coll  valor  Hc  (Ufendia  : 

Mu(  hos  Moros  tiene  uiucrtos 

Pfrii  poco  If  v.ilia. 

I'or(|Hp  Nolirt'  el  carnan  niuchoa, 

Y  li'  dan  ftrandns  hcrida^, 
Tuiitas  ([tie  cayo  alii  niuoito 
Kiitri'  la  gente  enendga." 

Tlif  warrior's  death  is  summed  up  with  an 
artlss  linvity,  that  would  be  afTictation  iu 

iii'irt'  studiid  composition  : 

"  Muerto  ([uula  Don  Alonso 

Y  etcrna  fama  ganada." 

I'aoli)  Giovio  finds  an  etymology  for  the 
niuio  ill  the  eagle  (ayula),  as.iumed  as  the 
'Itvko  (lithe  warlike  ance.-^torsot'  I)  <n  Alonso. 
^t.  lir.iiiiand  of  Castile,  in  consideration  of 
the  sirvi(.cH  of  tliis  illustrious  house  at  tlio 
UkiiiK  "f  Cordova,  in  12M,  allowed  it  to  hear 
i^aoi^'iiciiieii  the  name  of  that  city.  This 
•™nii,  however,  still  contiimed  to  ho  dis- 
liiiK'uishi'd  hy  their  territorial  epithet  of 
Ai5Uikr ;  although  Don  AIoubo's  brother,  the 


Great  Captain,  as  we  have  seen,  was  more 
generally  known  hy  that  of  Cordova.  Vita 
Magni  (lonsalvi,  fol.  '2M. 

''"  Ueyos  de  Aragon,  torn  Ji.  fol.  340,  341.— 
The  h.ro's  Unly,  hit  on  the  field  of  b.ittle, 
was  treated  witli  decent  respei  t  hy  the  .Mo<.rs, 
who  restored  it  to  King  Ferdinand;  and  tin; 
sovereigns  caused  it  to  Ik*  interred  with  all 
suiiahle  jaimp  in  the  church  of  St.  llypolito 
at  Cordova.  .Many  years  afterwards  the  mar- 
cliioiies.-*  of  I'riego,  his  descendunt,  had  the 
tomb  opened  ;  and,  on  examining  the  inouhler* 
ing  remains,  the  iron  head  of  a  lance,  received 
in  his  hist  inort.il  struggle,  was  fttund  buried 
in  the  bones.     IJleda,  Coronic^i,  lib.  5,  cap.  '.^6. 

■"  "Tambien  el  Coiule  de  Urefia, 
Mai  herido  en  demasia, 
Se  sale  de  hi  baialhl 
Llevado  por  una  guia. 

"  C^ue  sal)ia  bien  la  senda 
Que  de  l.i  .Sierra  s.dia  : 
Muchos  Moros  dexaba  muertos 
I'or  su  graiide  vahntia. 

"  Tambien  algunos  se  esrapan, 
Que  al  buen  Conde  le  seguian." 

Oviedo,  speaking  of  this  retreat  of  the  goo<l 
Count  and  his  followers,  says,  "  Volviernn  las 
rieiida-  a  sus  caballos,  y  se  retiruroii  a  mas 
flue  galojM'  i)or  la  niultitud  de  Icjs  Inlieles." 
Quihcuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  (luiuc.  1,  dial.  'M. 


410 


RISING  IN  THE  ALPUJARRAS. 


the  dreadful  extent  of  their  own  losses.  Few  were  to  be  seen  of  all  that 
i)r()ud  array  wliich  had  iirtrched  up  the  hci^dits  so  confidently  under  the 
nanners  of  their  ill-fated  ( hiefs  the  precedinjjj  evening.  The  hloody  roll  of 
slaughter,  besides  the  coini  ion  file,  was  graced  with  the  names  of  the  i)est  and 
bravest  of  the  Christian  knighthood.  Ani,:»ng  the  nund)er  was  FraiKisto 
Ramirez  de  Madrid,  the  distinguished  engineer,  who  had  contributed  so 
essentially  to  the  success  of  the  Uranadine  war.^' 

The  sad  tidings  of  the  defeat  soon  spread  throughout  the  country,  oecasjon- 
ing  a  sensation  such  iis  had  not  been  felt  since  the  tragic  affair  of  the 
Axarijuia.  Men  could  scarcely  credit  that  so  nuich  mischief  could  be  intlif  t('(l 
])y  an  outcast  race,  who,  whatever  terror  they  once  inspired,  had  long  hceii 
regarded  with  indiflference  or  con temi)t.  Every  Spaniard  seemed  to  ctjnsjdcr 
himself  in  some  way  or  other  involved  in  the  disgrace  ;  and  the  most  spirited 
exertions  were  made  on  all  sides  to  retrieve  it.  liy  the  beginning  of  Ajiril, 
King  Ferdinand  fomid  himself  at  Ronda,  at  the  head  of  a  strong  body  of 
troojts,  which  he  determined  to  bvad  in  person,  notwithstanding  the  reilion- 
strances  of  his  courtiers,  into  the  heart  of  the  Sierra,  and  take  bloody 
vengeance  on  the  rebels. 

These  latter,  however,  far  from  being  encouraged,  were  appalled  by  the 
extent  of  their  own  success  ;  ard,  as  the  note  of  warlike  preparation  roaohod 
them  in  their  fastnesses,  they  felt  their  temerity  in  thus  brniging  the  whole 
weight  of  the  Castilian  monarchy  on  their  heads.  They  accordingly  abandoned 
all  thoughts  of  further  resistance,  and  lost  no  time  in  sending  deputies  to  the 
king's  camp,  to  deprecate  his  anger  and  sue  in  the  most  submissive  terms  for 
pardon. 

Ferdinand,  though  far  from  vindictive,  was  less  open  to  pity  than  the 
queen  ;  and  in  the  present  instance  he  indulged  in  a  full  measure  of  the  in- 
dignation with  which  sovereigns,  naturally  identifying  themselves  with  the 
state,  are  wont  to  regard  rebellion,  by  viewing  it  in  "  he  aggravated  light  of  a 
personal  offence.  After  some  hesitation,  however,  his  prudence  got  the  hettor 
of  his  passions,  as  he  refiected  that  he  was  in  a  situation  to  dictate  the  terms 
of  victory  without  liaying  the  usual  price  for  it.  His  past  experience  seems 
to  have  convinced  him  of  the  hopelessness  of  infusing  sentiments  of  loyalty  in 
a  Mussulman  towards  a  Christian  prince  ;  for,  while  he  granted  a  general 
amnesty  to  those  concerned  in  the  insurrection,  it  was  only  on  the  alteriiatia' 
of  baptism  or  exile,  engaging  at  the  same  time  to  provide  conveyance  for  m\v]\ 
as  chose  to  leave  the  country,  on  the  i>ayment  of  ten  doblas  of  gold  a  head." 

These  engagements  were  punctually  f'ulfilled.  The  Moorisli  emigrants  were 
transporteil  in  public  galleys  from  Estepona  to  the  Barbary  coast.  The 
nnmlier,  however,  was  probably  small ;  by  far  the  greater  j)art  being  otili?:ed, 
however  reluctantly,  from  want  of  funds,  to  remain  and  be  baiitized.  "  They 
would  never  have  stayed,"  says  Bleda,  "  if  they  could  have  mustered  tlie  t 
doblas  of  gold  ;  a  circumstance,"  continues  that  charitable  writer,  "  wliicli 
shows  with  what  levity  they  received  bajitisni,  and  for  what  paltry  coii.sideni- 
tions  they  could  be  guilty  of  such  sacrilegious  hypocrisy."  " 

But,  although  every  spark  of  insurrection  was  thus  eflectually  extingimhcil, 
it  was  long,  very  long,  before  the  Spanish  nation  could  recover  from  the  hl"». 


'"  Zufiiga,  Animlps  do  SovilUi,  afio  1501. — 
Carhajal,  Analcs,  MS.,  iifio  1501.  -lUeda,  Co- 
n'liiicji,  lib.  5,  cap.  '211. — Ovicdo,  QHiiuuap'  nas, 
MS.,  l)(it.  1,  (iiiiiK".  I,  dial.  ;t6. — Fi)r  a  inore 
jtiiiticular  niitiio  nf  Raiiiiro/.,  .ico  Part  I. 
cliaiiti  r  i;t,  of  tliis  HistKiy. 

'  HIt'da,  Con'miia,    lii).   n,   cap.  2G,  27. — 
liobles,  Vidu  de  Xiuieuez,  cap.  IC— Ikruul- 


dpz,  Rpvpp Catolicofi.  MS.,  cap.  165.— M«ri.iiia, 
Hist,  de  Espafia.  lib.  27,  cup.  .^.-Mnrimi, 
KolM'lii>n  dp  los  Moriscd.'s,  lit)    1,  caj'.  '-'" 

"  Coronica.  lib.  5,  cap.  27.— The  CiirHt^  of 
Los  I'alacioH  disposes  of  thp  .Mours  railn^r 
sunitnarily:  "  Tlic  Clirisliaiis  strippul  ll""'. 
pave  tliPiu  a  frpe  pa,s8app.  and  siiit  ilnui  to 
the  devil !  "    lieycB  Catolicys,  cap.  ICS. 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAR. 


411 


Arfortrot  the  sad  story  of  its  disaster  in  the  Red  Sierra.  It  became  the  theme 
;  t  iiiily  of  chronicle,  hut  of  son.i,^ ;  the  note  of  sorrow  was  prolonged  in  many 
a  ]il;iiiitive  romance,  and  the  names  of  As^uilar  and  his  unfortunate  ronipanioMs 
wpreeinlia lined  in  that  iH'autiful  minstrelsy,  scarcely  less  imjierishabie,  and  far 
;iinre  toiuhinir,  than  the  stately  and  elaborate  records  of  history.''*  The  j)Oj»u!ar 
tVtlin^Mvas  disi)layed  after  another  fashion  in  regard  to  the  count  of  I  rena 
and  his  followers,  who  were  accused  of  deserting  their  r>osts  in  the  hour  of 
[-■ril :  and  more  tlian  one  ballad  of  the  time  reproachfully  demanded  an  account 
trim  him  of  the  brave  comj)anions-in-arms  wliom  he  had  left  in  the  Sierra.'"' 

Tho  iiiii)Utation  on  this  gallant  nobleman  ajtjicars  wiiolly  undeserved  ;  for 
rtrtainly  he  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  those  of  his 
!r;ive  fullowers,  in  a  «iuse  perfectly  desperate,  for  a  chinierical  jjoint  of  honour. 
Ami,  so  far  from  forfeiting  the  favour  of  his  sovereigns  by  his  conduct  on  this 
Mra<iiiii,  he  was  maintained  by  them  in  the  .same  high  stjitions  which  he 
Ufure  held,  and  which  he  continued  to  fill  with  dignity  to  a  good  old  age."' 

It  was  about  seventy  years  after  this  event,  in  1570,  that  tiie  duke  of  Arcos, 
(breiitlod  from  the  great  maniuis  of  Cadiz  and  from  this  same  count  of  Urena, 
It'il  ail  expedition  into  tiie  Sierra  Vermeja,  in  order  to  suppress  a  similar  in- 
siirre  tiun  of  the  Moiiscos.  Among  the  party  were  many  of  the  descendants 
ami  kinsmen  of  those  who  had  fought  under  Agnilar.  It  was  the  first  time 
Mine,  that  these  rude  jiasses  had  been  trodden  by  Christian  feet ;  but  the  tra- 
ditions of  early  childhood  had  made  every  inch  of  ground  familiar  to  the 
M'Miers.  Some  way  up  the  eminence,  they  recognized  the  point  at  which  the 
(iiiiiit  of  Treua  had  made  his  stand  ;  and  farther  still,  the  fatal  plain,  belted 
1111111(1  with  its  dark  rampart  of  rocks,  where  the  strife  had  l)een  hottest. 
Stattered  fragments  of  arms  and  harness  still  lay  rusting  on  the  ground,  whirh 
wa^  co\ered  with  the  bones  of  the  warriors,  that  had  lam  for  more  tlian  half 


''  Arconling  to  onn  of  the  romances,  citod 
'\  HiU,  till'  expedition  of  Agnilar  was  a 
jiw  (if  roimiiitic  Quixotism,  occasionwi  by 
kiiii,'  Ferdinand's  challenging  tlie  bravest  of 
lii<  knights  to  plant  liiH  banner  on  the  sum- 
njlisof  tlip  Alpujarras : 

"  Qual  de  vosotros,  amigos, 
Ini  u  la  Sierra  mafiana, 
A  jxmer  ml  Real  pendon 
Eminia  de  la  Alpuxarra.^'* 

All  shrunk  from  the  perilous  enterprise, 
;:  1  Alunso  (|c  Aguilar  stepped  forward  and 
''  I'lly  assumi'd  it  for  him.self : 

"  A  todoa  tionibla  la  barba, 
Sino  fucra  don  Almiso, 
(,|iic  do  Aguil.ir  so  llamaba. 
I.tvantose  en  pie  ante  el  Key 
!)(•  csta  nianeni  le  liahla. 

"A(iuesa  (nipresa,  Seilor, 
Para  mi  estaba  guardada, 
li»iU'  ini  seniira  la  reyiia 
Ya  me  la  tiene  mandada. 

"  Alcgrose  niueho  el  Key 
I'or  la  oferta  ([ue  le  daba, 
Aun  no  era  amanecido 
i'on  Alonso  ya  cavalga." 

Thiso  popular  ditties,  it  cannot  be  denied, 
>■'■  siijiiKiy  aiitlitpritii"<  fur  any  imi)ortant 
■  ',  luihss  Mip|ii.ri(d  by  nuire  iliriil  historic 
'  ■tiMiuny  Wlicn  louipoM'd,  huwevir,  by 
^  littuiiiuiaries,  ur  those  who  lived  near  the 


time,  they  may  very  naturally  record  many 
true  details,  too  insignili<ant  in  their  conse- 
quences to  attract  the  iH'tice  of  liistory.  Tlie 
ballad  translated  witli  so  much  elalwirate 
Bimplicity  by  I'ercy  is  chiefly  taken  up,  us 
the  English  reader  may  rememlxr,  with  the 
exploits  ot  a  Sevillian  hero  named  .Saiivedra. 
No  such  personage  is  noticed,  as  far  as  I  am 
aware,  by  the  Spanish  Chroniclers.  Tiie 
name  of  Snavedra,  however,  apju-ars  to  liave 
been  a  familiar  one  in  .Seville,  ami  occurs  two 
or  three  times  in  the  muster-roll  of  nobles' 
and  cavaliers  of  tliat  city  «ho  joined  King 
Ferdinand's  army  in  the  preceding  year, 
1500.  Zuftiga,  Annales  de  Sevilla,  eodeui 
anno. 

'"'•  Meinloza  notices  these  splenetic  efTtisions 
((iuerra  de  (Iranada,  p.  13);  and  IMeda  ((Jo- 
rrtnica,  p.  (;;16)  cites  tlie  following  couplet 
from  one  of  them  : 

"Decid,  conde  de  Urefia, 
Don  Alonso  donde  (jueda." 

"■'  The  Venetian  ambassador,  Navagiero, 
Pfw  tlie  count  of  Urefia  at  Ossuna  in  152(5. 
lie  was  enjoying  a  green  old  age,  or,  as  the 
minister  expresses  it,  "niolto  vecchio  e  gentil 
corte|.'giano  perd."  "  Oiseascs,"  sniil  the 
veteran,  good-humour' dly,  "soiiietinies  visit 
me,  but  seldom  larrv  long;  for  my  tM)dy  is 
like  a  cra/y  old  inn,  where  tiavidlers  lliid 
such  jMior  iar<'  that  tliey  merely  touch  and 
go."     Viaggio,  lol.  17. 


4i2 


RISING   IN  THE  ALPUJARRA8. 


a  routnry  unbiiricd  and  Lleacliing  in  the  sun.'*  Here  was  tlie  spot  on  wliich 
the  liiave  son  of  Aguilar  had  fonuht  so  sturdily  l)y  liis  fatlicr's  side  ;  ami  tUie 
the  hujie  rock  at  whose  foot  the  chieftain  had  fallen,  thro\vin.<f  its  dark 
shadow  over  the  remains  of  the  nolile  dead  who  lay  slee|»in<;  around.  The 
stron^ly-niarked  features  of  the  pound  called  uji  all  tiie  circunistancfs,  which 
the  soldiers  had  gatliered  from  tradition  ;  their  liearts  beat  hij^h,  a:  tliev  re- 
capitulated them'  one  to  another ;  and  the  tears,  says  the  elo(juent  historian 
who  tells  the  story,  fell  fast  down  their  iron  cheeks,  as  thev  ^nzed  on  the  sul 
relics  and  otl'ered  up  a  soldier's  prayer  for  the  heroic  souls  whicli  onceaniuiutid 
them.*" 

I'raniiuillity  was  now  restored  throughout  the  wide  borders  of  rinuiada. 
The  hanner  of  the  Cross  floated  triumj)hantly  over  the  whole  extent  of  its 
wild  sierras,  its  hroad  valleys,  and  pojAilous  cities.  Every  Moor,  in  «xtf'rinr 
at  least,  had  become  a  Christian.  Every  moscjue  had  been  converted  into  a 
Christian  church.  Still  the  country  was  not  :ntirely  nuritied  from  the  st^iin 
of  Islamism,  since  many  professing  their  ancient  faith  were  scattered  i^cr 
diffierent  parts  of  the  kingdom  of  Castile,  where  they  had  been  long  re>iihiit 
before  the  snrrender  of  their  capital.  The  late  events  seemed  to  have  no 
other  etlect  than  to  harden  them  in  error  ;  and  the  Spanish  government  >aw 
with  alarm  the  pernicious  hitiuence  of  their  example  and  perMia.>iuii,  in 
shaking  the  infirm  faith  of  the  new  converts. 

To  ohvLate  this,  an  ordinance  was  published,  in  the  summer  of  l.">01,  m- 
hibiting  all  uitercourse  between  these  Moors  and  the  orthodox  kin^'ilum 
of  Granada.'"  At  length,  however,  convinced  that  there  was  no  other  way  to 
save  the  precious  seed  from  behig  choked  by  the  thorns  of  infidelity  than 
to  eradicate  then)  altogether,  tlie  sovereigns  came  to  the  extraordinuiy  reso- 
lution of  offering  them  the  alternative  of  baptism  or  exile.  They  isMud 
a  }>ra<jmdtica  to  tiiat  etlect  from  Seville,  February  12th,  I'AYl.  After  a 
preamble,  duly  setting  forth  the  obligations  of  gratitude  on  the  C'astilian^ 
to  drive  God'senemies  from  the  land  wliich  he  in  his  good  time  had  delivereil 
into  their  hands,  and  the  numerous  backslidings  occasioned  among  the  new 
converts  by  their  intercourse  with  tlieir  unbaptized  brethren,  the  act  px>s 
on  to  state,  in  much  the  same  terms  with  the  famous  ordinance  against  the 
Jews,  that  all  the  unbaptized  Moors  in  the  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Lemi, 
above  fourteen  ye<ars  of  age  if  males,  and  twelve  if  females,  must  leave  the 
country  by  the  end  of  April  following  ;  that  they  might  sell  their  nroiierty 
in  the  mean  time,  and  take  the  proceeds  in  anything  save  gold  and  silviMaiid 
merchandise  regularly  proliibited ;  and,  finally,  that  they  might  emigrate 
to  any  foreign  country,  except  the  dominions  of  the  Grand  Turk,  and  such 
parts  of  Africa  as  Spain  was  then  at  war  with.  Obedience  to  these  sever" 
provision  was  enforced  by  the  penalties  of  death  and  confiscation  of  property.'' 


''"  Guerra  de  Granada,  p.  301.— Compare 
the  siniilir  pnintiiig  of  Tacitus,  in  tin  ^'ccnG 
wiicre  Gcrnianiiiis  pays  the  last  sad  oflices 
to  tlic  remains  of  Varus  and  his  k'niims : 
"  Dein  semiruto  vallo,  humdi  fossa,  accisie 
jam  reli(iuia'  consedisse  iiitclliRihantur ;  me- 
dio campi  albentia  ossa.  ut  fugerant.  ut  re- 
stiti-rant,  ilisjecta  vel  aL'gerita;  ad,)aoel)ant 
fragniina  telorum,  ('(luoruimjue  artns,  siniul 
truneis  urhorum  antdixa  ora."  (Annales, 
lib.  1,  seet.  Gl.)  Mrndo/.a  falls  nothing  sliort 
of  tliis  eelelirated  desciiption  of  the  lloman 
historian  : 
"  Pan  otiam  Arcadia  dicat  se  judice  victum." 

'■'"  Meudoza,  Guerra  de  Granada,  pp.  3UU- 


302. —The  Moorish  insnrrect'on  of  li'iTuwu 
attended  with  at  least  one  goud  n'^ult,  in 
calling  forth  this  historic  maM<rpiin',  tiit" 
work  of  tlie  accomplished  Dieiro  llnriad'  le 
Mtudo/a,  accomplished  alike  us  a  -tutMiian, 
warrior,  and  historian.  Flis  "Guirra  cl>  oi,t- 
nada,"  confined  as  it  is  to  a  harreii  rniLMimt 
of  .Mcioiish  history,  displays  such  iibfi*! -'n- 
timents  (too  Hberal,  nideed,  to  pi  riiiit  i'^ 
pnl)lication  till  long  aft^  r  its  author's  iliHtb, 
profound  reHe(tii  n,  and  clas«ic  rh  L'ano'  'j 
style  as  well  entiile  him  to  the  uppellutiuin.! 
the  Si)anisli  Sallust. 

'"  I'ragniiiticas  del  Reyno,  fol.  C. 

'■  I'ragmiiticas  del  Reyno,  fol.  7. 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAR. 


•413 


le  spot  oil  wliith 
side  ;  iiml  tlniv 
rowiii.ic  its  (lark 
ili  ar<»mHl.  The 
nistaiiccs,  wiiidi 
li^h,  Ai  tlit'V  le- 
oiiueiit  liistdiiiiii 
^azed  on  tiir  siJ 
•hoiiceaiiiijiated 

lers  of  riraiiada. 
)le  oxti'iit  (if  its 
loor,  ill  cxtcriiir 
c;oii verted  into  a 
hI  from  the  slain 
e  scattered  ii\cr 
en  long  resilient 
nied  to  have  iiu 
goveriiMieiit  >aw 
d  persiuisiuii,  in 

ler  of  1.">()1,  iim- 

tliodox   kiiiKiluia 

i  no  other  way  to 

f  infidelity  tliaii 

raordinary  rcMi- 

e.    They  isMicd 

loO'i.      After  a 

n  the  (..'astiliaii< 

me  had  delivered 

among  the  new 

en,  the  act  <M'i 

ance  against  the 

astile  ami  Lom, 

must  leave  the 

tlieir  iiroperty 

d  and  silver  and 

nnght  euiiKnito 

Tn'rk,  and  such 

to  these  sever" 

ion  of  i)ni[>erty.*' 


This  stern  edict,  so  closely  modelled  on  that  against  the  Jews,  nnist  have 
loon  even  more  grievous  in  its  a|tiilicntioii."  i*Vr  the  .lews  may  he  said 
t(i  have  heen  denizens  almost  equally  of  every  country  ;  while  the  Moors, 
cxdnded  from  a  retreat  among  their  countrymen  on  the  Afrii-an  shore,  were 
MMit  into  the  lands  of  enemies  or  strangers.  The  former,  moreover,  were  far 
hotter  (lualitied  hy  tlieir  natural  shrewdness  and  commereial  haliits  for  dis- 
iHising  of  their  property  advantageously,  than  the  sim])le,  inexperienced 
Miiors,  skilled  in  little  else  than  husliandry  or  rude  mechanic  arts.  We  have 
nowhere  met  with  any  estimate  of  the  nundier  who  migrated  on  this  occasion. 
Tiie  Castilian  writers  pass  over  the  whole  affair  in  a  very  few  words  ;  not, 
indeed,  as  is  too  evident,  from  anv  feelings  of  disap)>rol»ation,  hut  from  its 
insitrniticance  in  a  i)olitical  view.  Their  silence  implies  a  very  inconsiderable 
Milliliter  of  emigrants  ;  a  circumstance  not  to  be  wonderetl  at,  as  there  were 
very  few,  probably,  who  would  not  soiMier  imitnte  their  (irranadine  brethren 
ill  assuming  the  mask  of  Christianity,  than  encounter  exile  under  all  the 
a,'LTaviited  miseries  with  which  it  was  accompanied.*' 

( ibtile  might  now  boast,  for  the  first  time  in  eight  centuries,  that  every 
outward  stain,  at  lejist,  of  infidelity  was  purified  from  her  bosom.  But  how 
had  this  been  accomplished  i  By  the  most  detestable  expedients  which 
-Midiistry  could  devise  aid  oppression  execu'e;  and  that,  too,  mider  an 
eii.i.'litened  government,  proposing  to  be  guided  solely  by  a  conscientious 
n-anl  for  duty.  To  comjtrehend  this  more  fully,  it  will  be  necessary  to  take 
a  hrief  view  of  nublic  sentiment  in  matters  of  religion  at  that  time. 

It  is  a  singular  jiaradox,  that  Christianity,  whose  doctrines  inculcate  iin- 
houiided  charity,  should  have  been  made  so  often  an  engine  of  persecution  ; 
while  .Muhometiinism,  whose  principles  are  those  of  avowed-intolerance,  should 
luive  exhi'ited,  at  least  till  later  times,  a  truly  philosophical  spirit  of  tolera- 
tion." Even  the  first  victorious  disciples  of  the  pro]»het,  glowing  with  all 
the  fiery  zeal  of  proselytism,  were  content  with  the  exaction  of  tribute  from 
the  vanquished ;  at  least,  more  vindictive  feelings  were  reserved  only  for 
idolaters,  who  did  not,  like  the  Jews  and  Christians,  acknowledge  with  tliem- 
sdves  the  unity  of  God.  With  these  latter  denominations  they  had  obvious 
syiiipathy,  since  it  was  their  creed  which  formed  the  basis  of  their  own.**  In 
Siiain,  where  the  fiery  temperament  of  tli.  Arab  was  gradually  softened  under 


"  Bl'da  anxiously  claims  the  credit  of 
the  act  of  expulsion  for  Fray  Tiioin.is  de 
Tirim^niaila,  inquisitorial  memory.  (Co- 
n'mica,  p.  640.)  That  eminent  personage 
tiail,  iiiiji' 'il,  U'cn  deiul  some  years;  but  this 
t-iliit  was  so  obviously  suuReste*!  by  that 
it'iiinst  tlif  .Jews,  tlidt  it  may  be  considered 
A-  the  f'sult  of  his  ))rinciples,  if  not  directly 
tiniu'lit  by  him.  Tims  it  is,  "the  evil  tliiit 
ui'ii  i|c)  lives  lifter  th  ni." 

Tlif  ('a-ti!iun  writers,  especially  the 
il'aniatie,  hav  not  bi'eii  insensible  to  the 
pi-tkal  situations  alTonled  by  the  di'^tresses 
'j'  th.'  baiiisiied  Mori-'jjs.  Their  sympatny 
fr  tiie  ( .\i!e>i,  iiuwever.  is  whimsirally  enouj^h 
("iitra-ittil  hy  an  c)rthod(>x  anxiety  to  justify 
tii"  to!iiliut  ijf  tiii'ir  own  (tovernnient.  The 
^.u^■r  may  recollect  a  pertinent  example  in 
t:i'  -terv  of  Saiiclio's  Moorish  friend,  Kicote. 
h'm(^nixnt",  p.irt.  2,  c;ip.  .54. 

'  Till'  Shirit  of  ti)!eviiti<in  professed  by  the 
M'Kir-,  iiiijiM'il,  was  ni.ule  a  i)rincipal  ari^u- 
ni'iit  ii'.'ainst  theni  in  the  archbishop  of 
\iilcudas   memorial    to    Philip   111.      Tlie 


Mahometans  would  seem  the  better  Christians 
of  the  two.  See  (jed<les,  .Miscellaneous  Tracia 
(London,  17n'2-6),  vol.  i  p.  94. 

■'^  Heeren  seems  willing  to  countenance 
the  learned  l'lu(|uet  in  regarding  Islamism, 
in  its  ancient  form,  as  ont;  of  the  uioditica- 
tions  of  Cliristianity  i  placing  the  principal 
difference  Ix'twecn  that  and  SM)ciniaiiism.  for 
example,  in  tlie  mere  rites  «d"  circumcision 
and  baptism.  ( K.ssai  sur  I'Inllnence  dea 
Croisades,  tr.iduit  jiar  Villers  (I'aris,  Isii-s), 
)).  175,  not.)  "The  .MusMiUnaiis,"  says  Sir 
Will  am  .Jones,  "  an^  a  sort  of  heterodox' 
Christians,  if  Locke  leasoiis  justly,  becaii-o 
they  lirnily  believe  the  imniarulate  concep- 
tion, divine  character,  aii(l  mirach's  of  the 
Messiah  ;  heterodox  in  denying  vehemently 
his  character  of  Son,  and  his  equality,  as  <Jod, 
\\  itli  the  {''atiier,  ot  whose  tmity  and  attributes 
fhey  entertain  and  express  the  mo-t  awful 
Idias."  See  his  Uisst-rtaliou  on  the  (iuds  of 
<iri'e.e,  Italy,  am'  India;  Works  (London, 
1799),  vol.  i.  p.  279. 


414 


RISING  IN  THE  ALPUJARRA8. 


the  inflnonce  of  a  temperate  climate  and  higher  mental  culture,  the  toleration 
of  the  Jews  and  Christians,  as  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  notice,  was  so 
reinarkahle  that  within  a  few  years  after  the  coiKiuest  we  find  th'^iii  not  onlv 
prot(!(;ted  in  the  enjoyment  of  civil  ami  religious  freedom,  but  iiiiimliii,' 
on  terms  almost  of  e([iiality  with  their  conqu  erors. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  impiire  here  how  far  the  different  policy  of  the  Cluiv 
tian-<  was  ovvini;"  to  the  pectUiar  constitution  of  their  hierarchy,  whiili, com. 
posed  of  a  spiritual  militia  drawn  from  every  country  in  Europe,  was  cut  oif 
by  its  position  from  all  human  sympathies,  and  attached  to  no  intcriNts  Imt 
its  own  ;  which  availed  itself  of  the  superior  science  and  reputetl  sanctity  that 
were  supposed  to  have  given  it  the  key  to  the  dread  mysteries  of  a  future 
life,  not  to  enlighten  but  to  enslave  the  minds  of  a  credulous  world  ;  aivl 
which,  making  its  own  tenets  che  only  standard  of  faith,  its  own  rites  au'i 
ceremonial  the  only  evidence  of  virtue,  obliterated  the  great  laws  of  nidiality 
written  by  the  divine  hand  on  every  heart,  and  gradually  built  up  a  systoiii 
of  exclusiveness  and  intolerance  most  repugnant  to  the  mild  and  charitatile 
religion  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Biifore  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  several  circumstances  operatc<l  tn 
sharpen  the  edge  of  intolerance,  especially  against  the  Arabs,  Tne  Turks, 
whose  political  consideration  of  late  years  had  made  them  the  peculiar 
representatives  and  champions  of  Mahometanism,  had  shown  a  femcity  and 
cruelty  in  their  treatment  of  the  Christians  which  brought  geueiTJ  odium  uii 
all  the  professors  of  their  faith,  and  on  the  Moors,  of  course,  though  nio»t 
undeservedly,  in  common  with  the  rest.  The  bold,  heterodox  doctrines,  aKo. 
which  had  occasionally  broken  forth  in  ditierent  parts  of  Europe  in  the 
fifteenth  century,  like  so  many  faint  streaks  of  light  ushering  in  the  glorious 
morn  of  the  Reformation,  had  roused  the  alarm  of  the  champions  df  the 
church,  an*^!  kindled  on  more  than  one  occasion  the  fires  of  persecution;  ami 
before  the  close  of  the  period  the  In([uisition  was  intraluced  into  Spain. 

From  that  disastrous  hour,  religion  wore  a  new  aspect  in  this  luihapi'V 
country.  The  spirit  of  intolerance,  no  longer  hooded  in  the  darkness  of  the 
cloister,  now  stalked  abroad  in  all  his  terrors.  Zeal  was  e.xalted  into  fauati- 
cism,  and  a  rational  spirit  of  proselytism  into  one  of  fiendish  persecution,  it 
was  not  enough  now,  as  formerly,  to  conform  passively  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church,  but  it  was  enjoined  to  make  war  on  all  who  refused  them.  The 
natural  feeling  of  compunction  in  the  discharge  of  this  sad  duty  was  a  crime ; 
and  the  tear  of  sympathy,  wrung  out  by  the  sight  of  mortal  agonies,  uas  an 
ottence  to  be  expiated  by  humiliating  penance.  The  most  frightful  iiia.xiins 
were  deliberately  engrafted  into  the  code  of  morals.  Any  one,  it  was  siid, 
might  conscientiously  kill  an  apostate  wherever  he  could  meet  hiui.  There 
was  some  doubt  whether  a  man  might  slay  his  own  father,  if  a  horetio  or 
infidel,  but  none  whatever  as  to  his  right,  in  that  evont,  to  take  away  the 
life  of  his  son  or  of  his  ])rother."  These  maxims  were  Jiot  a  dead  letter,  hut 
of  most  active  operation,  as  the  sad  records  of  the  dread  tribunal  too  well 
prove.  The  character  of  the  nation  underwent  a  melancholy  clianLre.  The 
milk  01  charity,  nay,  of  human  feeling,  was  sonrwl  -n  every  boscuu.  The 
liberality  of  the  old  Spanish  cavalier  gave  way  to  the  fiery  fanaticism  pf  the 
monk.  The  ta.ste  for  blood,  once  gratified,  begat  h  cannibal  aiiiK'titc  in  the 
people,  who,  cheered  on  by  the  frantic  clergy,  seemed  to  vie  with  one  aiidther 

•^'■'  Sep   thf  liishop  of   Oriluula's    tnvitisp,  with  which  Rloila  heartily  coliicidon,  that  the 

"  Dc   licUo  Sacro,"  etc,  cited  i)y  the  iiidus-  government   wduUl    ho   ])erf(  ctiy  Jii'^titMl  m 

trioHs   ChMnenciii.      (Mem.    de    la    Acad,    de  taking  away  tlie  life  .if  every  Mcnr  in  tl"; 

Ilist.,  toni.   VI.    llust.    ir).)     'I'lie    Moors   and  kingdom  for  their  Bliiir.iiiesf*  intidi  lily.    Lii 

.lews,  of  course,  stood  no  cliance  in  this  code  ;  supra  ;  — and  Ulcda,  Coioiiica,  p.  'J'^S. 
the  reverend   father  expresses  an  opinion, 


DEATH  OF  ALONSO  DE  AGUILAR. 


415 


ill  tlie  ea,c;emcss  with  which  they  ran  down  the  miserable  p;ame  of  tlio 
]ii4ui>ition. 

It  was  at  this  very  time,  when  the  infernal  monster,  jrorj^eil  ]>nt  not  sated 
with  Iminan  sacrifice,  was  cryini,'  aloud  for  fresh  victims,  that  (Jranada 
^iirroiidcrod  to  the  Spaniards,  iinder  the  solemn  piarantee  of  tlie  full  enjuy- 
iiieiit  of  civil  and  reli^dous  liberty.  The  treaty  of  caiiitulation  j,Tanted  too 
iiiiich,  or  too  little, — too  little  for  an  independent  state,  too  nuicii  for  one 
wjiiise  existence  was  now  merged  in  that  of  a  greater  ;  for  it  secured  to  the 
Mi.ors  privileges  in  some  respects  sui>erior  cO  those  of  the  Castilians  and  to 
the  prcjiidice  of  the  latter.  Huch,  for  exam[)le,  was  the  permission  lo  trade 
with  the  Barbary  coast,  and  with  ti;e  various  places  in  Castile  and  Andalusia, 
witliout  paying  the  duties  imposed  on  the  Spaniards  themselves;''  and  that 
article,  again,  by  which  runaway  Moorish  slaves  from  other  parts  of  the 
kiii^Mluiii  were  made  free  and  incapalile  of  l»eing  reclaime<l  by  their  masters,  if 
tliey  could  retich  Granada."  The  former  of  these  provisions  struck  at  the 
O'lnincrcial  profits  of  the  Spaniards,  the  latter  directly  at  their  projierty. 

It  is  not  too  nuich  to  say  that  such  a  treaty,  depending  for  its  observance 
nil  the  good  faith  and  forbearance  of  the  stronger  party,  would  not  hold 
t')ii;ether  a  year  in  any  country  of  Christen  .,m,  even  at  the  present  day, 
litfore  some  flaw  or  pretext  would  be  devised  to  evade  it.  How  nuich  greater 
yix>  the  probability  of  this  in  the  present  case,  where  the  weiiker  party  was 
viewed  with  all  the  accumulated  odium  of  long  hereditary  hostility  and 
religious  rancour  ! 

'ilie  work  of  conversion,  on  which  the  Christians,  no  doubt,  nuich  relied, 
was  attended  with  greater  difhculties  than  liad  been  anticipated  by  the  con- 
iHierors.  It  was  now  found  that,  while  the  Moors  retained  their  present  faith, 
they  would  be  much  better  affected  towards  their  countrymen  in  Africa  than 
to  the  nation  with  which  ihey  were  incorjiorated.  In  short,  Spain  still  had 
ineniies  in  her  bosom  ;  and  reports  were  rife,  in  every  quarter,  of  their  secret 
intelligence  with  the  Earbary  states,  and  of  Christians  kidnapped  to  be  sold 
as  slaves  to  Algerine  corsairs.  Such  tales,  greedily  circulated  and  swallowed, 
mm  begat  general  alarm  ;  and  men  are  not  apt  to  be  over-scrupulous  as  to 
iiieusiires  which  they  deem  essential  to  their  personal  safety. 

The  zealous  attempt  to  bring  about  conversion  by  preaching  and  expostula- 
tion wius  fair  and  commendable.  The  intervention  of  bribes  and  promises,  if 
it  violated  the  spirit,  did  not,  at  least,  the  letter  of  the  treaty.  The  applica- 
tion of  force  to  a  few  of  the  most  refractory,  who  by  their  blind  obstinacy 
were  excluding  a  whole  nation  from  the  benefits  of  redemption,  was  to  be 
defended  on  otner  grounds  ;  and  these  were  not  wanting  to  cunning  theolo- 
,i;ians,  who  considered  that  the  sanctity  of  the  end  jiustified  extraordinary 
means,  and  that  where  the  eternal  interests  of  the  soul  were  at  stake  the  force 
of  inoinises  and  the  faith  of  treaties  were  equally  nugatory.'® 

lint  the  chef-Woeuvre  of  monkish  casuistry  was  the  argument  imputed  to 
Xinienes  for  depriving  the  Moors  of  the  benefits  of  the  treaty,  as  a  legitimate 
couseipience  of  the  rebellion  into  which  they  had  been  driven  by  his  own 


'"  Till'  articles  of  the  treaty  are  detailed  at 
I'lijrth  liy  Maimul,  Uebelion  do  los  Muriscws, 
lili.  I,  call.  ''•'• 

M.irmol,  ilebelion  de  las  Moriscos,  lib. 

1,  Cip,   lit, 

■  Si'f  tlif  arKutiiciits  of  Ximenes,  or  of  his 
eiitliusiistie  liiii(rr.,plii  r  Fk-chicr,  for  it  is  not 
"Iftiivs  tasy  to  discriminate  between  them. 
'll>t.iliXiuiiii(''s,  pp.  1U8,  109.— .Montes(iuieu, 
ill  tLos(j  admirable  Letters  which  disguise  so 


much  Jeep  philosophy  under  tiie  pleasant 
veil  of  raillery,  makes  a  stricture  on  this 
compulsory  proselylism  vor;h  all  tie-  ar.,'u- 
nients  of  its  advocates:  "Celui  (pd  veut  uie 
faire  clumber  de  relij^ioii  no  le  fait  sans  duuto 
que  parceiiu'il  rn' chanfjeroit  la  sieiine,  <|uaiid 
on  voudroit  I'y  force i  ;  il  trouve  doncetran^;e 
(pie  je  Ue  fasse  pas  une  chose  (pi'll  ne  feroit 
pas  liii-mcme,  peut-rtre,  pour  reaipire  du 
uionde."    Lettrcs  i'ersanes,  let.  a5. 


416 


Risma  IN  THE  alpujarras. 


1 


nml practices.  This  proposition,  however,  far  from  outraging  the  foclin^s  ,,f 
the  nation,  well  '.riilcil  by  this  time  in  the  metaphysics  of  the  doi.^tci",  fell 
sliort  of  then),  if  wv,  are  to  ju(lj;e  from  recommendations  of  a  still  um-w 
questionable  imjiort,  urged,  though  inetl'ectually,  on  tlic  soveruign.s  at  lliis 
very  time,  from  the  highest  (luarter.*" 

Such  are  the  friglitful  results  to  which  the  fairest  mind  may  be  led,  wjion 
it  introduces  the  refinements  of  logic  into  the  discussions  of  duty  ;  whvu, 
l>roposing  to  achieve  some  greji*  good,  whether  in  politics  or  religion,  it  c(ji,- 
ceives  that  tlie  importance  of  the  object  authorizes  a  departure  from  tin-  plain 
)rincip]es  of  morality  which  regulate  t lie  ordinary  allairs  of  life  ;  and  when, 
dending  these  higlier  interests  with  those  of  a  i)ersonjil  natiu-e,  it  ))0(oiiies 
incai)able  of  discriminating  between  them,  and  is  led  insensibly  to  act  iT»n\ 
selfish  motive^^,  while  it  fondly  imagines  itself  obeying  only  the  con>cicntiuii,s 
dictates  of  (hity.*' 

AVith  these  events  may  be  said  to  terminate  the  history  of  the  Mdors.  or 
the  Moriscos,  as  jjenceforth  called,  under  the  present  reign.  Eight  ceutuiiis 
had  ela])sed  since  their  first  occupatitm  of  the  coimtry  ;  during  whidi  pcri'MJ 
tliev  iiad  exhibited  all  tlie  various  phases  of  civilizjition,  from  its  diiwn  U>  its 
decline.  Ten  ywirs  had  sufficed  to  overturn  the  splendid  remains  of  this 
powerful  emjiire ;  and  ten  more,  for  its  nominal  conversion  to  Christianity. 
A  long  century  of  persecution,  of  unmitigated  and  unmerited  suffering,  was  to 
follow,  before  "the  whole  was  consummated  by  the  exiiulsion  of  this  unliappv 
race  from  the  l*eninsula.  Their  story,  in  this  latter  period,  furnishes  one  of 
the  most  memorable  examidesin  liistory,  of  the  impotence  of  persecution,  oven 
in  support  of  a  good  cause  against  a  bad  one.  It  is  a  lesson  that  cannot  lie 
too  deeply  pondered  tlirough  every  succeeding  age.  The  fires  of  the  Iiniuisi 
tion  are,  imleed,  extinguislied,  ])robably  to  be  lighted  no  more.  But  when'  is 
the  land  which  can  boast  that  the  spirit  of  intolerance,  which  forms  the  very 
breath  of  persecution,  is  altogether  exthict  in  its  bosom  ? 


*"  Thft  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia  pruposod  to 
Ferdinand  atid  Isalwlla  to  bo  uverif^od  on  tho 
Moors,  in  someway  not  explaiiicd,  after  their 
disemharlcation  in  Africa,  on  the  prtiund 
tliat,  the  term  of  the  royal  safe-conduct 
haviijf^  clajwed,  they  miglit  lawfuUy  be 
treattcl  as  enemies.  To  tiiis  jiroposal,  wliich 
would  have  done  honour  to  a  college  of 
Jesuits  in  the  sixteentli  century,  the  sove- 
reigns made  a  reply  too  creditable  not  to  be 
transcribed.  *'  El  Uei  6  la  Reina.  Fernando 
de  Zafra,  n.jestro  seoreUlrio.  Vimos  vuestra 
letra,  en  que  Jios  fecistes  salx'r  lo  que  el  du- 
que  de  J\I<'dinasidonia  tenia  pensado  que  se. 
j)odia  ficer  contra  los  Moros  de  Villahienga 
despues  de  deseinbarcados  allende.  Decidle 
que  le  agiatlecemos  y  tenemos  en  servkio  el 
buen  deseo  (pie  tiene  de  nos  servir:  ^)t;?"o 
jxiniue  ihikUiu  palahra  y  seyuro  real  asi  fe 
dehe  yuardar  d  his  iufieles  anno  d  lus  CriK- 
tiatios,  y  fai'ienilose  lo  (pie  el  dice  pareceria 
caiitela  y  engano  aniiado  sobre  nuestro  se- 
guro  para  no  le  guardar,  que  en  iiinguiia 
nianera  se  haga  eso,  ni  otra  cosa  de  que 
pu<'(ia  parecor  (jiie  se  qucbraiita  nuestro  se- 
guvo.  De  (Iranad.i  vt'int<:  y  nueve  de  mayo 
de  quinientos  y  uii  afios. — Y<>  el  Uei. — Yo  la 
Keina.  -I'or  m.milado  del  I'ui  e  del  Ueina, 
Miguel  revez  Almnzau."  (Mem.  do  la  Acad, 
de  Hist.,  tom.  vi.  J  lust.  15,  from  the  original 
In  the  archives  of   the  family   of    Medina 


Ridonia.")  WouM  that  the  suggestionri  of 
Jsaljella's  own  heart,  instead  of  llie  (I'rfjy, 
had  always  been  the  guide  of  her  coiulmt  in 
tlicse  matters ! 

*'  A  memorial  of  the  archbishop  of  Viiloiicia 
to  Philip  III.  alTords  an  e.vample  nf  this 
moral  olili((uity,  that  may  make  eiie  luugti, 
or  weep,  according  to  the  temper  ol  iiin  jilii- 
losophy.  In  this  precious  document  li'-  says, 
"  Your  Majesty  may,  without  any  sciupliof 
cou.sciencc,  make  slaves  of  all  the  Moiiscuf. 
and  may  put  them  into  your  own  gnlley-iur 
mines,  or  sell  them  to  strangers.  .Vml  ii>  to 
their  children,  thej'  may  be  all  sold  at  f.'o<«l 
rates  Iiere  in  Spain;  which  will  !"■  s(j  far 
from  l)eing  a  punishnu'r-' .  that  it  \sill  l>i^  ;» 
mercy  to  them;  sinco  by  that  means  thy 
will  all  become  Christians  ;  wliieli  tiny  uiaini 
never  liave  been,  had  they  contiiaiMJ  \miIi 
their  parents.  IJy  the  lioly  execution  ol  wliiih 
piece  of  justice,  a  jjirat  sum  nj  mi>nni  viil 
Jidw  into  your  Majesty's  treasury."  ((ii  ijiit  s, 
Miscellaneous  Tracts,  vol.  i.  p.  71.)  "11  ii'-'St 
l)oint  d'liostilite  excellente  coinine  la  Clirt"*- 
tienne,"  says  old  Montaigne;  "no>trezele  laid 
merveilles,  quand  il  va  secondant  nostre  ]i  nte 
vers  la  haine,  laciii.iute,  I'anibitioii,  laviiri"', 
la  detraelioii,  la  rebellion.  Nostre  reli^n/n 
est  faicte  pour  extirjier  ies  vices;  elle  Wn 
couvre,  Ies  nourrit,  los  incite."  EjiSdi!*,  liv. 
2,  chap.  12. 


he  focliii^s  (if 
e  clui.^tcr,  ffll 

'    JV     still     lllUR" 

•uij;iis  ill   this 

!  be  Ic'l,  whtMi 
duty ;  when, 
L'liji'ioii,  it  (nii- 
from  tilt'  pluiii 
e  ;  fiml  wlicn, 
re,  it  ))('(uii;c>, 
ly  to  act  fn'iii 
3  con.scii-'iitiuii.s 

the  MtKirs,  nr 
)i;j,ht  centiiries 
^  which  |i»'iioil 
its  (lawn  {*>  its 
LMiiains  of  this 
0  Christianity, 
illerin;;,  wun  io 
E  this  nnhapiiy 
irnisht's  unc  of 
■rsecution,  even 
;iiat  cannot  he 
of  the  Iniiui-i 
But  v.hfp'  IS 
'onus  the  very 


10  piigpcstinn^  i)f 
1(1  (if  till'  (itrgy, 
of  tier  conduct  in 

liphop  iif  Viilciii'ii 

cxami'l''  "^  ''''^ 
make  mu'  luut!li. 
■mper  ut  liin  (iin- 
jKiuuviit  ti''  says 
nit  any  scniiili- "f 
aU  tlif  Mmisc'S. 
lur  own  j;iilUy.-'i'r 
Wits.     Ami  11'  '" 
all  soUl  lit  ^i>"l 
[h  will   1"'  s(i  liir 
tliat  H  will  1"^  ■' 
that  uicaii-'  thy 
Jwhii'li  th<y  tt""i'' 
ly  omtimiMl  «iili 
JxciiitiDii 111  \\liiih 
tim  cf  mi'ii'ii  "'"''' 
T((.s»ri/."    (li"!'!'"' 
p.  71.)  "llii'"st 

Icouim-'  la  *''"■'■" 
"iio>tr('Ztk"laiLt 

luiaiit.  iiDstD'i'iite 

Tiiihitiiiii,  I'aviui.'', 

Nostr."  r''lij;i"i' 

is  vico-;;  ••ll''  ''■" 

lite."    Ea^^^^<  l'^' 


TREATMENT  OF  COLUMBUS. 


417 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

COirMBDS. — PROSECrTION   OF   DISCOVERY. — HIS  TRE.VTME:«T   BY   THE   COURT. 

1494-1603. 

I'mzrops  of  Dl3covpry--RoA>.  'on  of  Public  Fooling— The  Queon's  Confldonco  in  C<)lnmbu<(— Hn 
liiMovcrs  Terra  Kirnia  Isabella  seiiiis  back  tlie  Iinlliui  Slaves— CimpJaiutH  ai?alii-<t 
ColiiiMhiis— Superseded  In  tlie  Uovcrument — Vindication  of  the  Sovereigns— His  fourth  and 
lift  Voyage. 

TiiK  reader  will  turn  with  sntisfaction  from  the  inelaiich<tly  and  inortifyiii;.j 
ilt'tiiils  of  sui)orstition  to  the  generous  etlurts  which  the  Spanish  governnieiit 
u;is  making  to  enlarge  the  limits  of  science  and  dominion  in  the  west. 
".Viiiiilst  the  storms  ami  trouble i  of  Jtiily,  S|«vin  was  every  day  stn^tcbing 
tiiT  \vi114s  over  a  wider  sweej*  of  emjiire,  and  extending  the  glory  of  her  name 
tithe  far  Antipodes."  Huch  is  the  swell  of  exidtation  with  which  the  en- 
t!m>iastic  Italian,  Martyr,  notices  the  brilliant  piogress  of  discovery  under 
hi-;  illustrious  countryman  Columhus.'  The  ISpanish  sovereigns  iiad  never 
l')st  sight  of  the  new  domain,  so  unexpectedly  opened  to  them,  as  it  were, 
frniii  ti.e  dejiths  of  the  ocean.  The  first  accounts  transmitted  by  the  greiit 
h;ui-at(ir  and  his  companions,  on  his  second  voyage,  while  their  iniaginations 
wltc  warm  with  the  beauty  and  novelty  of  the  scenes  which  met  their  eyes  in 
the.  New  World,  serveil  to  keep  alive  the  tone  of  excitement  which  their 
uiicqierted  .successes  had  kindled  in  the  nation."  The  various  specimens  .sent 
I'Diiie  ill  the  retiu'n  ships,  of  the  products  of  these  unknown  regions,  confirmed 
ihc  a;,'reeable  belief  that  they  formed  part  of  the  great  Asiatic  continent, 
whidi  had  so  long  excited  the  cupidity  of  Europeans.  The  .Spanish  court, 
luring  in  the  general  enthusiasm,  endeavoured  to  promote  the  si)irit  of  dis- 
overy  and  colonization,  by  forwarding  the  rei[uisite  supplies,  aiul  complying 
Iioiii[)t]y  with  the  most  minute  suggestions  of  Columbu.s.  liut  in  less  than 
two  years  from  the  conimencoment  of  hi.->  second  voyage  the  face  of  things 
"X[tenoiioed  a  melancholy  change.  Accounts  were  received  at  home  of  the 
uio>t  ahirming  discontent  and  disaffection  in  the  colony ;  while  the  actual 
ii'tiiriis  from  the.se  vaunted  regions  were  so  scanty  as  to  bear  no  proportion 
t'j  the  expenses  of  the  expedition. 

This  unfortunate  result  was  in  a  great  measure  imputable  to  the  misconduct 
"f  the  Cdlonists  themselves.  Most  of  thein  were  adventurers,  who  had  embarkeil 
with  IK)  other  ex])ectation  than  that  of  getting  together  a  fortune  as  speedily 
!i<  [lossihle  in  the  golden  Indies.  They  were  without  std)ordination,  pali<Mice, 
lii'histry,  or  any  of  the  regular  habits  demanded  for  success  in  such  an  eiiter- 
I'lise.    As  soon  as  they  had  launched  from  their  native  shore,  they  seemed  to 


'  "  Intor  lias  It,ilin>  procellas  niagis  indios 

1'  nmifi''  iihis  proteiidit  Hispania,  iiuperiuiii 
"'.I't,  til  iiiani  noiat'iniue  yuuiu  ad  Atitipod.'.s 
rrnK'-t."    I'etcr  Mai tyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist. 

Hi). 

'  St'o,  fitimnj?  others,  a  letter  of  Dr.  Chane.i, 
^^li"  acdiiipaiiied  Columbus  on  bis  seeoiid 
'  '^■;*Cf'.  It  IS  adJri'sscd  to  the  authorities  of 
^■vill'-'.  After  noticiti;^  tlie  evidtiices  of  gold 
iti  H  «|iaii!iila,  he  says,  "  Ansi  que  de  cierio 
I"  ll'y'S  luiestros  Seflorus  de.><ie  apori  se 
1  '  J'ti  t-ii  r  por  los  luus  prosperos  e  mas 


ricoH  Prlncipes  del  mundo,  jvirquo  tal  cosa 
liasta  agora  no  se  ..a  visto  iii  leido  de  niiiKiitio 
en  el  iiiiin.lo,  porcpie  verilaileraiir'Ute  11  oiro 
camino  (jue  lo.s  iiavius  v^iielvan  piudan  !le\ar 
taiitacantidad  deoroque  se  pue(ii'ii  m.iravillar 
cualesijuiera  que  lo  supiereii."  In  another 
jtart  of  the  letter,  the  Doetor  is  equally  sari- 
f^uiiie  In  regard  to  ihe  I'ruitfiiliiess  of  the  .soil 
and  climate.  Letra  de  Dr.  Chanca,  upud 
Xav.irreto,  Coleccion  de  Viages,  toni.  i.  pp. 
l'J.-i-ZU. 

2    K 


r 


418 


PROGRESS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


feel  thenisolve>  rclea  od  from  the  constraint-;  of  all  law.  Tliey  liarbdiirol 
jealousy  and  (iistrn^t  of  the  aliniral  as  a  f'»rei.fner.  The  eavalicix  .'iinl 
nidal^os,  of  whom  there  were  too  many  in  the  expe  iitioii,  contemned  jiim  a-; 
an  upstart,  whom  it  wa^  d(M-o.:<atory  to  olK'y.  Kriiin  the  Mrst  moMUMit  of  their 
laiiflinji;  in  llispauiola,  they  in  luli^eil  the  most  wanton  lieense  in  re^'ard  t<»  tin; 
iMiolt'endin.;  native-;,  who,  in  tlie  simi)li(Mty  of  their  hearts,  had  reeeiveij  tlit' 
white  m(Mi  as  me;sen.(tM:s  fr  >  n  Heaven.  Their  f)iitr.i.;es,  however,  sonn  pro- 
voice  1  a  jienenil  resistance,  whioh  lei  to  su'd^  a  war  of  extermination  that,  in 
less  than  four  years  after  the  Spanianls  ha  I  set  foot  on  the  island,  one  tliirtl 
of  its  population,  amountisi.^  proliahly,  to  several  hundred  thousan  Is,  wimv 
.sacriiieeil !  Such  were  the  nu^ii'ucholy  auspices  under  which  the  int«'rcoiir>ti 
was  opened  l)etwee'  the  ci*;lizcl  white  man  Jiud  the  simple  natives  of  tin' 
W(!  item  world.' 

These  excesses,  a.;"  ;<  f »  d  r.et^lect  of  H'^rlc^  ^ure, — for  none  would  con- 
<l(5S(u'nd  to  turn  U)  ti:v  .  \(''  lor  any  other  ohi  t  thin  tlu;  <;oll  thcv  coull 
hnd  in  it, — at  len.'^th  oc  v  ione*  r\  alaruiiuLC  scii  icy  of  j)rovisions  ;  while  tin? 
l»o(n' Indians  neglected  their  u>;  ..  liusbau  Iry,  »>eing  willini;  to  starvi;  thciii- 
selve;,  so  that  they  could  st^irve  out  their  oppressoi-s.*  In  order  to  avoi'l  t\w 
famine  which  menaced  his  little  colony,  Columbus  wtvs  ohliL^ed  to  re^nit  t) 
coercive  measures,  shortening;  the  allowance  of  food,  and  compelliuLf  all  ht 
work,  without  distin.'tion  of  rank.  These  unpalatable  rei;ulations  soon  hrcil 
j;en(M-al  discontent.  The  hii^h-mettled  hidalgos,  especiallv,  complained  louilly 
of  the  indignity  of  such  mechanical  drudgery,  wliile  Father  Hoil  and  his 
brethren  were  equally  (jutraged  by  the  tliminutiou  of  their  rei^idar  ration;.' 

The  Spanidi  s()V(Meigns  were  now  daily  assailed  with  complaints  of  the  in:i!- 
administration  of  Columbus,  ami  of  his  im[)(>litic  and  unjust  severities  to  huth 
Spaniards  and  natives.  They  lent,  however,  an  unwilling  ear  to  these  vau'ntj 
accusations;  tliey  fully  appreciated  the  ditiiculties  of  his  situation;  an  1, 
although  they  sent  out  an  a^ent  to  in  piire  into  the  nature  of  the  trouhlcs  whi'  !i 
threatened  the  existen  'C  of  the  colony  (August,  1-4!).")),  they  were  careful  t'> 
select  an  individual  who  they  thought  would  l)e  most  grateful  to  the  ;v<liuirai; 
and  when  the  latter,  in  the  following  year,  149fJ,  returned  to  Spain,  tht\V 
received  him  with  the  mo>t  ample  acknowledgements  of  re.i;urd.  "rdinc  to 
us,"  they  said,  in  a  kind  letter  of  congratidation,  a/idressed  to  him  .soon  aftiT 
his  arrival,  "when  you  can  do  it  without  inconvenience  to  yourself,  fur  ym 
have  endureil  too  maiiy  vexations  already."* 

The  admiral  brought  with  him,  as  before,  such  samples  of  the  luodnctiitas 
of  the  western  liemisphere  as  woiild  strike  the  public  eye  and  keep  alive  the 
feeling  of  (;uriosity.  On  his  Journey  through  Andalusia,  he  pas.sed  s.nneilays 
under  the  iiospitable  roof  of  1:he  good  curate  Bernalde/,  who  dwells  wiili  iiim  li 
satisfaction  on  the  remarkable  appe<arance  of  the  Indian  chiefs  followini;  in 
the  admiral's  train,  gorgeously  decorated  with  golden  collars  and  coronets  ais'l 
various  barbaric  ornaments.  Among  these  he  particularly  notices  certain 
"  belts  and  masks  of  cotton  and  of  wood,  with  figures  of  the  bevil  enihrnidi'n'l 
and  carved  thereon,  sometimes  in  his  own  proper  likeriess,  and  at  uthei^ 


'  FirnamloColim,  Hist,  dot  Almiranto,  cap. 
60,  Hi. — Munoz,  Hist,  del  Nuovo-Muiult),  lib. 
5,  Kcc.  '25. — HiTri-ra,  Iiidias  (H'lideiitales,  dec. 
1.  lib.  '2,  cap  9.  —  IJenzoiii,  Novi  Orbis  Hi.st., 
lib.  1,  cap.  9. 

*  The  liidi.ins  hud  Pomo  gnmnds  forrclviiiR 
on  Uie  onifucy  of  Htarvatiun,  if,  as  Las  (jusas 
liravcly  a-^.SL'its,  "uin'  .Spaniard  con^tnnod  in 
a  single  (liy  as  nuicli  us  wmild  suflice  throe 
taniiii"s !  "     Llorunto,  (Kiutls  di;   Den  Har- 


tholomi   de  las  Ca.sas,  precedeos  de  sa  ^  ie 
(Paris,  1S'22\  toin.  i.  p.  II. 

■  .Martyr,  Di-  lU'bns  Ofcanitis,  .Ur.  1,  hl>. 
4.— (Jnniara,  Hist,  dc  las  Indins  I'T-  ^". '""'• 
ii.  — Hcrrora,  Indias  occideiitalfs,  dci.  1,  li'> 
2,  caj).  12. 

"  Navarrote,  Colcccion  di'  Viiip's,  tun.  :i.. 
Doc.  dipt.,  no.    lOL— Kcrn.uido  dtlm.  Hij^' 
d'.'l    Alniirante,    rap.    04.  — MuAuz,   ll;*t-  '''' 
NiievD-.Mundo,  li'n.  5,  8fC,  31, 


TREATMENT  OF  COLUMBUS. 


419 


in  th'it  of  a  cat  or  an  ow!.  There  is  iiinch  reason,"  ho  infers,  '*  to  helicvo 
that  he  Appears  to  the  ishiiiders  in  this  gni.se,  and  that  tliey  are  all  idohitirH, 
ha\  iiii,'  Satan  for  their  lord  ! " ' 

lint  neither  tiie  attraetions  of  the  spectacle,  nor  theglowini,'  re^)rcsentations 
of  ('oluinl)ns,  who  fancied  he  iiad  discovered  in  the  ndncn  of  Ilispaniola  the 
,'(ili|iMi  (piarries  of  Ophir,  from  which  Kin^  Solomon  had  enriched  the  temple 
nf  Jerusalem,  could  rekindle  the  dormant  enthnsiaMu  of  the  nation.  'Ihe 
iiMViIty  of  the  thin;;  had  i)a.s,sed.  They  licard  a  dilleront  t^vle,  moreover,  from 
till'  (»tli(!r  voyagers,  whose  wan  and  sallow  visa^^es  provoked  the  Ititter  jest 
tliiit  they  had  returned  with  more  j,'o!d  in  tiieir  faces  than  in  their  jiockets, 
111  short,  the  skepticism  of  the  public  seemed  now  ([uite  in  proportion  to  its 
foiiiicr  overweening  confidence  ;  and  the  returns  were  so  meagre,  says  lier- 
iiaMiv,  "that  it  was  very  generally  ljelievc<l  there  was  little  or  no  gold  in  the 
island.'" 

Isaliclla  was  far  from  participating  in  this  nnreasona1)le  distrust.  She  had 
('>Iioused  tlie  theory  of  Columbus  when  others  looked  coldly  or  contemptuously 
(111  it."  She  firmly  relied  on  hLs  rejieated  assurances  that  the  t'-'^^k  of  dis- 
covery would  lead  to  other  and  more  import^int  regions.  She  for  •  ti  .  'njrher 
e>tiiiiate,  moreover,  of  the  vjilue  of  the  new  ac(piisitions  than  afy  iov.;  ed  (»n 
tlio  actual  proceeds  in  gold  ami  silver  ;  keeping  ever  in  v>ew,  <  h«  tters 
ami  irstrnctions  abimdant'y  show,  the  ^donous  purpose  of  'i.'rj 'ucing  the 
lilt'ssiiigs  of  Christian  civilization  anion,_;  the  heathen.'"  Si.,  t-iti  tained  a 
ilocp  sense  of  the  merits  of  Columbu.s,  to  whose  serious  and  ekvati  v  clanicter 
lior  nwu  iioremnch  resemblance;  although  the  enthusiasm  wli"  b  distingui.^hed 
larji  was  naturally  tempered  in  hers  with  somewhat  more  .  >  ;.ignity  and 
discretion. 

Hut,  althongh  the  queen  was  willing  to  give  the  most  effectual  support  to 
his  ;rreat  enter[)rise,  the  situation  of  the  country  was  such  as  made  delay 
ill  its  iimnediute  prosecution  unavoidalilo.  Large  expense  was  necessarily 
inpiirreil  for  the  actual  maintenance  of  the  colony  ;  "  the  exchetpier  wa.s 
liherally  drained,  moreover,  1)y  the  Italian  war,  as  well  as  by  the  profuse 
iiia;;iiificence  with  which  the  nui)tials  of  the  royal  family  were  now  celebrating. 
It  was,  indeed,  in  the  midst  of  the  courtly  revelries  attending  the  marriage 
of  Prince  John  that  the  admiral  pre.sented  himself  before  the  sovereigns 
at  liurgos,  after  his  second  voyage.  Stich  was  the  low  condition  of  the 
treasury  from  these  causes  that  Isabella  was  ob  iged  to  defray  the  cost  of 
an  (luttit  to  the  colony,  at  this  time,  from  funds  originally  destined  for  the 
iiiarriaiie  of  her  daughter  Isabella  with  the  king  of  Portugal.'^ 

This  unwelcome  delay,  however,  was  softened  to  Cohnnbus  by  the  dis- 
tiiigiiisiied  marks  which  he  daily  received  of  the  royal  favour ;  and  various 


[Vrnaldpz,  Reyes  CatoUcos, MS.,  cap.  131. 
— H  rn  ra  expresses  the  same  churituble 
"Iiiiiion :  "  May  claramente  se  conocio  (jue  el 
li'iunnii)  cstnva  aptjderailn  de  acpiella  gente, 
y  la  tr.iia  ciega  y  engafiada,  hablandoles,  y 
niostrainiolis  en  diversas  tiguras."  India-s 
0  ciiliiitali'S,  111).  3,  cap.  4. 

"  HtniiiMfz,  Heves  Catolicos,  M.'^.,cnp.  131. 
-Mufidz,  Hist,  del  ?Juevo-Miuido,  lib.  6, 
9n.  1. 

'  C'lliimhus,  in  his  letter  to  Prince  .Folin's 
niir<".  (latPil  1500,  makcHthc  following  ample 
atkiiiiwl'di^nient  of  tlie  queen's  taily  pro- 
tii.timi  iif  iiiin  :  "  En  todos  hobo  incredulidad, 
J'ila  K  ilia  mi  .Si'fiora  dio  Nuestro  Sefior  el 
tspiriiu  d"  inteligiiicia  y  esfuerzo  grande,  y 


la  hizo  de  todo  heredera  como  a  cara  y  mny 
ainada  liija."  ".Su  Alt"7-i  lo  ;iprobab,i  a!  con- 
trario,  y  lo  sostuvo  fasta  que  pndo."  Navar- 
rete,  Colcccion  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  26»>. 

'"  .See  the  letters  to  Columbus,  dateci  May 
Mfh,  I19:t,  August,  1491,  apnd  Navarrete, 
Coleccion  de  Vi.iges,  torn.  ii.  pp.  66,  1.04,  et 
mult.  al. 

"  The  salaries  alone,  annnally  di>biirsed 
by  the  crown  to  persons  ns'deiit  in  the 
colony,  rtmounti'cl  to  six  millions  of  mar.i- 
vedis.  Mufioz,  Hist,  del  Niievo  .Mu.  ilo,  lib. 
5,  S'C.  33. 

"  Idem,  lib.  6,  sec.  2.— F^'inando  r'o'on. 
Hist.  d''l  Almininte,  cap  61.— Ikircra,  liidiaa 
occideiitales,  lib.  3,  cap.  i. 


420 


PROGRESS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


ordinanrp.s  wore  passed,  ronfinnin^'  and  O'dar^'ing  his  groat  pnwors  niid 
]irivil(';,'os  in  the  most  ample  mannor,  to  a  groator  extont,  indeed,  than  lijs 
Tnodosty,  (ir  liis  pnidcnro,  W(/iil(l  allow  him  to  arrept."  The  lan>;ua^'o  in 
which  these  prinrcly  gratuities  were  oonfernMl  rendered  them  doubly  grateful 
to  his  iKihle  hoart,  containing,  as  thoy  <lid,  the  most  emphatic  ackiiow- 
]e<l'4ments  of  his  "many,  go(xl,  loyal,  distinguished,  and  continual  services," 
and  thus  testifying  the  uniu>atc(l  confidence  of  his  sovereigns  in  his  integrity 
and  prudence/* 

Among  the  inii>odin>ents  to  the  immed'ate  completion  of  the  arrangement-! 
for  the  admiral's  departure  on  his  third  voyage  may  he  also  noticed  tlic 
hostility  of  IJishop  Fonseca,  who  at  this  period  had  tlie  control  of  the  Imliau 
department;  a  man  of  an  irritable  an<l,  as  it  would  seem,  most  unforgiving 
temfter,  who,  from  so.ie  causes  of  disgust  which  he  had  conceived  witli 
Columhus  previous  to  his  second  voyage,  lost  no  ojiportunity  of  aiuioyiiig  jiikI 
thwarting  nim,  for  which  his  otiicial  station  unfortunately  all'orded  iiiiii  too 
many  facilities.'* 

From  these  various  circumstances  the  achniral's  fleet  was  not  ready  before 
the  l»eginning  of  1408.  Even  then  finther  embarrassment  occurnMl  in 
niannitjg  it,  as  few  were  found  willing  to  embark  in  a  service  whicli  had  fallen 
into  such  goTieral  discredit.  This  led  to  the  ruinous  exj)edient  of  substituting 
convicts,  whose  regular  ]»miishments  were  comnnited  nito  transportati(Hi,  for 
a  limited  jxriod,  to  the  Indies.  No  mensure  could  j)ossil)ly  have  been  devised 
more  eflectnal  for  the  ruin  of  the  infant  settlement.  The  seeds  of  corruption, 
which  had  been  so  long  festering  in  the  Old  World,  soon  shot  up  into  a 
jdentiful  harvest  in  the  New,  and  Columbus,  who  suggested  the  mejusure,  wa.s 
the  first  to  roan  the  fruits  of  it. 

At  length,  ail  being  in  readiness,  the  admiral  embarked  on  hoard  his  little 
squadron,  consisting  of  six  vessels,  whose  complement  of  men,  notwithstanding 
every  exertion,  was  still  deficient,  and  took  his  departure  from  the  )iort  of  St. 


Luc4ir,  May  .SOtli,  140H,  lie  steered  in  a  more  southerly  direction  than  nn  his 
j>receding  voyages,  and  on  the  1st  of  August  succeeded  in  reaching  term^finiKi ; 
tluis  entitling  himself  to  the  glory  of  lieing  the  first  to  set  foot  on  tlie  great 
southern  continent,  to  which  he  had  before  opened  the  waj.'® 

It  is  not  necessary  to  pursue  the  track  of  the  illustrious  voyager,  whose 
career,  forming  the  most  nrilliant  ejiisode  to  the  history  of  the  present  reign, 
has  been  so  recently  traced  by  a  hand  which  few  will  care  to  follow.  It  \\'\\\ 
sulHce  briefly  to  notice  his  personal  relations  with  the  S|)anish  government, 
and  the  princi]»les  on  which  the  colonial  administration  was  conducted. 

On  his  arrival  at  Ilispaniola,  Colund)Us  found  the  atl'airs  of  the  coKtiiy  in  tlie 
most  dei)lorable  confusion.  An  insurrection  had  been  raised  by  the  arts  of  a 
few  factious  individuals  against  his  brother  Bartholomew,  to  whom  lie  had 


' '  Sucl),  for  example,  \va«  thf  piant  of  an 
Inimtiisc  tract  of  land  in  Ilispaniola,  with  tlio 
title  of  conrt  or  duko,  as  the  adiniral  niiglit 
prefer.  Mufioz,  Hist,  del  Nuevo-Mundo,  ill). 
C,  Hec.  17. 

"  Tlio  instrumont  eRtalidsbinp  tlio  mayo- 
razgo,  or  perpetual  entail  of  (lolninbiis'n 
estates,  rontains  an  injunction  tliat  "bislieirs 
sliall  never  use  any  otiier  signatuie  than  that 
of  'the  Adniir  1,'  tl  Almininte,  whatev  r 
other  titles  and  honours  may  belonptotliem." 
Thattitleindicat "d  hisjjeculiar  ftchiovements, 
and  it  was  an  honest  pride  which  led  liiin  by 
this  simple  exi>edient  to  perpetuate  the  re- 
uieuibrance  of  them  in  bis  posti'riiy.    See  the 


original  document,  apud  Navarrete,  Coleccimi 
de  Viages,  tom.  ii.  pp.  2'21-'23.'). 

'■  Mufioz,  Hist,  del  iS'uevo-Mundo,  lili  (<, 
8PC.  '211. — Fernando  Colon,  Hist,  del  Aliiiininl'-, 
cap.  64. — Zunigtt,  AiinaleH  de  .S<'villa,  ano 
149(5. 

'"  I'etir  Martyr,  De  Rebus  Oceanicis, d c.  I, 
lib.  6.— Navarrete,  Colecdon  de  Vii'pes  tom. 
ii..  Doc.  dijd..  nos.  llH,  120.— Tercer  Via^'' de 
t^ilon,  apud  Navarrete,  torn.  1.  p.  2iri  lliii- 
•/oni,  Novi  Drbis  Hi.st.,  lib.  I,  cap.  lit,  H.— 
Herrera,  Indias  occidentales,  dec.  1,  ill'  ■!. 
cap.  lu,  ll.--Muiioz,  Hist,  del  ^uevo-.Muml'j. 
lib.  6,  sec.  19. 


TllKATMEXT  OF  CUliUMHUS. 


421 


rrctc.Coli'ciiiiii 


iiitrustcil  tho  ^'ovornnicnt  diiriii^'  his  abuMioo.  In  tliis  dcsporato  n-ltcllioii,  all 
tin- iiitiTcsts  of  tlitMiDiiimiiTiity  \v«Me  iicK'l»'<'t«'<l.  The  miiu's,  wliicli  wrrc  in^t 
If-iiiiiiiig  toyu'M  u  i^oMcn  luirvost,  rciiiiiincd  imwntii-lit.  Tlu-  iiiifurtiii'iuto 
ii.itivci  were  suhjt'otcil  to  the  iiionI  inhuiiiuii  opitn'ssion.  Tlinc  was  no  law 
liiil  tluit  of  tlio  stniii;,'(».st.  (Joliiiiil)us,  on  his  arrival,  in  vain  t'lKlcavdwrtMl  to 
rtstnrc  onltT.  The  very  fnnvs  he  hroiiuht  with  him,  who  hjwl  heeii  nnfurtu- 
natt'ly  reprieved  from  the  Kihh(>t  in  their  own  country,  si'rved  to  swell  the  mass 
(if  mutiny.  The  admiral  exhausted  art,  ne^'otiatinn, Cntreaty,  force,  and  su<'- 
ctu'ded  at  len;;th  in  patching;  up  a  specious  reconciliation  hy  such  concessions 
i\!i  essentially  impaired  his  own  authority.  Anion:,'  tlu'se  was  the  ^nint  of  lar^'o 
triuts  of  land  to  the  reln-ls,  with  permission  to  the  proprietor  t<»  employ  an 
iilliitted  number  of  the  natives  in  its  cidtivation.  This  v.as  the  ori^jin  of  the 
(•(•iciirated  system  of  lyjt'irfunietifox,  which  sul)se<[uently  led  t(»  the  foulest 
iiliiises  that  (iver  di^^^'raced  humanity." 

Nearly  a  year  elapsed  after  the  admiral's  return  to  Hisj»aniola,  before  he 
siici'eedt'd  in  allayinj^  these  intestine  feuds,  in  the  mean  while,  rumours  were 
every  day  reachiui,'  Spain  of  the  distractions  of  the  eolony,  accompanied  with 
1110 -t  injurious  imj)utations  on  the  conduct  of  (Jolumhus  and  his  brother,  who 
were  loudly  accused  of  oppressing;  both  Spaniards  and  Indians,  aind  of  sacri- 
ticiiit:  the  j)ublic  interests,  in  the  most  unscrupulous  manner,  to  their  own. 
Those  complaints  were  runij:  in  the  very  ears  of  the  soverei;;ns  by  nundters  of 
tilt!  (lisatl'ected  colonists,  who  had  returned  to  Spain,  and  who  surrounded  the 
kiiii,',  as  he  roile  out  on  horseback,  clamouring  loudly  for  the  dischar^'e  of  the 
arrears  of  wiiich  they  said  the  admiral  had  defrauded  them."* 

There  were  not  wantinj^,  even,  persons  of  hij;h  consideration  at  the  court,  to 
give  credence  and  circulation  to  these  ailumnies.  The  recent  discovery  (»f  the 
jieailtisheries  of  Paria,  as  well  as  of  more  prolific  veins  of  the  precious  metiils 
111  Hisjianiola,  and  the  prospect  of  an  indet'./te  e.Ktent  (»f  unexplored  country, 
oipeiKMl  by  the  late  voyage  of  Columbus,  madi^  the  viteroyalty  of  the  New 
World  a  tempting'  bait  for  the  avar*"  and  ambition  of  the  most  potent  ^M'andee. 
They  artfully  endwivoured,  therefore,  to  undermine  the  admirars  credit  with 
the  soverei;.;i)s,  by  raising  in  their  minds  suspicions  of  his  intei,M-ity,  founded 
Hot  iiiorely  on  vaijue  reports,  but  on  letters  received  from  the  colony,  charging' 
him  with  disloyalty,  with  approj)riatin^'  to  his  own  use  tiie  revenues  of  the 
island,  and  with  the  design  of  erecting  an  independent  goveruiuent  for 
himself.'" 

\\'hatever  weight  the'=;e  absurd  charges  may  have  had  with  Ferdinand,  they 
had  no  power  to  shake  the  ipieen's  confidence  in  Columbus  or  lead  her  to 
MHpect  his  loyalty  for  a  moment.  But  the  long-continued  distractions  of  the 
'  I'li'iiy  made  ner  feel  a  natural  distrust  of  his  capacity  to  govern  it,  whether 
fruin  the  jealousy  entertained  of  him  as  a  foreigner,  or  from  some  inherent 


"  (lomara.  Hist,  do  las  Iiidias,  cap.  20. — 
Il'Mi7nnl,  Novi  Oibis  Hist..  lit).  1.  cap.  10,  11. 
— <iarll<iiy,  CoinpfiHlio,  toin.  ii.  lit).  19,  cap. 
7.  -KiriiaiidoColnn,  Hist,  del  Almirant'^,  c.ip. 
7:i-M2.  — ivter  Martyr,  De  HeljiiB  0<;«anicis, 
il"c.  1,  lib.  5.— Herrera,  Imlias  (K'cidcntalcs, 
'i"-.  1,  lib.  3.  cap.  16.  -Muftoz,  Hist,  del 
Nui'VD-Mundo,  lib.  6,  sec.  40-4'.:. 

"  (Jiril)ay,  C'omppndio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19, 
cap.  ?.— l'ft«T  Martyr,  Dp  Rebus  Ocpanicis, 
'I'u.  1,  lib.  7.— (jomara,  Hist,  dc  las  Iiidias, 
uip.  •2:<.~r}<'n/.nni,  Novi  Orbis  Hist.,  cap.  11. 
— Ferdinand  Columbus  niPtitiDtis  tbat  he  and 
lii'*  linjtlier,  wlio  were  tliPti  pa^es  to  ttie  quetii, 
fouM  not  stir  out  into  tiie  courtyard  of  tl»e 
AlLambra  without  being  followed  by  titty  of 


these  vaifalKinds,  wlio  insulted  them  in  the 
(,'rossest  manner,  "a.s  tlie  sons  of  tlic  ad- 
venturer wlio  had  led  soTiiaiiy  bravi,"  Spanlsli 
hidalgos  to  seek  ttieir  praves  in  tlie  land  of 
vanity  and  dflusion  whidi  i»e  had  found  out." 
Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  s."). 

'"  FJenzoni,  Novi  ()r'.,is  Hist.,  lib.  1,  cap. 
12.— National  feelinj;  oj)i-ratcd,  no  doubt,  as 
well  as  avarice  to  sharpen  the  tooth  of  slandpf 
ag.iinst  the  admiral.  "  .llKf''  multi  patiuntur," 
Bays  Columbus's  countryman,  with  honi'-;t 
warmth,  "peregrinum  iiominrin,  et  (luidini 
e  nostra  Italifi  ortuni,  tantutn  honoris  ac 
gloria-  conse<iuutum,  ut  non  tantuni  Hispa- 
niwe  gentis,  sed  et  cujusvis  alterius  liomiiiea 
superaverit."     Beuzon*,  lib.  1,  u':    &• 


482 


PROGRESS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


(loficipiiry  in  his  own  character.  These  rlonlttH  wcro  mingled,  it  fs  tnic,  uith 
stornt!!'  fft!lin;;s  tuwanis  the  uihninil,  on  the  Jirriva!,iit  this  juncture,  of  sevfiiil 
of  the  rehels  with  the  Indian  slaves  as.si^'ned  to  them  hy  iii.s  orders.'" 

It  was  the  reieivod  ojtinion  anionj,'  ptod  Catholics  of  that  period,  tluit 
lieathen  and  harliarous  nations  were  |  hiced  hy  the  circnnistance  of  ihtii 
inlidt^hty  without  the  pale  hoth  of  spiritual  and  civil  ri^dits.  Their  souls  wcn' 
doomed  to  eteiiuil  perdition.  Tlu'ir  hodies  were  the  itroperty  of  the  (Jhri>tiiiii 
nation  who  should  o(!cupy  their  soil."'  Such,  in  hrief,  were  the  jirofcssidii  aii<| 
the  practice  of  tht;  most  enlightened  Europeans  of  tlm  tifti'cnth  ct'iitury  ;  uikI 
such  tluMleplorahle  maxims  which  regidatel  tln^  intercourse  of  the  Spiini  li 
and  Portugueses  navigators  with  the  uncivili/i'd  natives  of  the  wt'st<'rn  woiiil.- 
Columhus,  agre«'ahly  to  these  views,  liad,  very  s(H)n  after  the  occupation  uf 
llispaniola,  reconnnended  a  regular  exchange  of  slav»'s  for  th«?  comnioijitics 
reipiireil  for  the  support  of  the  c(»lony  ;  represonting,  moreover,  that  in  this 
way  thcMr  conversion  would  he  mon^  surely  ellected,  an  ohjt'ct,  it  must  lie 
adnutted,  which  lie  seems  to  have  ever  had  most  enrnestly  atlieart. 

I. sihella,  however,  entertained  views  on  this  matter  fur  moie  lilHTal  tliiui 
those  of  her  age.  She  had  heen  dcjiply  inter(!sted  hy  tlu!  accounts  she  had 
received  from  the  a<lmiral  hims(>lf  of  the  gentle,  \niolfending  character  of  the 
islaiKJcrs  ;  and  she  revolt^'d  at  the  idea  of  consigning  them  to  the  hornusdf 
slavery,  without  even  an  etFort  for  their  conversion.  She  hesitated,  theicfiirc, 
to  sanction  his  proposal ;  and,  when  a  nund»er  of  Indiiin  captives  wereadvcitiM'(| 
to  he  sold  in  the  markets  of  An<lalusia,  shecomnumded  the  .sale  to  he  suspcmlt'il, 
till  the  opiin(»n  of  a  council  of  theologians  and  doctors,  learned  in  such  matters, 
could  he  uhUiinetl  as  to  its  conscientious  lawfulness.  She  yit'liled  still  fiirthtr 
to  the  henevolent  impulses  of  her  natiu'e,  cruising  h(»Iy  men  to  he  in.stru(tcii  a> 
far  as  jiossihie  in  the  Indian  languages  and  sent  out  as  missiomiries  fur  the 
conversion  of  the  natives.''*  Some  of  thei'i,  as  Father  Hoil  and  his  hrcthivii, 
seem,  indeed,  to  have  heen  more  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  their  <»wn  ImnIjcs 
than  for  the  souls  of  their  henighted  Hock.  Hut  others,  indtued  with  a  hcttcr 
sjiirit,  wrought  in  tlu^  good  work  with  disinterested  zeal,  and,  if  we  may  cri'dit 
Ineir  accounts,  witli  some  etlicacy.''* 


"  Ilorrora,  Indla-s  occi<lPiitaloB,  lib.  4,  cap. 
7,  10,  ami  inure  ('specially  lil).  6,  cap.  13.— 
Lan  LVas,  U'^uvres,  ed.  dc  LlorentP,  toin.  1. 
p.  JO'i. 

'"  "  lAqiuUiiiilo CuthoWquo  Komain," says 
tli«  philosoplik'  VillerH,  "avail  t<Mit-a-fait 
remplaii'  ccllc  irhoiunifi,  et  nu'mo  (liCiin'ticii. 
(^iil  ii'dtait  |iasC<uhuli()ue  llcjiiiaiii,  n'<'tait  pa.s 
lioiiiine,  ctait  luoins  (pi'bommo  ;  ct  ei'it-il  cte 
iin  t.ouv'riiiri,  c't'tait  une  Ixmiie  actiun  c|ue 
(li-  lul  otpr  la  vie."  (E^sai  siir  la  Ucforin.i- 
tioii,  p.  Uti,  (•\i.  IM'20.)  Imh  C.isas  rests  tlie 
tilli'  of  the  Spanish  crown  to  its  .Xnioricaii 
posRessioMS  on  the  ori^riiial  papal  griint,  made 
on  comlition  of  converting  the  natives  to 
Ciiristianity.  Tlie  pope,  as  vicar  of  Jesus 
("iirist,  j)ossesseH  plenary  authority  over  all 
men  for  the  safety  of  their  souls.  Up  u»if;ht, 
tlierel'ore,  in  furtiierance  of  this,  conf  r  on 
tiie  Spanish  sovereigns  imperial  suprnnacy 
ov  r  all  lands  discovered  hy  them,-  not,  how- 
ever, to  the  prejudice  of  autlioritles  already 
existing  there,  and  over  such  nations  only  as 
viduntarily  embraced  Christianity,  ."^uch  is 
tiie  sum  of  bis  thirty  propositions  subndttod 
to  the  council  of  tiie  Indiis  for  tlie  insjiection 
of  Charles  V.    ((Euvrcs,  ed.  de  Llorcutc,  turn. 


1.  pp.  2SC-311.)  One  may  see  in  tlies.'  arM- 
trary  and  wldmsical  limitations  tlie  pM^I 
bisliop's  desire  to  reconcile  wlial  rea>on  tnM 
bim  were  tlie  natural  rights  of  man,  wiili 
what  faith  prescribed  as  ilie  legit iuiat^'  jin- 
rogative  of  the  pope.  Few  Roman  ('atiiiilii't 
at  tlie  present  day  will  be  foimd  s^tiinly 
enough  to  nuiintain  this  lofty  itrerou'iitiM', 
however  carefully  limit  d.  Still  fewer  in  tin- 
sixteenth  century  would  have  cliallcii^"(i  it. 
Indeed,  it  is  but  just  to  Las  Ca-^as  to  aciiiiit 
that  the  general  scope  of  his  argumeiil-',  Im  n- 
and  elsewhere,  la  very  far  in  advance  uf  W 
age. 

•^  A  Spanish  casuist  foimds  the  right  uf  lii< 
nation  to  enslave  the  Ini.ians,  auioiit:  "lli'i" 
thing?",  on  their  smoking  tobacco  and  imt 
trimming  their  beards  (i  I'Kfpagnn'f.  .\t 
least  this  Is  Montesquieu's  interpreiatiuTi  I'f 
It.  (Esprit  des  Lois,  l-S.  1.5,  chap.  :ii  Tlif 
diH'tors  of  the  Imiuisition  could  hardly  liavo 
found  a  lietter  reason. 

■'■'  ISluho/,  Hist,  del  Nuevo-Mundo.  lib.  5, 
sec.  34. — Navarrcte,  Ccdeccion de  Viag<s. t<iiii. 
11.,  Poc.  dij)!.,  no.  9',!.— Hcrrora,  lndia.s  (.k.cI- 
dcntales,  lib.  ;i,  cap.  4. 

"  "Among    other  things   that   the  holy 


TKKATMKNT  oF  CULUMHUS. 


4'2n 


In  tlio  san»o  licmMici'iit  s|»irit,  the  royal  l«'tt«Ts  uud  onlinrtiiros  nr;,'o<l  over 
ami  over  ftL^iiin  tli»'  |tnriiiiiitiiiit  olili;,'jiti(iii  of  tin*  rt!li;,Mous  iii>tni(tii»ii  o(  the 
iiiitivt'.s,  and  of  ()l>  «!rviiiK'  tin*  utmost  |,'('iitI«Mi«'s.s  iiml  hmiiiiiiity  in  all  th'aliii>,'N 
vitli  tln'iii.  VN  hen,  tiiorrforo,  tlui  (jiu'cii  icariu'il  tlir  arrival  of  two  vessels  from 
t  ic  iiiili«'s  with  tlirec  ImiHlrj'U  slaves  oiil«ianl,  which  the  admiral  had  crantrd 
1 1  the  miitim'rrs,  shr  could  nut  repit-ss  her  in(h;;niVtion,  Imt  imjiatii'Ully  a.sk»'d, 
"  r.y  what  authority  does  (.'olumliiis  venture  thus  to  disjMise  of  my  snlije<;t.s  T' 
(.liiiic  'JOth,  1."»<K).)  She  inst«intly  caus<'d  proclamation  to  U'  made  in  the 
>()iiilicrn  provinces,  that  all  who  had  Intjian  slaves  in  their  |»osse.ssion, /granted 
liv  the  admiral,  should  forthwith  provide  for  their  return  to  their  own  (ountry  ; 
tiliilc  the  few  still  held  by  the  crown  were  to  bo  roitored  to  freedom  in  Ukv 
iiiaimer." 

After  a  lonir  and  visible  reluct^mce,  the  nueen  aopnesccHl  in  sendiui;  out  a 
(Miiiiiiissioner  to  in  vest  it,'at(^  the  atlairs  of  tlie  colony.  The  person  appointed 
\»  this  delicati'  trust  was  Don  Francisco  de  Hohadillu,  a  |  oor  knight  of  (ala- 
tniva.  He  was  invesU'd  with  supn'me  powers  of  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction. 
Ih'  was  to  brinj,'  to  trial  and  pass  sentence  on  all  such  a.s  had  (:onsi)ired  against 
the  authority  of  Cohnnhiis.  He  was  authorized  U>  take  possi'ssion  of  the 
fortresses,  vessels,  public  stores,  and  prop<!rty  of  every  description,  to  dispose 
cf  all  ()tlic«'s,  and  to  conuuand  whaU'ver  jiersons  he  nu;j,Iit  deem  ex|edient  tor 
the  IraiKiuillity  of  the  island,  without  distinction  of  rank,  to  return  to  Spain 
ami  present  themsiilves  Ixifore  the  sovei'ei^is.  Siicjj,  in  lirief,  was  the  sum  of 
tlif  extraordinary  jiowers  intrusted  to  BoUidilla.'"' 

It  is  impossible  now  to  determine  what  motives  (ould  have  led  to  the  selection 
of  so  incompetent  an  a;;ent  for  an  office  of  such  hi;;h  re-ponsibility.  He  seems 
t(i  have  liei-n  a  weak  and  arrogant  man,  swt'IIed  with  unmeasurable  insolence 
ly  the  brief  authority  thus  inidesiMvedly  bestowed  on  him.  From  the  very 
first,  he  regarded  Colundtus  in  the  liuht  of  a  convicted  criminal,  on  whom  it 
wiis  his  busim'ss  to  «'xeciite  the  s<-nt<'nce  of  the  law.  A(  ((»r(lin^ly,  on  his 
,'iiiival  at  the  island,  afti-r  an  osteiitntioiis  parade  of  his  credentials,  hc^  com- 
luamlcd  the  admiral  to  appear  U'fore  him,  and,  without  ati<'<tint,'  the  forms  of 
a  lci;al  iiKpiiry,  at  once  caused  jiim  to  ho  manacled  and  thrown  into  prison. 
(Aii:,^iist  '2:i,  loOO.)  Columbus  submitted  without  the  least  show  of  resistance, 
displaying;  in  this  sad  reverse  a  maj^nanimity  of  soul  which  would  have  touched 
the  heart  of  a  ^^enerous  adversary.  Jk)ba<lilla,  however,  discovered  no  such 
s('ii>iliility  ;  and,  after  rakin;;  to;;ether  all  the  foul  or  frivolous  ( almnnies  which 
hatred  or  the  hope  of  favour  coidd  extort,  he  caused  the  whole  loalhsonu!  mass 
of  accusation  to  l»e  sent  back  to  Spain  with  the  a<lmiial,  whom  he  conunanded 
t'i  he  kept  strictly  in  in)ns  diu'ing  the  passage;  "afraid,"'  sjiys  Ferdinand 
Ciihiiiilms,  bitterly,  "lest  he  might  by  any  ciuince  awhn  back  again  to  the 
i-laiid."''" 


IB   that  the  holy 


fiitliors  carrietl  ont,"  says  Roblos,  ••  was  a 

liiilc  orntiii  and  sovi*-  bolls,  which  frrcally 
'trhu'htcii  the  Biiujilo  \u  pip,  so  that  from  one 
to  twi)  fhi)iiHaii(l  (nTSdiLs  .  iTC  hajiti/cil  ov<>ry 
day."  (Vidodc  XiuR'iioz,  p.  I'iu.)  Foniiiiaiiil 
('"ihmthus  roiiiarks,  with  'iiie  nawete,  tliat 
"'111'  iiidiaim  were  no  olR'ciii'iit  fniin  tlicir  tear 
I't  tiip  admiral,  and  at  the  sanu;  tiiu(!  so 
di'^irous  to  oblifre  liiin,  that  thoy  volanuirilij 
li-aiii.,'  CliriHtians."     Hist,   del  Alaiiiantc, 

Iltripra,  Indiaa  occidontalos,  lib.  4,  caj). 
J'-Navtirrete,  C(jl('c(.iun  df  Viaurs,  toni.  ii., 
l>"i-.  dipl.,  no.  V.w.-  Las  CasaH  ot>servi>s  that 
"3u  grt-ai  was  the  quocu's  iudignatiuu  at  the 


a<lmiral's  mi-conduct  In  tlils  particular,  tliat 
niilliinf;  l>ut  tlio  consiilcration  of  hiw  ^rt'al 
jxiblic  Hi'iviccs  savid  liliii  tnin  IniinfMlinti' 
disgrace."  (Kuvres,  cd.  de  l.lorente,  toin.  i. 
p.  :!0H. 

•'■  Navarrptp,  Coloccion  de  Viafros,  toni.  il., 
D(k;.  dipl.,  nos.  Vl'-VM.  Tlie  ori({inal  com- 
luissioii  to  liobadilla  was  dated  Munh  'J  1st, 
and  May  'il.st,  119'J;  the-  cxccuti..;!  of  it, 
liouever,  wa-*  delayed  until  .luly,  l:,.i(),  in  the 
Lope,  doubtless,  of  obtaininsi  m.'.  ',i  tidioK" 
from  Hispaniola  as  sliould  obvaiie  tiie  ne- 
cpsxity  of  tt  nica.sure  so  prejudni.d  to  the 
adnnral. 

"■  Fernando  Colon,  Hist,   del    .vlinirarite, 


424 


PliOGRKSS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


Tliis  oxocss  of  nialirn  sorvod,  as  usual,  linwover,  to  dcfoat  itsolf.  SVi 
eiioniious  an  outnvnc  Klio(kt'<l  tlio  iiiimis  of  tliosc  most  jirejiuliccd  a^niiist 
Coliiiiiltns.  All  seemed  to  feel  it  as  a  national  dislionour  that  such  iiidimiitics 
should  lie  lieajied  on  the  man  who,  whatever  nii,i;iit  he  Jiis  indiscretiniis,  liai] 
done  so  nnich  for  Sjiaiii,  and  for  the  wlmle  civilized  world  ;  a  man  who,  in  the 
honest  lan<,niaue  of  an  old  wiiter,  "liad  he  lived  in  the  il.iys  of  ancient  ^^liictr 
or  Home,  would  have  had  statues  raised  and  temples  an»i  diviuf'  1.  ,inin\ 
de<licated  to  him,  as  to  a  divinity  I"'^" 

None  partook  of  tlu!  j^cneral  indi^niatio,,  niore  strongly  than  Ferdinand  ;\u<\ 
Isa})ella,  who,  in  addition  to  their  ]tersonal  feelinixs  of  distrust  at  su  yro^s  jm 
act,  readily  com])rehende(|  the  whole  weight  of  ohlocjuy  which  its  ])er|tetiati'»n 
nnist  necessarily  attach  to  them.  They  sent  to  Cadiz  without  an  instaiits 
delay,  and  commanded  the  admiral  to  lie  released  from  his  ign(»miniousf)'ttciy. 
They  wrote  to  him  in  the  most  benignant  terms,  exjiressing  their  sinccn' 
regret  for  the  unworthy  usage  which  he  ha<l  cxjierienced,  and  re(iuestiiig  hini 
to  apjiear  l>efore  them  as  sjieedily  as  jiossible,  at  (iranada,  where  the  cc-  .t 
was  then  staying.  At  .le  same  time,  they  furnished  him  a  thoii.smd  ducats 
for  his  expenses,  and  a  handsome  retinue  to  escort  him  on  his  jouniev. 

Cf)lund)ns,  revived  hy  these  assurances  of  the  kind  disiiosition's  of  lijs 
sovereigns,  procee<led  Avithout  delay  lO  Granada,  which  he  reached  on  the  ITtli 
of  l)ecend)er,  1500,  Inunediately  on  his  arrival  he  obtained  an  audience. 
The  '|ueen  could  not  repress  her  tears  at  the  sight  of  the  man  \\liose  iihi.-tridiis 
services  had  met  with  such  ungenerous  reipiital,  as  it  were,  at  her  own  liamls. 
She  endeavoured  to  cheer  ids  wounded  spirit  with  the  most  earnest  assurances 
of  her  sympathy  and  sorrow  for  his  nusfortunes.  Columbus,  from  the  first 
moment  of  his  disgrace,  had  relied  on  the  good  faith  and  kindness  of  Isaliella; 
for,  as  an  ancient  Castilian  writer  remarks,  "  she  had  ever  favoured  him 
beyond  the  king  lier  husband,  jirotecting  his  interests,  and  showiiii:  liim 
especial  kindness  and  good  will."  When  he  beheld  the  emotion  of  his  roval 
unstress,  and  listened  to  lier  consolatory  language,  it  was  too  nmch  f(ir  )iis 
loyal  and  generous  h'\art ;  and,  throwing  himself  on  his  knees,  he  gave  vent  l> 
liis  feelings,  and  sobbtnl  aloud.  The  sovereigns  endeavoured  to  soothe  ami 
tran(iuillize  his  mind,  and,  after  testifying  their  deep  sense  of  his  inj-irics, 
promised  him  that  impartial  justice  should  be  done  his  enemies,  and  that  he 
shoii'd  be  reinstatcnl  in  his  emoluments  and  honours." 

Much  censure  has  attached  to  the  Spanish  government  for  its  share  in  this 
mifortunate  transaction  ;  botb  in  the  appointment  of  so  unsuitable  an  aucnt 
as  liobadilla,  and  the  delegation  oi  such  broad  and  inderinite  powers.  \\  ith 
regard  to  the  first,  it  is  now  too  late,  as  has  already  been  remarked,  to  ascer- 
tain on  what  grounds  such  a  selection  coidd  have  been  made.  There  is  no 
evidence  of  his  being  indebted  for  his  promotion  to  intrigue  or  any  undue 
iidlnence.  Indee<l,  according  to  the  testnnony  of  one  of  his  contein|ioraries 
he  was  reputed  "an  extremely  honest  and  religious  man;"  and  the  guiMi 
bishop  Las  Casas  expressly  declares  that  "no  imputation  of  dishonesty  ur 


cnp.  S6. — Oaribay.  Conipomiio,  torn.  li.  lib. 
I'.t,  cap,  1. — VvU'T  Martyr,  ]\'  UebuH()roani(.i8, 
(i(>c.  1,  lib.  7. — rjomara.  Hist,  df  las  liidias, 
ca]).  '23.  -  Ilorrera,  iTwlias  occjiifiitalfs,  lil).  4, 
cap.  10. — Benzoni,  Novi  Orbis  IliHt.,  lib.  1, 
cap.  12. 

-"  Honzonl,  Novl  Orbis^  Hint.,  lib.  1,  cap. 
12.  -  HiTicra,  India^*  occidnitalfs,  lib.  C>,  cap. 
1.5.— Fonliiiaiul  ('nhKiibus  tollH  u,s  fbat  liis 
fatlior  kept  the  fetters  in  wliiili  bo  was 
brought  lumie,  banging  up  in  an  aiiaitmcut 


of  his  hou.sp,  as  a  porpotual  niiinorial  (if 
national  intrratitnik-,  and,  wlii'ii  In-  tl.iii, 
ordprod  tbcin  to  1  c  buried  in  tlio  .smio  u'ravo 
vitli  liiniself.  lli.-'t.  del  .Abuinnff,  tap.  "ti. 
"'  (iaribay,  Conipcndid.  toni.  ii.  HI'.  nt-C'I'' 
7.  -IVtcr  NJartvr,  Dc  Ki  l>iis  Oceanicis,  iloc.  1, 
lil).  7.- Fernando  (.'..Ion,  lli>l.  del  .Mniiraiii', 
cap.  86,  S7.— Herrcra,  Indias  occid' iit.il'S, 
dec.  1,  lib.  4,  cap.  ,h-io.— Ben'zoni,  Novi  orbis 
Hist.,  lib.  1,  cap.  12. 


treat:,ient  of  columbum 


42.") 


fit  itself.  S'n 
diced  against 
ell  iiidimiitiis 
scretiniis,  li;i(l 

.11  who,  ill  the 

iificnt  (iriccf 
ivi'i*'  1.  ,ii>iiis 

Vrdiiiaiid  ainl 
tit  so  i;i()^>  iiii 
?  ))er]t('tiati'iii 
:  an  iiist;iiit'> 
liniousfcttt'iv. 

their  sincere 
winestiiiu  liiiii 
ere  the  ri'-  it 
Diisaiid  (hicats 
niniey. 

<itioiis  (if  liis 
(d  on  the  17th 

an  aiidieiKc. 
lose  ilhisttiiiii> 
er  own  hamLy 
est  assurances 
from  the  first 
•js  of  Isahellii; 
favoured  him 

showini:  him 
1  of  his  royal 

niueh  fur  his 
:•.  jiave  vent  t'l 

o  soothe  aiiil 
his  inj.irifs, 
and  that  he 

sliare  in  this 

)le  an  aiieiit 

wers.    ^Vith 

ed,  to  r.srer- 

There  is  mi 

re  any  inidiie 

teiiiiiorarit's. 

nd  the  ,ir"'"i 

ishonesty  or 

nuincriul  of 
,ii('n  111-  (l.i(!, 
ho  siini(>  (.'rnvo 
nnto,  tap.  -*>• 
ii.  lili.  I'J.  (•'!'■ 
ct'iitiicis,  iloi.  1, 
del  Ahniriuii", 

8      CtOCill'  llt.'ll'  ". 

oni,  Novi  uibis 


avaricohad  ever  rested  on  his  eliaractcr." '"     It  ^vas  pax  error  of  jud^^inent ;  a 
cnive  one,  in(h'ed,  and  must  nass  for  as  much  as  it  is  worth. 

Hut  in  re,i,'ard  to  the  seeond  eharu^e,  of  deh'uatiiii;  nnwanantabU'  powers,  it 
>IioiiM  he  rcinotnbered  tliat  the  ^a"ievances  of  the  (■oi<»!iy  wL-re  represt'nted  as 
iif  a  most  jiressiniT  nature,  demanding'  a  itromitt  and  ih''<  nijttoiy  remedy  ;  that 
iiiiiiin'  hmited  and  partial  authority,  depen(h'iit  for  its  exeri-ise  on  insiruetions 
fri'iii  the  .Lcovenunent  at  liome,  niii;ht  he  altemU'd  with  ruinous  dehivs  ;  that 
tliis  authority  must  necessarily  be  jiaraniount  to  that  of  (.'ohimbus,  who  was  a 
larty  implicated  ;  and  that,  although  unlimited  jurisdiction  was  ^nven  over 
ail  ulleiices  committed  .i^^ainst  him,  yet  neither  he  nor  liis  friends  were  to  be 
molested  in  any  other  way  tlian  by  temporary  suspension  from  otlice,  and  a 
rtuni  to  their  own  eomitry,  where  the  merits  of  their  Ciise  might  be  submitted 
In  the  soverei,irns  themselves. 

This  view  of  the  matter,  indeed,  is  perfectly  conformable  to  that  of  Ferdi- 
i.aiiil 'olumbiis,  whose  solicitude,  so  apjiarent  in  every  pa.Lie,  for  his  father's 
ri'imtation,  must  have  etrectually  counterbalanced  any  repugnance  he  may 
i.ave  felt  at  impugniiiL,^  the  conduct  of  his  sovereigns.  "  'i'he  o-.dy  ground  of 
•  niii|ilaint,'"  he  remarks,  in  summing  up  his  narrative  of  the  transaction, 
"  which  I  can  Itring  against  their  Catliolic  IIighness<»s  is,  the  unhtness  of  the 
a,'eiit  whom  they  employed,  eipially  malicious  and  ignorant.  Ha<l  tiiey  sent 
Milt  a  suitable  person,  the  aihniral  would  have  been  liighly  gratified  ;  since  he 
iiai!  more  tiian  once  re(juesttMl  the  apiKjintment  of  sonu'  one  witii  full  powers 
if  jurisdiction  in  an  afhiir  where  he  lelt  some  natural  delicacy  in  moving,  in 
onnseijuence  of  his  own  brother  having  been  ori<,dnally  involved  in  it."  And, 
as  to  the  vast  magnitude  of  the  powers  intrusted  to 'Bobadilla,  he  adds,  "  It 
I  an  scarcely  l)e  wondered  at,  considering  the  manifold  complaints  against  the 
aijiiiiral  made  to  their  Highnesses."" 

.Vltluiugh  the  king  and  (lueen  deterniinod  without  hesitation  on  the  complete 
r'-stnration  of  the  admirars  honours,  they  thougiit  it  better  to  defer  his  re- 
ai'lM'iiifiiient  to  the  government  of  the  colony  until  the  present  disturbances 
4iuiilil  lie  settled  and  he  might  return  there  with  personal  safety  and  advaii 
taire.  In  the  mean  time,  they  resolved  to  send  out  a  competent  iiuU vidua!, 
and  to  supj)ort  him  with  such  a  force  as  should  overawe  faction  and  enable 
i:iin  to  place  the  tramiuillity  of  the  island  on  a  permanent  basis. 

The  person  selectetl  was  Don  Nicolas  de  Uvando,  comeiidador  of  Lares,  of 
the  military  order  of  Alcantara,  lie  was  a  man  of  acknowledged  prudence 
•uhI  sai;acity,  temjjerate  in  his  habits,  and  plausible  and  politic  in  his  address. 
It  is  suthcient  evidence  of  his  standing  at  court  that  he  had  been  one  of  the 
It'll  youths  selected  to  he  educated  in  the  nalace  as  companions  for  the  prince 
'f  .Vsfurias.  He  was  furnished  with  a  fleet  of  tw(»-and-thirty  sail,  carrying 
uveiity-hve  huiulre<l  ]iersons,  many  of  them  of  the  l»est  fanulies  in  the  kinp;- 
''■111,  with  every  variety  of  article  for  the  nourishment  and  permanent  piro- 
i'crity  uf  the  colony  ;  aiid  the  general  eiiuipment  was  in  a  style  of  expense 
.ml  iiiagnificence  such  as  had  never  l}eiore  been  lavished  on  any  armada 

t">tiiK'd  for  the  western  waters." 

The  new  governor  was  instructed  immediately  on  his  arrival  to  send  IJoba- 
•liia  home  for  trial.  (ye})tember,  ir)01.)  Cnder  his  la.x  administration, 
:»'!Mi-es  of  every  kind  ha<l  multi[)lied  to  an  alarming  extent,  and  the  poor 
"Jitives,  in  particular,  were  rai)idly  wasting  away  under  the  nvw  and  nio^t 


"  Ovicio,  Hist.  Ren.  <1o  las  Iml.,  P.  1,  lit). 
.,  iMp.  t!.— Las  CiisaH,  lib.  2,  cap.  6,  ajjiid 
'avitrMc.  t-mi.  i.,  iiitrod.,  p.  O'.t. 

I'lriiandu  Colon,   Hist,   del   Almiraatf, 

cup.  s6. 


^-  Hevrora,  Indias  occldiiital<'S,  ilrc.  1,  Un. 
4,  caji.  11.— Fi  riiuiidu  Culun,  Hi-t.  del  Alim- 
raiitc,  cap.  s7.  —  Hcn/.niii,  Nuvi  Oiliis  111^1, 
lin.  ),  ciji.  12.  — .Meiu.  dc  la  Acttd.  di;  Uist., 
tuui,  vl.  p.  3fe5. 


420 


PROGRESS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


inlnnnan  arrangement  of  th.^  re]>nrtimientos,  which  he  had  established.  la. 
^ella  now  declared  the  hulians  free,  .and  cinithatioally  enjoined  oii  the 
^thorities  of  llis[)anio!a  to  respect  them  as  true  and  faithful  vassals  of  tin' 
ci  wn.  Ovando  was  eH^u'dally  to  ascertain  the  ani«junt  of  losses  sustaiiicij  liv 
Columbus  and  his  brotbers,  to  provide  for  their  full  indenniificatiou,  ami  in 
secure  the  uiwnolested  enjoyuient  in  future  of  all  their  lawful  rij.;lits  anl 
jiccniniary  iiercji'isites.*' 

l''ortifie(l  with  the  most  ample  instructions  in  rei,fard  to  the-e  and  otlitr 
details  of  his  administration,  the  ^'overnor  embarked  on  board  his  manniCnn,: 
flotilla,  and  crossed  the  bar  of  St.  Lucar,  Felnuary  ir)th,  1502.  A  furious 
tempest  dispersed  the  fleet  l)efore  it  had  been  out  a  week,  and  a  report  roacjioii 
Spain  that  it  had  entirely  i)erished.  The  soverei,i;ns,  overwhelme(l  with  sinidw 
at  this  fresh  disaster,  which  consi(,me<l  so  many  of  their  be>!t  and  bravest  to  a 
watery  ^rave,  shut  themselves  up  in  their  palace  for  several  days.  Fortiiiiatflv, 
the  report  proved  ill  founded.  The  Heet  rode  out  the  storm  in  safety,  dih 
vessel  only  iiaving  perished,  anu  the  remainder  reached  ni  due  time  the  I'laii' 
of  destination.^* 

The  Spanish  government  has  been  roundly  taxed  with  injustice  and  iiii:rati 
tiKle  for  its  delay  in  restoring  Cohuubus  to  the  full  possession  of  his  coldiiial 
authority;  and  that  too  by  writers  generally  distinguished  for  candinir  am! 
iuipartiality.  No  such  auimadversion,  however,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  is 
countenanced  by  contemporary  nistorians  ;  and  it  api)ears  to  be  whully  iiii 
deserved.  Independent  of  the  obvious  inexpediency  of  returning  him  iimiie- 
diately  to  the  theatre  of  disatiection,  before  the  embers  of  ancient  aninin. 
sity  had  had  time  to  cool,  there  were  several  features  in  his  character  whiih 
make  it  doubtful  whether  he  were  the  most  comiietent  person,  in  any  oMiit, 
for  an  emergency  demanding  at  once  the  greatest  coolness,  corisuiiimaf 
address,  and  acknowledged  personal  anthority.  His  sublime  entliiisiasin, 
whicii  carried  him  victorious  over  every  obstacle,  involved  him  also  in  iiunitTun- 
eudtarrassments,  which  men  of  more  nhlegmatic  temperament  would  haw 
escaped.  It  led  him  to  count  too  readily  on  a  similar  s])irit  in  others,— and, 
to  be  disappointed.  It  gave  an  exaggerated  colouring  to  his  views  and 
descriptions,  that  inevital)ly  led  to  a  rejiction  in  the  minds  of  such  as  em- 
barked their  all  on  the  s])lendid  dreams  of  a  fairy-laud  which  they  were  never 
to  reiiHze."  Hence  a  fruitful  source  of  discontent  and  disaffection  in  lii> 
followers.  It  led  him,  in  his  eagerness  for  the  achievement  of  his  great 
enLerpV'ses,  to  he  less  scrupulous  and  politic  as  to  the  means  than  a  lt's> 
ardent  spirit  would  have  been.  His  jiertinacions  adherence  to  tlie  scheme  of 
Indian  slavery,  and  his  impolitic  regulation  compelling  the  !abour  of  the 
hidalgos,  are  pertinent  examples  of  this.^*'     He  was,  moreover,  a  fureigiiei, 


'"  Hirrt ra,  Indias  occidentales,  lib.  4,  cap. 
11-ia.  -Navaircto,  Colfccioii  do  Viatres,  torn. 
ii.Doc.  diiiL.nos.  VS^,  Ui.—Fi'mando Colon, 
HiBt.  del  Aluiiraiito,  cap.  87. 

■••  HciTcra,  Iniliasociidiiitalcs,  lib.  S,  cap.  1. 

■"  'I'lic  liigli  devotional  f«'iliii|.;  of  Columbus 
lod  him  to  trace  out  aUusions  in  Scripture  to 
the  various  circumstances  and  scenes  of  his 
ailvi  ntiiroun  Ide.  Tlius,  he  believed  his  great 
disi'ovi  ry  announced  in  tlie  Apocalypse,  and 
in  I.'^aiaii ;  he  identified,  as  I  have  Ijefore 
Bt.ited,  tlie  uiines  of  Hispaniola  with  tliose 
wiiich  furnished  .'Soionion  wit'.;  »ii»»"7idls  for 
Ids  tenijile  ;  lie  fancii'd  that  lie  ha'.l  deter- 
iiiini'd  tlie  actual  locality  of  the  jjarden  of 
Eden  in  the  newly-discovered  region  of  I'aria. 


But  his  greatest  extravapance  ^v,^^  his  pr- 
ject  of  a  crusade  for  the  recovery  of  t'.ie  jl  i;. 
Sepulchre.  This  h<'  clierisjied  from  tln^  liM 
hour  of  Ills  di.-!cover3',  pressing  it  in  tlie  nin^t 
nrpent  manner  on  the  sovereigns,  niui  uhikiiv 
actual  provision  for  it  in  his  te>;f anient.  Tl.i'^ 
was  ft  flight,  however,  beyond  the  spirit  evn 
of  tiiis  romantic  age,  and  jirobah^y  reieivinl 
as  little  serious  attention  from  tin'  inn'i'ii  a.< 
from  her  more  cool  and  calculating  lui-liiU'l 
I'eter  .Manyr,  I)e  IJebusOccmiiis,  ilec.  I,  lil' 
6.— TercerViage  de  Colon,  apud  .Navarnt'. 
Coleccion  de  V'iages.  torn.  i.  p.  'J.'i'.i  — •""i  n  ■ 
Doc.  dlpl.,  no.  ito.—HerrerB,  Indias  occidin- 
tales,  lib  6,  cap.  15, 

•"  Another  example  was   the  iiijudiciuus 


TREATMENT  OF  COLUMBUS. 


427 


without  rank,  fortune,  or  powerful  friemls  ;  and  liis  liii;li  and  sudden  elevation 
iiitiiialiy  raised  him  up  a  tliousand  enemies  amoni;'  a  proud,  i)un(tili(tus,  and 
jiiteiiscly  national  j(eo])le.  Under  these  midtiidied  eml>arrassnients,  resnltin.n 
f.iiii  iK'iuliaritie.s  of  charach^r  and  situatinn,  the  so\eiei;;ns  nii.i;ht  well  lie 
tvused  fur  not  intrusting'  Colunduis,  at  this  delicate  crisis,  with  dison- 
t.iiijiii.t;  the  meshes  of  intrigue  and  faction,  in  which  the  allairs  of  the  colony 
\\vi\'  Ml  unhapi»ily  involved. 

1  tiii.^t  these  remarks  will  not  he  construed  into  an  insensihility  to  the 
imrits  and  exalted  services  of  Columhus.  "A  world,"  to  horrow  the  words, 
!;iniigli  not  the  application,  of  the  (ireek  historian,  "is  his  nionunirnt."'  llis 
\;rt!ie<  shine  with  too  liiight  a  lustre  to  he  dimmed  by  a  few  natmal  hlemishos  ; 
lutit  hecomes  necessary  to  notice  these,  to  vindicate  the  Spani-h  ^fovernment 
iruiii  the  imputation  of  perfidy  and  inj^ratitude,  where  it  has  been  most  freely 
ir:V(l,  and  apjtaiently  with  the  least  foundation. 

It  is  more  ditlicult  to  excuse  the  paltry  eipiipment  with  which  tlie  adnn'ral 
u;i- sntiered  to  inidertake  his  fourth  and  last  voyage.  The  object  proposed 
iy  this  »'xpeilition  was  the  discovery  of  a  p-assage  to  the  great  Indian  Ocean, 
wiiirli  he  inferred,  sagaciously  enough  from  his  premises,  tnough,  as  it  turned 
out, -to  the  great  inconveidence  of  the  conuuercial  world, — most  erroneously, 
must  fijicn  somewhere  between  Cuba  and  the  coast  of  Paria.  Four  caravels 
iiily  were  furnished  for  the  exjiedition,  the  largest  of  which  did  not  exceed 
.>HV(iiiy  tons  burden  ;  a  force  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  magnificent 
armada  lately  intrusted  to  Ovando,  and  altogether  too  insignificant  to  be 
\iiiilirated  on  the  ground  of  the  diH'erent  objects  proposed  by  the  two 
txi'i'ilitions.*' 

Loluiiibus^  oppressed  with  growing  infirmities  and  a  conscionsnes.s,  perhajis, 
fifthe  decline  of  poi»ular  favinir,  manifestetl  unusual  despondency  previously 
t"  his  eiuliarkation.  i\e  talked,  even,  of  resigning  the  task  of  fmther  dis- 
ovory  to  his  brother  Jiartholoniew.  "1  have  estalilished,"  said  he,  "all  that 
1  |in»iiused,— the  existence  of  land  in  the  west.  1  have  opened  the  gate,  and 
I'tlicis  may  enter  at  their  pleasure  ;  as  indeed  they  do,  arrogating  to  them- 
M'lves  the  title  of  di.scoverers,  to  which  they  can  have  little  claim,  following  as 
tlicy  do  in  my  track."  He  little  thought'the  ingratitude  of  mankind  would 
siiictiou  the  claims  of  these  adventurers  so  far  as  to  confer  the  name  of  one 
^t  tlioii)  on  tliat  world  which  liis  genius  had  revealed." 


as   the  injudiiiui;' 


r'liniphmont  of  delinf|uents  by  diminishing 
linir  n  jrulrtr  allowance  ol  I'l.ud,  a  im  asiire  so 
I'MiMxitJiis  as  t(j  call  fur  the  intcrfficncc  of 
III'  Mjvtr','ijins,\\iio  iimliibitcil  it  iiltoj^i'tlicr. 

X.ivairctt',  (]iiltcfi»n  ■!'■  Viagfs,  toni.  ii.,  Doc. 
cy[..  no.  iiT.)  llerrera,  who  must  In-  ad- 
i:i.tiiil  to  have  been  in  no  degree  insensible 
i'llii  imrits  of  ('olinulins,  closes  his  accoiuit 

filie  viuious  accusations  urged  atjainst  liiin 
»iid  lii-  lif.Uiers,  w  itii  tlie  remark  that,  "  with 
fviry  allowance  for  calumny,  fiiey  must  be 
Hiiiftsseil  not  to  have  f^overind  the  Castilian; 
«lilitiif  uiiHleratioii  tlial  they  (iii^;lit  to  have 
■I  ittii  "  indias  occidentales,  lib.  4,  c.ip.  9. 
li.iriliay,    ("oiiipendio,   torn.    ii.    lib.    19, 

i  n- leriiandd  colon,  Hist,  del  Almi- 
r;iiiti',  flip.  ><<i.— Herr(  ra,  Indias  occidentales, 
lii'  n,  cap.  1. — Beiizoni,  Novi  Orbis  Hist., 
fip.  H. 

■  It  w(Jtild  be  g>  inp  out  of  our  way  to  in- 

^■■<Mi;iti'  tin'    pntiii-^ioii-:    of  .Xmern.!)   Vis- 

i  to  till'  hiiiiour  ol   first  discoverintr  th  • 

Ii  .Vuiericaii  tuiitineiit.     The  leadvT  will 


tind  thorn  displayed  with  perspicuity  and 
candour  l>y  Mr.  IrvlMR,  in  hi.s  '"  Life  of  Co- 
lumbus." (^Appendix,  No.  9.)  Few  will  })e 
(lispiised  to  contest  the  autlior's  conclusion 
respecting?  their  fallacy,  though  ali  may  not 
Lave  the  same  charit.v  as  he,  in  t rating  itn 
|>ossible  origin  to  an  editorial  blunder  instead 
of  wilful  fabriiation  on  the  part  of  Vespucci  ; 
ill  winch  light,  indeed,  it  si' ms  to  have  Ix-eii 
ri  gardi'd  by  the  two  most  ancient  and  lioiieH* 
liisioriau.>  of  the  event,  La^  Casas  and  Her- 
rera.  There  ir,  no  rea.sou  to  susjiect  him, 
however,  of  pretending  to  aiiytluog  beyond 
the  discovery  of  I'aria,  or  of  aiitii  ipating  in 
any  degree  the  important  conse<|ii('nces  des- 
tiiud  to  result  from  such  pretensions.  Mr. 
Irviiig's  conclusions  have  siiue  been  con- 
firmed, in  ili(>  fullest  juanner,  by  M.  de  Hum- 
boldt, in  his  "<;eograpiiie  (ill  nouveau  t'on- 
tiiieiit,"  published  in  l.x.'iy;  In  which  he  Iwm 
ossiinbled  a  mass  of  testiiiiony  suggest ing 
the  ino-it  favourable  iinnvessions  of  Ve-iiiu ci's 
itmoceiiLC!  of   the    various   charges    brought 


428 


PROGRESS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


Tho  ijrcat  inclination,  however,  whirli  the  aihniral  had  to  serve  tho  Catli'l; 
Roverciyiis,  and  es))e(ially  the  most  serene  queen,  says  Fenhiiaiid  (  nlninhii-, 
indu(ed  him  to  lay  aside  his  senijiles  and  encounter  the  perils  and  fatiiH" 
of    auotiier   vnyai^^e.      A  few  weeks    hefore    his    depiuture,   lie   hm  (.'ivoit  .; 
;;ra(ious  letter  from  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  last  ever  addressed  to  Iiim 
by  his  royal  mistress,  assuring'  him  of  their  purpose  to  maintain  in\inl,it.;i"i 
their  en;^fa^H'hi('iits  with  him,  and  to  perpetuate  the  inheritance  of  lijs  ImiKH  i 
in  his  family.^"    Comforted  and  cheered  ]»y  these  assiu'ances,  the  vftm 
navij^^ator,  cpiittin^^  tlie  port  of  Cadiz  on  the  Oth  of  March,  laO'i,  cuk  e  iiK.r. 
spread  his  sails  for  those  j,folden  regions  which  he  had  approached  su  ueur,  Imt 
was  destined  never  to  reacli. 

It  will  ncit  he  necessary  to  pursue  his  course  furtlier  than  to  notice  a  siii:!c 
occurrence  of  most  extraordinary  nature.  Tiie  admiral  had  received  iii>tn.( 
tions  not  to  touch  at  Ilispaniola  on  his  outward  voyage.  The  leaky  condltidii 
of  one  of  his  ships,  however,  and  the  signs  cjf  an  approaching  stoiin,  iniliKc! 
him  to  seek  a  temporary  refuge  there  ;  at  the  same  time,  he  couhh-HcI 
Ovando  to  delay  for  a  few  days  the  departure  c»f  the  fleet,  then  riding  in  tin- 
harbour,  which  was  destined  to  carry  Ijobadilla  and  the  rebels  witli  tlitir 
ill-gotten  treasures  back  to  Spain.  The  churlish  governor,  however,  not  (inly 
refused  Columbus  admittance,  but  gave  orders  for  the  instant  departure  lif 
the  vessels.  The  apprehensions  of  the  experienced  mariner  were  fully jiistiliil 
by  the  event.  Scarcely  had  the  Spanish  fleet  (juitted  its  moorings,  brfure  (me 
of  those  tremendous  hurricanes  c^^anie  on.  which  so,  often  desolrte  thes ;  tru|iiiul 
regions,  sweeping  clown  everything  l)efore  it,  and  fell  W'th  such  viuh-wi  ;■  on  the 
little  navy  that  out  of  eighteen  ships,  of  which  it  wa;;  c;ompose- ',  not  <  n  re  tlmn 
three  or  four  escaped.  The  rest  all  foundered,  includiiig  tho^e  which  con- 
tained Robadilla  and  the  late  enemies  of  Columbus.  Two  hnjiJied  thuiisiuM 
cdstellanos  of  gold,  half  of  which  belonged  to  the  governnu-nr  'vent  to  tin' 
bottom  with  them.  The  only  one  of  the  fleet  .inch  made  way  badi 
to  Spain  was  a  crazy,  weather-beaten  bark,  which  cc  it^ined  i'-k-  a(liii::il^ 
property,  amounting  to  four  thousand  omices  of  pold.  To  coi'ipiclc  tluvc 
curious  coincidences,  Columbus  "->'  his  httle  scjuau'on  rot'e  ou'  tiic  storm  in 
safety  under  the  lee  of  the  ishu:  *  'here  he  had  prudenth/  *aken  slioltci  'ii 
being  so  rudely  rej>ulsed  from  thc^  ft/f..  This  even-handei  retriliatimi  tii 
justice,  so  uncommcn  in  Innnar.  ofrsirs,  led  many  to  discern  t):e  iuinic'diiic 
niterposition  of  Providencx".  Others,  h)  t\  ies^  Christian  temiitr,  referred  it  all 
to  the  necromancy  of  the  adiiiiral." 

no  sin  razun,  pnes  jamas  naiiic  l<'s  bizo  tal 
pcrvicio."  (.IrniiaH  occiiiciitalcs,  HI).  5,  wp. 
1.")— Among  i.tlicr  instance-  d  tlif  qtipcii'^ 
pf-rsonal  ngurd  for  Columbus,  lUiiy  tn'  notk-il 
iior  rpcfiving  his  two  sons,  ])\\\'.v  ami  ti-r- 
nando,  as  lur  own  pages,  on  tlif  iliailif 
Prince*  Jolm,  in  wliose  service  tliey  liad  fr- 
merly  l)een.  (Naviirrete,  Colcceiini  ilc  \\&p\ 
torn,  il.,  Doc  dipl.,  no.  125.)— Hy  an  orili- 
nance  of  l.'iOS,  we  find  Diego  Colmi  madf  ""i- 
tino  of  the  royal  hou.scliold,  witli  »i'  aninial 
t^alary  of  50,000  maravedis.  Ihid..  I'oc  .li|il , 
no.  150 

*"  I'eter  Martyr.  De  Rebus  Oceaiiici-,  di'c 
1,  lib.  10.— (iaribay.  romiiendin.  t.nii.  ii.  H' 
lit,  cap.  14.--  Feniaindo  Colon  Hif''  il' I  Almi- 
rante,  cap.  h>i.— Henzoni,  Novi  0\\<\*  HI^U 
cap.  12.— Herrera,  Imlias  ocxiJenlalt.s,  lib.  a, 
''up.  2, 


against  him. — Since  the  appearance  of  Mr. 
Irvinu's  work,  Sefior  Nuvarrete  has  ])ub- 
lishcd  tlie  third  volume  of  his  "Coleccion  de 
Viages  y  Descubrimientos,"  etc.,  containing, 
among  other  things,  the  original  h  tters  re- 
cording Vespueoi's  American  voyages,  illus- 
trated by  all  the  autliorities  and  facts  that 
could  come  witliin  tlie  scope  of  his  indefa- 
tigable researches.  The  whole  weijjht  of 
evidi  nee  leads  irresistibly  to  the  conviction 
that  Columbus  is  entitled  to  the  glory  of 
being  the  original  discoverer  of  the  southern 
eontinent,  a.s  well  as  islands,  of  the  western 
t;  ;ni>-,)iiere     Coleccion  de  Viages,  torn.   iii. 

"  Fernando  Colon,  Hist,  del  Alinirante, 
''.ip  '7.  Herr<Ta  notices  this  Itter,  written, 
h>.'  ^^^y^^  'con  tanta  huinitni<'».d,  (]ue  parecia 
<  ^traor.linirlad  '     >  que  usavan  con  otros,  y 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


429 


CHAPTER  IX. 


SPANISH   COLONIAL   POLICY. 

Cinfiil  Prnvlisint)  for  the  nolor'l<'fl-Licpnfr  Tor  Private  Voya^ps — Important  Papal  Concpssions 
—  Tlic  yuefn's  Zial  tor  (/'on version — Ijiimeditttc  ProHts  from  the  DiscoverlcB — TLeir  moral 
C'lii'-cii'ionces — Tlitir  geoj^rapliical  Kxtcnt. 

A  CONSIDERATION  of  the  ooloiiial  i>oliry  pursued  durin;;  Isabella's  lifetime 
h;b  been  hitherto  deferred  to  avoid  breakiii;;:  the  narrative  of  Coliiinbiis's 
j'crMUiiil  adventures.  1  shall  now  entleavour  to  present  the  rea<l;.i"  with  a 
irit'f  nntjine  of  it,  so  far  as  can  he  collected  from  imperfect  and  scanty 
iiiaterials ;  for,  however  incom|>lete  in  itself,  it  becomes  important  as  contain- 
in:  the  Lrenn  of  the  jri^'antic  system  developed  in  later  aj^es. 

Fpiiliiiand  and  Isabella  manifested  from  the  first  an  ea,i;er  and  enli;j,htened 
'Mrio^ity  in  reference  to  their  new  ac(uiisitions,  const;intly  interroj^ating  the 
fciiiiintl  niiimtely  as  to  their  soil  and  climate,  their  various  ve_etable  and 
mineral  nroducts,  and  especially  the  character  of  the  uncivilizeil  races  who 
iiiiiahitca  them.  They  paid  the  i^Teatest  deference  to  his  sn;:j;estions,  as 
ieforo  remarked,  and  liberally  supi)lie(l  the  infant  settlement  with  whatever 
NiM  contribute  to  its  nouiishment  and  [)ermanent  jirospcuty.'  Through 
•Jit'ir  jirovident  attention,  in  a  very  few  years  after  its  discovery  the  island  of 
llHpaninJa  was  in  j)ossession  of  the  most  important  domestic  animals,  as  well 
.vfniit^  and  vegetables,  of  the  Old  World,  some  of  which  have  since  continued 
t'l  furnish  the  .staple  of  a  far  more  lucrative  conunerce  tlian  was  ever 
aiitiriiiated  from  its  gctld-mines.* 

pjiiiiLnation  to  the  new  countries  was  encouraged  by  the  liberal  tenor  of  the 
Mva!  ordinances  passed  from  time  to  time.  The  settlers  in  Ilispaniola  were 
ti'havo  their  passage  free  ;  to  be  excused  from  taxes  ;  to  have  the  absolute 
piiorty  of  such  plantations  on  the  island  as  they  should  engage  to  cultivate 
inrfour  years  ;  and  they  were  furnished  with  a  gratuitous  supuly  of  grain  and 
>t"ck  for  their  farms.  All  exports  and  imports  were  exempted  from  duty  ;  . 
-trikiiii:  contrast  to  tlie  narrow  police  of  later  ages.  Five  hundred  persons 
induiliiii;  scientific  men  and  artisan  ^  of  every  descrintion,  were  sent 
iiiaiiitained  at  the  expense  of  govei  luneut.  To  provide  for  the  great* 
iiii'l  iiuict  of  the  island,  Ovando  was  authorized  to  gather  the  resi 
t"wiis,  which  were  endowed  with  the  privileues  appertaining  tosimi' 
ti'^iis  ill  the  mother  country;   and  a  numl)er  of  married  men. 


i-iiiiiJicN,  were  encouraged  to  establish  themselves  in  them,  with 


ut  and 
curity 
Ls  into 
orpora- 
ih  their 
view  of 


-UUlL 


greater  solidity  and  permanence  to  the  settlement. 


'occiaentales,  lib.  a. 


'  '^<\  in  pirti'  nlar,  a  letter  to  Columbus, 
■"'■•I  AiiL'ust.  1  t'.H  (apiiil  Xavarrete.  Col"<^- 
I  I  i1p  \iai;,'s,  toiii.  ii.,  Doc  ilipl.,  no.  7>,t) ; 
»>"tin  <lal"ii;it«'  iii.'inorial  ))rcs(>nt»'(l  by  tlie 
i'liiiirai  in  the  sanic  y.ar,  s.ttii(|j!  forth  the 
••iri"iis  n('('i's?<ities  of  tic  colony,  every  it'm 
'  wliicli  is  particularly  answered  by  the 
"' v('rcif;n-i,  in  a  nuiiiiier  sl)o\viii(.?  how  at- 
'■'iti\''ly  they  eoiiiidered  his  suggestious. — 
'  i'l.  to  II.  i.  pp.  '226-241. 

'  ■VlniiKlant  evidence  of  this  is  furnished 
'■  'ti"  li.iijr  enumer  ition  of  articles  subjected 
>j  litlics,  coutaini'd   in   an   ordinance  dated 


Ocfol>or  r>tli,  1.501,  showing 
criniiiiiife  sevcri'y    tliis   he 
Imposed  I'roni  tiie  tir.-^t  on  tin 


what  indis- 
,  •iirdin  win 
nii'>t  ini)Mirtant 
picxiucts  of  liiitnan  industry.  RecopiUu  iuii 
de  Leyes  de  los  licynos  di-  las  Iiidias  (Madrid, 
l~H).  toni.  i.  lib.  I,  tit.  16.  ley  2 

■  Nnvarri'te,  Coleccion  de  Viages,  Join,  ii.. 
Doc.  dipl.,  no.  S6,  .\pril  loth,  1495. — Nos. 
lo:;,  iiir.-ioi,  April  2:trd,  I4i»7.— No.  no, 
May  6tli,  1497.  — .No.  121,  July  22nd, 
ilernra,  ludias  occidentules,  d' 
cap.  12. 


1497.— 
1,  lib.  4, 


■     >-,;V;."??i'W-    V 


430 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


With  tliosfi  wise  })rovisions  wore  iniii<;lo(l  others  savouriiif^  ton  stronirlv  r.f 
the  ilhlicnil  sjtirit  of  the  a;_^o.  Such  weif  those  jiroiiiliitin;,^  Jews,  Modiv, -r 
iiidecij  iiny  hut  (_'}i>tihans,  for  wlmiii  the  discdvery  was  cfxisidered  ex(lll>i^,'v 
to  have  heeii  iiwule,  from  inha1)itiii,t,%  or  even  visitiii;;,  the  New  World.  Tir 
f^^overniiieiit  kept  a  most  jealous  eye  npoii  what  it  reuarded  as  it^dwn  |.('(ii'i,ir 
lierquisites,  rescrvin;,^  to  itself  the  exclusive  possession  of  all  iiiinrmis,  dw. 
woods,  and  precious  stones  that  should  he  discovered  ;  and,  aIthou,i:li  |iii\ati' 
persons  wen;  allowed  to  search  for  ^'old,  they  were  suhjecteij  to  the;  exniiiitaiit 
tax  of  two-thirds,  suljse(pieiitly  reduced  to  one-lifth,  of  all  they  should  ulitaiu 
for  the  crown.'* 

The  measure  which  contrihuted  more  eflectually  than  any  other,  at  thi-; 
pei'iod,  to  the  jiroi^q-ess  of  discovery  and  colonizatitjii,  was  the  license  urantcil, 
under  certain  re^adations,  in  140.'),  for  voyages  undertaken  by  ]»riviite  in- 
dividuals. No  use  was  niaile  of  tliis  permission  until  some  years  lattT,  in 
14!M>.  The  sjnrit  of  enterprise  had  fla^^ued,  and  the  nation  had  expcriciurl 
something  like  di^appointment  on  contrastinj;  the  mea^Te  results  of  their  own 
discoveries  with  the  dazzling  successes  of  the  Portu;;uese,  who  had  >tni(k  ;it 
once  into  the  very  heart  of  the  jewelled  East.  Tlu;  reports  of  the  jilmiials 
third  voya.ge,  however,  and  the  beautiful  si)ecimens  of  pearLs  which  lie  sent 
home  from  the  coast  of  Paria,  revived  tlie  cu[tidity  of  tlu!  nation.  l'ri\atc 
adventurers  now  i»ro{)o>ed  to  avail  themselves  of  the  liceu.se  already  grantcl, 
and  to  fo'low  up  the  track  of  discovery  on  their  own  account.  The  ;;uveiii- 
meiit,  drained  by  its  late  heavy  expenditures,  and  jealous  of  the  spirit  nf 
maritime  adviMiture  begiunin.i^  to  show  itself  in  the  other  nations  of  Kiiioi.c,' 
willinuly  ac(piiesced  in  a  measure  which,  while  it  oiiened  a  wide  ticlil  <f 
enterprise  fur  its  subjects,  ,s(Hured  to  itself  all  the  substantial  bciielits  of 
discovery,  without  any  of  ^le  burdens. 

The  ships  fitted  out  under  the  p;eneral  license  were  reciuired  to  re-ervc  nnc 
tenth  of  their  touua;4e  for  the  crown,  as  v  rll  as  twothinis  of  all  the  unM,  an  I 
ten  [ter  cent,  f '  all  other  commodities  which  they  should  procure.     The  ^ovc  n 
ment  promoted  these  expeilitions  by  a  bounty  on  all  vessels  of  six  Inunhvl 
tons  and  iijiwards  engaged  in  them." 

With  this  encoura).,Tment,  the  more  wealthy  merchants  of  Seville,  Cadi/.,  and 
Polos,  thenld  theatre  of  )iautiialenterprise,freighte{land.sentout  little  s(jiiailii'ns 
of  three  or  four  ves-;eis  each,  which  they  intrusted  to  the  experieiu'ed  iiiariinr> 
who  had  accompahled  (Jolumbus  in  .his  first  voyage,  or  since  fo'lowcd  in  la> 
footsteps.  They  held  in  general  the  .same  course  pursued  by  the  admiral  m 
his  last  expedition,  exploring  the  coasts  of  the  gre.at  southei'U  cmitint'iit. 
Some  of  the  adventurers  returned  with  such  rich  freights  of  gold,  }tcail>.  and 
other  precious  commodities  as  well  compensated  the  fatigues  and  peiils  of  tli^ 
voyage.  But  the  greater  number  were  obliged  to  content  themselves  with  t!.-' 
more  enduring,  but  barren,  honours  of  discovery.' 


*  N-^varrote,  Coloccion  dp  Viagos,  torn,  ii.. 
Doc.  dipl.,  iiDS.  86,  121.— HiTiera,  Imliaa 
oci'idcntHlcs,  l:b.  3,  cap,  2. — Miifioz,  Hist.  d<'l 
Nncvo-Miindi,,  lih.  ."i,  spc.  ,'{t. — Tlio  ( ...  hision 
(if  foiPtj^iiors,  at  loast  aU  hut  "CatlioUc  ChriH- 
tiatis,"  is  particularly  rocoimiicndcd  liy  ("<>- 
luinbus  ill  Ills  first  comiiniiiicallon  to  the 
cmwii.     rrinitT  Viajio  do  Culon. 

■'  AIl)^ln^J  t!  (>  fiucifrn  adventurers  wtro  tlio 
two  C'abots,  who  f<ailc<l  in  tho  scrvlco  of  the 
EukI'wIi  monarch,  Henry  VII.,  in  1197,  iiiid 
ran  d.)wn  the  wlmh'  -.'Ditst  of  North  America, 
from  Newfoundland  to  wiiiiin  a  U-v.  dt-KreeH 
of  Florida,  thus  encroaching,  as  it  wt-ff,  on 


the  very  field  of  di.scovcry  preoccupied  lytl.c 
Spaniards. 

'  Mnfioz,  FT!<t.  del  Niievo-Mundn,  nh  :., 
si-ct.  .'VJ.  -  Navarrete,  CoUcccinn  fie  Vi.in-, 
Doc.  dipl  .  no.  xG. 

'  Colunilius  Reenis  to  have  taken  excn 
fions  at  the  license  lor  private  v'  yap's,  a''..!i 
iiifringeiiieiit  of  hii^  own  preii>)t**iv'^  '•  '' 
(iifflciilt,  hovwver.  to  understaf  I  on  »li,it 
jrroutid.  There  i.s  tothinp  in  hi*  erij-'inil 
cHiiituhit  (iiiH  V  ith  the  (r,,vt-rtiiiieiit  liavi' it 
r  ferenc"  t<i  the  matter  (see  Navarrcic.Cnl.v- 
cion  de  ViaRc*.  Doc  d>pl.,  nt.-.  5^1;  wnile.m 
th'  letters  patent  umdf'  out  previo\;.-ly  ti  li» 


RPAXLSII  COLONIAL  POLICY 


491 


too  strnnirly  C'f 
Jews,  Modrs  "r 
orcil  ('x<lii>ivr\- 
■w  WorM.    Tl,. 

its  own  jtectiliar 
II  niint'rals,  ilw. 
iltlioii.i:!)  iiri\at(' 
0  the  cxorhitatit 
oy  should  ohtain 

ly  other,  at  this 

Hcensc  uiaiitcl, 

liy   private  in- 

\  yeurs  luttT,  in 

hiul  ex]tt'ii('iiir'l 

lilts  of  llii'ir  (luii 

10  h;\(l  ^tnll■k  n" 

of  the  ;;■llllira!^ 

is  wliich  lie  M'lit 

nation.     I'livatt' 

already  granuM, 

it.     The  ;;nveni-_ 

of  the  sjiirit  nf 

tioiis  of  Kuii>|it',' 

a  wide  ticld  "f 

iitial  heiielits  of 

»\  to  re'^erve  one- 
■  all  the  p>M,  an  I 
re.  The  gnve  !i 
s  of  six  iiumliV'i 

eville,  Cadiz,  aii'l 
it  little s(iiiadi"iis 
?rieiieed  iiiariiifr> 
e  fo' lowed  ill  lii> 
)y  the  admiral  111 
thern  ceiitiiient. 
gold,  jieailNnii'l 
and  jieril^  (»f  tji'- 
Miiselves  with  t'/ 

-y  preoccupied  *'>'"■" 

Uovn-Muinln,  li'i  .'i. 
ullceii"!!   ri.'  Vu|!'>. 

,  lijivp  tiiKPn  '^^^■'■!■ 
rivaie  \'  viitr's  as,.!! 
].r('n-(rj»'iv'  •!.  It  i« 
uiMlcrMar  I  "i  «ii.it 
liii^  in  hi;  cripiMi 
ir,,v»T!iiiieiit  havii« 
m-c  Navarm'-.i'"l''v'- 
pl  ,  n<.v  5V;  wnile.m 
uut  [.reviou.-ly  t'  '■■■^ 


The  active  spirit  of  enterprise  now  awakened,  and  the  more  enlarized  com- 
nierciid  relations  with  the  new  colonies,  re(inire(l  a  niftre  |ierfect  oruani/ation 
I  die  depaitiiient  fur  Indian  all'airs,  the  eallie^t  ve.-ti.:;es  of  wlii(  h  ha\e  I  eeii 
,, .ready  nntired  in  a  precediii;;-  eiiaiiter.*  H\  an  ordiiian(  e  dated  at  Aleala, 
JiHiiiaiy  I'Oih,  l,")0:?,  it  was  provided  that  a  hoard  shunld  he  established,  eon- 
-itiii,i;  of  three  functionaries,  with  the  titles  of  tit'a>iiier,  factor,  and  coni])- 
troller.  Their  peniiaiient  residence  was  assigned  in  the  old  aha/ar  of  >'evire. 
where  they  were  to  meet  every  day  for  the  despatch  of  business.  The  bdaia 
■Aas  expected  to  make  itself  tlioroiighly  ac(piainte<l  with  whatever  (oneerned 
•Jie  iiiiunies,  and  to  altord  ttie  governinent  all  information  that  conld  le 
ilitaiiied  atleeting  their  interests  and  commercial  prosperity.  It  wa.s  eni- 
•jii. Wired  to  grant  licenses  under  the  regular  conditions,  to  jirovide  for  the 
iiiniient  of  tleets,  to  determine  tlunr  destinati(»n,  and  to  fnrni.-h  them  with 


iii>tnietions  on  sailing.  All  merchandise  for  exportation  was  to  be  deposited 
i;i  the  ahazar,  where  the  return  cargoes  were  to  be  reieived  and  ( ontrai  ts 
iiiinle  for  their  sale.  Nimiiar  authority  was  given  to  it  over  the  tiade  with  the 
I'arhary  coast  and  the  Canary  Islands,  Its  su)  ervision  was  to  extend  in  like 
maiiiier  over  all  v(>ssels  whi'di  might  take  their  dejiartiire  from  the  ]  ort  of 
I'ailiz,  as  wiill  as  from  iSeville.  With  the-i;  powers  were  eombined  others  of  a 
I'lirely  judicial  character,  anlhori/ing  it  to  take  cognizance  of  (piestions  arising 
mtiif  particular  \oyage.'.,  and  of  the  cctlonial  tra<le  in  general.  In  this  latter 
lapacity  ii  was  to  be  assisted  by  the  advice  of  two  jurists,  maintained  by  a 
itvnlar  salary  from  the  government.'' 

Siieh  were  the  extensive  powers  intrusted  to  the  famons  t'fifxt  de  Covfrnta- 
n  I),  or  House  of  Trade,  on  this  its  lirst  definite  organization  ;  and,  altliouih 
its  authority  was  subsequently  somewliat  eircmusciibed  b" ''.e  appellate  jnris- 
ijidioii  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  it  has  always  contin,  '■>{  ihe  g;eat  organ 
I'V  which  the  commercial  tiaiLsactions  with  the  colonies  have  l'e('n  conducted 
and  CM!  it  rolled. 

The  S|anish  government,  while  thus  M'cnring  to  itself  the  more  easy  and 
f'xcliisive  management  of  the  colonisil  trade,  by  contining  it  N^ithin  one  narrow 
'baniiel,  discovered  the  most  admiiabh^  foresight  in  j^roviding  for  its  absolnte 
Mijiieiiiacy  in  ecclesiastical  afiairs,  where  alone  it  (Oiild  be  ci  ntested.  By  a 
1  lill  (tf  Alexander  the  l^ixth,  dated  Novemlier  Kith,  ir.Ol,  the  sovereigns  were 
ciiiiMnvcietl  to  receive  all  the  tithes  in  the  co!oiii;>l  dominion.s.'**  Anotlier  bull, 
(if  rn|,e  Julius  the  Second,  July  "JSth,  I aOS,  granted  them  the  right  of  col- 
lating to  all  benefices,  or  whatever  description,  in  the  colonies,  subject  only  to 
iiieaii[iroliatiun  of  the  Holy  See,     By  tlie.se  t\^o concessions,  the  Sj  ani.-li  crown 


"''cond  viiyapp,  the  riftht  of  crantint;  licf-nsos 

i<<'.x(i  p»lv  rPM-rvcd  to  the  ciowii,  and  t(j  tlie 

/HlxTiiueidt'iit,    Foiiseca,    e(|ually    with   the 

li'iral.   il>iic.  dipl.,  no.  ;!5.)    'Ibo  only  legal 

iiini  whith  he  could  make  in  all  such  cx- 

i»  iliij.iiis  a.'    wore  not  conducted   undor  him 

"a.'*  t.j  orn-oighth  of  the  tunrii'^o,  and  this 

wa»  rigulirly   provided   for   in  the    ireiicriil 

lli.'i'i)-('.    (lioc.  dijil.,  no.  .st>.')    'I'lu'  scvrt'ittns, 

iMili'cil,  in  cons(()ii('ncp  of  his  rcnionstranct'S, 

imlili-li.d  an  ordinance,  June  2nd,   l  li)7,  in 

"Inch,  ..ft'T   r.Npnssing   their   uiiah:ited   re- 

■l"'*f"rall  tlic  rights  and  juivilefres  of  ihe 

^'•■Tal,  tin  y  declare  that  w  hatever  shall  Ije 

•    ''1  in  their  [irevums  license  reiiufjnai  t   to 

i.'««r-hidl  »)('  null  and  void.     (Doc.  dipl.,  no. 

''^■j     Ihe  hypothetical  form  in  which  this  is 

satf.j   -Imwrt   that   the   .sovereii'ns,    with  an 

!ii)ii<-st  di-ire  of  kcping  their  euKagemmts 


with  Columhns,  had  not  a  ve'-y  cl.ar  per- 
cejition  in  what  in, timer  they  had  been  vio- 
lated. I'eter  Martyr,  I)e  Reims  (Iceanicis, 
dec.  1,  lili.  9.— Herif-ra,  Indias  occidentales, 
HI).  4,  cap.  U. — ik-nzoni,  Novi  C)rbis  Hist., 
cap.  i:{. 
"  Part  I.  chap.  1«,  <>f  this  History, 
"  Navarrcto,  Coiercion  de  \  iajres,  torn,  ii., 
r><ic  dipl  ,  no.  14S.— S.  li.rzano  y  ]'<  n  yr.i, 
l«.lf»  <a  Indiana  (Ma<lrid,  ITTf.),  lib.  B,  ciip. 
17  Linage  de  Veitia.  Norte  de  la  C'ontrat.i- 
t\"r>  tw  las  Indias  occidentali  s  (S<'villa.  ItiT'i), 
lib.  1,  Clip.  I.-  Zufiiga,  Annales  de  Sevill.'i, 
i.ho  1.50;!.— Herrera.  Indias  oci  Identah  s,  lib. 
5,  rap.  12-   Navagier,,,  N'i.iggio,  f  1    If). 

See  the  "liginal  bull,  ujiud  Navarrole, 
(J.'lrr-ciun  de  \'iit(C<s,  toui  ;i  apend.  ll.  aid 
a  Spanish  version  'it  it,  in  .s-jlurzano,  I'Dlitica 
India.a,  lib.  »,  cuj/.  I,  ihc.  7. 


432 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


was  pliirod  at  once  at  tlio  licafl  of  tlio  chnrcli  in  its  transatlantic  doniinion*. 
with  the  al)solnto  disfiosal  of  all  its  dignities  and  oniolnnicnts." 

It  has  ('xt'it(d  tho  admiration  of  more  than  <>no  historian,  tliat  Fcrdiimiiil 
and  Isabella,  with  tlioir  rovorcncc  for  tho  Catholic  church,  shoidd  have  had  ilip 
ronra<'C  to  assnnie  an  attitude  of  such  entire  inde])enden(e  of  its  spiritual 
rhief,'*  I'ut  whoever  has  studied  their  reij,'n  will  re^'anl  this  measure  as  pi- 
fectly  conformahle  to  their  huhitual  Jioliey,  which  never  sutlered  a  ytal  fi,r 
religion,  or  a  blind  deference  to  the  church,  to  compromise  in  any  dc/ficf  the 
independence  of  the  crown.  It  is  much  more  astonishing.;  that  jiontills  n<\\\,\ 
})e  found  content  to  divest  themselves  of  such  imjiortant  preioi^atives.  It  uji> 
d(uiatin,u  widely  from  the  subtle  and  tenacious  spirit  of  their  iircdrccsstiiv, 
andj  as  the  consequences  came  to  l»e  more  fully  disclosed,  furni.shed  ample 
suliject  of  regret  to  thf»se  who  succeeded  them. 

Such  is  a  brief  smumary  of  the  principal  repilations  adopted  by  FcnJinMiil 
and  Isabella  for  the  administration  of  the  colonies.  Many  of  their  jiecidiaritic-, 
ii;'  udin^x  most  of  their  defects,  are  to  be  referred  to  the  ]ieculiar  cncunistaiKcs 
under  which  the  discovery  of  the  New  World  wasell'ected.  Unlike  the. M-ttlt- 
ments  on  the  coiniiaratively  sterile  shores  of  North  America,  whi(  h  wrw 
permitted  to  devise  laws  accommodated  to  their  necessities,  and  to  pitlicr 
streufith  in  the  habitual  exercise  of  political  functions,  the  Spanish  cokuiics 
were  from  the  very  first  checked  and  controlled  by  the  over-legislation  of  the 
parent  country.  The  orij,dnal  project  of  discovery  had  been  entered  into  with 
indefinite  expectations  of  ^ain.  The  verification  of  Columbus's  theory  of  tlio 
existence  of  land  in  the  west  gave  popmlar  credit  to  his  conjecture  that  that 
land  was  the  far-fame<l  Indies.  The  sfiecimens  of  gold  and  other  jirccjims 
commodities  found  there  servetl  to  maintain  the  delusion.  The  Sjiaiu'sJi  '^><\- 
ernment  regarded  the  expedition  as  its  own  i)rivate  adventure,  t(t  wIidm' 
benefits  it  had  exclusive  i)retensions.  Hence  those  jealous  regulations  fur 
secm-itig  to  itself  a  monopoly  of  the  most  obvious  sources  of  profit,  the  dye- 
woods  and  the  precious  metals. 

These  impolitic  provisions  were  relieved  by  others  better  suited  to  the 
permanent  interests  of  the  colony.  Such  was  the  bounty  ottered  in  various 
ways  on  the  occupation  and  culture  of  land,  the  erection  oi  nmnicijialitics,  the 
right  of  inte.(olonial  traffic,  and  of  exporting  and  importing  merchandise  of 
every  description  free  of  duty.'*  These  and  similar  laws  show  that  tie 
government,  far  from  regarding  the  colonies  merely  as  a  foreign  ac(iuisitinii  t" 
be  sacrificed  to  the  interests  oi  the  mother  country,  as  at  a  Later  period,  was 
disposed  to  legislate  for  them  on  more  generous  principles,  as  an  intejiial 
portion  of  the  monarchy. 

Some  of  the  measures  even  of  a  less  liberal  tenor  may  be  excused,  as 
sutliciently  accommodated  to  existing  circumstances.  No  regulation,  for 
exam))le,  was  found  eventually  more  mischievous  in  its  ojieration  than  that 
which  confined  the  colonial  trade  to  the  single  port  of  Seville,  instead  of 
piermittiug  it  to  find  a  free  vent  in  the  thousand  avenues  naturally  ojiciicd  in 
every  part  of  the  kingdom  ;  to  say  nothing  of  the  grievous  monojiolics  anil 
exactions  for  which  this  concentration  of  a  mighty  traffic  on  so  snail  a  pint 
wjis  found,  i^i  later  times,  to  afford  unbounded  facility.  I^ut  tlie  cnhinial 
trade  was  too  limited  in  its  extent  under  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  to  involve 


"  Solorzano,  Polftica  Indiana,  tom.  ii.  lib. 
4.  -"ap.  '2,  8('c.  9.-  Riiil,  liifornu',  apuil  Seiua- 
iiariu  iTU'lito,  toni.  iii.  pji.  Uio,  161. 

'-  .\U5otiK  I'tliHis.  .>fc  IJayiial,  History  of 
tlif'  Kast  and  West  Indies,  tr.-inslatcd  liy  Tus- 
tauiDiid   (liDiidoii,    17«s),    vol.    iv.    p.    277.- 


Ko»H'rtson,    History    of    America    (Lomioii. 
nyc),  vol.  iii  p.  2»3. 

'•'■  Mufioz,  Hict.  del  Nnevo-Miindo.  lib,  s, 
ppc.  :\'2,  33. — Herrera,  liidias  occulfiitalt«,  Ii''- 
4,  cap.  11,  1'2.— Navarreto,  Coleceiou  li'' 
Viagf.s,  torn,  ii.,  l>oc.  dipL,  no.  80. 


SPANISH  COLONIAL    POLICY. 


133 


nicrica    (LoH'Idh. 


such  conseononoes.  It  was  coiifiiied  chiolly  to  a  few  woaltliv  soAjtorts  of 
Aii'l.iliisia,  troiii  the  vicinity  of  which  the  (irst  adventurers  hail  saHicl  f<»rth 
(.11  tht'ir  career  of  discovery.  Jt  was  no  iiicoiivenience  to  them  to  have  a 
(niuiiioii  port  of  entry,  so  central  and  accessiI)lo  as  Seville,  which,  moreover, 
hy  tills  arran;;onient  hecarne  a  great  mart  for  Kiiroj»eaM  trade,  thus  altordiui,' 
a'ciiiiveuient  market  to  tho  co\intry  for  etlectinL,'  its  connuenial  exchaiiLTi'-s 
with  every  (quarter  of  ChrisU'ndom.'*  It  was  only  when  laws  adapted  to  the 
im  i|iici»t  sta.:,'es  of  commerce  were  i)eri)etuated  to  a  jteriod  when  that  com- 
iiit'ire  ha<l  swelled  to  such  gigantic  dimensions  as  to  end)race  every  tiuarter 
(if  the  empire,  that  their  gi'oss  impolicy  hecame  manifest. 

it  woidd  not  lie  giving  a  fair  \U\w  of  the  great  ol)j«»cts  proposed  ])y  tho 
Siiaiiish  sovereigns  in  their  schemes  of  discovery,  to  omit  one  whi<'h  wna 
|iiir;uiii)imt  to  ail  the  rest,  with  the  queen  Jit  least,— the  propagation  of 
(■|l^i^tianity  among  the  heathen.  The  conversion  and  civilization  of  this 
^iiiiple  jtcople  form,  as  has  heen  already  said,  the  hurden  of  most  of  iier 
iliiiiil  communications  from  the  earliest  period.'*  She  neglected  no  means 
fur  tlu'  furtherance  of  tliis  good  work,  through  the  agency  of  missionaries 
cxi'lusively  devoted  to  it,  who  were  to  establish  their  residence  amonu'  the 
natives  and  win  them  to  the  true  faith  by  their  instructions  and  the  edifying 
cxaiiiiile  of  their  own  lives.  It  was  with  the  design  of  ameliorating  tlu» 
iiiinlition  of  the  natives  that  she  sanctioned  the  introduction  into  the  colonies 
itf  negro  slaves  born  in  >Si>ain.  (1501.)  This  she  did  on  the  representation 
that  the  physical  constitution  of  the  African  was  much  better  fitted  than  that 
i)f  the  Indian  to  endure  severe  toil  under  a  tropical  climate.  To  this  false 
priiici|'le  of  economizing  human  sutlering  we  are  indebted  for  that  foul  stain 
on  the  New  World,  which  has  grown  deeper  and  darker  with  the  lajtse  of 


)&\r>^. 


H 


Isaiiella,  however,  was  destined  to  have  her  benevolent  designs  in  regard  to 
the  natives  defeateil  by  her  own  subjects.  The  pojiular  doctriiu!  of  the 
atisoliite  rights  of  the  Christian  over  the  heathen  seemed  to  warrant  tlni 
exaction  of  labour  from  thtjse  unhappy  beings  to  any  degree  which  avarice  on 
the  one  hand  could  demand,  or  human  endurance  concede  on  the  other.  The 
device  of  the  rep<irtimieiitoa  .systematized  and  completed  the  whole  scheme  of 
ojipression.  The  nueen,  it  is  true,  abolished  them  under  Ovando's  administra- 
tiun,  and  declared  the  Indians  "as  free  as  her  own  subjects.""  JJiit  his 
reiireseutation  that  the  Indians,  when  no  longer  compelled  to  work,  withdrew 
ftDiii  all  intercourse  with  the  Christians,  thus  annihilating  at  once  all  hoi)es 
of  their  conversion,  subseiiuently  induced  her  to  consent  thiit  they  should  be 
iiMjnired  to  labour  moderattdy  and  for  a  reasonable  compensation.'"    This 


"  Tlu-  lilstorian  of  ScviUi'  moiitioiis  that  it 
wa-i  tin;  resort  especiiiUy  of  the  mfrcliaiits  of 
Hiiiiiiirs,  with  whom  a  more  intimate  inter- 
course had  been  opened  by  the  intermarriages 
"f  tlie  royal  family  with  tlie  house  of  lUir- 
Ruiidy.  See  Zuiiiga,  Annales  de  Sevilla, 
11.415. 

'  Navarn  te,  Coleccion  de  Viagee,  torn,  ii., 
I'uc.  dipt,  no.  45,  et  loc;.  al. — Las  Casas, 
miii  1st  his  unsparing  condemnation  of  tlie 
Riiilty,  din's  ample  justice  to  tlie  pure  and 
f-'iiiLTiius,  though,  alas  !  unavailing  etforts  of 
tile  (jiieeii.  iSee  G'^uvres,  eJ.  de  Llorente, 
t-jni.  i.  pp.  21,  307,  395,  et  alibi. 

"  llerrera,  Indias  occidentales,  lib.  4,  cap. 
'2.— .V  ^o(m1  account  of  the  introduction  of 
"•"Kro  slavery  into  the  New  World,  compre- 
beinliiig  the  material  facts,  aud  some  little 


known,  niay  be  found  in  tlie  fifth  chapter  of 
Buncrcdt's  "  History  of  the  United  states  ;  "  a 
work  in  whicli  the  author  has  shown  siiigul.ir 
address  iti  creatiiif?  a  unity  of  interest,  out  of 
a  subject  which,  in  its  early  stages,  would 
se<Mn  to  want  every  other  unity.  It  is  the 
deficiency  of  this,  prol>al)ly,  which  has  pre- 
vented Mr.  *iralianie's  valuable  History  from 
attaining  the  pupularity  to  which  its  solid 
merits  justly  entitle  it.  .SIiduIiI  the  remain- 
ing volumes  of  .Mr.  Hancrol't's  work  Ik,'  con- 
ducted with  the  same  spirit,  scholirship,  and 
impartialitv  as  the  volume  before  us,  it 
cannot  fail  to  take  a  permanent  rank  in 
American  literature. 

"  llerrera,  Indiaa  occidentales,  lib.  4, 
cap,  1 1. 

'"  Dec.  2Qth,  1503.— Ibid.,  lib.  5,  c        11. 

2   F 


431 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


was  constniod  vvltli  their  nsiml  liititu«l<*  Ity  tlio  Sp.'iiiianls.  Tlicy  snon  rovivcil 
tli<^  old  system  of  di.-itrihiition  on  so  territie  a  scvlo  that  a  h'tter  of  (Johimlnix, 
writti^i  shortly  after  Isabella's  death,  represents  more  than  six-sevt  nths  of  tin- 
whole  pornilation  of  llispaniola  to  have  melted  away  under  it !  '"  The  iiucni 
was  too  far  removed  to  enforce  the  execution  of  her  own  lien(ffieent  mea^Mre-i ; 
nor  is  it  i»rolial)l(!  that  she  ever  ima,i,'ined  the  extent  of  tht'ir  violjii'Mn.  fnr 
there  wa-i  no  intrepid  philanthropist,  in  that  ilay,  like  Las  ("asas,  lo  iprorjai;!! 
to  tluj  wor!d  the  wronL^s  and  sorrows  of  the  Indian.''"  A  conviction,  howtner, 
of  the  un\v(»rthy  treatment  of  the  natives  seems  to  liavc  pnvssed  lieaMlyon 
her  heart ;  for  in  a  codicil  to  her  testament,  ihitecl  a  f«'\v  days  onlv  hefoic  hrr 
death,  she  invokes  the  kind  othces  of  her  successor  in  their  helialf  in  mhIi 
stron,!4  and  aft'ectionate  lani;naue  as  plainly  indicates  jiow  intently  Ii-t 
thonL,dits  w(;ro  occupied  with  their  condition  down  to  the  last  hour  of  her 
existc^nce." 

Th(f  moral  ,i,Taiulenr  of  tlie  maritime  discoveries  under  thi«  reitrn  niii'^t  nit 
sofar  da//Je  us  as  to  lead  to  a  very  hi^di  estimate  of  their  immeiliate  results  in  ju; 
economical  view.  Most  of  those  articles  whi(di  have  since  formed  the  ^tciiI 
staples  of  South  American  connnerce,  as  cocoa,  imli^io,  cochineal,  tobacco,  ct-,, 
wen^  either  not  known  in  Isahella's  time,  or  not  cultivated  for  expoitation, 
Small  ipiantities  of  cotton  had  been  hrouf^ht  to  Spain,  but  it  was  (IuiiIiImI 
whether  tlu^  profit  would  compensate;  the  expense  of  raNinj,'  it.  The  snirar 
cane  had  been  transplanted  nito  llispani(»la,  and  thrive<l  luxuriantly  in  it> 
/^'enial  soil,  liut  it  re(iuired  time  to^row  it  to  any  considerable  amount  a;  an 
article  of  connnerce;  and  this  was  still  further  delayed  by  the  distractions  as 
well  as  avarice  (»f  the  colony,  which  L'rasped  at  notliinjjc  le,ss  substantial  than 
gold  itself.  The  only  veLretjible  product  extensively  used  in  trade  was  the 
brazil-wood,  whose  beautiful  dye  and  application  to  various  ornamental  pur- 
l)0ses  made  it,  from  the  first,  one  of  the  most  importiint  monopolies  of  ihc 
crown. 

The  accounts  are  too  vague  to  afford  any  probable  estimate  of  the  precious 
nietiils  obtjiined  from  the  new  territories "jjrevious  toOvando's  mission.  Hcfnie 
the  discovery  of  the  mines  of  Ilayna  it  was  certainly  very  inconsideralile.  The 
size  of  some  of  the  specimens  of  ore  found  there  would  suggest  niagnifut'iit 
ideas  of  their  opulence.  One  i)iece  of  gold  is  renorted  by  the  contemporary 
historians  +^0  have  weigheti  three  tliousand  two  nundrcd  castellanos,  ami  to 
have  been  so  large  that  the  Spaniards  served  up  a  roasted  jiig  on  it,  bnastiiiir 
that  no  potentjite  in  Europe  could  dine  off  so  costly  a  disli.'^*  The  admirars 
own  stiitenient,  that  the  miners  obtained  from  six  gold  avstellanas  to  one 


— See  the  Instrurt'ons  to  Ovando  in  Navar- 
rctc  (Colocdiiii  lie  \'ittK<'M,  torn,  ii..  Doc.  dipl., 
no.  153).  "  I'ay  tlioin  rofjuliir  wapos,"  says 
the  (iniinaiicc,  "for  their  labour,"  "conio 
pcrMiiias  lil)ros  couio  lo  son,  y  no  conio 
siervos."  Las  Casa.",  who  analyzi's  tln^se  in- 
►tnictions,  whicli  Llorentc,  hy-tiio-hy,  lia.'i 
misdated,  exposes  the  atrociuus  manner  in 
which  tlipy  were  violated,  in  every  piirticular, 
by  Ovando  and  his  succes-ors.  (Huvres,  ed. 
Llorente,  torn.  i.  p.  ,1i)9  ft  seq. 

'"  Ibid.,  ubl  supra. — Las  Ca.'sas,  Hist.  Ind., 
lib.  2,  cap.  36,  MS.,  apnd  Irving,  vol.  iii. 
p.  412. — The  venerable  bishop  confirms  this 
friglitful  picture  of  desolation,  in  its  full  ex- 
tent, in  his  various  memorials  prepared  for 
t!ie  Council  of  the  Indies.  G^uvres,  ed.  de 
Llorente,  toni.  1.,  passim. 

="*  Las  Casas  made  his  first  voyage  to  the 


Indies,  it  is  true,  in  149S.  or  at  latest  l.Mi'J; 
but  tliere  is  no  trace  of  Ids  takinj;  an  activi 
part  in  denonocinR  the  oppr  ssiuiis  of  tln' 
Spaniards  earlier  than  1510,  wtien  ln'  ("iii- 
bined  his  efforts  witli  those  of  the  Domiiiiraii 
missionaries  latdy  arrived  in  St.  DotniiiK".  i" 
tlie  same  ro(k1  work.  It  was  not  until  sniin' 
years  later,  IT)  15,  that  he  returned  to  S  am 
and  pleaded  the  cause  of  the  injurrd  mitivis 
before  the  throne.  Llorente,  (Kuvns  (li>  \.n* 
Casas,  tom.  i.  pp.  l-2;t. — Nic.  Antonio,  liiic 
liotlieca  Nova,  tom.  i.  pp.  191,  192. 

^'  See  ttie  will,  apud  Dormer,  Discursioi 
varios,  p.  3H1. 

--  Herrera,  Indias  oceidentales,  lib.  5,  cip. 
1.— Fernando  Colon.  Hi.st.  del  Alniiraiit.\ 
cap.  S4. — Oviedo,  Relacion  sumari.i  <le  la  His- 
toria  natural  de  las  Indins,  cap.  si.  apud 
Barcia,  Ilisturiadorrs  piimi-    I'S,  torn.  i. 


SPANISH  COLON  i  A  I.  POLICY. 


435 


liiKiilird  or  pvoti  two  him<lreil  and  fifty  in  a  <liiy,  allows  n  lutitiidf  t(Mi  irrrat  to 
Ii';id  til  any  dt'liiiite  ('(iiiclnsinii."  More  tan;iililo  t'vidoii'.;i'  of  the  ritlus  of  the 
island  is  atlordt'd  by  the  fad  that  two  hundred  thousand  ca-stt'llanoH  of  p)i(l 
\sf!it  down  in  tho  sliii>.s  with  Hohivdilla.  lint  this,  it  niust  he  rcnicndu'it'd,  was 
tji'-tiditof  Ki;j;anti(;efiort.s,  continu(>tl.  nn(k'ra>yst('njoi  unexaninicd  oii|irt'sdon, 
lor  (iioro  than  two  yt-ars.  To  this  te^tiniouy  nii;;ht  he  adiled  lliat  of  the  wcll- 
iifnriiied  historian  of  Scnillc,  who  infers  from  several  royal  ordinances  that  the 
influx  of  tiie  previous  nielals  had  iieen  such,  hi'foi'e  the  close  of  the  liftt'enth 
nii'iuy,  as  to  atlecl  the  value  of  the  enrrency  and  the  re;,ndar  prices  itf  coni- 
i;:(idities."''*  The.-e  larue  e-tiniates,  howe\er,  are  scarcely  recdncilalile  with  the 
imliiilar  discontent  at  the  nkea;,Mi'ness  of  tin;  returns  olitaincil  finui  the  New 
UiMJd,  or  with  the  assertiou  of  JU'rnalde/,  of  the  same  dale  with  Zin-ii^'a':! 
rcfriciice,  that  "so  little  p)ld  had  heen  l»rou;^ht  home  as  to  raise  a  pMieral 
iciirt  that  there  was  scarcely  any  in  the  island/'"  This  is  still  further  cou- 
ririmid  hy  the  fre(|nent  n'prest'ntations  oi  coutiMnporary  writers,  that  the 
cxfensesof  the  colonies  (Miisiderahly  exceeded  the  profits,  and  may  account 
fiitlie  very  limited  scale  on  \\hi(h  the  Spanish  ^^overnment,  at  n(»  time  hiiud 
u<  il^  own  interests,  pursued  its  schemes  of  discovery,  as  compared  with  its 
iNatimuese  neinhhours,  who  followed  up  theirs  with  a  ma;::niticent  apparatus 
ui  }l(!t'ts  and  armies,  thiit  could  have  heen  sui)ported  only  hy  the  teenunjji^ 
trcavues  of  tiie  Indies.^* 

While  the  colonial  commerce  failed  to  produce  immediately  the  snlendid 
rt't'.uiis  which  were  expecU'.d,  it  was  [generally  he  ievcd  to  have  introuut cd  a 
I'liysical  evil  into  Hnrojie,  whi<h,  in  the  Ian;j;ua,u,e  of  an  eminent  writer,  "more 
lli.ui  cniinterhalanced  all  the  hcnetits  that  resulted  from  the  discovery  of  the 
New  World."  1  allude  to  the  loathsome  disease  which  Heaven  has  sent  as  the 
seveiest  scourge  of  licentious  intt'rconrse  between  the  sexes  ;  and  which  broke 
imt  with  all  the  vindence  of  an  epidemic  in  almost  every  (juarter  of  Kuroi»e, 
ill  a  very  short  time  after  the  discovery  of  America.  The  cuinciilence  of  the.se 
two  events  led  to  the  popular  belief  of  their  connection  with  each  other,  thoii^di 
itilcrived  little  .snjiport  from  any  other  circumstance.  The  expedition  of  Charles 
the  Kij^hth  again.st  Naples,  wliich  lirou^ht  the  Spaniards,  soon  after,  in  im- 
mediate contact  with  the  various  nations  of  Christendom,  su^-'gested  a  plausible 


"  TtTcrr  Viage  de  Colon,  npud  Navarrote, 
Cijlccciiiii  (Ic  Viaj^PH,  tom.  i.  p.  'J74. 

•'  Zutiina.  Aniiaifs  de  SeviUa,  p.  415. — 
TliP  iilttrailon  was  in  the  gold  currency; 
whidi  (ontinnf'd  to  rise  in  value  till  I4'i7, 
«li'ii  it  gradually  nnnk,  in  coiiHecjiience  of 
tlu'  iiii)iortati()n  from  the  mines  of  Hispaniola. 
I'lonii  iiciii  lias  given  itH  relative  value  aa 
KiiHiand  with  silver,  for  several  different 
years;  uiid  the  year  he  assigns  lor  the  coni- 
inciitcnient  of  its  depreciation  is  precisely 
tl]i^  same  with  thai  indicated  by  Zufiipa. 
iMmi.  de  la  Acml.  de  Hist.,  tom.  vi.  Uust. 
•It )  'I'lio  value  of  silver  was  not  materially 
aft'ctid  till  the  discovery  of  the  great  ndnes 
ol  I'nidsi  and  Zacateca.s. 

•  liernaldez,  lleyes  Cat61ico8,  M.S.,  cap. 
131. 

"  The  estimates  in  the  text,  it  will  be 
ifiticed,  apply  only  to  tlie  period  antecedrnt 
t<j  Ovaiido's  administration,  in  150'2.  The 
"Pfr.itioii.s  under  him  were  conducted  on  a 
far  mere  extensive  and  efficient  plan.  The 
\V'itfin  of  repartimientos  Ix'ifig  revived,  the 
whulu  physical  force  of  the  Island,  aided  by 


the  best  mechanical  apparatus,  was  employed 
ill  e.xtortiiig  from  the  soil  all  its  hidden  stoieH 
of  wealth.  'I'he  hUcce>s  was  such  that  in 
1506,  within  two  ye^rs  after  Isahella's  diath, 
the  four  foutidt  rie.s  estalilished  In  the  island 
yieldid  an  annual  amount,  according;  to  ller- 
rera,  of  15(1,000  oimceH  oi'  gold.  It  must  l)e 
r<  marked,  however,  that  one-tiflh  only  of  tlio 
gross  sum  oJ)tained  from  the  mines  was  at 
tliat  time  jiaid  to  the  crown.  It  is  a  proof 
how  far  these  returns  cxct'eded  the  expecta- 
tions at  the  time  <jf  Ovando's  appointment, 
that  the  person  then  sent  out  as  m;irker  of 
the  g(dd  was  to  receive,  as  a  reasonable  com- 
jiensation.  t>ne  pir  cent,  of  all  the  gold  as- 
sayed. The  perciuisitf,  however,  was  lound 
to  be  so  excessive  that  the  functionary  was 
recalled  and  a  new  arrangement  maile  witii 
his  successor.  (See  Herrera,  Indias  iH:ci<ieii. 
tales,  dec.  I,  lib.  6,  cap.  is.)  Wlxni  Nava- 
giero  vi.-iited  Si'ville,  in  15'^ii,  the  royal  tilth 
of  the  gold  which  pas.^ed  through  th"'  mints 
amounted  to  alwut  luo,OUO  ducats  tumually. 
Viaggio,  fol.  15. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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436 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


mcflium  for  the  rai  ,1  communication  of  the  disorder ;  and  this  tlieory  of  it-; 
ori^n  and  transmission,  piininj;  credit  with  time,  which  made  it  more  (hfiidilt 
to  Ik)  refuted,  has  passed  with  Httle  examination  from  the  mout'i  of  one 
historian  to  another  to  the  present  day. 

The  extreniely  brief  interval  which  elapsed  between  the  return  of  Cohiiiilnis 
and  the  sinudtaneous  appearance  of  the  disorder  at  the  most  distant  pointN  of 
Eijrojie  long  since  suggested  a  reasonable  distrust  of  the  correctness  of  tlic 
hyjK)thcsis  ;  and  an  Amcriciin,  naturally  desirous  of  relieving  his  own  conntiv 
from  so  melancholy  a  rei)roach,  may  feel  satisfaction  that  the  niore  seaidiinl,' 
and  judicious  criticism  of  our  own  da^  has  at  length  established  iK-yoinl  ;i 
doubt  that  the  disease,  far  from  originating  in  the  New  World,  was  ikmi- 
known  there  till  introduced  by  Euiopeans.'^ 


■"  The  curious  rpader  Is  partlculariy  re- 
forred  to  a  late  work,  entitled  Ijttttre  tulla 
Storia  lie'  JHali  Veucrei,  di  Dominicn  Thiene, 
Venezia,  ls23;  for  the  knowledge  and  loan 
of  which  I  am  indtbted  to  my  friend,  Dr. 
Walter  Channinp;.  In  tMn  work  the  author 
has  assemhlcd  all  the  early  nutices  of  the 
(Urease  of  any  authority,  and  discussed  thfir 
import  with  great  integrity  and  judgment. 
'J'lie  following  positions  may  be  considered  as 
estiiblislicd  by  Ids  researches.  1.  Tliat  nei- 
ther Columbus  nor  his  B<m,  in  their  copious 
narratives  and  corr-spondence,  alludes  in  any 
way  to  the  existence  of  such  a  disease  in  the 
New  World.  I  muxt  add  that  an  exaudna- 
tion  of  the  original  documents  published  by 
Niivarn't*  since  the  date  of  l)r.  Thiene's 
work  fully  confirms  this  statement.  2.  That 
among  the  frequent  notices  of  the  disease, 
during  the  twenty-five  years  immediately 
following  the  discovery  of  America,  there  is 
not  a  single  intimation  of  its  having  Ix'en 
brought  from  that  country;  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, a  uniform  derivation  of  it  from  some 
other  source,  generally  France.  3.  Tliat  the 
disorder  was  known  and  circumstantially  de- 
scribed previous  to  the  expedition  of  Charles 
VIII.,  and  of  course  could  not  have  been 
introduced  by  the  Spaniaids  in  that  way,  as 
vulgarly  supposed.  4.  That  various  cori- 
temjtorary  authors  trace  its  existenc*  In  a, 
variety  of  countries,  as  far  back  as  1493.  and 
the  begiiming  of  1494,  showing  a  rapidity 
and  extent  of  diffusion  perfectly  irreconcilable 
with  its  Importation  by  Columbus  in  1493. 
6.  Lastly,  that  It  was  not  till  after  the  close 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella's  reigns  that  the 
first  work  appeared  affecting  to  trace  the 
origin  of  the  disease  to  America;  and  this, 
published  l.*)!?,  was  the  protiuciion  not  of  a 
Spaniard,  but  a  foreigner.  A  letter  of  Peter 
Martyr  to  the  leariKd  P<jriuguese  Arias  Bar- 
bosa,  professor  of  Greek  at  Salamanca,  noticing 
the  symptoms  of  tlie  disease  In  the  most 
unequivocal  manner,  will  settle  at  once  this 
uiuch-vexed  question.  If  we  can  rely  on  the 
genuineness  of  the  late,  the  5th  of  April. 
148H,  about  five  years  l>efore  the  return  of 
Columbus.  Dr.  Thiene,  however,  rejects  the 
date  as  apocryphal,  on  the  ground:  1.  That 
the  name  of  '*  morbus  Gallicus,"  given  to  the 
disease  by  Martyr,  was  not  In  use  till  after 


the  French  invasion,  in  1494.    2.  That  the 
superscription   of  Greek  professor  at  saln- 
manca  was  premature,  as  no  such  itrofessm- 
phip  existeii  there  till  150«.     As  to  ihc  tir^l 
of  these  objections,  it  may  be  remarked  that 
there  is  but  (me  author  prior  to  the  Kn mh 
invasion  who  notices  the  disease  at  all.    He 
derives  it  from  Gaul,  though  not  giving  it 
the  techidcal  appellation  of  murhus  (ialliiiif ; 
and    Martyr,  it  maj'  be   observe<i,  lar  Irnin 
confining  himself  to  this,  allud(;s  to  one  c.r 
two  other  names,  showing  that  its  titli'  \mis 
then  quite  undetemiined.    In  regard  to  the 
second  objection.  Dr.  Thiene  does  nut  (itc 
his  authority  lor  limiting  the  liitroducijdn  of 
Greek  at  Salamanca  to  15oh.    He  may  liave 
found  a  plausible  one  In  the  account  nl  tliat 
university  c<'mplled  by  one  of  its  oHic  rs, 
Pedro  Chacon,  in  1569,  lnsert«il  in  the  ei);li- 
teeiith    volume    c)f    the    Semanario    eniiiitD 
(Madrid,  1789).     The  accuracy  of  the  vritir''* 
chronology,  however,  may  well  Ik-  (loul.tcd 
from  a  gross  anachronism  on  the  sumo  pap' 
with  the  date  referred  to,  where  he  siieaks  of 
Queen  Joanna  as  inheriting  the  crown   in 
1612.    (Hist,  de  la  Unlversidad  de  Siilanmmn, 
p.  55.)    Waiving  this,  however,  the  futt  of 
Barbosa  being  Greek  professor  at  Salaniaii'  a 
In  14;t8  is  directly  Intliauted  by  his  pu|iii  the 
celebrated  Andrew  Resendi.     "  Arias  Lu-i- 
tanus,"  says  he,  "  quadraglnta,  et  eo  pais 
annos  Salamantlca>  turn  Latinas  litterus,  tuui 
Gnwras,  magna  cum   laude   professus  ent. " 
(Kesponslo    ad    t^uevedum,    apud    IJjirlMisa, 
hibliotlieca  Lusitana,  torn.  1,  p.  77.)    .\ii», 
as  Harbosa,  by  general  consent,  pa^se(l  several 
years  in  his  native  country,  Portugal.  Iiefori' 
bis  death  in   153U,  this  assertion  oi  Hesemli 
necessarily  places  him  at  Salamanca  in  tli" 
situation  of  Greek  Instructtir  some  time  Ix- 
fore  the  date  of  Martyr's  letter,    it  may  I"' 
added,  indeed,  that  NIc.  Antonio,  than  "lnin 
a  more  competent  critic  could  not  Im'  IohikI, 
so  fur  from  suspectin^i,  the  date  of  the  htii r, 
cites  it  as  settling  the  p<'ritKl  when  [larNi'a 
filled  the  Greek  chair  at  Salaniaiua.    (,>■' 
BIbllotheca  Nova,  torn.  i.  p.  17o.)    .Martyrn 
epistle,  if  we  admit  the  genuineness  of  l\\v 
date,  must  dispose  at  once  of  the  wliole  iiue.*- 
tion  of  the  American  origin  of  tlie  vetn  re»l 
disease.     Hut  as  this  question  Is  determined 
quite  us  conclusively,  though  not  so  sum- 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


437 


\  theory  of  \{^ 

luorf  tlitiiiiilt 

iuout)i  of  one 

i\oi  Coliiinlius 
staiit  points  of 
ectness  of  tlie 
is  own  (.■ouiitry 
more  searthiiii; 
sIumI  Im'VmiikI  i\ 
>rkl,  was  n(\er 


,494.    2.  Tliat  the 
profecKor  at  SaU- 
110  Hiu-h  j)ri'|f!"'iii- 
H.     Ah  to  tlif  lir«t 
f  be  roniarki'd  ih.a 
rlor  to  tlie  KpikIi 
illwaKO  at  all.    H<> 
)Ugh  not  iihiuiL  it 
>{inurhus  (iolhi  iif : 
obwrvisl,  lar  Imin 
,  alludes  to  oil'-  cT 
g  tliat  its  title  was 
In  regard  to  tlic 
liciie  iltH's  n<it  dto 
the  iiitHKluciiin  of 
Sim.     Hf  niay  Imve 
the  account  of  tliat 
one  of  its  offli'rs, 
iscrtfd  in  tlif  i'i|:li- 
Senianario    onulito 
,racy  of  the  writir'n 
ijr  well  iK'  (ioiilitf-d 
I  on  the  same  pup-' 
where  he  cjtraks  of 
ting  the  croNMi   in 
■sidad  de  Siilanmiica, 
lowcver,  tin-  fail  I'f 
ifesBor  at  Salamaiv  a 
,ed  by  his  liujiil  tlie 
ndi.     "  Aria."*  Lum- 
.■aginta,  et  eo  imis 
.atinas  littcras,  tuui 
ide   prof  est;  us  f^t." 
ini,    apud    IWirlKisa, 

..    1,  p.  17.^      N"«; 

.sent,  pafsed  sovnai 
;ry,  Portugal,  Ixtoro 
assertion  oi  UcmihIi 
[t  Salaniaiira  in  tli-; 
ictor  souie  time  Vx- 
letU'r.  It  niay  W 
..ntonio,  than  «li"t» 

could  n«.t  Ix'  1">""'' 
|e  date  of  tli.'  Itfr. 
TiiKi  whon  lUrl"'?.* 
.t  SalaiuaiuH.  i.>' 
,  p.  17(1.)  M'-rtyr^ 
Bonuinoness  of  tlie 
.  oftbe  wliol'"!"'-''- 
ittln  of  the  v.'it-  r''« 
■stion  is  det.ru.iiica 
lough  not  60  l^um- 


Whatever  be  the  amount  of  phy.sical  good  or  evil  immediately  resulting  to 
Siain  from  her  new  di.*<coveries,  their  moral  conse<iuences  were  inestiinalde. 
Tlit>  ancient  limits  of  human  thought  and  action  were  overleaiKjd  ;  the  veil 
which  had  covered  the  secrets  of  the  det'p  for  so  many  centuries  was  remove<i ; 
another  hemisuhere  was  thrown  open ;  and  a  boundless  eximnsion  promi.sed 
to  s(  ience,  from  the  inhnite  varieties  in  which  nature  wivs  exhibited  in  tiiese 
unexplored  regions.  The  success  of  the  S|ianiards  kindled  a  generous  emula- 
tion in  their  Portuguese  rivals,  who  soon  after  accomplished  their  long-sought 
ias>age  into  the  Indian  seas,  and  thus  completed  the  great  circle  of  maritime 
(liMitvery."  It  would  seem  as  if  Providence  had  postponed  this  grand  event 
until  the  possession  of  America,  with  its  stores  of  precious  metals,  mi.i;ht 
Mipply  such  materials  for  a  commerce  with  the  Hast  as  should  bind  together 
till'  most  distant  (piarters  of  the  glol)e.  The  impression  made  on  the  en- 
li;;litt'ned  minds  of  that  day  is  evinced  by  the  tone  of  gratitude  and  exultation 
in  which  they  hidulge  at  being  permitted  to  witness  the  consummation  of 
these  glorious  events,  which  their  fathers  had  so  long,  but  in  vain,  desired 
to  see.'''* 

The  discoveries  of  Columbus  occurred  most  opportunely  for  the  iSpanish 
Hivtion,  at  the  moment  when  it  was  relejvseil  from  the  tumuHuoiLs  stniggle  in 
which  it  had  l)een  engaged  for  so  many  yejirs  with  the  Moslems.  The  severe 
siliKtling  of  these  wars  had  prepared  it  for  enteiing  on  a  bolder  theatre  of 
action,  whose  stirring  and  romantic  perils  raisetl  still  higher  the  chivalrous 
spirit  of  the  peo])le.  The  operation  of  this  spirit  was  shown  in  the  alacrity 
with  which  private  adventurers  embarked  in  expedition^  to  the  New  World, 
under  cover  of  the  general  license,  during  the  last  v>iv  ',ears  of  this  century. 
Tlu'ir  etlbrtSj  combined  with  tliose  of  Colund)Us,  extended  the  range  of  dis- 
covery from  its  original  limits,  twenty-four  degrees  cjf  north  latitude,  to  probably 
more  than  fifteen  south,  comj)rehending  some  of  the  most  impoi  tiint  territories 
in  the  western  hemisnhere.  Jiefore  the  end  of  1500.  the  j)rincipal  groups  of 
the  West  Indian  islands  had  been  visited,  and  tlie  wl)  Je  extent  of  the 
southern  continent  coasted,  from  the  Biiy  of  Honduras  to  Cape  8t  Augustine. 
One  adventurous  mariner,  indeetl,  named  Lepe,  penetrateil  several  degrees 
south  of  this,  to  a  point  not  reached  by  any  other  voyager  for  ten  or  twelve 
years  after.  A  great  i>art  of  Brazil  was  embraceil  in  this  extent,  and  two 
suc(  essive  Castilian  navigators  lamled  and  took  formal  possession  of  it  for  the 
<rowii  of  Castile,  previous  to  its  reputed  discovery  by  the  PortngueseCal>ral ;" 
although  the  clauns  to  it  were  sub.setiuently  relincpiislied  by  the  Spani.>-h 
Kovcriunent,  conformably  to  the  famous  line  oi  demarcation  established  by  the 
trwity  of  Tordesillas." 


iiiarily,  by  the  accumulated  evidence  from 
otlur  sources,  the  reader  will  probably  think 
til'  matter  not  worth  so  much  discussiosi. 

•"  I'liis  event  occurred  in  1497,  Vusco  de 
'Jama  doubling  the  Cape  of  (Jood  llt.pe,  No- 
V'liiher  '.iuth,  in  that  year,  and  reaching 
Cilirut  in  the  following  May,  uan.  Ia 
Ce.!.',  Hist,  de  Portugal,  torn.  iii.  pp.  104- 
lut). 

"  See,  among  others,  Peter  Martyr,  Opus 
Epist,  ("pi.*t   iHi. 

'"  Navarn  ti'.  Colecclon  de  Viages,  torn.  ill. 
I'P.  l'<'2t>  —  Cabral's  pretensions  to  the  dis- 
(iiviry  of  Brazil  ap|H-ar  not  to  have  Ixin 
J'liihoil  until  recently.  They  are  sanctioned 
l>"lli  liy  Koltertson  und  i'  Mial. 

1  h''  I'ortuguese  coui  i   lorined,  probably, 
Qu  Very  accurate  idea  uf   the  geut^rapUiuil 


position  of  Brazil.  King  Knianuel,  in  a  letter 
to  the  Spanisii  sovereigns  acquainting  them 
with  Cabral's  voyage,  speaks  of  the  newly- 
disi'overi'd  region  a.s  not  only  convenient,  but 
necessarif,  for  the  iiaviKation  to  India.  (St-e 
the  letttr,  apud  Navarrele,  Colecclon  de 
Viitges,  torn.  iii.  no.  13.)  The  old<Ht  maps 
of  this  country,  whi  ther  from  ignorance  or  de- 
sign, bring  it  twenty-two  degrees  east  of  its 
jiropiT  longitude,  so  that  the  whole  of  the 
vast  tract  now  eomprehende<l  under  th(>  name 
of  Hra/.il  woulil  fail  on  the  Poriuguisc  Hiile  of 
the  partition-line  agreed  on  by  the  two  govern- 
ments, which,  it  will  l)e  n'lni'mlx'red.  was 
n  moved  to  three  hundreti  and  seventy  leagues 
west  of  the  Cajw  de  Veid  IsIhikIs.  The 
Spanish  court  made  some  show  at  tlr«t  of 
resmtiug  the  preteusions  of  ihu  Portuguese, 


43S 


SPANISH  COLONIAL  POLICY. 


While  the  colonial  empire  of  Simin  was  thus  every  day  enlarging,',  the  ni.in 
to  whom  it  was  all  due  was  never  permitted  to  know  the  extent  or  the  valiit' 
of  it.  He  died  in  the  conviction  in  which  he  lived,  that  the  land  he  had 
reached  was  the  long-sought  Indies.  But  it  was  a  country  far  richer  tlian  tin- 
Indies ;  and,  had  he  on  tiuitting  Cuha  struck  into  a  westerly  insteatl  of 
southerly  direction,  it  would  liave  carried  hnn  into  the  very  depths  of  the 
golden  regions  whose  existence  he  had  so  long  and  vainly  asserteti.  As  it  was 
he  "  only  oi)eneil  the  gates,"  to  use  his  own  language,  fur  others  more  fortu- 
nate than  himself ;  and,  before  he  quitted  llisi)aniola  for  the  last  time,  the 
young  adventurer  ar.ived  there  who  was  destined,  by  the  conquest  of  Mexico, 
to  realize  all  the  magnihcent  visioiLs,  which  liad  been  derideu  as  only  virions, 
in  the  hfetime  of  Columbus. 


by  prppafiitions  for  establishing  a  CDlony  on 
tlie  northern  extnmity  of  the  Hraziliaii  terri- 
tory. (Navarrele,  Colecclon  de  VlagcB,  torn, 
iii.  p.  30.)  It  in  not  easy  to  uiiderHtand  how 
It  came  Anally  to  admit  these  pretennions. 
Any  correct  admeasurement  with  tlie  Cas- 
tilian  league  would  only  have  Included  the 
fringe,  a«  It  were,  of  the  north-t'astern  pro- 
montory of  Hnizil.  Tlie  Portuguese  league, 
allowing  seventeen  to  a  degree,  may  have 
been  adopted,  which  would  embrace  nearly 


the  whole  teritory  which  passed  und< r  the 
name  of  Brazil  m  the  best  ancient  maps,  ex- 
tending from  Para  on  the  north  to  the  cnat 
river  of  San  Pedro  on  the  soutji.  (See  Miiltc 
Krun,  UiMvcrsal  (leography  (Itoston,  \x\Li  '.i), 
liook  91.)  Mariuna  seems  willing  to  tiil)) 
the  Portuguese,  by  running  the  iwrtitioii-liip 
one  hundred  leagues  farther  we>t  tlian  tliy 
claimed  themselves.  Hist,  de  Kspauo,  turn. 
it.  p.  6u7. 


The  discovery  of  the  New  World  was  for- 
tunately reserved  for  a  period  when  the 
human  race  was  sutticieiitly  enlightened  to 
form  some  conception  of  its  importance. 
Public  atletition  was  promptly  and  eagi  rly 
directed  to  this  momentous  event,  so  that  few 
facts  worthy  of  note,  during  the  whole  pro- 
gi(!88  of  discovery  fR)m  Its  earliest  epoch, 
esi'aped  contemporary  record.  Many  of  these 
notices  have,  indeed,  perishid  through  neg- 
lect. In  the  various  rejioHitories  in  which  they 
were  scatt  red.  The  researches  of  Navarrete 
have  rescued  many,  and  will,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  rescue  many  more,  from  theii  progre.ss 
to  oblivion.  The  first  two  volumes  of  his 
compilation,  containing  the  Journals  and 
letters  of  Columbus,  tlie  coriesiKindence  of 
the  si>verelgns  with  bini,  and  a  vast  quantity 
of  public  and  private  documents,  form,  as  I 
have  elsewhere  remarked,  the  most  authentic 
basis  for  a  history  of  that  great  m.m.  Next 
to  these  in  importance  is  Uie  "  History  of  the 
Admiral,"  by  his  son  Ferdinand,  whose  own 
expi  rietice  and  opportunities,  conibin<'d  with 
uncommon  literary  attainments,  eminently 
qualitlid  him  for  recording  his  fath<r's  ex- 
traordinary life.  It  must  be  allowud  that 
he  has  done  this  wiih  a  candour  and  gixxl 
fiith  seldom  warped  by  any  overwei  ning, 
though  natural,  partiality  for  his  subject. 
His  work  met  with  a  whimsical  fate.  The 
original  was  early  lost,  but  happily  not 
bi'lore  it  had  Ixsen  translated  into  the  Italian, 
from  which  a  Spanish  version  was  afierwanls 
made  ;  and  from  tiiis  latter,  thus  repriKliicid 
in  tiie  Same  tongue  in  wh  ch  it  originally 
ai  jH'ared,  are  d.  rived  the  various  translations 
of  it  into  the  other  languages  of  Kurope. 
The  Spanish  version,  which  is  incorporated 
into    fiarcLi's    collection,   is  executed    in  a 


slovenly  manner,  and  Is  replete  with  rhmiirv- 
logical  inaccuracies  ;  a  circumstance  not  vt  ry 
wonderful,  considering  the  curious  transmi- 
gration it  has  undergone. 

Another  contemporary  author  of  great 
value  is  Peter  Martyr,  who  tcjok  so  do.  ]>  an 
interest  In  the  nautical  enterprise  of  liis  ii«y 
as  to  make  it,  independently  of  tlie  ahund  wit 
notices  scattiTed  through  his  corrcsjioiKii me, 
the  subject  of  a  separate  work.  His  history, 
**l)e  Uehus  Oceanicis  et  Novo  Orl>e,"  has  all 
the  value  which  extensive  learning,  a  nllift- 
ing,  philosophical  mind,  and  iiitiniate  la- 
miliarity  with  the  principal  actors  in  tiio 
scenes  he  describes,  can  give.  Iiiderd,  tliat 
no  source  of  information  might  be  waiitiiip  to 
him,  the  sovereigns  authorized  him  t<>  l»' 
present  at  tiieCtmncil  of  the  Indii-s  wlii'n<v(r 
any  comniunication  was  made  to  th  it  b^iy 
respecting  the  progress  of  discovery.  'IIh' 
jirincipal  defects  of  his  work  arise  ir  itn  tlif 
precipitate  manner  in  which  the  gnatrr  iiart 
of  it  was  put  together,  and  the  cons,  qucntly 
Imperfect  and  occasionally  contmdiitorv  St  ii'- 
nients  which  ai>i>ear  in  it.  But  the  Imnt-t 
Intentions  of  the  author,  who  s<  ems  to  Ii.hm 
been  fully  sensible  of  his  own  iniperfei ti.ii-. 
and  his  liberal  8|iirit,  are  so  appannt  a-^  i" 
disarm  criticism  in  respect  to  compar.itivi  ly 
venial  errors. 

Hut  the  writer  who  has  furnisln'ii  tlie 
greatest  suppl.y  of  materials  for  tin'  iihhIi  rn 
histnrian  Is  Antonio  de  Herrera.  He  ili'l  ii"t 
flourish,  indeed,  until  near  a  <entiiiy  .ilt"^ 
the  discovery  of  Ami'rica  ;  but  the  post  \i  lii'  ii 
he  occupied  of  historiographer  ot  the  Imli'^ 
gave  him  free  access  to  the  most  aiitln mi' 
and  nservi  d  sources  of  ii. formation.  Hi' '"'" 
availed  himself  of  these  with  great  fr<'i't1"iiK 
transcribing  whole  chapters  irom  the  uni  ub- 


PARTITION  OF  NAPLES. 


439 


rginj;,  the  ni.in 
it  or  the  vjiliK' 
e  laiul  he  hail 
richer  than  tlic 
jily  iiislwul  uf 
dei)th8  nf  the 
,e<l.  As  it  was 
ers  more  foitii- 
5  last  time,  tlie 
nest  of  Mcxicu, 
as  only  vLbiuns, 


I  passpd  undir  the 
;  ancii'iit  maps,  ex- 
north  to  the  unat 
iouUi.  (Scfi  Malle- 
y  (^IViRton,  lx.i4  it), 
IB  willing  to  help 
K  the  jNirtiiioii-liiip 
her  wot  tliau  lli'y 
it.  de  E8i)ana,  lum. 


li»'i(l  iiarrativos  of  liia  prcdocpssors,  rspp- 
citUy  i)f  tilt'  gcMid  bishop  Las  (.'asaM,  whose 
ureal  work,  "Croiiica  de  his  Indius  occideii- 
t.ili-<,"  contained  too  much  that  was  offensive 
tn  imtional  fetling  to  l)e  allowe<l  the  lioiiours 
(it  till'  press.  The  AjMistle  of  the  Indians, 
however,  liveg  in  the  pages  of  Herrera,  w  ho, 
uhile  he  has  omitteil  tlie  tumid  and  over- 
lii'HtiHi  declamation  uf  the  original,  is  allowed 
hy  the  Cdslilian  critics  to  have  retained  wliat- 
cv.  r  is  of  most  value,  and  exhibited  it  in  a 
dr'  ss  far  superior  to  that  of  his  prede<'essor. 
It  niust  not  !>'  omitted,  however,  that  he  is  also 
ail  used  of  wcasional  iiiadverU'Uce  in  Plating 
as  flirt  what  I^as  Casas  only  addiic<Ml  as  traili- 
timi  iT  conjecture.  His  "  llistoria  general  de 
las  jiidias  occidentales,"  bringing  down  the 
narrative  to  15f>4,  was  published  in  four 
volumes,  at  Madrid,  in  1601.  Hernra  left 
wvir.il  other  hist^'iies  of  the  different  suites 
of  Europe,  and  closed  his  learned  labours  ia 
le'i."),  at  the  age  of  s«'veiity-nve. 

No  S])anisb  historian  had  since  arisen  to 
contest  the  palm  with  Herrera  on  his  own 
prouiid,  until,  at  the  close  of  the  last  century. 
Don  luan  Itantista  Munoz  was  commissioned 
hy  the  guvernmcnt  to  prepare  a  history  of  the 


New  World.  The  talents  and  liberal  acqui- 
sitions of  this  wholar,  the  free  admis.sion 
opened  t*;  him  in  every  place  of  public  and 
private  deposit,  and  the  inimens4>  mass  of 
materials  collecU-d  by  his  indefatigable  re- 
searches, authorized  the  most  favourable 
auguries  of  his  success.  These  were  Justified 
by  the  character  of  the  first  volume,  which 
brought  the  narrative  of  early  discovery  to 
the  period  of  Ilobaililla's  mis.'.ion,  written  in 
a  perspicuous  and  agreeable  style,  with  such 
a  diM-rlndnating  sfleitlon  of  incident  and 
skilful  arrangement  ad  cotivey  the  most  dis- 
tinct imprenKion  to  the  mind  of  the  reader. 
Unfortunately,  the  untimely  death  of  the 
author  crushed  his  lal>ourB  in  the  bud.  Their 
fruits  were  not  wlii>lly  lost,  however.  Seftor 
Navarrete,  availing  himself  of  them,  in  con- 
nection with  those  derived  from  his  own 
extensive  investigations,  is  pursuing  in  part 
the  plan  of  Mui^oz,  by  the  publication  of 
original  document.n;  and  Mr.  Irving  has  com- 
pleted this  design  in  regard  to  the  early 
iiistory  of  Spanish  discovery,  by  the  use 
which  he  has  made  of  these  materials  in 
constructing  out  of  them  the  noblest  monu- 
ment (o  the  memory  of  Columbus. 


eplete  with  rhntnv 
cumstance  not  very 
16  curious  transuii- 

r    author   of    great 
ho  took  so  de.  1)  an 
nterprlse  of  liis  ii»y 
tly  of  tlie  atxmiiiiil 
his  corres)K)iiih me, 
work.     His  iii^ti.ry, 
^ovo  Orlx',"  lia*"  »ll 
learning,  a  relleii- 
and    intiiiiate  ta- 
■ip.il    actors   ill  the 
give.     Indeid,  tlial 
night  l)e  waiitiiip  to 
borized  him  to  1"' 
he  Indies  whenever 
made  to  th  it  bMly 
of  discovery.      11"' 
trork  arise  ir  ni  tlie 
_jich  the  grciUiTiisrt 
id  the  cons,  queiitly 
contradictory  st  it<  - 
it.     But  the  Imiie-t 
who  sienis  to  iiav,- 
own  imperteiti .n-. 
p  so  apparent  a-  t" 
ct  to  coiuparativt  iy 

has  furnisheii  the 
ials  for  the  ni.»l'rn 
errera.  He  lii.i  n.'t 
ear  a  lentmy  .iff'' 
;  but  the  post  u  111' ll 
apher  ot  the  liMi'- 

the  most  aiithiiiH' 
.lurmation.  H''  ''"■* 
with  great  free.t..ui; 

rs  iroiu  the  uni'Ub- 


CHAPTER  X. 

ITALIAN  WAB8. — PARTITION  OF   NAPLES. — QONSALVO  OVERRUNS  CALABRIA. 

1498-1602. 

Loui8  XIT.'s  Designs  on  Italy — Alarm  of  the  Spa»ilsh  Court — Bold  Conduct  of  its  Minister  at 
I'oiiie- Celebrated  Partition  of  Naples — (Jonsalvo  sails  against  the  Turks — .Success  and 
Cruelties  of  the  French — Gonsalvo  invatles  Calabria — He  punishes  a  Mutiny — His  munificent 
Spirit — He  captures  Tare n to— Seizes  the  Duke  of  Calabria. 

DiRiNo  the  last  four  yeans  of  our  narrative,  in  wliich  the  unsettled  state  of 
the  kingdom  and  the  progress  of  foreign  discovery  ap})eared  to  demand  the 
whole  attention  of  the  sovereigns,  a  most  important  revolution  was  going  for- 
ward ill  the  attairs  of  Italy.  The  death  of  Cnarles  the  Eighth  would  seem  to 
ha\e  dissolved  the  relations  recently  arisen  l)etween  that  country  and  the  rest 
of  Europe,  and  to  have  restored  it  to  its  ancient  independence.  It  might 
iKiturally  have  been  expected  that  France,  under  her  new  monarch,  who  had 
reached  a  mature  age,  rendered  still  more  mature  by  the  lessons  he  had  received 
ill  the  school  of  adversity,  would  feel  the  folly  of  reviving  ambitious  schemes, 
wliirh  had  cost  .so  dear  and  ended  so  disa.strously.  Italy,  too,  it  might  have 
ht'i'ii  inesumed,  lacerated  and  still  bleeding  at  every  nore,  would  have  learned 
the  fatal  conseipience  of  invoking  foreign  aid  in  her  tiomestic  quarrels,  and  of 
tliKiuiiig  open  the  gates  to  a  torrent  sure  to  sweep  down  friend  and  foe  indis- 
(riiiiiiiately  in  its  nrogress.  But  experience,  alas  !  did  not  bring  wisdom,  and 
1  axsioii  trmmnheit  as  usual. 

liUiiis  the  Tv/elfth,  on  ascending  the  throne,  assumed  the  titles  of  Duke 
of  Milan  and  King  of  Naples,  thus  unequivocally  announcing  his  Intention 
of  asserting  his  claims,  derived  through  the  Visconti  family,  to  the  former, 
and,  through  the  Angevin  dvn^ty,  ^o  tl^e  latter  state.    Ilia'  aspiring  temper 


440 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


was  stiniiilatetl  rather  than  satisfied  hy  the  martial  renown  lie  had  aripiiroil 
in  the  Italian  wars ;  and  he  was  ur^ed  on  by  the  great  hody  of  thr  Ficik  li 
chivalry,  who,  disgusted  willi  a  life  of  inaction,  htnged  for  a  field  whvw  tlitv 
might  win  new  laurels  a'^l  indulge  in  the  joyous  license  of  military  advcntuiv. 

Uidianpily,  the  court  of  France  found  ready  instruments  for  its  jjuriio  (•  in 
the  protligate  politicians  of  Italy.  The  Roman  pontill"  in  particular,  Alex- 
ander the  Sixt ),  whose  criiuinal  amitition  a.ssuines  something  respcctalilc  \>\ 
contrast  with  the  low  vices  in  which  he  was  habitually  steeped,  willingly  lent 
him.'-elf  to  a  monarch  who  could  so  en'eetually  serve  his  selHsh  schemes  of 
building  uj)  the  fortunes  of  his  family.  The  ancient  republic  of  Veniie, 
dejiarting  tiom  her  usual  sagacious  policy,  and  yielding  to  her  hatre<l  of  LimL- 
vico  Sforza,  and  to  the  lust  of  territorial  acquisition,  consented  to  unite  her 
arms  with  those  of  France  against  Milan,  in  consideration  of  a  share  (not  tlie 
lion's  share)  of  the  s[ioils  of  victory.  Florence,  and  many  other  inferior  powers, 
whether  from  fear  or  weakness,  or  the  short-sighted  hope  of  a.ssistance  m  their 
l)etty  international  feuds,  consented  either  to  throw  their  weight  into  the 
same  scale  or  to  remain  neutral.' 

Haviiiji;  thus  secured  himself  from  molestation  in  Italy,  Louis  the  Twelfth 
entered  into  negotiations  with  such  other  European  powers  as  were  must 
likely  to  interfere  with  his  designs.  The  emperor  Maximilian,  whose  relations 
Avith  Milan  wouM  most  naturally  have  demanded  his  interposition,  was  ilee|ily 
entangled  in  a  war  with  the  Swiss.  The  neutrality  of  Spain  was  scciut'd  by  the 
treaty  of  Marcoussis,  August  r)th,  1498,  which  settled  all  the  exisiing  ditlereiKes 
with  that  country.  And  a  treaty  with  Savoy  in  the  following  year  guaranteed 
to  the  French  army  a  free  jiassage  through  her  mountain-passes  into  Italy.' 

Having  coiimleted  these  arrangements,  Louis  lost  no  time  in  musttMiui:  his 
forces,  winch,  (losconding  like  a  torrent  on  the  fair  plains  of  Lombardy,  et!e(  tcfj 
the  coiKjuest  of  the  entire  duchy  in  little  more  than  a  fortnight ;  and,  altliouj:li 
the  jirize  was  snatched  for  a  moment  from  his  gras]),  yet  French  valour  iunl 
Swiss  i)erlidy  soon  restored  it.  The  miserable  Sforza,  the  dupe  of  arts  whirh 
lie  had  so  long  i)ractised.  was  transported  into  France,  Avliere  he  lingered  out 
the  remainder  of  liis  days  in  doleful  captivity.  He  had  first  called  the 
hiirhariann  into  Italy,  and  it  wivs  a  righteous  retribution  which  maile  hiia 
their  earliest  victim.' 

By  the  conquest  of  Milan,  France  now  took  her  place  among  the  Italian 
powers.  A  i)reponderating  weight  was  thus  thrown  into  the  scaTe,  which  dis- 
turbed the  ancient  jjolitical  balance,  and  which,  if  the  projects  on  Naples 
should  be  realized,  woidd  wholly  annihilate  it.  These  consequences,  to  which 
the  Italian  states  seemed  strangely  insensible,  had  long  been  foreseen  hy  the 
sagacious  eye  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  who  w.atched  the  movements  of  his 
jiowei-ful  neighbour  with  the  deepest  anxiety.  He  had  endeavoured,  hofme 
the  invasion  of  Milan,  to  awaken  the  difierent  governments  in  Italy  to  a  sense 
of  their  danger,  and  to  stir  them  up  to  some  efficient  combination  against  it.* 


'  Guicciarfliiii.  Istorlft,  torn.  i.  lib.  4,  p.  214, 
C(l.  1645. — FlasKan,  Diplomatic  FraiiQaise, 
torn.  i.  pp.  27ft,  277. 

'■'  Dnniont,  Corpa  (liplomatiqne,  torn.  iii. 
pp.  397-40(!. — Flttssan,  Diplomutie  Fran9aise, 
toin.  i.  p.  279. 

"  (Juiciianlini,  Istoria,  lib.  4,  pp.  250-252. 
— Moinoires  ile  la  TremoiUo,  clmp.  19,  apud 
Petitot,  Collection  de  Menioin-H,  torn.  xiv. — 
Hnonaccorsi,  Diario  de'  Successi  piA  inipor- 
tunii  (Fiorcn/a,  15*W\  pp.  26-29. 

•  /urita.  Hist,  del  Rty  Heniando,  torn.  i. 
UU.  3,  ia{).  ai.— Martyr,  lu  a  ktter  wriiten 


soon  after  .Sforza's  recovery  of  his  capital,  ^&y^ 
tliat  the  .Spaniflii  soveriiKna  "could  not  cmi- 
ceal  their  joy  at  tlie  event,  Riich  was  lluir 
jealousy  of  France."  (Opua  Kpist.,  »'i>i''t 
213.)  The  sanie.^iagacious  writer,  the  ttistancp 
of  whose  residence  from  Italy  reniovid  him 
from  tlinao  political  rancours  and  iirjuilii''S 
which  clouded  the  optics  of  his  countryaun, 
saw  with  deep  re^Tet  their  coalitinn  ^^itll 
France,  the  fatal  consequences  of  wiiieii  lie 
predicted  in  a  Ictttr  to  a  friend  in  Veiiici',  tli'- 
fornu'r  minister  at  the  Spanish  court.  "'!''' 
king  of  i  ranee,"  says  he,  "  after  he  has  dined 


PARTITION  OF  NAPLES. 


441 


!  had  ar(|uiro(l 
of  tlu'  FifiK h 

pld  wIll'K'  tlicv 
:Ary  atlvj'iitun-. 

its  puriio-t'  ill 
uticular,  Alex- 

resiK'ctaltlc  liy 
1,  willingly  h'lil 
[ish  sclieiiH's  (if 
blic  of  Vt'iiirc, 
hatrol  of  Li^lu- 
ed  to  unite  her 
V  share  (not  tin; 
inferior  jiowcrs, 
sistancc  ni  their 
veight  into  tho 

Miis  the  Twelfth 
s  as  were  nmst 
wliose  relutiuiis 
tion,  was  deeply 
„s  seenred  by  the 
isling  liillerelites 
year  piaraiiteed 
;es  into  Ituly.^ 
in  nnisteriu.:  liis 
nibardy,  etie(  ted 
t ;  and,  althuu^h 
ench  valour  mid 
e  of  arts  whirli 
le  linj^a'red  out 
irst  called  the 
lich  imule  him 

long  the  Italian 
cale,  whieh  dis- 
ects  on  Naples 

lences,  to  which 
foreseen  by  the 

ovenients  of  his 

eavoureil,  hofore 
Italy  to  a  sen^o 

tion  against  it/ 

y  of  liif  ciipit;il.  f&y^ 
ns  "coiilil  II"'  c'")" 
-lit,  Btich  was  tluir 
)nus  Kjiist.,  <1>i^'- 
iwritpr.tlu'ilistaiice 
Italy  rcniovtd  liira 
ours  ami  iirjtMi'''9 
of  his  fdiiiitryiutn, 
iPir  coalition  \\iil' 
uoncPB  of  wliicli  lie 
■lend  ill  Vfiiici',  til'; 
nish  court.  "  1"^ 
"  after  he  has  Jineo 


Cth  he  and  the  (iueen  had  beheld  with  disouietude  the  increasing  corruptions 
.,f  the  papal  court,  and  that  slianieiea.s  cupiaity  and  lu.st  of  power  which  made 
it  the  convenient  tool  of  the  French  nionarcli. 

\iy  their  orders,  Oarcilasso  de  la  Ve;4a,  the  Hnanish  ambassador,  read  a 
letter  from  his  sovereigns  in  the  presence  of  his  lloliness,  commenting  on  his 
siaii  lalous  innnorality,  his  invasion  of  ecclesiastical  rights  api)ertaining  to  the 
SiDiiii^h  crown,  his  schemes  of  selfish  aggrandizement,  and  especially  his 
jivowetl  purpose  of  transferring  his  son,  Ctesar  liorgia,  from  a  sacred  to  a 
ecular  aignity  ;  a  circumstance  that  must  necessarily  make  him,  from  the 
iii;iiiiier  in  which  it  was  to  be  conducted,  the  histrument  of  Louis  the  Twelfth.* 

This  urjsavoury  rebuke,  which  probably  lost  nothing  of  its  [lUi'gency  from 
the  tone  in  which  it  was  (ielivered,  so  incensed  the  pope  that  he  attempte<l  to 
M'ize  the  paper  and  tear  it  in  pieces,  giving  vent  at  the  same  time  to  the  most 
indecent  reproaches  against  the  nunisUir  and  his  sovereigns.  Garcilasso 
CO  lily  waitetl  till  the  storm  had  subsided,  and  then  replied,  undauntedly, 
•'  that  he  had  uttered  no  more  than  became  a  loyal  subject  of  Castile ;  that 
he  should  never  shrink  from  declaring  freely  what  his  sovereigns  conmmnded, 
or  what  he  conceived  to  \ni  for  the  good  of  Christendom  ;  and,  if  his  Holiness 
were  displeased  with  it,  he  could  dismiss  him  from  his  court,  where  he  was 
convinced,  indeed,  his  residence  could  be  no  longer  useful."  • 

Ferdinand  had  no  better  fortune  at  Venice,  where  his  negotiations  were 
roiiilu,  ted  by  Lorenzo  Huarez  de  la  Vega,  an  a<lroit  diplomatist,  brother  of 
•  larcilasso.^  These  negotiations  were  resumed  after  the  occupation  of  Milan 
!y  the  French,  when  the  minister  availed  himself  of  the  jealousy  occasioned 
by  that  event  to  excite  a  determined  resistance  to  the  pronosed  aggression  on 
Naples.  But  the  republic  was  too  sorely  pressed  by  tne  Turkish  war — which 
Sforza,  in  the  hope  of  creating  a  diversion  in  his  own  favour,  had  brought  on 
his  country — to  have  leisure  for  other  operations.  Nor  did  the  y[)anish  court 
^^lccee(l  any  better  at  this  crisis  with  the  emperor  Maximilian,  whose  magnifi- 
cent pre*^  \sions  vv'ere  ridiculously  contrasted  with  his  limited  authority,  and 
Ntill  more  limited  revenues,  so  scanty,  indeed,  as  to  gain  him  the  contemntuous 
e[iithet  among  the  Italians  of  pochi  den'irl,  or  "the  Moneyless."  He  had 
oinceivetl  himself,  indeed,  greatly  injured,  both  on  the  score  of  his  imperial 
ri^'hts  and  his  connection  with  Sforza,  by  the  conquest  of  Milan  ;  but,  with 
the  levity  and  cupidity  essential  to  his  character,  he  sullered  himself,  notwith- 
^tilllding  the  remonstrances  of  the  Spanish  court,  to  bo  bribed  into  a  truce 


'Tith  the  duke  of  Milan,  will  come  and  sup 
*itti   you."     (EplBt.   207.)      Daru,   on    the 

utlmrity  of  Rurchard,  refers  this  remarkable 
ir.iiictii.n,  which  time  so  fully  verified,  to 
^fif/a,  on  his  quitting  his  capital.  (Hist,  de 
Vciiivp,  toin.  ill.  p.  326,  2nd  ed.)  Martyr's 
'  ttir,  however,  is  dated  some  months  pre- 
M"iisly  to  tliat  event. 

'  lioun  XII.,  forthegoodofflcesof  the  pope 
i  1  till"  affair  of  his  divorce  from  the  unfortu- 
n^t'^  .rcanne  of  France,  promised  the  uncar- 
1  :ialle(l  (.'asar  FJorgia  the  duchy  *f  Valence 
in  Uauphiny,  with  a  rent  of  20.0oo  Hvres,  iind 
«  oiislil.iruble  force  to  support  him  in  his 
K'Kiioiis  entnrprises  against  tiie  princes  of 
li"iiiiifnii.  ((iulcciardini,  Istoriii,  torn.  i.  lib. 
*■  \K  -iuT— Sismondl,  Hiat.  des  FrauQais,  torn. 
"^  p.  '^75.)  In  a  letter  writtc^n  not  long 
»'t  r  hy  the  Spimlsh  minister  to  His  sovereigns, 
li''  frp.ly  coiiim(  ntfl  on  the  selfish  and  fickle 
'^^^larattcr  of  the  pope,  veiling  himself  "como 
*"  la  cu  las  ypocrisias.     Yo  no    lo   puedo 


Bufrlr."  Carta  de  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega, 
Roma,  8  de  Nov.  1499,  MS. 

"  Zurlta,  Hist,  del  K.y  Hernando,  torn.  1. 
lib.  3,  cap.  33. — (iarcilasso  de  la  Vega  seems 
to  have  possessed  little  of  the  courtly  and 
politic  address  of  a  di]>lomatibt.  In  a  subse- 
quent audience,  which  the  pope  gave  him 
together  with  a  special  embassy  from  Castile, 
his  blunt  expo.<<tulation  so  mucli  exa.'^pi-rated 
his  Holiness  that  the  latter  hinted  it  would 
not  cost  him  much  to  have  him  thrown  into 
the  Tiber.  The  »x»ld  bearing  of  the  Castilian, 
however,  appears  to  have  had  its  effect ;  since 
we  find  the  pope  soon  after  revoking  an 
offensive  ecclesiastical  provision  lie  had  made 
In  Spain,  taking;  occasion  at  the  same  time  to 
eulogize  the  character  of  the  tJatholic  sove- 
reigns in  full  consistory.  Ibid.,  lib.  3,  cap. 
3.3,  35. 

'  Ovledo  has  made  this  cavalier  the  subject 
of  one  of  his  diahjgues.  Qulncuagenas,  MS., 
bat.  1,  quiuc.  3,  dial.  44. 


442 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


witli  Kinp:  Louis,  which  gave  the  latter  full  scope  for  his  meditated  entoriirjse 
ou  Naples." 

Thus  dietnharrassoil  of  the  most  formidahle  means  of  annoyance,  the  Fioik  h 
monarch  went  hriskly  forward  with  his  preparations,  the  object  of  whidi  he 
did  not  affect  to  conceal.  Fre(h;rick.  the  unfortunate  kinj^'  of  Naples,  sua 
himself  with  dismay  now  menaced  witfi  the  loss  of  empire,  l)efore  he  had  tiim' 
to  tjiste  the  sweets  of  it.  He  knew  not  where  to  turn  for  refuue,  in  hU  dfsolatc 
condition,  from  the  impending;  storm.  His  trejvsury  was  drained,  and  his 
kiuf^dom  wasted,  hy  the  late  war.  His  subjects,  although  attached  to  lii-; 
l»ersou,  were  too  familiar  with  revolutions  to  stake  their  lives  or  fortunes  on 
the  cast.  His  countrymen,  the  Italians,  were  in  the  interest  of  his  enemy; 
and  his  nearest  neif^hliour,  the  pope,  had  drawn  from  personal  \>\i[w  niutives 
for  the  most  deadly  hostility."  Ho  had  as  little  reliance  on  the  kin;;  of  Spain, 
his  natural  ally  and  kinsman,  who,  he  well  knew,  had  always  res^arded  the  ( town 
of  Naples  as  his  own  rightful  iuheritiince.  He  resolved,  therefore,  to  apply  at 
once  to  the  French  monarch ;  and  he  endeavoured  to  propitiate  him  liy  the 
most  humiliating  concessions, — theoffer  ofanaiuuial  tribute,  and  the  surremlcr 
into  his  hands  of  some  of  the  principal  fortres«s  in  the  kingdom.  Findini; 
these  advances  coldly  received,  he  invoked,  in  the  extremity  of  his  distress,  the 
aid  of  the  Turkish  sultan,  Bajazet,  the  terror  of  Christendom,  re(iuesting  siu  h 
supplies  of  troops  as  should  enable  him  to  make  head  against  tlieir  conuiioa 
foe.  This  desperate  step  produced  no  other  result  than  that  of  furnishing  the 
enemies  of  the  uidianpy  prince  with  a  plausible  ground  of  accusation  against 
liim,  of  which  they  aid  not  fail  to  make  good  use.'* 

The  Spanish  govenmient,  in  the  mean  time,  made  the  most  vivid  remon- 
strances, through  its  resident  minister,  or  agents  expressly  accredited  for  the 
purpose,  against  the  proposed  expedition  of  Louis  the  Twelfth.  It  even  went 
80  far  as  to  guarantee  the  faithful  discharge  of  the  tribute  proffered  by  the  kip;' 
of  Naples."  But  the  reckless  andiition  of  the  French  monarch,  overleapin;' 
the  >)arriers  of  prudence,  and  indeed  of  common  sense,  di.sdained  the  fruits  of 
conipiest  without  the  name. 

Ferdinand  now  found  himself  apparently  reduced  to  the  alternative  of 
abandoning  the  j)rize  at  once  to  the  French  king,  or  of  making  battle  with  him 
in  defence  of  his  royal  kinsman.  The  first  of  these  measures,  which  wouM 
bring  a  restless  and  powerful  rival  on  the  borders  of  his  Sicilian  dominions,  was 
not  to  be  thought  or  for  a  moment.  The  latter,  which  pledged  him  a  secoinl 
time  to  the  support  of  rtretensions  hostile  to  his  own,  was  scarcely  more 
palatable.  A  tnird  expedient  sugi^ested  itself ;  the  partition  of  the  kini^tloin, 
as  hinted  in  the  negotiations  with  Charles  the  Eignth,  by  which  means  the 
Spanish  government,  if  it  could  not  rescue  the  whole  prize  from  the  grasp  of 
Louis,  would  at  least  divide  it  with  him.'* 


"  Zurita,  Hist,  dil  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  I. 
lib.  3,  cap.  38,  39.— Daru,  Hiat.  de  Veninf, 
torn.  iii.  pr».  336,  339,  347.  — Muratori,  AniiaU 
d'ltaUa(Milano,  182U),  t>m.  xiv.  pp.  9,  10.— 
Guicciardini,  Istoiia,  toni.  i.  lib.  6,  p.  260. 

"  Alexatider  VI.  had  requested  the  hand  of 
Civrlotta,  dauKiiter  of  King  Frcdericlc,  for  ids 
son,  C;i'8ar  Borgia ;  but  tliis  was  a  sacrifice 
at  vvlucli  pride  and  parental  affection  alilce 
revolted.  Tlie  sligiit  was  not  to  be  forgiven 
by  the  implai-able  Borgias.  Conip  Giannone, 
Istoria  di  Napoli,  lib.  29,  cap.  3. — Guicciar- 
dini,  Istoria,  toin.  i.  lib.  4,  p.  223.  -Zurita, 
Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  *.  lib.  3,  cap.  22. 

'"  Guicciai'dini,  Istoria,  totu.  i.  !ib.  5,  pp. 


265,  266.— Giannone,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  li''. 
29,  cap.  3.— Zurita,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hi'rnaiiti  >, 
torn.  i.  lib.  3,  cap.  40.— Giovio,  Vila  Mairm 
Gonsalvi,  lib.  1,  p.  229.— Duru,  Hint,  li' 
Vcnise,  torn.  iii.  p.  S.'Js. 

"  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  lib.  14,  ejiist 
218. 

"  See  Part  II.,  chapter  3,of  this  HistiTv- 
Ferdinand,  it  seems,  entertained  ttie  tlmuj-'hi 
of  visiting  taly  in  person.  This  &\'\>'M 
from  a  letter,  or  rather  an  elalwrate  uieuiori*:, 
of  Garcilasso  d^  la  Vega,  urging  vuriuus  cu!> 
sideratioiis  to  dissuade  his  master  from  thu 
ptt  p.  In  the  course  of  it  he  lays  op'-n  the 
policy  and  relative  strength  of  the  Itdliio 


PARTITION  OF  NAPLKS. 


443 


itated  enter]  irise 

'anco, the  Fminli 
ject  of  whidi  he 
;  of  Naples,  saw 
I  fore  he  hail  tiim' 
i'e,  ill  his(l('s(t!iit(' 
iraiiieil,  ami  \\U 
attacheil  tn  lii-; 
»s  or  foiuiiies oil 
it  of  his  enemy ; 
lal  pique  limtivLs 
lie  kin},'  (if  Sjiiiiii, 
iLjanleil  therrown 
efore,  to  apply  at 
tiate  him  hy  the 
andthcsiirremltT 
njjiloni.  Kindiiii,' 
[)f  his  distress,  tlu' 
I,  reiinestini,'  such 
nst  tneir  coiiimou 
;  of  furnishing,'  the 
iccusation  aj^ainst 

Bost  vivid  renion- 
accredited  for  tlu; 
Eth.  It  even  went 
btlered  by  the  kiP4 
narch,  overleaping; 
ained  tlie  fruits  ot 

the  alternative  of 
ng  battle  with  him 
sures,  which  wouM 
an  dominions,  was 
dged  him  a  secoml 
ivas  scarcely  more 
)n  of  the  kinmloui, 
which  means  the 
from  the  grasp  of 


Istoria  di  NapoH.  li'- 

fit.  del  Hey  H-'maiid  i, 

-Glovio,  Vila  Magm 

229.— Duru,  HiKi-  *' 

UB  Epist.,  lib.  U.eFt 

ter3,ofthislIi*'t"ry- 
ntertaiiied  ttio  tlicui-'tit 
pere-.n.  Tliis  m""" 
im  elaix)va'.c  uuMUori*., 
Ifa,  urging  vam-us  wn- 
e  liis  master  fruui  t 

of  it  lie  IftVV^Ciun 
(trength  of  the  ItaUM 


Instructions  were  accordingly  given  to  Gralla,  the  minister  ai  *he  court  of 
Paris,  to  Nouud  the  government  on  tlii.s  head,  liringing  it  forward  as  hi.s  own 
iirivate  suggestion.  Care  was  taken  at  the  .same  time  to  secure  a  party  in  the 
French  councils  to  the  interests  of  Ferdinand.'*  The  suggestions  of  the  i^pani^h 
envoy  receive<l  additional  weight  frou»  the  report  of  a  considerable  armament 
then  apiipping  in  the  port  of  Alalaga.  It.s  ostensible  ^)urpo.se  wius  to  coupt-ratt^ 
with  the  Venetians  in  the  defence  of  their  possessions  m  tne  Ix'vant.  Its  nuiin 
ohject,  however,  was  to  cover  the  coasts  of  iSicily  in  any  event  from  the  French, 
an4  to  afford  meai>s  for  prompt  action  on  any  point  where  circumstances  luiyiit 
require  it.  Tiie  tleet  consisted  of  aboiit  sixty  sail,  large  and  small,  and  ( ai  ried 
forces  amounting  to  six  hundred  horse  and  four  thou.sand  foot,  picked  men, 
many  of  them  drawn  from  the  hardy  regions  of  the  north,  whit-Ii  had  Ihhmi 
ta.xcd  least  severely  in  the  Moorish  wars.'* 

The  connnand  of  the  whole  wa,s  intrusted  to  the  Great  Captain,  Oonsalvo  «lo 
Cordova,  who  since  his  return  hon»e  had  fully  sustained  the  high  reputation 
which  his  brilliart  military  talents  had  acquired  for  him  a}>roa(l.  Numerous 
voliniteers,  c  mprehending  the  noblest  of  the  yoinig  chivalry  of  .Spain,  j>res.sed 
forward  to  serve  under  the  banner  of  this  accomplished  and  po|)ular  clueftain. 
Ainuiig  them  may  b«  i)articularly  noticed  Diego  de  Mendoza.  son  of  the  grand 
larilinal,  Pedro  de  la  Paz,"  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  father  of  the  celebrated  adventurer 
of  I'ern,  and  Diego  de  Paredes,  whose  personal  prowe.ssand  feats  of  extravagant 
daring  furinshed  uiany  an  incredible  legend  for  chronicle  and  romance.  With 
this  gallant  armament  the  Great  Captain  weighed  anchor  in  the  port  of  Malaga, 
ill  May,  1500,  designing  to  touch  at  Sicily,  before  proceeding  against  the 
Turk.s> 

Meanwhile,  the  negotiations  between  France  and  Spain,  respecting  Naples, 
weie  hrought  to  a  close,  by  a  treaty  for  the  etjual  partition  of  that  kingdom 
k'tween  tlie  two  i)0wer8,  ratified  at  Granada-  Novendier  11th,  1500.  This 
extraordinary  document,  after  enlarging  on  the  unmixed  evils  flowing  from 
«ar,  and  the  obligation  on  all  Christians  to  preserve  inviolate  the  bles.sed 
lieaee  becmeathed  them  by  the  Saviour,  proceeds  to  sttite  that  no  other  j)rince, 
s-ue  the  Kings  of  France  and  Aragon,  can  pretend  to  a  title  to  the  throne  of 
Naides ;  and  as  King  Frederick,  its  present  occupant,  has  seen  fit  to  endanger 
the  sjifety  of  all  Christendom  by  bringing  on  it  its  bitterest  enemy,  the  Turks. 
the  contracting  parties,  in  order  to  rescue  it  from  this  innninent  peril  and 
1  reserve  inviolate  the  bond  of  peace,  agree  to  take  possession  of  his  kingdom 


Mates,  half  of  whom,  at  least,  he  regards  as  in 
the  interesta  of  France.  At  the  tauae  time 
111'  advises  the  king  to  carry  the  war  across 
\ni  iiwn  borders  into  the  Fiench  territory, 
aiKJ  tlius,  by  compelling  Louis  to  withdraw 
I.H  fdrccR,  in  part,  from  Italy,  cripple  his 
tperatious  in  tliat  country.  The  letter  is  full 
if  tlic  stiffgestions  of  a  shrewd  policy,  hut 
••liiiws  timt  tlie  writer  knew  much  more  of 
Italian  politics  than  of  what  was  then  passing 
in  the  cabinets  of  Paris  and  Madrid.  Carta 
d*"  iJiirciliisso  de  la  Vega,  Toledo,  23  de 
AgiiMo,  1500,  MS. 

'  According  to  Zurita,  Ferdinand  secured 
tl)p  services  of  Uuilluume  de  I'oictlers,  lord  of 
Clerliiix  and  governorof  Paris,  bythepromi.se 
"f  tlie  city  of  Cotron,  mortgaged  to  him  in 
l'*!y.  Olist.del  Key  Hernando,  lib.  3,  cap. 
<"  1  Cniiiiiifs  calls  the  same  nobleman  a 
f^A  sort  of  a  man,  "qui  aisement  croit,  et 
I'liir  is],('.(ial  leh  personnayeif,"  meaning 
Ring  Ferdinand.    Comiues,  Meuioircs,  liv.  s. 


chap.  23. 

'*  Bembo.  Tstorla  Vinlziana,  torn.  lil.  lib. 
5,  p.  324.— Ulhm,  Vita  et  Fatti  dell'  invitissi- 
mo  Imperatore  Carlo  V^  (Vt-netia,  16o0),  fol. 
2. — MariaiU,  Hist,  de  Espafta,  torn.  ii.  lib. 
27,  cap.  7. — ftiivio.  Vita-  Illus^t.  Vironim, 
torn.  i.  p.  2J6.  -  Ziiritu,  Hist,  del  Roy  Her- 
nando, tom.  I.  lib.  4,  cap.  11. — Abarca,  Reyes 
de  Aragon,  tom.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  10,  sec.  13. 

'^  'I'liis  cavalier,  one  of  tlie  most  valiant 
captains  in  the  army,  was  so  diminutive  in 
size  that,  when  mounted,  he  seemed  almoHt 
lost  in  the  high  demipeak  war-saddle  then  in 
vogue;  wbicii  led  a  wag,  according  to  Bran- 
tome,  when  asked  If  he  had  seen  Don  Pedro 
de  I'az  pa.--s  that  way,  to  answer  that  "hi-  had 
seen  his  horse  and  saddle,  but  no  rider." 
Uinvres,  tom.  i.  disc.  9. 

'"  Ferreras,  Hist.  d'Espagne,  torn.  viii.  p. 
217. — BernaUiez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
161.— Garibay,  Compendio,  tom.  ii.  lib.  19, 
cap.  y. 


444 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


nnd  divide  it  between  them.     It  is  then  itrovided  thftt  the  northern  portion, 
comprehending;  the  Terra  di  liAvoro  and  Ahni/zo.  he  assigned  to  France,  uith 


King  of  Najiles  and  Jerusalem,  and 
a  and  C 
(lotjanny  an  i    , 
eoileote<l  by  the  ofliters  of  the  Spanish  government,  and  (fivided  equally  uitl 


the  title  of  King  of  Naiiles  and  Jerusalem,  and  the  southern,  consist m- 
Apulia  and  Calabria,  witii  the  title  of  Duke  of  those  itrovinces,  to  Spain.  ' 
(lo'jnmty  an  important  duty  levied  on  the  Hocks  of  trie  ('aj>itanate,  wus  t 


fjastly,  anv  inciiuality  netween  the  respective  territories  was  ti 
so  adjusted  that  the  revenues  accruing  to  eacn  of  the  jiarties  shoiiM  Im 
precisely  eciuai.    The  treaty  was  to  l>e  kejit  profoundly  secret  until  pici  ara 


ti»ms  were  completed  for  tjie  simultaneous  occupation  of  the  devoted  tcnitoiy 
by  the  combined  poweix" 

'  Such  were  the  terms  of  this  celebrated  comj)act,  by  which  two  Kuroixftn 
potentates  coolly  carved  out  and  divided  Ix'iween  them  the  entire  dmiiiiiidih 
of  a  third,  who  had  given  no  cause  for  umbrage,  and  with  whom  they  wen 
both  at  that  time  in  perfect  peace  and  aiiuty.  Similar  instances  of  jiuiitiwl 
roblH'ry  (to  call  it  by  the  coarse  name  it  merits)  luvve  occurred  m  laUr 
times  ;  })ut  never  one  founded  on  more  flimsy  pretexts,  or  veiled  under  a  iimiv 
detestable  mask  of  hypocrisy.  The  principal  o<lium  of  the  transjutinn  lia> 
attached  to  Ferdinana,  as  the  kinsman  of  the  unfortunate  king  of  Najilt's. 
His  conduct,  however,  admits  of  some  palliatory  considerations  that  auiiiot  Kc 
claimed  for  Louis. 

The  Aragonese  nation  always  regarded  the  be<inest  of  Ferdinand's  uiiclc 
Alfonso  the  Fifth  in  favour  of  nis  natural  offspring  as  an  unwarnintaMc  and 
illegal  act.  The  kingdom  of  Nanles  had  been  won  by  their  own  good  swnnls, 
and,  as  such,  was  the  rightful  inneritance  of  their  own  princes.  Nothing:  but 
the  domestic  troubles  of  his  dominions  had  preventetf  John  the  Sccdiui  df 
Aragon,  on  the  decease  of  his  brother,  from  asserting  his  claim  by  artns.  IIi> 
son,  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  had  hitherto  acquiesced  in  the  usurpation  of  tlic 
bast«ard  branch  of  his  house  only  from  simi'ar  causes.  On  the  acccs.siuii  of 
the  present  monarch,  he  had  made  some  demonstrations  of  vindicatini,'  liis 
pretensions  to  Naples,  which,  however,  the  intelligence  he  received  from  that 
Kingdom  induced  him  to  defer  to  a  more  convenient  season."  But  it  was 
deferring,  not  relinciuishing,  his  puipose.  In  the  mean  time,  he  carefiiily 
avoided  entering  into  such  engagements  as  should  compel  him  to  a  ditttrent 
policy  by  connecting  his  own  interests  with  those  of  Frederick  ;  and  with  this 
view,  no  doubt,  rejected  the  alliance,  strongly  solicited  by  the  latter,  of  the 
duke  of  Calabriaj  heir  apparent  to  the  Neapolitan  crown,  with  his  third 
daughter,  the  infanta  Maria.  Indeed,  this  disposition  of  terdinand,  so  far 
from  being  dissend^led,  was  well  understood  by  the  court  of  Naples,  as  Is 
acknowledged  by  its  own  historians.'® 

It  may  be  thought  that  the  undisturbed  succession  to  the  throne  of  Najiles 
of  four  princes,  each  of  whom  had  received  the  solemn  recognition  of  the 
people,  might  have  healed  any  defects  in  their  original  title,  however  glariii;:. 
J>ut  it  may  be  remarked,  in  extenuation  of  both  the  French  and  Siiaiii^li 
claims,  that  the  principles  of  monarchical  succession  'vere  but  inii»crf<vtl.v 
settlea  in  that  day  ;  that  oaths  of  allegiance  were  tendered  too  lightly  hy  the 
Neapolitans,  to  carry  the  same  weight  as  in  other  nations  ;  and  tliat  the  ]  re 
scriptive  rigiit  derived  from  possession,  necessarily  indeterminate,  was  greatly 
weakened  in  this  case  by  the  comparatively  few  years,  not  more  than  forty. 
which  the  bastard  line  of  Aragon  had  occupied  the  throne,— a  period 


during 


"  See  the  original  treaty,  apud  Pumont, 
Corps  diplomatique,  torn.  iii.  pp.  44.5,  44ti. 
"  See  Part  11.  chapter  a,  ut  this  liititory. 


'»  Giannone,  Istoria  di  Napoli.  lih.  20,  cap. 
.3.-Zurita,  Hist,  del  Key  liernundo,  torn.  1. 
lib.  3,  cap.  'i'i. 


PAHTITION  OF  NAPLES. 


445 


lorthorn  portion, 
il  to  France,  \*iili 
(Til,  consisting'  df 
[•s,  to  Siiaiii.  Tlic 
t4injite,  WHS  to  }h' 
ided  njually  with 
ritciries  was  to  Ir 
ijirtios  slioiiM  lie 
fft  until  i>r»'|'ftia 
devoted  territoiy 

ich  two  Kunn'can 
;  entire  dniniiiinib 
\  whom  tlu-y  wtrc 
itancos  of  jitditicjil 
occurred  in  lat<r 
L'iled  under  a  iiMiir 
le  transiictinn  \\i\> 
e  king  of  Naiilts. 
ans  that  aviinot  1k' 

Ferdinand's  uncle 
mwarmiitalilt'  ami 
r  own  gCKxl  swnnls, 
ices.  Nothing'  Init 
jhn  the  Sccimd  of 
aim  hy  anus,  Ili> 
!  usuri)atiun  of  tlu- 
n  tlie  accession  of 
of  vindicatini,'  lii> 
received  from  tliat 
ison."  liut  it  w;i> 
time,  he  carefully 

him  to  a  ditltreut 
ick  ;  and  with  this 

the  latter,  of  tlie 
vn,  with  his  tliirJ 

Ferdinand,  so  far 
rt  of  ^'al>les,  as  Is 

e  throne  of  Naples 
recognition  of  the 
;,  however  glariiiL'. 
ench  and  Siiaiii>li 
re  but  inijaMffctly 
too  lightly  I'V  the 
and  that  the  i  re- 
ninate,  was  ^really 
it  more  than  forty, 
throne,— a  \m-wl 

dl  Napoll.  lib.  20,  cap. 
iey  liernunJo,  torn,  l 


miuli  shorter  than  that  after  which  the  Ikhisi'  of  York  had  in  England,  a  few 
v.Nir-  licfure.  successfully  coiitiwted  the  validity  of  the  Luiicn^triau  title.  It 
"shiMiM  he  added  that  Ferdinand's  views  appear  to  have  perfe<  tl v  cnrrespuudc  I 
with  tlio>(!  of  the  Spanish  nation  at  large  ;  n«>t  one  writer  of  the  time,  wIumu 
1  have  met  with,  intimating  the  slight(>st  doiiht  of  his  title  to  Naples,  while 
lilt  a  few  insist  on  it  with  nnmves.sary  emphasis."  It  is  l)ut  fair  to  state, 
however,  that  foreigners,  who  cmitemplated  tlie  transiiction  with  a  more  im- 
pirtial  eye,  condemned  it  as  intiicting  a  deep  stain  on  the  characters  of  Imtli 
|K>tentates.  Indeed,  something  like  an  aiiprelieiision  of  this,  in  the  parties 
tlieiibi'lves,  may  1)0  inferred  from  their  solicitude  to  dej)recato  public  censure 
ly  iiiaskiii'?  their  designs  under  a  pretended  /oal  for  religion. 
"l{«'foretne  conferences  respecting  the  treaty  were  brought  to  a  close,  tlie 
Siiiiiiih  armada  under  (JonsiUvo,  after  a  detention  of  two  months  in  Sicily, 
where  it  was  reinforced  by  two  thoiKsand  recruits,  who  had  l»een  .serving  as 
iiiene'iaries  in  Italv,  heM  its  course  for  the  Morea.  (Septeml>er  21st,  1;')00.) 
The  Turkish  scpwufron  lying  before  Naijoli  di  liomania,  without  awaiting 
•ioiisiilvo's  approach,  raised  the  siege,  ami  retreivted  jtrocipitately  to  Constan- 
tiaojile.  The  Spanish  general,  then  uniting  his  f(»rces  with  the  Venetians, 
>tatioiied  at  Corfu,  nroceeded  at  once  against  the  fortified  place  of  St.  (;leorge, 
111  (eiihaloiiia,  whicli  the  Turks  had  lately  wreste<l  from  the  republic." 

The  town  stoo<l  high  on  a  rock,  in  an  impregnahle  po.sition,  and  was  garri- 
soned ]iy  four  hundred  Turks,  all  veteran  .soldiers  prepared  to  die  m  its 
lefenee.  We  have  not  room  for  the  details  of  this  .siege,  in  which  both  parties 
iiis]ilayed  unlwunded  courage  and  resources^  and  .  liich  was  protracted  nearly 
two  niMMths  under  all  the  privation.s  of  famuie  and  the  inclemencies  of  a  cold 
,111(1  stormy  winter." 

.\t  length,  weary  with  this  fatal  procrastination,  Gonsalvo  and  the  Venetian 
ivimiral,  Pe.saro,  resolved  on  a  simultaneous  attack  on  separate  (quarters  of  the 
town.  The  ramparts  had  been  already  shaken  bv  the  mining  operations  of 
Pedro  Navarro,  who  in  the  Italian  wars  ac(mirea  such  terrible  celebrity  in 
this  department,  till  then  little  understood  The  Venetian  cannon,  larger  and 
lielter  .served  than  that  of  the  Spanianls.  had  oi)ened  a  practicable  breach 
ill  the  worlcs,  which  the  besiegeil  repaired  with  such  temporary  defences  as 
they  could.  The  signal  being  given  at  the  appointetl  hour,  the  two  armie.s 
made  a  desperate  as.sault  on  different  quarters  of  the  town,  muler  cover  of  a 
iiiurderoiis  tire  of  artillery.  The  Turks  sustained  the  attack  with  dauntle.s.s 
resolution,  stopping  up  the  breach  with  the  bcnlies  of  their  dead  and  dying 
coiiinules,  and  pouring  down  volleys  of  shot,  arrows,  burning  oil  and  sul|diur, 
and  missiles  of  every  Kind,  on  the  heatls  of  the  as.sailants.  But  the  desjierate 
eiierKv,  as  well  as  numl)ers,  of  the  latter,  proved  too  strong  for  them.  Some 
forced  the  breach,  others  scaled  the  ramparts  ;  and,  after  a  shorter  and  deiidly 
struggle  within  the  walls,  the  brave  garrison,  four-hfths  of  whom,  with  their 


**  ^«>,  in  particMlar,  the  Doctor  Salaz.ar  do 
Memluzji,  Willi  e.xh.iusta  the  subject— and  tlie 
fMilir's  piticnce— In  diHcusHing  tlif  uiulti- 
faridiH  ^njunds  of  the  incontrovertible  title 
I'f the  JKJiisi'  of  Aragon  to  Naples.  Monarquia, 
torn.  i.  HI).  3,  cap.  12-15. 

•  'iiovjii,  Vitjis  Illust.  Virorura,  torn.  1.  p. 
2-6.— I'liroiiica  del  Gran  Capitan,  cap.  9.— 
Zurita,  lli.m.  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  I.  lib. 
♦. (ap  111.— OonsUvo  was  detulned  most  un- 
ni'P'toilly  in  .Messina,  which  he  had  reached 
J'll.v  19,  hy  variou.s  embarrassments,  enume- 
rmd  in  his  correspondence  with  the  80ve- 


rel(!:nB.  The  difflrulty  of  obtaininft  supplies 
for  the  triK)ps  \\&'*  iiinonf;;th*'  UMst  prominent. 
Tlie  people  of  ilic  isliind  showed  no  goo<l  will 
to  the  cause.  Obstacles  multiplied  until  It 
seemed  as  If  tiny  Cfime  from  tlie  devil  him- 
self; parecen  ostaculos  del  diablo.  Among 
others,  he  indicates  the  coldne.ss  of  the  viceroy. 
Part  of  these  letters,  as  usual,  is  in  cipher. 
Cartas  &  los  Iteyes  Cat6llcos,  fhas  en  MesHina 
u  15  y  21  de  S<'tiembre  de  1501,  .M.S. 

'"  Glovio,  Vltte  Illust.  Virorum,  ubi  supra. 
— Clir5nica  del  Uran  Capitan,  cap.  14. 


4^10 


ITALIAN  WAIia 


rominaiiflpr,  hnl  falI<Mi,  woro  ovorpowprcd,  and  tbo  virtorintis  bannnrs  nf  St 
.ia'4(>  ami  St.  Mark  were  |tlaiiti'<l  hhIc  l>y  Nidc  trimiiitliantly  <»n  the  t<»vv»'rs." 

TlHM'a|)ture  of  this  ^ilaco,  although  jwcomplislu'd  at  coiisidcralilf  luss,  niiil 
after  a  int>>t  uallaiit  resistance  liy  a  nu're  handful  of  nicn,  was  of  ^rcat  mt^i.o 
to  the  Venetian  rause  ;  since  it  was  the  first  check  j;iven  to  the  ariii>'f 
Hajazi^t,  who  had  filched  one  place  after  another  from  tho  re|Mililie,  nienai  inj 
its  whole  colonial  t<>rritory  in  the  lievant.  The  promptness  and  ellirjciiry  .,f 
Kin,'  Kenlinand's  succour  t<»the  Venetians  gained  him  hiirh  reputation  tlipm.'h. 
out  Kurope,  and  precisely  of  the  kind  which  ho  most  coveted,  that  of  Ix-in,'  tlir 
zejihms  defendjT  of  the  faith;  while  it  formed  a  favourahle  contrast  to  tin- 
cold  supiiicness  of  the  other  powers  of  (Christendom. 

The  capture  (►f  St.  Ooor^e  restored  to  Venice  tim  possession  of  Ccplialuiii.i ; 
and  the  (ireat  CajiUiin,  havinij  accomplished  this  import^vnt  ohject,  rctnriK  I 
in  the  iM'jfinnin^  of  thc^  following,'  year,  ir>(H,  to  Sicily.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
there,  an  emlMissy  waited  on  him  from  the  Venetian  senate,  to  express  tlitic 
grateful  sense  of  his  .services;  which  they  testifuNJ  hy  enrollint,' his  name  in 
the  i;olden  IxKik,  as  a  nohleman  of  Venice,  and  hy  a  iuaj;nih(cnt  prcmt  li 
plate,  curious  silks  and  velvets,  and  a  stud  of  heautifid  Turkish  liorscs. 
(ionsalvo  courteoiisly  ac(!epted  the  prolfered  honours,  hut  distrilnitiMl  tlif 
whole  (»f  the  costly  lar;,'ess,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  pieces  of  plate,  uiiiun,' 
his  friends  and  .soldiers.'* 

In  the  mean  while,  Louis  the  Twelfth  having' complete<l  his  jircparatifnis  fur 
the  invasion  of  Naples,  an  army,  consistint^  of  one  thousand  lances  and  ten 
thousand  Swis.s  and  (Ja.scon  foot,  cro.sae<l  the  Alps,  and  directed  its  mapli 
towards  the  south.  (June  1st,  1500.)  At  the  .same  time  a  jtowerful  anna 
nient,  under  Philip  de  Ravenstein,  with  six  thousand  tive  hundred  additi"iial 
troops  on  hoard,  (piitted  (ienoa  for  the  Neap(»litan  canital.  The  conuiiaal  "f 
the  land-forces  was  given  to  the  Sire  d'Aubij,'ny,  the  same  hrave  ami  cv 
perienced  ofiicer  who  had  formerly  coped  with  Gonsalvo  in  the  campjiigiis  of 
Calabria." 

No  .sooner  had  D'Auhipny  crossed  the  papal  borders  than  the  Freiu li  an! 
Sitanish  amba.s.sadors  announced  to  Alexander  the  Sixth  and  the  <oII('l'<'  if 
cardinals  the  existence  of  the  treaty  for  the  partition  of  the  kinj^doni  lictwoin 
the  sovereijjns,  their  masters,  reipie.stinj?  his  Holiness  to  confirm  it  ami  uiant 
them  the  investiture  of  their  respective  share.s.  In  this  very  rea-niiatli' 
petition  his  Holiness,  well  drilled  in  the  j)art  he  was  to  play,  aciu'lcxit'l 
without  difticjilty ;  declarinj;  himself  moveil  thereto  solely  by  his  coiisjili'ra- 
tion  of  the  pious  intentions  of  the  partie.s,  and  the  »ni worthiness  nf  Kin,' 
P'rederick,  wno.se  treachery  to  the  Christian  commonwealth  had  forfeited  all 
rij^ht  (if  he  ever  possessed  any)  to  the  crown  of  Naples."* 

From  the  moment  that  the  French  forces  had  descended  into  Loiiibanly, 
the  eyes  of  all  Italy  were  turned  with  breathless  expectation  on  (loiisalvo  anl 
his  army  in  Sicily,  The  bustling  preparations  of  the  F'rench  inonarrh  lial 
didused  the  knowledge  of  his  designs  tliroughout  Europe.  Those  of  tho  kin,' 
of  Spain,  on  the  contrary,  remained  enveloped  in  i)rofound  secrecy.  Kt'w 
doubted  that  Ferdinand  would  step  forward  to  shield  his  kinsman  from  the 

"  .Tean  d'Anton,  Histuire  de  Iaimv*  XII. 
(Parli,  lerj),  part.  1,  chap.  41,  4.'.,  4"  - 
Guicrianliiii,  Istoria,  torn.  i.  p.  'Jti.").— Suimi- 
Gelais,  Hisitolre  do  Louys  XII.  (I'arK  Iti.!^ . 
p.  16;J.     Muonaccorsi,  Diario,  p.  46. 

"  Ziirita,  Hist,  del  Rcy  lleniaiuti),  tmu  1. 
lib.  4,  cap.  43.— Lanuza,  lliHtorias,  lorn.  i.  lil^ 
1,  cap.  14. 


"  Giovio,  Vita?  Illunt.  Virorum,  ubi  mipra. 
— Clirrtnlcadel  (Jran  Capitan,  cap.  10.— Zurita, 
HtBt.  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  1.  lib.  4,  cap. 
*J5.— Bernaldez,  Reyes  Cat61lco8,  MS.,  cap. 
167. 

'"  Bemaldez,  Reyoa  Cat/tlicos,  MS.,  cap. 
167. — Quintana,  Rspaftoles  celebres,  torn.  i.  p. 
246.— Giovio,  Vitw  Illust.  Virorum,  p.  228.— 
Ulloa,  Vittt  di  Carlo  V.,  fol.  4. 


PARTITION  OP  NAPLKS. 


447 


invasion  whirh  nnMiarod  I ••"  •»'»(!,  it  iniK'lit  U\  his  own  dorninlons  in  Sirily  ; 
anil  flifv  looki'il  to  tlu'  ii  ir.U'  jiinctinn  of  (JohmiIvo  with  Kiiiu  Kinlcrick, 

111  (ipltT  tliJit  tli«'ir  »'oniltiiu*«l  .sin'Mcth  riii|;lit  ovri|i((\vrr  lli»'  ciiciuy  liloio  he 
had  K'lincil  a  footing  in  tlic  kiii^'<l(>M).  (iri-ut  was  tlit'ir  tustonisjiiiifht  wliru 
the  scales  dropped  from  tlieir  vyvn,  and  tliey  lu'licld  the  iiioveninits  of  Spain 
:ii  jeifect  aceonlanre  with  those  of  Kran<e,atid direr  tod  to  crush  their coiiiinon 
\irtiiii  Ix'tween  them.  They  could  scarcely  credit,  says  (Juice  ianlini,  that 
I.iiiii^  tin*  Twelfth  could  In-  so  hiind  as  to  reject  the  prolU'red  \assala):«'  and 
Mil»taiitial  sovereiunty  of  Naples,  in  order  to  nhare  it  witli  so  artful  and 
iliiii>.'«'n<us  a  rival  as  Ferdinand. " 

Till'  iMifortunj'te  Frederick,  who  had  iK^en advised  for  sometime  past  of  th«' 
iiiifriciidly  disjiositions  of  the  Spanish  government,'"  .saw  no  refuue  fiitm  the 
ilaik  tempest  mustering'  against  him  on  the  opposit(>  ouarters  of  hi.s  kinploni. 
lit' (ullected  s\i(h  troo|)s  as  he  could,  however,  in  onier  to  make  battle  with 
the  nearest  enemy,  hefore  he  should  cross  the  threshold.  ( )n  the  vi.sth  of  .Juii", 
till'  French  army  resumed  it.s  march.  liefore  (putting'  Rome,  a  hrawl  roso 
Ktneen  some  Frencli  soldij'rs  and  Spaniards  resident  in  tlut  capital  ;  ea(  h 
i^nrtv  assertinj^'  the  naramount  ri^lit  of  its  own  sovereij^n  to  the  cntwn  of 
Naples.  From  words  they  .soon  came  to  hlows,  and  many  lives  were  l(»st 
Ufiire  the  fray  could  he  (juelle(J ;  a  melancholy  aii^'ury  for  the  i>erinaneuce  of 
the  idiicurd  so  luiri^hteouslv  estahlished  In'tween  the  two  j,'overnnients." 

On  the  8th  of  .July,  the  P'rench  crosse*!  the  Neap(jlitan  frontier.  Frederick, 
wild  liad  taken  jtost  at  St.  (Jermano,  found  himself  ,so  weak  that  lie  wa.s  coni- 
Ifllt'd  to  pve  way  on  it.s  approach,  and  retreat  on  his  (ajtital.  The  invaders 
ftriit  forward,  occupying  one  place  after  another  with  little  resistance,  till  they 
(.line  hefore  (Jai)ua,  where  they  received  a  temporary  check.  During'  a  |iarley 
fur  the  surren(ler  of  that  place,  they  burst  into  the  town,  and,  giving  free 
MHje  to  their  fiendish  pa.ssion.s,  bnt<hered  seven  thousand  citizens  in  the 
stnvts,  and  i)erpetrated  outrages  worse  than  death  on  their  defenceless  wives 
ami  ijauuhtcrs.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Alexander  the  Sixth's  son,  the 
iiifanioiis  C'esar  Horgia,  selected  forty  of  the  most  beautiful  from  the  principal 
ladies  of  the  place  and  sent  them  Iwick  to  Ronje  to  swell  the  complement  (»f 
his  M'raglio.  The  dreadful  doom  of  Capua  intimidated  further  resistance,  but 
ins]iin'd  such  detestation  of  the  French  throughout  the  country,  as  provcnl 
•if  infinite  prejudice  to  tlieir  cause  in  their  subseijuent  struggle  with  the 
>Iianiards.*" 

Kini:  Frederick,  shocked  at  bringing  such  calamities  on  his  subjects, 
resijiiicd  jiis  capital  witliout  a  blow  in  its  defence,  and,  retreating  to  the  isle 
'4  Iscliia,  .soon  after  embraced  the  counsel  of  tlie  French  admiral  Ravenstein, 
t'lacrejit  a  .«afe-conduct  into  France  and  throw  him.self  on  the  generosity  of 
I.iiiis.  (Oct.  1501.)  The  latter  received  him  courteously,  and  a.ssiirued  him 
tlif  dncliy  of  Anjou,  with  an  ample  reveniie  for  }  's  maintenance,  which,  to  the 
trt'dit  of  the  French  king,  was  continued  after  he  had  lost  all  hope  of  recovcr- 


"  Citilrc  ianjinl,  Istoria.  torn.  1.  lib.  6,  p. 
:fi6-ril()a.  Vita  (Ii  Carlo  V.,  fol   8. 

"  In  tlip  month  of  April  the  kiiift  of  NaploR 
r-^'ivHi  Ipttcrs  from  his  rnvnys  In  .'^paln, 
«rittdi  l.y  couimand  of  Kinp  Foniinand,  in- 
f''miiiL'  him  that  he  had  nothln(f  to  e.\p('(t 
■•mtlmt  monarch  in  case  of  an  invasion  of 
I'll"  tfrritories  by  France.  Frederick  bitterly 
fniplained  of  "the  late  hour  at  which  this 
i!i!i  lliKfiice  wjiR  given,  which  effectually  pre- 
J^i-iitiil  an  accommodation  lu'  might  otherwise 
Mve  maiif  with  King  Louis.     Lauuza,  His- 


torlas,  lib.  1,  cap.  14.— Ziirlta,  Hist,  del  Key 
Ibrnando,  torn.  i.  lib.  4,  tap.  :i7. 

■"  l)'Auton,  Hi8t.de  Louys  XII.,  i>art.  1, 
chap.  4H. 

""  Summonte,  HiHt.  di  Nap.ili,  tom.  ill.  lib. 
6,  cap.  4.— I)'Auton,  Hist,  de  I/mys  XII., 
I)art.  1,  chap.  SI-  W.— I'lloa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V., 
fol.  M. — (luicciardini,  Ist(»riii,  lib  !>,  j>p.  '2(iH, 
'2(i'j. — Zurita,  Mist,  del  Hoy  Hernando,  tom.  I. 
lib.  4,  cap.  41. — Uiaunone,  iKturlu  di  Ka{Hjli, 
lib.  2»,  cap.  3. 


448 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


in;?  the  crown  of  Naples."  With  this  show  of  mafrnaiiiniity,  however,  lio 
kept  a  jeiilous  eye  on  his  royal  j,niest ;  under  pretence  of  paying  tiiin  lia. 
great<!st  respect,  iie  i)lace(l  a  guard  over  his  person,  and  thus  detained  iiim  in 
a  sort  of  honourable  captivity  to  the  day  of  his  death,  which  occurnMl  in  l.")(i4. 

Frederick  was  the  last  of  the  illegitimate  branch  of  Aragun  who  liild  the 
Neai)olitau  scejjtre ;  a  line  of  piinces  who,  whatever  might  l^  their  chaiactir.s 
in  other  respects,  accorded  that  munificent  i)atrunage  to  letters  which  >li<(lsa 
my  of  glorv  over  the  roughest  and  most  turbulent  reign.  It  might  have  hrm 
exjiected  that  an  amiable  and  accomplished  prince,  like  Frederic  k,  uouM  lm\e 
done  still  more  towards  the  moral  development  of  bis  people,  by  hcalini,'  the 
animosities  which  had  so  long  festered  in  their  Itosonis,  llis  gentle  chiiiiK  tt  r, 
however,  was  ill  suited  to  the  evil  times  on  wliich  he  ha<l  fallen  ;  and  it  is  net 
improbable  that  he  found  greater  contentn>ent  in  the  calm  and  culti\at(M| 
retirement  of  his  latter  years,  sweetened  by  the  sympathies  of  friendship  which 
•idversity  had  proved,'*  than  when  placed  on  tli^.  dazzling  heights  which 
attact  the  admiration  and  envy  of  mankind." 

Early  in  March,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  had  received  his  first  oflicial  intelli- 
gence of  the  partition  treaty,  and  of  his  own  appointment  to  the  post  nf  hVu. 
tenant-general  of  Calabiia  and  Apulia,  He  felt  natural  regret  at  being  ( ailed 
to  act  against  a  prince  whose  character  he  esteemed,  and  with  whom  lie  had 
once  been  placed  in  the  most  intimate  and  friendly  relations.  In  the  true 
spirit  of  chivalry,  he  returned  to  Frederick,  before  taking  up  arms  against  him, 
the  duchy  of  St.  Angel  and  the  other  large  domains  with  which  that  nionardi 
had  requited  his  services  in  the  late  war,  requesting  at  the  same  time  tu  he 
released  from  the  obligations  of  homage  and  fealtv.  The  generous  inonartli 
readily  comj)lied  with  the  latter  part  of  Ids  request,  but  insisted  on  his  retaining' 
the  grant,  which  he  declared  an  inadecniate  compensation,  after  all,  for  the 
benetlis  the  Great  Captain  had  once  rendered  him." 

The  levies  assembled  at  Messina  amounted  to  three  hundred  hcnvy-armed, 
three  hundred  light  horse,  and  three  thousand  eight  hundred  infantry,  tdgether 
with  a  small  body  of  Spanish  veterans,  which  the  Castilian  ambassador  iiad 
collected  in  Italy.  The  number  of  the  forces  was  inconsiderable,  but  they 
were  in  excellent  condition,  well  disciplined,  and  seasoned  to  all  the  toils  and 
difficulties  of  war.  On  the  5th  of  July,  the  Great  Captain  landed  at  Troj-en, 
and  commenced  the  conquest  of  Calabria,  ordering  the  fleet  to  keep  along  the 
coast,  in  order  to  furnish  whatever  supplies  he  might  need.  The  ground  wa-; 
familuir  to  him,  and  his  progress  was  facilitated  by  the  old  relations  he  had 
formed  there,  as  well  as  by  the  important  posts  which  the  Spanish  government 
had  retained  in  its  hands  as  an  indemnification  for  the  expenses  of  the  late 
war.  Notwithstanding  the  oi»i)osition  or  coldness  of  the  great  Angevin  ktrds 
who  resided  in  this  quarter,  the  entire  occupation  oi  the  two  Calabrias,  with 
the  exception  of  Tarento,  was  effected  in  less  than  a  month." 


"  St.  Gelais,  Hint,  de  Loiiys  XII.,  p.  163. 
— P'Auton,  Ili.<t.  de  Louyp  XII.,  part.  1,  ch. 
»6.— huuiuionte.  Hist,  di  Napoli,  toiu.  iii.  p. 
541. 

•^'  The  reader  will  readily  call  to  mind  the 
Neaiiolitiin  poet  Sannazaro,  whopc  fidelity  to 
his  royal  ina.«ter  forms  bo  l>eautinil  a  contrast 
with  the  conthict  of  Pontano,  and  indeed  of 
too  many  of  his  tribe,  whosf  gratitude  is  of 
that  sort  tiiat  will  only  rise  above  zero  in  the 
sunshine  of  a  court.  His  various  poetical 
elfusions  afford  a  noble  testimony  to  the 
virtues  of  his  unfortunate  sovereign,  the  more 
uususpicious  as  many  of  them  were  produced 


in  the  days  of  his  adversity. 

M  ..  N,>q„^  mala  vel  bona,"  says  the  phili^ 
Bophlc  Roman,  '*<|ua'  vulgns  putot ;  uiultis 
qui  conflictari  adversls  videantur,  In  atus ;  m 
plerosque,  quamritiam  magnas  jitr  i'\"\ 
misrrrimt)s;  si  illi  graveni  fortunMiu  ctn- 
Btanter  tolerent,  hi  prospera  inco^^ul•e  utaii- 
tur."     Trtcitus,  Annales,  lib.  6,  sect.  JJ. 

'*  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Key  Hernaml',  t.m.  i. 
lib.  4,  cap.  35.— Giovio,  Vit^i'  lllust.  Vinruni. 
p.  230.-Chr<Snica  del  Gran  Ciii)it«n,  (up  i!l. 
— Lainiza,  Historias,  torn.  i.  111'.  1,  cnji.  14. 

'•  Abarca,  lleyes  de  Aragon,  toni.  ii.  f.v 
30,  cap.   11,  sec.  8.- Zurita,  Hist.  Jel  lUy 


PARTITION  OP  NAPLES. 


449 


This  city,  remarkable  in  ancient  times  for  its  defence  against  Ilannilial,  was 
of  the  last  injportance.  K'lu^  Froderi(  k  had  sent  thither  hin  eldest  son,  the 
duke  of  Calal)ria,  a  youth  aliout  fourteen  years  of  a<;e,  luider  the  care  of  diian 
(if  (luevara,  count  of  Potenza,  with  a  stron;,'  body  of  troops,  consideriui:  it  tlio 
jiliu  0  of  greatest  security  in  his  dominions.  Independently  of  the  strength  of 
it>  works,  it  was  rendered  nearly  inaccessible  by  its  natinal  position  ;  having 
IK)  coMununication  with  the  mainland  except  by  two  hridges,  at  opposite 
quarters  of  the  town,  conunanded  by  strong  towers,  while  its  exposure  to  the 
se:i  made  it  easily  open  to  supplies  from  abroad. 

(Jitiisalvo  saw  that  the  only  method  of  reducing  the  place  must  be  })y 
Moikade.  Disagreeable  as  the  delay  was,  he  prepared  to  lay  regular  siege 
to  it,  ordering  the  fleet  to  sail  round  the  southern  point  of  Calabria  and 
Mixkade  the  port  of  Tarento,  while  he  threw  up  works  on  the  land  side, 
uhicli  conunanded  the  passes  to  the  town  and  cut  off"  its  connnunications  with 
the  neighbouring  country.  The  place,  however,  was  well  victualled,  and  the 
purison  prepared  to  maintain  it  to  the  last.'" 

Nothing  tries  more  severely  the  patience  and  discij)line  of  the  soldier  than  a 
life  of  sluggish  inaction,  unenlivened,  as  in  the  {)res(nt  instance,  by  any  of  the 
rt'iici "litres  or  feats  of  arms  which  keep  up  military  excitement  and  gratify  the 
nipidity  or  aml)ition  of  the  wariior.  The  Sjiainsh  troops,  cooped  up  within 
their  intrenchments,  and  disgnisted  with  the  languid  monotony  of  their  life, 
cast  many  a  wstful  glance  at  the  stirring  scenes  of  war  in  the  centre  of  Italy, 
v.here  Ca'sar  Horgia  lield  out  magniticent  i)romises  of  pay  and  plunder  to  all 
who  end)arked  in  his  adventurous  entequises.  He  coiuted  the  aid,  in  par- 
ticular, of  the  Spanish  veterans,  whose  worth  he  well  understood,  for  they  had 
often  served  under  his  banner,  in  his  feuds  with  the  Itiilian  princes.  In  con- 
senuence  of  these  inducements,  some  of  Gonsalvo's  men  were  foiuid  to  desert 
every  day  ;  while  those  who  remained  were  becoming  hourly  more  discontented, 
friiiu  the  large  arre<ars  due  from  the  government ;  for  I'erdinand,  as  already 
rt'iuarked,  conducted  his  operations  with  a  stinted  economy  very  dilt'ereut  fron) 
the  jirompt  and  liberal  expenchture  of  the  queen,  always  competent  to  its 
ohjeet.^' 

A  trivial  incident,  at  this  time,  swelled  the  popular  discontent  into  mutiny. 
The  French  fleet,  after  the  capture  of  Naples,  was  ordered  to  the  Levant  to 
assist  the  Venetians  against  the  Turks,  liiivenstein,  andiitious  of  eclipsing 
the  exploits  of  the  Great  Cai)tain,  turned  his  arms  against  ^litilene,  with  the 
(ksigii  of  recovering  it  for  the  republic.  He  totally  tailed  in  the  attack,  and 
his  tleet  wsvs  soon  after  scattered  by  a  tempest,  and  his  own  ship  wrecked  on 
the  isle  of  Cerigo.  He  subseipiently  found  his  way,  with  several  of  his  principal 
officers,  U)  the  shores  of  Calabria,  where  he  landed  in  the  most  forlorn  and 
desperate  plight.  Gonsalvo,  touched  with  his  misfortunes,  no  sooner  learned 
his  neressities  than  he  sent  him  abundant  supplies  of  provisions,  ixdding  a 
service  of  nlate,  and  a  variety  of  elegant  apparel  for  himself  and  foIlowi>rs  ; 
consulting  nis  own  numiiicent  spirit  in  this,  nuich  more  than  the  liujited  state 
of  his  tinauceii.^* 


Ilniarni.i,  torn.  i.  lib.  4,  cap.  4t. — Mariana, 
Hi<t.  (In  Kspiifm,  t.iin.  ii.  lib.  -il,  cap.  9. 

'  Gi.ivio,  Vitv  Illu«t.  VJiDrum,  p.  'J.'U  — 
I'lli'a,  Vita  <li  Carlo  V.,  f«l.  9.  (iianiKMio, 
iKtiiria  (ii  Naixili,  lib.  '29,  cap.  3.— Cliroiiica 
iloi  "iran  I'aiiiiaii,  cap.  31. 

^'  Carta  clc  (ronzalo  ti  loo  IJoyps,  Tarpnt'\ 
Hill"  Mayo,  1^0'2,  MS,  Don  .lu.m  Maruifl, 
til"  S|,ani-:h  niitiistor  ut  N'it'iiiia,  scfin-i  to 
tuvij  \i,'u  fully  scusible  of  this  trait  uf  his 


masti'f.  Iff  tolii  tlio  omporor  ]\Iaxiiiiiliaii, 
who  liail  rtqiicstfd  the  loan  of  :!iiii,()OU  iliicats 
from  Spain,  tliai  it  was  as  inncli  inoiicy  as 
\MpnM  ."uffict'  King  I-rnUiiaiid  lor  the  con- 
quist,  not  nuri  ly  ot  Italy,  but  Africa  into 
til'"  bartraiii.  Ziirita.  Hist,  del  licy  Ilrrnando, 
torn.  1.  lib.  3,  cap.  42. 

•'"  H' ml).),  Istoria  N'inizi.ina,  toin.  iii.  lib. 
6,  J).  3t)'.-  (ii.ivio.  Vit.i'  111'. St.  Viroruin,  p, 
232.— D'Auton,  p.irt.  1,  chap.  71,  T'-'. 

2  0 


450 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


This  excessive  liberality  was  very  inopportune.  The  soldiers  loudly  f^om- 
plained  that  their  general  found  treasures  to  squander  on  foreigners,  wfiilo  his 
own  troops  were  defrauded  of  their  pay.  The  Biscayans,  a  people  of  wIkhh 
Oonsaivo  used  to  say  "  lie  had  rather  lie  a  lion-keeper  than  undertake  to 
govern  them,"  took  the  lead  in  the  tumult.  It  soon  swelled  into  oj)eii  insur- 
rection ;  and  the  men,  forming  themselves  into  regular  companies,  marchcl  to 
the  general's  (piarters  and  demanded  paynieut  of  their  arrears.  One  fellow, 
more  insolent  than  the  rest,  levelled  a  pike  at  his  breast  with  the  most  aiiLrrv 
and  menacing  looks.  (Jonsalvo,  however,  retailing  his  self-possession,  uciitlv 
i»ut  it  aside,  saving,  with  a  good-natured  smile,  Higher,  you  careless  kiiavi-, 
lift  your  hmce  higher,  or  you  will  run  me  through  in  your  jesting."  As  he  was 
reiterating  his  assurances  of  the  want  of  funds,  and  his  confident  expectatinn 
of  sueetlily  obtaining  them,  a  liiscayan  captain  called  out,  "  Send  your  dauj^Oitcr 
to  tlie  brothel,  and  that  will  soon  t)Ut  you  in  funds  1"  This  was  a  faviMirit(' 
daughter  named  Elvira,  whom  (Jonsalvo  loved  so  tenderly  that  he  wmild  not 
part  with  her  even  hi  his  campaigns.  Although  .stung  to  the  heart  by  thix 
audacious  taunt,  he  matle  no  reply,  hut,  without  changing  a  muscle  iif  lii> 
countenance,  contimied,  in  the  same  tone  as  In'tore,  to  expostuhite  with  t!  e 
insurgents,  who  at  length  were  j»revailed  on  to  draw  oil",  and  disperse  to  tiieir 
quarters.  The  next  morning,  the  appalling  spectacle  of  the  lifeless  body  of  tlic 
Biscayan,  hanging  by  the  neck  from  a  window  of  the  house  in  which  he  had 
been  ([uartered,  admonished  the  army  that  there  were  limits  to  the  general  s 
forbearance  it  was  not  prudent  to  overste[»." 

An  unexpected  event,  which  took  place  at  this  jiuicture,  contributed  oven 
more  than  this  monitory  lesson  to  restore  subordination  to  the  army.  Tliis  was 
the  capture  of  a  Genoese  galleon  with  a  valual)le  freight,  chiefly  iron,b(iiiiiil  to 
some  Turkish  i)ort,  as  it  was  said,  in  the  Levant,  which  Gonsalvo,  moved  no 
doubt  by  his  zeal  for  the  Christian  cause,  ordered  to  be  seized  by  the  S|iaius!i 
cruisers,  and  the  cargo  to  be  disposed  of  for  the  satisfaction  of  his  tro'i^. 
Giovio  charitably  excuses  this  act  of  hostility  aganist  a  friendly  power  with  the 
remark  that  "  when  the  Great  Captain  did  anything  contrary  to  law  he  wa>; 
wont  to  say,  'A  general  must  secure  the  victory  at  all  hazards,  right  or  wunv:: 
and,  when  he  has  done  this,  he  can  compensate  those  whom  he  has  iiijureil 
with  tenfold  benefits.'"" 

The  unexpected  length  of  the  siege  of  Tarento  determined  Gonsalvo,  at 
length,  to  adopt  bolder  measures  for  quickening  its  termination.  The  city, 
"whose  insulated  ])Osition  has  been  noticed,  Avas  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  lako. 
or  rather  arm  of  the  sea,  forming  an  excellent  interior  harbour,  about  eiu'Iitein 
miles  in  circumference.  The  inhabitants,  trusting  to  the  natural  defeiuos  of 
this  (piarter,  had  omitted  to  jirotect  it  bv  fortifications,  and  the  hi>uses  rose 
altrnptly  from  the  margin  of  the  basin.  Into  this  reservoir  the  Spaiiisji  o  iii- 
niander  resolved  to  transport  such  of  his  vessels  then  riding  in  the  outer  \<:\\ 
as  from  their  size  could  be  conveyed  across  the  narrow  isthmus  which  divided 
it  fiom  the  inner. 

After  incredible  toil,  twenty  of  the  smallest  craft  were  moved  on  huge  car< 
and  rollers  across  the  intervening  land  and  safely  launched  on  the  liosoin  of 
the  lake.      The  whole  ojieration  was    performed'  amid  the  exciting  acmni 
paiiiments  of  discharges  of  ordnance,  strains  (^f  martial  iimsic,  and  loud  arela- 
Illations  of  the  soldiery.     The  inhabitants  of  Tarento  saw  with  consteruatii n 


"  Chronica  do\  rtian  Oapitan,  cap,  34. — 
Qnint^aJia,  K-jiifiol'  s  c('l"l)r'  s,  tcin.  i.  pp. 
'.jr)'J.  '.,!5.t.-  (iiovid,  VitM'  lUn-t.  ^'iniriiin,  p. 
V.;'2.--ri)e  tiiri  iib  it  cli:irint>'r  ff  tlio  lUs- 
cayans  is  notical  by  the  Grout  Captain  in  a 


lottpr,  of  80'1'ewhat  earlier  date,  t<>  tin'  -.v- 
retary  Almazau.  Carta,  16  de  Abiil,  \:>»', 
AJS. 

'"  Ciovi..,  Vita  Magni  Gonsalvi,  lib.  1,  p. 
233. 


PARTITION  OF  NAPLES. 


461 


the  fleet  so  lately  floating  in  the  open  ocean  nnder  their  inipre^nahle  walls, 
nnw  quitting  its  native  element,  und  moving,  as  it  were  l)y  magic,  across  the 
laiitl,to  assault  them  on  the  (juarter  where  they  were  the  least  detended.*' 

The  Neiipulitan  connnander  perceived  it  woidd  he  impossihle  to  hold  out 
loiij;('r,  without  compromising  the  personal  sjifety  of  the  young  |)rince  under 
liis  (are.  lie  accordingly  entered  mto  negotiations  for  a  truce  with  the  (Ireat 
I'aiituin,  during  which  articles  of  capitulation  were  arranged,  guaranteeing  to 
the  duke  of  C'alahria  and  his  followers  the  right  of  evacuating  the  place  and 
piiiig  wherever  they  listed.  The  Spanish  general,  in  order  to  give  greater 
.solemnity  to  these  engagements,  bound  himself  to  observe  them  by  an  oath  on 
the  sK  lament. ■*- 

Or.  the  1st  of  March,  laO'i,  the  Spanish  army  took  possession,  .according  t(j 
a-.Tccinent,  of  the  city  of  Tarento  ;  and  the  dulo'  of  (  alal)ria,  with  his  suite, 
tta>  permitted  to  lejive  it,  in  order  to  rejoin  his  father  in  France.  In  the 
mean  time,  advices  were  received  from  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  instructing 
(iuiisidvo  on  no  account  to  sutier  the  young  prince  to  escaj)e  from  his  hands, 
as  he  was  a  jtledge  of  too  great  imi)ortance  for  the  Siianish  government  to 
reliiKiuish.  The  general  in  consecpience  sent  after  the  duke,  who  had  pro- 
(ecded  in  company  with  the  count  of  Potenai  as  far  as  IJitonto,  on  his  way  to 
the  north,  and  commanded  him  to  ])e  arrested  and  hrought  back  to  Tarento. 
Not  lung  after,  he  cau.sed  him  to  be  conveyed  on  board  one  of  the  men  of-wjir 
ill  the  harbour,  and,  iu  contempt  of  his  solenm  engagements,  sent  a  prisoner 
tu  S|iidii." 

The  national  writers  have  made  many  awkward  attempts  to  varnish  over 
this  atrocious  act  of  i)ertidy  in  their  favourite  hero.  Zurita  vindicates  it  by  a 
letter  from  the  Neapolitan  prince  to  (Jonsalvo,  requesting  the  latter  to  take 
this  .vt<'i),  since  he  preferred  a  residence  in  Spain  to  one  in  France,  but  co\dd 
not  witli  decency  apjtear  to  ad  in  opposition  to  his  father's  wishes  on  the 
suliject.  If  such  a  letter,  however,  weie  really  obtained  from  the  prince,  his 
temler  years  woidd  entitle  it  to  little  weight,  and  of  course  it  would  atlbnl  no 
siilistaiitial  ground  for  justification.  Another  explanation  is  otl'ered  by  Paolo 
Gio\  io,  who  states  that  the  Great  Captain,  undetermined  \\  hat  course  to  a<lopt, 
took  the  opinion  of  ceruiin  learned  jurists.  This  sage  body  decided  "  that 
(jonsalvo  wjis  not  bound  by  his  oath,  since  it  was  repugnant  to  his  paiamount 
obligations  to  his  master  j  and  that  the  latter  was  not  bound  by  it,  since  it 


li  Gonsalvi,  lib.  1,  p. 


*'  'iiovio,  Vita  Magiii  Oonsalvi,  ubi  supra. 
— Ciiroiiici  d' I  Grail  t'aiiitiui,  cap.  3;t. — (loii- 
f.ilv.i  tii.)k  the  liiiit  for  tliis,  doubtless,  from 
Iluiiiiihiirs  similar  oxpcdii'iit.  (St-e  I'olyl)ius, 
lili.  >.)  (,'nsar  iiotit'OH  a  similar  uinna'uvip, 
ox'iutoii  hy  him  in  his  wais  in  Spiiin.  Thi! 
V'sscls  which  he  caused  to  be  transported, 
li"wtviT,  across  twenty  miles  of  land,  were 
imirh  inferior  in  size  to  those  of  Gonsulvo, 
l>i'  lidloCivili,  lib.  i.  cap.  r)4. 

"  Zuriti.,  Hi.st.  del  Key  Hernando,  torn.  i. 
liti.  ••.cap.  .I'j,  53. — (iuicciaidini,  Istoria.tom. 
i.  lili.  .'•),  J).  '.iTO.— (iiannoni',  Istoi  ia  di  Naiiolj, 
I'll.  -'.K  cap.  a. —  Muratori,  Aiinali  il'ltalia, 
torn.  xiv.  p.  14. — The  various  antiinries  dillVr 
II iori'  iriicoiiciliibly  than  usual  in  the  details 
of  tlir  Mi.gc,  I  have  followed  I'aolo  Ginvio, 
»  cnniiiii|i(irarv,  and  personally  ac(iuaintpd 
'^itli  I  lie  principal  actor.'*.  All  agree  in  the 
"Illy  tart  in  which  (jiie  would  willingly  see 
^■iiio  lii-ci.paiicy,  Gonsalvo's  breach  of  faith 
to  the  yuuug  duke  of  Calabria. 


*•  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Roy  Hernando,  torn.  i. 
lib.  4,  cap.  .5H. — At)arca,  Reyes  de  Aragoii, 
toin.  ii.  rey  :u),  cap.  II,  sec.  10-1'2. — I'lloa, 
Vita  di  ('arlo  V.,  fol.  9.  l.anuza,  llistorias, 
lib.  1,  cap.  14.  —  .Mariyr,  wlio  was  pn  sent  on 
the  youiip  prince's  arrival  at  cotirt,  where  he 
e.xii'Tieiiccd  the  most  boiioiir.ible  reception, 
spt  aks  (d' him  in  the  liiglicst  terms:  "  Ado- 
lescens  namr|iip  est  et  rcfruo  et  ri'gio  sanguine 
dinnus,  miru'  iiidolis  foitmi  egiegius."  (See 
Opus  Kpist..  epist.  '.i.'iJ.)  Hi'  survived  to  the 
year  ir).')0,  but  without  ever  (luittlng  Spain, 
contrary  to  the  fond  prediction  of  his  fiieiid 
Sjinna/aro : 

"Nam  milii.  nam  teinpus  veiiiet,  cum  red- 
dita  sceptra 
Partheiiopes,   fiactosque  tua    sub  cuspide 

reges 
Ip.se  caiiam." 

Opera  Latina,  Ecloga  4, 


452 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


was  made  without  his  privity  I "  "    The  man  who  trusts  his  lionour  to  tlie 
tamperiiiK  of  casuists  has  parted  with  it  aheady." 

The  only  ijalliation  of  tiie  act  must  be  sought  in  the  prevalent  laxity  and 
corru])tion  of  the  period,  whicli  is  rife  with  exami»k's  of  the  most  Ha'^'iiuit 
violation  of  both  public  and  private  faith.  Had  this  been  the  act  of  a  Sidi/ji, 
indeed,  or  a  liorgia,  it  could  not  reasonably  have  excited  surprise.  But  coimuvr 
from  one  of  a  noble,  magnanimous  nature,  like  Gonsalvo,  exemplary  in  h^ 
private  life,  and  unstained  with  any  ot  the  grosser  vices  of  the  age,  it  oxcltfil 
general  astonisiuuent  and  reprobation,  even  among  his  contemporaries.  It 
has  left  a  reproach  on  his  name  which  the  historian  may  regret,  but  cannot 
wiiie  away. 


CHAPTER  XL 


ITALIAN   WARS. — RUPTURE  WITH   FRANCE. — GONSALVO  BESIEGED   IN   BARLETA. 

1602,  1603. 

Rupture  betweeu  the  French  and  Spaniar'  -  -Gonsalvo  retires  to  Barlnta— Chivalrous  Charact'r 
of  the  War — Tourn«'y  near  Tnini  -  Inml  between  Bayard  and  Sotoinayor — Distress  of 
Harleta— Constancy  of  the  Spaniards— Gonsalvo  storms  and  takes  Kuvo— Prepares  to  liavf 
liarleta. 

It  was  hardly  to  be  expected  that  the  partition  treaty  between  Franco  ami 
Spain,  made  so  manifestly  in  contempt  of  all  good  faith,  would  be  maiiitaiiif.l 
any  longer  tlian  suited  the  convenience  of  the  respective  parties.  The  From  i, 
monarch,  indeed,  seems  to  have  prepared,  from  the  first,  to  dispense  witli  it  -•> 


**  Zurlta,  Hist,  del  Rey  Hernando,  lib.  4, 
cap.  58. — Giovio,  ViLv  lllust.  Virorum,  lib.  1, 
p.  234.— Mariana  coolly  disposes  of  Uonsalvo's 
treachery  with  the  remark,  "  No  parece  se  le 
guardo  lo  que  tonian  asentado.  En  la  guerra 
quien  hay  que  de  todo  punto  lo  guarde  ?  " 
(Hist,  de  Espaua,  torn.  ii.  p.  t>75.) 

• "  Dolus  an  virtus,  quis  in  hoste  requirat  ? " 

**  III  Gonsalvo's  correspondence  is  a  letter 
to  the  sovereigns,  written  soon  after  the 
occujiation  of  Tarento,  in  wliicli  he  mentions 
his  ( fforts  to  secure  the  duke  of  Calabria  in 
the  Spanish  interests.  Ho  speaks  with  con- 
fidence of  his  own  ascendency  over  tiie  young 
man's  mind,  and  assures  tlie  sovereigns  that 
tlie  latter  will  be  content  to  continue  with 
him  till  he  shall  receive  Instructions  from 
Spain  how  to  dispose  of  him.  At  the  same 
time  the  (ireat  Captain  tw)k  care  to  maintain 
a  surveillance  over  the  duke,  by  means  of 
the  attendants  on  his  ptTSon.  We  find  no 
allusion  to  any  promises  under  oath.  The 
cumniunication  is  too  brief  to  clear  up  tiie 
dilflcuUies  in  this  ('aik  transaction.  As 
coming  from  Gonsalvo  liimself,  the  document 
has  great  interest,  and  I  will  give  it  to  tlie 
read'T  in  tli»>  original:  "A  vuestras  ahezas 
he  dado  aviso  de  la  eitr.ida  de  las  vanderas  e 
gente  de  viiestras  alte/as  por  la  gracia  de 
uuestr.i  Seiior  en  Tareuto  el  piimL-ro  dia  de 


Marzo,  e  asi  en  la  platica  que  estava  cim  (i 
duque  don  fernando  di-  ponerse  al  sirvuiu  y 
amparo  de  vuestras  altc^as  syn  otro  ]jariiii 
ny  ofrecimiento  demas  de  ceriificarie  (\w  m 
todo  tiempo  seria  libre  para  yr  dondc  (jiii.-i'  >- 
sy  vuestras  altizas  bien  no  le  tratascii  y  1,1; 
vuestras  altegas  le  tonian  el  respito  (|iif  a  tn. 
persona  como  el  se  deve.  El  conde  dc  |.iiii'iii,a 
e  algunos  de  los  que  estan  ct  erca  ili  I  li  n 
trai)ajado  por  apartarle  de  este  )  riiii.-it.' •■ 
levarle  a  Iscla  asi  yo  por  umclios  mcij.  >  li^ 
pr(x;urado  de  nducirle  al  servlcio  de  Mn-ini- 
alte/as  y  tengole  en  tal  termiiKi  (juc  luwl' 
certilicar  a  vuestras  alte9as  que  e^tl'  UioZ" 
no  les  saldra  de  la  niano  con  con.-ciisu  miwi 
del  servicio  de  vuestras  altegas  asta  taiitc  'lue 
vuestras  alte^as  me  embitn  a  nimniar  tuiii" 
del  he  de  disponer  e  de  lo  que  con  el  si-  lia  li'' 
facer  y  por  las  contrastes  que  di  esto  liaii 
entrevenido  no  ha  salido  de  tarniitu  jdrqiie 
asi  ha  convenido.  El  viernes  que  st-ia  <>ix( 
de  marzo  saldra  a  castellnneta  que  es  liuiiuc' 
mill.is  de  aqui  con  algunos  destos  suyo-  qu<? 
le  quieren  segiiir  con  alguna  buena  pane  il' 
c'ompahia  destos  criados  de  vuestras  altujas 
jiara  acompafiarle  y  este  misrno  dia  vlcriit^ 
entraran  las  vanderas  e  genie  df  vuisira^ 
olte^as  en  el  castillo  de  tareuto  con  aymia  <1l' 
nuestro  Sefior."  De  Tarento,  10  de  Marzo, 
1502,  MS. 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


453 


lis  honour  to  tk 


GED   IN    BARLETA. 


swn  as  lio  had  socnrod  hU  own  moiety  of  the  kinfrdoni ; '  and  soi^acions  nion 
at  t lie  Sjianish  court  iiif(MiV(l  that  Kinj;  KiTiHtiand  would  do  as  much,  when 
lie  should  he  in  a  situation  to  assert  his  claims  with  success.''' 

It  was  altoi^ethor  improhahle  wliatever  nii.i,dit  he  the  frood  faitli  of  the 
[laitii's,  that  an  arrangement  could  lout;  suhsist  which  so  rudely  rent  asunder 
t!ip  inemhers  of  this  ancient  monarchy  ;  or  that  a  thousand  noints  of  collision 
>hoiiId  not  arise  hetween  rival  hosts,  lyin«^  as  it  were  on  tneir  arms  within 
liowsliot  of  each  other  and  in  view  of  the  rich  spoil  wliich  each  re^'arded  as  its 
iiwii.  Such  groiuids  for  rupture  did  occur,  sooner  prohahly  than  either  party 
had  foreseen, and  certainly  hefore  the  kini;  of  Ai<\u()n  was  prepared  to  meet  it. 

The  inunediate  cause  was  the  extremely  loose  lan;;uage  of  the  jiartition 
treaty,  which  assumed  such  a  geo,<Jcraphical  division  of  the  kiuL'dom  mto  foiir 
piYiviiices  as  did  not  correspond  with  any  ancient  division,  and  still  less  with 
the  iiioiUn-n,  by  which  the  niunher  was  nudtiplied  to  twelve.'  Tlie  central 
loition,  comprehendin<^  the  Capitiinate,  the  Iksilicate,  and  the  Trincipality, 
lecaiiie  dehata])!e  ground  hetween  the  parties,  each  of  whom  insisted  on  the.se 
asfonuing  an  integral  \)iirt  of  its  own  moiety.  The  French  had  no  OTound 
whatever  for  contesting  the  possession  of  the  Capitanate,  the  first  of  these 
I'niviuces,  and  by  far  the  most  important,  on  account  of  the  tolls  paid  hy  the 
iiuincrous  tiocks  which  descemled  every  winter  into  its  sheltered  valleys  from 
the  snow-covered  mountains  of  Ahruzzo.*  There  was  more  uncertainty  to 
wlii(h  of  the  parties  the  two  other  jirovinces  were  meant  to  he  assi-nied.  It 
is  scarcely  possihly  tliat  language  so  loose,  in  a  matter  rei^uiring  njathematical 
precision,  should  have  heen  unintentional. 

hefore  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  had  colnpleted  the  coiK^uest  of  the  southern 
nioicty  of  the  kingdom,  and  while  lying  liefore  Tarento,  he  received  intt^lli- 
neiipcnf  the  occupation  by  the  French  of  several  places,  both  in  the  Cai)itiinate 
ami  Hasilicate.  He  detached  a  body  of  troops  for  the  protection  of  these 
countries,  and,  after  the  surrender  of  Taretito,  marched  towards  the  north  to 
cover  them  with  his  whole  armv.  As  he  was  not  in  a  condition  for  immediate 
hostilities,  however,  he  enteretl  into  negotiations,  which,  if  attended  with  no 
other  advantage,  would  at  least  gain  him  time.* 


'  I'etpr  IMartyr,  in  a  letter  writton  from 
Venice,  wliilo  d'taincd  tlieio  on  his  way  to 
Alcximlria,  spcjiks  of  tlie  efforts  ni.ili'  l)y 
thf  Irncli  enussaries  to  induce  the  rejn!l)lic 
toiiitak  witli  Siiain  and  suppoit  their  master 
in  his  (lesigns  on  Nai>lea  :  "  Ad-unt  n.nuque 
u  I.iulnvico  regi'  tjallormn  oratorcs,  qui  onmi 
nixu  ciinantiir  a  vohis  Vonctonnn  aiiimos 
avcrtiri'.  FrcnuTe  dentihus  ainnt  oratorem 
priiiiariuin  (iaUuni,  (juia  n"(|ueat  per  Vem'- 
t^ruiii  >\ifrrii{:ia  consequi,  ut  aju'rti'  vol)is 
bw^tiiitnirui  eilicmt,  utqu"Vi'lint(iallis  regno 
I'iirtiii'iinpco  contra  vestra  pnes'iiia  ferre 
supiictias."  The  letter  is  dated  October  l.st, 
1501.     Opus  El)ifit.,  epist.  '231. 

'  Martyr,  alter  noticing  the  grounds  of  the 
partition  treaty,  comments  with  his  usual 
siinwiiness  on  the  politic  views  of  the  Spanish 
8<jv»  ri  i(.'ns  :  "  Facilius  nam(|ue  se  sperant, 
Mill  iiartcm.  quam  sibi  <ialli  sortiti  sunt, 
liahtiiros  aliquaiido,  qnam  si  universuni 
ri'K'iilun  occuparint."   Opus  Ki)ist.,  cpist.  21  s. 

^  riic  Italian  historians,  who  have  Inves- 
tiK'ititl  the  subject  with  some  parade  of  eru- 
iii'ii>ii,  treat  it  so  vaguely  as  to  leave  it,  afier 
all,  inurly  as  perplexed  as  they  found  it. 
Giovio  includes  the   Capiunate  in  Apulia, 


according  to  the  ancient  division  ;  Gulcciar- 
(lini,  according  to  the  miHlcrn  ;  anil  the 
Spaiiisli  historian  Mariana,  according  to  Ijoth. 
The  last  writer,  it  may  be  observed,  discusses 
th"  matter  with  e(|ual  learning  and  canilour, 
and  more  p-.-rspicuily  than  eitiier  of  the  jire- 
ccding.  lie  admits  reasonable  grounds  for 
donbr  to  which  moiety  of  the  kingdom  the 
Hasilicate  and  PriiK  ipalitCH  shoul  I  Iw  as- 
signeil.  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espani,  toiu.  il. 
p.  (j"u. — (iuicciardiiii,  Istor  a,  torn.  i.  lib.  5, 
jip.  27 »,  275.— (iiovio.  Vita  Magiii  Gonsalvi, 
lib.  1.  pp.  2i4,  2:i,'). 

■*  The  provision  of  the  partition  treaty,  that 
the  Spaniards  siiouM  collect  the  tolls  paid  by 
the  fl  cks  on  th'-ir  dtsci-nt  from  tlie  I'rench 
district  of  Abruzzo  into  tlie  Oapitanatp,  is 
conclusive  evidence  of  the  intention  of  the 
contracting  jiartii's  to  assign  the  latter  to 
Spain.  See  the  treaty  npud  Dumont,  Corps 
diplomatique,  tom.  iii.  pp.  445.  4»G. 

■  Zurita,  Mist,  d  I  Key  Hern.indo,  torn.  i. 
lib  4,  cap.  52.  — Mari.ma,  Hist,  d''  Kspafia, 
torn.  ii.  lil).  27  cap.  12.— Ulloa,  Vita  di  (^ailo 
v.,  fol.  10. — (lonsaivo,  in  his  account  of  the.se 
transactions  to  the  .sovereigns,  notices  "the 
intemperate  language  and  bearing"  both  of 


454 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


The  pretiMisions  of  the  two  parties,  as  niiiht  have  been  expected,  were  too 
iiien»iicilahh»  to  a<hnit  of  (umiinnnise  ;  and  a  pergonal  cDiifereiice  lictuefu 
th(i  ivsiiective  coiiiiuaiideiN-iii-cliief  (April  1st,  l.'iU'J)  leil  to  no  lK'tt<'r  aiiiiii;;e- 
incut  than  thateacli  should  retain  his  jn-tsentaciinisitiuns  till  explicit  in.>tni(;. 
tions  could  he  received  from  their  respective  courts, 

liut  neither  of  the  two  nionarchs  had  further  instructions  to  ,t(ive ;  and  the 
Catholic  kin^'  contenteil  himself  with  aclmonishinn'  his  ^^eneral  to  po-;tj)one  an 
ojien  rupture  as  Ion?'  as  possible,  that  the  ^iovernment  niiuht  have  tiuic  to 
providi!  more  eilectually  for  his  support  and  strenuthen  it-iclf  by  alliance  with 
other  European  powers,  JJut,  however  jtaoihc  may  have  been  tbe  di.^po.sitinii 
of  the  generals,  they  had  no  [tower  to  control  the  jiassions  of  their  MiMicis 
who,  thus  brouLdit  into  innuediate  contact,  j,dared  on  each  other  with  tlic 
ferocity  of  bloodJioiuuls  ready  to  slip  the  leash  which  lield  them  in  temiiorarv 
check.  Hostilities  soon  broke  out  along  the  lines  of  the  two  arnne-,  the 
blame  of  which  «'ach  nation  chari^ed  on  its  opponent.  There  seeius  uihuI 
ground,  however,  for  imputing  it  to  the  French  ;  since  they  were  altogether 
better  jtn^pared  for  war  than  the  Spaniards,  and  entertMl  into  it  so  heartily  ;is 
not  only  to  assail  places  in  the  deiiatable  ground,  but  in  Apulia,  which  luul 
]>een  unetpuvocally  assigned  to  their  rivals.* 

Jn  the  mean  while,  the  Spanish  court  fnutiessly  endwivoured  to  interest  the 
other  p(jwers  of  Eiu'ope  in  its  cause,  Tiie  emiteror  Maximilian,  althniuh 
dissatisfied  with  the  occujiation  of  Milan  by  the  French,  appeared  wlmlly 
engrossed  with  the  frivolous  ambition  (tf  a  floman  coronation.  The  jionti:!' 
and  his  son,  ('a'>iir  Borgia,  were  closely  bound  to  King  Louis  liy  the  assist- 
ance which  he  had  rendered  them  in  their  marauding  enterprises  against  the 
neighliouring  chiefs  of  Komagna.  The  other  Italian  princes,  although  dce|i!y 
incensed  and  disgusted  by  this  infamous  alliance,  stood  too  much  in  awe  df 
the  colossal  j)ower  which  iiad  nlanted  its  foot  so  firndy  on  their  territory  to 
oiler  any  resistance.  Venice  alone,  surveying  from  her  distant  watch-tower, 
to  borrow  the  words  of  Peter  ALirtyr,  tlu^  whole  extent  of  the  political  horizeii, 
appeared  to  hesitate.  The  French  andias>adors  loudly  called  on  her  to  fiillil 
the  terms  of  her  late  treaty  with  their  master,  and  snjiport  him  in  ins  a})- 
proaching  (piarrel ;  but  the  wily  republic  saw  with  distrust  tlie  encroadiin,' 
andtition  of  her  powerful  neighbour,  and  secretly  wished  that  a  counteriioise 
might  be  foimd  in  the  success  of  Aragon,  Martyr,  who  stopped  at  Venice 
on  Ins  return  from  Egyi>t,  appeared  before  the  senate  (Octoner,  l.lOl)  ami 
employed  all  his  elo(iuence  in  supporting  his  master's  cause  in  opposition  1 1 
the  French  envoys ;  but  his  pressing  entreaties  to  the  Spanish  sovereigns  to 
!-:end  thither  some  competent  person,  as  a  resident  minister,  show  his  own 
conviction  of  the  critical  position  in  which  their  ati'airs  stood.^ 


the  viceroy  and   Alepre.     This  part  of  the 
letter  18  ill  ei|ilier.     Carta  de  Tareiito,  10  de 


Mar/0,  1.^02,  MS. 

"  D'Aiiton,  Hist, 
cliaj).  3-7. — Zuritii, 
toiii    i.  lib.  4,  cap. 


<lc  Louys  XII.,  part.  2, 
Hist,  (lei  Rev  lIerii:nulo, 

tie,  C2,  Ot,  6.5.  — (Movio, 
ViUe  lUimt.  Viionitn,  toin,  i.  p.  2:iG. — (iiaii- 
none,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  lib.  20,  ra]).  J.  Her- 
iialdez  states  that  tiie  (Jreat  Caiitaiii.  finding 
liis  coiU'ereiice  wifli  tlie  French  neneral  in- 
oth'ctual.  proposed  to  till'  latter  to  decide  Ilie 
fjuariel  between  tlieir  nspeetive  nations  by 
hiiifrle  eoniliat.  (Iteyen  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
107.)  Wesiiould  nquire  some  other  autliority, 
however,  than  that  of  the  good  Cnrate  "to 
vouch  for  this  romantic  flight,  so  cnilrdy  out 


of  keeping  with  the  Spanish  g.^neral's  clia- 
racter,  in  wiiicli  jirudence  was  probably  the 
nio8t  consjiicuous  attribute, 

'  Darn,  Hist,  de  Venise,  torn.  iii.  p.  .itf).  - 
I?enilx),  Istoria  Viniziana,  torn.  i.  lib.  fi  — 
Peter  .Martyr,  Opus  Kjiist.,  epist.  2:i-<,  .i^ii, 
2r>2.— This  may  appear  strange,  coiisid'rin;,' 
that  Lop'ti/o  Suarez  de  la  Vi'ga  was  tlun.  a 
person  ol'  whom  (Jonzalo  de  Oviedo  writos, 
"  Fue    pentil   caballero,  6.    sabio,  ^    de   ttr-M 


pnnleiKia ; 


*  •  *  «    * 


muv  entendi'to  e 


mucho  rejioso  e  honesto  6  afable  6  di'  liii'iii 
convirsacion  ;"  and  again,  mori-  exiili^i!'^. 
"  Enibaxador  a  Venecia,  en  el  qual  i'ti>iu 
.•■irvio  muy  Lien,  e  como  prudinte  varnii." 
(C^uincuagenas,   MS.,   bat.  1,  quiuc.  3,  dial. 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


Tlie  letters  of  the  suine  intelligent  individual  during  liis  jotu-noy  tlirough 
the  Milane>e''  are  filled  with  the  most  .uiooniy  forehodings  of  the  terniiuHtion 
"fa  contest  for  which  the  JSitaniards  were  so  inditlerently  |ir(»vi(led  ;  'vhiU>  the 
wlidlc  north  of  Italy  was  alive  with  the  hustling  jtreparations  of  the  French, 
iviio  loudly  vaunted  their  intention  of  driving  tneir  enemy  not  merely  out  of 
Niiplt's,  hut  Sicily  itself.* 

Louis  the  Twelfth  siiiierintended  thee  jtreparations  in  person,  and,  to  he 
!ifju'  the  theatre  of  operations,  crossed  the  Alps,  and  took  up  his  (juarters  at 
Asti.  (July,  1502.)  At  lengtli,  all  heing  in  readiness,  he  hrought  things  to 
III!  immediate  issue,  hy  commanding  his  general  to  proclaim  war  at  ome 
iiii.aiiist  the  Si)aniards,  unless  they  ahandoned  the  Capitanate  in  four-and- 
twt'iity  hours.'" 

The  French  force  in  Nsiples  amounted,  according  to  their  own  statements, 
to  one  thousiind  men-at-arms,  tliree  thousiind  five  hundred  French  and  Lom- 
tiard  and  three  thousand  >Swiss  infantry,  in  addition  to  the  NeapoHtan  levies 
raised  hy  the  Angevin  lords  throughout  the  kingdom.  The  conuuand  was 
intrusted  to  the  duke  of  Nemours,  a  l)rave  and  chivalrous  young  nohleman,  of 
the  iiiu'ient  house  of  Armagnac,  whom  lamdy  connections,  more  than  talents, 
luitl  raised  to  the  perilous  ixjst  of  viceroy  over  the  he-ad  of  the  veteran 
h'Auhigny.  The  latter  would  have  thrown  up  his  commission  in  disgust,  hut 
for  the  remonstrances  of  his  sovereign,  who  prevailed  on  him  to  remain  where 
his  counsels  were  more  than  ever  necessaiy  to  sujiply  the  inexperience  of  the 
young  conunander.  The  jealousy  and  wilfulness  of  the  latter,  however, 
ilt'ft'at<'d  these  intentions  ;  and  the  misunderstanding  of  the  chiefs,  extending 
to  their  followers,  led  to  a  fatal  want  of  concert  in  their  movements. 

With  these  oliicers  were  united  some  of  the  hest  and  hravest  of  the  French 
cliivalry  ;  among  whom  may  he  noticed  Jacijues  de  Chahannes,  more  com- 
monly known  as  the  Sire  de  la  Palice,  a  favourite  of  Louis  the  Twelfth, 
and  well  entitled  to  he  so  by  his  deserts  ;  Louis  d'Ars  ;  Ives  d'.V16gre,  hrother 
of  tlie  Precy  who  gained  so  nnich  renown  in  the  wars  of  Charles  the  Fjghth  ; 
and  Pierre  de  Bayard,  the  knight  "sans  jeur  et  sans  reproche,"  who  was  then 
fiitt-ring  on  the  honourable  Ciireer  in  which  he  seemed  to  realize  all  the 
imaginary  perfections  of  chivalry." 

Notwithstanding  the  small  numbers  of  the  F'reiich  force,  the  Great  Captain 
was  in  no  condition  to  coije  with  them.    He  had  received  no  reinforcements 


44/)  MartjT  admits  liis  prudence,  but  objects 
liwijriiiiiMiice  of  Ijatin.  a  dtficiciicy,  liowever 
li'iiiuus  in  tlie  worthy  tutor's  eyes.  probal)ly 
"f  iio  rare  otcurreiice  among  the  elder  Cas- 
tili.'iii  iioMfs. 

'  Many  of  Martyr's  letters  were  addrt  sped 
t'>b()tli  Ferdinand  and  Isalx^Ua.  The  fornu-r, 
li'^Mvir,  was  ignorant  of  the  Latin  language, 
ill  wliidi  tlioy  were  written.  Martyr  play- 
fully alludes  to  this  In  one  of  liis  epistles, 
Mniinling  the  queen  of  her  pronii>e  to  in- 
t'  rjip  t  thciii  faithfully  to  her  husliand.  The 
uiHdii-i  rained  and  familiar  tone  of  his  corro- 
fpiiiiili  luc  aff(jrd8  a  pleasing  example  of  the 
l"'rs,,iiiil  intimacy  to  which  the  sovereigns,  in 
J'tiaine  of  tlie  usual  stiffness  of  Spanish 
etiduiito,  admitted  men  of  leaininji  and 
priiliity  at  their  ccmrt,  without  distinction  of 
rank.    Opus  Epist.,  episl.  U^'O. 

'•'i;alli,"  says  Maityf.  in  a  letter  more 
r'liinrluiMc  fur  stvengtli  of  expression  than 
tl'liaiice  of  Latinity,  "furuut,  sn'viunt,  in- 
teruiciunem  uostris  minautur,  putanttiue  id 


sibi  fore  facillimum.  Kegem  eorum  es.se  in 
itinere,  ini|uiunt,  ut  ipse  cum  duril'--.t .  va- 
ercitu  Alpes  Irajiciat  in  '' .'.iiuu.  Vestro 
nomini  insurgunt.  Cristas  erigunt  in  vos 
superhis^ime.  I'rovineiain  banc,  veinfi  rem 
hiimileni,  parvi<ine  momrnti,  se  aggressiiros 
lineconantur.  Niliil  esse  negotii  eraiiicare 
exterminareque  vestra  jira'sidia  ex  uiri'i((U(! 
Sicilia  biaeterant.  Insolentertiiniisc  xwimendo 
insultant."    Opus  Ejiist.,  ei)ist.  '241. 

'"  D'Auton,  Hist,  de  Luuys  Xli.,  part..  2, 
chap,  s.— (iiantiniie,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  lib.  2'.>, 
cijp.  4.— (iuiceiardini,  Istoiia.  ul>.  ."i,  j)p.  '274, 
21b. — Muonaceursi,  !)iaric),  ji.  Gl. 

"  Guiieiardini,  Isioria,  1  b,  ft,  p.  '2ii:>. — 
D'Autiin,  Hist,  de  Louys  Xil.,  part.  1,  diap. 
f)7.  (iaillani,  IMvalite,  torn.  iv.  pp.  •2'2l-'2:u. . 
— St.  flelais,  Ili^t.  de  Lonys  XII.,  p.  ir,<t. 
Kiantouie  has  lntro(lure(l  slu'tches  i.f  most  of 
the  French  captains  nn'iuioned  in  tin-  text 
into  his  adniiiable  gi'llcry  of  natjcjual  jior- 
traits.  See  Vies  dcs  llommes  illu.'-tres, 
CEuvres,  tuni.  ii.  and  iii. 


456 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


from  home  since  he  first  landed  in  Calabria.  Ilis  little  corps  of  veterans  ^as 
destitute  of  jtrojier  clothing  and  efjuipnicnts,  and  tlie  lar^p  arrears  due  tliciii 
mado  the  tennre  of  their  obedience  extremely  jirccarions.'^'  Since  atlaiis 
be^an  to  assume  their  present  menacing  asjiect,  he  bad  been  busily  occniiicl 
with  dnnvint,' to;;etlier  the  detacliments  posted  in  varif)us  parts  of  C'iilalnia, 
and  con<'ent rating;  tiiem  on  the  town  of  Atella  in  the  iiasilicate,  where  be  liad 
established  his  own  (luarters.  lie  had  also  opened  a  con-esjiondeu'^e  with  the 
barons  of  the  Arauonese  faction,  who  were  most  numerous  as  well  as  ninxt 
l)0werful  in  the  northern  section  of  the  kinplom,  which  had  been  assi^nicd  i, 
the  French.  He  was  particularly  fortunate  in  ^ainiiiLC  over  the  two  Cul(iiiiia<, 
whose  authority,  powerful  connections,  and  larf;e  military  experience  pi(t\(Ml 
of  inestimalile  value  to  him." 

With  all  the  resources  he  could  command,  however,  Oonsalvo  found  iiim- 
self,  as  before  noticc<l,  unecjual  to  the  contest,  thoujih  it  Avas  impossible  to 
defer  it,  after  the  peremptory  summons  of  the  French  viceroy  to  smrtiidcr 
the  Capitanate,  lo  this  he  unhesitatingly  answered  that  "the  Capitanate 
belouL'ed  of  ri^dit  to  his  own  master;  and  that,  with  the  blessin^^  of  (iod,  y 
woul(f  make  good  its  defence  against  the  French  king,  or  any  other  vho 
should  invade  it." 

Notwithstanding  the  hold  front  put  on  his  aOairs,  however,  he  did  imt 
choose  to  abide  the  assatdt  of  the  French  iji  his  present  position,  lie 
instantly  drew  off  with  the  greater  part  of  his  force  to  liarleta,  a  fnitititij 
seajtort  on  the  confines  of  Apulia,  on  the  Adriatic,  the  situation  of  whi.  h 
would  enable  him  either  to  receive  sujiplies  from  abroad,  or  to  ettect  a  retreat, 
if  necessary,  on  board  the  Spanish  fleet,  which  still  kept  the  coast  of  Calabria. 
The  remainder  of  his  army  he  distributed  in  Hari,  Andria,  Canosa,  and  dtlicr 
adjacent  towns ;  where  "he  confidently  hoped  to  maintain  himself  till  the 
arrival  of  reinforcements,  which  he  solicited  in  the  most  pres.sing  nianiicr 
from  Spain  and  Sicily,  should  enable  him  to  take  the  field  on  more  ('([iial 
terms  against  his  adversary.'* 

The  French  ofticers,  in  the  mean  time,  were  divided  in  opinion  as  to  the 
best  mode  of  conducting  the  war.  Some  were  for  besieging  J^ari,  held  by  tlie 
illustrious  and  unfortunate  Isabella  of  Aragon  ;  "  others,  in  a  more  cliivalnms 
spirit,  oppo.sed  the  attack  of  a  place  defended  by  a  female,  and  advised  an 
inmiediate  assault  on  Jiarleta  itself,  whose  old  and  dilapidated  works  miirlit 
easily  be  forcetl,  if  it  did  not  at  once  surrender.  The  duke  of  Neniuurs, 
deciding  on  a  middle  course,  determined  to  invest  the  last-mentioned  town, 
and,  cutting  ofl'all  comnuniication  with  the  surrounding  country,  to  lediKc  it 


"  Martyr's  pplstles  at  this  criBis  are  filled 
with  exjiostiilation,  arpument,  and  cniioaiies 
to  llie  sovereigns,  bcj^giiiR  tlicm  to  rouse  from 
tbeir  apathy  and  take  nieastives  to  .secure  tlie 
vaviMin}.;  afTeetions  of  Venice,  as  well  as  to 
BPiid  more  effeetual  aid  to  tlieir  lUiUan  troops. 
Ferdinand  liste'itHl  to  the  first  of  these  suf* 
gestions,  but  showed  a  htrange  insensibility 
to  the  List. 

' '  Carta  de  Oonzalo  &  los  Reyes,  Tarento, 
10  de  Marzo.  IM2,  MS.-^  Zu^itJ^  Hist. del  Key 
Hernando,  lib.  4,  cap.  6'2,  65.— Giovio.  Vit;B 
Illust.  Viroruu),  p.  2<o.  I'rospero  Colonna, 
in  particular,  was  distinfcuisbed  not  only  for 
bis  military  science,  but  bis  fondness  lor 
letters  and  the  arts,  if  which  he  is  com- 
111'  morated  by  Tiralioschi  as  a  munificent 
patron.  (I.,eti(ratura  Italiana,  tDtn.  viii.  p. 
77.)   Paolo  Giovio  has  introduced  bi.s  portrait 


among  the  effigies  of  illustrioui*  men.  wl ", 
it  must  be  confessed,  are  more  iiuicliitil  ;ii 
bis  worlc  to  the  hand  of  the  bi.stori:iii  tli.iii  if 
tlie  artist.  Elogia  Viroruni  Hellica  \irtuti' 
Illustrium  (T^asilia;,  157s),  lib.  n. 

■'  DWiiton,  Hist  de  l.ouys  XII.,  part.  :', 
chap.  H.— Ulloa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V.,  lul.  lu.- 
Clironioa  i  el  (fran  Capitaii,  cap.  -fj— Siun- 
monte,  Hist,  di  N'ap<di,  tdUi.  ill.  p.  rill. 

'  ibis  liiuutiful  and  Idgh-spiritod  hniv, 
whose  fate  has  Ird  Hoccaliiil,  mi  his  \\liiiu>ii.4 
satire  of  tlie  "IJagpiagli  di  I'urnas  u."  !■) 
call  liir  the  most,  unfoitunate  female  cii 
record,  liad  seen  her  father,  AUbii-o  li.,aiil 
her  husband,  (Jalea/zo  Sf  rza,  drivii  truiii 
tlnir  thrones  by  the  French,  while  iier  smi 
still  remained  in  ca]>tivity  in  tlicir  Iihm!-. 
No  wonder  tliey  revolted  from  accuujulatiiig 
new  woes  on  her  devoted  head. 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


457 


by  rppilar  blockade.  This  plan  was  nnquestinnalily  the  lenst  eliplile  of  u!I, 
as  it  would  allow  time  for  t!ie  ciitlnisiiisiii  of  the  Fieiich,  ihi't'uri'f  h'niticeKey 
.■\>  it  was  railed  in  Italy,  which  c;irried  them  victorious  over  so  many  nlistach's, 
toi'vjiporate,  wliile  it  hrouj^ht  into  [day  the  stern  resolve,  the  calm,  uiitliuching 
I'liiliirance,  which  distinj;uished  tiie  Snaiii.^li  soldier.'* 

One  of  the  first  operations  of  the  French  viceroy  was  the  sie<,'e  of  Tanosa 
i.luly  "J,  ir)02),  a  strondy  fortified  place  west  of  IJjirleta,  ^'arrisoncd  l»y  six 
liiiiiilre(l  picked  men  under  the  engineer  Pedro  Navarro.  The  defence  of  the 
plaiv  justified  the  reiiutation  of  this  gallant  soldier.  He  heat  otVtwo  succes- 
vivc  assaults  of  the  enemy,  led  on  l»y  Hayard,  La  Palice,  and  the  flower  of  their 
iliivalry.  He  ha<l  prepare*!  to  sustain  a  third,  resolved  to  bury  himself  under 
the  ruins  of  the  town  rather  than  surrender,  lint  (^lonsalvo,  unable  to  relievo 
it,  commanded  Inm  to  make  the  best  terms  he  coidd,  saying  "  the  place  was  of 
far  less  value  than  the  lives  of  the  bra*'  men  who  defended  it. '  Navarro 
foiiiid  no  difficulty  ii»  obtaining  an  hnnourable  ca]»itulation  ;  and  the  little 
;,'arrison,  dwindled  to  one-third  of  its  original  nundtcr,  marched  out  through 
the  enemy's  camp,  with  colours  flying  and  nuisic  playing,  as  if  in  derision  of 
the  jinwerfid  force  it  had  so  nobly  kept  at  bay." 

After  the  capture  of  Canosa,  D'Aul»igny,  whoso  misunderstanding  with 
Neiiiuiu's  still  continued,  was  despatclied  with  a  sm.all  force  into  the  soutii,  to 
overnui  the  two  Calabrias.  The  viceroy,  in  the  mean  while,  having  fruitlessly 
attciiiiited  the  reduction  of  several  strong  places  held  by  the  Spaniards  in  the 
iieiuliliourhood  of  Jkrleta,  endeavoured  to  straiten  the  garrison  there  by  d«'so- 
latiiiu^  the  surrounding  country  and  sweejiing  off  the  tlocks  and  herds  which 
L'ra/cd  in  its  fertile  jtastures.  The  Sjtaniards,  however,  did  not  remain  idle 
within  their  defences,  but,  sallying  out  in  small  detachments,  occasionally 
retrieved  tlie  s[)oil  from  the  hantls  of  the  enemy,  or  aiuioye*!  him  with  desultory 
attacks,  andiuscades,  and  other  irregular  movements  of  guerilla  warfare,  in 
which  the  French  were  comparatively  unpractised.'* 

The  war  now  began  to  assume  many  of  the  romantic  features  of  that  of 
(^Iraiiada.  The  knights  on  both  sides,  not  content  with  the  usual  military 
reiiriintres,  defied  one  another  to  jousts  and  tourneys,  eager  to  establish  their 
prowess  in  the  noble  exercises  of  chivalry.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
the<e  meetings  took  i)lace  between  eleven  Spanish  and  as  many  French 
kiiiirhts,  in  conseipience  of  some  disparaging  remarks  of  the  latter  on  the 
cavalry  of  their  enemies,  which  they  afhrmed  inferior  to  their  own.  Tho 
Venetians  gave  the  parties  a  fair  field  of  combat  in  the  neutral  territory  under 
their  own  walls  of  Trani.  A  gallant  array  of  well-armed  knidits  of  both 
nations  guarded  the  lists  and  maintained  the  onh.'r  of  tho  fignt.  On  the 
aiipointed  day  (Sept.  20th,  ir)02)  the  chamnions  appeared  in  the  field,  armed 
at  all  jioints,  with  horses  richlv  caparisoned,  and  barbed  or  covered  with  steel 
l'ann[ily  like  their  masters,  'fhe  roofs  and  Itattlements  of  Trani  were  covered 
with  spectators,  while  the  lists  were  thronged  with  the  French  and  Spanish 


■•  r;io\  io,  Vito  Illust.  Vlrorum,  p.  237.— 
•^jiiiiriiirilini,  l.storia,  lib.  5,  pp.  'in'!,  2s;}. — 
•ji'i ill ly,  t'oiupeiuiio,  turn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  U. 
— I'lir  Martyr,  Opus  Epist..  epUt.  249.^ 
H'  ni.iMoz,  Ueye.s  Gat61icos,  MS.,  cap.  IGH. 

"  ^'iir'niica  del  Gran  Capltan,  cap.  47. — 
Ziirit.i,  Hist,  del  Roy  Hernando,  torn.  i.  lib. 
4.  '  ip.  Gl>.-(iiuvi(j,  Vitic  lllu-^t.  Vlrorum, 
'  111.  i  11.  ■J41.— D'Auton,  part.  -',  chap.  1 1.— 
iVtor  .Martyr,  Opus  Kpint.,  cyUi.  247.— 
MHrtyr  says  that  the  .Spanianls  marched 
ihruiigh  the  enemy's  cauip,  shouting,  "  K»- 


pafia,  Espafia,  viva  Kspafia!"  (nbj  8\ipra.) 
Tlieir  (^.lUantry  in  the  d'-feiue  of  ("anosa 
elicits  a  iiearty  eulogiuni  Imni  .Jean  d'Autou, 
the  loyal  historiographer  of  Louis  Xll.  :  "Jo 
ne  veux  done  par  nia  Clironhjue  niettre  )e» 
Ijii'UsfaictH  di'9  Espai;;nols  en  oubly,  inais 
dire  que  pour  vertueuse  deleiice,  (iolbueiit 
auoir  louange  honuralle."  Hist,  de  Louys 
XII.,  ciiap.  11. 

'  Be  rnaldez,  Uoyi  sC'at('ll<os,  MS.,  cap.  IG9. 
—  Ulloa,  Viui  di  Carlo  V.,  lol.  lo.  — Chronica 
del  Gran  Capltan,  cap.  66. 


4r)H 


ITALIAN  WAR8. 


cliivalry,  each  staking  in  snnu*  drj^rco  iho  national  lionnur  on  tlin  issuo  of  tlie 
contest.  Ainonu'  tlic^  (!astilians  wcni  I)i('^'o  do  Painh's  and  I)i«'i:n  de  Vera, 
while  the  ^ood  kni;,dit  ii.iyard  was  nmst  cMiispicnoiis  on  the  other  sitle. 

As  the  tninipets  sninidnl  the  aii)M»iiited  signal,  the  hostile  partitas  rnsheil  [„ 
ihv  oiuimnlor.  Three  Spaniards  were  itornc^  from  th(Mr  siiddles  hy  the  nulo 
noss  of  the  sliock,  and  foin-  of  their  aiitat;oni>ts'  horses  shiin.  The?  li-ht, 
which  iM'xan  at  ten  in  the  inornin.;,  was  not  to  l»e  protracti'd  hevond  snihct. 
Lont;  hefore  that  lioiir,  all  the  Kreneh  save  two,  one  of  them  tlie  rlievalitr 
]iayard,  had  iieen  dismoinited,  and  their  horses,  at  which  the  Spaniard>  Iml 
aimed  more  tlian  at  the  riders,  (Hsahled  or  slain.  The  Sjjaniards,  s(>vcii  of 
whom  were  still  on  horseback,  pressed  hard  on  their  adversaries,  leaving  litt'o 
donht  of  the  fortinie  of  the  day.  The  latter,  however,  intrenchinLC  theiii-rl\cs 
iHihind  the  canyises  of  their  dead  horses,  made  t;ood  their  defence  a;;ainst  the 
Spaniards,  who  in  vain  tried  to  snnr  their  terri'ied  stju'ils  over  the  l)arrier.  in 
this  way  the  ti^ht  was  protracted  till  snnset;  and,  as  hoth  partie.s  continuKl 
to  keen  possession  of  the  field,  the  palm  of  victory  was  adjud;.,^ed  to  ncithtr, 
Avhi  e  l)oth  were  pronounced  to  have  demeaned  themselves  like  good  and 
valiant  knights."* 

The  tourney  hein-^  ended,  the  comhatiints  met  in  the  centre  of  tlie  lists,  aiil 
embraced  each  other  in  the  true  companionship  of  chivalry,  "niakini,'  ;,m.ii| 
cheer  to;,'ether,"  says  an  old  chronicler,  before  they  separated.  The  (Jnat 
Cai)tain  was  not  satistie  I  with  the  issue  of  the  fi^dit.  "We  have,  at  h'a>t,'' 
said  one  of  his  chami)ions,  "disproved  the  tainit  of  the  Frenclnuen,  lUil 
shown  ourselve-!  as  ;;ood  horsemen  as  they  "  "  I  sent  you  for  better,"  coMly 
retorted  Gonsalvo.'" 

A  more  trai^ic  termination  befi'll  a  combat  ^>  Vontrdnce  between  the  cluna 
lier  liayard  and  a  Sjtanish  cavalier,  named  Alonso  de  Sotomayor,  who  lial 
accuse)!  the , former  of  uncoiu'teous  treatment  of  him  while  bis  jtrisdncr. 
IJayard  denied  the  charL'e,  and  d«^tied  the  Sjtaniard  to  prove  it  in  sin,i,de  liLtiit, 
on  horse  or  on  foot,  as  he  best  liked.  Sotomayor,  aware  of  !ns  anUi^^onisti 
uncommon  horsemanship,  preferred  the  latter  alternative. 

At  the  day  and  hoiu'  apnointed  (Feb.  2nd,  loO.S)  the  two  kni<,dits  entordl 
the  lists,  armed  with  sword  and  da^j^er,  and  sheatlied  in  complete  harno'^s ; 
althouj^h,  with  a  de.i^ree  of  temerity  unusual  in  these  combats,  they  wore  tluir 
visors  up.  Both  combatants  knelt  down  in  silent  jirayer  for  a  fe*w  nionicnts 
and  then,  rising  and  cro-isiug  themselves,  advanced  straight  against  cadi 
other ;  "  the  good  knight  Bayard,"  says  Brantume,  "  moving  as  light  of  step 
as  if  he  were  going  to  lead  some  fair  lady  down  the  dance," 

The  Spaniard  was  of  a  large  and  powerful  frame,  ami  endeavoured  to  cribli 
his  enemy  by  weight  of  blows,  or  to  close  with  him  and  bring  him  to  the 

ground  The  latter,  naturally  inferior  in  strength,  was  rendered  still  weaker 
y  a  fever,  from  which  he  had  not  entirely  recovered.  He  was  more  liglit  ani 
agile  than  liis  adversary,  however,  and  superior  dexterity  enabled  him  not  only 
to  parry  his  enemy's  strokes,  but  to  deal  him  occasionally  one  of  his  own, 
while  he  sorely  distressed  hun  by  the  rapidity  of  his  movements.     At  lenu'tli, 


'"  Clir6nlca  del  Oran  Papitan,  cap.  5.3. — 
D'Aiitoii,  Hist,  lie  Lmiys  XII.,  part.  2,  cliap. 
2t;. — (liovio,  Vita^  lliust.  N'irorum,  pj).  '.J:is, 
2.'i'.t. — Meiiioiri'8  de  Hayard  par  le  l.oyal 
Serviteur,  cliap.  2:i,  ni)Uil  IVtitot,  Cdiloitiuii 
dea  Meiuoires,  toin.  xv.— Braiitriuie,  (Etivres, 
toin.  iii.  disc.  7". — Tliis  cclft)rat('(l  tduriit'y, 
lt8  causes,  and  all  tlie  details  of  the  actiDii, 
are  told  in  as  u»any  different  ways  as  there 
are  uarrators;   and  this,  nutwitbstandiug  it 


was  foupht  in   tlie  presence  of  a  cvowd  f  | 
witnesses,  wlui  had  nuthinn  to  do  l)iit  Vk<\.' 
and  note  what  passed  l)efore  their  lycs.    Th»  I 
only  facts  in  which  ail  agree  are,  that  tli'f  | 
was   such   a  tournament,    and   that    ni'iili'. 
jiarty  pained   the   advantagi'.     So  inmli  (.; 
iiistory ! 

'■"  lV.\nt<in,  Hist,  do  Louj-s  XII.,  uhi  siijiri  | 
— Quiutana,  Espuuoles  celebres,  torn.  ii.  P 
263. 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  8PANIAIID3. 


AR9 


1  tliP  issuo  of  tlie 
I  l)i('.u'()  <U'  Vtni, 
tlicr  sitl«\ 
pivrticw  riislicd  to 
(ll(s  l>v  tlic  nuli^- 

;lllill.    "TIU'    iiullt, 

■(1     llOVOIl'l    SlIllM't. 

icni  tin"  flicvalitr 
ic  Si»iiniuitl>  liii'l 
tiinianls,  scstii  of 
li-'h's,  Iraviiiu  litt'e 
iicliiiVJC  tlH'iii.M'Ucs 
'fi'lirc  ii>:iiiiist  the 
iT  the  harrier.  In 
l»arti('s  (Hintiminl 
juilue<l  to  iicithrr. 
cs  liko  good  iui4 

tre  of  the  lists,  m\ 
Irv,  "maUin^,'  'A'>'"\ 
nite-l.  The  (In'iU 
Ve  iiave,  at  lea-t, 
3  FnMK'iinu'ii,  luii 
for  better,'  ^''^I'v 


lietweoii  the  chova 
otoinayor,  who  lia 
Miile  his  prisciKT. 
e  it  in  sini^le  liu'lit, 
of  his  antJi;4onists 


two  kni^'hts  ontorc^l 
ooniiilete  harno'^^; 

lats,  they  wore  tluir 
for  a  few  ni(»iiu'nts. 

raiu'ht  ajrainst  ouih 

ing  as  light  of  step 

■ndeavoured  to  oni^h 
(I  bring  him  to  the 
rendered  still  weaker 
0  was  more  light  anl 
LMiabled  him  not  only 
illy  one  of  his  owii, 
k'ements.     At  leiii-'tli, 

prpspncp  of  a  cn'wd  . 
ivithiun  to  do  but  Ink' 
.,1  Itcforo  their  iy>'-    '■' 

all  ugrpo  are,  tlmt  tli'i 

ain.'ut,   and  tlint    i>'H'|'M 

advantage'.     So  imi'li  V. 

doT.ouv9XlI..«W^.rH 
oles  celcbres,  torn.  "•  P 


as  the  S|)aniaril  was  sctniewhat  thrown  oil'  his  balance  by  an  illd'rorted  blow. 
ifcwanl  >trii(  k  him  m»  .sharply  nn  the  gnrgct  that  it  <^:\.\v  way,  anil  the  .^iwonl 
futVifd  his  thritat.  Knriuu.s  with  the  agi'oy  of  the  wuiind,  >iitniii;i_vur  lol- 
Icctfd  all  his  stiength  for  a  la.-^t  .strugglr,  and,  grasping  his  antaj^oni^-t  in  his 
;iriii>,  tliev  Imtli  rolled  in  the  <hist  ti»^etlier.  Hi-fore  (•itlur  ((Mild  cxtriiate 
JiiiiiMlt,  tlie  (|uick-eyed  Hayard,  who  had  re^'lill(>l|  hiN  ]ioiiiiird  in  his  left  hand 
(liiriii;;  the  whole  eonduit,  while  the  Spaniards  had  remained  [.\  his  belt,  drove 
tilt'  steel  with  snch  (•onvnl,si\t'  ,vtreM;4th  nnder  his  ciicniy's  rye  that  it  pierced 
iiiiitc  tliiou;;h  the  brain.  After  tin*  judges  had  awardeil  the  hoiionr.s  of  the 
ilav  to  liayard,  the  minstrels  us  usnal  iK'gan  to  i>oiir  forth  trimnphant  strains 
111  ]irai>e  of  the  victor  ;  bnt  the  good  knight  (omi'-iamled  them  to  delist,  and 
iiaviii:,'    lirst  prostrated  him>elf  on   his  knees   in   ;:ratitiid( 


for 


ills  \i(tor\ 


walked  slowly  (>ut  of  the  lists,  expressing  a  wi>h  that  the  (ondiat 


hud  had 


iiilillereiit  ternnnution,  .so  that  his  h(»nour  had  Ik  en  saved.'-" 

Ill  these  Jousts  and  tourneys,  described   with  sutlKient  jiroliAity,  but  in  a 

truly  heart-stirring  tone,  by  the  chroniclers  of  the  day,  we  uiay  discern  the 

!a-t  gleams  of  the  lioht  of  chivalry,   which  iilunincd  the  darkness  of  the 

.MiiMIe  Ages  ;  and,  ultliou^h  rough  ni  ((imjui^on  with  the  pu.vtinies  of  more 

oli>lieil  times,  they  called  f(»rth  such  di^pluvs  of  magnificence,  courte.sy,  and 

iii-litly  honour  as  throw  souietiiing  like  tfie  grace  of  civili/ution  over  the 

iTotious  features  of  the  age. 

While  the  Spaniards,  cooped  up  within  the  old  town  of  Parleta,  sought 

1   I   to  vary  the  monotony  of  tlu'ir  existence  by  tbe-e  diivalrous  exerci>es   or 

an  oivusiunal  foray  into  the  neighhouring  coiuitiy,  they  .>ullered  greatly  from 

the  \winl  of  military  store.s,  food,  cktthing,  and  the  un*>t  common  nece.ssaric 


f  life.     It  seemed  as  if  their  master  had  abandoned  them  to  their  fate  on  this 

1  I   foi lorn  outpost,  without  a  struggle  in  their  behalf.''*     How  dillerenl  from  the 

jarciital  care  with  which  bsalK-lla  watched  over  the  welfare  of  her  soldiers 

111  the  long  war  of  (Jranada  I    '"'he  (pieen  ap-jiears  to  have  taken  no  part  in  the 

inaiiiiuciiient  of  the.ve  wars,  Wuicli,  notwithstanding  the  number  of  her  own 


iihiiii'iliate  subjects  embarked  in  them,  she  probably  regarded,  from  the  first, 
a>  appertaining  to  Aragon  as  exclusively  as  the  cumpiests  in  the  New  World 
iliil  to  Castile.  Indeed,  whatever  degree  of  interest  she  may  Ikinc  felt  in 
tlicir  succes.s,  the  declining  state  of  her  health  at  this  leriod  would  not  have 
ai!owt'(l  her  to  take  any  part  in  the  conduct  of  them. 

(itiiisalvo  was  not  wanting  to  him.self  in  this  trying  emergency,  and  his 
iiolile  spirit  seemed  to  n>e  as  all  outward  and  visible  rcHJiuccs  failed.  He 
ilit'crcd  his  troops  with  promises  of  speedy  relief,  talking  confidently  of  the 
Miliplies  of  grain  he  expected  from  Sicily  and  the  men  and  uk  iiey  he  was 
to  receive  from  Spain  and  Venice.  He  contrived,  too,  says  (Jiovio,  that 
,  a  niKOt  should  get  abroad  that  a  i>underous  culler  lying  in  hi>  aj  artment  was 
.1 1  tilled  with  gold,  which  he  could  ciraw  upon  in  the  last  extren:ity.  The  old 
laiiipaigners,  indeed,  according  to  the  same  authority,  shook  their  heads 
at  tlicv-e  and  other  agretuible  fictions  of  their  ;;eiieral,  with  a  very  s|:e]ifical  air. 
They  derived  some  confirmation,  howevor,  from  tiie  arrival  .-oon  after  of  a 


'■  I'.rntitflme,  flOiivros,  torn,  vi.,  Discoiirs 
.«ur  Ics  liii.ls.— D'Aiitoii,  Hi'-t.  «!<•  Lonys  XII., 
Iwrt.  2,  iliiip.  '27.— Ulloa.  Vita  di  Carlo  V., 
)"1.  II.  .VW'nioiri'.s  dc  Bayard,  di.iit.  2'J,  aj)uci 
l''titit,  t'ollcctlnii  (lc8  M(''moirt'S.--Gi(>vio, 
Vit.i'  illust.  Viriirum,  p.  24u. 

'  AL^clr(lill^  to  Martyi',  the  l)e8iegpd  had 
l«»ii  j-o  sovinly  pressed  by  fauiiiic  for  snuie 
time  Uforc  this  tiiat  Gonsalvo  cnttrtaiiiiMl 
Biriuus  tlioughts  of  embvJ'king  the  vvh(.>l«;  of 


his  little  KiTtson  on  Ixmnl  the  fl.  ft  aiicl 
abaiiiiiiiiiii^  tlif  i)lacc  to  thf  riii'iiiy  :  "  I<iir- 
lotlJi'  iniliisos  fun. I'  pcsifiiuc  ur^'cri  ^rraviter 
aiuiit.  Vicini  ijiscruni  miiiiia  (ialli  crinpunt, 
ct  Miistriis  <niiiti(lii>  nia^ris  in-  ihhuIs  jircn.iiiit. 
Ita  ol'Sfs-i  iindi(|U«',  dc  ri  linquenOa  etiaia 
Harletta  sjijilii-^  iiiiire  inii'-iliiini.  Vt  lunri 
ter^?a^ll  lit  ImKtibiis.ne  iajiu-  yi  ste(|iie  per"  ant, 
Bivpc  cadit  in  deliberatiouem."  Opua  Epist., 
e|)iflt.  2i9, 


460 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


Sirilinn  Ixirk  laden  with  rorn,  niid  nnotluT  from  Vnilco  with  various  servjd*. 
ali!c  stores  and  wearinjLr  nnparel,  wliii  h  <loiisaIvo  lum^ht  on  Ids  ciwu  crcilit 
and  that  of  his  iirnniial  ollicers  and  distrihnti'd  gratuiton>ly  ainoiij;  I.h 
<l(!stitnfe  soldiers.'* 

At  this  time  he  received  the  nnwelconie  tidin^'s  that  a  Miiall  forre  Avlii'h 
liad  Ikmii  sent  from  Spain  to  his  assistance,  under  I>ori  Manuel  de  lienuvid'  •, 
nndwhidi  had  ell'ecte*!  ajuncti(»n  with  one  niudi  larpT  from  Sicily  uikIit 
llu;:()  de  Cardona,  had  heen  suiiiristd  hv  l''Aidii}:ny  near  Terriuin\;i  jiiij 
t(.taliy  defeated.  (I»ee.  'jritli,  !."0*J  )  This  disaster' was  f(>ll(,\\ed  !/)■  llic 
n-duetioi"  of  all  ("alahria,  which  the  latter  ;:eneial,  at  the  head  of  his  1-VcimIi 
and  Scottish  /gendarmerie,  rode  over  from  one  extremity  to  the  other  without 
oiiiiosition.'* 

Th(>  jirosiiect  now  ^Tew  darker  and  darker  aroinid  tlie  little  pirriMin  ^f 
I'arleta.  'llie  dixnmtiture  of  j^enavides  ex*  ludcd  ho) cs  of  relief  in  tli:it 
direction.  The  ^^rndiial  occnjiatinn  of  most  of  tlu'  stron;;  iha(es  in  .Aiiiiliiily 
the  <hike  of  Nemours  cut  off  all  communicition  with  the  nei-ldHiiirin;; 
country  ;  and  a  Kreiich  tleet  crui.-in;;  in  the  Adriiitic  rcndcrcil  the  ;irii\;il 
of  further  stores  and  rj-infoi cements  extremely  precarious,  (idiisalvd,  Im.u 
over,  maintained  the  same  unndtled  cheerfulness  as  hefore,  and  endcHdinvd 

to  infu>e  it  into  the  hearts  of  others,     lie  j;erf((tly  underst 1  the  (liannfir 

of  his  ((tunlrvmen,  knew  all  their  rosouKes,  and  tried  to  roihc  e\cry  Intent 
]  rinciple  of  honour,  loyalty,  )  ride,  and  national  feeliii;; ;  and  such  was  the 
authority  which  he  ac(iuired  over  their  minds,  and  so  deej)  the  aU'ectioii  ^^lli■ll 
lie  inspireil,  hy  the  anu'nity  of  his  manners  and  the  generosity  of  his  ili  • 
position,  that  not  a  nmrnuir  or  symptom  of  insuhordination  escaped  tlicm 
during,'  the  whole  of  this  hmi;  and  j^ainful  sie;^e.  Hut  neither  the  cxccIIcimc 
of  his  troops,  nor  the  resdu.'es  of  his  own  p'nius,  would  have  heen  siittniciit 
to  extricate  r.onsalvo  from  the  diHiculties  of  his  situation,  without  tlie  in  it 
flaf;rant  errors  on  the  part  of  his  onponent.  The  Sjanish  j;eiu'ral,  wlm  inili!- 
stood  the  chaiacter  of  the  Freiuh  eonnnander  nerfectly  well,  lay  ]iatitiitly 
awaitinj;  his  oi)portunity,  like  askilfvd  fencer,  reaoy  tn  make  a  decisive  tlimt 
at  the  first  vulnerahle  point  that  should  he  jiresented.  Such  an  t>c(ii  imi 
at  length  ofl'ered  itself  early  in  the  followiii},'  vear."     (January,  ]'A):i) 

The  French,  no  less  weary  than  their  adversaries  of  their  loni;  inaction, 
sallied  out  from  Canosa,  where  the  viceroy  had  estalilished  his  head-ipiartcrs 
and,  crossin^f  theOfanto,  marched  up  directly  under  the  walls  of  Kiulcta,  vith 
the  intention  of  drawing  out  the  garrison  from  the  "old  den,"  as  they  <all(il 
it,  and  deciding  the  (luanel  in  a  pitche<l  hattle.  The  duke  of  Nciimuis 
accordinglv,  having  tanen  up  his  position,  sent  a  trumpet  into  the  place  t(t 
defy  the  (Jreat  Captain  to  the  encounter  ;  but  the  latter  returneil  for  aii-w"  r 
that  "he  was  accustomed  to  choose  his  own  jilace  and  time  for  tiglititi':.  ai,il 
vould  thank  the  French  p'ueral  to  wait  till  his  men  found  time  to  sIkk-  tluir 
horses  and  huriush  uj)  their  arms."  At-  length,  Nemours,  after  reniaiiiing 
some  days  and  finding  there  was  no  chance  oif  dei  oying  his  wily  foe  from  li:s 
defences,  hroke  up  his  camp  and  retired,  satisfied  with  the  empty  honours  nf 
his  gasconades 

No  sooner  had  he  fairly  tiu'ned  his  hack  than  Gonsalvo,  whose  sokliors  liiul 
heen  restrained  with  ditliculty  from  sallying  nut  on  their  insolent  foe,  onit'icl 
the  whole  strength  of  his  cavalry,  luuler  the  command  of  Diego  de  Mcihlo/ii. 


■■"  Giovlo,  Vitjv  Illii«t.  Vlrorum.  p.  242.  - 
Zurita,  Hi>t.  dol  Key  llcmaiKln,  tum.  i.  lib. 
5,  I'lip.  4.  -Horimld'^z,  l{oy''>'  < 'atolicow,  MS., 
cap.  H)7.  -  (iiiidiiinlini,  Istdrlii,  Itli.  f),  p.  2s;{. 

"  Uuiccittnliui,    Istoriu,   lib.   5,  p.   a94.— 


DWtitoii.  Hi8t.  tie  T.ouys  XII..  part.  •-',  ilmii. 
22.— Clin'nici  (Id  (Jrati"  Cuiiitati,  cul".  i'''- 

■'■  ClluH.  \'it,i(|i  Ciirlo  v..  fol.  11.  <!i"vin, 
VitM'  llliist.  N'ir.iruin,  Um\.  i.  j..  2l7.-  /.iiiit:i. 
Hist,  del  Uey  Hemanao,  Wui.  »•  lib.  5,  cttp.  a. 


RE80LITI0N  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


4tt 


'Jim  "US  scrviip. 
his  own  (if.!it 
>ly  ftiiioiij,'  l.i-i 

itjiU  fono  wlii'li 
•1  (If  li('iiii\iili '. 
Ill  Sicily  iiiidiT 
Ti'iraiii'Mi  aiiil 
illdwcti  Iv  tlic 
III  of  lii^  1'  niiih 

10  other  without 

ttle  puri-nii  I'f 
'  relief  in  tli:it 
es  ill  AiiiiliJi  I')' 
\v.  iiei;:lilMiiiiiiii; 
rnil  tlu'  airi\al 
(Iniisiilvo,  li(a\- 
iliil  cinlraMiiiii'il 
11(1  the  (liarai  tir 
ii>e  e\civ  liitriit 

(1    Mich    WH-    tlf 

•  allectidii  wlii'li 
i»:>ity  of  his  ili-- 

11  escajietl  tliciii 
r  the  exccllciHC 
,'  lieeii  Mittii  iciit 
itlmut  the  m  i^t 

ral,  who  iiinlcr- 
II,  lay  |iatici,!ly 
a  (lec"isi\e  tiniit 
ich  an  0('ca>ioii 

ir  loii.u  iiiactidii, 
s  licadiiuarters 
of  l^arleta.  uith 
,"'  as  they  lalldl 

(>    of     NcIlU'lIlS, 

to  the  place  \o 
rued  for  an-\\ir 

or  tijihtiii'-'.  ai.il 
iiic  to  shdc  tlii'ir 
after  reiiiainin},' 
vily  foe  from  his 
jity  lionotirs  nf 

lOse  soldiers  hinl 
out  foe,  onifit'd 
■<^o  do  Mfiid(i/a, 

XII..  part.  •-',  iliai' 
liitaii,  call.  '' ' 
'.,  f,il.  11.     (-"Vin, 
i   J).  217.-  y.ii'i':'- 


lUiib'd  hy  two  corps  of  iiifiintry,  to  issue  forth  iiiid  pursue  the  French.  Men- 
(I  lAi  e.\eeiit('(l  the>e  (irdei.s  .^o  promptly  that  he  hr(»ii),'ht  up  his  jmrse,  whicji 
wcic  Miiii(M\hiit  ill  adviiiKi'  of  liie  foot,  on  the  ri'ur-;^uaid  of  the  French,  liefmo 
it  li.i'l  „'ot  uifiny  miles  from  liiirletrt.  The  latter  inst;intly  halted  t(»  receive  tho 
(Iiar^c  of  the  SpunianU,  iind,  afl«'r  a  lively  skirini.>h  of  no  ^'reat  duration, 
Meiido/.a  retreateil,  followed  hy  the  inciiutioiis  enemy,  who,  in  coii.>>e  loence  of 
tlicir  irre;;idar  and  straK;;liiiK'  march,  woru  Uet4ichea  from  the  main  Ixnly  of 
tiu'ir  aniiy.  In  the  mean  time,  the  advancing  cohiii'iis  of  the  Spalli^h  infantry, 
wjiicji  had  now  come  up  with  the  retreittin;^'  horse,  unexpectedly  closing'  on  thu 
piiciiiy'.s  tlanks,  threw  them  into  some  disorder,  which  hecame  eomplete  when 
till'  llyiiiu'  cavalry  of  tho  Spaniards,  suddenly  wheelin;;  round  in  the  rapid  .stylo 
vi  the  .Moorish  tactics,  char^'cil  them  holdly  in  front.  All  was  now  confusion. 
Some  made  resistance,  hut  most  sou;;ht  only  to  escajie  ;  a  few  ellected  it,  hut 
tilt'  greater  part  of  those  who  diil  not  fall  on  the  tiehl  were  carrieil  pri.^onersto 
lUiicta  ;  wiiere  .Mendo/ii  f(tiin(l  tlu;  (Jieat  CapLiiin  with  his  whole  army  drawn 
up  iiiidiT  the  walls  in  order  of  hattle,  ready  to  siip|Ktrt  him  in  ptrson,  if  neces- 
siiy.  The  whole  athiir  passed  .so  e.\p«'(litiously  that  the  viceroy,  who,  as  han 
ln'cii  .said,  conducted  his  retreat  in  a  most  disonhuiy  manner,  and  in  fad  had 
already  dispersed  several  hattulions  (jf  his  infantry  to  the  ditrerent  towns  from 
i\liich  he  had  drawn  them,  knew  nothing'  of  the  rencontre  till  his  men  were 
.securely  lod;,'ed  within  the  walls  of  |{arleta."* 

The  arrival  of  a  Venetian  trader  at  tliis  time,  with  a  carcjo  of  ^'rain,  hrou;,dit 
tcmiMiiary  relief  to  the  pres.s'mj^  necessities  of  the  garrison. '•''  This  was  followed 
\>v  tiic  welcome  intelli|;ence  of  tlie  total  discomfiture  of  the  Frendi  tiect  under 
y\.  lie  riejan  hy  the  Spanish  admiral  Lezcano.  in  an  action  off  Otranto,  which 
(•niiNCijiiently  left  the  seas  open  for  the  supplies  daily  exp<'cte(l  fntm  Sicily. 
Fortune  seemed  now  in  the  Ki^''>K  ^'<''"  ;  f'"'  '"  '^^  f^'W  days  a  convoy  of  seven 
transports'  from  that  island,  huU'ii  with  i^viuu,  meat,  and  other  store.s,  came 
sifc  into  liarleta,  and  supplied  ahundant  means  for  recruiting  the  hejvlth  and 
spirits  of  its  famished  inmates.'" 

Tims  restored,  the  Spaniards  began  to  look  forward  with  eager  confidence 
to  tlic  achievement  of  some  new  enterpri.se.  The  temerity  of  the  viceroy  soon 
ntloidcil  an  opportunity.  The  iteo[tle  of  Castellaneta,  a  town  near  Tareuto, 
were  driven  hy  the  insolent  and  licentious  behaviour  of  the  French  garrison 
til  liftray  the  place  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  The  duke  of  Nemours, 
ciiianeirat  this  defection,  prepared  to  march  at  once  with  his  whole  force  and 
take  signal  vengeance  on  the  devoted  little  town  ;  and  this',  notwithstjinding 
till'  rciiionstrances  of  ids  othcers  against  a  step  which  must  ineviUihly  expose 
till'  unprotected  garrisons  in  the  neighhourhood  to  the  assault  of  their  vigilant 
enemy  in  liarletii.    The  event  justified  these  apprehensions."" 


'"  Ui.ivio.  Vitiv  niuRt.  Vinmun,  pp.  24.1, 
241.  ril..a,  Vit;i(li  Carlo  v.,  fol.  11,  lii,  A 
di«|iiiti'  iiroii',  H(M)n  alter  tliis  afTair,  Ivtwoon 
a  It' iM'li  onicor  ami  some  Italiati  gi'iitlotnr'n 
»t  li'iii-rtlvo's  table,  in  cojisfqucnc'  of  ccrtaiii 
iiijurkiiw  reflections  maile  by  tiie  former  on 
ih'^iiravery  of  the  Italian  nation.  Tli(M|narrel 
w.H<  si'ttji'il  liy  a  combat  it  I'oiityatici  between 
th;rt'.  n  ktii|.;lit3  on  eacli  8id<:>,  fou^lit  under 
til.'  pMtPction  of  the  (rreat  Cainain,  who  took 
» liv' ly  intereHt  in  the  success  of  liis  allies. 
It  tiTiiiiiijiteil  in  the  (lisconifitiire  and  capture 
of  all  the  French.  The  tournej-  covers  more 
pi>e"<  in  the  Italian  historians  tiian  the  lonjrest 
I'lMl",  (ukI  is  told  with  pride  and  a  swell  of 
'X'tiLition  which  show  that  this  insult  of  the 
hcai.h  cut  more  deeply  than  all  the  injuries 


inflicted  by  them.  Giovio,  Vita^  Illust.  Vi- 
roruni.  p,>.  24»-'2l7.— Guicciardini,  I.storia, 
pj..  'iiDC-'Jlls.- r.iannone.  Istoiia  di  Na|ioli. 
lib.  '.J9,  cajt.  4. — Sninmonte,  Hist,  di  Napoli, 
toin.  iii.  pp.  54'J-552. 

"'  This  supply  waH  owin^  to  the  avarice  of 
the  French  general  AH't^re,  uho,  havill^;  (jot 
possession  of  a  niagiizine  of  corn  in  Fo^^ia. 
B(dd  it  to  the  Venetian  merchant,  in-tead  of 
reserving  it,  where  It  was  most  needed,  fur 
Ills  own  nriny. 

-'  D'.Vutoii,  Hist,  de  Louys  XII  ,  part.  1, 
chap.  72.  —  I'eter  Martvr,  Opus  Episf.,  ejii.-it. 
254.  -  (liovio.  Vitic  Illust.  Viroruni,  p.  '2il. 

''''  rmicciardini.  Istoria,  lib.  ■'i,  p.  206. — 
D'Auton,  Hist,  dc  I.ouys  XIL,  part.  2,  chap. 
31. 


462 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


No  sooner  had  Gonsalvo  learned  the  defiartnre  of  Nemours  on  a  (hstant 
exjK'dition  than  he  resolved  at  once  to  make  an  attack  on  the  town  (if  Kuvm. 
about  twelve  mih's  (hstant,  and  defendeil  l)y  the  l»rave  La  I'ahce  witli  a  (hi|k 
of  three  hundred  French  lan(.'es  and  as  many  foot  With  his  usual  iirmiijit. 
ness,  tlie  Spanish  ^^eneral  ([uitted  the  walls  of  Harleta  the  same  night  on  uindi 
he  received  the  news  (Feh.  'i'Jnd,  I'iO'.i),  takini,^  with  him  his  wliole  eficctivc 
force,  amounting  to  ahout  three  thousand  infantry  and  one  thousaml  light  ami 
heavy  armed  horse.  So  few,  inihHHi.  remaine<l  to  guard  the  city  that  In.' 
thought  it  jirudent  to  take  some  of  the  itrincipal  iniiahitants  as  hostages  t(j 
insure  its  fidelity  in  his  absence. 

At  Itreak  of  day  the  little  army  arrived  before  Ruvo.  Gonsalvo  iniiiio. 
diately  opened  a  lively  cannonade  on  the  old  ramparts,  which  in  less  than  four 
hours  effected  a  consideral)le  breach.  He  then  led  his  men  to  the  assault, 
taking  charge  himself  of  those  who  were  to  storm  the  ])re^vch,  while  atintlicr 
division,  armed  with  ladders  for  scaling  the  walls,  was  intrusted  to  the  ad- 
venturous cavalier  Diego  de  I'aredes. 

The  assailants  experienced  more  resolute  resistance  than  they  had  antiiipat(^il 
from  the  inconsiderable  lumiber  of  the  garrison,  hi  Palice,  throwing  liiniseif 
into  the  breach  with  his  iron  band  of  dismounted  gendarmes,  drove  Itack  the 
Spaniards  as  often  as  tiiey  attempted  to  set  foot  on  the  broken  rani]iart>; 
•while  the  Gascon  archery  showered  down  volleys  of  arrows  tliick  as  hail,  fmiii 
the  battlements,  on  the  exposcnl  persons  of  the  assailants.  The  latter,  how- 
ever, soon  rallied  under  the  eye  of  their  general,  and  returned  with  fresh  fury 
to  the  charge,  until  the  overwhelming  tide  of  lunnbers  bore  down  all  opjxisi'- 
tion,  and  they  poured  in  tiu-ough  the  breach  and  over  the  walls  with  irnsistihle 
fury.  The  hrave  little  garrison  were  driven  before  them  ;  ."^till,  however, 
occasionally  making  fight  in  the  streets  and  houses.  Their  intre]ii(l  youii;' 
commander.  La  Palice,  retreated  facing  the  enemy,  who  pressed  thick  aii'l 
close  upon  him,  till,  his  fm'ther  progress  being  arrested  by  a  wall,  he  placod 
his  l)ack  against  it,  and  kept  them  at  bay,  making  a  wide  circle  aroiuid  hiin 
■with  the  deadly  sweep  of  his  battle-axe.  liut  the  odds  were  too  much  fnr 
him  ;   and  at  length,  after  repeated  wounds,  iiaving  been  brought  to  the 

f round  by  a  deep  cut  in  the  liead,  he  was  made  prisoner  ;    not,  Iiowevcr, 
efore  he  had  tlung  his  sword  far  over  the  heads  of  the  assailants,  (lisdainiii;', 
in  the  true  spirit  of  a  knight-errant,  to  yield  it  to  the  rab))le  around  liiin."' 

All  resistjince  was  now  at  an  end.  The  women  of  the  place  had  Hed,  like  so 
many  frighted  (k^er,  to  one  of  the  jirincipal  churches  ;  and  Gonsalvo,  with  iiiore 
humanity  than  was  usual  in  these  barbarous  wars,  ))la(X>d  a  guard  over  their 
persons,  which  efi'cctually  secured  them  from  the  insults  of  the  sohhery.  After 
a  short  time  spent  in  gathering  uj)  the  booty  and  securing  his  prisoners,  the 
Spanish  general,  having  achieved  the  object  of  his  expedition,  set  out  un  his 
homeward  march,  and  arrived  without  interruption  at  liarleta. 

The  duke  of  Nemours  had  scarcely  appearc^d  before  Castellaneta  liefore  he 
received  tidings  of  the  attack  on  Ruvo.  He  put  iiimself,  without  losiiiu'  a 
moment,  at  the  head  of  his  gendarmes,  supported  by  the  Swiss  jtikeiiien, 
hoping  to  reach  the  beleaguered  town  in  time  to  raise  the  siege.    Great  was 


'"  Glovio,  Vita-  inu>t.  Viioniui,  jip.  2is, 
240. — (iiiicc-ai(lini.  I^turia,  p.'JOC).- -  Mpinaldpz, 
lleyts  ("atoliids,  MS.,  cap.  1 75.— D' Anton, 
Hist.  ti(!  Louyx  Xll.,  part.  2,  ciiai).  31.— 
ChroTiica  del  (iran  Capitan.  cap.  "2.— The 
gallant  hc-haviour  of  l,a  I'alicc,  and  indeod 
the  whole  siepo  of  Rnvo,  is  told  by  .Jean 
D'Anton  in  a  trnly  lu'nrt-Ptirriii(i  tone,  quite 
worthy  of  the  chival'ous  pcu  of  old  Froiseart. 


Tliere  is  an  Inexpressible  charm  imjiArti^d  to 
the  Fri'nch  memoirs  an<l  chronicli-s  nf  ilii'' 
ancient  date,  not  only  from  the  picturi'siiiu' 
character  i>f  tlie  details,  but  from  a  i:o!iil(< 
tiiijje  of  nmiance  >hed  over  theiu,  wliicii  calls 
to  uiind  till'  doughty  feats  of 

*'  prowrst  kiiiL'lits, 
BotU  Payniin  and  the  peers  of  Chai  kiuagne." 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


463 


his  astonishment,  thoroforp,  on  arriviiif;  before  it,  to  find  no  trare  of  an  enemy, 
fxccpt  the  ensitjn.s  of  Sj)ain  unfurled  from  the  deserted  hattleuients.  Morti- 
tifd  and  dejected,  he  made  no  further  attemjtt  to  recover  CasteUaneta,  Imt 
silently  drew  otf  to  hide  his  cha^^rin  within  the  walls  of  Canosa.*' 

Anion,!,'  the  prisoners  were  several  persons  of  distinju'tdshcd  rank.  Gonsalvo 
treated  them  with  his  usual  courtesy,  and  especially  La  I'alice,  whom  he  jtro- 
viilcd  with  his  own  surgeon  and  all  the  appliances  for  rendering  his  situation 
as  (dil^fijrtable  as  possible.  For  the  conmion  tile,  however,  he  showed  no  su(  h 
syiii]  athy,  but  comlenmed  them  all  to  serve  in  the  Spanish  admiral's  galley's, 
wlicre  they  continued  to  the  close  of  the  campaign.  An  unfortunate  mis- 
umlerstanding  had  long  subsisted  between  the  French  and  Spanish  com- 
iiiaiidcrs  resjiecting  the  ransom  and  exchange  of  prisoners  ;  and  Gonsalvo  was 
liriilial)ly  led  to  this  severe  meiisiire,  so  diHerent  from  his  nsual  c'emency,  by 
ail  unwillingness  to  encumber  himself  witn  a  stipertluous  population  in  the 
lK'>ifged  city."  JJut,  in  truth,  such  a  nroceedinf.',  however  ollensive  to 
liuiiianity,  was  not  at  all  repugnant  to  the  naughty  snirit  of  chivalry,  which, 
rt'M'rviug  its  courtesies  exclusively  for  tlmse  of  gentle  olood  and  high  degree, 
cukmI  little  for  the  inferior  orders,  whether  soldier  Oi  peasant,  whom  it  ahan- 
dontnl  without  remorse  to  all  the  caprices  and  cruelties  of  military  license. 

The  capture  of  Kuvo  was  attended  with  important  conse<inences  to  the 
S|iaiiiards.  Resides  a  valuable  booty  of  clothes,  jewels,  and  money,  they 
liroiiglit  back  with  them  nearly  a  thousand  horses,  which  furnished  (Jonsalvo 
vitli  the  means  of  .augmenting  his  cavalry,  the  small  number  of  wliich  had 
liitliorto  materially  crippled  his  operations.  He  accordingly  selected  seven 
liiiiidred  of  his  best  troops  and  mounted  them  on  the  French  horses  ;  thus 
IMovidiiig  himself  with  a  corps  burning  with  zeal  to  approve  itself  worthy  of 
the  distinguished  honour  conferred  on  it." 

A  few  weeks  after,  the  general  received  an  important  accession  of  strength 
by  the  arrival  of  two  thousand  German  mercenaries,  which  Don  Juan  Manuel, 
the  Spanish  minister  at  the  Austrian  court,  liad  been  ])ermitted  to  raise  in  the 
eiiipernr's  dominions.  This  event  determined  the  Great  Captain  on  a  step 
\vliuli  he  had  been  some  time  meditating.  The  new  levies  placed  him  in  a 
comlition  for  assuming  the  ollensive.  His  stock  of  nrovisions,  moreover, 
already  much  reduced,  would  ])e  obviously  insufhcient  long  to  maintain  his 
increased  numbers.  He  resolved,  therefore,  to  sally  out  of  the  old  walls  of 
Harleta,  and,  availing  himself  of  the  high  s[>irits  in  whi(;Ii  the  late  succesvses 
hud  [lut  his  troops,  to  bring  the  enemy  at  once  to  battle.'" 


34 


"  l^cmaldpz,  Rpj'ps  Catolicos,  ]\IS.,  ubi 
fii|ira.  niiia.  Vita  (ii  Carlo  V.,  fol.  16.— 
I'iirniiiiji  (id  (Jran  ('npit.m,  (\i|).  7'2. 

I'' \\itiiii,  Hi8t.dc  l.oiiys  Xll.,  ubi  supra. 
-ijiiivid,  Vit:f  lllust.  Virorum,  j).  2.Ut.— 
Quintan. I,  Espafioles  celcbrrs,  torn.  ii.  p.  'JVO. 
-Zurita,  Hist. del  Key  Hemauilo,  torn.  i.  lili. 


5,  cap,  14. 

'■  (iiovio,  Vita<  THust.  Vironini.  p.  219. 

"  Gari!)ay,  ('(iiiipmilio,  toin.  ii.  lib.  19, 
cap.  15.  Zurita,  Hist.  (I'l  Hi'v  HtrtmtKio, 
Um.  i.  lib.  5,  cap.  16.-  Ulli>a,  Vita  di  Carlo 
v.,  fol.  17. 


404 


ITALIAN  WAM 


CIIArTER  XII. 

ITALIAN     WARS. — NEGOTIATIONS    WITH     FKANCE.— VICTORY    OF    CERIGXOLA.— 

SURRENDER   OF    NAPLES. 

15C3. 

Birth  of  ChnrlPR  V. — Philip  and  Joanna  visit  Spain — Treaty  of  Lyons — Tho  (irrat  Captain 
r<')usc8  to  couijjly  witli  it— Kncamps  Ix'lore  Cirignola — Battle,  and  Ilout  of  the  Irciith— 
Triunj])hant  entry  of  Gonsalvo  into  Naplos. 

BEFORE  accompanying  the  Great  Captain  further  in  his  warlike  operations,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  take  a  ra]ti(l  ii^lance  at  what  was  i)assinf;  in  the  Frcucii  ainl 
Spanish  courts,  where  ne^^otiations  were  in  train  for  putting  a  stop  to  them 
alto^'ethcr. 

The  reader  h.as  been  made  acquainted  in  a  preceding  chapter  Avitli  tlii> 
marriage  of  the  infanta  Joanna,  second  daughter  of  the  Catholic  sovcrci-n.s 
with  the  archduke  Philip,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  soverciun,  in 
right  of  his  mother,  of  tiie  Low  Countries.  The  first  fruit  of  this  inairiaL^c 
was  the  celebrated  Charles  the  Fifth,  born  at  Ghent,  February  24tli,  l.Kid, 
whose  birth  was  no  sooner  announced  to  Queen  Isabella  than  she  ])ri'(Ji(tO'l 
tliat  to  this  infant  would  one  day  descend  the  rich  inheritance  of  the  Sjianish 
monarchy.'  The  premature  death  of  the  heir  a})parent.  Prince  Miguel,  not 
long  after,  prepared  the  way  for  this  event  T)y  devolving  the  succession  on 
Joanna,  Charles's  mother.  Prom  that  moment  the  sovereigns  were  prcssim:  in 
tlieir  entreaties  that  the  archduke  and  his  wife  would  visit  Spain,  tliat  thtv 
might  receive  the  customary  oaths  of  allegiance,  and  that  the  former  nii^ht 
become  accpiainted  with  the  character  and  institutions  of  his  future  sulijert.v 
The  giddy  young  jirince,  however,  thought  too  nuich  of  present  pleasure  tn  lieoii 
the  call  of  ambition  or  duty,  and  suffered  more  than  a  year  to  glide  away  befuic 
he  complied  with  the  summc^ns  of  his  royal  parents.' 

In  the  latter  part  of  loOl,  Philip  and  Joanna,  attended  by  a  numerous  suite 
of  P^lemish  courtiers,  set  out  on  their  journey,  |>roposing  to  take  tlieir  vav 
through  France.  They  were  entertained  with  profuse  magnificence  and  liosiii- 
tality  at  the  French  court,  where  the  politic  attentions  of  Louis  the  Twelfth 


'  Carhitjal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1500.— San- 
doval, Hist  del  Enip.  Carlos  V.,  toni.  i.  p.  2. 
— The  quoen  exprenscd  hiTsclf  in  thi>  language 
of  SiTipturo,  "Sors  cpcidit  super  Mathiani," 
in  allusion  to  tlie  ciriMimstanco  of  Charles 
being  horn  on  that  saint's  day  ;  *  a  day  which, 
if  we  aro  to  helievo  Oarihay,  was  fortiinatc  to 
him  through  tiie  whdle  eonrse  of  his  life. 
Couiiieiiilio,  torn.  ii.  lih.  10,  c,-»p.  9. 

-  A  h Iter  from  .loanna,  in  tlie  collection  of 
Sefior  de  Gayangos,  shows  much  eagerii-'ss  to 


vindicate  herself  and  her  husband,  as  far  h^ 
may  be,  from  any  suspicions  of  uiiwilliiuiKP- 
to  visit  Spain,  caused  by  their  delay  :  '•  l<i  r," 
Be  que  ninguno  de  mi  casa  diga  <|ni'  puedmi 
retardar  nuestra  yda  alia,  y  si  lo  dixi  sc  sera 
tamhien  castigado  fiuanto  ntinca  fiie  porsiii.i, 
y  deseo  tanto  la  yda  alia  <|»ie  todos  lus  inipy- 
dimientos  f|ue  se  ysieren  trahajarc  ipii'  >]W- 
tarloH  con  todas  mis  fuii'(;as."  Carta  <l  i>\''- 
tario  Almazan,  Bruselas,  NovioniLre  4,  15i"'. 
MS. 


*  iThe  day  of  Saint  Matthias  fell,  not  im 
the'Jlth,  hut  on'l  in'sday,the'2r>thof  February, 
in  the  year  l.'iDU;  and  it  is  pdssible  that  the 
latter  (iate  was  really  that  of  t'iiarles's  birth, 
the  erriT.  if  there  be  one,  having  arisen  from 
the  fact  that  the  event  took  place  within  au 


hour  after  midnight.  See  Cor(')nica  de  Felir'' 
I'>  llamado  el  Hermoso,  escrita  jier  I''i!i 
Lorenzo  de  I'adilla  y  dirigida  al  KwyfTuh-r 
Carlos  v.,  pul)lished"in  the  sth  vdjuiae  ef  iIk' 
Col.  do  Doc.  ined.  para  la  Hist,  ile  Lsj'aiia.- 


VICTORY  OF  CERIGNOLA. 


4G5 


P    CERIGXOLA. 


-The  Groat  Captain 
)ut  of  thf  rrciich— 


ike  opcratifiiis.  it 
n  the  Freiicli  ami 

<r  a  StOl)  to  llii'lii 

•hapter  with  tlio 
tholic  sovort'iL'iis 
and  sovereign,  m 
of  this  iiiania.L't' 
rnary  '24th,  l.'idO, 
lan  she  pvi'iliitcl 
ce  of  the  .^'iiaiii^h 
'riiice  ^lipui  ii<  t 
the  succession  m 
IS  were  jiressiii'.'iii 
;  Spain,  that  tlu'V 
the  fornior  iiiif:lit 
is  fntnre  sulijeds. 
it  jileasiire  to  heed 
)  glide  away  befmv 

a  nuniernns  suite 
0  take  their  wav 
iticence  and  hospi- 

ouis  the  T\v('lftli 

>r  huobaiiil.  as  fur  '<■' 
idiisof  uii\siUiin''ii^- 
,  thpir  <i<'lay :  "  1"  '" 
caf>a  diK«  '!>"'  r»*^''" 
In,  y  fi  1"  (lixistMTa 
to'iniiica  fuo  forsvu.:, 
ft  ((lie  todos  liis  inipy- 
pn  trabajar.'  (I'lf  I"'" 


i^as 


Cartai'l  Sh;- 


li*, 


Noviombre  4,  ISl'C 


see  Corrtnir.i  <i.>  ydir" 
,,  pscritii    I"""   '"'■' 
livigida  al  Knil..ra,  T 

tlio  sth  V.iluiiir  .'t  III- 

la  UiBt.  df  t^l'ttua.- 


not  only  effaced  the  recollection  of  ancient  injuries  to  the  house  of  Rnru'undy,* 
liiit  left  impressiuns  of  the  nio>t  a-'reeahle  chiuaeter  on  the  mind  of  the  young 
priiK'e.*  After  some  weeks  passed  in  a  succession  of  spUMi(lid./''^t'.s'  and  annis*;- 
incuts  at  iilois.  where  th<!  archduke  confirmed  the  treaty  of  Trent  recently 
made  hetween  Ins  father,  the  emperor,  and  the  French  king,  stipulating  the 
marriage  of  Louis's  eldest  daughter,  the  jirincess  Claude,  with  i'hilin's  son 
Charles,  the  royal  pair  resumed  their  journev  towards  8i>iun,  whicli  tlu'y 
entered  hy  the  way  of  Font^iralda,  Jumiary  'JKtli,  laU'J.* 

.Magnihcent  preparations  had  heen  maile  for  their  reception.  The  grand 
roibtaiile  of  Castile,  the  duke  of  Najarti,  and  nany  other  of  tlie  jjrincipal 
grandees  waited  on  the  borders  to  receive  them.  Jirilliant/'^'^f,'}  and  illumina- 
tions, and  al!  the  usual  marks  of  public  rejoicing,  greeted  their  progress  through 
the  principal  cities  of  the  north  ;  and  a  pnt'/uidfioi  relaxing  the  simplicity,  or 
rather  seventy,  of  tlie  sumptuary  laws  of  the  i)eriod,  so  far  as  to  allow  the  \ise 
of  silks  and  various-coloured  ai)parel,  shows  the  attention  of  the  sovereigns  to 
every  circumstance,  however  trilling,  wliich  corildatlect  the  minds  of  the  young 
princes  agreeably  and  ditfuse  an  air  of  cheerfulness  over  the  scene." 

Ferdinand  and  Isiibelhi,  who  were  occupied  with  the  ati'airs  of  Andalusia  at 
this  period,  no  sooner  heard  of  the  arrival  of  Philip  and  Joaima  than  they 
lustened  to  the  north.  They  reached  Toledo  towards  the  end  of  April,  and 
in  a  few  days  the  (pieen,  who  paid  the  usual  penalties  of  royalty,  in  seeing  her 
cliildren,  one  after  another,  removed  far  from  her  into  distant  lands,  had  the 
satisfaction  of  again  folding  her  beloved  daughter  in  her  arms. 

Un  the  22nd  of  the  ensumg  month  the  archduke  and  his  wife  receive<l  the 
usual  oaths  of  fealty  from  the  cortes,  duly  convoked  for  the  purpose  at  Toledo.^ 
King  Ferdinand,  not  long  after,  made  a  journey  into  Aragon,  in  which  the 
queen's  feeble  health  would  not  permit  her  to  accompany  him,  in  order  to  i)re- 
pare  the  way  for  a  similar  recognition  by  the  estates  of  that  realm.  We  are 
not  informed  what  arguments  the  sagacious  monarch  ma'iO  use  of  to  disj)el  the 
scruples  formerly  entertained  by  that  independent  body,  on  u  sinnlar  applica- 
tion in  behalf  of  h.    daughter,  the  late  queen  of  Portugal.*     They  were  com- 


'  Cliarlps  VIII.,  Louia'8  predecpasor,  had 
contrived  to  secure  the  hand  of  Anne  of 
Hr('idKii(\  notwithstanding  she  was  already 
married  l>y  proxy  to  I'hilip's  father,  the 
cmpcr'ir  Maximilian;  and  this,  too,  in  con- 
tcmiit  of  his  own  en(?agements  to  Margaret, 
111"  eiuiieror's  daugliter,  to  whom  lie  hacl  been 
afflancid  from  her  infancy.  This  twofold 
i:i'<ult,  which  sank  deep  into  the  heart  of 
M.iximili.m,  seems  to  have  made  no  impres- 
(•iuii  (111  the  volatile  spirits  of  his  son. 

■  Miiriaiia,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  lib.  '27,  rap. 
II —St.  (ielais  describes  the  CDrdial  reception 
of  I'liilip  anil  Joanna  by  the  court  at  IMois, 
wIkT"  he  wa-i  probably  present  hini-^elf.  Ttie 
hi-iiori.in  shows  his  own  opinion  of  the  effect 
prmiiieeil  on  their  young  minds  by  these 
Itatt  Ting  attentions,  by  reinarl<iiig,  "  l>e  roy 
I'lir  iimiKtra  si  tres  grand  .semhlant  d'aniour, 
qu"  par  imbli'sse  et  honestete  de  cieur  il  ?<'S 
ubligi'iiit  f.iiver.1  UCy  tie  leur  en  suavenir  tonte 
\<'W  vie."  (Hist,  de  Louys  XII.,  pp.  Hit, 
Itia)  In  passing  througli  I'aris,  Philip  took 
Lii<ip;it  in  the  parliament  as  peer  of  I'ratice, 
au.J  •iiibse(tueiuly  did  homage  to  Louis  XII., 
as  Ills  suzerain  for  his  estates  in  Flanders; 
an  ai'kiiowledgment  of  inferiority  not  at  all 
falaiablu  to  the  Spanish  historians,  who  insist 


with  much  satisfaction  on  the  haughty  refusal 
of  hi.s  wife,  the  archduciiess,  to  take  part  in 
the  ceremony.  Zurila,  Anales,  tom.  v.  lib. 
4,  cap.  55.-  Carbajiil,  Anales,  .MS.,  ano  150i!. 
—  Abarca,  Reyes  de  .Vragon,  torn.  ii.  rey  no, 
cap.  13,  sec.  1. — Dumont,  Corps  diploniati(iue, 
tom.  iv.  part.  1,  p.  17. 

■*  Carbajal,  Aiwilea,  MS.,  aflo  1502.— San- 
doval, llist.<lel  Emp.  Carlos  V.,  torn.  i.  p.  5. 

'■  Zi'.rita,  Anales,  tom.  v.  lib.  4,  cap.  55. — 
F'errenuj,  Hist,  d'h^pagne,  tom.  viii.  p.  "JJO.— 
This  extreme  siniplicitj"  of  attire,  in  which 
Zuritii  discerns '•  the  modesty  of  the  times," 
was  entorced  bj*  laws  the  policy  of  whicli, 
whatever  be  thought  of  their  moral  inijiort, 
may  well  be  'loiibted  in  an  economical  view. 
I  shall  have  or(  asion  to  draw  tin;  reader's 
attention  to  them  hereafter. 

'  The  vwit  is  dated  at  l.lerena,  March  8. 
It  was  extractnl  by  Marina  from  the  archives 
of  Toldo,  Teor(.'.,  ti^m.  ii.  p.  1h. 

"  It  is  remarkable  that  the  Aragonese 
writers,  generally  so  Infjujsitive  on  all  poiiiis 
toiithiiig  the  ciiiivtitiitioiial  bisti>ry  of  tie  ir 
country,  should  liave  omitt<il  to  notice  the 
grounds  on  which  th"  cortes  thought  propiT 
to  reverse  its  former  decision  in  the  analo- 
gous cise  of   the  infanta  Isalwlla.      There 

2  II 


466 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


plf^toly  snccpssfnl,  however ;  and  Philip  and  Joanna,  having  ascertained  the 
lavourable  disposition  of  corte-!,  made  their  entrance  in  p'eat  state  into  tlio 
aiu-ient  city  of  Sarai^ossa,  in  the  month  of  (October.  On  the  *J7th,  havin^^  fiiNt 
made  oath  hi'foni  the  Jnstice,  to  observe  the  laws  and  hltcrties  of  the  rcalni, 
Joanna  as  future  (luecn  proprietor,  and  Fiiihp  as  her  husband,  wen;  soltMimly 
recoifuized  by  the  four  anna  of  Arairon  as  successors  to  the  crown,  in  (l(>faiilt 
of  male  issue  of  King  Ferdinand.  The  circumstance  is  memorable,  as  allnnl- 
ing  the  first  example  t)f  the  parliamentary  recognition  of  a  female  lieir 
apjurent  in  Aragone^e  history.® 

Amidst  all  the  honours  so  liberally  lavished  on  Philip,  his  bosom  secretly 
svellel  with  discontent,  fomented  still  further  by  his  followers,  who  luvsscil 
him  to  hapten  his  return  to  Flanders,  where  the  free  and  social  manners  of 
the  j)eople  were  much  more  congenial  to  their  tastes  than  the  reserve  ainl 
stately  ceremonial  of  the  Sjjanish  court.  The  young  prince  shared  in  tliese 
feelim^s,  to  which,  indeed,  the  love  of  pleasure,  and  an  instinctive  aversion  to 
anythmg  like  serious  occupation,  naturally  (hsposed  him.  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  saw  \vith  regret  the  frivolous  disposition  of  their  son-in-law,  who,  in 
the  indulgence  of  selfish  and  efl'emin  '^e  ease,  was  willing  to  repose  on  others 
all  the  important  duties  of  government.  They  beheld  with  mortification  his 
indifTerence  to  Joanna,  who  could  boast  few  personal  attractions,'"  and  who 
cooled  the  affections  of  her  husband  by  alternations  of  excessive  fondness  and 
irritable  jealousy,  for  which  last  the  levity  of  his  conduct  gave  her  too  niiich 
occasion. 

Short  y  after  the  ceremony  at  Sara^ossa,  the  archduke  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  an  immediate  return  to  the  Netherlands,  by  the  way  of  France.  The 
sovereigns,  astonished  at  this  abnipt  determination,  used  every  argmnent  to 
dissuaiie  him  from  it.  They  represented  the  ill  effects  it  might  occasion  tho 
princess  Joanna,  th(!n  too  far  advanced  in  a  state  of  pregnancy  to  accompany 
lini.  They  pointed  out  the  impropriety,  as  well  as  danger,  of  comniittini; 
limself  to  the  hands  of  the  French  king,  with  whom  they  were  now  at  opiMi 
war  ;  and  they  finally  insisted  on  the  importanr-e  of  Philip's  remaining,'  loiig 
enough  in  the  kingdom  to  become  familiar  with  the  usages  aufl  establish  him- 
self in  the  affections  of  the  people  over  whom  he  would  one  day  be  called 
to  reign. 

All  these  arguments  were  ineffectual ;  the  inflexible  prince,  turning  a  deaf 
ear  alike  to  the  entreaties  of  his  unhappy  wife  and  the  remonstrance.s  of  the 


ficpms  to  have  been  even  less  reason  for 
d  'parting  from  ancient  usage  in  the  present 
inst.ince,  since  Joanna  had  a  son,  to  whom 
tlie  cortcs  might  lawfully  have  tendorod  its 
oatli  of  recognition  ;  for  a  female,  although 
excluded  from  the  throne  in  her  own  person, 
was  r  gardi^d  as  comp'tent  to  transmit  the 
title  unimpaired  to  her  male  heirs.  Blancas 
Buggests  no  explanation  of  the  MfTair  (Cordna- 
ciones,  lib.  3,  cap.  2i),  and  Commentarii,  pp. 
27 »,  511),  and  Zurita  quietly  dismisses  it  with 
the  remark  that  "there  was  R(mie  opposition 
raiB^'d,  but  the.  king  had  managc.ii  it  so  dit- 
crieth/  liefon-ha'  d  that  there  was  not  the  same 
diiTuulty  as  formerly."  (Hist,  del  Hey  Her- 
namlo,  torn.  i.  lit).  5,  cap.  5.)  It  is  curious  to 
Fee  with  what  effrontery  the  )  rothonotury  of 
the  cortes,  in  the  desire  to  varni>h  over  the 
d'^parture  from  constitutional  precedent,  de- 
clares, in  the  opening  address,  '-the  princess 
Joanna,  true  and  lawful  heir  to  the  crown, 
to  whom,  in  default  uf  male  heirs,  the  usage 


and  law  of  the  land  require  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance."   Coronaciones,  ubi  supra. 

"  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  1500.— Ab.irca, 
Reyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  rey  30,  cup.  12, 
sec.  6.  — Hobles,  Vida  de  Ximenez,  p.  126.— 
Garibav,  C(mvpendio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  ca[>.  M. 
—Sandoval,  Hi'  f.  del  Er>.p.  Carlos  V.,  tui.  .  i. 
p.  5. — Petronill.  ,  the  only  female  wiio  ever 
sat,  in  her  own  right,  on  the  throne  uf  Ara- 
Kon,  never  received  the  homage  of  rertes  sls 
heir  app.irent ;  the  custom  not  having  Ix^in 
established  at  that  t'me,  the  middle  cf  the 
twelfth  century.  (Zurita,  Atiales,  teia.  v. 
lib.  f),  cap.  .5.)  Hlaticas  has  descrilml  ihe 
Ceremony  of  .loanna's  recognition  with  i|Uito 
as  much  circumstantiality  as  the  novelty  of 
the  case  could  warrant.  Coronaciones,  lib.  3, 
cap.  20. 

'"  "Simplex  est  fu;mina,"  says^  MHrtyr, 
speaking  of  Joanna,  "  licet  a  tanta  iuulit.ro 
progenita."    Opus  Epist.,  cpist.  250. 


VICTORY  OF  CERTGNOLA. 


467 


iscortainofl  tlio 

stilt*'  into  tlio 

th,  hiiviiij;  fir>t 

>  of  tlio  rcivliii, 

were  solcnnily 

own,  in  dofault 

ruble,  as  aHunl- 

a  female  lioir 

bosom  sprrotly 
i-s,  who  prossi'il 
[•ial  manners  of 
;he  reserve  aiiil 
sliared  in  tliese 
tive  aversion  to 
Ferdinaml  ami 
i-in-law,  wiio,  in 
epose  on  others 
iiortifi&ation  his 
tions,'°  and  who 
ve  fondness  and 
ve  her  too  iinich 

unced  his  inten- 

of  France.    The 

?ry  arj^mnent  to 

l\\t  occasion  the 

:;y  to  accompany 

of  comniittiiii,^ 

re  now  at  open 

remainini,'  long 

.  establish  hiin- 

e  day  be  called 

,  turning  a  deaf 
nstrances  of  the 

ire  the  oath  of  alle- 
bl  Bupra. 

afto  1500.— AKirca, 
ii.  rey  30,  cup.  12, 
Xiraoncz,  p.  IM.— 
ii.  lib.  19,  cup.  H. 
p.  Carlos  v.,  tor  .  i. 
y  finiale  wlui  ever 
tlie  throne  of  Ara- 
honiaRC  of  cortes  as 
m  not  liaving  Ix'cn 

the  middle  ef  the 
a,    Analcs,   fniii.  v. 

lias  dcscribeii  itie 
(Ignition  nvI'.Ii  MUite 
y  as  the  ni.vilty  of 
Coronaciones,  lib.  3, 

ina,"  Bays  Mrtrtyr, 
,cet  a  tanta  uiuUfre 
,  cpist.  '.!50. 


.\m;Zonese  cortes  still  in  session,  set  out  from  Madrid,  witli  the  wliole  of  his 
Fleiui-h  suite,  in  the  month  of  J»erember.  He  left  Ferdinand  and  Isai»clla 
(lisunsted  witii  the  levity  of  his  conduct,  and  the  (|iieen,  in  iiartiiiilar,  tilled 
with  mournful  solicitude  for  the  welfare  of  the  daughter  with  whom  his  destinies 
were  united." 

licfore  his  dei)arture  for  France,  Philip,  anxious  to  re  esta1>Iish  harmony 
Mween  that  country  and  Spain,  ottered  his  services  to  his  father-in-law  in 
nofiotiating  with  Louis  the  Twelfth,  if  possible,  a  settlement  of  tiie  ditlereneea 
respectino  Naples.  Ferdinand  showed  some  reluctance  at  intnistin.i,^  so  delicate 
acoiiimission  to  an  envoy  in  whose  discretion  lie  placed  small  reliance,  which 
vas  not  augmented  bv  the  known  iiartiality  which  riiilip  entertained  for  the 
French  monarch.'*  lieforethe  aicliduke  had  crossed  the  frontier,  however,  he 
was  overtaken  l)y  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic  named  Jiernaldo  lioyl,  abbot  of  St. 
,Mii:ueldeCuxa,  who  brou^iit  full  powers  to  Philij)  from  the  kin.u'  for  concluding 
a  treaty  with  France,  accompanied  at  the  same  time  with  private  instructions 
of  the  most  strict  and  limited  nature.  lie  was  enjoined,  moreover,  to  take  no 
step  without  the  advice  of  his  reverend  coadjutor,  and  to  inform  tlie  Si)anish 
court  at  once  if  ditl'erent  propositions  were  submitted  from  tliose  cunteuiplated 
by  his  instructions." 

Thus  fortified,  the  archduke  Pliihp  made  his  api)earance  at  the  French  court 
in  Lyons,  where  he  was  received  by  Louis  with  the  same  lively  expressions  of 
regard  as  before.  With  tliese  amiable  dispositions,  the  negotiations  were  not 
loiii;  iu  resulting  in  a  definitive  treaty,  arranged  to  the  mutual  satisfaction  of 
the  narties,  though  in  violation  of  One  private  instructions  of  the  archduke. 
Ill  the  progress  of  the  discussions,  Ferdinand,  according  to  the  Snanish  his- 
torians, received  advices  from  his  envoy,  the  abate  Jioyl,  tiiat  Philip  was 
transcending  his  commission  ;  in  conse(iuence  of  which  the  king  sent  an  express 
to  France,  urging  his  son-in-law  to  adhere  to  the  strict  letter  of  his  instructioius. 
llc'fnie  the  messenger  reached  Lyons,  however,  the  treaty  was  executed.  Such 
is  the  Spanish  account  of  this  blind  transaction." 

The  treaty,  wliich  was  signed  at  Lyons,  April  5th,  1503,  was  arranged  on 
the  basis  of  the  marriage  of  Charles,  tlie  infant  .son  of  Philii),  and  Claude, 
[iriiu  ess  of  France  ;  a  marriage  which,  settled  by  three  several  treaties,  was 
destined  never  to  take  place.  The  royal  infants  were  immediately  to  assume 
the  titles  of  King  and  Queen  of  Naples,  and  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Calabria. 
Until  the  consummation  of  the  marriage,  the  French  division  of  the  kingdom 
was  to  be  placed  under  the  administration  of  some  suitable  person  named  by 
L'uis  the  Twelfth,  and  the  Spanish  under  that  of  the  archduke  Philip,  or  some 
other  deputy  appointed  by  Ferdinand.  All  i»laces  unlawfully  seized  by  either 
party  were' to  be  restored;  and,  lastly,  it  was  settled,  with  regard  to  the 
disputed  province  of  the  Capitanate,  that  the  portion  held  by  the  French 

"  IVter  Martyr,  Opns  Epi.st.,  ubi  supra. — 
Zurita,  yVnales,  torn.  v.  lib.  5,  cap.  10. — 
Gdimz,  1))'  Rebus  testis,  ful.  44. — Carbajai, 
Anale^,  MS.,  afto  ir>02. 

'  Siuli  nianirost  piirtiality  for  the  French 
court  ;inil  manners  was  shown  l)y  I'hilip  and 
liis  lieniiHli  followers,  that  the  Spaniards 
very  gfiu  rally  believe(i  the  latt'T  were  in  the 
pay  of  Louis  XII.  .See  (iomez,  De  Rebus 
g|-!*tis,  fol.  44.  — Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  lib, 
6,  c.ip,  '.>;(. _p(.t,.r  M.irtyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist. 
25:i.     Lanuza,  Historias,  cap.  16. 

Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  lib.  5,  cap.  10. — 
Abana,  Reyes  de  Aragon,  toni.  ii.  rey  30, 
cap.  i:i,  sec.  2.  Gariliay,  Conipendio.  torn.  ii. 
lib.  19,  cap.  15.— D'Auion,  Hist,  de  Louys 


XII.,  part.  1,  chap.  32. 

"  Zurita,  Hist,  (bl  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  1. 
lib.  5,  cap.  23.  -St.(i.  lais.'Hist.de  LouysXlI., 
pp.  170,  171. -Claude  de  .Seyssel,  Hi.-itoiic  de 
Louys  XII.  (I'aiis,  lOlfiX  p.  1U8. — Abarca, 
Reyes  de  .VruKoii,  turn.  ii.  rey  3(i,  cap.  13,  sec. 
3.— Mariana.  Hist,  de  Kspaha,  torn.  ii.  pp.  090, 
01)1.— Lanuza,  Historias,  torn.  i.  cap.  16.— 
Some  of  the  l-reuch  iiistorians  speak  of  two 
agents  hesidis  I'hilip  enii.l«iye<i  in  the  nego- 
tiations. I'ather  lio\  1  is  the  only  one  named 
by  the  Spanish  writers  as  renidaily  com- 
missioned for  the  i)urj>ose,  although  it  is  uot 
improhalile  tiuit  tiralla,  the  resideiii  niini.-ti'r 
at  Louis's  court,  look  part  in  the  diucuabiouB. 


468 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


should  he  {governed  by  an  a^ont  of  King  Louis,  and  the  Spanish  by  the  arch- 
duke rhilij)  on  behalf  of  Ferdinand.'* 

Sucli  in  sul)stanoe  was  the  treaty  of  Lyons  ;  a  treaty  which,  Avhilo  it  seemcil 
to  consult  the  interests  of  Ferdinand,  ])y  securin;,^  the  throne  of  Najdes  eventu- 
ally to  ins  ])osterity,  was  in  fact  far  more  acconnnodated  to  those  of  Louis,  \,y 
jilacing  the  inuuediate  control  of  the  Spanish  moiety  inider  a  prince  over  wjiou) 
tliat  monarch  held  entire  influence.  It  is  impossible  that  so  shrewd  a  states- 
man as  Ferdinand  could,  from  the  mere  consideration  of  advanta,i;es  so  reinotf! 
and  dejiendent  on  so  jirecarioiis  a  continj;ency  as  the  marriage  of  two  infants 
tlien  in  their  cradles,  have  seriously  contemplated  an  arrangement  win.  h 
surrendered  all  the  actual  power  into  the  hands  of  his  rival  ;  and  that,  t'/d, 
at  the  moment  when  bis  large  armament,  so  long  preparing  for  Calabria,  ha'l 
reached  that  country,  and  when  the  Great  Captain,  on  the  other  ([uaitcr, 
had  received  such  accessions  of  strength  as  enabled  him  to  assume  the  otlcu- 
sive^  on  at  least  ccpial  terms  with  the  enemy. 

iSo  misgivings  on  this  head,  however,  appear  to  have  entered  the  minds  <i 
the  signers  of  the  treaty,  which  was  celebrated  by  the  court  at  Lyons  with 
every  show  of  public  rejoicing,  and  particularly  with  tourneys  and  tilts  df 
reeds,  in  imitation  of  the  Spanish  chivalry.  At  the  same  time,  the  Frendi 
king  countermanded  the  embarkation  of  fresh  troops  on  board  a  tleet  cMiuip- 
ping  at  the  port  of  Genoa  for  Naples,  and  sent  order,"  to  Ids  generals  in  Italy 
to  desist  from  further  operations.  The  archduke  forwarded  similar  instruc- 
tions to  Gonsalvo,  accomnanied  with  a  copy  of  the  powers  iutrusted  to  him 
by  Ferdinand.  That  pruuent  otHcer,  however,  whether  in  obedience  to  previous 
du-ections  from  the  king,  as  Spanish  writers  attirni,  or  on  his  own  responsiliiiity, 
from  a  very  natural  sense  of  duty,  refused  to  comidy  with  the  andjassatlors 
orders  ;  declaring  "he  knew  no  authority  but  that  of  his  own  sovereigns,  ami 
tliat  he  felt  bound  to  prosecute  the  war  with  all  his  ability,  till  he  received 
their  connnands  to  the  contrary."  " 

Indeed,  the  archduke's  despatches  arrived  at  the  very  time  when  the 
Spanish  general,  having  strengthened  liimself  by  a  reinforcement  from  the 
neighbouring  garrison  of  Tarento  under  Pedi'o  Navarro,  was  prepared  to  sally 
forth  and  try  his  fortune  in  battle  with  the  enemy.  Without  further  dehiy, 
he  put  his  purpose  into  execution,  and  on  Friday,  the  28tli  of  April,  lo03, 


"  S<>e  the  treaty,  apud  Dumont,  Corps 
diplomatique,  toni.  iv.  pp.  27-'29. 

'"  Aliarca,  Reyes  de  Ara^on,  torn.  ii.  rey 
30,  cap.  13,  8CC.  3. — (Jianuoiic,  Istdria  di 
Napoli,  lib.  '29,  cap.  4. — St.  Gelais,  Hist,  de 
Louys  XII.,  p.  171. — nuonaccorsi.  Diario,  p. 
75.— D'Auion,  Hist  de  Louys  Xll.,  part.  2, 
cljap.  3'2.— According  to  the  Anigoiiese  liis- 
torians,  Ferdiiumi!,  on  the  archduke's  dcjxir- 
ture,  inforniid  (Jon.'^jilvo  of  the  intended 
negotiations  with  Knnce,  cautioning  the 
general  at  tlie  Fame  time  Jiot  to  heed  any  in- 
structions of  tlie  ardidulce  till  confirmed  by 
him.  Tiii.s  circumstance  the  Frencii  writers 
regard  as  iinciiuivocal  proof  of  tiie  king's 
insincerity  in  entering  into  the  negotiation. 
It  wears  tliis  aspect  at  first,  certainly,  but,  on 
a  nearer  view,  admits  of  a  very  dillerent  con- 
struction. Kerdinand  had  no  contidence  in  tlie 
discretion  of  his  envoy,  whom,  if  we  are  to 
believe  the  Spanish  writers,  lie  employed  in 
the  affair  more  from  accident  than  choice ; 
and  ,  notwithstanding  tlie  full  powers  in- 
trusted to  him,  he  did  not  consider  himself 


bound  to  recognize  the  validity  of  any  tro.ity 
which  the  other  should  sign,  until  first  r»ti- 
fle<l  by  himself.  With  the.se  vii-\vs,  fmiiKioJ 
on  principles  now  universally  recognizeil  in 
European  diploniacy,  it  was  natural  tu  cau- 
tion his  general  against  any  uniiutiiorizccl 
interferep-e  on  the  part  of  his  envoy,  wliicli 
the  rash  and  presumptuous  character  of  tlie 
latter,  acting,  moreover,  umi'  r  an  uiiilin'  in- 
fluence of  the  French  monarch,  gave  iiim 
gixid  rea.son  to  fear.  — As  to  the  (Jrea'  Cajitaiii, 
who  lias  borne  a  liberal  share  of  censure  ini 
this  occasion,  it  is  not  easy  to  see  h'lW  tit> 
couM  have  acted  otherwise  than  he  did,  evrii 
in  the  event  of  no  special  instrncti'  ii-^  treiii 
Ferdinand.  For  lie  would  scarcely  have  Itch 
justified  in  abandoning  a  sure  pn^siieit  if 
advantage  on  the  auilionty  of  one,  the  vali- 
dity of  whose  powers  he  could  not  detei  iiiiiif, 
and  which,  in  tact,  do  not  apjiear  to  iiave 
warranted  such  interfeniice.  The  only  mi- 
tliority  he  knew  was  that  from  which  lie  helJ 
his  commission,  and  to  which  he  was  respon- 
sible for  the  faithful  discharge  of  it. 


VICTORY  OF  CERIGNOLA. 


469 


^h  by  the  arch- 

rtliile  it  sooimNl 
Naiilesevciitii- 
)se  of  Louis,  liy 
ince  over  whom 
irewd  a  statcs- 
tai;es  so  rciiioti; 

of  two  ilifiUit; 
iigciHont  whi'li 
;  and  that,  tud, 
ir  Cahibria,  lia<l 

other  (Hiartcr, 
isuine  the  utlcu- 

(l  the  minds  (if 
:,  at  Lyons  with 
'ys  and  tilts  (if 
ine,  the  Frciuh 
d  a  tk'et  eiiuiii- 
enerals  in  Italy 
similar  instiuc- 
itrnstcd  to  him 
iencetoprcviuus 
^n  resiKjiisiliiiity, 
le  andjassailur's 
sovereij^nis,  and 
till  he  receivetl 

time  when  the 

cnient  from  tho 

rei)ared  to  sally 

further  delay, 

of  April,  l.)03, 

lidity  of  any  tro.ity 
(^n,  until  tirst  rati- 
icso  vii'ws.  fniiiKieJ 
sally  rpc<if;iii/.oil  in 
A- as  natunil  lu  can- 
any   un;iutliiirizo»l 
if  Ins  pnvny,  wliicli 
us  ch-iriK.'ttT  of  tiie 
i)i(i  r  an  umlui'  in- 
uoniirch,   j;.ivi'  iiim 
>  the  ( Jrca'  Cai'taiii, 
hare  of  consiiri'  nn 
asy  to  spf  li'iw  111' 

0  tlian  lie  tiiii,  t'^' » 
il  instriicti.  ii>  tn'iii 

1  scarcely  luivi'  biiii 
a  s)ire  'itmsiieit  (f 
ty  of  one,  the  vali- 
o'ulit  not  (leteiiniiu', 
lot  appear  to  liave 
ncc.     The  eiily  nil- 

from  which  he  Mi 
hich  he  was  re^pou- 
arge  uf  it. 


marf^hod  out  with  his  wli  " »  army  from  the  ancient  walls  of  Barleta ;  a  spot 
ever  memoiahle  in  history  as  the  seene  of  the  exiraordinary  siitlerings  and 
iiiiliimitahie  constancy  of  the  Spanish  soldier. 

The  road  lay  across  the  fichl  of  Cann;e,  where,  seventeen  centuries  Ix'iore, 
the  pride  of  Rome  had  tteen  humbled  by  the  victorious  arms  of  Haiunl)al,'^ 
in  a  hattle  which,  though  fought  with  far  great^^r  numbers,  was  not  so  decisive 
ill  its  conseipiences  as  that  which  the  same  scenes  were  to  witness  in  a  few 
hmirs.  The  coincidence  is  certainly  singular  ;  and  one  might  almost  fancy 
that  the  actors  in  these  fearful  tragedies,  unwilling  to  deface  the  fair  haunts 
(if  civilization,  had  purposely  sought  a  jnore  fitting  theatre  m  this  obscure 
and  se(piestered  region. 

The  weather,  although  only  at  the  latter  end  of  April,  was  extremely  sultry; 
the  troops,  notwithstanding  Oonsalvo's  orders  on  crossing.'  the  river  Ofav^o, 
tlie  ancient  Aufidiis,  had  failed  to  sunply  themselves  wiih  sutHcient  water 
for  the  march  ;  parched  with  heat  aiui  dust,  they  were  sdou  distressed  l)y 
excessive  thirst ;  and,  as  the  burning  rays  of  the  noontide  sun  beat  fiercely  on 
their  heads,  many  of  them,  es[iecially  those  cased  in  heiivy  armour,  si\nk 
down  on  the  road,  fainting  with  exhaustion  and  fatigne.  Gonsalvo  was  seen 
ill  every  quarter,  administering  to  the  necessities  o(  his  men,  and  striving 
to  reanimate  their  drooping  spirits.  At  length,  to  relieve  them,  he  com- 
manded that  each  trooper  should  take  one  of  the  infantry  on  his  crupper, 
setting  the  example  himself  by  mounting  a  German  en.;ign  behind  him  on  his 
own  horse. 

In  this  way,  the  whole  army  arrived  early  in  the  aftenoon  before  Cerignola, 
a  small  town  on  an  eminence  about  sixteen  miles  frjin  liarleta,  where  the 
nature  of  the  ground  afforded  the  Spanish  general  f"..  favourable  position  for 
his  camp.  The  sloping  sides  of  the  hill  were  covere<l  with  vinevards,  and 
its  base  was  protected  by  a  ditch  of  considerable  depth.  Gonsalvo  saw  at 
once  the  advantages  of  the  ground.  His*  men  were  jaded  by  the  march  ; 
hut  there  was  no  time  lo  lose,  as  the  French,  who,  on  his  departure  from 
IJiiileta,  had  been  drawn  up  under  the  walls  of  Canosa,  were  now  rapidly 
advancing.  All  hands  were  put  in  re(|uisition,  therefore,  for  widening  the 
trench,  in  which  they  planted  sharp-pointed  sUikes ;  M'hile  the  earth  which 
tlH\v  excavated  enabled  them  to  throw  up  a  parapet  of  considerable  height 
on  the  side  next  the  town.  On  this  rampart  he  mounted  his  little  train  of 
artillery,  consisting  of  thirteen  guns,  and  behind  it  drew  up  his  forces  in  order 
of  liatt!e.«« 

Before  these  movements  were  completed  in  the  Spanish  camp,  the  bright 


"  Neither  Polybius  (lib.  3,  sec.  24,  et  seq.) 
nor  Livy  (^Hist.,  lib.  2'2,  cap.  43-.')()),  who  give 
llie  must  circumstantial  narratives  of  the 
battle,  is  precise  enough  to  e;'able  us  to 
ascertain  the  exact  sixjt  in  which  it  wa.s 
tiiiiffht.  Strabo,  in  his  topogr.iphical  notices 
oftliis  part  of  Italy,  briefly  alludes  to  "the 
alTair  of  Canna'"  (ti  nepi  Kiivfa<;),  witiiont 
any  (I  Si  ription  of  the  scene  of  action,  ((ieog., 
lili.  0,  p.  2S5.)  Cluverius  fixes  the  site  of 
till  ancient  Cannie  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Anrnlus,  tlie  modern  Ofanto,  iMjtween  three 
and  four  miles  below  (.'anusium.  and  notices 
the  modern  hamlet  of  nearly  the  same  name, 
Caniie,  where  common  tradition  recognizes 
tiic  ruins  of  the  ancient  town.  (Italia  An- 
tiqna,  lib.  4,  cap.  12,  eoc.  8.)  D'Anville 
makes  no  dililculty  in  identifying  these  two 
(luojrraphie   ancienne,   abregee,    toin.  i.   p. 


208),  having  laid  down  the  ancient  town  in 
his  maps  in  the  direct  line,  and  about  mid- 
way, iK'twetni  Harlefa  and  (Jerignola. 

'"  (iiovio,  Vitie  lUust.  Vimrum,  fol.  253- 
255.  Guicciardini,  Istoiia,  lib.  5,  p.  303. — 
Chronica  del  (iran  Oapitan,  cap.  75,  76. — 
Zurita,  Anales,  toni.  v.  lib.  5,  cap.  27.— I'eter 
Maityr.  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  '250. — Ulloa,  Vita 
di  Carlo  V.,  f<>l.  16,  17.— Oiovio  says  that  ho 
had  heard  Fabri/io  Colonna  remark  more 
than  once,  in  allusion  to  the  iiureni  linunts 
at  the  base  of  the  hill,  *•  that  the  victory  was 
owing,  not  to  tiie  skill  of  the  commander  nor 
the  valfjur  of  the  troops,  but  to  a  mound  and 
a  ditch."  This  ancient  mod  •  of  securing  a 
position,  wliich  had  fallen  into  disuse,  was 
revived  after  this,  accortling  to  the  same 
author,  and  came  into  general  practice  among 
th«  best  captains  of  the  age.     Ubl  supra. 


470 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


arms  and  bannors  of  the  Froncli  wore  seen  disteiiinu'  in  tlio  distanfo  amii! 
the  tall  fenntO  and  cane-brakes  with  which  tiie  country  was  thickly  cnvcml. 
As  soon  as  thoy  hail  come  in  view  of  the  Spanish  encampment,  tlicy  were 
bronj,dit  to  a  halt,  while  a  council  of  war  was  called,  to  determine!  the  expe- 
diency of  Ki^'hij,'  battle  that  eveninic.  Tlie  duke  of  Nemours  would  liuve 
deferred  it  till  the  followinjjj  mornings  as  the  day  was  already  far  siienl  ami 
allowed  no  time  for  reconnoitring  the  position  of  his  enemy,  Jiiit  Ives 
d'Alt'gre,  Cliandieu,  the  conmiander  ((f  the  Swiss,  and  some  other  (tHicers, 
were  for  immediate  action,  representing  the  imporUmce  of  not  balking  the 
impatience  of  the  soldiers,  who  were  all  liot  for  the  assault.  In  the  c(iiir>e 
of  the  debate,  Alegre  was  so  much  heatc  i  as  to  throw  out  some  rash  taunts 
on  the  courage  of  the  viceroy,  wliich  the  latter  would  have  avenged  lui  the 
spot,  had  not  his  arm  been  arrested  hy  Louis  d'Ars.  He  had  the  weakness, 
liowever,  to  sutler  them  to  change  his  cooler  purpose,  exclaiming,  "  We  will 
light  to-night,  then  ;  and  i)erhaps  those  who  vaunt  the  loudest  will  he  fninKl 
to  trust  more  to  their  spurs  than  their  swords  ;"  a  prediction  bitterly  justitieil 
by  the  event." 

While  this  dispute  was  going  on,  Gonsalvo  gained  time  f<tr  making  tlif 
necessary  disposition  of  his  troops.  In  the  centre  he  placed  his  (iernian 
auxiliaries,  armed  with  their  long  pikes,  and  on  each  wing  the  Sjianisii 
infantry  under  the  connnand  of  Pedro  Navarro,  Diego  de  Paredes,  I'iziirm, 
and  other  illustrious  cajjtJiins.  Tlie  defence  of  the  artillery  was  coniniitteil 
to  the  left  wing.  A  considerable  body  of  men-at-arms,  including  thitse 
recently  ei^uipped  from  the  spoils  of  Ruvo,  was  drawn  up  within  the  intrench- 
ments,  in  a  quarter  atlbrding  a  convenient  opening  for  a  sally,  and  jilaced 
under  the  oniers  of  Mendoza  and  Fabrizio  Colonna,  whose  brother  Piospein 
and  Pedro  de  la  Paz  took  charge  of  the  light  cavalry,  which  was  iiostol 
without  the  lines  to  annoy  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  and  act  on  any  jioint. 
as  occasion  might  re(}uire.  Having  completed  his  preparations,  the  Spani>h 
general  coolly  waited  the  assault  of  the  I  rench. 

The  duke  of  Nemours  had  marshalled  his  forces  in  a  very  different  order. 
He  distribiited  them  into  three  battles  or  divisions,  stationing  his  heavy  hurse, 
composing  altogether,  as  Gonsalvo  declared,  "the  finest  body  of  cavahy  seeri 
for  nuiny  years  in  It^aly,"  under  tlie  command  of  Louis  d'Ars,  on  the  riuht. 
The  second  and  centre  division,  formed  somewhat  in  the  rear  of  the  riirht.  wus 
made  up  of  the  Swiss  and  Gascon  infantry,  headed  by  the  brave  Chandicu; 
and  his  left,  consisting  chiefly  of  his  light  cavalry,  and  drawn  up.  like  the  last, 
somewhat  in  the  rear  of  the  preceding,  was  intrusted  to  Alegre.*" 

It  was  within  half  an  hour  of  sunset  when  the  duke  of  Nemours  gave 
orders  for  the  attack,  and,  putting  himself  at  the  head  of  the  gendarnierit; 
on  the  right,  spurred  at  full  gallop  against  the  Spanish  left.  The  hdstile 
armies  were  nearly  equal,  amounting  to  between  six  and  seven  thousand  men 
each.  The  French  were  superior  in  the  niunber  and  condition  of  their  cavalrv. 
rising  to  a  third  of  their  whole  force ;  while  Gonsalvo's  strength  lay  cliieily 
in  his  infantry,  which  had  acciuired  a  lesson  of  tactics  under  him  that  raised 
it  to  a  level  with  the  best  in  tiUrope. 

As  the  French  advanced,  the  ginis  on  the  Spanish  left  poured  a  lively  fire 
into  their  ranks,  when,  a  s})ark  accidentally  conununicating  with  the  nia^azine 
of  powder,  the  whole  blew  up  with  a  tremendous  explosion.  The  Si'aniards 
were  filled  with  consternation  ;  but  Gonsalvo,  converting  the  misfortune  into 


"  Prantome,  (Eiivn's,  torn.  li.  disc.  8. — 
Oiimicr,  Ili.xtoire  de  Fniiicc  (Paris,  (I7.s3-h\ 
torn.  V.  pp.  395,  3UG.— (iaillard,  Hivalitf, 
torn.  Iv.  p.  244.— tit.  Uelais,  Hist.  Ue  Louys 


XII. ,p  171. 

-"  Chronica  d"l  Or.tn  Capitan,  cap.  TG, 
Giovio,  Vit*  lllust.  Virormii.  ful.  25J-'ij5. 
UUoa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V.,  fol.  17. 


VICTORY  OF  CEllIGNOLA. 


471 


a  liK'ky  oinon,  railed  out,  "  Cotirn^'o,  soldiers  I  these  are  the  l)oaoon-li;;hts  of 
victory  '.     We  have  no  need  of  our  >,nuis  at  close  (juarters." 

Ill  the  mean  time,  the  French  van  under  Nemours,  advaiK'ini,'  rapidly 
niiilcr  the  dark  clouds  of  smoke  which  rolled  heavily  over  the  field,  were 
iiiic.\]ie(tedly  brought  un  hv  the  deep  trench,  of  \vho>e  txisten<'e  they  were 
iiiiumirised.  Some  of  the  horse  were  jirecipiUited  int(>  il,  jind  all  receivcfl  a 
siiililcn  check,  until  Nemours,  finding  it  impossible  to  force  tlie  works  in  tliis 
(iiiiirter.  rode  along  their  front  in  s*'arch  of  some  jtractnable  passage.  In 
(luiiig  this,  he  necessarily  exposed  his  Hank  to  the  fatal  aim  of  the  Spanish 
aniucliusiers.  A  shot  from  one  of  tliein  took  etl'ect  on  the  unfortunate  young 
iiohlcman,  and  he  fell,  mortiiUy  wounded,  from  his  sadille. 

At  this  juncture,  the  Swiss  and  Gascon  infantry,  briskly  moviiig  up  to 
second  the  attack  of  the  now  disordered  hore,  arrived  l>efore  the  intrench- 
iiRMits.  Undismayed  by  this  formidable  barrier,  their  commamh'r,  Chandieu, 
iiiiidc  the  most  desperate  attempts  to  force  a  passage  ;  but  the  loose  earth 
freshly  turned  \\u  afibrded  no  hold  to  tiu;  feet,  and  his  men  were  comiK'lled  to 
n-eoil  from  the  dense  array  of  German  pikes  which  bristled  over  the  summit 
of  the  breastwork.  Chandieu,  their  leader,  made  every  elfort  to  rally  and 
bring  them  back  to  the  charge,  but,  in  the  act  of  doing  tliis,  was  hit  by  a  ball, 
uliich  stretched  him  lifeless  in  the  ditch  ;  his  burnished  arms,  and  the  snow- 
white  })lumes  above  his  helmet,  making  him  a  consnicuous  mark  for  the  enemy. 

All  was  now  confusion.  The  Snanish  anpienusiers,  screened  bv  their 
defences,  poured  a  galling  fire  into  tne  dense  masses  of  the  enemy,  who  were 
mingled  togetlier  indiscruninately,  horse  and  foot,  while,  the  leaders  being 
down,  no  one  seemed  capable  of  bringing  them  to  order.  At  this  critical 
nionicnt,  Gonsalvo,  whose  eagle  eye  took  in  the  onerations  of  the  wliole  field, 
(inlcreil  a  general  charge  along  the  line  ;  and  the  Spaniards,  leajting  their 
iiiticnchnients,  descended  with  the  fury  of  an  avalanche  on  their  foes,  whose 
wavering  cohnnns,  comi)letely  broken  by  the  violence  of  the  shock,  were  seize(l 
with  a  panic,  and  fled,  scarcely  ottering  anv  resistance.  Louis  d'Ars^  at  the 
lieail  of  such  of  the  men-at-arms  as  could  follow  him,  went  ott'  in  one  direction, 
and  Ives  d'Alegre,  with  his  light  cavalry,  which  had  hardly  come  into  action, 
in  another;  thus  fully  verifying  the  ominous  prediction  of  his  commander. 
The  slaughter  fell  most  heavily  on  the  Swiss  and  Gascon  foot,  whom  the 
cavalry  under  Mendoza  and  Pearo  de  la  Paz  rode  down  and  cut  to  pieces  with- 
out sparing,  till  the  shades  of  evening  shielded  them  at  length  from  their 
pitiless  pursuers.*' 

Prospero  Colonna  pushed  on  to  the  French  encampment,  where  he  found 
the  tables  in  the  duke's  tent  spread  for  his  evening  repast,  of  which  the 
Italian  general  and  his  followers  did  not  fail  to  make  good  account, — a  trifling 
incident,  that  well  illustrates  the  sudden  reverses  of  war. 

Tlie  Great  Captain  passed  the  night  on  the  field  of  battle,  which  on  the 
fdllowing  morning  presented  a  ghastly  spectacle  of  the  dying  and  the  dead. 
More  than  three  thousand  French  are  computed  by  the  best  accounts  to  have 
fallen.  The  loss  of  the  Spaniards,  covered  as  they  were  by  their  defences, 
was  inconsiderable."    All  the  enemy's  artillery,  consisting  of  thirteen  pieces, 


"'  rbr6nica  del  (Jran  Capitan,  cap.  75. — 
(iarnier,  Hist,  de  France,  torn.  v.  pp.  396, 
3'Ji. -FloiiranRf'.  Memoires,  cliap.  5,  apud 
I'ctitot,  Collection  dcs  Memoiies,  torn.  xvi.  - 
CJiuvio,  Vitii'  illust.  Viroruin.ubi  sup. — (Jiiic- 
cianlini,  Isioria,  ton».  i.  pp.  303,  304. — St. 
•i'lais.  Hist,  de  l.ouys  XII..  pp.  171,  172.— 
Brjiit"in.\  G-^uvres,  torn.  ii.  disc.  8. 

"  (Jiovio,  Vita)  Illust.  Virorum,  fol.  265.— 


Garibay,  Cnmpcndio,  torn.  ii.  lib  19,  cap.  15. 
— Bcriialdez,  U»yes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  180. 
—Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  2.")0. — 
Fleumnfie,  Mi'inoirrs,  chap.  5.  No  account, 
tliat  1  l<now  of,  places  tlie  Fr«  ncli  loss  h»  low 
as  3U00 ;  (iaribay  raises  it  to  4.'>oi),  and  tlie 
French  uiarechai  de  Fleurange  r.itt-s  that  of 
the  Swi>s  alone  at  5ooo ;  a  round  exn^nera- 
tion,  not  readily  accounted  for,  au  he  bad  un- 


472 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


his  l»ag;,'a^'e,  and  most  of  his  (•()lo\irs  fell  into  their  hands.  Nevor  was  thrrc 
a  more  complete  victory,  arhieveil  t(H)  within  the  space  of  little  more  llian  aii 
honr.  The  hody  of  the  unfortunate  Nemours,  which  was  recn^ni/ed  l,y  uim 
of  his  pages  from  the  rings  on  his  lingers,  was  found  under  a  heap  of  hlain, 
much  uistigured.  It  appwired  that  he  had  received  three  several  woiiiii|>| 
disproving,  if  need  were,  hy  his  honouraMe  death  the  injuiitius  taunts  of 
Alcgre.  Oonsalvo  was  aliectcd  even  to  tears  at  heholdin^'  the  mulilatfij 
remains  of  his  young  and  gallant  jwlversiiry,  who,  whatever  judgment  mi-lit 
Ih»  formed  of  his  Civpacity  as  a  lejider,  was  allowed  to  have  all  the  t|ualitits 
which  helong  to  a  true  knight.  With  him  penshel  the  last  scjnu  of  tlu' 
illustrious  house  of  Armagnac.  Oonsalvo  ordered  his  remains  to  In.'  conveyed 
to  Harleta,  where  they  were  laid  in  the  cemetery  of  the  convent  of  St.  Francis, 
witli  all  tlie  honours  due  to  his  high  sUition.^' 

The  Spani;  h  commander  lost  no  time  in  following'  up  his  hlov.,  well  aware 
tliat  it  is  (Miite  as  dillicult  to  improve  a  victory  as  to  win  one.  The  Krcnch 
had  rushed  into  hattle  witii  too  nnich  precipitation  to  agre<'  on  any  plan  of 
operations,  or  any  point  on  which  to  rally  in  case  of  defeat.  Tiiey  acc<ii(lin),'ly 
scattered  in  diflerent  directions,  and  I'edro  de  la  I'az  was  despati  licil  ii: 
pursuit  of  Louis  d'Ars,  who  threw  himself  into  Venosa,''*  where  he  kept  the 
enemy  at  bay  for  niany  months  longer.  Paredes  kept  close  on  the  scent  of 
Alegre,  who,  finding  the  gates  shut  against  him  wherever  he  passed,  at  len-tli 
took  shelter  in  (iaeta  on  the  extreme  point  of  the  Neapolitan  tenituiy. 
Tliere  he  endeavoured  to  rall)^  the  scattered  relics  of  the  field  of  Ceriunola, 
and  to  establish  a  strong  position,  from  which  the  French,  when  stren;,^tlienMl 
by  fresh  suoplies  from  liome,  might  reconnnence  operations  for  the  rcco.ery 
of  the  kinguom. 

The  da^  after  the  battle  of  Cerignola  the  Spaniards  received  t.Mings  of 
another  victory,  scarcely  less  injiJorUint,  gained  over  the  French  in  (Jalaluia, 
the  preceding  week,**  The  army  sent  out  under  Portocarrero  had  rea(  IkmI 
that  coast  earl"  in  March  ;  but  soon  after  its  arrival  its  gallant  (oniniamltr 
fell  ill  and  died.'"  The  dying  general  named  Don  Fernando  de  Andrada  as 
his  siicces.sor  ;  and  this  othcer,  condjining  his  forces  with  those  before  in  tlio 
CGiuitry  under  Cardona  and  Benavides,  encountered  the  French  commander 


doubted  access  to  the  best  moans  of 'iiforma- 
tlon.  The  Spaniards  were  too  weU  screened 
to  sustain  much  Injury,  and  no  estimate 
makes  it  more  than  u  hundred  killed,  and 
some  considerably  less.  The  (Kids  iire  indeed 
startling,  but  not  impossible  ;  as  the  Spaniards 
were  not  much  exi)osed  by  :>er.-onal  collision 
with  the  enemy,  until  tlie  i.itter  were  thnnvn 
into  too  much  disorder  to  tliiiik  of  anything 
but  escape.  The  more  than  usual  confusion 
and  discrepancy  in  the  vjirious  statenn'nts  of 
the  jiarticulars  of  this  action  niMy  probably 
be  attributed  to  the  lateness  of  the  liour,  aiid 
conseciueiitly  imperfect  light,  in  which  it  was 
foupht. 

^  Qiuntana,  Kspafioles  celebres,  torn.  i. 
p  277. — (Jiovio,  Vlt*  Illust.  Vlrorum,  fid. 
•J5.'). — Ferreras.  Hist.  d'Es,,agne,  tom.  viii. 
pp.  248,  249.— Ulloa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V.,lol.  17. 
— Bernaldez,  Ileye>  Cat6llcos,  MS.,  caj).  181. 

"  It  was  to  this  same  city  of  Venusium 
that  the  rash  and  unfortunate  Varro  mido 
his  retreat,  some  seventeen  centuries  before, 
from  the  bloody  lield  of  Oanna'.  Liv.  Hist., 
lib.  22,  cap.  49. 

"  Giovio,  Vita*  lllust.  Virorum,  fol.  256.— 


Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  2r)6.— Clin'i- 
nlca  del  (Jriin  Capitan,  cap.  so. — Friday,  says 
(iuicciardiiu,  alluiliuf;  no  doubt  toL'oluiiilius!* 
discoveries,  as  well  as  thes"'  two  viitorits, 
was  obstMved  to  be  a  lucky  day  to  the 
Spaniards.  (Istoria,  tom.  i.  p.  :iui.)  Aaord- 
ing  to  fiaillard,  It  was  regarded  from  lliis 
time  by  the  French  with  more  suptrstitiuus 
dread  than  ever. — Rivalite,  torn.  iv.  p.  ;!4'<. 

■"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Key  Heniando,  tom.  1. 
lib.  5,  cap.  8,  24.— (Jiovio,  Vltie  Hlust.  VIm- 
nmi,  fol.  251). — The  reader  may  ptrliii's  ri- 
coUect  the  distinguished  part  pUiyiil  iii  th  • 
Moorish  war  by  Luis  Portocarrero,  Icnl  uf 
Palina.  He  was  of  nohle  Italian  origin,  tviiiR 
desceiKli'd  from  the  ancient  ticnois.'  imi;-'' ■  f 
Hoccanegra.  Tlie  (ireat  Capiain  and  li>'  iiail 
married  sistt'rs  ;  and  this  connection  jirnhaMy 
reconmien.led  him,  as  much  as  his  military 
talents,  to  the  Calabrian  command,  "lii^li  it 
was  highly  im|)ortant  sliouid  be  intiU-tod  to 
one  who  would  maintain  a  gomi  uiiil'r^iaiiJ- 
ing  with  the  coniniand' r-in-diirf ;  a  tliinn 
not  easy  to  secure  among  the  haughty  uo- 
bility  of  Castile. 


VICTORY  OF  CKRIONOLA. 


473 


revor  was  then* 
;'  inuiv  tliaii  an 
^'K'li/cil  l.y  one 
I  lu'iii)  of  >laiii, 

Sl'MTtll  \V(iUllil>, 

iiiuiis  tuiiiit>  (if 
;  tlu'  iiiiitilatfil 
mIyiiK'iil  iiii-lit 
ill  the  <[iialiti(S 
ist  scidii  (if  till- 
to  Ik"  cutiM'ycil 
t  of  St.  Francis, 

ilow,  woil  anure 
B.  TIk'  Fr.-nch 
oil  any  plan  nf 
"hey  iU'ciiidihgly 
i  desiiatijicil  iii 
iTe  lie  kt'pt  tln> 
on  tilt'  stvnt  of 
•asst'il,  at  lcn;;tli 
ulitan  territory. 
id  (if  Cerimiola. 
en  streii^'thcndl 
for  the  retuu'ry 

eived  t.'dlngs  of 
icli  in  (Jalaliiia, 
TO  hail  ivailicij 
lant  cuniinanilci' 
(le  Aiidraila  as 
<e  lief  ore  in  tlii> 
nch  coiiiniander 

ppist.  256.— Clir^"- 

sO. — Kriilay,  say-t 

oulit  toCiilUlllljUSS 
lew  t\V(i  vutiiriis, 
lucky  day  to  thf 

.  p.  :tHl."l  .Vivord- 
cp.mlril  frnm  iliis 
iiiori'  suiKTSiitiuus 

tdin.  iv.  II.  ;i4-<. 

Homandii,  tinii.  I. 

Vltic  lIliiHt.  Vini- 
r  nmy  jicrliiii'^  ri- 
part  pliiyi'd  m  tb  ■ 
rtiicarnTo,  li'rd  I'f 
tatiaii  (>ri^'iIl,  b-in;; 
t  (Jcnocsi'  li'iu-'  ■ !' 
aplrtiti  and  li''  ii*t 

iinoctiDii  prnhaMy 
eh  as  liis  inilitary 
(anmaiid,  \'>hWh  it 
lid  lie  iiitiu-t-'d  to 
piiiKl  uiid'-r-ianJ- 

in-cliicf;  a  tliiKg 
;  the  haugbty  uo- 


[•AuMpny  in  a  pitrliod  battle,  not  far  from  Setninara,  on  Friday,  the  21st  of 
April.  It  was  near  the  same  spot  on  which  the  latter  had  twiic  heaten  tht^ 
Spaniards.  Mnt  the  star  of  France  wa.s  on  the  wane  ;  and  the  gallant  old 
otticcr  had  the  mortilicatinn  to  see  his  little  corns  of  veterans  cnmpletely 
ruiitod  aftei  a  sharp  en^',>;;ement  of  less  than  an  hour,  while  he  liinisflf  was 
retrieved  with  diilioulty  from  the  lumds  of  the  enemy  hy  the  valoin*  of  his 
Scottish  .1,'uard." 

Till'  <Sreiit  Captain  and  his  army,  highly  elated  with  the  news  of  tliis  fortu- 
nate event,  which  ainiihilated  the  French  power  in  Calahria,  hegan  their 
iiiarcli  on    Naples  ;   Fahrizio  Cnlonna   havin;,'   heen    first   detached  into  the 


.Uinzzi  to  receive  the  snhmission  of  the  people  in  that 
of  the  vi(;tory  had  spread  far  and  wide;  and,  as  (Jonsa 
they  lii'held  theensii.;ns  of  Aragun  floating  from  tiie  hatt 
uiwiM  their  route,  while  th(^  inhahiUmts  came  forth  t 


uarter.  The  tiding.H 
vo's  army  advan(«'d, 
ements  of  the  towns 
t  the  eoii'iueror, 


I  to  Ljree 
ea.'cr  to  testify  their  devotion  to  the  Spanish  cause.  The  armv  halted  at 
IVncvrnto ;  and  the  general  .sent  his  summons  to  the  oity  of  Na|>]es,  inviting 
it  in  the  most  courteous  terms  to  resume  its  ancient  allegianc«^  to  the  legiti- 
mate liranch  of  Aragon.  It  was  hardly  to  ho  e.xpected  that  the  allegiance  of 
a  iioo|i!e  who  had  so  long  seen  their  country  .set  un  as  a  mere  stake  for  jiolitical 
i:aiiie^ters  should  sit  very  closely  upon  them,  or  that  they  should  care  to  peril 
their  lives  on  the  transfer  of  a  crown  which  had  shifted  on  the  heads  of  half  a 
(lo/,en  proprietors  in  as  many  successive  years."  With  the  .same  ductile  en- 
thusiasm, therefore,  with  which  they  had  greeted  the  accession  of  Charles  the 
Eighth  and  of  Louis  the  Twelfth,  they  now  welcomed  the  restoration  of  the 
aiKMent  dynasty  of  Aragon  ;  and  deputies  from  the  principal  nohility  and 
citizens  waited  on  the  Great  Captain  at  Acerra,  where  they  tendered  him  the 
keys  of  the  city  and  re([uestecl  tlie  contirmation  of  their  rignt.s  and  privileges. 

Oonsalvo,  having  iiromised  this  in  the  name  of  his  royal  master,  on  the 
following  morning,  the  14th  of  May,  1503,  made  his  entrance  in  great  state 
into  the  CiipiUil,  leavin;!'  ins  army  without  the  walls.  He  was  e.scorted  l)y  the 
military  of  the  citv  inuler  a  royal  canopy  home  hv  the  deputies.  The  streets 
were  strewed  with  flowers,  the  edifices  decorated,  with  aiipropriate  emhlems 
ami  devices  and  wreatlied  with  Sanners  emblazoned  with  the  united  arms  of 
•Vragoii  and  Naples.  As  he  pa.ssed  along,  the  city  rang  with  the  acclamations 
of  countless  multitudes  who  thronged  the  streets ;  while  every  window  and 
houseto|)  was  filled  with  spectators,  eager  to  behold  the  man  who,  with  .scarcely 
any  other  resources  than  those  of  his  own  genius,  had  so  long  defied,  and  at 
leii^'th  completely  foiled,  the  power  of  France. 

On  the  following  day  a  deputation  of  the  nobility  and  people  waited  on  the 
^rcat  Captain  atnis  (quarters,  and  tendered  him  the  usual  oaths  of  allegiance 
f'lr  his  master.  King  Ferdinand,  who.se  accession  finally  closed  the  .series  of 
revolutions  which  had  so  long  agitated  this  unhap})y  country.** 

The  city  of  Naples  was  conunanded  by  two  strong  fortresses  still  held  by  fhe 


•  <;iovif),  Vit.x>  lUust.  Virorutu,  fol.  *2.')5.— 
P"t'r  Muriyr.  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  'i.'iB.— Chn'i- 
iiiui  (|,l  (jran  Capltaii,  cap.  »i).— Varillas, 
Histoid'  di-  Louis  XII.  (.Paris,  KiS'^),  toui.  i. 
I'ji  i'-it  J!)2.-.See  the  acdjunt  of  I)'Aubi|.ciiy's 
vi'tori.H  at  .Seminara,  in  Part  li.  chaplt-rs  2 
lU'i  n,  of  this  History. 

■"  >iiiic('  1191  the  sci'ptro  of  Naples  had 
pissoil  into  thi'  liaiids  of  no  loss  tliau  seven 
princes,  Ferdinand  I.,  .Vlfonso  II.,  Ferdinand 
II.,  riiarlfs  VIII.,  Frederick  III.,  I.ouis  XII., 
K'riiiii;iiul  tlie  Catholic.  No  private  est.ite  in 
tbe  liiii;;dum  in  the  same  time  had  probably 


char)ge(l  masters  lialf  so  often.  (ionsalvo 
notices  tliis  rividutiuiiary  spirit  of  tlie  N'ea- 
jxdit.uis  in  this  eni)iliatie  laii>;uage  :  "  lO'gno 
tan  trenioloso  (pio  la  p:i/.  qin'  al  uiundo  «oslega 
&  el  lo  altera." — Carta  al  Key  Catli61ico  de 
Nupolts,  il  .tl  de  Oetulire,  luuf),  MS. 

■'  (Juieeiurdiui,  Istori.i.  toin.  i.  p.  ."iOt.— • 
Oiannone,  Ntoiiadi  Nain^li,  lili.  '2'J,  cui).  4. — 
Ferreras,  Hist.  d'Kspa^'iif,  toin,  viii.  p.  '250.^ 
.Sunimonto,  Hi^t.  di  Napoli,  toni.  iii.  pji.  S.'i'i, 
bW.l. — Muiatori,    Aiinali   d'ltali.i,    toui.    xiv. 

t4i). — I'lironiea  drl  (Iran  Capitan,  cap.  )Ji.— 
Uoa,  Vita  dl  Carlo  V.,  fol.  18. 


474 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Kreiicli,  wliicli,  hoin^'  well  victimllcil  hikI  Mi|i|»lii'«l  with  aimminitioii,  slmwcil  no 
disposition  to  surn'mlor.  TIk?  (Invit  Captain  •Ictninincd,  tluTcforc,  to  n-MrvH 
a  small  (;or|)s  for  tli«'ir  reduction,  while  he  sent  foiwanl  the  main  Itody  uf  In, 
army  to  hesie^*;  (Jaetii.  Hut  the  Spanish  infantry  refused  to  man  h  until  tlit; 
heavy  arrears,  suflered  to  acennndate  through  the  ne^,di;,'en(e  of  the  Kovcrn- 
inent,  were  diseliar^ed  ;  and  <ions;ilvo,  afraid  of  awakening;  the  mutiiiKiw 
Hpirit  which  In*  had  once  foinid  it  so  dillicirit  to  (piell,  was  ohIi<jed  to  coutciit 
himself  with  sending'  forward  his  aivalry  and  Herman  levies,  and  to  iH-rmit  tin! 
infantry  to  tak«'  up  its  (piarters  in  the  capital,  under  .strict  orders  t(j  ies|H.'(.t 
thiMMTsons  imd  property  of  the  citizens. 

lie  now  lost  no  time  ui  nressint;  the  siej,'e  of  the  French  fortresses,  wiinso 
im|trej^nahle  situation  miulit  have  derided  the  ellorts  of  the  most  foriiiidaMt! 
enemy  in  the  aniiient  stvte  of  milit^vry  science.  Hut  the  rethiction  of  tlii*>e 
j»laces  was  intrusUnl  to  Pt^dro  Navarro,  the  celehrated  en,i,'incer,  wIiom'  im. 


movements  in  the  art  of  mining;  liave  ^'ained  him  the  jiopular  reputation  of 
iH'ing  its  inventor,  and  who  displaved  such  unprecedented  skill  on  tlii>  oca- 
Kion  as  makes  it  a  memorahle  ep(K;h  in  the  annals  of  war." 


Under  his  directions,  the  small  tower  of  St.  Vincenzo  having  heon  first 
re(hiced  hy  a  furious  aiiwionade,  a  mine  was  run  under  the  outer  defciicis  of 
the  f^reat  fortress  called  (Jastel  Nuovo.  On  the  '21st  of  May,  the  mine  w;i.; 
(iprunj^  ;  a  itassaj,'e  was  opened  over  the  prostrate  ramj)arts,  anil  the  assailants 
rushinj;  in  with  CJonsalvo  and  Navarro  at  their  head,  before  the  garrison  h.vl 
time  to  .secure  the  drawbridge,  applied  their  ladders  to  the  walls  of  the  ciistle 
and  succeded  in  carrying  the  place  hy  escalade,  after  a  desnerate  striiLrgle,  in 
which  the  ^'reater  part  of  the  French  were  slaughtered.  An  immense  IxKitv 
was  found  m  the  castle.  The  Angevin  party  had  made  it  a  i>lace  of  deiMisit 
for  their  most  valual)le  effects,  gold,  jewels,  plate,  and  other  treasures,  wliidi. 
together  with  its  well-stored  magazines  of  grain  an  1  aminiuiition,  hecanie  tln^ 
indi.scriminaU^  si)oil  of  the  victor-s.  As  some  of  these  however,  coni|iiaiiie<l  uf 
not  getting  their  share  of  the  plunder,  Gons^ilvo,  giving  full  scope  in  tlif 
exultation  of  the  moment  to  military  license,  called  out,  gavly, "  Make  aintii'ls 
for  it,  then,  hv  what  you  can  find  in  my  (puvrters  ! "  'J^lie  words  were  not 
littered  to  deaf  ears.  The  moh  of  soldiery  rushed  to  the  .splendid  palace  (»f  the 
Angevin  prince  of  Salerno,  then  occujiied  hy  t!'e  Great  Captain,  and  in  a 
moment  its  suniptuous  furniture,  paintings,  aii'l  other  costly  decdratiniis 
together  with  the  contents  of  its  generous  cellar,  v,\n-  .seized  ana  approiniateil 
without  ceremony  hy  the  invaders,  who  thus  indcnniified  themselves  at  their 
general's  exiHMise  for  the  remissness  of  the  government. 

After  some  weeks  of  i)rotracted  operations,  the  remaining  fortress,  Ca^^tel 
d'Uovo,  as  it  was  called,  opened  its  gates  to  Navarro;  and  a  Freiicli  tlei't, 
coming  into  the  harbour,  had  the  mortification  to  find  itself  fired  en  fnmi  the 
walls  of  the  place  it  was  intended  to  relieve.  Before  this  event,  Gonsalwi, 
having  obtained  funds  from  Spain  for  paying  off  his  men,  (juitte<l  the  caiii'.u 
and  directed  his  march  on  Gaeta.  The  important  results  ot  his  victories  were 
now  fully  disclosed.  D'Aiibigny,  with  the  wreck  of  the  forces  escaped  ffni 
Seminara,  had  surrendered.  The  two  A})ruzzi,  the  Cajiitanate,  all  tlie  Risili- 
cate,  except  Venosa,  still  held  by  Louis  d'Ars,  and  iiuleed  every  consi'l'TiMe 
place  in  the  kingdom,  had  tendered  its  submission,  with  the  exception  of 
Gaeta.    Summoning,  therefore,  to  his  aid  Andrada,  Navarro,  and  his  other 

'"  The  Italians,  in  their  admiration  of  Pedro  hiw  plory  was  scarcely  less,  cinoe  lie  w  i«  i!  '^ 

Navarro,  c.'UiHod  medals  to  l)eptrurk  on  which  first  who  di>coveve(|  the  exti'ii-^ive  nii'l  J"''- 

the  invention  of  mines  was  ascribed  to  hiin.  uiidaMe  nses  to  wliicli  they  niiglit  l«'  ai'ili™ 

(Marlni,  ariid  Dam,  Hist,  dc  Venise,  torn.  iii.  in   the   science  of  destruction.    See  Part  1 

p.  361.)   Although  not  actually  the  Inventor,  chapter  13,  note  23,  of  this  History. 


INVASION  OF  yPAIN.  47:> 

ofliocrs,  the  Orpftt  Captftin  rosolvnl  to  concoiitrate  all  his  .stroii;,'th  on  this 
[mint,  designiiit,'  to  picss  the  sit'^'c,  and  thus  t'xt«'iininat«  at  u  hl(»w  the  ftrhio 
rtiiiuiii>  of  thr  Fr»'M('h  powiir  in  Italy.  Tlio  cnlorj»ri.->c  WiW  attcmletl  with 
Hjuu-  ciithculty  tluui  liu  had  anlieipatcd." 


CHAPTER  XIII.  , 

NEiloTIATIONfl   WITH    FRANCE.  — CNSUCCESHFl'L   INVASION   OF   SPAIN,— TKUCE. 

1503. 

Fr(lin«n<l'n  I'nltry  rxainlitrd— Fint  Sym|ili)m«  of  JoannA'n  Insanity— iKalxllii'H  DlHlreno  rnd 
Knriitiiflt'— Kirurt-*  ol  liam  (!— .SU(4«i  ot  SulBaa— Isubtlltt's  Lt-viuB — Ffrdiiiaud'o  Suvtetweth— 
I'.i  III  ( tiuhH  (Ml  till-  t'iini|i.tiKU. 

TiiK  i'\«'iits  noticed  in  tlie  preceding  chaf»t^r  glided  away  as  rapidly  as  the 
liiltiiii;  phantoms  of  a  dicani.  Suircely  had  lionis  the  'lAveJfth  received  tho 
iiii\vt'l((inie  intelli^fence  of  (»>.nsalvo  de  Cordova's  refusal  to  ohey  the  mandate 
(if  tlio  archduke  I'hilip,  before  he  was  astounded  with  the  tidings  of  the 
victory  of  Cerignola,  the  march  on  Naples,  and  the  surrender  of  that  oipital, 
■is  wi'fl  as  of  the  greater  pai  t  of  the  kingdom,  following  one  another  in  hreath- 
less  Miccession.  it  seemed  as  if  the  very  means  on  which  the  French  kiiij; 
hail  so  confidently  relied  for  calming  the  tempest  had  heen  the  signal  for 
awakening  all  its  fury  and  bringing  it  on  his  devoted  head.  Mortihed  and 
iiRt'ii>e(l  at  Ix'ing  mtvle  the  dupe  of  what  he  deemed  a  perfidious  policy,  ho 
(Itiiiaiided  an  explanation  of  the  archduke,  who  was  still  in  France.   'Hie  latter. 


vt'liciiicntlv  protesting  his  own  innocence,  felt,  or  allected  to  feel,  so  sensibly 

lilt'  liiliculous  and,  as  it  app 

tiaiisa(  tion,  that  he  was  thrown  into  a  ^evere  illness,  which  confined  him  to 


and,  as  it  ajipeare<l,  dishonourable  part  played  by  him  in  tho 


Ills  lied  for  several  days.'  Without  <lelay,  he  wrote  to  the  Spanish  court  in 
tonus  of  bitter  expostulation,  urging  the  immediate  ratitication  of  the  treaty 
iiia<l('  pursuant  to  its  orders.  an<l  an  indenndfication  to  France  for  its  sub- 
M'uuciit  violation.     Such  is  tlie  account  given  by  the  French  historians. 

The  Spanish  writers,  on  the  other  hand,  say  that,  U'fore  the  lu'ws  of 
(ioii>alvos  successes  reached  Spain,  King  Ferdinand  refu.sed  to  confirm  the 
treaty  sent  him  by  his  son-in  law,  until  it  had  tmdergone  certnin  material 
iiiotliiications.  If  the  Spanish  monarch  hesitated  to  ajtprove  the  treaty  in 
tlu'ddulaful  i)o.sture  of  ids  atlairs,  he  was  little  likely  to  do  so  wluiii  lie  had 
the  uaiiie  entirely  in  his  own  hands.' 

He  postponed  an  answer  to  Philip's  application,  willing  probably  to  gain 
time  fur  the  (Jreat  Captain  to  strengthen  liimsclf  lirmly  in  his  recent  acquisi- 
tions.   At  length,  after  a  considerable  interval,  he  despatched  an  embassy  to 

"  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Hey  Hernando,  torn.  i. 
lib.  5,  call.  3u,  31,  34, '  .'1.5.  —  Giuvio.  Vitii' 
Illiwt.  ViKiruni,  ful.  '255-'257  — (iarihay,  dmi- 
I»mlio,  tiiui.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  15.  — nfrnaMe/, 
Hiyc-*  t'utolicoH,  MS  ,  cap.  183.— (iiiici  ianlini, 
I-t(.ria,  lib.  G.  j>ji.  3U7-30H.— Hilda,  Vita  di 
•'iii'i  v.,  t'ol.  l><,  19.  — AmuiiratK,  Jstt.rie 
FiMr.'nline.  toni.  iii.  p.  '271.  —  Siininumtc, 
lli>t  <ll  Naimli,  toni.  iii.  p.  .^rii.— CI  iron  lea 
li'l  (Iran  Ciipitan,  cap.  M4,  «6,  h7,  9:i,  90  — 
f<i>uiiriiili,  liisi.  de.i  I'rancais,  torn.  xv.  pp. 
40T-4uy.  * 


'  St.  Grlai.'*  Kcenm  willini^  to  accept  1  'lilip's 
Ktatenient,  and  to  consider  the  wbole  aflair 
of  the  ne>;ntiation  as  "oni'  of  t'erdinand'.'*  old 
tricks,"  "  I'anciiime  <iiutc|t'  de  celny  (pii  cii 
RVavoit  bit  II  faire  d'autres."  Hint,  de  Loiiys 
All.,  p    172. 

'  Lit  in,  ubi  supra. — (iarniir.  Hist,  de 
trance,  loin.  v.  p.  41i»  -  GailLiiil,  Itivaliti', 
toui.  iv.  pp  '2.1H,  239.— Znrita,  Analt-s,  torn. 
V.  lib.  5,  lap.  23 — (iaribay,  Coiuptnilio,  toin. 
ji.  lib.  19,  cap.  15.  — Firrcraf,  Hist,  d'^i^pagne, 
torn.  viii.  p.  233. 


476 


INSANITY  OF  JOANNA. 


Franco,  announcing  his  final  determination  never  to  ratify  a  treaty  niailo  in 
contempt  of  his  orders  and  so  clearly  detrimental  to  I'lis  interests.  l|e 
eii(l«'avonred,  however,  to  gain  further  time  \>y  spimiing  out  tlie  iif^'otiution 
hohUiig  up  for  this  purpose  the  [irospect  of  an  ultimate  acconmiodatidii.  ainj 
sugg(>stiug  the  re-estalilishment  of  his  kinsman,  the  \nifortunate  Frcilcijik 
on  ti»e  Neapohtiin  throne,  as  the  liest  means  of  etlecting  it.  The  artitid' 
however,  was  too  gross  even  for  the  credulous  Louis,  who  ]ien'iii|itiirilv 
demanded  of  the  amhassadors  the  instant  and  a])solute  ratiMcatiou  of  the 
treaty,  and,  on  their  declaring  it  was  hcyond  tiieir  powers,  ordered  tlicin  at 
once  to  leave  his  court.  "  1  had  rather,"  said  he,  "  sutler  the  loss  of  a  kim^doiii, 
which  may  ]»erhaps  he  retrieved,  than  the  loss  of  honour,  which  never  (an. ' 
A  nolde  sentiment,  but  falling  with  no  particular  grace  from  the  lips  of  Louis 
the  Twelfth.* 

The  whole  of  this  blind  transaction  is  stated  in  so  irreconcilable  a  iiiaiinpr 
by  the  historians  of  the  different  nations  that  it  is  extremely  dillicult  tu  draw 
anything  like  a  probable  narrative  out  of  them.  The  Spanish  writers  assert  that 
the  public  conunission  of  the  archduke  was  controlled  by  strict  pri\ati'  in- 
structions ;  *  while  the  French,  on  the  other  hand,  are  either  silent  as  to  the 
latter,  or  represent  them  to  have  been  as  broad  and  unlimited  as  lii> 
credentials.*  If  this  be  true,  the  negotiation  must  be  admitted  to  exliitiit,  (ni 
the  part  o^  Ferdinand,  as  gross  an  example  of  political  jugglery  and  falseho(Mi 
as  ever  disgraced  the  annals  of  diplomacy.* 

But  it  is  altogether  improbable,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  that  a  nioiianh 
so  astute  and  habitually  cautious  should  have  intrusted  unlimited  autlKuity, 
in  so  delicate  a  business,  to  a  person  whose  discretion,  independently  of  his 
known  partiality  for  the  French  monarch,  he  held  so  lig«litly.  it  is  iiiiich  iiKin; 
likely  that  he  hmited,  as  is  often  done,  the  full  ]X)wers  conunitted  to  liim  in 
public,  by  private  instructions  of  the  most  explicit  character ;  and  that  the 
archduke  was  betrayed  by  his  own  vanity,  and  nerhaps  ambition  (for  the 
treaty  threw  the  inuHediate  power  into  his  own  nands),  into  arrangements 
unwarranted  by  the  tenor  of  these  instructions.^ 


'  Gamier,  Hist,  de  Franco,  torn.  v.  p.  388. 
— Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragoii,  toui.  ii.  rey  30, 
cap.  13,  sec.  3. — Guicciardini,  Isturia,  torn.  i. 
p.  300,  ed.  1645.— Zurita,  Analea,  torn.  v. 
lib.  5,  cap.  9. — It  is  anui.-inH  to  see  with  wiiat 
industry  certain  Kreiicli  writers,  us  Ciaillard 
and  Varillas,  are  perpetually  contrasting  the 
bonne  foi  of  Louis  XII.  with  the  mechancete 
of  Ferdinand,  whose  secret  intentions,  even, 
ari.  quoted  i.i  evidence  of  ids  iiypocrisy,  wliile 
the  Lnost  objectionable  acts  of  his  rival  seem 
to  be  abundantly  compensated  by  some  fine 
oentiuienl  lilie  that  in  the  text. 

*  Zurita,  Hist  del  Rey  Hernando,  torn.  i. 
lib  &,  ca;'  10. — .Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragon, 
torn.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  13,  sec.  2. — Mariana, 
Hist,  de  Espana.  torn.  ii.  pp.  090,  691. — et  al. 

■  Seyssel,  Hist  de  l.ouys  XII.,  p.  61.— St. 
Gelais!  Hist.de  Louys  Xll  ,  p.  171.— Gaillard, 
Rivalite,  torn  iv.  p.  2M. — Gamier,  Hist,  de 
France,  tmn.  v.  p.  3><7.  — Ii'Autou,  Hist,  de 
Louys  XII  ,  part.  2,  chap.  3'2. 

"  VarilUs  regards  Thilip's  mls.sion  to 
France  as  a  coup  de  ntititrc  on  the  part  of 
Ferdinand,  who  thereby  rid  himself  of  a  dan- 
gerous rival  at  home,  likely  to  contest  his 
succession  to  Castile  nn  I.sab.Ua's  death, 
while  he  empl-^yeU  that  rival  lu  outwitting 


Louis  XII.  by  a  treaty  which  he  meant  to 
disavow.  (Politique  de  Ferdinaml,  liv.  1, 
pp.  146-150.)  The  first  of  these  iinputati  in 
is  sufficiently  disproved  by  the  tint  thit 
Philip  quitted  Spain  in  oppositien  to  tiie 
pressing  remonstrances  of  the  k'u\\:,  i\\i"-n, 
and  cortes,  and  to  the  general  disfjiist  uf  the 
whole  nation,  as  is  repeatedly  st  .U'i\  ly 
Gomez,  Martyr,  and  other  conteinporariis. 
The  second  will  1«  diflicnlt  to  retuti'  ami  still 
Larder  to  prove,  as  it  rests  on  a  man's  scent 
intentions,  known  only  to  himself,  ."^ucli  are 
the  flimsy  cobwebs  of  which  fliis  political 
dreamer's  theories  are  made— truly  ckaUaux 
en  Kspagne. 

'  Martyr,  whose  copious  corre-^pindcnce 
furnishes  the  most  valuable  coimiifiit.iry, 
unquestionably,  on  the  |)roceeding«  of  this 
reign,  is  provokingly  reservid  in  nganl  to 
this  interesting  matter.  He  contents  iiiuiself 
with  remarking,  in  one  of  his  letters,  ttj.il 
"the  Spaniards  derided  Philip's  iiep.rti.it  ens 
as  of  no  Consequence,  and  indeed  aiteu'ctlur 
preposterous,  considering  the  attUii.l.'  a-^- 
sunud  by  the  nation  at  that  ver.v  tiiii''  '"J 
niainiaining  its  claims  by  the  h\m  r.l ;  '  aiiu 
be  dismisses  the  subject  \Citli  a  retieeti'.ii  tliat 
seems  U>  rest  the  merits  of  the  oso  more  yu 


INVASION  OF  SPAIN. 


477 


a  treaty  made  in 
s  interests.  Ije 
t  the  iH'pitiatioiL 
•oiniiiodatidii,  and 
:uiiate  Fi(Mlcii(k, 

it.  Tlic  artifice, 
ivho^  lieit'iii|itorily 
atiticatioii  of  ilie 
,  ordered  tlicm  at 
loss  of  a  kiiiploiii, 
»vliicli  never  (an.' 
1  the  hps  of  Loi!i.s 

ncilal)le  a  inannor 
y  ditiiciilt  to  ilraw 
writers  a.ssert  that 
strict  private  in- 
er  silent  a.s  to  the 
nnhniitecl  as  his 
;ted  to  exhihit,  on 
lery  and  fal>eho<.M.l 

d,  that  a  monarch 
Hniited  authnrity, 
ependently  of  iiis 
It  is  iniieh  innre 
nnitted  to  liim  in 
er ;  and  that  the 
inibition  (fur  the 
ito  arrangements 


■  which  he  mennt  to 
Ferdinand,  liv.  1, 
of  these  iiiij.utati'  in 
by  the  tact  that 
in  oppdsitinn  to  the 
of  the  kiiic  (|UMii, 
cnerul  disffiist  lit'  ilie 
■peatedly  st  .ti'il  ly 
her  coiiteuiporarii's. 
nit  to  reliiti'  and  still 
sts  on  a  man''*  t^KTH 
:o  himself.  Mich  are 
wliich  this  iiolitical 
iituie — truly  chateaux 

ious  corrc^jx  tiiii^nce 
luahle    ciiiiiineiit.iry, 

jiroceediiig'  nf  thiJ 
[•served  in  rcKanI  to 
He  content^  iiiuiself 

of  liis  leltiT".  ih.it 
rhilip's  neputi.iions 
id  indeed  altut'ctluT 
^    the    iitlituil.'   a.<- 

that  very  mii-  h  r 
)V  the  HWi  nl ;"  ainl 

ith  !i  rctieitii.nthat 
ol  the  osc  more  uu 


If  this  were  the  case,  the  propriety  of  Ferdinand's  conduct  in  refusin;?  the 
ratitication  depends  on  the  (jne>tion  l)o\v  far  a  su\erei;:n  is  Itound  l>y  tlie  arts 
o!  a  plenipotentiary  who  departs  from  liis  private  instructions,  l-'or'nieriy  the 
jiiestion  would  .seoni  to  have  lieen  unsettled.  Indeetl,  some  of  the  most 
rcsiicctable  writers  on  pnhlic  law  in  the  lie.^innini,^  of  the  seventeenth  eentiny 
liiaintain  that  such  a  departtu'e  woidd  not  justify  the  prince  in  withholding 
his  ratification  ;  deciding  thus,  no  doidit,  on  iirinciitles  of  nattnal  eciuity, 
which  a]>i)ear  to  reijuirt:  that  a  i)rincipal  should  he  lield  res{)onsd)le  for  the 
acts  of  an  agent,  coming  \\ithin  t.e  scope  of  his  powers,  tiiough  at  variance 
with  his  secret  orders,  with  which  the  other  contracting  party  can  have  no 
acf  laintance  or  concern.* 

The  inconvenience,  however,  arising  from  adoptinjj  a  principle  in  political 
Ro.'otiations  which  must  necessarily  place  the  destinies  of  a  whole  nation  in 
tiie  hands  of  a  single  individual,  rash  or  incomi)etent,  it  may  he,  without  the 
iiwer  (»f  interference  or  supervision  on  the  part  of  the  government,  has  led  to 
i  ilitierent  conclusion  in  practice ;  and  it  is  now  generally  admitted,  hy 
Kiiroiiean  writers,  not  merely  that  the  exchange  of  ratifications  is  essential  to 
the  validity  of  a  treaty,  hut  that  a  government  is  not  hound  to  ratify  the 
diiinirs  of  a  minister  who  has  transcended  his  private  instructions.* 

But,  whatever  be  thought  of  Ferdinand's  gootl  faith  in  the  early  stages  of 
this  business,  there  is  no  doubt  that  at  a  later  period,  when  his  position  was 
ilianged  by  the  success  of  his  arms  in  It^ily,  he  sought  only  to  anniso  the 
French  court  with  a  show  of  negotiation,  in  order,  as  we  have  already 
intimated,  to  paralyze  its  operations  and  gain  time  for  securing  his  contiuests. 
The  French  writers  inveigh  loudly  against  this  crafty  and  treacherous  policy  ; 
and  Lotus  the  Twelfth  gave  vent  to  his  own  indignation  in  no  very  measured 
tornis.  But,  however  we  may  now  regard  it,  it  was  in  perfect  accordance 
with  the  trickish  spirit  of  tlie  a{je  ;  and  the  French  king  resigned  all  right  of 
relinking  his  antagonist  on  this  score,  when  he  condescended  to  become  a 
party  with  him  to  the  famous  partition  treaty,  and  still  more  when  he  so 
LTOssly  violated  it.  He  had  voluntarily  engaged  with  his  Spanish  rival  in  the 
janio,"  and  it  afl'orded  no  good  ground  of  complaint  that  he  was  the  least 
adroit  of  the  two. 

*\Vliile  Ferdinand  was  thus  triumi)hant  in  his  schemes  of  foreign  policy  and 
coiii[uest,  his  domestic  life  was  clouded  with  the  deepest  anxiety,  in  conse- 
iiuence  of  the  declining  health  of  the  queen,  and  the  eccxMUric  conduct  of  his 
(lituj^'liter.  the  infanta  Joanna.  We  have  already  seen  the  extravagant  fond- 
ness witn  which  that  princess,  notwithstanduig  her  occasional  sjillies  of 
jealousy,  doted  on  her  yoiuig  and  handsome  husliand.'"  From  the  lioiu-  of  his 
departure  she  had  been  plunged  in  the  deepest  dejection,  sitting  day  atid  night 
with  her  eyes  fixed  on  the  ground,  in  uninterrupted  silence,  or  broken  onlv  by 
occasional  expressions  of  petidant  discontent.  She  refused  all  consolations, 
thinking  only  of  rejoining  her  absent  lord,  and  "etpially  regartUess,"  sivys 


miRht  than  right :  "  Exitus,  qui  judex  est 
rrmi  leti'rnus,  h>quatur.  Nostri  rrfitio  po- 
ti'iiitiir  niaj'iri  ex  iiurte."  v'Jjius  Epist., 
P|'i-t  jriV.)  Tills  reserve  of  Miftyr  niij^lit 
Ix"  ciinstrued  unfavourably  for  Ferdinand, 
^iTi'  it  not  fur  the  freedom  with  which  lio 
iKually  critici>ies  whatever  appears  really 
flijwtiim.ilile  to  him  in  the  mea.sures  of  the 
guvonnneiit. 

■  Uiiitus,  De  ,Ture  Billi  et  I'acis,  lib.  2, 
cip.  II.  see.  12;  lb.  H,  cap.  22,  see.  4.— 
'i'litilivi,  !»,.  .lure  Ik-Ui,  lib.  :t,  cap.  ll.apml 
Ii.viikiT:-hix'k,  gua-st.   Juris  Publicl,  lib.   2, 


cap.  7. 

"  Bynkerslioek,  Quivst.  .riiris  l'ul)li(i,  lib. 
2,  eaj).  7. — Matily,  Droit  puliliipK'.  chap.  1. 
-  N'attel,  Dmit  d<'H  <jfii>,  liv,  2,  chap.  12.— 
Martens,  Tiaw  of  Nations,  trans.,  Ixiok  2, 
diap.  1. — Hynkfr~hoek,  the  larli'st  of  these 
writers,  has  discussed  tin;  (pn'st  un  with  an 
amplitudi',  perspicuity,  and  fairness  iinsur- 
pasB<'d  by  any  who  have  followed  liim. 

'"  riiiiip  is  known  in  histury  liy  the  title 
of  "  ihe  Handsome,"  implying  that  lie  was, 
at  least,  fjuite  as  remarkable  for  his  pcTsonal 
(iualitie:i  as  bis  mental. 


478 


INSANITY  OF  JOANNA. 


IMartyr,  who  was  then  at  the  court,  ''of  herself,  her  future  subjects,  niif]  her 
aftlicted  parents."  " 

On  the.  10th  of  March,  ir)03,  slie  was  delivered  of  her  st-coud  son,  \v!io 
received  the  baptismal  name  of  Ferdinand,  in  comitlimcnt  to  hisgiaiMlfatlicr." 
No  chanj^e,  however,  took  place  in  the  mind  of  the  unfortunate  niotlitM-,  who 
from  this  time  was  wholly  uccupied  with  the  i)roject  of  returninj;  to  Flainlcrs. 
An  invitation  to  that  elf'ect,  which  she  received  from  her  husband  in  tlic  nidiith 
of  November,  determined  her  to  undertake  the  journey,  at  all  hazards,  nut- 
withstiindinif  the  atlectionate  remonstrances  of  the  ({ueen,  who  represcnUMl  t!ie 
impractiwibility  of  traversinj,'  France,  a^ntated  as  it  then  was  with  all  the 
bustle  of  warlike  preparation,  or  of  venturing  by  sea  at  this  inclement  ami 
stormy  season. 

One  evening,  wdiile  her  mother  was  absent  at  Segovia,  Joanna,  whose  resi- 
dence was  at  Alethna  dol  Campo,  left  her  apartment  in  the  castle,  and  salHtil 
out,  though  in  dishabille,  without  announcing  her  purpose  to  any  (tf  her 
attendants.  They  followed,  however,  and  used  every  argument  and  entreaty 
to  itrevail  on  her  to  return,  at  least  for  the  night,  but  without  ell'ect  ;  until  the 
bisliop  of  Burgos,  who  had  charge  of  her  household,  finding  every  otlier  iiicaiis 
inett'ectual,  was  com[)elled  to  close  the  castle  gates,  in  order  to  prevent  her 
dej)arture. 

The  ]irincess,  thus  thwarted  in  her  purpose,  gave  way  to  the  most  viulciit 
indignation.  She  menaced  the  attendants  with  her  utmost  vengeance  for  their 
disobedience,  and,  taking  her  station  on  the  barrier,  she  obstinately  refiiscdto 
re-enter  the  castle,  or  even  to  put  on  any  additional  clothing,  but  remainod 
cold  and  shivering  on  the  spot  till  the  following  morning.  The  good  l)ishu]i, 
sorely  embarrassed  by  the  dilemma  to  which  he  found  himself  rediiced,  of 
ortending  the  ipieen  by  complying  with  the  mad  humour  of  the  jirincess,  or  the 
latter  still  more  by  resisting  it,  despatched  an  express  in  all  haste  to  IsahcHa, 
HC(iuainting  her  with  the  atfair,  and  be<^ging  instructions  how  to  proceed. 

The  queen,  who  was  staying,  as  has  been  said,  at  Segovia,  about  forty  miles 
distant,  alarmed  .at  the  intelligence,  sent  the  king's  cousin,  the  admiral  Hen- 
ri(piez,  together  with  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  at  once  to  Me(hna,  ami  pre- 
pared to  follow  as  fast  as  the  feeble  state  of  her  health  would  pei'  nit.  Tl4e 
ell'orts  of  these  eminent  persons,  however,  were  not  much  more  succ(  s^ful  than 
those  of  the  bishop.  ,^il  they  could  obtain  from  Joaima  was  that  die  wunlil 
retire  to  a  miserable  kitchen  in  the  neighbourhood,  during  the  niglit ;  while 
she  persisted  in  taking  her  station  on  the  barrier  as  soon  as  it  was  light,  ami 
contmued  there,  innnovable  as  a  st.atue,  the  whole  day.  In  this  de]i!nralile 
state  she  was  fouiul  by  the  queen  on  her  arrival  ;  and  it  was  not  without  great 
ditficulty  that  the  latter,  with  all  the  deference  habitually  paid  her  by  her 
daughter,  succeeded  in  persuading  her  to  return  to  her  own  ai)artments  in  the 
castle.  These  were  the  first  unequivocal  symptoms  of  that  hereditary  taint  dI 
insanity  which  had  clouded  the  latter  days  of  Isabella's  mother,  and  which, 
with  a  few  brief  intervals,  was  to  shed  a  deeper  gloom  over  the  long-protracted 
existence  of  her  unfortunate  daughter. '* 


"  OpuB  Eplst.,  pplst.  'i.'iS.— ForroraH,  Hist. 
d'?>panne,  tmn.  viii.  pp.  '2.15,  238.  -Gomez, 
Do  liclxis  Ro>itis,  fol.  44. 

'•-  Carhiijal,  Aiiales,  M'^  ,  aRo  150,1.— Go- 
mez, I>e  K.))us  (r'Btis,  I'.il.  45.  46. — He  was 
born  at  Alealii  di'  Hoiiares.  Xiinenes  availed 
liimsclf  of  this  cireumstaiire  to  obtain  frum 
lsal>eUii  a  pennnnent  exemption  from  tH;;e3 
for  his  favomitp  city,  whieh  his  princely 
patronage  was  fast  raisinK  »p  to  contest  the 


palm  of  literary  precedence  with  Salamanca, 
the  ancient  "  Alliens  of  Spain."  Tln'  i  itiztiis 
of  the  place  ^ln^?  preserved,  and  -till  pie- 
servi',  f  .r  aujrht  I  know,  the  cradle  of  iIm' 
royal  infant,  in  token  of  their  grutituJe. 
Kohles,  Villa  d'  Ximone/,  p.  I2l. 

"  IVter  M.irtyr,  Opns  p:pist..  epist.  2tW.— 
Zurita,  Hist,  del  lley  Hern.indo.  toni.  I.  M'- 
5,  cap.  56.— Gomez,  L>e  llebua  gcstis,  ful.  46. 


INVASION  OF  SPAIN. 


479 


ubjcrtp,  {iii.l  lier 


The  conviction  of  this  sad  infirmity  of  tlie  jirincess  gave  a  shock  to  the 
aihai'Py  mother,  scarcely  less  than  tliat  whicli  she  had  formerly  hoen  called  to 
endure  in  the  death  of  her  children.  The  sorrows,  over  which  time  iuid  had 
M.I  little  power,  were  opened  afresh  by  a  calamity  which  nutuniliy  tilled  her 
with  the  moht  gloomy  forebodings  for  the  fate  of  her  people,  whose  welfare 
n;v.s  t<i  be  connmtted  to  such  incompetent  hands.  Tiiese  domestic  griefs  were 
>tiil  further  swelled  at  this  time  by  the  death  of  two  of  her  ancient  triendsand 
,i/iiuscilor:,,  Juan  Chacon,  a<lelantado  of  ^lurcia,'*  and  Gutierre  de  Cardena^s, 
jiuul  connnander  of  Leon,'*  They  had  attivched  themselves  to  Isabella  in  the 
r>uiy  part  of  her  life,  when  her  fortunes  were  still  under  a  cloud ;  and  they 
iiitoiwarils  reaped  the  retpiital  of  their  services  in  such  ample  honours  and 
duoiiuiients  as  royal  gratitude  could  bestow,  and  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  her 
ujiitidoiice,  to  whicl-  tlieir  steady  devotion  to  her  interests  well  entitled  them.'* 

iJiit  neither  the  domestic  troubles  which  pressed  so  heavily  on  Isiibella's 
heart,  nor  the  rapidly  declining  state  of  her  own  health,  had  power  to  blunt 
the  tMiergies  of  her  mind,  or  lessen  the  vigilance  with  which  she  watched  over 
the  iiiteiests  of  her  people.  A  remarkal)le  proof  of  this  was  given  ni  the 
aiituiiMi  of  the  present  year,  1503,  when  the  coimtry  was  menaced  with  aii 
j^vifc^iuii  from  France. 

The  whole  French  nation  had  shared  the  indignation  of  Louis  tlie  Twelfth 
at  the  mortifying  result  of  his  enterprise  ai^ainst  Naples  ;  and  it  answered  his 
call  tor  supplies  so  promptly  and  liberally  tna-  in  a  few  months  after  the  defeat 
of  Cerignola  he  was  able  to  resume  operations  on  a  more  formidable  scale  than 
Frame  had  witnessed  for  centuries.  Tliree  large  armies  were  raised  ;  one  to 
retrieve  affairs  in  Italy,  a  second  to  penetrate  into  Spain  by  the  way  of  Fon- 
tarabia,  and  a  third  to  cross  into  Roussillon  and  get  possession  of  the  strong 
[losts  of  Salsas,  the  key  of  the  mountahi-passes  in  that  cpiarter.  Two  Heets 
were  also  eijuipped  in  the  ports  of  Genoa  and  Marseilles,  the  latter  of  which 
was  to  support  tlie  invasion  of  Roussillon  by  a  descent  on  the  coast  of  Catalonia. 
These  various  corps  were  intended  to  act  in  concert,  and  thus,  by  one  grand, 
i-iinultaiieous  movement,  Spain  was  to  be  assailed  on  three  several  pomts  of 
her  territory.  The  resiilts  did  not  correspond  with  the  magnificence  of  the 
apnaratus.'^ 

The  army  destined  to  march  on  Fontarabia  was  placed  under  the  command 
of  Alan  d  Albret,  father  of  the  king  of  Navarre,  along  the  frontiers  of  wliose 
doiiiiiiiuns  its  route  necessarily  lay.     Ferdinand  had  assured  himself  of  the 


"  "P>ppjo  de  bomlad,"  mirror  of  inrtue, 
asOvunlo  styleB  this  (.avalicr.  He  was  always 
much  regarded  by  the  BovevoigiiH,  and  the 
lUiTative  post  of  cfitadur  inayar,  which  lie 
filled  for  many  years,  ciiaMed  him  to  acquire 
ail  iiniMi'ime  estate,  5o,uiJU  ducats  a  year, 
willimit  imputation  on  his  honesty.  Quin- 
cuagnias,  MS.,  bat.  I,  quinc.  2,  dial.  2. 

'  Tlie  name  of  this  cavalier,  as  well  as 
liiat  of  his  ciiupin,  Alon.xo  de  Cardenas,  grand 
m.iPler  of  St.  James,  has  IxH'ouie  familiar  t<j 
lis  in  the  (iranaditie  war.  If  Don  tiiitierre 
luaile  a  less  brilliant  figure  than  the  latter, 
lie  aciiiiired,  by  means  of  his  intimacy  with 
tbf  siovereigiiH,  and  his  personal  qualities,  as 
great  Weight  in  the  royal  cuinicils  as  any 
siil'jii t  in  the  kingdom.  "  Nothing  of  any 
iuiiiortuiue,"  says  Oviedo,  "was  done  with- 
wi  his  advice."  He  was  raised  to  the  ini- 
jieriaiit  jiusts  of  comendoilor  de  I.,ciin,  and 
cuiitudor  mayor,  whicli  last,  in  the  words  <;f 
tilt  same  author,  "  made  Its  possessor  a  second 


king  over  the  public  treasury."  He  left 
large  estates,  and  more  than  five  thousand 
vassals.  His  elde>^-:  son  was  created  duke  of 
Maquetia.  Quincuagenas,  M.S.,  bat.  1.  quinc. 
2,  dial.  1. — Col.  de  Led.,  tom.  v.  no.  IH'2. 

"•  Peter  .Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epi.it.  255. — 
Cionir?;,  De  Rebus  gestis,  lol.  4.'). — For  somo 
further  accoimt  of  these  individuals,  see  I'art 
1.  chapter  14,  note  in  -Mk  lyr  thus  panegy- 
rizes the  queen's  fortitude  under  iier  accumu- 
lated sorrows:  "Seiitit,  licet  constantissima 
sit,  et  snjira  fci'minam  pnniens,  has  alapas 
fortune'  sicvieiitis  regina,  ila  concussa  Hucti- 
bus  undKiue,  veluti  vasta  rupes,  maris  in 
medio."    Opus  Kpist.,  loc  cit. 

"  tiamier,  Hist,  de  France,  toni.  v.  pp. 
405,  4(i(j.— lerreras,  Hist.  d'Ksjiagne,  tom. 
viii.  pp.  '2:j5-2:>h.— (tuicciardini,  istoria,  torn, 
i.  pp.  300,  301. — Meinoires  de  la  Treuioille, 
ch;ip.  19,  apud  I'etitot,  Collectiuu  des  Me- 
luoircs,  tom.  xiv. 


480 


INSANITY  OF  JOANNA. 


favourable  dispositions  of  tliis  iiriuco,  the  situation  of  whoso  kiiif;(1(im,  mnrf* 
than  its  strength,  made  his  friendsliip  important ;  and  the  sire  irAlhret,  w  liitli.  r 
from  a  (hreet  un(lerstan(Hn.i;  with  the  .Spanish  monarcli,  or  fearful  of  tlie  (f.i,. 
secpiences  which  might  result  to  liis  son  from  the  hostility'  of  the  latter, 
detained  the  forces  intrusted  to  him  so  long  among  the  hleak  and  liancn  fa^t' 
nesses  of  the  mountains  that  at  length,  exhausted  l>y  fatigue  and  want  of 
food,  the  army  melte(l  away  without  even  reaching  the  enemy's  honlcrs." 

The  force  directed  against  Koussilion  was  of  a  more  formidable  cliaractor. 
It  was  commanded  l)y  the  marechal  de  Rieux,a  brave  and  experienced  i»t!i(cr, 
though  nnich  broken  by  age  and  l)0<lily  infirmities.  It  amounted  to  more  tliail 
twenty  thousand  men.  Its  strength,  however,  lay  chiefly  in  its  nninhcrs,  jt 
was,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  thousand  lanscjuenets  tuider  William  do  la 
Marck,'*  made  up  of  the  arriere-ban  of  the  kingdom  and  the  undixii.lim'.l 
militia  from  the  great  towns  of  Languedoc.  With  this  numerous  array  the 
French  marshal  entered  Jioussillon  without  opposition,  and  sat  down  tk-fore 
Salsas  on  the  Kith  of  September,  1503. 

The  old  castle  of  Salsas,  which  had  been  carried  without  nmch  ditiiculty  by 
the  French  in  the  preceding  war,  had  been  put  in  a  defensible  condition  at  the 
commencement  of  the  present,  under  the  superintendence  of  Pedro  Navarro, 
although  the  rejtairs  were  not  yet  wholly  completed.  Ferdinand,  on  theapitroadi 
of  the  enemy,  had  thrown  a  thousand  picked  men  into  the  place,  which  was 
well  victualled  and  provided  for  a  siege  ;  while  a  corps  of  six  thousami  was 
placed  under  his  cousin,  Don  Frederick  de  Toledo,  duke  of  Alva,  Avith  orders 
to  take  up  a  position  in  the  neigh])ourhood,  where  he  might  watch  the  move- 
ments of  the  enemy,  and  annoy  him  as  far  as  possibl'i  by  cutting  oti  liis 
supplies." 

Ferdinand,  in  the  mean  while,  lost  no  time  in  enforcing  levies  throu^'hont 
the  kingdom,  with  which  he  nnght  advance  to  the  relief  of  the  beleaguered 
fortress.  While  thus  occupied,  he  received  such  accounts  of  the  (niecn's  in- 
disposition as  induced  him  to  quit  Aragon,  where  he  then  was,  and  hasten  by 
rapid  journeys  to  Castile.  The  accounts  were  probably  exaggeiaied  ;  !ie  fmuid 
no  cause  for  immediate  alarm  on  his  arrival,  and  Isabella,  ever  ready  to  sacrifice 
her  own  inclinations  to  the  public  weal,  persuaded  him  to  return  to  tlio  scene 
of  operations,  where  his  presence  at  this  juncture  was  so  important.  Fori:etlinL' 
her  illness,  she  made  the  most  luiwearied  efl'orts  for  assend)Iing  troops  without 
delay  to  support  her  husband.  The  grand  constable  of  Castile  was  commissioned 
to  raise  levies  through  every  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  principal  nobility 
Hocked  in  with  their  retainers  from  the  farthest  provinces,  all  eager  to  obey  the 
call  of  their  beloved  mistress.  Thus  strengthened,  Ferdinand,  whose  head- 
quarters were  established  at  Gerona,  saw  himself  in  less  than  a  month  in 
possession  of  a  force  which,  including  the  supplies  of  Aragon,  amounted  to  ten 
or  twelve  thousand  horse  and  three  or  four  times  that  nuniber  of  foot,  lie  no 


'"  AIppoi),  Annalcfl  de  Navarra,  torn.  v. 
pp.  110-112.— The  king  of  Navarre  promised 
to  (ippofie  the  passafje  of  the  French,  if  at- 
tempted. thron|i;h  his  dominions,  anil,  in  order 
to  obviate  any  distrust  on  the  part  of  Ferdi- 
nand, sent  liis  diui^liter  Margaret  to  reside 
at  tlie  co\irt  of  Castile,  as  a  pledf^e  for  his 
fidelity.  Ferreras,  Hist.  d'Espagiie,  torn, 
viii.  p.  '235. 

'"  Vonnger  brother  of  Robert,  third  dnke 
of  Bouillon.  (D'.Anton,  lli'^t.  de  Louys  XII., 
part,  'i,  P(i.  l(i:«,  IhO.I  The  reader  will  not 
confound  him  with  his  name8;ike,  the  famous 
"  boar  uf  Ardennes " — more  familiar  to  us 


now  in  the  pages  of  romance  than  of  history, 
— who  i)eri8hed  ignoniiniously  soni"  twMity 
years  before  this  period,  in  14M.t,  n^t  in  tiu'lit, 
but  by  tlie  hands  of  tlw  coninioii  e.\ti  tiiininr 
at  Utreeht.— Duclos,  Hist,  de  I.uuis  Xl.,ti.ii). 
ii.  p.  ,{7'.t. 

■"  (tonzalo  Ayora.  Capitan  do  la  Cii.iniii 
Ken i,  Cartas  al  Hey.  Don  FcrnaiK^' (Mailrul, 
1794),  ciirta  9.— Meson,  Aimalis  de  Niivirni, 
torn.  V.  pj).  ll'J,  li:t.  —  <;.irnic  Hist,  ile 
France,  torn.  v.  p.  4o7.— Zurit.i,  .  .  s,  toui. 
V.  lib.  5,  cap.  51.  — Abarca,  Kiyes  de  AraguU, 
torn.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  13,  eec.  11. 


INVASION  OF  SPAIN. 


481 


<P  kii)f;(l(,m,  moro 


hnirpr  ilelaypd  his  marrli,  and  about  the  middle  of  Ootobor  put  his  army  in 
niutioii,  proposing  to  efloct  a  junctiDU  with  the  (hike  of  Alva,  tlicn  iyin^'  iK'fure 
Periiigii.tiK  at  a  few  lejv;4ues'  (hstiiiice  fmm  SHl>as.'" 

j^alit'lla,  who  wji.s  at  Se;;ovia,  was  made  arciuainte*!  by  r(';^'idnr  oxi)resses 
Tth  every  nioveiiieut  of  the  army.  She  no  sooner  learned  its  di^parturc  from 
i„.r,i;ia  than  she  was  filled  with  dis(|!iietude  at  the  prospect  of  a  speedy  en- 
r,i!iit«'r  with  the  enemy,  who-o  defeat,  whatever  glory  it  nii^lit  retiert  oii  her 
(Hii  arms,  could  i»e  jMircliased  oidy  at  the  exjiense  of  CbrisUnn  blood.  She 
tvrute  in  earnest  terms  to  her  husband,  requesting  him  not  to  diive  his 
ciieiiiies  to  despair  by  elosing  up  their  retreat  to  their  own  land,  but  to  leave 
viMiireaiice  to  Ilini  to  whom  a'one  it  l^elonged.  She  passed  her  days,  togetiier 
Mill  hey  whole  household,  in  fasting  and  continual  jaayer,  and,  in  the  fervour 
^:  her  pious  zeal,  i)ersonally  visited  the  several  religions  houses  of  the  city, 
otriliutiiig  alms  ainons  their  holy  inmates,  and  imploring  them  hundily  to 
.  ii|ilirate  the  Almighty  to  avert  the  inn)ending  wxlamity." 

Tlie  |)rayersof  the  devout  (pieen  and  her  court  found  favour  with  Heaven  " 
i\iiii;  Ferdinand  reached  Perjiignan  on  the  lOthof  Octobcjr  ;  and  on  that  same 
ij:;ht  the  French  marshal,  tinding  himself  imeipial  to  the  rencontre  with  the 
Hiiiliiiied  forces  of  Spain,  broke  up  his  camp,  and,  setting  fire  to  liis  tents, 
ksAW  liis  retreat  towards  the  fiontie.-,  having  consumed  nearly  six  weeks 
>iiiie  first  oi)ening  trenches.  Ferdinand  pressed  close  on  his  tlying  enemy, 
sjiose  rear  sustained  some  annoyaiice  from  the  Spanish  (jiaetes  in  its  pa  sjigo 
t;inmi;h  the  defiles  of  the  sierras.  The  retreat,  however,  was  conducted  in  too 
:vJ  urder  to  allow  anv  material  loss  to  V>e  inflicUid  on  the  French,  avIk^ 
Mweeded  at  length  in  sheltering  themselves  under  the  cannon  of  Narbonne, 
up  to  wliich  place  they  were  pursued  by  their  victorious  foe.  Several  places 
I'll  the  froiider,  as  Leocate,  Palme,  Sigean,  Ilocpiefort,  and  others,  were 
niiiimloiied  to  the  Spaniards,  who  pillaged  them  of  whatever  was  worth  carry- 
i:i,'  Oil ;  without  any  violence,  however,  to  the  persons  of  t1)e  inhabitants. 
i*'ii')iii,  as  a  Christian  population,  if  we  are  to  believe  Martyr,  Ferdinand 
rd'iised  even,  to  make  prisoners.'^* 


'•  Gotrzalo  Ayora,  Cartas,  cap.  9.— Zurita. 
Ana^<,  iihi  supra — npriuild'Z,  Roycs  C  itoli- 
'  «.  MS  ,  cap.  I'.t7,  n)M.— CarliMJal,  Anali's, 
M^,  afio  I5u;{.— S\niloval,  Hist,  dfl  Emp. 
'irlus  v.,  t<iiii.  1  p.  8 — Uoi.  lie  Cedillas,  toin. 
i  no.  97.— The  most  authciitic  aoi-ouiit  of  tlie 
'ezp  (if  Sal.-ias  ig  to  be  found  in  tin'  corre- 
>;»iiMlpncp  of  Gonzalo  Ayora,  dated  in  the 
"lanish  camp.  This  individual,  equally 
fiunciit  in  lettor.'*  and  arms,  tilled  tlm  dis- 
<iiiMliir  posts  (if  cai>!ain  of  the  royal  (^nard 
.Vi'l  hjstiiri(P|.;ra|>]ii'r  of  the  crown.  He  sorvcd 
I  t'lip  army  at  this  time,  and  was  pr-j.'scnt  at 
sil  lis  (iiioratii)iis.  I'rcf.  ad  Cart.is  do  Ayora  ; 
"I'i  .Nii^'  Antonio,  Bibliotheca  Nova,  torn.  i. 

■■  IVtcr  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  opist.  20:1.— 
liio  loyal  captain,  Ayor.i,  shows  little  of 
liii^Ciiiiitian  win.  He  Cdiiciud  s  one  of  his 
i'ttcrs  with  prayinf^,  no  douhi  most  sincerely, 
''tint  the  .Vlmighty  would  be  pleaseil  to 
I'f'lsc  less  hiMieviilencc  ilito  the  he.irts  id'  the 
'■'v.rei^iis,  and  inciti'  them  to  ciia-ti-e  and 
fiuiiiliii  th"  jiroud  Kn'ii'li,  and  stri])  them  of 
tii'-ir  iil-LMtten  posses-iions,  which,  however 
fi'iipiiant  to  their  own  r  idh'  inclinations, 
«"iiM  t-inl  ureal  ly  toreiilensh  their  coffer.s, 
^wcll  u>  th(jse  of  their  f.iilhful  and  loving 


puhjpcts."  See  this  RracelpsH  petilion  In  his 
Cartas,  car'a  9,  p.  66. 

-'  "E.xaudivit  i^itur  flanctie  retina'  religio- 
porunique  ac  virginnm  preces  summus  Aiti- 
tonans."  (Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist. 
2(53.)  The  learned  Thchan  lM)rrow.-,iin  epithet 
more  familiar  to  Greek  and  iioman  than  to 
Christian  ears. 

'■"  Zurit.i,  Hist  del  Hey  Hernando,  torn.  i. 
lil).  5,  cap.  54.  —  Atiarea,  Ileyes  de  Ara^oii, 
tom.  ii.  rey  ;{i),  caji.  l.'i,  see.  1 1.— I'etcr  .Maityr. 
Opus  Pipist,,  epist.  2(>l.— ('aib.ijal,  A  miles, 
MS.,  afio  IfjOS.  —  nernaldez,  I'eyes  Catf'lieos, 
MS.,  cap.  10s.— Giirnier,  Hist,  de  Franco, 
t(jm.  V.  pp.  tos,  too.  — 'iDiizalo  Ayora,  Cartas, 
carta  11. — Oviedo,  (^uineuaK  uas,  MS.,  dial, 
de  I)e7.a. — Peter  Martyr  seems  to  have  shared 
none  "f  Is.ibeila's  s.  ruph  s  in  n  ^raxl  to  hriii^;- 
intr  the  enemy  to  battle  ('n  the  eoiitraiy, 
lie  iiidMJges  in  a  in<ist  c|uernlous  straiti  of 
sarcasm  apiiiist  tb  ■  Cathoiie  Kin«  for  bis  re- 
missiiess  in  this  particular-  '•  (.^nare  elnce- 
sceiite  die  moiiiti  nostri  de  (iailornm  disci  ssu 
ud  eos,  at  sero,  concurrerunt.  Rex  Perpi:iianl 
agebat,  ad  millia  p.issuuni  s-  .\  non  bn  via, 
uti  Mos'i.  Propterea  sero  id  actum,  veriit 
coiuitato  cur-u,  at  sero.  At  liostes  itiir,  at 
Bcro.     Cernuut  hosliutn  iicles,  at  sero,  at  a 

2  I 


482 


insanit;  of  joanxa. 


The  Spani.-li  nionaroh  made  no  attemiit  to  retain  the>e  arquisitinns  but, 
liaviiiif  (lisiiiantled  some  of  the  towns  wliich  nliorod  most  rcsistanfc,  retiinicij 
liijuh'il  with  the  sjioils  of  victory  to  his  own  domiin'ons.  "  Had  ho  licen  a-;  ..'(kmI 
a  j^^eneral  as  ho  was  a  statesman,"'  says  a  Si>anish  historian,  "he  mi^ht  ha\c 
|M'netrated  to  tlio  centre  of  France.""  Ferdinand,  however,  was  too  iinident 
to  attempt  cominests  which  conld  only  l>e  maintainecl,  if  maintained  at  all,  at 
an  inJiidtc  expense  of  lilooil  an<l  treasure.  He  had  snthcieiitiy  vindicatcij  liis 
hiinour  l>y  mcctim,'  liis  foe  so  ](ron)ptIy  ai.d  (h'ivin;.;  Inm  trinmnhantiy  over  the 
liorder  ;  ami  he  preferred,  like  a  cautious  ['rinc(^,  not  to  risk  all  he  had  j^aincij 
Ity  attemptim;'  more,  but  to  employ  his  present  successes  as  a  vantai;e-ur(iiiii,l 
for  enteiin;.?  on  negotiation,  in  wliich  at  all  tiuies  he  place<l  more  reliance  than 
on  the  sword. 

In  this,  his  good  star  still  fin-ther  favoured  him.  The  armada  equipjieil  at 
so  much  cost  hy  the  French  king  at  Marseilles  had  no  sooner  put  to  sea  tliaii 
it  was  assailed  by  furious  tempests,  and  so  far  crippled  that  it  was  obliged  to 
return  to  ]iort  \vith(»ut  even  ettecting  a  descent  on  the  Spanish  coast. 

These  accunndated  disasters  so  disheartened  Iioids  the  Twelfth  that  lie 
consented  to  enter  into  negotiations  for  a  susnension  of  hostilities;  and  an 
armistice  was  finally  arranged,  through  the  mefiiation  of  his  jiensioner  Frcflc- 
rick,  ex-king  of  Naples,  l)etween  the  hostile  monarchs.  It  extended  (»iily  to 
their  hereditary  domiidons;  Italy  and  the  circumjacent  feas  being  still  left 
oiten  as  a  common  arena,  on  which  the  rival  parties  might  meet  and  scttif 
their  respective  titles  l)y  the  sword.  Tin;  truce,  first  concluded  for  (ivc 
months,  was  subsequently  i)rolonged  to  tlu'ee  years.  It  gave  Ferdinand,  what 
he  most  needed,  leisure,  and  means  to  provide  for  the  security  of  his  Italian  |  (k 
sessions,  on  which  tli«;  (lark  storm  of  war  was  soon  to  burst  with  tenfold  fi.ry.-" 

The  unfortunate  Frederick,  who  had  been  drawn  from  his  obscurity  to  take 
nart  in  these  negotiations,  died  in  the  following  year.  It  is  singular  that  llif 
last  act  of  his  political  life  shoidd  have  been  to  mediate  a  peace  between  the 
dominions  of  two  monarchs  who  had  nniteil  to  strip  him  of  his  own. 

The  results  of  this  campaign  were  as  honourable  to  Spain  as  they  wre 
disastrous  and  hmniliating  to  Louis  the  Twelfth,  who  had  seen  his  arms 
baliled  at  every  ponit,  and  all  his  mighty  apparatus  of  fleets  and  anmVs  di- 
solve,  as  if  by  enchantment,  in  less  time  than  had  been  occupied  in  prepaiin;' 
it.  The  immediate  success  of  Spain  may  no  doubt  be  ascribed,  in  a  consider- 
able degree,  to  the  improved  organization  and  thorongli  discioline  introdnccil 
by  the  sovereigns  into  the  natiojial  militia  at  the  close  of  tlie  iMoorish  war, 
without  which  it  would  have  been  scarcely  possible  to  concentrate  so  proniptiy 
on  a  distant  point  such  large  nuisses  of  men,  all  veil  equipped  and  trained  fur 


loHRe.  Distabant  jam  milliaria  clrclter  duo. 
Erj^o  soro  I'lirvpos  sainitruiit.  Ciijus  lure 
culpa,  tu  pcriit.ilor  aliiirde  ;  mcacsi.si  nescis. 
Ma.xwiiMm  dt'dit  ea  dins,  quu'  est,  si  nesijs, 
caU'iidanun  Novi-rnhriuiii  soxta,  Hispanis 
i^'iimnjiiiaiu,  ft  aUquaiid..  jitctiuani  illis  luiriet 
coUachrymaiidani."  Letter  to  tbe  lardinal 
ul  Santa  C-'ru/,,  ci)ist.  UU'i. 

•'  AlffDii,  Aniialcs  d/  Niv.irra,  toiii.  v.  p. 
IT'. — Uviclo,  who  was  j))\'t*fiit  in  tliis  imui- 
j  s -;n,  secniH  lo  have  hei  n  of  the  .«anie 
opinion.  At  least  he  says,  "If  the  kin^;  had 
]iur.*ued  vifrorously.  not  a  Frenclin);m  wmild 
iiave  liv'd  to  carry  hack  the  lidliif^s  of  defeat 
to  his  own  land."  If  we  are  to  bt  lieve  him, 
Ferulnand  desi^t^•d  from  llie  pursuit  at  the 
earnest  entreaty  of  Bishop  Dcza,  his  confessor. 


Quinruapenas,  MS. 

-  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  lib.  5.  cap  .VV- 
Abarca,  Ilcyt  s  de  .Arapon,  torn  ii.  ny  .", 
cap.  i;<,  wc.  11— I'eter  iMartyr,  0|ir.s  KpM  , 
(pi.st.  'Jtil. — Laimza,  Historias.  toni.  i.  iiiji. 
I".-  (Jaribay,  <."(inip<'ndio,  torn.  ii.  ii''  i:', 
cap  16.— Alachiavelli,  Lepazimie  priin.i  i 
I-.'oma,  h't.  27.— Moiis.  Viirillas  noiicrsas  li-' 
weak  side  of  liouis  XH.  "  uiie  deni  oip-;  i  n 
de  faire  Iji  paix  a  cont re-temps,  iloiit  ill  t 
fruviiille  dunmt  toutc  sa  vie."'  (!'oliti(|U«'  '!■■ 
Ferdinand,  liv.  1,  p.  14m.)  A  statiMi'.n 
shrewder  tlian  V'ar  lias,  !)e  h'etz,  turn  <Ims 
}ierliai>s,  tlie  best  ki'y  1<'  this  policy,  in  'li"- 
r- mark.  "  Lvn  penw  foibles  ne  pbeut  jamais 
(juai.d  lb  le  dolveut." 


INVASION  OF  SPAIN. 


483 


irqnisitinns,  but, 
stniicc,  rctiiriKMl 
,  lio  ln'oii  a-;  ^0(1(1 
"  lie  luiirlit  have 
wa^  too  |irii(lciit 
itai'U'd  at  all,  at 
ly  viiiflifatcd  his 
iiliaiitly  (ivtT  the 
,11  \\v  hail  ;:aiii('ii 

I  vaiitauc-uroiuiil 
ore  reliance  than 

afla  equipped  at 

])\it  to  sea  than 

it  was  obliged  to 

I I  coast. 

Twelfth  that  he 
stilities  ;  ami  an 
jieiisioiier  FrcHJc- 
exteiided  only  to 
IS  being  still  left 

meet  and  setiif 
)n eluded  for  live 

Ferdinand,  what 
of  his  Italian  ]■«<■ 
ith  tenfold  fi.iy.-'' 
ol>sciirity  to  take 
.siii^nilar  that  tin; 
>aoe  between  the 
is  own. 

lin  as  they  were 
,d  seen  his  arms 

and  armies  di^- 
Meil  in  prepaiin;' 
•ed,  in  a  con^iiler- 
ioline  introtliK'cil 
the  Moorish  war, 
trate  so  pronii'ty 
id  and  trained  fur 


1.  V.  lib.  r>.  cap  55- 
frnn,  torn  ii.  n  y  .", 
:Miinyr,  Oj.r.s  KpM., 
istoiiiis.  toiii.  1.  ifip- 
lio,  torn.  ii.  li''  1''. 
Lopazioiip  jiritna  i» 
'.irillas  iKiiici";  as  iIm' 
•  uiic  dein  iH^'i- i-'ii 
rc-tomps,  il"nt  11  t' t 
I  \\c."  (r.ilitiiiu"  ■!" 
14M.)  .\  statiMi'm 
,  lie  Hctz.  tnrii  "li'S 
,(.  tills  pi'licy.  In  II"" 
)les  lie  plicut  jam»i» 


active  service.     So  soon  wa.s  the  nation  called  to  feel  the  effect  of  these  wise 
jirovi.-^inns. 

]{iit  the  results  of  the  campaign  are,  after  all,  less  worthy  of  notice  as  indi- 
cating the  resources  of  the  country  than  as  evidence  of  a  lervading  patriotic 
kt'iiiig,  uhich  couhl  alone  make  these  resources  available.  Instead  of  the 
narrow  local  jealousies  which  had  so  long  estranged  the  j cople  of  the  separate 
provnices,  and  more  especially  those  of  the  rival  states  of  Aragon  and  Castile, 
fruni  one  another,  there  had  been  gradually  raised  up  a  common  national  senti- 
ment, like  that  knitting  together  the  constituent  i»arts  of  one  great  common- 
Health.  At  the  first  alarm  of  invasion  on  the  frontier  of  Aragon,  the  whole 
extent  of  the  sister  kingdom,  from  the  green  valleys  of  the  Onauahpnvir  up  to 
the  rocky  fastnesses  of  the  Asturias,  resjionded  to  the  call,  as  to  that  of  a  com- 
mon country,  sending  forth,  as  we  have  seen,  its  swarms  of  warriors,  to  rejiel  the 
[oeand  roll  back  the  tide  of  war  nf)on  his  own  land.  \Nhat  a  contrast  did  all 
tiiis  present  to  the  cold  and  parsimonious  hand  with  which  the  nation,  thirty 
years  before,  dealt  out  its  supplies  to  King  John  the  Second,  Feniinands 
iiitlier,  when  lie  was  left  to  cope  single-handed  with  the  whole  power  of  France, 
in  this  very  quarter  of  Kous.sillon  I  Such  was  the  (onse(iuen<e  of  the  glorious 
union,  which  briAight  together  the  petty  and  hitherto  discordant  trilies  of  the 
Peninsula  under  the  same  rule,  and,  by  creating  conunon  interests  and  an 
harniunious  principle  of  action,  was  silently  ]  reparmg  them  for  constituting 
uiie  great  nation, — one  and  indivisible,  as  intended  by  nature. 


Tliir.p  who  have  not  thomsolves  h«d  occa- 
«i"ii  to  (lursue  historical  iiK|uiri<'8  will  scarcely 
iniagiii"  on  what  loose  grounds  the  greater 
jiart  of  tlic  narrative  Is  to  be  Imllt.  With 
ihf  ixcciition  of  a  few  leading  outlines,  there 
is  fiu  Ii  a  nia<»8  of  inconhistency  and  contra- 
itiitjnn  in  the  details  even  of  contemiiorarles, 
tlmt  it  seems  almost  as  hopeless  to  seize  the 
true  a.«pfct  of  any  particular  age  as  it  would 
W  to  transfer  to  the  canvas  a  faithful  like- 
ness of  an  individual  from  a  description 
simply  of  his  prominent  features. 

Much  of  the  difficulty  might  seem  to  be 
nmoved,  now  that  we  a  on  the  luminous 
ind  beaten  track  of  Itai  ,»  history ;  but,  in 
fait,  the  vision  is  rather  dazzled  than  assisted 
by  tlie  numerous  cross-lights  thrown  over  the 
path,  and  the  Infinitely  various  points  of  view 
lunn  which  every  object  Ih  contemplated. 
Hfsides  the  local  and  party  prejudices  which 
we  had  to  encounter  in  the  contemporary 
Spanish  historians,  we  have  now  a  host  of 
lational  prejudices,  not  less  unfavourabk  io 
truth;  while  the  remotenesa  of  the  scene  of 
action  necessarily  begets  a  thousand  addi- 
timial  inaccuracies  in  the  gossiping  and 
cndiiluus  chroniclers  of  France  and  Spain. 

The  mode  in  which  public  negotiations 
were  conducted  at  this  period  interposes  still 
further  embarrassments  In  our  search  after 
truth  They  were  regarded  as  the  personal 
cimcems  of  the  sovereign,  in  which  the  nation 
»i  large  had  no  right  to  InU-rfere.  1  hey  were 
Mtud,  like  the  rest  of  his  private  affairs, 
under  his  own  eye,  without  the  participation 
of  liny  other  branch  of  the  government. 
They  were  shrouded,  therefore,  in  an  im- 
P«netrable   becrecy,  which    p  rmitted    such 


results  only  to  emerge  into  light  a.s  suited 
the  nioiiar^n.  Kvcn  these  results  (ann«t  be 
relltd  on  as  furnishing  the  true  key  to  the 
intentions  of  tlie  parties.  The  scii  nee  of  the 
cabinet,  as  then  practised,  aufhori/.e<l  suih  a 
system  of  artifice  and  shameless  diiplieity  as 
greatly  impairs  the  credit  of  those  oflidal 
documents  which  we  are  accustomed  to  regard 
as  the  surest  foundations  of  history. 

The  only  records  which  we  can  receive 
with  full  confidence  are  the  private  corre- 
spondence of  contemporaries,  wnlch,  from  it« 
very  nature.  Is  exempt  from  most  of  the  re- 
straints and  affectations  incident  more  or  less 
to  every  work  destined  for  the  public  eye. 
Such  communications,  indeed,  come  like  the 
voice  of  departed  years;  and  when,  as  in 
Rlartyr's  case,  they  prweed  from  one  whose 
acuteness  is  combined  with  singular  oppor- 
tunities for  observation,  they  are  of  Inesti- 
mable value.  Instead  of  exposing  to  us  only 
the  results,  they  lay  open  the  interior  work- 
ings of  the  machinery,  and  we  enter  into  all 
the  shifting  doubts,  passions,  and  purposes 
which  agitate  the  minds  of  the  actors.  Tu- 
fortunately,  the  chain  of  correspondence  here, 
as  in  similar  cases,  when  nut  (inginally  de- 
signed for  historical  uses,  necessarily  suffers 
from  occasional  breaks  and  ititerruptions 
The  scattered  gleams  which  are  thrown  over 
the  most  prominent  jioints,  however,  shed  so 
strong  a  li^ht  as  materially  to  aid  us  m 
giopjng  our  way  throu(rh  the  darker  and 
inure  perplexed  passage>  of  the  story. 

The  obscurity  whlcli  hangs  over  the  peri<«l 
has  not  been  dispelled  by  tl:i'8e  modi  rn 
wr  ters  who,  like  Varillas,  in  his  well-known 
y>{}rk,  I'oHt  que  (it  Ftrdinand  le  tuthuUque, 


484 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Bfffct  tn  frrnt  tho  p\ihjpit  pbilosophlrnlly. 
jiiiyitiK  l'*"!*  Mitttitldii  ti)  faits  tliun  to  llnlr 
taiists  iitul  CDiiHi  fitiriiccH.  'IIk'mc  itiU'iiioiw 
jxTHoiis,  M  Idoin  willing  to  tako  lliinn^  a" 
tlipy  find  thcni,  wfin  to  tliink  that  tniili  is 
imly  to  1)0  rcivliPil  liy  dflviiin  drop  Iclow  tlio 
Piirfacc  111  tills  scarcli  alter  nmrc  jirofouiid 
rnuscH  of  action,  they  rcjrrt  wltaii'vor  is 
nntiiral  and  titivioiiH.  Tlicy  arc  incxIiniistlMo 
ill  roiiJocturoH  and  lliit'-sipuii  com-liisioiis,  in- 
IVrriiiK  (inilf  as  nmcli  from  what  is  not  naid 
or  done  as  from  what  is.  In  nhort,  thoy  put 
the  rcndiT  as  coniplct'  ly  In  poHseKsici"-  of  tlnir 
licro's  tlioiij^ils  on  all  occasions  as  any  pro- 
f(  sscd  ronianct-writcr  would  vci  tun-  lo  do. 
All  tills  niay  bo  vcryaffroonbic,  ai.d  to  persons 
of  rasy  faith  very  satisfactory;  but  it  is  not 
liistory.  and  may  well  remind  us  of  the  as- 
toiiislinient  somewhere  expres-od  by  <'ardiiial 
do  Ixotz  at  the  assurance  of  tlii  so  who.  at  ii 
ilistance  from  the  scene  of  action,  pretendid 
to  lay  open  all  the  wcret  springs  of  ptillcy, 
of  wbicli  he  hmself,  though  a  principal 
party,  was  ignorant 

No  prince,  on  the  whole,  ha."  suffered  more 
from  these  unwarrantable  liberties  than  Fer- 


dinand the  ralhollc  Tlin  rrputatum  for 
shipwd  policy  sn^'gcsts  a  ready  ki  y  tn  \\\.n\. 
e\  cr  is  iiivKli  rious  and  <itln  rwise  iinxjili,  ,ii  i(. 
Ill  Ills  governii'*  nf ;  while  it  puts  writtr-'  liki> 
(Jaillard  and  Varl'lHS  coiistiiniiy  on  iIk  M.iit 
altoi-  the  niost  si  ret  ffiul  subiilo  Hiiiinc-  i,f 
action,  as  if  thi.e  w<re  always  cmih tiling 
more  to  be  deteitrd  than  reiulily  nuns  n^ 
eye.  Instead  of  judging  hini  by  the  gnu  ml 
rules  of  humun  conduct,  everyilmiL'  Ik  re- 
feried  to  (lei>j)-laid  sirafagem.  no  bIIouhki. 
is  made  for  the  onlitiary  disturlrnR  !•  rri«, 
the  ii.'iscions  and  cusiialti<'H  o|  lif,.  every 
action  proceeds  with  the  same  w^iry  uilinia. 
tioii  that  regiiiiites  the  moves  upon  .1  (||,v-. 
Iniard  ;  and  thus  a  character  of  ((.nsiiiiiii,,!!. 
artifice  is  built  up,  not  only  unsupf.orted  ly 
historical  evidence,  but  In  niaiiiti-.t  contnt 
diction  to  the  principles  of  our  nature.  Hr 
part  of  our  sul  j<'cl  embracid  m  the  ).r(<eit 
chapter  has  long  Nen  debatable  gri  und  I.e. 
tween  the  French  and  S|.anish  liisiori.iriH, 
and  the  obscurity  which  hangs  (jvi  r  it  ii«s 
furnished  an  ample  range  lor  spot  iilatmn  tn 
the  class  of  writers  above  alluded  to,  wbicli 
tbey  have  not  failed  to  improve. 


CHAPTER   XIV. 


!l 


ITALIAN   WARS. — CONDITION   OF    ITALY.— FRENCH   AND   SPANISH   AKMIK9  OS 

THE  GAUIULIANO. 

1603. 

Melancholy  State  of  Italy— Great  Preparations  of  Louis — Gonsalvo  reptilsed  before  Hatta— 
Armies  on  the  Garlgliano — Bloody  Passage  of  the  Bridge — Anxious  Kxpectatloii  of  Italy- 
Critical  Situation  of  the  Spaniards— Gonsalvo's  Resolution — Heroism  of  Purcdes  kud 
Bayard. 

We  Timst  now  turn  our  eyes  towards  Italy,  where  the  sounds  of  war,  which 
had  lately  died  away,  were  again  heard  in  wilder  dissonance  than  ever.  (»iii 
attention,  hitherto,  has  been  too  exclusively  directed  to  mere  militaiv 
nianoiuvres  to  allow  us  to  dwell  much  on  the  condition  of  this  unliajijty  laiid. 
The  dreary  progress  of  our  story,  over  fields  of  blood  and  battle,  nii;.;iit  natu- 
rally dispose  the  imagination  to  lay  the  scene  of  action  in  some  rude  and 
savage  age  ;  an  age,  at  best,  of  feudal  heroism,  \Nhen  the  energies  of  the  soul 
couUT  be  roused  only  by  the  fierce  din  of  war. 

Far  otherwise,  however :  the  tents  of  the  hostile  armies  were  now  pitched 
in  the  bosom  of  the  most  lovely  and  cultivated  regions  of  the  globe  ;  iiilialitid 
liy  a  people  who  had  carried  the  various  arts  of  policy  and  social  life  Ui  a 
degree  of  excellcnoe  elsewhere  unknown;  whose  .  ati.ral  resources  hud  I'etii 
augmented  by  all  the  a]!])!iances  of  ingenuity  and  i  »dustry  ;  vhose  cities  weie 
crciwiled  with  magnificent  and  costly  works  of  public  utility  ;  into  whose  ptiits 
every  wind  that  blew  wafted  the  rich  freights  of  distant  climes  ;  ^\hose  tlicusjud 
hills  were  covered  to  their  very  tops  with  the  golden  labours  of  the  hiistiand- 
man  ;  and  whose  intellectual  devt'lopnient  showed  itself  not  on'  in  a  lileral 
scholar.ship  far  outstripping  that  of  their  contemnoraries,  bui  wuiks  d 
imagination,  and  of  elegant  art  more  particularly,  wiiich  rivalled  the  best  days 


ARMIES  ON  THE  GARIGLIAXO. 


486 


[SH   AliMIES  OX 


•if  antiquity.  The  period  l)efore  ns,  indeed,  the  eomiiiencetnent  of  tlie  sixteenth 
i^iitiirv,  was  that  of  their  meridian  spleiuluur,  when  Italian  u'eiiins,  l)reakinL; 
ihroiiudi  the  eloud  which  had  teinjiorarily  obscured  its  early  ilawn,  shone  out 
infill]  efl'ulj'enee  ;  for  we  are  now  tonohinj;  on  the  aire  of  Machiavi'lli,  Ariosto, 
and  .Michael  Anuelo,— the  ^ohh'n  ac*'  of  Leo  the  Tenth. 

it  is  inipossihle,  even  at  this  distance  of  time,  to  contemplate  without 
f.'oliiiirs  of  sadness  the  fate  of  such  a  country,  thus  suddenly  converted  inti> 
an  arena  for  the  hloody  exhibitions  of  tho  gladiators  of  iMnojie  ;  to  InOiold 
iicr  trodden  \inder  foot  liy  the  very  nations  on  whom  she  had  freely  nuured  the 
ii.'jit  of  civiliziition  ;  to  see  the  fierce  soldiery  of  Europe,  from  the  I)anub(>  to 
the  Taj,Mis,  sweeping  like  an  army  of  locusts  over  her  lields,  deHliiii,'  her 
[ilp.viuit  places,  and  raising  the  shout  of  battle  or  of  brutal  triumnh  under 
till' >liadow  of  those  Tuonuments  of  genius  -.vliich  have  been  the  delight  and 
(jtsiiiiir  of  succeeding  ages.  It  was  the  old  story  of  the  Goths  and  Vandals 
iKted  over  again.  Those  more  n;fine(l  arts  of  the  cabinet  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  much  more  than  on  the  sword,  in  their  dis- 
imtt's  with  one  another,  were  of  no  avail  against  these  rude  invaders,  whose 
-troiig  arm  easily  }»roke  through  the  subtile  webs  of  policy  which  entangled 
the  movements  of  less  formidable  adversaries.  It  was  the  triumph  of  brute 
f.iivo  iver  civilization, — one  of  the  most  humiliatiiifj  les.sons  by  which  Provi- 
ik'iKT  lias  seen  tit  to  rebuke  the  jtride  (^f  Iniman  intellect.' 

Tlic  fate  of  Italy  inculcates  a  most  important  le>son.  With  all  thi.s 
outward  show  of  prosjterity,  her  jiolitical  institutions  liad  gradually  lost  the 
vital  principle  which  could  alone  give  them  stability  or  real  value.  The 
firms  of  freedom,  indeed,  in  iimst  instances,  had  sunk  under  the  usurpati(»n 
of  some  aspiring  chief.  Everywhere  patriotism  was  lost  in  the  most  intense 
M'llishness.  Moral  i>rinciple  was  at  as  low  an  ebb  in  ])rivate  as  in  public  life. 
TIr'  liiuids  which  shed  their  liberal  patronage  over  genius  and  learning  were 
toil  (iflen  red  with  ])lood  ;  the  courtly  precincts  which  seemed  the  favourite 
haunt  of  the  Muses  were  too  often  th(^  Ei)icurean  sty  of  brutish  sensuality  ; 
wliilc  the  head  of  the  church  itself,  whose  station,  exalted  over  that  of  every 
i^orldly  ])otentate,  should  have  raised  him  at  least  above  their  grosser  vices, 
was  .siiiik  in  the  foulest  corruptions  that  debase  poor  human  nature.  Was 
it  surprising,  then,  that  the  tree,  thus  cankered  at  heart,  with  all  the  goodly 
.-how  of  l)lossoms  on  its  branches,  should  have  fallen  before  the  blast  which 
now  descended  in  such  i»itiless  fury  from  the  mountains  ? 

Had  there  been  an  invigorating  national  feelin;„  any  common  [»rinciple  of 
foalition,  among  the  Italian  states,— had  they,  in  short,  been  true  to  them- 
selves, -  they  possessed  ahundant  resources  in  their  wealth,  talent,  and 
suiicrior  science,  to  have  shielded  their  soil  from  violation,  rnfcjitunutciy, 
while  the  other  European  states  had  been  augmenting  their  strength  imal- 
iiihililv  by  the  consolidation  of  their  scattered  fragments  into  one  whole,  those 
"f  Italy,  in  the  absence  of  some  great  central  point  round  which  to  rally,  had 
L'rowii  more  and  more  confirmed  in  their  original  disunion.     Thus,  without 


'  "0  pria  «■)  cara  al  cio\  dfl  mondo  partf, 

e'liH  I'acqua  cit^ne,  o  '1  s;m«o()rri<li)  sorra; 
<»  liota  sopra  of^n'  altra  e  dolce  terra, 
<'li(' 'Isupprlx)  AppHiiiiiti  seprmodiixirte  ; 
Clii'  val  oinai,  se  '1  buon  popol  di  Marte 
Ti  1  iscio  dfil  mar  donna  e  de  la  terra  .' 
li''  fifiiti  a  te  giii  serve,  or  ti  fan  (^ucrra, 
K  i)onf(on  man  ne  le  tue  treerie  sparle. 
Lasso :  ne  manca  de"  tuoi  fij;li  ancora, 
C'lii  le  piii  strane  a  te  ciiianiandi)  in-^ieme 
La  spadtt  sua  uel  tuo  del  coipo  aUopre. 


Orson  quest"  simili  a  1'  nntiili'  opr- .' 
O  pur  cosi  pietate  e  I)ii>  s'  oi  ora  ? 
Alii  secol  dun>,  atii  tralltrnato  «ein'." 

henil»o,  Rime,  -^oa.  108. 

This  exf|Uisit('  little  lyric,  infrri  ir  to  no 
other  which  had  a[>|'e,irrd  on  tiiesauie  suhjert 
Kince  the  "Italia  niia"  of  I'etrarch,  was  imn- 
posed  by  [iembo  at  the  period  of  which  we 
are  treating. 


480 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


concprt  in  action,  and  do^ituto  of  tlie  vivifviny;  inipnlse  of  patriotir  seiitimont 
they  wo.rv  delivcn'tl  up  to  Ih'  the  sjtoil  and  niockory  of  nations  wlmMi  in  their 
prniid  lan;;ua'4o  they  still  d»'spis4'i{  as  harbarians  ;  an  impressive  cxainiilc 
of  the  impotence  of  human  genius,  and  of  the  instaiiility  of  liinnan  iiiNtitu 
tions,  however  excellent  in  themselves,  when  unsustained  hy  puldic  ainl 
private  virtue.' 

The  Krcat  powers  who  had  now  entered  tiu!  lists  creat<'<l  oiitirc'y  new 
interests  in  Italy,  which  broke  up  the  old  political  combinations  Tln'ciiii. 
nnest  of  Milan  enabled  France  to  assume  a  decided  control  over  the  atlair>  of 
tlu;  covmtry.  Her  nMent  reverses  in  Naples,  however,  had  K'"i'iitly  liiuM-iifl 
this  authority  ;  althouj^li  Florence  and  otIuT  ncnuhbounii;^'  suites,  wjnrli  l^y 
under  her  colossal  shadow,  still  remained  true  to  lier  Venice,  with  her  usual 
crafty  policy,  kept  aloof,  maintaininif  u  position  of  neutrality  U'twccii  the 
l)ellif<erents,  each  of  whom  made  tlie  most  j»ressin}^'  ellorts  to  x'cimc  so 
jjowerfnl  <in  ally.  iSiie  had,  iiowever,  lon.i,'  since  entertained  a  deep  distrust  of 
Iier  French  niUKJibour  ;  and,  althouf^h  she  would  enter  into  no  public  tiiL'auc 
ments,  she  ^'ave  the  Spanish  minister  every  assurance  of  her  fiiendlv  <lis 
])osition  towards  his  government.*  She  intimated  this  still  more  luifpii 
vocally,  by  the  supplies  she  had  alIowe<l  her  citizens  to  carry  into  Harlcta 
during  the  late  camjiaign,  and  l)y  other  indirect  aid  of  a  sinular  natmv 
during  the  present ;  for  all  which  she  was  one  day  to  be  called  to  a  licuy 
reckoning  by  ner  enemies. 

The  disposition  of  the  paj)al  coiu't  towards  the  French  monarch  was  still 
less  favourable  ;  and  it  took  no  pains  to  conceal  this  after  his  reverses  iu 
Kanle-!  Soon  after  the  defeat  (»f  Cerignola,  it  entered  into  correspoiKKMirc 
■witn  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  ;  and,  although  Alexander  the  Sixth  rcfuMil  to 
])rejik  openly  with  France  ami  sign  a  treaty  with  the  Si)anish  sovcrcii^us, 
he  pledged  liimself  to  do  so  on  the  reduction  of  (Jaeta.     In  the  mean  time,  In' 


freely  allowed  the  (jlreat  Ca 
before  the  very  eves  of  the 
concessions  of    Louis,  inchu 


»tain  to  raise  such  levies  as  lie  could  in  Koim', 
•'rench  ambassador.     So  little  had  the  iinuifiisc 
ing  those  of  principle  and  honour,  availc.l  to 
secure  the  fidelity  of  this  treacherous  ally  * 

With  the  emperor  Maximilian,  notwithstanding  repe.ated  treaties,  he  was 
on  scarcely  better  terms.  That  prince  was  connected  with  Siiain  by  the 
matrimonial  alliance.sof  his  family,  and  no  less  averse  to  France  from  persoii.il 
feeling,  which,  with  the  majority  of  minds,  operates  more  nowerfully  than 
motives  of  state  policy,  lie  luvl,  moreover,  always  regardeu  the  occupation 
of  Milan  by  the  latter  as  an  infringement,  in  some  measure,  of  his  iiiipeiial 


"  The  philosophic  Machiavolli  discerned  the 
true  causes  of  tlie  calamities,  in  tlie  corrnp- 
tions  of  his  country;  wliich  he  has  expos  d, 
will)  more  tlian  his  usual  boldness  and  bitter- 
ness of  saicasiu,  in  the  seventh  book  of  his 
"Arte  ilella  <iuerra." 

'  Lorenzo  Suarez  de  la  Vepja  filled  the  post 
of  minister  to  the  republic  duriiip;  the  whole 
of  the  war.  His  long  coulinuance  in  the 
otlUe  at  so  critical  a  peritnl,  under  so  vigilant 
a  sovereign  as  Ferdinand,  is  sufficient  w  arrant 
for  Ills  ability.  I'eter  Martyr,  while  he 
admits  his  tab'nts,  makes  some  objections  to 
his  appointment,  on  the  ground  of  his  want 
of  scholarship :  "  Nee  placet  quod  hunc 
elegeritis  liac  tempestate.  Maluissem  iiam- 
que  virum,  qui  I.atinam  calleret,  vel  saltern 
iiitelliixeret,  linguam  ;  liic  tantum  suam  pati  i- 
am    ernaculam  novit ;  prudentem  ease  alias, 


atque  inter  ignaros  literarum  satis  esse  irna- 
rum,  Hex  ipse  mihi  te>tatus  est.  Cupisstm 
tamen  ego,  quiv  dixi."  (.See  tlie  letter  h>  tli<' 
Catholic  queen.  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  216.)  The 
oi)jections  have  weight,  uiidoiibteilly,  Latin 
being  the  common  medimn  of  di]il'iiiiaiio 
intercourse  at  tliat  time.  Martyr,  wlic  on  lii" 
reiurn  through  Venice  from  his  K'-'\  |'ti  m 
mi>sion  took  ciiarge  for  (lie  time  of  tlie 
interests  of  Spain,  might  j)roi)al»ly  liave  in'cii 
prevailed  on  to  assume  the  difTu-ultiis  of  a 
diplomatic  station  there  himself.  Sec  also 
Part  II..  chapter  11,  note  7.  of  this  Histcny 

*  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Key  Hernando,  toin.  i. 
lib.  5,  cap.  3H,  4S,— Ik'mlx),  Istorii  \'iiiizi:iria, 
torn.  lii.  HI).  6.— Daru,  Hist,  de  Veni-e,  toin, 
iii.  p.  347.— Guicciardini,  Istoria,  toni.  i.  ii!'- 
6,  p.  311,  ed.  1645. — Buonaccorsi,  Diariu,  pp. 
77.  81. 


ARM  IKS  ON   THE  GAIUCMAN'O. 


487 


rijrhts.  Tho  »Nj«iiiisli  p)\('riiiii«'nt,nvjiiliii:;  itsolfof  tlK'sffccliii^^s  PiHloavotircd 
tliroimli  its  iniiiistcr,  |)um  .Iiimi  Muniit'l,  to  stiniiiliitc  Mii.viiiiiliiui  to  the 
iiiv.isinii  of  liOiiilijirdy.  As  tlic  i'iiii«'ror,  Iioucvit,  <U'Iiijiii(I«'<|,  as  usiml,  a 
liiicriil  Mil>si»ly  for  carrvin;^'  on  tin*  war,  KIm','  Kcnlinaiid,  who  uas  srldom 
iii.iiiiiiiioded  \)y  a  siiiKTlliiily  of  funds,  pn'foncil  les'-vini;  tliciii  for  his  own 
e:itfr|iri>es.  to  haziirdin;;  thcni  on  the;  (^iiixotii;  M'h«'nu's  of  hi>  ally.  Hut, 
a'tlii/iixh  the  iii'ijotiations  wen*  attondivl  with  no  ivsnit,  th«'  anii(ahl«^  dis- 
[MMtiniis  of  tht*  Aiistiian  ^'ovcrnnicnt  won*  (ninced  hy  the  iK'iinission  ^iven 
td  its  suhjects  to  ser.  i  under  the  lumncrs  of  (Jnnsjilvo,  where  indeed,  as  we 
liiivt'  iihcady  seen,  they  formed  some  of  th(!  Iwst  tnM»i»s.* 

lint,  while  lionis  tht;  Twelfth  (hew  so  little  assistance  from  ahroiiul,  tho 
lii'jirtiiii'ss  with  which  the  whole  French  itco]i!e  enti'rcd  into  his  feeling's  at  this 
(Ibis  made  him  nearly  independent  of  it,  and,  in  an  incredildy  short  sjijice 
iif  tiiiif,  placed  him  in  a  condition  for  resuming  operations  on  a  far  more 
loiiiiiilahk'  scale  than  hefore.  'I'he  precedinj^  failures  in  Italy  he  attrihuted 
iiia,i;rcat  de;,'ree  to  an  overweening;  contid<'nco  in  the  superiority  of  Iiis  own 
tptoits,  and  iiis  nej^lect  to  support  them  with  the  necessiuy  n'Uiforcements 
ami  siij)plies.  Ho  now  provided  a.Ljainst  this  I>y  remitting,'  lai^je  sums  to 
Koine,  and  estahlishiii!,'  ample  maj,'a/.ines  of  ;;rain  and  military  stores  there, 
iiinitr  the  direction  of  commissiiries,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army.  Ho 
eiiiiipped  without  loss  of  time  a  lari,'e  armanu'nt  at  (lenoa,  under  the  marijuis 
ot  .Snliizzo,  for  the  relief  of  (Jaetjv,  still  hhxkaded  l»y  tlni  Spaniards.  Ho 
oiitiiinod  a  small  supply  of  men  from  his  ftiiian  allies,  and  suhsidized  a  corps 
of  ei;;lit  thous;ind  Swiss,  ihe  strength  of  his  infantry  ;  while  tlie  remainder  of 
lii'«iiriiiy,  roinprcluMidini,'  a  tine  hody  of  cavalry  and  the  most  complete  train  of 
aitillcry,  |»rol)ahly,  in  Kurope,  was  drawn  from  his  own  dominions.  Vohin- 
tH'is  of  tlie  hii,diest  rank  pressed  forward  to  serve  in  an  e.\|H'<.lition  to  which 
tlioy  (oiitidently  looked  for  the  vindication  of  the  national  honour.  The 
iniiiiiiiiiid  was  intrusteil  to  the  marcchal  de  la  Tremouille,  esteemed  the  i»est 
f-'fiieral  in  France  ;  and  the  whole  amount  of  force,  e.vclusive  of  that  em- 
Iiloycd  permanently  in  the  fleet,  is  variously  computed  at  from  twenty  to 
thirty  thousand  men.''' 

Ill  the  month  of  July  the  army  was  on  its  niarcli  across  the  hroad  plains  of 
Loiiilmrdy,  but,  on  reaching;  I'arma,  the  a|>pointed  place  of  rendezvous  for 
the  Swiss  and  Italian  mercenaries,  was  hroii^^ht  to  a  halt  hy  tidings  of  an 
iiiilddkcil-for  event,  the  death  of  Pope  Alexander  the  Sixth.  He  expired  on 
the  IStli  of  August,  loO.S,  at  the  iv^e  of  seventy-tv.o,  the  victin),  there  is  very 
little  duuht,  of  poison  he  had  pre]>ared  for  others ;  thus  closing  an  infamous 
life  hy  a  death  equally  infamous.  He  was  a  man  of  undonhied  talent  and 
iiiiooiimion  energy  of  character.  But  his  powers  were  ix>rverted  to  the  worst 
Itiiipuscs,  and  his  gross  vices  were  unredeemed,  if  we  are  t<»  credit  the  report 
of  his  luo^t  respectable  contemporaries,  by  asingl<>  virtue.  In  him  the  pajar-y 
readit'il  its  lowest  degradation.  His  pontiliiate,  h  »wever,  was  not  WLthout  its 
iiM' :  since  that  Providence  which  still  educes  gcxtd  from  evil  nia<le  the  scantlal 
wliidi  it  occasioned  to  the  Cinistian  world  a  principal  spring  of  the  glorious 
Kefnriiiation.'^ 


'  Ziirlta,  Hist,  del  Roy  llf^mandn,  torn.  \. 
lil>.  .■),  cai),  S.*).— Coxe,  History  of  the  House 
ijf.Vn-itria  (London,  1807),  vol.  i.  cliap.  2;i. 

'  liuDiKU'corsi,  Hiario,  p.  78.— St.  Gelais, 
HNt.  il- Lillys  XII.,  pp.  17;<,  174.— VarilUw, 
Hi-t.  iji'  l.^iiiis  XII  ,  tout.  I.  pp.  386,  387.— 
M>'iii..in>8  do  la  'Jremnillp,  clmp.  19,  apud 
I'-iitnt,  (Collection  dcs  .Mvnioircs,  torn.  xiv. — 
iluraturi,  Auiiali  d'ltalia,   torn.    xiv.    anno 


1503. — Carta  do  'Jonz  ilo.  M.S.-  HiKtoriaii<j,  an 
usual,  ui.T"'-  wiMt'ly  in  their  fstiniatt-H  of  the 
Frcudi  niunht-rs.  (Jiiiccianliiii,  whose  ukmIc- 
rate  conipiitation  of  20,im)i)  men  is  usu.illy 
f.)llo\v(d,  does  not  take  tho  tronlde  to  n'cuii- 
cile  his  aimi  total  with  the  various  tstiniateH 
given  liy  him  in  det.iil,  ^\hicli  con-iderahly 
exceed  tliat  amount.  Istoria.  pp.  3t)K,  .'ioit,  lii'J. 
'  Carta  de  CJonzalo,  Del  Ucal,  (jatta,  8  de 


4S8 


ITALIAN   WARS. 


Tlic  (Icfttli  of  \]m  nnritilT  nrmsiniipd  nn  n.irtinilar  <Iis(|ni<'tn<li'  at  tlip 
Sp;iiii>^li  cKiirt,  wlifH'  \\U  imiiK^iiil  life  li.'ul  iifcii  Nicwcd  with  uinlis^iii,,.,! 
i('[ir<)li;iti(ui,  iiinl  iiuuU'  tlu'  sulijnt  of  more  tfiaii  one  iircssiiij,'  rt'iium^tmiKi', 
us  we  have  alicatly  seen.  His  imltlic  ('oin>t'  had  hrcn  as  ittlf  to  its  sati>fa( 
tioii ;  since,  althoii;;h  a  S|»aiiianl  liy  liiith,  I/ciiij;  a  native  (»f  \'alen<ia,  lie  Iiii,| 
placeil  himself  almost  who.ly  at  the  (Hsiio  al  of  Louis  the  T\v«'lfth,  in  rt'turn 
for  th(>  eoniitenan('(^  allorded  hv  that  monarch  to  the  iniiiuitons  schenic>  nf  jii^ 
.s(Hi,  Ce  ar  liorj^ia. 

Thi'  pope's  death  was  atten(h'd  with  important  consetiuences  on  the  inuvc 
ments  df  the  l-'ri-nch.  Louis's  fav(»nrite  minister,  Cardinal  ^'AuiImmm',  Iia.| 
lon;^  lockeil  forward  to  this  event  as  dpi'iiinj,'  to  him  tiie  succcs.sii.ii  tti  the 
liara.  lie  now  hastened  to  Italy,  therefore,  with  iiis  master's  appiolalinii, 
im^phsiiiL,'  to  enforce  his  pl•etell^;ions  hy  the  priv-ience  of  the  Fremh  army, 
placed,  as  it  would  seem,  with  this  view  at  his  disp(»sal. 

Tlie  army,  accordin,i,dy,  was  ordered  to  advance  towards  Hon  ,-  ami  halt 
within  a  few  mi!es  of  its  ;,fat(s.  The  conclave  of  cardinals,  then  coiiv.'ii,.(|  t,, 
siipply  the  va-aiicy  in  the  jtontiticate,  were  filled  with  indi^^natinu  at  tlii> 
attempt  to  overawe  their  election  ;  and  the  citizens  heheld  with  anxict.v  tlio 
encampment  of  this  formidahle  fo.ce  under  their  walls,  anficipatini,'  soiin' 
counteracting'  movement  on  the  part  of  the  (Jreat  Captain,  wliiih  iiiii.'|it 
involve  their  canital,  already  in  a  staU;  of  anarciiy,  in  all  the  horrors  <if  war. 
(Jonsalvo,  iiidceu,  hail  sent  forward  a  detachment  <if  hctweeii  two  and  tjiici- 
thou^;a!ld  men,  under  .Mendozii  and  l''al»rizio  Coioima,  who  poste<l  thcmvcKc^ 
in  the  nei,i;hhourhood  of  the  city,  where  they  coidd  ol»serve  the  moveiiieiit<i  uf 
the  ( iiemy.'* 

\t  len;4th  Cardinal  D'Amboise,  yielding'  to  puhlic  feelini;;  and  tiic  rein 


sentatioiis  of  i)retended  friends,  consented  to  the  removal  of  tlic  l-'iviidi 
f()r('(;s  from  the  iieiLrlihnurhood,  and  trusted  for  success  to  his  personal  intlii- 
ence.  lie  overestimated  its  weight.  It  is  foreii^n  to  our  pi'r|)osc  id  d,  ,ail 
the  proceedings  of  the  reverend  hody  thus  convened  to  supply  the  chair  of 
St.  Peter.  They  are  displayed  at  fuli  lenj;th  liy  the  Italian  writers  'md  nm-t 
h(>  allowed  to  form  a  most  edifying;  chai)ter  in  ecdesiastiial  iiistory."  It  i> 
eM0UL:h  to  state  that,  on  the  departure  of  the  French,  the  sutlra^es  of  the 
conclave  fell  on  an  Italian  (Sept.  '2*2nd),  who  assumed  the  name  uf  l'iii> 
the  Third,  and  wIk>  jiistitied  tlu^  policy  df  the  choice  hy  dying  in  less  tiiin' 
tiiaii  his  hest  friends  had  anticipated,— within  a  month  ait(!r  his  e'evation.'" 


The  new  vaamcy  was  at  once  sui)piied  by  the  election  of  Julius  the  Sc 


rmul 


iXpo  to,  I. •)().■},  MS. — HiiiinaccorHi,  Diario,  j).  Hi. 
—  HoiuIh),  iHturia  Viniziana,  lib.  IJ.  -'I'hc  littlf; 
ctTfUiiiiiy  with  wliicli  .MfxandcT's  remains 
■were  treated,  while  yet  scan-ely  ctihi,  is  the 
best  (■(iiiimentary  on  tlie  ffeniral  detestation 
in  whiih  he  waslieid.  "  Lorsiiue  Alexandre." 
says  the  ]}ti\)f'>i  mailre  (It's  ciremonics,  *'  rendit 
lo  dernier  soiipir.  il  n'y  avait  dan.s  sa  ehanibre 
que  reve(|ue  di'  llieti,  lo  dataire  et  quehiues 
l),de|Veniers.  Oette  elian.bro  I'ut  aussit'it 
jiille.'.  La  face  du  ladavro  devint  noire ;  la 
lanfju(>  s>'  enfla  an  j)iiint  (lu'elle  rcnudissait  la 
bonelie  qui  re^ta  oiiverie.  I,a  hiere  dans 
l.iqnelle  il  fall.iit  mettre  le  oorjis  so  trmiva 
troj)  petite  ;  on  I'y  enlnnva  a  coups  de  pninf?s. 
I^es  restes  du  jnipi-  insultes  par  sis  donies- 
tiques  furent  piirtesilans  I'efilise  de  St.  l'ierr(>, 
Siins  etre  aceonqKinnes  de  prctres  ni  de  turches, 
et  on  les  jila(;a  en  dedans  de  la  grille  duchd'ur 
pour  les  ddrober  aux  outrages  de  la  populace." 


Niificedp  lUirchard,  apnd  Hrefiuii-'iiy,  NiitKi"! 
et  J'ixtraitH  des  Manuscrits  de  la  HiMJutiK-niit; 
du  Uoi  (Paris,  ITsT-Isls),  toni.  i.  p   IMi. 

"  Huonaccoisi,  Diarin,  p.  s'i. — Maihiiivi  Hi, 
T.egazione  prima  a  I'loma,  let.  1,  ■i,it  al.- 
Hembo,  istoria  Viniziana,  tom.  iii.  lil'  li. - 
Ainmiratt),  l.storie  Finrentine,  loui.  iii  111^-  >• 
— Zurit;i,  .\nale>,  lom.  v.  lib.  .''i,  ciqt.  47. 

"  (iuicciardini,  ii\  particular,  Im«  id.itnl 
them  with  a  circumstanti.dity  which  ceiiij 
.-carcely  have  been  e.Nceidrd  liy  ime  ef  tl,i- 
conclave  itsilf.     Istoria,  lib.  6,  pp.  iilt;   ;l«. 

'"  Kemlx),  Jstoria  Viniziana,  lib.  ti.  Am- 
inirat'i,  Isti  rie  KiDrenline,  torn,  iii  hl>.  'I-- 
'l'h(>  eh'cti  111  of  I'ius  was  extr  inely  t;iati  lui 
to  t^ueen  Isabella,  who  caused  'I'e  I'riiiii-^  iml 
tliaiiks(ri\  infis  to  l)e  ceiebr.itcdin  thecliurihi'* 
lor  the  ujipointment  of  "so  worthy  a  p.i>-t": 
over  the  Christian  fold,"  See  i'cter  .Mart.vr, 
Opus  Knist.,  cpist.  265. 


AllMIKS  ON   TIIK  (JAKK^.I.IAXO. 


489 


'<'S  oil  tllO  lUilV,.. 

h'AllllMlis,..     ||,,,| 

llCCl's.sidll    li.   t),,. 

■r's  iippKtIiitiiiii, 
e  Ficiicli  .(riiiv, 


and  the  it'iuv- 

of    tlic   Fit'iuli 

i  |i('rs(iii;il  iiitlii- 

l!l[Mis('  to  il,  .;ill 

ily  the  cliair  of 
I'ilcrs  iiml  iiiiist 
history."  It  i> 
KU Urates  of  the 
!  naiiic  of  I'ii!^ 
iig  in  loss  time 
lis  e'cvatioii.'" 
ihus  tlu'  Scrnllil 

nri'(|uiL'iiy,  \i)ilc<"* 

(Ic  III  nil>liotlie<|iii.' 
toiii.  i.  p   I'Jii. 
I.  f<'2.— .Mailiiiiv  Hi, 
,   let.    1.  ;i,  it  al.- 

toiii.  iii.  lili  ti,  - 
iiu',  loiii.  iii  lili.  'Jv 
lil).  f),  cii]i.  I". 
I'ular,  li.i»  iil.itiM 
i.ilitj'  \\liiili  1.1'iiiJ 
li'd  liy  I  UK'  of  tl.i' 
t>.  6,  pp.  iilG-.il". 
iatia,   lil>.  (J.     Am- 

torn.  iii.  lil».  'J". 
I'Xtr'iinly  prat'lii: 
iscd  'I'f  I'riiiii-;  ai  il 
iti'd  in  tlici'liuriiii- 
!i)  worthy  a  p.ist": 

Soc  I'c'ter  MurtiT, 


lOct.  nist),  tin'  iM'in.u'fi'nt  I  ontid  who  nia<h'  his  tiara  a  h«'hnct,  nrnl  his  rrosicr 
jswonl.  It  is  roniarkahh' that,  whili'  his  li»'rr»',  incxorjililc  tfni|n'r  h'ft  him 
nitli  ^larct'ly  a  personal  fricml,  he  (ainr  to  th«'  th'ronr  hy  the  unitt-d  siitlVa.t's 
i.f  thi'  rival  factions  of  l''ran<(',  Spain,  and,  alio\»' all,  Vcriirc,  \\ho>«'  rnin  in 
rctinn  he  niadr  tin-  urcat  hiisinrss  of  his  r»'>tlr.ss  pontilitatf." 
No  s(M)n»'r  had  the  pinni  into  which  Cardinal  h'And.oisc  had  entered 
til  such  prosiH'ct-i  of  snccess  hcni  snatched  fioin  his  ;^ras|i  hy  the  snpeiinr 
lifss  (if  his  Italian  rivals,  and  the  election  uf  I'iiis  the  Thnd  Iteeii  pulilii  ly 


Hit 


;i'M 


aiiiiiiiniceH 


tl 


lan  the  !<  rench  arniv  wai  perniitted  tore^inne  its  man  lion 


i 


Napl 


C.-i. 


after  the  joss -an  irieparahle  loss --uf  more  than  a  month.  A  still  ;ireater 
iiiidnitime  had  hefallen  il,  in  the  mean  time,  in  the  illne-s  of  'ritiiioiiille,  its 
iliiff ;  which  compelleil  him  to  resign  the  command  into  the  hands  of  the  mnri|iii:4 
of  .M.ihtna,  an  Italian  noMeman,  who  held  the  secdud  station  in  the  army,  lie 
wiisa  man  of  some  military  experience,  havin;^  foiij^ht  in  the  N'ein'tian  service, 
ami  led  the  allied  force;,  with  doiilitfnl  credit  indeed,  ai,'ainst  <  harles  tlu? 
Hi:litli  at  the  hattle  of  Fornovo.  His  el('\ation  was  more  acceptahle  to  his 
(iHii  c.iimtrymen  than  to  the  French;  and  in  truth,  however  competent  to 
(inliiiary  exii;eiicies,  he  was  alto^^ether  iineiinal  to  the  present,  in  which  he 
was  compelled  to  measure  his  genius  with  that  of  the  greatest  (aplain  of 


W  il,'t 


IV 


The  Sjtanish  ooniiiiander,  in  the  ni(»an  while,  was  detained  hefore  the  strong 
j'iKt  nf  daeta,  into  which  1  ves  d'.VI"'i^re  ha^'  thrown  himself,  as  alreaily  notiieil, 
with  the  fimitives  from  the  field  of  ( 'eriuno .',  u*i..re  he  had  heeii  siih.seipieiitly 
rfir.f.-rced  hy  four  thousand  additional  troops  iimh^r  the  manpiis  of  Sahiz/o. 
Fniiii  these  circiiinstances, as  well  as  the  n-at  stri'iii;th  of  the  place,  (JonsaUo 
ivpcrieiiced  an  opjiosition  to  which,  of  late,  Ik^  had  U-eii  wholly  iinacciistomeil. 
Ili-i  exposed  situation  in  the;  plains,  under  the  mins  of  the  city,  uccasiuned  the 
\'-^<  pf  iiiaiiy  of  his  hest  men.  and  among  otlie .s,  that  of  his  irieiid  hon  Hii-o 
ill'  ( iirdniia,  one  of  the  late  victors  at  Seminara,  who  was  shot  down  at  his  side 
\diilc conversing  with  him.  At  length,  after  ades|t(!rate  Imt  ined'ectiial  attempt 
to  extricate  himself  from  his  perilous  |)osili(»ii,  hy  forcing  the  iiei.nhlMniring 
t'lniiK'iic'.'  of  .Mount  Orlando,  he  was  comjKflled  to  retiri"  to  a  ureater  ilistaiKC, 


aii'l  (Iniw  oil"  his  army  to  the  adjacent  village  of  ('asteI'()n»^  whi(  h  may  (all  up 
iiKire  agreeahle  associations  in  the  reader's  mind,  as  tin'  sit(^  of  the  N'illa  Fitr- 
iiiiiiiia  uf  Cicero.'^  At  this  place  he  was  still  occupied  withtho  hlockade  of 
•  iat'ta,  when  he  received  intelligence  that  the  French  liad  eros.sed  the  Tih(!r 


;uii|  were  in 


full  n 


larcli  a  jams 


t  him. 


u 


Wliile  (ionsalvo  lay  hefore  (Jaet^i,  he  had  heen  intent  on  collecting  such 
rt'iiifitrcements  as  he  could  from  every  ipiarter.  The  Neapolitan  division 
iiinItT  Navarro  had  already  joined  him,  as  well  as  the  victorious  leuions  of 
.Vnlnida  from  Caiahria.  I'lis  striMigth  was  further  au'iinented  hy  the  arrival 
iif  lictween  two  and  three  tinmsand  troops,  Spanish,  (Jeriiian,  and  Italian, 
which  the  Castilian  minister,  Francisco  de  Jiojas,  had  levied  in  Koine  ;  and 
1)1'  was  ill  daily  iiope.s  of  a  moi'Ci  important  accession  from  the  .same  (luartei 


tliruii^h  the  i;ood  ollict^s  of  the  Venetian  amhassador.     liastly,  he  hatl  oltlaine.i 
•xoiiie  additional  recruits,  ;ind  a  remittiuice  of  a  considerahle  sum  of  moiiey,  in 


"  Maclilrtvolll,  Legazionf;  prima  a  l?ouia, 
I't.  G.— liinilx),  I«toria  Vini/iuna,  111),  7. 

■Ourtiir,  llist.  de  Fraiioe,  t'lii.  v.  pp. 
4;ts-t:!s.— indcfiavdiiii,  Iitoria.  lilj.  c,  p.  a  li. 
-  HnniiaccDrsi,  Diario,  p.  a3.— St.  (.ulais,  lli-t. 
lie  I.iiiiys  XII..  p.  I7:i. 

'('ii'pni's  couiitry-spat  ptood  midway  ho- 
tw..,  11  liai-ia  aid  Alola,  tlie  ancit-nt  Koriiii;!', 
uljuui  two  miles  and  a  half  from  each.    (Clu- 


veriiis,    It.d.    Antlq.,    lib.   .3,   cap.    6,)     The 

remains  of  his  maiiston  and  of  Idw  manso!oiim 
iiiiiy  still  he  liisi-irniil,  on  tlic  liordiTs  of  tliu 
old  -Ajipian  Way,  \<y  tlii'  classical  and  credu- 
lous lourint, 

"  (Jiovio,  Vitic  Illu>;t.  Vin.rnm.  fol.  'J.is, 
2T>9. — Olironk'a  d.-l  (iuiii  ('apit.in.  lib  2,  cap. 
<i5.— t.'lloa,  Vita  di  'arUt  V  ,  fol.  19.— I'uter 
Martyr,  Upus  Epist ,  epist.  1^61. 


490 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


a  fleet  of  Catalan  ships  lately  arrived  from  Spain.  With  all  this,  howover,  a 
li(;avy  amount  of  arrears  remained  due  to  his  troo])S.  In  point  of  mantnTs  he 
was  still  far  inferior  to  the  enemy;  no  computation  swelling  them  hif^^licr  than 
tiiree  thousand  horse,  two  of  them  light  cavalry,  and  nine  tljousaml  foot. 
The  strength  of  his  army  lay  in  his  Si)anish  infantry,  on  whose  tli()roii;:h 
(iiscii)hnc.  steady  nerve,  and  strong  attachment  to  his  person  he  felt  \w  mi-lii 
confidently  relv.  In  cavalry,  and  still  more  in  artiliery,  he  was  far  hciow  tiie 
French  ;  which,  togetiuM-  with  his  great  numerical  inferiority,  made  it  im- 
possible  for  him  to  keep  the  oi)en  country.  His  only  resource  was  to  pi 
possession  of  some  i)a-;s  or  strong  position  which  lay  ui  their  route,  wture  Iw 
juight  detain  them  till  the  arrival  of  further  reinforceuients  should  eimhle  him 
to  face  them  on  more  equal  terms.  The  deep  stream  of  the  (jiarigliaiiu  |)if- 
sented  such  a  line  of  defence  as  he  wanted.'* 

On  the  Oth  of  October,  therefore,  the  (irejit  Caj>tain  broke  up  his  canni  at 
Casteiione,  and,  at)an(lonuig  the  whole  region  north  of  the  (Jarigliuiio  to"  the 
enemy,  struck  into  the  interior  of  the  country,  and  took  jjost  at  8an  (icnuano, 
a  strong  place  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  covered  by  the  two  foiticsscs 
of  Monte  Casino'"  and  INscca  Secca.  Into  this  last  he  threw  a  body  df 
determined  men  mider  V  iHalba,  and  awaited  cahnly  the  approach  of  the 
enemy. 

It  was  not  long  before  the  column«i  of  the  latter  were  descried  in  full  march 
on  Ponte  Corvo,  at  a  few  mile>'  distance  only  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
(iarigliano.  After  a  brief  ha't  there,  they  traver.sal  the  bridge  before  that 
jiiace,  and  advanced  conhdently  forward  in  the  expectiition  of  encoiuiteriiij; 
little  resistance  from  a  foe  so  nmch  their  inferior.  In  this  they  were  mis- 
taken ;  the  garrison  of  Rocca  Secca,  against  which  they  directed  their  arms 
handled  tliem  so  roughly  that,  after  in  vain  endeavouring  to  airry  tlic  iilace 
in  two  desperate  assaults,  the  maniuis  of  Mantua  resolved  to  abandon  the 
attempt  altogether,  and,  recrossing  tlie  river,  to  seek  a  more  practicable  iioint 
fo)  his  purjjose  lower  down.'' 

Kee]»ing  along  the  right  bank,  therefore,  to  the  south-east  of  the  mountains 
of  Fondi,  iie  descended  netirly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Garigliano,  the  site,  as 
commonly  supposed,  of  the  ancient  Minturn;\3."'  The  nlace  was  coveic'l  by 
a  fortress  called  the  Tower  of  tha  Garigliano,  occnnietl  by  a  small  Sjianish 
garrison,  who  iiKule  some  resistance,  but  surrendered  on  being  i)eriiiittt'il  to 
march  out  with  the  honours  of  war.  On  rejoinr-.ig  their  countrymen  umltr 
(lonsalvo,  the  latter  were  so  much  incensed  that  the  garrison  should  have 
yielded  on  any  terms,  instead  of  dying  on  their  i)Osts,  that,  falling  on  them 
with  their  pikes,  they  massacred  them  all  to  a  man.  Consalvo  did  nut  think 
proper  to  punisli  this  outrage,  which,  howe\er  shocking  to  his  own  feelings 


'"  Carta  dc  Oonzalo,  Dol  Rot\\,  Gueta,  8  do 
Agosto,  150;t,  MS.— Ziirita,  Hist,  del  Roy 
HiTiiaiido,  toin.  i.  lib.  ;'),  cap.  as,  43,  44,  4S, 
57. — (iidvio,  Vita'  lUust.  Vininim,  fol.  258, 
2r>!i. — SiHinondi,  Hist.  d<'s  FiaiKjuis,  toni.  xv. 
])  417.  -<;aril)ay,  Coiiipoiidii),  toni.  ii.  HI).  19, 
cap.  16.  -Forrera.-*,  Hist,  d  Kspa^np,  toiii.  viii. 
l>p.  252-'257.  .Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  lil). 
x.wi.  cap.  5.-1  lie  Ca.stiUiu  wrilt-rs  do  nut 
stato  till'  sum  total  of  tiie  Sp.misli  force,  which 
is  to  be  inferred  only  )r<>Mi  th''  scatttri'd 
estimates,  lareless  and  eontradictnry  as  usiial, 
of  the  vai  ious  ditaelinients  w  i  icii  joined  it. 

"  The  Spfl  iards  carrieil  Moiiie  ('.isino  t)y 
storm,  and  witli  saciileKions  viulcnce  i)luii- 
d  red  the  IJenedietiui'  nmna-tfiy  of  all  its 
Costly  plate.   They  were  couipelied,  however, 


to  respect  the  bones  of  the  niartyr«,  niul  ntlmr 
saintly  relics;  a  division  of  spoil  piMbaKly 
not  entirely  satisfictory  to  Its  revi  r  nil  iii- 
niatc?.  Giovio,  Vita  Magni  Uoiisalvl,  ful. 
2C2. 

"  Chronica  del  (iran  C.ipitan,  lib.  '.',  cap. 
102.— Ulloa,  Vitadi  Carlo  V.,  fol.  21.— 'imc- 
ciardini.  Istoria,  toni.  i.  lib.  t!,  pp.  'Sli'>,  .fJT.— 
Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist .  ei)i>t.  2G7.— li't- 
naldez,  Reyes  Oatolicos,  MS,  caj).  !•<■<. 

'"  The  remains  of  tins  city,  wliitli  stoo.1 
about  four  ii-.!es  alwve  the  uuiutli  v(  tin' 
Liris,  are  siill  to  be  sein,  on  the  ri^lit  >'i  the 
road.  In  ancient  days  it  was  of  siiflUH'iit 
niafrnitixle  to  cover  lK)tli  sideij  of  the  rivir. 
See  Striibo,  Geof;raphia,  lib  5,  p.  2;ia  (.l'^"*> 
1629),  wiih  Casaubou's  uotes,  p.  UO. 


ARMIES  ON  THE  GARIGLIANO. 


491 


inilioated  a  desi>era,te  tone  of  resolution,  wliich  he  felt  he  should  have  occasion 
t,ita\  to  the  utmost  in  the  present  exigency."* 

'llic  ground  now  occupied  l»y  the  armies  was  low  and  swampy,  a  character 
wliicli  it  possessed  in  ancient  times ;  the  marshes  on  the  southern  side  being 
supiiosed  to  be  the  same  in  which  Marius  concealed  himself  from  his  enemies 
iliiring  his  proscrijjtion.* '  Its  natural  humidity  was  greatly  increased,  nt  this 
time,  hy  tlie  excessive  rains,  which  l)egan  eiirlier  and  with  nuicli  more 
viiiii'iice  than  usual.  The  French  ]iosition  was  neither  so  low  nor  so  wet  as 
that  I'f  the  Spaniards.  It  had  the  advantage,  moreover,  of  heiiig  suii]>()rted 
liva  well-peo]jled  and  friendly  cotmtry  in  tiie  rear,  where  lay  the  large  towns 
di  Kdiidi,  Itri,  and  Ciaet^i ;  while  their  fleet,  ini(h'r  the  admiral  Prt'jan,  which 
riKJt'  at  anchor  in  the  moutii  of  tiie  (jiarigliano,  might  he  of  essential  service  in 
the  jtassage  of  the  river. 

Ill  order  to  eilect  this,  the  tnanmivi  r»f  Mnntiin  prpn.nrpd  to  throw  a  hriilL'^e 
afross,  at  a  point  not  far  from  Trajetto.  He  succeeded  in  it,  notwithstanding 
the  swollen  and  troubled  condition  of  the  waters,'^'  in  a  few  days,  under  cover 
(f  the  artillery,  which  he  had  planted  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  which  from 
it>L'rcater  elevation  entirely  (c  mianded  the  opposite  shore. 

Tlic  bridge  was  constructed  oi  boats  belonging  to  the  fleet,  strongly  secured 
to-t'iiier  and  covered  with  planks.  The  work  being  completed,  on  the  (itli  of 
Ndvciuber  the  army  advanced  upon  the  bridge,  suj)ported  by  such  a  lively 
canimiiade  from  the  batt(!ries  along  the  .shore  as  made  all  resistance  on  the 
]kirt  of  the  Spaniards  ineltectual.  The  impetuosity  with  which  the  French 
rii>lif(l  forward  was  such  as  to  drive  back  the  advanced  guard  of  their  enemy, 
wjiiiji,  giving  way  in  di.sorder,  retreated  on  the  main  body.  Jiefore  the  confusion 
(niiiii  cxten(l  farther,  (Jon^alVO,  mounted  a  In  (jinetd,  in  the  manner  of  the 
light  (avalry,  rode  through  the  broken  ranks,  and,  rallying  the  fugitives,  (juickly 
liiui;ght  them  to  order.  jS'avarro  and  Andrada,  at  the  :-ame  time,  led  up  the 
S]aiii>h  infantry,  and  the  m  hole  colunni  charging  furiously  against  theFrendi, 
(mill died  them  to  falter,  and  at  length  to  fall  back  on  the  bridge. 

The  struggle  now  became  desperate,  otiicers  and  soldiers,  liorse  and  foot, 
mingling  together,  and  fighting  hand  to  hand,  with  all  the  ferocity  kindled  by 
clu.-e  personal  combat.  Some  were  trodden  under  the  feet  of  the  cavalry,  many 
more  were  forced  from  the  bridge,  and  the  waters  of  the  (jlaritdiano  w  ere  coveied 
with  men  and  hoises,  borne  down  by  the  current  and  struggling  in  vain  to  gain 
the  shore.  It  was  a  contest  of  mere  bodily  strength  an<l  coinage,  in  which 
!>ki;l  and  superior  tactics  were  of  little  avail.     Among  those  who  most  distin- 


'  I  lironica  del  CJran  Capitan,  lib.  2,  cap. 
lOT.    (liuvio,  Vita  Miipiii  Gonsalvi,  fol.  263. 

'"  Tlic  niarsln's  ot  Mititmiia'  lay  botwcn 
the  Illy  and  tlii'  nioulh  of  the  Liri.s.  (Olu- 
V'tiiis.  Itil.  AiUi(j.,  lib.  ;!,  cap.  lo,  sec.  9.) 
Tile  S|i,,iiisli  army  encauijicd,  says  (itiic- 
cimiiiii,  "  in  a  place  called  by  Livy,  from  itH 
vjfiiiity  to  Sessa,  aqiuv  Siitiiesmiia;  IjriiiR 
I'lrliap-*  the  niarslic's  in  which  .Marius  liid 
iiliiiM'If."  (Istoria,  lib.  C.)  'I'lie  bintdrian 
iii«l<(s  t\\(i  lilunders  in  a  breath.  1st.  Ai/ntE 
Snail sfiiiKi'  wa«  a  name  derived  nut  Irmn 
i^csa,  tlie  ancient  Suessa  Anrnni'a,  Imt  fnun 
till'  adjiiint  SinucHsa,  a  iowu  al)ont  ten  miles 
^utli-cii.-t  of  Minturna'.  (Comp.  Livy,  lib. 
2-,  cii]..  14,  and  Stralx),  lib.  5,  p.  2:i;t.)  2nd. 
It"'  iianie  did  not  indiiate  marsheg,  but 
nitiral  Imt  spriii^«,  pMnicubirly  noted  for 
tlii-ir  siilulirity.  '•  Silubritate  h.»rum  atjiia- 
fuui,'  .^ays  Tacitus  in  allusion  to  them  (An- 


iiales,  lib.  12).  and  I'liny  notices  their  medi- 
cinal propertieH  more  explicitly.  Hist.  Na- 
turalis,  lib.  .'{),  cap.  2. 

■"  This  doeH  tiot  ai'cord  with  Horace'B  cha- 
raeter  of  the  (iarijiliaiKi,  the  ancient  IJiis,  as 
the  '•  tacitnrnus  amiii>"  (('arm.,  lib,  i.  'Mi), 
and  utill  less  with  tliat  of  .Silius  ItalicUH, 

"I.iris  .  .  .  qui  fonte  quieto 
Iiissimulat  ciirsum,  et  uiilfo  miitahi'Us  imhre 
rerstringit  tacita.s  tjemmanti  (^iir^ite  ripas." 

rmiica,  lib.  4. 

Indeed,  the  stream  exliibitH  at  the  prefient 
day  the  same  soft  and  traiii|uil  iispe<t  cide- 
brated  by  ilie  P.omaii  poets.  its  natural 
cliaracter,  iiowever,  wa.'*  entirely  clan^red  at 
the  periotl  bifore  US,  in  const  (luence  nt'  the 
unexampled  heaviness  and  duration  of  tlie 
autumnal  rains. 


492 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


piiished  tlienii-elvos,  the  name  of  the  nohle  Itah'an,  Falirizio  Colonna,  is  ]  ar- 
ticiilarly  iiicntioncd.  An  heroic  action  is  recorded  also  of  a  iiorson  of  inft liir 
rank,  a  Si>aiiish  <ill'trez^  or  standard-hearer,  named  lllescas.  Tlie  rij^ht  lainl 
of  this  man  was  shot  away  liy  a  eannon-hall.  As  a  comrade  was  raising  tip  the 
fallen  colours,  th(>  j^allant  ensign  resolutely  ^q-asjjed  them,  exdaiminj:  tli.it  "lu- 
had  one  hand  still  left."'  At  the  same  time,  mutHiiif^  a  scarf  round  ilic  !  Iccl. 
in<f  stump,  he  took  l.i.s  i»lace  in  the  ranks  as  hefore.  This  hravc  dccil  did  i,,,! 
{;()  unrewarded,  and  a  lil>eral  jiension  was  settled  on  Jiim,  at  (Jdii.siJvu.N 
instance. 

l)urin,i,f  the  lieat  of  the  mCh  e,  tiieguns  on  tlie  French  shore  liad  been  eutir  'Iv 
hileut,  sincc^  they  (ould  not  he  worked  without  doinj,'  as  much  mischief  to  thfir 
own  UKMi  as  to  the  N|)aniards,  with  whom  they  were  closely  mingled.  Jint,  as 
the  French  gradually  lecoiled  hefore  their  imiietuous  adversaries,  fresh  Iddifs 
of  the  latter  rushing  forward  to  siij  jiort  their  advance  necessaiily  exjioscd  ,i 
C'onsi(ieraliie  iengtii  of  coinnin  to  the  range  of  the  French  gnns,  which  oitiud 
a  galling  <ire  on  the  farther  extremity  of  the  bridge.  The  Sjaniards, notwith- 
standing  "they  threw  themselves  into  the  face  of  the  camion,"'  as  the  inaniuis 
of  iMantua  exclaimed,  "  with  as  mu'h  unconcern  as  if  their  h(jdies  had  Ictn 
made  of  air  instead  of  flesh  and  hlood,"  found  them> elves  so  nuich  dislresMd 
ly  this  terrihk;  tire  that  they  were  compelltd  to  fall  hack  ;  and  the  van,  \\\\> 
left  without  sujiport,  at  length  retreated  in  turn,  abandonuig  the  bridge  tu 
the  enemy.'^'^ 

This  action  was  one  of  the  severest  wliich  occurred  in  these  wars.  Vov  llu^'n 
de  jNJoucada,  the  veteian  of  many  a  fight  Itv  land  and  sea,  told  laolu  (ii.Aiu 
that  "  he  had  never  felt  himself  in  such  imnnnent  iieril  in  any  of  his  battles  as 
in  this."-^  The  French,  notwithstanding  they  remained  masters  of  the  con- 
tested bridge,  had  met  with  a  resistance  which  greatly  discouraged  tlieni ;  ami, 
instead  of  attemi)ting  to  jiush  their  success  fuither,  retired  that  same  evcniiii.' 
to  their  quarters  on  the  other  side  of  the  river.  The  temisestuous  wcatlicr. 
which  continued  with  umibated  fury,  liad  now  broken  up  the  roads,  and  tmi- 
veited  the  soil  into  a  moiass,  nearly  imnractic,  hie  for  the  movements  of  Imrsc, 
and  (juite  so  for  tlio-e  of  artillery,  on  whicii  the  French  chiefly  relied  ;  while  it 
interposed  comparatively  slight  obstacles  to  the  mamtuvres  of  infantry,  \\lii(.li 
constituted  the  strength  of  the  Snaniards.  From  a  consideration  of  tiic-e 
circumstances,  the  French  commander  resolved  not  to  resunie  active  oi cnitiMis 
till  a  change  of  weather,  by  restoring  the  roads,  should  enable  him  to  (lu  sd  with 
advantage.  Meanwhile  he  constructed  a  redoubt  on  the  l^pani.  h  extremity  "i 
the  biidge,  and  threw  a  body  of  trooj)s  into  it,  in  order  to  coUimand  the  ia>s 
whenever  he  should  be  disposed  to  use  it.'^* 

While  the  hostile  arnnes  thus  lay  facing  each  other,  tlie  eyes  of  all  Italy  weiv 
turned  on  them,  in  anxious  expectation  of  a  battle  whidi  should  tinaily  dciide 
the  fate  of  Naples.  Expresses  were  dr.ily  despatched  from  the  Frendi  i.'Uiip 
to  Rome,  wluMHT  the  ministers  of  tlie  di'trerent  Euro])ean  jiowers  trauMiiittcd 
tlu>  tidii  gs  to  their  respective  govennuents.  ^Nlachiavelli  represented  at  that 
time  tlu!  Florentine  republic  at  thepajial  court,  and  his  corres})ondence  tcfins 
with  as  many  tioating  rumours  and  speculations  as  a  modern  gazette.    Thm' 


'''  Rprnaldcz,  Rpyps  C.itolicos,  MS.,  car. 
188. —  Al^arou,  I{''y<'K  do  Aratroii,  toin.  ii.  icy 
;{(),  i-ap.  1  J.  -(i-arihay,  (^lIllpl■lllli(),  toin.  ■' 
lib.  111.  cap.  1()  — l'i't<  r  M.irtvr,  ()\n\^  Epist., 
cpist.  'JtJ9. — (Jiovio.  N'itu'  lUust.  Viruriiiii,  I'ol. 
i!ti2-'J64.  I'lhia,  Vit.i  lii  Cirlo  V.,  UA.  '22.— 
Macliiavclli,  Lcjia/imic  prima  a  Itonia,  let. 
11,  Nov.  HI.  let.  Hi.  .Nov.  13.— let.  17.— 
Chrouica  del  Urau  Capitaii,  lib.  2,  cap.  luG.— 


pp.  J4U, 


Gamier,  Hist,   de   France,  torn.  v. 
441. 

■'•"  Clovio,  Vita>  Illust.  Vininim.  fol. 

'"  (iuiccianliiii.  Isturia,  lih.  (>,  pp.  ;t.:7, 'i>. 
— 'iiovio,  \'it;v  Illust.  N'iroruiu,  tnl,  'Ji'.'i.— 
Madiiavclli,  Lcf^azioiK'  i)riuia  a  Khiuh,  U'l. 
29.— Gamier,  Hist,  de  France,  tuui.  v.  pp- 
443-445. 


ARMIES  ON  THE  GARIGLIAXO. 


493 


?,   torn.   V.   pp.  440, 


wore  many  French  residents  in  the  citv,  with  whom  tlio  minister  was  personally 
;iii|iiainte(i.  He  fretiuently  notices  their  opinions  tm  the  progress  of  the  war, 
wiiich  tiiey  regar(le<l  with  tlie  most  sanguine  contiileiue,  as  sure  h>  rebult  in 
tlie  triumph  of  their  own  arms,  wlien  once  fairly  hrought  into  collision  with 
tiie  enemy.  The  calmer  and  more  penetrating  eye  of  the  Florentine  discerns 
symiitoms  in  the  condition  of  the  two  armies  of  (juite  a  dillerent  tcndcncj.^* 
'  It  seemed  now  ohvious  that  victory  nnist  declare  for  that  party  which  could 
licst  endure  the  hardships  and  i)rivations  of  its  present  situation.  'J'he  local 
iinsition  of  the  S}»aniards  was  far  moie  imfavourablc  than  that  of  the  enemy. 
The  (ireat  Captain,  soon  after  the  aflair  of  the  bridge,  luul  drawn  oflhis  forces 
toil  rising  ground  about  a  mile  from  the  river,  which  uas  crowned  by  the  little 
Iftiiilct  of  C'mtura,  and  conunanded  the  route  to  Naples.  In  front  of  his  cami> 
he  sunk  a  deen  trench,  which,  in  the  saturated  soil,  speedily  tilled  with  water  ; 
ami  he  giirnished  it  at  each  extn-mity  with  a  strong  redoubt.  Thus  securely 
intrenched,  he  resolved  patiently  to  await  the  movements  of  the  em^ny. 

The  situation  of  the  army,  in  the  mean  time,  was  indeed  deplorable.  Those 
\di()  occupied  the  lower  level  were  up  to  their  knees  in  mud  and  water  ;  for  the 
excessive  rains  and  the  inumhition  of  the  (Jarigliano  had  converteil  the  whole 
country  into  a  mere  (piagnnre,  or  rather  stiindingpool.  The  only  way  in  which 
the  lien  could  secure  themselves  was  by  covering  the  earth  as  far  as  possible 
ftith  boughs  and  bundles  of  twigs  ;  and  it  was  altogether  uncertain  how  long 
even  this  expedient  would  serve  against  the  encroaching  element.  Those  on 
the  higher  grounds  were  scarcely  in  better  plight.  The  driving  storms  of  sleet 
and  rain,  wHiich  had  continued  for  several  weeks  without  intermission,  found 
their  way  into  every  crevice  of  the  flimsy  tents  and  crazy  hovels,  thatched 
only  with  branches  of  trees,  which  afi'orded  a  temporary  shelter  to  tlu;  troojis. 
In  iuMition  to  these  evils,  the  soldiers  were  badly  fed,  from  the  ditliculty  of 
fiinliiig  resources  in  the  waste  and  depopulated  regions  in  which  they  were 
iliiartercd,'"*  and  badly  paid,  from  the  negligence,  or  jierhaps  poverty,  of  King 
Fenlinand,  whose  inadeijuate  remittances  to  his  general  exposed  iiim,  among 
many  other  embarrassments,  to  the  imminent  hazard  of  disati'ection  among 
t!ie  soldiery,  especially  the  foreign  mercenaries,  which  nothing,  indeeil,  but 
the  most  delicate  and  judicious  conduct  on  his  })art  cou'd  have  averted.^' 

In  thisditticult  crisis,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  retained  all  his  usua'  etiuanimity, 
and  even  the  cheerfulness  so  indispensable  in  a  leader  who  would  infuse  heart 
into  his  followers.  He  entered  freely  inio  the  distresses  and  iiersonal  feelings 
of  his  men,  and,  instead  of  assuming  any  exemption  from  fatigue  or  sntl'ering 

1  the  score  of  his  rank,  took  his  turn  hi  the  hiunblest  tour  of  duty  with  the 
ii.taiiest  of  them,  mounting  guard  himself,  it  is  said,  on  more  tiian  one  occa- 
sion Above  all.  he  disjdayed  that  intlexible  constancy  which  enables  the 
strong  mind  in  the  hour  of  darkness  and  peril  to  buoy  up  the  sinking  spirits 

"  Lcpazione  prima  a  Poma,  let.  9,  10,  18. 
—The  French  showed  the  same  confidence 
fri'iii  tlif  beginning  of  liostilitieB.  One  of 
th.it  rmti.in  having  told  Suarez,  the  Ca.«tilian 
iiiinisttT  at  Venice,  that  tlie  marshal  (l.>  la 
Ir^moullle  said,  "He  wouUl  give  '2o,(kiO 
'liHiits.  it  he  could  meet  (Jonsiilvo  de  (Jorduva 
"1  Uit'f' '  sof  Viterbo,"tlie  Spaniard  smartly 
riplicil,  "Nemours  would  liavt!  given  twice 
aMiiu.li  not  to  have  met  him  at  Cerignola." 
'-iinta,  Aiiales,  torn.  v.  lib.  5,  cjip  ;tti. 

Tliis  barren  tract  of  uninhabited  country 
must  h.ive  been  of  very  limited  extent ;  foV 
It  wy  Ml  the  Campania  Felix,  in  the  neiglibour- 
Hwd  of  the  cultivated  pUios  of  Sesea,  the 


Mapsican  mountain,  and  F.Hli'rni;m  fteUls, — 
names  whicii  call  up  uHSwiatinns  tiiat  must 
live  while  good  jwetry  and  go<xl  wine  HJiall 
be  held  in  honour. 

^'  Mariana,  Hist,  df  Ks]);ifia,  torn.  ii.  lib. 
28,  cap.  .^.  -(Juiiciardini,  l.storia,  toni.  1.  lil). 
6,  J).  :{2H. — Maciiiavelli,  Lega/ione  prima  a 
Roma,  let.  44.  riloa.  Vita  di  Carlo  V.,  fol. 
22.— (.;iiri'ini<a  del  <Jran  Capitun,  cap.  I(i7, 
lOH. — The  Neapolitan  conipi.  stH,  it  will  bo 
remembered,  were  undertaken  e.xcliisivcly 
for  the  crown  of  Aragc^n,  the  revenues  of 
which  were  far  more  limited  than  those  of 
Castile. 


494 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


!   '' 


around  it.    A  remarkable  instance  of  this  fixedness  of  purpose  occurrod  at 
this  time. 

The  forlorn  condition  of  the  army,  and  the  indefinite  prospect  of  its  coiitiim- 
ance,  raised  a  naiural  ai»prehension  in  many  of  tiie  officers  that,  if  it  (iiij  imt 
l)rovoke  some  opcni  act  or  mutinv,  it  would  ni  all  jtrohahility  break  down  the 
spirits  and  constiti'tion  of  the  soldiers.  .Several  of  them,  therefore,  aniiMij;  the 
rest  Mendoza  and  the  two  Colonnas,  waited  on  the  c  )i)unander-in  chief,  aiuj, 
after  statin^^  their  fears  without  reserve,  besought  him  to  remove  the  canii)  ^" 
(Japua,  whore  the  troo}»s  might  find  healthy  and  commodious  (juarters,  at 
least  until  the  severity  of  the  season  was  mitigated;  before  which,  tlicv  in 
sisted,  there  was  no  reason  to  juiticipate  any  movement  on  the  i)art  oi  tlip 
enemy.  Hut  Oonsalvo  felt  too  deeply  the  importance  of  graj»i>ling  with  the 
French,  before  they  should  gain  the  open  country,  to  be  wimn^^j  to  trust  to  any 
such  precarious  contingency.  Hesiiles,  he  distrusted  the  etlect  of  sucli  a 
retrograde  movement  on  the  spirits  of  his  own  troops.  lie  had  decided  on 
his  coiu'se  after  the  most  mature  de'iberation  ;  and,  having  i)atiently  IumhI 
his  officers  to  the  end,  replied  in  these  few  but  memoralHc  words  :  "  It  is 
indispensable  to  the  ))ublic  service  to  mainUiin  our  present  position  ;  and  he 
assured,  I  would  sooner  march  forward  two  steps,  though  it  should  bring  me 
to  my  grave,  than  fall  back  one,  to  gain  a  hunilred  years."  The  decided  tune 
of  the  rejdy  relievod  him  from  further  importunity  ^^ 

There  is  no  act  of  Gonsalvo's  life  which  on  the  whole  displays  more  strik- 
ingly the  strength  of  his  character.  When  thus  witnessing  his  faithful 
followers  drooniug  and  dying  around  him,  with  the  consciousness  that  a  w^rd 
could  relieve  them  from  all  their  distresses,  he  yet  refrained  from  utteiinj;  if, 
in  stern  obedience  to  what  he  regarded  as  the  call  of  duty  ;  and  this,  ttjo,  on 
his  own  responsibility,  in  opposition  to  the  remonstrances  of  those  on  whose 
judgment  he  most  relied. 

Guiisalvo  confided  in  the  prudence,  sobriety,  and  excellent  coustitutinn 
of  the  Spaniards,  for  resistin,^  the  bad  eflects  of  tlie  climate.  lie  relied,  too, 
on  their  tried  discipline,  aiu'  their  devotion  to  himself,  '3r  carrying  thorn 
through  any  sacrifice  he  should  demand  of  them.  His  experience  at  Barlf'ta 
led  him  to  anticipate  results  of  a  very  opposite  character  with  the  French 
troops.    The  event  justified  his  conclusions  in  both  respects. 

The  French,  as  already  noticed,  occupied  higher  and  more  healthy  ground, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Garigliano,  than  their  rivals.  They  were  fortunate 
enough  also  to  find  more  effectual  protection  from  the  weather  in  the  remains 
of  a  spacious  amphitheatre,  and  some  other  edifices,  which  still  covered  the 
site  of  Minturn*.  With  all  this,  however,  they  suffered  more  severely  from 
the  inclement  season  than  their  robust  adversaries.  Numbers  daily  sickened 
and  died.  They  were  much  straitened,  moreover,  from  want  of  provi>ion?, 
through  the  knavish  peculations  of  the  commissaries  who  had  charge  of  the 
magazines  in  Rome.  Thus  situated,  the  fiery  spirits  of  the  French  soldiery, 
eager  for  prompt  and  decisive  action,  and  im{)atient  of  delay,  gradually  ^"iik 
under  the  protracted  miseries  of  a  war  where  the  elements  were  the  prineipal 
enemy,  and  where  they  saw  themselves  meltiuR  away  like  slaves  in  a  jirisoii- 
ship,  without  even  the  chance  of  winning  an  honourable  death  on  the  field 
of  battle." 


"'  Bemaldpz,  Reyes  Catrtlicoa,  MS.,  cap. 
1H8. — Chronica  del  Gran  Capifim,  lib.  2,  cap. 
108. — Garibay,  Compendio,  torn  ii.  lib.  19, 
cap  16. — Guicciardiiii,  Istor  a,  lib.  6,  p.  328. 
— /".'Ita,  Anaies,  toni.  v.  lib.  5,  cap.  58. 

•■"  Giovio,  Vita  Magnl  Gunsalvi,  fol.  265.— 


Gamier,  Hist,  de  France,  torn.  v.  p.  445.- 
Zurita,  Anale",  torn.  v.  lib.  .'>,  cap.  M- 
Huoiiaccorsi,  Diario,  fol.  85.— UUoa,  Vita  di 
Carlo  v.,  fol.  2'2.— Varillaa,  Hiat.  de  Louii 
XII.,  torn.  i.  pp.  401,  402. 


ARMIES  ON  THE  GARIGLIAXO. 


495 


ose  occurred  at 


lent   con>;titutinii 


The  discontent  occasioned  by  these  circumstances  was  further  swelled 
Iv  the  iiiiiieifi'ct  success  \\hich  hud  attended  their  etl'urts  when  allowed  to 
hioasuie  weai<(jns  uith  the  enemy. 

Al  length  the  latent  mass  of  disafl'ection  found  an  object  on  which  to  vent 
itst'if,  in  the  person  of  their  cununander-in-chiei",  the  marquis  of  Mantmi, 
nt'U'r  popular  with  tlio  Frencii  soldiers.  They  now  loudly  taxed  him  with 
iiiiliccility,  accused  him  of  a  secret  understanding  with  tne  enemy,  and  luadi'd 
iiiiii  with  tlie  ojiproltrious  epithets  with  which  Transalpine  insolence  was 
uriistomed  to  stigmatize  the  Italians,  In  all  this  they  were  secret  y  suj»- 
jporttMl  liy  Ives  d  Alegre,  Sandricourt,  and  other  French  oit.cers,  wiio  iiad 
aittavs  reganled  with  dissatisfaction  the  elevation  ot  the  Italian  general ;  till 
iit  length  the  latter,  tinding  that  he  had  inlluence  with  neither  olticers  lior 
Miklicrs,  and  unwiding  to  retain  command  where  he  had  lost  authority, 
a\iiiled  himself  of  a  temporary  illness,  under  \\hich  he  was  labouring,  to 
throw  up  his  connnissfon,  and  \\iiiidrew  ahruptly  to  his  own  estates. 

Ih'  was  succeeded  l)y  the  manpiis  of  iSaluzzo,  an  Itadan,  indeed,  by  birth, 
tiding  a  native  of  Piedmont,  but  one  who  had  k)ng  served  under  the  French 
liiiiiiicrs,  where  he  had  been  intrusted  by  Louis  the  Twelfth  with  very  important 
loiiiiiiands.  He  was  not  deticient  in  energy  of  ciiaracler  or  ndiitary  science. 
lint  it  reipured  powers  of  a  higher  order  than  his  to  bring  tbe  army  under 
v,iliurdination,  and  renew  its  confidence,  luider  present  circumstances.  Thtj 
Italians,  disgusted  with  the  treatment  of  their  former  chief,  deserted  in  great 
iiuiiihers.  The  great  Vjody  of  the  French  dnvalry,  impatient  of  their  present 
iiiihealthy  jiosition,  dispersed  among  tlie  adjacent  cities  of  Fondi,  Itri,  and 
I iat'ta,  leaving  the  low  country  around  the  Tower  of  tiie  (jlarigliano  to  the  care 
of  the  Swiss  and  German  infantiy  Thus,  while  the  whole  i^jianish  army  lay 
uithin  a  mile  of  the  river,  under  the  immediate  eye  of  their  comman<ler, 
liR'iared  for  instiint  service,  the  French  were  scattered  over  a  country  more 
than  ten  miles  hi  extent,  wliere,  Avithout  regard  to  military  discipline,  thev 
sutinlit  to  relieve  the  dieary  monotony  of  a  camp  by  all  the  relaxations  which 
such  comfortable  rpiartera  could  atiord.'" 

It  must  not  he  suppo^ed  that  the  rejose  of  the  two  armies  was  never  broken 
by  the  sounds  of  war.  More  tha  .  one  rencontre,  on  the  contrary,  with 
varicius  fortune,  took  place,  and  more  than  one  display  of  personal  prowess  by 
the  knidits  of  the  two  nations,  as  foimerly  at  the  siege  of  liarleta.  Tiie 
Sianiards  made  two  unsuccessful  ellorts  to  burn  the  enemy's  bridge;  but 
tlicy  succeeded,  on  the  other  liand,  in  carrying  the  strong  fortress  of  Kocca 
'iu^lieliua,  garrisoned  by  tlie  French.  Among  the  feats  of  individual  heroism, 
the  lastiliaii  writers  expatiate  most  complacently  on  that  of  their  favourite 
cavalier,  Diego  de  Parccles,  who  descended  alone  on  the  bridge  against  a  body 
of  French  knights,  all  armed  in  proof,  with  a  desperate  hardihood  worthy 
of  I'lin  Quixote,  and  would  most  j  robably  liave  shared  the  usual  fate  of  that 
iciiiiwiied  personage  on  such  occasions,  had  he  not  lieen  rescued  by  a  sally  of 
his  own  countrymen.  The  French  find  a  cnunterimrt  to  this  adventure  in 
that  "f  the  preux  chevalier  I'ayard,  who  with  his  single  arm  maintained  the 
I'arri'rs  of  the  bridge  against  two  hundred  Spaniards,  for  an  hour  or  more.^' 

I^dcli  feats,  indeed,  are  more  easily  achieved  with  the  pen  than  >\ith  ll.e 


'"  Humier,  Hist,  df  France,  tom.  v.  pp. 
4i(M4:(— (iiovio,  ViUi'  lUust.  Viiorum,  lot. 
2o4,  'JO;').— (Juiccinrdiiii,  Istoria,  tcm.  i.  lib.  0, 
I'  3:jy.— MachiaveUi,  Lejrazioiie  priniii  a 
Itonia,  let.  44.— St.  Gelais,  Hist,  de  Louys 
XU.,  rp.  173,  174. 

''  Ciin'iiiica  del  Gran  Capitaii,  lib.  2,  cap. 


106. — MemoiroR  de  Hayard,  cliap.  'IH,  apud 
Petitiit,  (!(iIlection  des  Mc'-moiicH,  torn,  xv  — 
Varillas,  Hi«t.  de  L'Uis  XII.,  loni.  i.  p.  417. 
— Quintaiia,  K^pafiolfs  celt-brfs,  torn.  i.  pp. 
2'<8-29o.  -  Macliiavelli,  Lcgazione  prima  » 
lioma,  let.  39,  44. 


496 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


sword.  It  would  be  injustice,  however,  to  the  honest  chronicler  of  the  day 
to  suppose  tluit  he  did  not  himself  fully 

"  I'f  lievo  the  mugic  \vr)ndors  that  lie  Rung." 

Every  heart  confessed  the  influence  of  a  romantic  a;,'e.— the  dyinp  a^'e,  indcril. 
of  cliivali y,  hut  when,  with  superior  retinement,  it  liad  lost  nothing  of  the 
enthusiasm  an<l  exaltation  of  its  prime.  A  shadowy  twi.ight  of  romaiKc 
envplo])ed  every  ohject.  Eveiy  day  gave  birth  to  such  extravagances,  imt 
JUf'relv  of  sentiment,  but  of  action,  as  made  it  dithcult  to  discern  the  i-iv(  i  ,^. 
boundaries  of  fact  and  fiction.  The  chronicler  might  innocently  eiicMiiuh 
sometimes  on  the  jirovince  of  the  poet,  and  the  noet  occasionally  diau  the 
theme  of  his  visions  from  the  jtages  of  the  chronicler.  »Such,  in  fjict,  was  tlie 
case;  and  the  romantic  Muse  of  Jt^ily,  then  coming  forth  in  her  ghny,  drl 
little  more  than  give  a  brighter  flush  of  colour  to  Uie  chimeras  of  rcii'l  life. 
The  characters  of  living  heroes,  a  Jiayard,  a  Paredes,  and  a  La  Palice,  rcjidily 
sujiplied  her  with  the  elements  of  those  ideal  cond)hiations  in  which  she  lias 
so  gracefully  embodied  the  perfections  of  ciiivalry,*' 


CHAPTER  XV. 


ITALIAN   WARS. — ROUT  OF  THE   OARIOUANO. — TREATY   WITH   FRA.VCE.— 
GONSALVO'S   MILITARY   CONDUCT. 

1503-1504. 

Gonsalvo  crosses  the  River — Consternation  of  the  French— Action  near  Gaeta  ■  Hotly  contpstcii 
— 'I'hc  French  defi-atrd  -(Jacta  surrenders— I'nliiic  E.itlnisiasm  -Treaty  witli  Iruine— 
Review  ol  Goiisnlvo's  Military  Conduct — Results  of  the  Campaign. 

Seven  weeks  had  now  elapsed  while  the  two  armies  had  lain  in  si^^ht  of  eadi 
other  without  any  decided  movement  on  either  side.  During  this  time  the 
Great  Captain  had  made  repeated  etlorts  to  strengthen  himself,  throngii  the 
intervention  of  the  Sjtanish  ambassador,  Francisco  de  llojas,'  by  reinforce 
ments  from  Rome.  IJis  negotiations  were  chiefly  directed  to  secure  the 
alliance  of  the  Orsini,  a  powerful  family,  long  involved  in  a  bitter  foml  with 
the  Coloinias,  then  in  the  Spanish  service.  A  reconciliation  between  theM' 
noble  houses  was  at  length  hapnily  effected  ;  and  Bartolommeo  d'Alviano,  the 
bead  of  the  Orsini,  agreed  to  enlist  under  the  Spanish  commander  with  three 
thousand  men.  This  arrangement  was  finally  brought  about  through  the  p'od 
otlices  of  the  Venetian  minister  at  Rome,  who  even  advanced  a  cunviileiiiiue 
sum  of  money  towards  the  payment  of  the  new  levies.* 

The  apjiearance  of  this  corps,  with  one  of  the  most  able  ard  valiant  of  tlie 
Itiilian  captaiins  at  its  head,  revived  the  drooping  spirits  of  the  camp.    Hwu 


■"^  Compare  the  pro^^e  romances  of  D'Auton, 
of  the  "  loyal  s-^rvitnur  "  of  Unyard,  and  the 
no  less  loyal  hiograpln'r  of  the  Great  Captain, 
Willi  tlie  jioetic  onus  of  Ariosto,  Berni,  and 
the  like. 

"  Mafrnanima  menzogna!  or  quando  e  il  vejo 
Si  hfilo,  clie  si  possii  a.  te  preporre  ?  " 

'  lie  succeeded  Gnrcilnsso  de  la  Vepa  at 
the  court  of  Ifonie.  Oviedo  says,  in  rid't  r.-nce 
to  tlie  illustrious  liouse  of  Roj.is,  "  Kn  totias 


las  histories  de  KspaRa  no  se  hallaii  tutu-* 
cahiilioros  de  un  linage  y  nomJire  niitiiil'i>  i^r 
valerosoB  caballeros  y  valicnti s  nulitt t*  (im  >' 
dcste  nonibre  do  Rojas."  Quincuagcnus,  M> . 
hat.  1,  (iniiic.  2,  dial.  H. 

"  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  toni.  ii.  HI' 
2>^,  cap.  ."i.  — (iuicci.irdini,  Istoria,  lili.  ti.  pl'- 
319,  3-^0.— Zurita,  Anales,  toni.  v.  lil>.  0,  tap. 
4s,  57. — Aharca,  Reyes  de  Ar.igon.  tnm  ii 
rey  ;U),  cap.  14,  sec.  4,  5.— Daru,  Hi.4.  ii" 
Veuiae,  lorn.  iii.  pp.  a64,  365. 


THE  FRENCH  DRIVEN  FROM   NAPLES. 


497 


rH   FRANCE.— 


after  his  arrival,  Alviaiio  strongly  urged  Oonsalvo  to  aliandon  his  original  plan 
III  (iponitiniis,  and  avail  himself  of  Ids  augmented  strength  to  attack  the  enemy 
111  liis  own  quarters.  The  Spaidsh  connnander  iiad  intended  to  contine  inmself 
wholly  to  the  defensive,  and,  too  uneijual  in  force  to  meet  the  French  in  the 
Dpt'ii  ticid,  as  l»efore  noticed,  lunl  intrenched  him>e  f  in  his  present  strong  pi>si- 
tiiiii,  with  the  fixed  puriMjse  of  awaiting  the  enemy  there.  Circumstances  had 
now  greatly  changecl.  The  original  inequality  wa.s  dindnished.  hy  the  arrival  of 
the  Italian  levies,  and  still  further  compensiited  hy  the  present  aisunleriy  stale 
(if  the  French  army.  He  knew,  moreover,  that,  in  the  most  perilous  enterprises, 
the  assailing  j»arty  gathers  an  enthusia.sm  and  an  imjietus  in  its  career  which 
cuuiitcihalance  large  numerical  odds ;  wldle  the  party  taken  by  surprise  is 
Iiropiirtionahly  disconcerted,  and  p;epared,  as  it  were,  for  defeat  hiUnv  a  blow 
i:<  struck.  From  tlie.se  considerations,  the  caiitious  g.MU'ral  ac(puesced  in  Alvi- 
iiiios  project  to  cross  the  (iarigliano,  by  establishing  a  bridge  at  a  point  oppo- 
,viti' Suzio,  a  small  place  garrisoned  by  the  Frencii,  on  the  right  bank,  aliout 
four  miles  above  their  head-quarters.  The  time  for  the  attack  was  fixed  as 
Mioii  as  ])ossible  after  the  approaching  Christmas,  when  the  French,  occupied 
with  the  festivities  of  the  .seiison,  nngdit  be  thrown  otl  their  guard.* 

This  day  of  general  rejoicing  to  tiie  Christian  world  at  length  arrived.  It 
hroiiglit  little  joy  to  the  [Spaniards,  ])uried  in  the  depths  of  these  dreary 
morasses,  destitute  of  most  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  with  scarcely  any  other 
moans  of  re.si.sting  the  climate  than  those  afforded  by  their  iron  constitutions 
ami  invincible  counage.  They  celebrated  the  day,  however,  with  all  the  devo- 
tional feeling  and  the  imposing  solenudties  with  which  it  is  commemorated  by 
the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  and  the  exercises  of  religion,  rendered  more  im- 
pre-;sivo  by  their  situation,  served  to  exalt  .still  higher  the  heroic  constancy 
uhich  had  sustained  them  under  such  unparalleleil  sufi'erings. 

In  the  mean  while,  the  materials  for  the  bridge  »vere  collected,  and  the  work 
wont  forward  with  such  despatch  that  on  the  28th  of  lieceinbe.  all  was  in 
roailiuess  for  carrying  the  plan  of  attack  into  execution.  The  task  of  laying 
the  bridge  across  the  river  was  intrusted  to  Alviano.  who  had  charge  of  the 
van.  The  central  and  main  division  of  the  army  under  Gon.salvo  was  to  cross 
at  the  same  point ;  while  Andrada  at  the  head  of  the  rear  guard  was  to  force 
a  passaja;e  at  the  old  bridge,  lower  down  the  stream,  opposite  to  the  Tower  of 
the  (iarigliano.'* 

The  night  was  dark  and  stormy.  Alviano  performed  the  duty  intrusted  to 
liini  with  such  silence  and  celerity  that  the  work  was  completed  without 
attracting  the  enemy's  notice.  He  then  crossed  over  with  the  vanguard, 
consisting  chiefly  of  cavalry,  supported  by  Navarro,  Paredes,  and  Pizarro, 
and,  falling  on  the  sleeping  garrison  of  Suzio,  cut  to  pieces  all  who  offered 
resistance. 

The  report  of  the  Spaniards  having  passed  the  river  spread  far  and  wide, 
and  soon  reached  the  head-quarters  of  tue  manpus  of  Saluzzo,  near  the  Tower 
iif  the  Garigliano.  The  French  co»iUnander-in-chief,  who  had  believed  that 
the  Spaniards  were  lying  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  as  torpid  as  the  snakes 
ill  their  own  marshes,  was  as  much  astounded  by  the  event  as  if  a  thunderbolt 


'  Giovio,  Vita>  lUnst.  Virorum,  pp.  267, 
2fiH,-i:il.,a,  Vita  (li  Carlo  V.,  f..l.  22.— Gulc- 
ciardini.  Isturia,  torn.  i.  lib.  6,  pp.  .^2^,  330.— 
.Micliiiu'i'lli,  Legazione  prima  a  Roma,  let. 
IB.-Ciisar,  nt  the  battle  of  Piiarsalia,  acted 
on  thi'  principle  mentionv'd  in  the  text,  in 
iK^r^uiinj,'  the  assailing  party  ;  and  he  severely 
censures  Pompey  for  allowing  the  ardour  of 
liis  truups  to  escape  in  inaction,  as  they  coldly 


waited  to  receive  his  attack.     De  Belle  CivlU, 
lib.  iii.  cap.  92. 

*  :Jlironica  del  (Jran  Capitan,  lib.  2,  rap. 
110,- -H'Tnaldez.  Rryes  (.'ato.icos,  MS.,  c:ii>. 
189.— (Jiovio,  Vita  MaRni  (jiuns^ilvi,  lib.  3,  ful. 
2t)B.— Zurita,  Hist,  del  Iley  Ht^rnaiidi),  t<ini. 
1  lib.  5,  cap.  60. — Peter  .Martyr,  opus  Epist., 
cpist.  270. — Buonaccorsi,  Diario,  p.  84. 

•2  K 


498 


ITALIAN   WAIia 


had  burst  ovor  his  head  from  a  clondloss  sky.  He  lost  no  tiino,  however,  in 
rallyiim  «'i<:h  of  his  scattered  forc^j-s  as  he  could  asseiuiile,  and  in  the  mean 
V  hile  d(!s[)atchcd  Ives  d'Alii;re  with  a  liody  ot  horst;  to  liold  the  eiieiny  in  i  lieik 
till  he  could  inak«;  ^ood  his  own  retreat  on  (Jaeta,  His  tirst  step  was  to 
deiniilish  the  hridj-^e  near  his  own  ((uarters,  cutting'  the  nioorini^'s  of  tlie  liMiits 
and  turning  them  adrift  down  the  river.  He  almndoned  his  tents  and  li;ii::!ii;i', 
to^^ether  with  nin(!of  iiis  hwiviest  cannon  •,  leaving'  even  the  sick  and  womiilcil 
to  the  m(M(,'y  of  the  enemy,  rather  tiian  encum])er  himself  with  anytlmiL;  that 
shoidd  retiird  his  march.  The  remainder  of  tlui  artillery  h«!  sent  foiwanl  in 
the  van  ;  the  infantry  followed  next ;  and  the  rear,  in  which  Sahi/zo  took  his 
own  station,  was  brought  no  l)y  the  men-at-arms,  to  cover  the  retreat. 

JJefore  Ale;;re  coidd  reach  Su/io,  the  whole  S|)anish  army  had  nassel  tho 


(larijiliano  and  formed  on  the  right  bank.  I'nabie  to  face  sucli  si!]icri(»r 
numbers,  he  fell  back  with  precipitation,  and  joined  himself  to  the  main  lKj<ly 
of  the  Frencii,  now  in  fnll  retreat  on  (jiietii.* 

Gonsjilvo,  afraid  the  French  might  escape  luni,  .sent  forward  I'mspero 
Colonna,  with  a  corps  of  light  horse,  to  annoy  ,iiid  retard  tlieir  marcji  until  he 
could  come  up.  Keeping  the  right  bank  of  the  river  with  the  main  IkhIv,  ho 
niitrched  rapidly  through  the  deserved  camp  of  the  enemy,  leaving  little  leiMirj 
for  his  men  to  glean  the  rich  spoil  which  lay  tempting  them  on  every  side.  It 
Avas  not  long  hefore  he  came  up  with  the  Frencli,  whose  movements  were 
greatly  retarded  by  the  ditticultv  of  dragging  tluir  guns  over  the  gronml  cuni- 
pletely  saturated  with  rain,  Tne  retreat  was  conducte<l,  however,  in  excellent 
order ;  they  were  eminent'y  favoured  by  the  nanowness  of  the  roiul,  \»hi(h, 
allowuig  but  a  comparatively  small  body  of  troo^JS  on  either  side  to  cume  into 
action,  made  success  chietly  dei)eud  on  tlie  relative  merits  of  these.  The 
French  rear,  as  already  sttited,  was  made  up  of  their  men-at-arms,  inchiiiin;,' 
Jiayard,  JSandricourt,  La  Fayette,  and  others  of  their  bravest  chivaliy,  who, 
arnied  at  all  points,  found  no  great  dilhculty  hi  beating  off  the  light  trooii-; 
which  formed  the  advance  of  the  Spaniards.  At  every  bridge,  stream,  and 
narrow  pass,  which  afforded  a  favourable  position,  the  1^'rench  ciivalry  closed 
their  ranks  and  made  a  resolute  stand  to  gain  time  for  the  columns  in 
advance. 

In  this  way,  alternatsly  lialting  and  retreating,  with  perpetual  skirmishes, 
though  without  nmch  loss  on  eitlicr  side,  they  reached  the  bridge  before  Mola 
di  Giieta.  Here,  some  of  the  g\ui-carriai?es,  breaking  down  or  being  overturned, 
occasioned  consiilerable  delay  and  contusion.  The  infantry,  pressing  on,  he- 
C5ime  entangled  with  the  artillery.  The  marquis  of  Saluzzo  endeavoured  to 
avail  himself  of  the  strong  position  afforded  by  the  bridge  to  restore  order.  A 
desnerate  struggle  «^nsued.  The  French  knights  dashed  uoldly  into  the  S|i;ini^h 
ranks,  driving  l)ack  for  a  time  the  tide  of  pursuit.  The  chevalier  Bayard,  who 
was  seen  as  usual  hi  the  front  of  danger,  had  three  horses  killed  under  him, 
and  at  length,  carried  forward  by  his  ardour  into  the  thickest  of  the  enemy, 
was  retrieved  with  difiiculty  from  their  hands  by  a  desperate  charge  uf  his 
friend  Sandricourt.® 

The  8paniard.s,  shaken  by  the  violence  of  the  assault,  seemed  for  a  moment 


'  BcniiiUlcz,  Rpvps  Catolicos,  MS.,cap.  1S9. 
— Ulloa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V.,  fol.  22,  '23.— Guic- 
ciardini,  Istoria,  p.  330.— (iiirniiT,  Hist,  de 
Franco,  toiii.  v.  jip.  448,  449. — Chronica  del 
Gran  Capitan,  lib.  2,  cap.  110. — Abarca,  Iloyes 
de  AniKon,  toni.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  14,  sec.  6. — 
Zurita,  AnalcH,  torn.  v.  lib.  .'5,  cap.  GO. — 
Senaro|Jca,  apuc'  Muraturi,  Rerum  Ital.  Script., 
torn,  x.xiv.  p.  579. 


"  Guicci.irdini,  Istoria,  lib.  6,  pp.  33",  331. 
— Gamier,  Hist,  de  France,  torn.  v.  jtp.  149- 
4.")!.— Clironica  del  (iran  Capitan,  ulii  Mipra.— 
Varillas,  Hist,  de  Louis  Xll.,  toin.  i.  j)]'.  il6- 
41H. — Aniniirato,  Istoiie  Fiorcntinc.  t<mi.  ii. 
lib.  2s,  p.  2T3.  — Snnimonte,  Hist,  di  Naimli, 
toni.  iii.  p.  555. — IJuonaccorsi,  Di.irio,  ]>[>.  s4, 
85. — Giovio,  Vita  Magni  Gonsalvi,  fol.  -tls. 


THE  FREXCTI   DRIVEN  FROM  NAPLES. 


409 


ne,  however,  in 
I'l  ill  tlie  mean 
eiK'iny  in  dieek 
■st  step  was  to 
U'H  uf  the  iMiats 
ts  ami  liai::a::c, 
'Ic  and  woiiuijeil 
anytliiiiL;  that 
u'lit  foi'wanl  ill 
ahi/zo  took  liis 
retreat. 

had  uassed  tho 

siicii  si!|ieri()r 

the  main  hudy 

ward  Prosjipro 
march  until  iio 

main  i)(Mly,  ho 
M'^  htthi  le'isura 

every  side.  It 
lovemeiits  were 
!ie  j^runnd  eotn- 
.'er,  in  e.\ot>Ileiit 
le  roiid,  vhich, 
le  to  come  into 
of  these.  The 
arms,  inchidin;,' 

eliivah-y,  who, 
he  lijj;ht  tron]ts 
,^e,  stream,  and 
I  ciivahy  cIo.Ned 
lie  eoluiims  iu 

iial  .skirinislies, 
g'e  hefore  Mola 
iiigoverturncii, 
re.s.siiig  on,  he- 
Mi(leavoure(l  to 
<tore  order.  .\ 
ito  the  S|)anish 
er  liayard,  who 
leil  \inder  him, 
;  of  the  enemy, 
charge  of  his 

I  for  a  ni(»inent 
b.  (i,  rp-  3-^".  •'•■"• 

,  toni.  V.  (i)).  149- 
pitaii,  ulii  Mipra.— 
I.,  titin.  i.  jiji.  116- 
iorciitiiic.  tniii.  ;il. 
\  Hist,  (ii  Napiili, 
•si,  Di.irid.  pp.  '■i, 
)nsalvi,  fol.  -tis. 


\!)  hesitate ;  but  Ooiisalvo  had  now  time  to  hrin.ir  Uj)  his  men-atarms,  who 
Mistained  the  faltering  eoliinms,  and  renewed  the  comltnt  on  moreeiinal  terms. 
He  himself  was  in  the  hottest  of  the  melee,  and  at  one  time  was  e.xjKtsed  to 
mmiiiu'Mt  hazjird  hy  his  horse's  losing  his  footing  on  the  slippery  soil  and 
i.viiiiing  with  him  to  the  ground.  The  general  fortunately  experienced  no 
i'ljiiry,  and,  rpnekly  recovering  himself,  continued  to  animate  his  followers  hy 
i,i>  voice  and  intrepid  bearini:,  as  before. 

The  fight  had  now  lastecl  two  liours.  The  Spaniards,  although  still  in 
txirlh'iit  lieart,  were  faint  with  fatigue  and  want  of  f(»od,  having  travelled  six 
>a:,nies,  without  breaking  their  fast  since  the  preceding  evening.  It  wius, 
therefore,  with  no  little  an.xiety  that  Oonsalvo  looked  for  the  coming  up  of  his 
rtai'giiard,  left,  as  the  reader  will  remendjer,  under  Andrada  at  the  lower 
iriil,i:e,  to  decide  the  fortinie  of  the  <lay. 

The  welcome  spectacle  at  lenirth  j)resented  itself.  The  (hvrk  colunms  of  the 
>]iiiiiiards  were  .seen,  at  first  faint  in  tiie  flistjince,  Ity  degrees  growing  more 
and  more  distinct  to  the  eye.  Andrada  had  easily  carrie<l  the  French  redoubt 
on  his  side  of  the  Garigliano  ;  but  it  was  not  without  dilHculty  and  delay  that 
he  recovered  the  scattered  boats  whicjj  the  French  had  set  a<Irift  down  the 
>tream,  and  finally  succeeded  in  re-establishing  his  conununications  with  the 
opIKisite  bank.  Having  accomplished  this,  he  rajtidly  advanced  by  a  more 
ihrect  road,  to  the  east  of  that  lately  traverseil  by  (ionsalvo  along  the  sea  side, 
ill  pursuit  of  the  French.  The  latter  beheld  with  dismay  the  arrival  of  this 
fresh  Itody  of  troop.s,  who  seemed  to  have  dropped  from  the  clouds  on  the  field 
■if  hattle.  They  scarcely  waited  for  the  .sliock  before  they  broke,  and  gave 
way  in  all  directions.  The  disabled  carriages  of  tiie  artillery,  which  clogged 
up  the  avenues  in  the  rear,  increased  tiie  confu.sion  among  tiie  fugitives  ;  and 
the  foot  were  trampled  down  witliout  mercy  under  the  heels  of  their  own 
cavalry,  in  the  etigerneSs  of  the  latter  to  extricate  them.selves  from  their 
[lerilous  situation.  The  Spanish  light  horse  followed  up  their  advantage  with 
the  alacrity  of  vengeance  long  delayed,  inflicting  bloody  retribution  for  all  tiiey 
had  so  long  suffered  in  the  marshes  of  Sessa. 

At  no  great  distance  from  the  bridge  the  road  takes  two  directions,  the  oiip 
towards  Itri,  the  oiher  to  Gaeta.  The  bewildered  fugitives  here  separated; 
by  far  the  greater  part  keejting  the  latter  route.  CJonsalvo  .sent  forward  a  body 
of  lior.se  under  Navarro  and  Pedro  de  la  Paz,  by  a  short  cut  across  the  country, 
to  intercept  their  flight.  A  large  number  fell  into  his  hands  in  conse(pience 
of  this  manoeuvre;  hut  the  greater  jiart  of  those  who  esaiped  the  sword 
suooeeded  in  throwing  themselves  into  Gaeta.^ 

The  Great  Captain  took  up  hi.s  quarters  that  night  in  the  nei'dibouring 
village  of  Castellone.  His  brave  followers  liad  great  need  of  reireshment, 
having  fasteil  and  fought  through  the  whole  day,  and  that  umler  a  driving 
>torm  of  rain  which  liad  not  ceased  for  a  moment.  Thus  terminated  the 
lattle  -  or  rout,  as  it  is  commonly  called — of  the  Garigliano,  the  mo>t  impor- 
tant in  its  results  of  all  Gon.salvo's  victories,  and  furnishing  a  suitable  close  to 
his  hrilliant  military  career,*     The  loss  of  the  French  is  computed  at  from 


'  Rcrnaldez,  Reyes  Cat61lcos,  MS.,  cap.  190 
-fiaiiiiir,  Hist,  de  France,  toiii.  v.  pp.  4.^2, 
<5i.-  UU.ia,  ViUdi  Carlo  V.,  fol.  '2.1.— Giiic- 
cianliiil,  Istoria,  lib.  6,  p.  331.— Garibay,  Com- 
l»iKi;(i,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cai).  16.— Cliroiiica  del 
'iraii  Capitaii,  ubi  Hupra. — Huoiiaccorsi,  Diai  io, 
I'P.  «!,  .H5.__Aininiratn.  Istorie  Florentine, 
utii  !.upra.-  Varillas,  Hist,  de  Louis  XII., 
t'ln.  i.  ]ip.  416-418. 

'  &M1  after  the  rout  of  the  Garigliano, 


B'  nilx)  produced  the  followInK  sonnet,  which 
must  critics  agree  \va.s  intfniii'il,  althmiKli  no 
name  apjiears  in  it,  for  (ionsalvo  ile  (Jorduva: 

"Ben  devria  farvi  onor  d'  eterno  esemplo 

Napoli  voRtra,  e'n  nie/znal  siio  \»-\  inonto 
Scoh  irvi  in  lii'ta  e  corunata  I'mnte, 
<Jlr  trionfaiido.  <•  dar  1  vciti  al  t<'iu|>io. 
Pol  die  r  avete  all'  ori^oKlioso  ed  empio 
Stuolo  ritolta,  e  pareggiate  1'  onte  ; 


600 


ITALIAN  ^VARS. 


three  to  four  thoiisanfl  men,  l«'ft  dead  oi.  the  field,  tngcther  with  all  tinir 
bft^^j;.i^fe,  eftloiirs,  and  sph  'uImI  train  of  artillery.  The  Span  anls  nmst  lia\»' 
snlVercd  severely  dnrinj,'  the  ..harp  ec  flict  on  the  i-ri(l>j;e  ;  hnt  no  estiinutr  nf 
their  loss  \a  to  I'x*  met  with,  in  anv  nalive  ov  foiai^n  writer."  It  was  <)li,s,.|\,.(l 
that  the  21)th  of  December,  on  which  this  hattlc  was  won,  came  on  I'rnljiy, 
the  same  ominons  day  of  the  week  whicjj  had  so  often  proved  auspicious  "to 
the  Spaniards  nnder  the  present  rciffn.'" 

The  disparity  of  the  forces  actnally  enj^^aued  was  prohahlv  not  ^reat,  since 
the  extent  of  country  over  whicii  the  French  were  inutrtered  prevented  rnanv 
of  them  from  Cuminj;  U|)  in  time  for  action.  Several  corps,  who  siiccerdcil 
in  reaching;  the  field  at  the  close  of  tie  h^dit,  were  seized  with  such  a  painc 
as  to  throw  down  their  arms  without  nttemptin^  resistance."  The  aduiirahlc 
artillery,  oji  winch  the  Fiench  placed  i)ieir  chief  reliance,  was  not  only  of  un 
service,  hut  of  infinite  !nischi"f  to  thei;),  as  we  have  seen.  The  hrunt  of 
tl)'j  hattle  fell  on  their  chival'-y,  which  bore  itself  throu|,'hont  the  day  s\iili  a 
s{)irit  of  gallantry  worthy  of  its  ancieint  renown  ;  never  jlinchin^',  till  the 
arrival  of  the  Si>anish  rear-^uard  fresh  in  the  field,  at  so  critical  a  juncture, 
turiKHl  the  scjtle  in  th(»ir  adversaries'  ^ivonr. 

Early  on  the  following  morninj;,  Gonsalvo  made  preparations  for  stonniuf^ 
tlie  hojgdits  of  Mount  Orlando,  which  overlooked  the  city  of  (iaeta.  Such  was 
the  uespondency  of  its  ijarrison ,  howe\  t3r,  that  this  strong,'  position,  which  liadc 
defiance  a  few  months  before  t>  the  most  desjjcrate  ellbrts  of  Siianish  valour, 
was  now  surrendered  without  .1  stru;j;gle.  The  same  feelinj;  oi  despoudeiicy 
had  communicated  itself  to  the  K?vrrison  of  (Jaeti  ,  and,  ix'fore  Navarro  c<iuld 
bring  the  batteries  of  Mount  Orlando  to  bear  upon  the  city,  a  flag  of  truce 
arrived  from  the  mai((nis  of  Salu>;zo  with  ')roposals  of  (apitulation. 

This  was  more  than  the  (Jreat  (/iptain  could  have  ventured  to  promise 
himself.  The  French  were  in  great  force  ;  tlie  fortifi"ations  oi  the  place  in 
excellent  repair  •  it  was  well  provided  with  artillery  and  amiminition,  and  with 
provisions  tor  ten  days  ai  least;  while  tlieir  fleet,  riding  in  the  harbiiur, 
afforded  the  means  of  obtaining  sui»plics  from  Leghorn,  Genoa,  and  other 
friendly  ports.  But  the  French  iiad  lost  ail  heart ;  tliey  were  sorely  wasted 
by  disease  ;  their  buoyant  self-conlideiice  was  gone,  and  their  siiifits  were 
broken  bv  the  series  of  reverses  which  had  followed  without  interruption  froui 
the  first  hour  of  the  campaign  to  the  last  disastrous  affair  of  the  Garigliuiio. 
The  very  elements  soened  to  have  leagued  against  them.  Further  ellorts 
they  deemed  a  fruitless  struggle  against  destiny:  and  they  now  looked  with 
melancholy  longing  to  their  native  land,  eager  only  to  (iuit  these  ill-omeiuHl 
shores  for  ever. 

Tlie  Great  Captain  made  no  difficulty  in  granting  such  terms  as,  wliile  they 


Or  ch'  avpa  p\ii  la  voplla  p  le  man  pronte 
A  far  d'  Italia  tutta  acfrlx)  sconip  o. 
Torcentel  voi,  Signor,  dal  corso  ardito, 
E  foste  ♦ill,  ch'  ancora  esHcr  vorcbbe 
A  por  ili  qua  dall'  Alpe  nostra  il  pieJe. 
L'  (ind;i  'I'irnna  del  siio  Paiijtne  crebbe, 
K  di  trwiuhi  resto  copcrto  il  lito, 
K  gli  augelli  ne  for  socurp  prode." 

Opero,  torn  ii  p.  57. 
'  The  Oiratc  of  Los  Pa  I  ados  sums  up  the 
loss  of  the  French,  from  the  time  of  <ion- 
Halvo's  occupation  of  Barleta  to  the  sui  rendor 
of  (laeta.  In  the  followiiiR  aianner :  6imh) 
prisoners,  14,000  killed  in  battle,  a  still  greater 
nunilHr  by  exposure  uiiil  fatigue,  Desides  a 
coDdiderable  body  cut  off  by  the  peasantry. 


To  balance  this  bloody  roll,  lie  coniputes  the 
Spanish  loss  at  two  hundred  slain  in  tlie 
field  !     Reyes  Cat61ico8,  VS.,  cap.  I'.U. 

'"  Chrfinica  del  (Jran  Cupitan,  lib.  2,  rap. 
110. — Znrita,  Analcs,  ubi  supia.— (iaritiay, 
Conipendio,  lib.  19,  cap.  16. — Quintuna.  Ks- 
pafioles  celobres,  torn.  i.  pp.  296,  2y".  fiuk- 
ciardini,  who  has  l)een  followed  in  this  by  tiic 
I'rench  writers,  fixes  the  date  of  the  rout  a'* 
the  2sth  of  December.  If,  however,  it  m- 
curred  on  Friday,  and  he,  and  every  authoritv, 
indeed,  asserts,  it  must  have  been  on  the  2ytli, 
fLs  stated  by  the  Spanish  histor  ans.  Istoria, 
lib.  6,  p.  XW. 

"  Uiovio,  Vita  Magni  Gonsahl,  fol.  268. 


THE  FllEXCII  DRIVEN  FROM  NAPLES. 


6M 


iiichiii;,S  till  the 
ical  u  jimctiiif, 


ns  as,  while  they 


GonBaUi,  fol.  268. 


ha<l  ft  slinw  of  Uhorality,  sconrod  him  tho  n»o.st  important  fruits  of  victory. 
This  suited  his  cautious  t<'m|K'r  far  hetter  than  pressing  a  >K'H|terat"  foe  to 
pxtrciiiity.  11»'  was,  moreover,  with  all  his  successes,  in  lO  condition  to  «l(»  vo  ; 
he  was  without  funds,  and,  as  tisual,  deenly  in  arrears  to  his  army  ;  whil»*  tliere 
was  scarcely  a  ratiijii  of  hreaii,  says  an  Itivlian  historian,  in  his'^hoU'  canip." 

It  was  aL,'reed  hy  tho  terms  o(  cajutulation,  Jantiary  1st,  l."»()4,  thtit  the 
French  shoul<l  evacuate  (!aetjv  at  once,  and  deliver  it  up  t<^  the  Spaniards, 
with  its  artillery,  nuuiitions,  and  military  stores  of  every  descripti»<n.  The 
jiriMiuers  un  both  si(h«s,  includiiiL'  those  taken  in  the  preceiUnjr  campaij^n, — 
i.ii  jirnuij;ement  f^reatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  enemy, — were  to  U'  restored  ; 
and  the  army  in  (jaet^i  was  to  l)e  allowed  a  free  passage  hy  land  or  sea,  as 
tlit'V  should  i)refer,  to  their  own  country.'* 

I'Vitin  the  moment  iiostilities  were  brought  to  a  Hose,  Oonsalvo  disiilayed 
such  generous  sympathy  for  his  late  enemies,  and  such  humanity  in  relieving 
tlu'iii,  as  to  reHect  more  honour  on  his  character  than  all  his  victories.  He 
.sirupulously  enforced  the  faithful  i)erformance  of  tiie  treaty,  and  s*nerely 
imiiished  any  violence  ottered  to  the  French  hy  his  own  men.  His  l)enign 
ami  courteous  demeanour  towards  the  van(iuished,  so  remotefrom  the  images 
of  terror  with  wljich  he  had  been  hitherto  as.sociated  in  their  minds,  excited 
iiiii|iiiilitied  admiration  ;  and  they  testitied  their  sense  of  his  amiable  (pialities 
liy  ^peaking  of  him  as  the  "  gentll  capitaine  et  gentii  cavalier  '  '* 

The  news  of  the  rout  of  the  Garigliano  and  the  siirrenih'r  of  (Jaeta  diffused 
jreiiiTiil  gloom  and  Cdnsternation  over  France.  There  was  .scarcely  a  family  of 
raiil:,  says  a  writer  of  that  countrv,  that  had  not  some  one  of  its  members 
involved  in  these  sa<l  (Usasters.'^  The  court  went  into  mourning.  The  king, 
iiioitilied  at  the  discomhture  of  all  his  lofty  schenjes  by  the  foe  whom  lie 
despised,  shut  himself  up  in  his  j)alace,  refusing  access  to  every  one,  until  the 
limitation  of  his  spirits  tlirew  him  into  an  illness  which  had  wellnigh  proved 
fatal. 

Iniprobabln,  tlifrpfure,  that  tho  f'ronrh,  how- 
ever naf-iinilly  (icHii  1)118  thry  may  havo  tx-cn 
of  protection  for  thi  ir  alliiH,  timiinn  tlioin- 
Bclvi'S  unable  toenforco  it,  acqulesceil  In  such 
an  ef|uiv<H.al  Hileiicc-  with  respect  to  them  at, 
without  apparently  coinproini'^ing  their  own 
honour,  left  tlu"  whole  atfair  to  the  (Hscretion  of 
the(ire.(t  Captain.  With  regaril  to  the  sweeping 
chur^e  made  by  certain  nuMlern  Freiicli  hi— 
toriansiiKaiuHt  llie  .Spanish  neneral.ofa  similar 
severity  to  the  other  It.iliaiisintiiscriniinately, 
found  in  the  place,  the:e  is  not  tlie  slinhtesi 
foundation  for  it  in  any  contemj)orary  au- 
thority. .See  (Jaillard,  IMvalite,  toni.  iv.  p. 
2.')  1.— (larnier.  Mist,  de  France,  torn.  v.  p. 
456.  — Vardlas,  lli.st.  de  Lous  XII.,  torn.  i. 
pp.  419,  4  20. 

"  Fleurnnj?p,  Memoirs,  chap,  ."i,  npud 
Petitot,  Coll  ctioii  des  Meuioires,  toin.  .\vi.— 
lieriialdiz,  Keyes  Catoliio-;,  MS.,  cap.  19. i.^ 
(liovitj,  Vitie  lllust.  \'ironnn,  fol.  26i»,  27U. — 
Clironica  del  (iran  Capitan.  cap.  111. 

'■  15iant."me,  who  vi.siled  the  hanks  of  the 
Oari^liano  some  tifiy  y.ars  aft-r  this,  beheld 
tlieiii  in  inia};;na  ion  iiiri>n^^cd  with  tlie  shades 
of  llie  illustrii'Us  dead  u  hose  boii.  s  lay  buried 
in  its  dreary  and  pestilent  m  rsofs.  There  m 
a  sombie  coluurint;  in  tiie  virion  of  the  old 
chroni.jler,  iii.t  uniHMitical.  V'lesiles  lloiuineH 
illustres,  disc.  6. 


"  (Jiovio,  Vita  MaRiii  Gonsalvi,  fol,  2Gs, 
21.9.  c'hr»')MiiM  del  (Jran  Capitan,  lib.  2,  cap. 
Ill  -I'eter  .Martyr,  Opus  Ejiist.,  epist.  270.— 
Giii  liardinl,  Istoria,  lib.  0,  p.  3:U. — Ziirita, 
.\iialrs,  torn.  V.  lib.  0, cap.  61. — Qarnier,  llist. 
d''  I'raiice,  torn.  v.  pp.  454,  455. — Sismondl, 
lii-t  des  Kraufjais,  toin.  xv.  cap.  29. 

'  Zurita,  Hist,  del  Key  Hernando,  torn.  1. 
lib  5,  cap.  61.— Garnler,  Hist,  de  France, 
tola  V.  i)p.  454,  455.— Bernaldez,  Keyes  Cat6- 
li'o-,  .NIS.,  cap.  190.— Giannone,  Istoria  di 
.Nn|"ili,  lib.  29,  cap.  4. — No  particular  mention 
wi^  iiiatle  of  the  Italian  allies  in  the  capitu- 
iir.iou.  It  so  happened  that  several  of  the 
grat  .Vngevin  lords,  who  had  l)een  taken  in 
tie  pr.  ■  ■  ling  caiiipaigni  of  Calaltria,  were 
liiind  •  arms  in  the  place,  ((iiovio,  Vita 
■Miiiiiii  aiisalvi,  fol.  252,  253,  269.)  (ion- 
i-alvn,  =  eoiisequeiice  of  this  manifest  breach 
refusing;  to  regard  them  a.s  coinpre- 
1  the  treaty,  sent  tliem  all  prisoners 
)  the  dungeons  of  Castel  Nuovo  in 
Tins  acti.in  has  brought  oii  him 
luui  ii  unmerited  obloquy  with  the  French 
writiMH.  Indeed,  before  the  treaty  w  as  signed, 
if  We  are  to  cred  t  the  Italian  historians, 
'iiMisaho  peremptorily  n-fused  to  include  the 
N''H|M)litan  lords  within  it.  Thus  much  is 
C'-rt.tiii,  that,  after  having  been  taken  and 
rili'dscd,  tliey  were  now  found  under  the 
HcU'jli  banners  a  second  time.     It  eeeius  not 


of 
hei.i. 

iif  Wall 
Xapii'S. 


602 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Moanwliile  liis  oxaspomteil  ftu^liiiu's  found  ftn  objpot  on  wliidi  to  vent 
tlmiii-t'lvtM  ill  the  iiiifoituiiato  k»i''''^""  <'^  <iiu'ta,  wlio  so  itusilliiiiiiii(iu>lv 
uImukImiu'iI  tlioir  iK)st  ti'  return  to  tln'ir  own  coiiiitrv.  lU?  <'niiiiiiiiii(|('(|  tlifin 
to  winter  in  Itily,  and  imt  to  rccross  the  Alps  witlioiit  further  <n<ler.s.  Up 
R(!iiteii('e(l  Sandricoiirt  and  Ah'^n*  to  Itanislinient  for  iiisnhurdinatinn  t(t  thrir 
eoiiiinandcM'  in  chief,  -the  latter  for  his  (•((iidiict,  ninre  particularly,  hi'fuiv  tin- 
hattit!  of  ('eri;,'nola  ;  and  he  handed  the  coiiiinis-<iiries  of  the  army,  wlnoo 
infamous  pttciiiations  had  he(>n  a  princijial  cause  of  its  ruin.'" 

Hilt  the  impoti'iit  wrath  of  tluMr  inonarch  was  not  needed  to  lill  the  hitter 
cup  wliicli  the  KreiicU  soldiers  were  now  draining  to  the  dref,'s.  A  l;ir;:t' 
nuinlM'r  of  tho-;e  who  eiuharked  for  (Jenoa  died  of  the  maladies  contiactnl 
iliiriii;.;  their  Ion;,'  hivouac  in  the  marslu's  of  Minturn;e.  The  rest  re  in. nl 
the  Alps  into  Knince,  too  desperate  to  heed  their  masters  iirohilntion.  TIimm; 
uho  took  their  way  hy  land  sutlered  still  more  severely  from  the  Italian 
l>e,i-antry,  wlitt  n'taliated  in  full  measure  the  liarhaiilies  they  had  so  jdn;' 
4'ndured  from  the  French.  They  were  seen  wandering,'  lik«>  si)ectres  alon;,' 
the  hi;;h-rca<ls  and  itrinci|)al  cities  on  the  route,  pinin<^  with  cold  and  famiiif  ; 
and  all  the  ho>pitiils  in  Home,  as  well  as  the  stihles,  sheds,  and  every  other  plaic, 
however  mean,  allordin^  shelter,  were  filled  with   the  wretcheil  vau^aliomls, 


eaycr  only  to  lind  some  ohs(; 
The  chiefs  of  the  exi»editi( 


lire  retreat  to  die  in 


jteiiition  fared  little  l»ett<»r  Arnonp;  others,  the  iiianpiis 
of  Saluz/o,  soon  after  reaching'  (Jenoa,  was  carried  otl  l»y  a  fever  caintMl  hy  his 
distress  of  mind  Sandricoiirt,  too  hauuhty  to  endure  dis;,'race,  laid  vinlmt 
liaiuls  on  himself.  Ah-^^M'e,  more  culpahle,  hut  more  courageous,  survived  tn  In- 
reconciled  with  his  soverei;;n,  and  to  die  a  soldier's  death  on  the  field  of 
buttle." 

Such  are  the  dismal  colours  in  which  the  French  historians  depict  the  last 
Ktriig^He  made  hy  their  m- inarch  for  the  recovery  of  Naples.  Few  iiulitaiv 
exjteditions  have  coiDinenced  under  more  l»rilliant  and  iniposin;;  auspi(t'>; 
few  have  heeii  comhicted  in  so  ill-advised  a  manner  throu;;ii  tlieir  wjiuli' 
j)ror;ress  ;  and  none  attended  in  their  close  with  more  indiscriminate  aini 
overwhelmini'  ruin 

On  the  Hnl  of  Jainiary,  1004,  Gonsalvo  made  his  entry  into  (laeta  ;  and  tlie 
thunders  of  his  ordnance,  now  for  the  first  time  henrd  fiom  its  hattleinents, 
announced  that  this  stroiiLj  key  to  the  dominions  of  Naples  had  ]iassed  into 
the  hands  of  Ara^'on.  Aftier  a  short  delay  for  tiie  refreshment  of  his  tronps, 
lie  set  out  for  the  capital.  But,  amidst  the  general  jubilee  which  gre<'tcd  liis 
return,  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  brought  on  by  the  incessant  fatigue  and 
high  mental  excitement  in  which  lie  had  been  kept  for  the  last  four  months. 
Tlie  attack  was  severe,  and  the  event  for  some  time  donl>tful.  I)uring  tlii> 
state  of  suspense  tlie  pul)l\c  mind  was  in  the  deepest  agitation.  The  iMi|iii!ar 
manners  of  Gonsalvo  had  won  the  hearts  of  the  giddy  peojde  of  XapK'>,  wln' 
transferred  tlunr  affections,  indeed,  as  readily  as  their  allegiance  ;  and  piaycis 
and  vows  for  liis  restoration  were  oftc.ed  up  iii  all  the  churches  and  iiiona-- 
teries  of  the  city.  Ills  excellent  constitution  at  length  got  the  bettor  of  hi^ 
disease.  As  soon  as  this  favourable  result  Avas  ascertained,  th(^  whole  po|H!la 
tion,  nishiiifi:  to  the  otiier  extreme,  abandoned  itself  to  a  delirium  of  ,'oy ; 
and,  when  he  was  sutliciently  recovered  to  give  them  audience,  men  of  all 
ranks  thronged  to  Castel  Nuovo  to  tender  their  congratulations,  and  obtain  a 


"  riarnier,  Iliat.  il'  Franco,  torn.  v.  pp. 
45t>-40!j. — Oiuvio,  Vila'  lUust.  Virorum,  fol. 
269-270.— (lU'.ccia'diiii,  Istora.  toiu.  1.  lil). 
6.  pp  332,  337.— St.  Gclais,  Hist,  de  Louyn 
Xll.,  p.  173. 


'"  Biioiviccorii,  DiHrio,  p.  se.-UHna,  Viti 
di  Carlo  v.,  fol.  23  — B.rnald'/.  R.-yes  C  to- 
licos,  MS.,  cap.  190  Giovio,  Vit.i'  llliist. 
Virorum,  ubi  supra  — G.iillaru,  Riva'iUi,  t  m. 
jv.  pp.  254-256. 


wliicli  to  vent 
pusillaiiiiiiiiiivly 
iiiiiiHnil(*<l  iImmm 
uT  (irders.  He 
iiiiitinii  t(i  tlit'ir 
llirly,  tn'ftiic  the 
e  unny,  wIikm' 

;o  fill  the  liittcr 
ilrt';,'s.  A  lar^t' 
iilu's  coiitiacttil 
»•  rest  ri"  rnv-i'il 
liliitioii.  'riiii>e 
rom  tlio  Italian 
loy  luul  so  Inlii; 
!  siM'ctres  aloiiK' 
1)1(1  luiil  faiiiini- ; 
very  otluTplai't', 
:1uhI  vaualioiiils, 

lers,  the  iiiaii|iiis 
er  caus(!(l  hy  hi-; 
ace,  laitl  viulrnt 
IS,  survived  tu  Ih' 
on  the  tielil  of 


s  dej)i('t  the  last 
*.  Few  inilitaiy 
(osin^f  ausi)i(t'> ; 
i^h  their  wh'-N' 
iserhiiiiiate  ami 

Oaeta  ;  and  the 
its  hattlenieiits, 
lad  passed  into 
it  of  his  triM'hs, 
U(di  <:rH'ted  his 
lilt  fati.^iu'  and 
ist  four  nitintlis. 
.  Durinu'  this 
,  The  \n>\>\\\i\r 
of  XaiiK'>,  who 
ce  ;  and  inayeii 
lies  and  innna--- 
he  better  of  hi^ 
le  whole  iiop!;!:! 
delirium  of  ,'i>y ; 
,  men  of  all 
)ns,  and  ohtain  a 


n 


p.  S6.  -  Ullna,  Viii 

fii.iUl.'/,  W-yi'-^  ''  •''• 

,iovi...    Viti'  must. 

ilhirii,  RivuliU:-,  l  m. 


Sll 

ttl 

])i 
til 
III 


th 
tr 

I'i 

CO 

li:i 
III 

th 

OC 
th 

ad 
on 
ow 
sll 

fo] 

th 

UK 

CM 

.\( 

ill; 
rci 
ho 
of 

CO! 

c<a 


ha 
in 

(Ml 
JjC 
(li> 

on 
th. 
va 
\m 

I 

2T1 
1. 

i'.)i( 


1 

fOfl 

tur 


THE  FRENCH  DRIVEN  FROM  NAPLES. 


603 


siirht  of  the  liero  who  now  returned  to  their  rapital,  for  the  third  time,  with 
the  laurel  of  victory  on  his  brow.  Every  tonirue,  says  his  enthusiastic 
l)iii^'rai>her,  was  elo<iuent  in  his  praise:  some  dwelling  on  his  noble  i»ort  and 
the  beauty  of  his  countenance ;  others  on  the  elegance  and  amenity  of  his 
iiiiiiuiers ;  and  all  dazzled  by  a  spirit  of  nuniihcence  which  would  have 
become  royalty  itself.'* 

TJK'  tide  of  nanegyric  was  swelled  by  more  than  one  bard,  who  sought, 
tlinwgh  with  inuiti'erent  success,  to  catch  insniration  from  so  glorious  a  theme  ; 
tnistiug  doubtless  that  his  liberal  hand  would  not  stint  the  recompense  to  the 
precise  measure  of  desert.  Amid  this  general  burst  of  adulation,  the  muse 
of  iSannazaro,  woith  all  his  tribe,  was  alone  silent;  for  the  trophies  of  the 
coiKiueror  were  raised  on  the  ruins  of  that  royal  house  under  which  the  Imrd 
had  been  so  long  sheltered  ;  and  this  silence,  so  rare  in  his  tuneful  brethren, 
must  be  admitted  to  reflect  more  credit  on  his  name  than  the  best  he  ever 


i» 


sunn' 

The  first  business  of  Gon^alvo  was  to  call  together  the  different  orders  of 
the  state  and  receive  their  oaths  of  allegiance  to  King  Ferdinand,  He  next 
occui)ied  himself  with  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  reorgani^Ation  of 
tlie  government,  and  for  reforming  various  abuses  which  had  crept  into  the 
adiiiiuistration  of  justice,  more  particularly.  In  these  attempts  to  introduce 
oi(l(  r  he  was*  not  a  little  thwarted,  however,  by  the  insubordination  of  his 
own  solihery.  They  loudlv  clamoureil  for  the  d.ischarge  of  the  arrears,  still 
shainofully  protracted,  till,  their  discontent  swelling  to  open  nmtiny,  tliey 
forcibly  seized  on  two  of  the  principal  places  in  the  kingdom  as  security  for 
the  payment.  Gonsalvo  chastised  their  insolence  by  dislmnding  several  of  the 
most  refractory  conii)anios  and  sending  them  home  for  punishment.  He 
eiuloavoured  to  relieve  them  in  part  by  raising  contributions  from  the 
Kcajiolitiins.  But  the  soldiers  took  the  matter  into  their  own  hands,  o])press- 
in;r  the  unfortunate  people  on  whom  they  were  ([uartered  in  a  manner  whi>  h 
rendered  their  condition  scarcely  more  tolerable  than  when  exjiosed  to  the 
hurrors  of  actual  war.*"  This  was  the  introduction,  according  totJuicciardini, 
of  those  systematic  military  exactions  in  time  of  ])eace  which  became  so 
coiiniion  afterwards  in  Italy,  adding  an  inconceivable  amount  to  the  long 
catalogue  of  woes  which  aHlicted  that  unhappy  land." 

Amidst  his  manifold  duties,  Gonsalvo  did  not  forget  the  gallant  officers  who 
had  iiorne  with  him  the  burdens  of  the  war;  and  he  requited  their  services 
in  a  princely  style,  better  suited  to  his  feelings  than  his  interests,  as  subse- 
quently appeared.  Among  them  were  Navarro,  Mendoza,  Andrada,  lienavides, 
Leyva,  the  Italians  Alviano  and  the  two  Colonnas,  most  of  whom  lived  to 
di.si)lay  the  lessons  of  tactics  which  they  learned  under  this  great  commander, 
on  a  still  wider  theatre  of  glory,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Filth,  He  made 
tliein  grants  of  cities,  fortresses,  and  extensive  lands,  according  to  their 
various  claims,  to  be  held  as  fiefs  of  the  crown.  All  this  was  done  with  the 
previous  sanction  of  his  royal  master,  Ferdinand  the  Catholic.    They  did 


"  Giovio,  Vit.i  M.ijrni  Gonsalvi,  fol.  '270- 
271.-  (^iiiiitima,  F^sp  ifiolcs  (('li-hrcs,  toiii.  i.  p. 
2ys.  Cliroiiica  del  (iiiiii  Capitan,  lib.  :i,  t-aj). 
1.  Abana,  Koyt-s  tie  Arapm,  toin,  ii.  lol. 
;t.')9.— Hcruakle/,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  ca;>. 
lyii,  I  HI. 

'■  Giovlo,  Vitii'  Illust.  Vironim,  fol.  'J71. 

1"  ••  j>pj.  gervir  st'inpre,  vlncitrlce  o  viiita." 

'I'lie  Italians  brcan  at  this  early  ppiloit  to 
fori  ttif>  presHiire  oi  those  woes,  wliich  a  cen- 
tury and  A  half  later  wrung  from  Fiilcaja  the 


beautiful  hinient,  wliieh  has  lo«t  s<rnu'tliinp; 
of  its  touching  graces  even  under  the  hand  i>f 
Lord  Hyron. 

''  Zurifa,  Anales,  toin.  v.  lil).  5,  cap  64. — 
Guicciardini,  Jstoria,  lib.  ♦>,  pp.  .'(40,  ;)41. — 
Abarca,  KeyeK  de  ArignTi,  ubi  supra.-  See 
also  (Jonpalvo's  letter  to  the  sov('reicn«,  in 
which  he  Htatos  that  all  Italy  this  year  \\nn 
wasted  bv  a  ti'rri!)le  faudne,  brought  on  by 
the  negh-ct  of  huHhan<lr> ,  as  well  as  by  the 
unjireceilcnted  r  ins.  Carta  de  J^aiioles,  25  de 
AgoetQ,  150J.  MS. 


504 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


some  violence,  however,  to  his  more  economical  spirit,  and  he  was  heard  some- 
what pcevislily  to  exclaim,  "  It  hoots  Httle  for  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  to  ha\o 
won  a  kingdom  for  me,  if  he  lavishes  it  all  aAvay  before  it  comes  into  my 
hands."  It  be,i;an  to  be  perceived  at  court  tliat  the  Great  Captain  was  tuu 
powerful  for  a  subject.^* 

Meanwhile,  Louis  the  Twelfth  was  filled  with  serious  apprehensions  for  tlie 
fate  of  his  possessions  in  the  north  of  Italy.  His  former  allies,  the  cmpei  ,'• 
Maximilian  and  the  rei)ublic  of  Venice,  the  latter  more  especially,  had  sliou.i 
many  indications  not  merely  of  coldness  to  himself,  but  of  a  secret  undcr- 
stanJling  with  his  rival,  the  t^panish  king.  The  restless  pope,  Julius  llu' 
Second,  had  schemes  of  his  own,  wholly  independent  of  France.  The  repuli- 
lics  of  Pisa  and  Genoa,  the  latter  one  of  her  avowed  dependencies,  had  entered 
into  correspondence  with  the  Great  Captain  and  invited  him  to  assume  their 
protection ;  while  several  of  the  disall'ected  party  in  Milan  had  assured  him 
of  their  active  support  in  case  he  would  marcn  with  a  suthcient  force  to 
overturn  the  existmg  government.  Indeed,  not  only  France,  but  Europe  in 
general,  expected  that  the  Spanish  connnander  wouid  avail  himself  of  the 
present  crisis  to  push  his  victorious  arms  into  upper  Italy,  revolutiunize 
Tuscany  in  his  way,  and,  wresting  Milan  from  the  French,  drive  them, 
crinplea  and  disheartened  by  their  late  reverses,  beyond  the  Alps.'^' 

'iut  Gonsalvo  had  occupation  enough  on  his  hands  in  settling  the  dis- 
ordered state  of  Naples.  King  Ferdinand,  his  sovereign,  notwithstanding^ 
the  ambition  of  universal  conijuest  absurdly  imputed  to  him  by  the  French 
writers,  had  no  design  to  extend  his  acqidsitions  beyond  what  he  could  per- 
manentlv  maintain.  His  treasury,  never  overflowing,  was  too  deeply  drained 
by  the  late  heavy  demands  on  it  for  him  so  soon  to  endjark  on  annther 
perilous  enterprise,  that  must  rouse  anew  the  swarms  of  enemies  who  seemed 
willing  to  rest  in  quiet  after  their  long  and  exhausting  struggle  ;  nor  is  there 
any  reason  to  suppose  he  snicerely  contemplated  such  a  movement  fur  a 
moment." 

The  apprehension  of  it,  however,  answered  Ferdinand's  puri)ose,  by  jiro- 
")aring  the  French  monarch  to  arrange  his  differences  w  ith  his  rival,  as  the 
atter  now  earnestly  desired,  by  negotiation.  Indeed,  two  Spanish  ministers 
lad  resided  during  the  greater  part  of  the  war  at  the  French  court,  with  the 
view  of  imjiroving  the  first  opening  that  should  occur  for  accomplishing  this 
object ;  and  by  their  agency  a  treaty  was  concluded,  to  continue  for  three 
years,  which  guaranteed  to  Aragon  the  undisturbed  possession  of  her  (on- 
quests  during  that  period.  The  chief  ai tides  jirovided  for  the  innnedinto 
cessation  of  hostilities  between  the  belligerents,  and  the  complete  re-estal)li>li- 
ment  of  their  commer'jial  relations  and  intercotu'se,  with  the  exception  of 
Naples,  from  which  the  French  were  to  be  excluded.  The  Spanish  crown 
was  to  have  full  power  to  reduce  all  refractory  jilaces  in  that  kingdom  ;  and 
the  contracting  j)arties  solemnly  pledged  themselves,  each  to  render  no 
assistance,  secretly  or  openly,  to  the  enemies  of  the  other.  The  treaty,  wlii<  h 
was  to  run  from  the  '2.")th  of  February,  1504,  was  signed  by  the  French  kin^^ 
and  the  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  at  Lyons,  on  the  11th  of  that  month,  ami 


"  Giovio,  Vitfv  lUust.  Virorum,  fol.  270, 
27l.--Clir6nii-a  del  (Jran  ('apitan,  lib.  3,  cap. 
1.— Ulloa.  Vita  .li  Carlo  V.,  fol.  24. 

■''  (iuiccianlini,  I.-toria,  lib.  6,  p.  o38. — 
Zurita,  Hi.xt.  del  Uey  Hernando,  ton: .  I.  lib. 
5,  cap.  C4. — Abarca,  lleyes  de  Aragon,  rey 
3f>,  cap.   14. — Buonaccorai,    Dlario,    pp.    85, 

■'  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  lib.  6,  cap.  60. — 


The  rampaigr  against  Louis  XIF.  h.id  mst  thi> 
Spani>h  crown  331  evening  or  tuilliinis  of 
ruaravedis,  equivalent  to  9,26s,o0it  dollars  ot 
the  present  time.  A  niodiTiite  cliartre  invu^'  i 
for  the  conque>t  of  a  kingdom;  and  mmU- 
still  lighter  to  the  Spaniards  by  oni-tdth  nt 
the  whole  being  drawn  from  Napb.s  Itself. 
See  Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragou,  torn.  11.  ful. 
359. 


THE  FRENCH  DRIVEN  FROM  NAPLES. 


505 


ratified  by  Ferdinand  cand  Isabella,  at  the  convent  of  Santa  Maria  de  la 
Mejorada,  the  31st  of  Maich  following." 

There  was  still  a  small  sjjot  in  t\\e  heart  of  Naples,  comprehending  Venosa 
,111(1  several  adjoining  towns,  where  Louis  d'Ars  and  nis  hntve  associates  vet 
ht'jil  out  against  the  Spanish  arms.  Although  cut  oft'  bv  the  operation  of  tliis 
treaty  from  the  hope  of  further  support  from  home,  the  French  knight  dis- 
dained to  surrender,  but  sallied  out  at  the  head  of  his  little  troop  of  gallant 
vt'tcrans,  and  thus,  armed  at  all  points,  says  lirantume,  with  lance  in  rest, 
t(M»k  his  way  througii  Naples  an<l  the  centre  of  lUi'y.  He  marched  in  battle- 
ariciy,  levving  contributions  for  his  support  on  the  places  through  which  he 
]ia>-sod.  In  tliis  maimer  he  entered  France,  and  ])resented  himself  l)efore  the 
cfturt  at  Blois.  The  kin^  and  queen,  delighted  with  Jiis  nrowess,  came  for- 
ward to  welcome  him,  ana  inade  good  cheer,  says  the  old  cnronicler,  for  him- 
st'lf  and  his  companions,  whom  they  recompensed  with  lil)eral  largesses, 
jirofiering  at  the  same  time  any  lx)on  to  the  brave  knight  which  he  should 
demand  for  himself.  The  latter  in  return  simply  requested  that  his  old  com- 
.  ^*le  Ives  d'Alegre  should  be  recalled  from  exile.  This  trait  of  magnanimity, 
wnen  contrasted  with  the  general  ferocity  of  the  times,  has  something  in  it 
inexpressibly  pleasing.  It  shows,  like  others  recorded  of  the  French  jj;entle- 
iiien  of  that  period,  that  the  ige  of  chivalry — the  chivalry  of  romance,  indeed 
—had  not  wholly  passed  away.'^* 

The  pacification  of  Lyons  sealed  the  fate  of  Na[»ler,,  and,  while  it  terminated 
the  wars  in  that  kingdom,  closed  the  military  career  of  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova. 
It  is  impossible  to  contemplate  the  magnitude  of  the  residts  achieved  with 
such  slender  resources,  and  in  the  face  of  such  overwhelming  oilds,  without 
dee])  admiration  for  the  gv^nius  of  the  man  by  whom  they  were  acconjplLshed. 

His  success,  it  is  true,  is  imputable  in  part  to  the  signal  errors  of  his  adver- 
saries. The  magnificent  exi)edition  of  Charles  the  Eighth  failed  to  produce 
any  permanent  mipression,  chioHy  in  consequence  of  the  precipitation  with 
which  it  had  l)een  entered  into,  without  sutticient  concert  with  the  Italian 
states,  who  became  a  formidable  enemy  when  united  in  his  rear.  He  did  not 
even  avail  himself  of  his  temporary  ac([uisition  of  Naples  ♦"o  gather  support 
from  the  attachment  of  his  new  subjects.  Far  from  incorpou\ting  with  them, 
he  was  regarded  as  a  foreigner  and  an  enemy,  and,  as  such,  expelled  by  the 
jnint  action  of  all  Italy  from  its  bosom,  as  soon  as  it  liad  recovered  sutftcient 
strength  to  rally. 

Louis  the  Twelfth  profited  by  the  errors  of  his  predecessor.  His  .acquisi- 
tions in  the  Milanese  formed  a  basis  for  future  operations  ;  and  by  negotiation 
and  otherwise  he  secured  the  alliance  and  the  interests  of  the  various  lUilian 
governments  on  his  side.  These  i)reliminary  arrangements  were  followed  by 
preparations  every  way  commensurate  with  his  object.  He  failed  in  the  first 
campaign,  however,  by  intrusting  the  command  to  incompetent  lands,  con- 
sulting birth  rather  than  talent  or  experience. 

In  the  succeeding  campaigns,  his  failure,  though  partly  chargeable  on  him- 
self, was  less  so  than  on  circumstances  beyond  his  control.  The  first  of  these 
was  the  long  detention  of  the  army  before  Rome  by  Cardinal  D'Amboise,  and 
its  consequent  exposure  to  the  unexampled  severity  of  the  ensuing  winter  ;  a 


"  The  treaty  is  to  be  found  in  Dumont, 
Corjts  (iiploniatique,  torn.  iv.  no.  'J6,  pp.  51- 
r)\— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  v.  lib.  5,  uap.  04.— 
Macliiavplli,  Ijegazionc  Beconda  a  Francia, 
let.  9,  Feb.  11. 

■  iJrantoine,  CEuvres,  torn.  ii.  disc.  11.— 
Flcurauge,  Memuires,  chap.  &,  apud  Pctitut, 


Collection  dos  Mdmoires.  torn.  xvl. — Buonac- 
cursi,  Diai'io,  p.  «3. — iitiillard,  Ilivalite,  t'ni. 
iv.  j)p.  255-200. — Si'e  also  .MeuioiroHdf  I5.'iyar(l, 
chap.  '25;  the  ({ood  knigiit  ''sanH  jx'ur  i-t  hiii.s 
rcpnxjlie "  mad-  oi.e  of  his  intrepid  little 
band,  having  joimd  Louis  d'.Vr^  alter  the 
cupituiaiiou  of  Gaeta. 


606 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


second  was  the  fraudulent  conduct  of  the  comniissarles,  iinplylnf;,  no  doulit, 
some  (Ic^M'ee  of  iirifHj^fence  in  the  ixsrson  who  appointed  them  ;  and  lastly  the 
want  of  a  suiuihle  couiniander-in-chief  of  tlu^  army.  La  'rrrinouille  Ikmii,','  ill, 
and  D'Auhi;<ny  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  enemv,  there  appeared  no  one 
amon^'  the  FnMich  (pialihed  to  cojie  with  the  Sjianisli  i^eneral.  The  manjuis 
of  Mantua,  independently  of  the  disiidvantaj^'e  of  bein^  a  forei,irner,  was  Imo 
timid  in  council  and  dilatory  in  conduct  to  be  any  way  competent  to  this 
ditlicult  task. 

If  his  enemies,  however,  committed  great  errors,  it  is  altogether  owing  to 
Gionsalvo  that  he  was  in  a  situation  to  take  advantage  of  them.  Notliin^' 
could  be  more  unjiromising  than  his  i)osition  on  first  entering  Calaliria. 
]\liliUiry  operations  had  been  conducted  in  Spain  on  princii)lt>s  totally  dilferont 
from  those  which  itrevailed  in  the  rest  of  Europe.  This  was  the  case  espe- 
cially in  the  late  Aloorish  wars,  where  the  old  tactics  and  the  charavter  of  tlu; 
ground  brought  light  rivalry  chiefly  into  us  \  This,  indeed,  con.stituted  his 
principal  strength  at  this  period ;  for  his  infantry,  though  accustomed  to 
irregular  service,  was  inditferently  armed  and  disciplined.  An  imporUuit 
revolution,  however,  had  occurred  in  the  other  parts  of  Euroi^.  The  infantry 
had  there  regained  the  superiority  which  it  maintained  in  the  days  of  the 
Greeks  and  Tiomnns.  The  e.xpernnent  had  been  made  on  more  than  one 
bloody  field  ;  and  it  was  found  that  the  solid  columns  of  Swis.s  and  (jierMiaii 
pikes  not  only  bore  down  all  oi)position  in  their  onward  march,  but  nresentdl 
an  impregnable  barrier,  not  to  be  shaken  by  the  most  desjierate  cnurgos  (»f 
the  best  lieavy-armed  aivalry.  It  was  against  these  dreaded  battalions  that 
Gonsjilvo  was  now  called  to  measure  for  the  first  time  the  bold  but  rudely- 
armed  and  comparatively  raw  recruits  from  Galicia  and  Asturias. 

He  lost  his  fir  *:  battle,  into  which,  it  should  be  remend)ered,  he  was  pre- 
cipitated against  his  will.  He  proceeded  afterwards  with  the  greatest  caution, 
gradually  familiarizing  his  men  with  the  aspect  and  usages  of  the  enemy  whom 
they  held  in  such  awe,  before  bringing  them  again  to  a  direct  encounter.  Ho 
pui  himself  to  .school  diu'ing  this  whole  campaign,  carefully  acquainting  him- 
self with  the  tactics,  discii)hne,  and  novel  arms  of  his  adversiiries,  and  borrow- 
ing just  so  nmch  as  he  could  incorporate  into  the  ancient  system  of  the 
Spaniards  without  discarding  the  latter  altogether.  Thus,  while  he  retained 
the  short  sword  and  buckler  of  his  countrymen,  lie  fortified  his  battalions  with 
a  large  number  of  si)earmen,  after  the  German  fashion.  The  arrangement  is 
highly  commended  by  the  sagacious  iMachiavelli,  Avho  considers  it  as  com- 
billing  the  advantages  of  both  systems;  since,  while  the  long  spear  served  all 
the  purposes  of  resistiince,  or  even  of  attack  on  level  ground,  the  sliort  swonls 
and  tJirgets  enabled  their  wearers,  as  already  noticed,  to  cut  in  under  the  dense 
array  of  hostile  ])ikes  and  bring  the  enemy  to  close  quarters,  where  his  for- 
midable weiipon  was  of  no  avail.*' 

While  Gonial  vo  made  this  innovation  in  the  arms  and  tactics,  he  paid  e([n;il 
attention  to  the  formation  of  a  suitable  character  in  his  .-oldiery.  The  ciniim- 
stances  in  which  he  was  placed  at  Barleta,  and  on  the  Garigliano,  imperatively 
demanded  this.  Without  food,  clothes,  or  pay,  without  the  chance  even  '  f 
rtitrii'ving  his  desperate  condition  by  venturing  a  blow  at  the  enemy,  the 
Spanish  soldier  was  required  to  remain  passive.   To  do  this  demanded  patience, 


■'  M;>chiavclli,  .\rtp  di'Ua  (Uiorra,  lib.  2.— 
M.icliiaveUi  coiisidprs  the  victory  over  D'Aii- 
biRiiy  at  Sominara  as  i\npiital)le  in  a  preat 
deKrft?  tt>  the  iicculiar  arms  of  tiio  Spaniards, 
wild,  with  t}»eir  short  swonls  ami  shields, 
gliding  in  ainung  the  doep  r.inks  ol'  tlie  SaIss 


Bprarmon,  brousrht  tliPin  to  dose  CdniK't, 
w  lieri'  the  former  liad  the  whole  advallt.l^"'. 
AnotluT  instance  of  the  kind  occurred  at  tli'' 
memoralile  battle  of  Ravenna  Boine  years 
later.     Ubi  supra. 


THE  FRENCH  DRIVEN  FROM  NAPLES. 


507 


li,  but  ijresenti'il 
erate  cniirj^es  df 


•lyinrr,  no  donlit, 
;  and  lastly,  thf 
louille  Ikmii,!;  ill, 
ai)])f'Are(l  no  one 
1.  The  niar(|uis 
rei,irner,  \vas  iu(t 
nipetent  to  this 

igetlicr  owini^  to 
them.  Notiiin^' 
terin,!^  Calaliria. 
;  totally  dilf'eioiit 
s  the  ca^e  espo- 
chara.!ter  of  tlu; 
,  constituted  his 
I  accustomed  to 

An  importiint 
e.  The  infantry 
the  days  of  the 

more  than  one 
isH  and  (jierman 
ijres 
•nar}. 
I  battalions  that 
bold  but  rudely- 
ias. 

red,  he  was  jiro- 
greatest  caution, 
the  enemy  whom 
encounter,  lie 
,cquainting  him- 
ries,  and  borrow- 
it  system  of  the 
vhile  he  retained 
s  battalions  with 
B  arrangement  is 
iders  it  as  coni- 
[^  spear  served  all 
the  siiort  swonls 
1  under  the  dense 
s,  where  his  for- 

ics,  he  paid  e(|iial 
■ry.  Tlie  cinuin- 
;ino,  imperatively 
chance  even  '  f 
;  the  enemy,  the 
nanded  patienie, 

1  to  close  coiiib:i.t, 
le  whole  advaiit.ig". 
kind  occurred  at  tli'^ 
luveniia  some  years 


abstinence,  strict  subordination,  and  a  degree  of  resolution  far  liigher  than 
that  re(iuired  to  comhat  obstacles,  however  formidalde  in  th<'mselves,  where 
active  exertion,  whlcii  tasks  tiie  utmost  energies  of  the  soldier,  renews  his 
spirits  and  raises  them  to  a  contempt  of  danger.  It  was  calling  on  him,  in 
short,  to  begin  with  achieving  that  most  dillicult  of  all  victories,  the  victory 
over  himself. 

All  this  the  Spanish  commander  effected.  He  infused  into  his  men  a  por- 
tion of  his  own  invincible  energy.  He  inspired  a  love  of  his  person,  which  led 
them  to  emidate  iiis  example,  and  a  conhdence  in  his  genius  and  resom-?e.s, 
which  supported  them  under  all  thcii  privations  by  a  firm  reliance  on  a  fortu- 
nate issue.  His  manners  were  distinguished  by  a  graceful  courtesy,  less 
encumbered  with  etitjuette  than  was  usual  witli  iiersons  of  his  high  rank  in 
Castile.  He  knew  well  tlie  proud  and  indejiendent  feelings  of  the  Spanisli 
soldier,  and,  far  from  annoying  him  by  unnecessary  restraints,  showed  the 
most  Uberal  indulgence  at  all  tunes.  But  his  kindness  was  tempered  with 
severity,  which  disjjlayed  itself,  on  such  occasions  as  recpiired  interposition,  in 
a  manner  that  '-arely  failed  to  repress  everytliing  like  msubordination.  The 
reader  will  readily  recall  an  example  of  this  in  the  nnitiny  before  Tarento ; 
and  it  was  doubtless  by  the  assertion  of  sinnlar  power  that  he  was  so  long 
able  to  keep  in  check  his  German  mercenaries,  distinguished  above  the  troops 
of  every  other  nation  by  their  habitual  license  and  contempt  of  authority. 

While  Gonsalvo  relied  so  freely  on  the  hardy  constitution  and  patient  liabits 
of  the  Spaniards,  he  trusted  no  less  to  the  deticiency  of  these  qualities  in  the 
French,  who,  possessing  little  of  the  artificial  character  formed  under  the  stern 
training  of  later  times,  resembled  their  Gaulish  ancestors  in  the  fa(  ility  with 
which  they  were  discouraged  'y  unex|)ected  obstacles,  and  the  ditiiculty  with 
which  they  could  be  brought  t;^  rally.**  In  this  he  did  not  misciilculate.  The 
Flench  infantry,  drawn  from  the  militia  of  the  country,  hastily  collected  and 
soon  to  be  disbanded,  and  the  inde{)endent  nobility  and  gentry  who  composed 
the  cavalry  service,  were  alike  diliicult  to  be  brought  within  the  strict  curb  of 
militiuy  rule.  The  severe  trials,  ,v}'ich  steeled  the  souls  and  gave  sinewy 
strength  to  the  constitutions  of  the  Sjjanish  soldiers,  inmaiied  tho.se  of  their 
enemies,  introduced  divisions  into  their  councils,  and  relaxed  the  whole  tone 
of  discipline.  Gonsalvo  watched  the  operation  of  all  this,  and,  coolly  awaiting 
the  moment  when  his  weary  and  disheartened  adversary  should  be  thrown  oil 
his  guard,  collected  all  his  strength  for  a  decisive  blow,  by  which  to  ter- 
minate the  action.  Such  was  the  history  of  tho^e  memorable  campaigns 
which  closed  with  the  l)ri!Iiant  victories  of  Cerignola  and  the  Garigliano. 

in  a  review  of  his  military  conduct,  we  must  not  overlook  his  poiitic  deport- 
ment towards  the  Italians,  altogether  the  reverse  of  the  careless  and  insolent 
liearing  of  the  French.  He  availed  liim.self  liberally  of  their  superior  sc  ence, 
showing  great  deference  and  confiding  the  most  important  trusts  to  their 
ollicers.'''®  Far  from  the  reserve  usually  shown  to  foreigners,  he  apjieared 
iiiM'nsible  to  national  distinctions,  and  ardently  end)raced  them  as  comianions- 
iii-arms,  embarked  in  a  common  cause  with  himself.  In  their  tourney  witii 
the  French  before  liarleta,  to  which  the  whole  nation  attaclied  such  import- 
ance as  a  vindication  of  national  honour,  they  were  entirely  sup{)orted  by 
Gonsalvo,  who  furnished  them  with  arms,  secured  a  fair  field  of  fight,  and 


"  "Prima,"  says  Livy  pithily,  ppeaking  of 
theCaiilsin  the  tiiiioof  ihi' llepuhlic,  "t-orum 
piu  lia  jijus  ([uain  virurum.  postrema  minus 
quuui  l(rniiii:irnm."     Lib.  10,  cap.  2H. 

"'  Tag  of  the  most  distinguislipd  of  these 
were  the  Colunnas,  Prospcro  and  Fabrizio,  of 


whom  fri'quf'nt  mrntinn  has  boon  made  in 
our  narrative.  Tlie  best  c^  mtiientary  on  the 
military  reputation  of  the  latter  is  the  fact 
that  I  e  is  selected  by  Machiavelli  as  the  prin- 
cipal interlocutor  In  hits  Dialogues  on  the  Art 
of  War. 


508 


ITALIAN  WARS. 


Rhared  the  triumph  of  .he  victors  as  that  of  his  own  countrymen,— payinir 
tliose  delicate  attentions  wliidi  cost  far  less,  indeed,  but  to  an  honoiiraMt' 
mind  are  of  greater  value,  tlian  more  snl)stantial  bcnelits.  He  conciiiatcii 
the  good  will  of  the  Italian  states  l»y  various  injpKrtant  services:  of  tlu' 
"''cnctians,  by  his  gallant  defence  of  their  possessions  in  the  Levant;  of  the 
peoi.le  of  Jlome,  l)y  delivering  them  from  the  i>irates  of  Ostia  ;  while  he  suc- 
ceeoed,  notwithstanding  the  excesses  if  his  soldiery,  in  cai)tivating  the  iriiMy 
Neai>olitans  to  such  a  degree,  by  his  atVable  manners  and  sjilciulid  style  of 
life,  as  seemed  to  efl'ace  from  their  minds  every  recollection  of  the  last  and 
most  ponular  of  their  monarchs,  tlie  unfoitunate  Frederick. 

The  uistance  of  Gonsalvo's  tlieatre  of  operations  from  his  own  coimtry, 
ai)j)arently  most  discouraging,  proved  extremely  favourable  to  his  purjioses. 
The  troops,  cut  off  from  retreat  by  a  wide  sea  and  an  imjiassable  mountain 
barrier,  liad  no  alternative  but  to  conquer  or  to  die.  Their  long  continuance 
in  the  field  without  disbanding  gave  them  all  the  stern,  intlexible  qiialities  of 
a  standing  army  ;  and,  as  they  served  through  so  many  successive  Ciimpaii:ns 
under  tlie  banner  of  the  same  leader,  they  weie  drillea  in  a  system  of  tictics 
far  steadier  and  more  uniform  than  could  be  accpiired  under  a  variety  of  com- 
manders, however  able.  Under  these  circumstances,  which  so  well  fitted  tlicni 
for  receiving  imnressions,  the  Spanish  army  was  gradually  moulded  into  the 
form  determined  by  the  will  of  its  great  chief. 

When  we  look  at  the  amount  of  forces  at  the  disposal  of  Gonsalvo,  it  api)cp.is 
so  paltry,  especially  compared  with  the  gigantic  apparatus  of  later  wars,  that 
it  may  well  suggest  disi)araging  ideas  of  the  whole  contest.  To  judge  correctly, 
we  nuist  direct  our  eyes  to  the  result.  With  this  insignificant  force,  we  shall 
then  see  the  kingdom  of  Naples  conquered,  and  the  Iwst  generals  and  armies 
of  France  annihilated  ;  an  important  innovation  effected  in  military  science ; 
the  art  of  mining,  if  not  inventetl,  carried  to  unprecedented  perfection  ;  a 
thorough  reform  introduced  in  the  arms  and  discipline  of  the  Sp.anish  soldier; 
and  the  organization  completed  of  that  valiant  infantry  which  is  honestly 
eulogized  by  a  French  writer  as  irresistible  in  attack  and  impossible  to  rout,'" 
and  which  carried  the  bainiers  of  Spain  victorious,  for  more  than  a  century, 
over  the  most  distant  parts  of  Europe. 

■"'  See  DuhoP,  TjiRiie  df  Cainbray,  dissort.  charactfr  of  these  brave  troope.   See  a  similar 

preliru.,p.  60.— TluH  French  writer  has  shown  strain  of  jianegyric  from  thechlvalnnis  [lon  uf 

iiimself  superior  to  natioTial  distinctions,  in  old  Brantoaie,  (Euvres,  torn.  i.  disc.  27. 
the  liberal  testimony  which  he  bears  to  the 


The  brilliant  qualities  and  achl 'vementH  of 
Honzalo  de  Cordova  liave  naturally  made  liim 
a  popular  theme  iMiih  for  history  and  romance. 
Various  biographies  of  him  liave  appeared  in 
dilTerent  European  liMinuaKes,  though  none,  I 
believe,  liitherto  in  Knglisii.  The  authority 
of  principal  reference  in  these  jiatres  is  the 
l.ife  wliicli  Paolo  Oiovio  ha«  iiicorj>r>rated  in 
his  great  woik,  "Vita-  Illustrium  Virorum," 
which  1  have  elsewhere  noticed.  Tiiis  Life  of 
(Jonsalvo  is  not  exempt  from  the  prejudices, 
nor  from  the  minor  inaccuracies,  whicli  may 
be  charged  on  most  of  tlio  author's  produc- 
tions; but  these  are  abiwidantly  compensated 
by  the  store«i  of  novel  and  interesting  details 
which  Oiovio's  faTniliarity  with  the  principal 
actors  of  the  time  enabled  liim  to  throw  into 
bis  work,  and  by  the  skilful  arrangement  of 
hib  narrative,  so  disposed  as,  without  studied 


effort,  to  bring  into  light  the  prominent  quali- 
ties of  his  liero.  Kvery  [)age  bears  tlie  iniirk'^ 
of  that  ••  golden  pen  "  which  the  politic  Italian 
reserved  for  his  favourites;  -  ;,  while  this 
obvious  partiality  niaj'  prt  the  reader  some- 
what on  his  guard,  it  gives  an  interest  to  the 
work,  inferior  to  none  other  of  his  agreeable 
compositions. 

The  most  imposing  of  the  Spanish  memoir^ 
of  (Jonsalvo,  in  Inilk  at  lea«t.  is  the  "Chro- 
nica d'l  Gran  Capitan."  Alcahi  d"  Henans 
;5s4.  Nic.  Antonio  doubts  whether  the  author 
were  the  Pulgar  wiio  wnjte  the  "  Ilisiorv  nf 
the  Catliolic  Kings,"  of  such  frpf|uent  rrf."- 
ence  in  tl  e  Granadine  wars,  or  another  I'ul- 
gar,  del  Salar,  as  lie  is  called,  who  r<  ceivi  d 
tlie  honours  of  kuightliood  from  King  I'eriii 
nand  for  his  valorous  exploits  against  tie 
Moors.    (,See    bibliotheca  Nova,  torn.   i.  1> 


THE  FRENCH   DRIVEN   FROM  NAPLES. 


509 


3H7.1  With  regard  to  tli?  first  Tulpar,  tli^ro 
JH  III)  roiiMuu  tu  su|>(H)M>  ',iiat  iit*  livt'U  iiilo  ilie 
vixl  •' ntli  century;  aii'i  as  to  tin;  spcoiul,  the 
wiiik  compowHl  bj-  mill,  so  far  Iroui  Jhmiih 
tlir  one  ill  qiifsti(>;i,  wan  a  coinpciKliiiiii,  lioar- 
i;l^;  tli(!  titlf  o*"  ••Siiiiiario  dc  Ins  llnlijs  ilrl 
(iiaii  Ca|iitar,.  '  priiitid  as  early  as  lf)J7,  at 
Seville.  (See  tin-  editor's  prolonuf  to  Pulsar's 
"Cliroiiica  de  los  Uoycs  Cai61icos,"ed.  Valt'ii- 
liH,  liMU.)  Its  aiitlior,  tlifrefort',  reuiaius  in 
nhx'iiriiy.  lie  sustains  no  great  d>'.niage  on 
till'  score  of  r(;{iutaiioii,  Iiovncmt  from  this 
ciri  iiiiistance;  as  liis  worli  is  but ,  i  iiulitfer- 
.  lit  «(H'i  iint-n  of  tlie  ricii  old  Spanisli  cliroiiicle, 
(X.iibitinj?  nio>t  of  its  cliaractiristic  bli'inislies, 
witli  a  very  small  admixture  of  its  beauties. 
Till'  li  ii|^  and  prosy  narrative  is  overloade<l 
with  tiie  most  fiivolinis  details,  trumpeted 
fiirili  in  a  strain  of  glorification,  wliicli  some- 
tiiiiis  disfigures  more  meritorious  composi- 
tjiiii-  in  the  Castilian.  Nothing  lilie  discrimi* 
ii.iiii'ii  of  ciiaractor,  of  course,  is  to  l)e  looked 
fur  in  till'  unvarying  swell  of  panegyric,  wliicli 
liaiiiis  for  its  subject  all  tin;  extravagant 
lli>;lits  of  a  hero  of  romance.  With  these  de- 
iJiHtiniis,  however,  and  a  liberal  allowance, 
C"iise(|uently,  for  the  nationality  of  the  work, 
ii  liiis  considerable  value  as  areconi  ol  events 
tii'i  recent  in  tlieir  occurrence  to  Ix'  seriou>ly 
ilifiiied  by  these  deejier  stains  of  emir  w hich 
a'!  so  apt  to  settle  on  tlie  weather-l)eaten 
iiieiiuments  of  auti(|uliy  It  has  at-cordingly 
finned  a  principal  source  of  the  "  Vida  del 
I. run  C"pitaii,"  introduced  by  Cjuintana  in 
till'  iirst  volume  of  his  "Espai^oles  c^lelires," 
]iriiiii'd  at  Madrid  in  1807.  This  memoir, 
ill  whicli  the  incidents  are  selected  with  dis- 
coninient,  displays  the  usual  freedom  and 
vivinity  of  its  po  tic  author.  It  does  not 
lirin^^the  general  pditics  of  the  pericxi  under 
n'view,  but  will  noc  be  Ibund  deficient  in  par- 
ticulars having  immediate  connection  with 
till'  ]iersonal  history  of  its  subject;  and,  on 
till'  wliole,  exhibits  in  an  agreeable  and  com- 
jx'iiihiiu-t  form  whatever  Is  of  most  interest  or 
iuiimrtance  for  the  general  reader. 

Tlie  French  have  also  an  "  Histoire  de  Gon- 
palvi'  dv'  Ci^rdoue,"  composed  by  Fatlier  l)u- 
lumoot,  a  Jesuit,  in  two  vols.  I'imo,  Paris, 
I'll.  Though  an  ambitious, it  is  a  bungling 
lierformance,  most  unskilfully  put  together, 
ami  contains  ((uite  as  mucli  of  wliat  its  hero 
dill  not  do  as  of  what  he  did.  Tlie  prolixity 
of  tlie  narrative  is  imt  even  relieved  by  that 
pi'liKincy  of  style  which  forms  something  like 
a  substitute  for  thor.f?ht  in  many  of  tlie  lower 
unliT  of  Frencli  hixtorians.  It  is  less  to  his- 
tiiry,  however,  than  to  romance  that  tiie 
French  public  is  Indebted  for  its  conceptions 
uf  tiio  character  of  (ions.ilvo  de  Cordova,  as 
di'iiicted  by  tlie  gaudy  pencil  of  Floiian,  in 
tlmt  highly  I'oetic  colouring  wliich  is  more 
attractive  to  the  majoiity  of  readers  than  the 
tiild  and  sober  delineations  of  truth. 

The  coiitemixirary  French  accounts  of  the 
Neaiiolitan  wars  of  Louis  XII.  are  extremely 
nit'aKre,  and  few  in  number.  Tlie  most 
i'triking,  on  the  whole,  is  D'AuUm's  chronicle, 
composed  in  the  true  chivalrous  vein  of  old 


Froissart,  but,  unfortunately,  t«'rminatlng  be- 
fore tlie  close  of  the  Uisl  campaign.  Si.ti,  lain 
and  Claude  Seys-el  touch  very  lightly  on  this 
part  ol  their  subject.  History  becoints  .n 
tlieir  hands,  moreover,  liiil,.  better  tiiaii  ful- 
Soiiie  panegyric,  carrieil  to  such  a  luiglii, 
iiideeii,  by  the  latter  writer,  as  brounht  on  ii'in 
the  most  severe  sti  ictiires  from  liiscontem]Mi- 
r.iries;  so  tliat  he  was  coiii}>elled  to  take  up 
the  pen  more  than  once  in  liis  own  vindici- 
tion.  The  memoirs  of  Hayard,  h  leuraiige, 
and  La  Tremouiile,  so  dilVuse  in  most  mili- 
tary details,  are  nearly  silent  in  regard  to 
those  of  the  Neajiolitan  war.  The  trutli  is, 
the  subject  was  too  ungrate  ful  in  itself,  and 
presented  too  unbroken  a  st'ries  of  calamities 
and  defeats,  U)  invite  the  attention  of  the 
Frencli  historians,  wiio  willingly  luriU'd  to 
tlie  brilliant  pa.ssages  in  iliis  reign  more 
sootliing  to  national  vanity. 

The  blank  has  been  tilled  up,  or  rather  at- 
tempted to  lie  so,  l>y  the  assiduity  of  their 
later  writers.  Among  those  iHciLsioiially  con- 
sulted by  me  an-  Varillas,  whose  "  llistoire 
de  Louis  XII  ,"  loose  a>  it  is,  rests  on  a  some- 
wliat  more  solid  basis  than  liis  metaphysical 
reveries,  assuming  the  title  of  "  Politique  dn 
Ferdinand,"  alnady  repeatedly  noticed:,  Uar- 
nier,  wliose  ]ierspicuinis  narrative,  if  inferior 
to  that  ot  (Jaill.ird  in  acuteness  and  ei)igraiii- 
tiiatic  point,  makes  a  much  nearer  approm  h 
to  truth;  and,  la.stly,  Sisinondi,  who,  it  lie 
may  be  charged,  in  his  "  Histoire des  Fran- 
5ais, "  with  some  of  the  defects  incident  to 
indiscreet  rapidity  of  composliion,  succeeds 
by  a  few  brief  and  animated  toucties  in  ojH'n- 
ing  deeper  views  into  cliar..cter  and  coiidu<  t 
than  can  be  got  from  volumes  of  ordinary 
writers. 

The  want  of  authentic  materials  for  a  per- 
fect acquaintance  with  the  reign  of  l.,ouis  XII. 
is  a  suliject  of  complaint  with  French  writers 
themselves.  The  memoirs  of  the  perliHl. 
occupied  with  the  more  dazzling  niilitay 
transactions  make  no  attempt  to  instruct  us 
in  tlie  interior  oiganization  or  jH)licy  of  the 
goveruinent.  One  might  imagine  that  their 
authors  lived  a  c<ntiiry  l>efore  Pnilippe  d; 
Comines,  instead  of  coining  after  him,  s<j  in- 
ferior are  tliej',  in  all  the  great  projM'riles  of 
historic  lonipositioii,  to  this  emiiii  nt  states- 
man. The  Frencli  xavan^  have  made  slender 
contributions  to  the  .stock  of  ririginal  docu- 
ments collected  more  th  in  two  centuries  ago 
by  (.{(Hlelroy  f..r  the  i  lustration  of  this  reign. 
It  can  scarcely  b-  supposed,  however,  that  the 
labours  of  this  early  aiiti([uary  cNhausted  the 
(lepartniont  in  whicii  the  French  are  rich  be- 
yond all  others,  and  that  tho>'  who  work  the 
same  mine  h'  reat'ier  . '  ouhl  not  find  valualile 
materials  for  a  broader  found  ition  of  tlits 
Interesting  portion  of  tlieir  history. 

It  is  fortunate  tliat  the  reserve  of  the  P'rench 
In  regard  to  tlieir  relations  with  Italy  at  tliis 
time  has  been  abundantly  compi'iisati'd  b\  the 
labours  of  the  most  eminent  conteniporary 
writers  of  the  latter  country,  as  IJembo,  Ma- 
chiavel'i,  Oiovio,  ami  the  philosophic  (iulccl- 
ardini;   wboAe  situation  &s  Italian:^  enabled 


510 


ILLNESS  AND  DEATH  OF  ISABELLA. 


them  to  maintain  the  balance  of  historic  tnith 
iindiMtirliod,  at  loast  by  uiidno  j)artiulity  t<»r 
cither  of  tlin  twot?ri'nt  rivnl  powt-rs;  who^to 
hi^;il  piiJdlc  stations  Introducod  them  to  the 
j)riii(  ipal  churactcTsof  the  diiy,  and  to  springs 
<>r  action  iiidd'  n  fiom  vulvar  eyes;  and  wiioso 
snpfrior  sciencr,  as  well  as  f^onliis,  (luallhcd 
tiKin  for  risinft  ahovo  the  hnnilth'  1»?vp1  of 
frurrnlous  chron  cle  and  memoir  to  thn  classic 
(lifjnity  of  history.  It  is  with  rcurct  that  we 
niiist  now  strike  into  a  triicl<  nniUuniincd  1  y 
tlie  iulioiirs  of  ilKtsp  great  masters  of  their  art 
in  niiMlcrn  times. 

Since  tiio  puidiciition  of  this  History,  th«^ 
Spani>li  Mniisterat  WashiiiRttm,  Don  A-  ^el 
('alderon  (ie  hk  FJarca,  dl<l  me  w  fav  to 
I '  hI  me  a  ropy  of  the  hio^raph  ,  li  jv.  c  ed 
aH  the  " Sumario  de  los  Hechos ..' :  '-trii      -ni- 


tAn."  It  Is  a  rocent  reprint  from  tlip  r<litii,n 
of  1527,  of  wliicli  the  industrious  editor,  |)..ii 
V  M  irtinez  de  hi  liosa,  wa><  aide  to  (hicl  imt 
one  copy  in  S])aiii.  In  its  new  form  it  <■  .v.rs 
alH)nt  a  liiindred  du'Hlecimo  panes.  If  intn 
positivi'  value,  as  a  contemijorary  donnniiit, 
and  as  stidi  I  Kladly  avail  myself  of  it.  Hut, 
the  greatei  part  is  devoted  to  tlie  early  lii-<tiiry 
of  Gonsalvo,  over  which  my  hmits  have  cum- 
pelled  me  to  pass  liKlitly  ;  ami  for  the  re^t,  I 
am  happy  to  ;ind,  on  thei)eriisiil  of  it,ni)tl]in;< 
of  moment  which  confli<t>  with  liw  state- 
ments drawn  from  other  sourcs.  'Die  nMo 
c'llitor  has  also  coml)(ned  an  Interestiiit;  iiotici' 
of  its  aut'ior,  I'ulgar,  El  de  lax  Hazavag,  i.iie 
of  tliose  heroes  whose  doughty  f  ats  hlied  ilic 
illusions  of  knight-errantry  over  the  war  of 
Granada. 


CHAPTER  XVL 


ILLNESS   AND   DEATH   OP   ISABELLA. — HER  CIIAUAOTER. 

1504 

Decline  of  the  Queen's  Health — Alarm  of  the  Nation— Her  Testament  and  Codici' — Her  llrsii;- 
nation,anil  Death — Iler  Remains  transported  to  (Sranada — Isabella's  Person — Her  .Muiniers 
— Hi  r  Character — Parallel  with  t^ueen  ElizalM!th. 

The  ac(jui.sition  of  an  important  kingdom  in  the  heart  of  Europe,  and  of  the 
New  Worhl  heyond  the  waters,  whicli  promi.sed  to  pour  into  lier  lap  all  ihe 
fal)led  treasures  of  the  Indies,  wjus  rapidly  raising  Si)ain  to  the  first  rank  df 
European  powers.  liut,  in  this  noontide  of  lier  succes.s,  she  was  to  experience 
a  fatal  sliock  in  tlie  loss  of  that  illustrious  personage  who  had  .so  lon^  and 
so  gloriously  presided  over  her  destinies.  We  have  had  occasion  to  notice 
more  than  once  the  declining  state  of  the  queen's  health  during  the  last  few 
years.  Her  constitution  had  been  greatly  impaired  by  incessant  pers<iiial 
fatigue  and  expo.sure,  and  by  the  unremitting  activity  of  lier  mind.  It  hud 
sull'ered  far  more  severely,  however,  from  a  series  of  heavy  domestic  calaniitit;s, 
which  had  fallen  on  her  v.ith  little  intermission  since  the  death  of  her  mother, 
in  1490.  The  next  year,  she  followed  to  the  grtiAe  the  remains  of  her  inily 
.son,  the  lieir  and  hope  of  the  monarchy,  just  entering  on  his  prime  ;  ami,  in 
the  succeeding,  was  called  on  to  render  the  .same  sad  office  to  the  best  belo\ed 
of  her  daughter.s,  the  amiable  queen  of  Portugal. 

The  severe  illness  occasioned  by  this  last  mow  terminated  in  a  dejection  of 
spirits,  from  which  she  never  entirely  recovered.  Her  surviving  children  were 
removed  far  from  her  into  distant  lands ;  with  the  occasional  exception, 
indeed,  of  Joanna,  who  caused  a  still  deeper  pang  to  her  mothers  ati'ectii»nate 
heart,  by  exhibiting  infirmities  which  justified  the  most  melancholy  presaires 
for  the  future. 

Far  from  abandoning  herself  to  weak  and  useless  repining,  however,  Isabella 
sought  consolation,  where  it  was  best  to  be  found,  in  the  exercises  of  piety, 
and  in  the  earnest  discharge  of  the  duties  attjiched  to  her  exalted  station. 
Accordingly,  we  find  her  attentive  as  ever  to  the  minutest  interests  of  Iht 
subjects  ;  supporting  her  great  minister  Ximenes  hi  his  schemes  of  reform, 
quickening  tlie  zeal  for  discovery  in  the  west,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1503,  on  the  alarm  of  the  French  invasion,  rousing  her  dying  energies  to 


IIER  CIIARACTKR. 


611 


kiinlle  a  spirit  of  resistance  in  her  people.  These  stroiij:  iiieiital  exeitioiip, 
liowever,  only  ftccelerated  the  decay  of  her  l)0(hl.v  strcn^'th,  which  was  Kradii- 
a!ly  siiikin;,^  uii(h'r  that  sickness  of  the  heart  which  admits  of  no  c\n'e,  and 
>can'cly  of  con^oIatioll. 

In  the  hc^nnnin^-  of  that  very  year  she  had  fhHlined  so  visil)!y  that  tlie 
(ortcs  of  Castile,  much  a'armed,  jietitioned  her  to  provide  for  the  ;^(>vt'rniii('nt 
fif  tlie  kinplom  after  her  dece;ise,  in  case  of  t\w  alisenci^  or  inwipacity  of 
.Idiinna.'  Siie  seems  to  have  ralhed  in  some  measure  after  this  ;  hut  it  was 
only  to  relai>se  into  a  state  of  greater  (h'hihty,  as  her  spirits  sunk  un<lcr  the 
conviction,  which  now  forced  itself  on  her,  of  her  daughter's  scttli'd  insanity. 

Karly  in  the  spring  of  the  following  ywir  (ir)04)  that  unfortunate  lady  em- 
liaiki'd  for  Flanders,  where,  soon  after  her  arri\al,  the  inconstancy  of  her 
liii>liand,  an<l  her  own  ungovenuible  sensibilities,  occasioned  the  most  scanda- 
lous scenes,  i'hilip  became  openly  enamoured  of  one  of  the  ladies  of  her 
suite;  and  his  injured  wife,  in  a  paroxysni  of  jealousy,  personally  assaulted 
Iior  fair  rival  in  the  palace,  and  caused  the  beautiful  licks  which  had  e.vcited 
the  admiration  of  her  tickle  husband  to  be  shorn  from  her  head.  This  outrage 
so  afi'ected  Philip  ihat  he  vented  his  indi<;'nation  against  Joanna  i  't>d 
coarsest  and  most  uinnanly  terms,  and  finally  refu.sed  to  have  any  u  tin 
intercourse  with  her.' 

The  accon  't  of  this  disgraceful  scene  reached  Castile  in  the  month  -i  - unv. 
It  occasioned  the  deepest  chagrin  and  mortification  to  the  unliai'p  ,ai  ;:ts. 
Fenlinand  soon  after  fell  ill  of  a  fever,  and  the  (pieen  was  seized  Wi  )  dio 
siinie  disorder,  accompanied  by  more  alarming  symptoms.  Her  ib'nes,^  was 
e.\rtsj»erated  by  anxiety  for  her  husband,  and  slie  refused  to  credit  fr'oiir- 
alilo  reports  of  his  phy  iJans,  while  lie  was  detiiined  from  her  pies*.  .j< .  His 
viirorous  constitution,  however,  threw  otl"  the  malady,  while  hers  gradually 
failed  under  it.  Her  tender  heart  was  more  keenly  .sensible  than  his  to  the 
iuiliappy  condition  of  their  child,  and  to  the  gloomy  jtrospects  which  awaited 
her  lieloved  Castile.' 

Her  faithful  follower,  INIartyr,  was  with  the  court  at  this  time  in  Medina 
(Icl  Campo.  In  a  letter  to  tlie  count  of  Tendilla,  dated  October  7th,  he  states 
that  the  most  serious  a] (prehensions  were  entertained  l\v  the  [diysicians  fur 
the  (pieen's  fate.  "  Her  whole  sy.stem,"  he  says,  "is  pervaded  l)y  a  consuming 
fever.  She  loathes  food  of  every  kind,  and  is  toimented  with  inces.sant  thirst, 
while  tlie  disorder  has  all  the  appearance  of  terminating  in  a  drojisy."* 

In  the  mean  while,  Isabella  tost  nothing  of  her  solicitude  for  the  welfare  of 
lier  people  and  the  great  concerns  of  government.  While  reclining,  as  she 
was  obliged  to  do  great  part  of  the  day,  on  her  couch,  she  listened  to  the 
recital  or  reading  of  whatever  occurred  of  interest,  at  home  or  abroad.  She 
,j;ave  audience  to  di.stinguisiied  foreigners,  especially  such  Italians  as  could 
aci|iiaint  her  with  jiarticulars  of  the  late  war,  and  aliove  all  in  regard  to  (Jon- 
Nilvo  (le  Cordova,  in  whose  fortunes  she  had  always  taken  the  liveliest  concern  * 
iSlie  received  with  plea.sure,  too,  such  intelligent  travellers  as  her  renown  had 


'  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafin,  torn.  il.  lib.  23, 
cap.  11, — Zurita,  Anales,  toui.  v.  lib.  ^,  tup. 
H. 

•'Jariliay,  Compendio.  torn  ii.  lib  10,  caj>. 
16.-lv.t(>r  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  ppiat.  '271, 
'-"'.!.— Guinez,  D*^  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  46. — Car- 
bdjul,  ..Xnalos,  MS,  afio  1504. 

'  tiduuz,  De  l{el)usgcatis,  fol.46,47.— Peter 
Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  273.-CarbajaI, 
Aiuiles,  MS.,  afio  1504. 

*  Upus  Kpist.,  epist.  274. 


*  Asliort  time  h  fore  lierdeatii,  Hliereieived 
a  visit  from  tin-  distingiiisliedolTlLer,  I'ro.'^pfro 
(>)lonna.  Tli*'  Italian  noWe,  on  iMMiig  pre- 
seiiti  tl  to  Kins?  IVniiiiaiid,  told  him  tliat  "  iio 
lia.i  come  to  ('astilc  to  Ix-liold  tlie  woman  wlio 
fro'n  her  nicl<-l)ed  ruled  tlie  world;"  "  ver 
una  sefmra  que  de.sde  U  cama  mandava  al 
niuiido."  Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Emp.  Carlos  V., 
torn.  i.  p.  s. — Carta  de  (lonzalo  a  Ioj  Koyes,  en 
Napoles,  25  de  Agosto,  1503,  MS. 


512 


ILLNESS  AND  DEATH   OF  LSA BELLA. 


attrartcd  to  tlic  (.'ostilian  court.  She  drow  forth  thoir  stores  <»f  varinns  iufnr- 
inatioii,  and  (Msmis.MMl  tJiein,  sjiys  a  writtT  of  the  a;.;e,  jKMietratcil  witji  tho 
dt'cpest  a(hiiiratioi)  of  that  masniliiio  streii^'th  of  mind  which  sustained  her  m) 
iiohly  under  tlie  wei^dit  of  a  mortal  maladv." 

Thismahidy  was  now  rapidly  gainin^j  gmund.  On  the  loth  of  October  wc 
have  another  epistle  of  Martyr,  of  the  t'ollowin;,'  melancholy  tenor.  *'  V(»u  ask 
me  respeetiiiK  tlie  sUite  of  the  (pieen's  health  We  .sit  sorrowful  in  the  naljuc 
all  day  long,  tremhlingly  waiting  the  hour  when  n'ligion  and  virtue  sliall  ipiit 
th(!  er.rth  with  her  Let  us  jtray  that  we  may  he  permitt<'d  to  folh»w  hereatttr 
where  she  is  soon  to  go  She  so  far  transci^nds  all  human  excellence,  thai 
there  is  scarcely  anything  of  mortality  ahout  her.  Slu;  can  hardly  h(!  sjiid  to 
die,  but  to  pass  into  a  nobler  existence,  whicli  should  rather  e.xcite  our  envy 
than  our  sorrow  She  leaves  the  world  filled  with  her  renown,  and  she  ^(m-s 
to  enjoy  life  eternal  with  her  (iod  in  heaven  I  write  this,"  he  comludes, 
"between  liope  and  fear,  while  the  breath  is  still  fluttering  within  her,''' 

The  deepest  gloom  now  oversi)read  the  nation.  FiVen  Isabella's  long  illness 
had  feiled  to  prepare  the  nnnds  of  her  faithful  people  for  the  .smi  catiistronhc. 
Tli(>y  recalled  several  ominous  circmnstjuiees  wliicli  had  before  escaned  tlicir 
attention.  In  the  i)receding  spring,  an  eartlKpuike,  accomjiaiued  hy  a  Uo- 
mendous  hurricane,  such  as  the  oldest  men  did  not  remendx-r,  had  visitcl 
Apidalusia,  and  es))ecially  Carniona,  a  place  l>eIonging  to  the  (jueen,  and  (M'ca- 
siuned  frightful  desolation  there.  The  superstitious  Spaniards  now  rwid  in 
these  porteiits  the  i)rophetic  signs  by  which  Heaven  announces  som(!  great 
calamity.  I'rayers  were  put  up  in  every  temple,  processions  and  nilgrimajres 
made  in  every  part  of  the  country,  for  the  recovery  of  their  beloved  sovereign, 
— but  in  vain.' 

Isabella,  in  the  mean  time,  was  deluded  with  no  false  hopes.  She  felt  too 
surely  the  decay  of  her  bodily  strength,  and  she  resolved  to  perform  what 
temporal  duties  yet  remained  for  her,  while  her  faculties  were  stdl  uncluudoij. 

On  the  12th  01  October  she  executed  that  celebrated  testament  which  reflects 
so  clearly  the  peculiar  qualities  of  her  mind  and  character.  She  begins  with 
prescribing  the  arrangements  for  her  burial.  She  orders  her  remains  to  ho 
transported  to  Granada,  to  the  Franciscan  monastery  of  Santa  Isabella  in  the 
Alhambra,  and  there  deiwsited  in  a  low  and  humble  sepulchre,  without  other 
memorial  than  a  ])lain  inscrintion  on  it.  "JJut,"  she  continue.s,  "should  the 
king  my  lord  prefer  a  sepulchre  in  some  other  nlace,  then  my  will  is  that  my 
body  be  there  transported,  and  laid  by  his  side  ;  that  the  union  we  have 
enjoyed  in  this  world,  and,  through  the  mercy  of  God,  may  hope  again  for  oiir 
souls  in  heaven,  may  be  represented  by  our  bodies  in  the  earth."  Then. 
desirous  of  correcting  by  her  e.\ami»le,  in  this  last  act  of  her  life,  the  wastofui 
pomp  of  funeral  obsequies  to  which  the  Castilians  were  addicted,  she  comma. uls 
that  her  own  should  be  performed  in  the  plainest  and  most  unostentatious 
manner,  and  that  the  suin  saved  by  this  economy  should  be  distributed  in 
alms  among  the  poor 

She  next  provides  for  several  charities  assigning,  among  others,  maniaj^o 
portions  for  poor  maidens,  and  a  considerable  sum  for  the  redemption  of 


®  <5oinoz,  De  Rebus  Rcstie,  fol.  47. — Amonp; 
the  forfi^iiers  introtiiucd  to  the  quocn  at  this 
time  wa>*  a  cclibratod  Venotian  travoller, 
iiami'd  Vianelli,  who  presented  her  with  a 
cross  of  pure  pold  set  with  precious  stones, 
among  wliich  w as  a  carbuncle  of  inestiuiable 
value.  'I'he  liberal  Italian  met  with  ratlier 
an  uncourtly  rebuke  from  .Xiuiencs,  wiio  told 
Lim,  ou  leaving  the  presence,  that  "  he  had 


rather  have  the  money  his  diamond.-*  ici«t.to 
spend  in  tho  servi(  e  of  the  cliurch,  tliuii  all 
tlie  gems  of  the  Indies." — Ibid. 

'  Opus  Kpi.st.,  epi.st.  27(j. 

"  nernulclez,  Reyes  Catollcos,  MS  ,  cap.  200, 
201.— Carba,ial,  Anales,  MS.,ano  1501.-<;ari- 
bay,  CouuM'udio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap  IC— 
Zuiiiga,  Aimulcs  de  Sevilla,  pp.  423,  42t. 


HER  CHARACTER. 


r)13 


Christian  raptivps  in  Barhary.  She  cnjoiii'<  tho  i>ntirtnal  disfliarpo  of  all  lior 
ifi'Miiiiil  (l*'l)t.s  within  a  year ;  she  retrciK'liPs  sni»orrinoii>  olliccs  in  tlio  royal 
iDiisohold,  and  revokes  all  such  grants,  whether  in  the  forms  of  Ianil>  or 
aiiniiitios,  as  she  conceives  to  have  oeen  made  without  sulhfient  warratit.  Sho 
in  ■uloates  on  her  successors  the  importancti  of  maintainini;  the  intciirity  of  tho 
rnval  ilomains,  and,  ahove  all,  of  never  divesting  theinsolves  of  their  title  to 
till'  important  fortress  of  (iihraltar. 

After  this,  she  comes  to  the  siiccession  of  the  crown,  which  she  settles  on  tho 
infanta -loanna  as  "  (lueen  proprietor,"  and  the  archduke  j'hilipas  her  Imshand. 
She  uives  them  mncli  good  counsel  respecting  their  futiuc  administration  ; 
(Mijoiiiing  them,  as  they  would  secure  the  love  and  oheflitMice  of  their  siilijccts, 
to  conform  in  all  rcsjjects  to  the  laws  and  usjigos  of  the  realm,  to  appoint  no 
foreigner  to  ottice,  — an  error  into  which  IMiilijt's  connectioiH,  she  saw,  would  he 
very  likely  to  hctray  them,-  and  to  make  no  laws  or  ordinances  "\vhi<h  neces 
^jiriiy  require  the  consent  of  cortes,"  din'ing  their  absence  from  the  kingdom.' 
She  re(Ommcn<ls  to  them  the  same  conjugal  harmony  which  had  ever  sul»^istc(l 
lictweiMi  her  and  her  husband  ;  she  beseeches  them  to  show  the  latt<'r  all  tho 
ilcfcrcine  and  tilial  allection  "due  to  him  beyond  every  other  parent,  for  his 
ciiiincnt  virtues  ;"  and  finally  incuh^ates  on  them  the  most  tender  regard  for 
the  liberties  and  welfare  of  their  subjects. 

She  next  comes  to  the  gre^it  (piestion  proposed  by  the  cortes  of  laO.*?, 
respecting  the  government  of  the  realm  in  the  altsence  or  incapacity  of  Joanna. 
She  declares  that,  after  mature  deliberation,  and  with  the  advice  of  many  of 
the  prelates  and  nobles  of  the  kingdom,  she  appoints  King  Ferdinand  her 
husbiuid  to  be  the  sole  regent  of  Castile,  in  that  exigency,  until  the  majority 
of  her  grandson  Charles  ;  being  led  to  this,  she  adils,  "by  the  consideration  of 
the  magnanimity  ami  illustrious  (lualities  of  the  king  my  lord,  as  well  as  his 
large  experience,  and  the  great  i)rotit  which  will  redound  to  the  stjite  from  hia 
wi>e  ana  benehcent  rule."  She  ex]»resses  Inn  sine  "e  conviction  that  his  past 
coinluct  atlords  a  suthcient  guaiantee  for  his  faithful  adnnnistration,  but,  in 
ciMiipliance  with  established  usage,  refpiin>  •  the  customary  aith  from  him  on 
eiitciiii''  on  the  duties  of  the  office. 

She  tlien  makes  a  specific  provision  for  her  husband's  j^ersonal  maintenance, 
which,  "although  less  than  sne  could  wish,  and  far  less  than  he  deserves,  con- 
siilciing  the  emnient  services  he  has  rendered  the  state,"  she  settles  at  one  half 
of  iill  the  net  proceeds  and  profits  accruing  from  the  newIy-dlscovered  coimtries 
11)  the  west ;  together  with  ten  millions  of  maravedis  annually,  assigned  on  the 


iilo 


iridaa  of  the  grand-mastershi))S  of  the  military  orders. 


After  some  additional  regulations,  respecting  the  descent  of  the  crown  on 
faihire  of  Joanna's  lineal  heirs,  she  recommends  in  the  kindest  and  most 
eninhatic  terms  to  her  successors  the  various  members  of  her  household, 
ami  her  personal  friends,  among  whom  we  find  the  names  of  the  manmis 
and  marchioness  of  Moya  (Beatrice  de  JJobadilla,  the  compaiuoii  of  lier 
youth),  and  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  the  accomplished  minister  at  the  papal 
fourt. 

And  lastly,  concluding  in  the  same  'leautiful  strain  of  conjugal  tenderness 
in  uliich  slie  began,  she  say.s,  "  1  beseech  the  king  my  lord  that  he  will  accept 
all  my  jewels,  or  such  as  he  shall  .'elect,  so  that,  .seeing  them,  he  may  be 
reminded  of  the  singular  love  I  always  bore  him  while  living,  and  that  i  am 


'  "  Ni  faftan  fuera  de  los  dichos  mis  Re\Ti(>s 
p  Scfiorios,  Leyea  e  Pjcniaticas,  ni  laa  otras 
cosaH  que  en  Cortes  so  dmpn  hazer  se^tuiid  !;t3 
Lcyos  de  ellos"  (Testamento,  apud  Doriiifr, 
l'i><;iirsos  varios,  p.  343), — an  honourable  te.s- 


timony  to  tho  legislative  ri|rhts  of  the  rortps, 
whirii  contrasts  strongly  with  the  despotic 
a.'^suuiption  of  preceding  and  succeeding 
princes. 

2   1, 


514 


IMAKSS   AND  DEATH  OK   ISAIJKLLA. 


now  waiting;  for  iiiiii  in  a  bettor  world  ;  Ity  wliifli  rcnioniliranoj'  ho  may  l»o 
('n<'oMra;,'<Ml  to  livir  tli«'  nioro  justly  ami  liolilv  in  this," 

Six  oxpcutors  wero  nanidl  to  the  will.  Tho  two  |iriii(ij»al  wero  the  kin;,'  aiil 
the  |)riinat<>  Xiineuivs,  who  had  full  powers  to  act  in  conjunction  with  any  nno 
of  the  others.'" 

I  have  dwelt  the  more  iniiintely  on  the  details  of  Isabella's  testament,  from 
the  evidence  it  aflbrds  of  her  cnnstancy  in  her  dyiui,'  hour  to  the  priniipji^ 
which  had  K"verned  her  thron;;h  life;  of  her  e.\|tansive  and  sa^'aciuii.s  pdljiy ; 
her  prophetic  insight  into  the  evils  to  residt  from  her<'.i>atli,  evils,  alas  1  wiiii  h 
no  fttreca^t « ould  avert;  her  scrupidous  attentinn  to  all  her  persttnal  ol>li;::a- 
tions  ;  ami  that  warm  attachment  to  her  friends  which  could  never  falter  whiln 
a  pulse  heat  in  her  hosom. 

After  jterformiiiL;  this  duty,  she  daily  p't^w  weaker,  the  powers  of  her  luin  1 

seemini,'  to  hri|,diten  as  those  of  lier  body  declineil.      Tlie  concerns  of  licr 

government  still  occupied  her  thoughts  ;  and  several  public  measures,  wim  h 

she  had  postpon<'d  throui,di  ur!.,'eMcy  of  other  business,  or  ^'lowiui^  intirmilics, 

»ressed  .so  heavily  on  her  heart  that  she  made  tln'in  the  subject  of  a  ciMlicil  to 

ler  former  will.  *  It  was  executed  Xovend>er  'JUrd,  l.")04,  only  three  days  befnn! 

ler  death. 

Three  of  the  provisions  contained  in  it  are  too  remarkable  to  pass  lumoticcil. 
The  tirst  concerns  the  codification  of  the  laws.  For  this  purpctse,  the  (luet-n 
appoints  a  conunissiou  to  make  a  iu'wdi;.,'e>t  of  the  statiiUis  and  /inrfiudfir  ,.<^ 
the  contradictory  tenor  of  which  still  occasioned  mm-li  (MMl)arrassmeiit  in 
Castilian  jurisprudence.  This  was  a  subject  she  always  had  much  at  heart; 
but  no  nearer  approach  hail  been  made  to  it  tiian  the  valuable  though  iiiviit- 
licient  work  of  Montalvo,  in  the  eaily  part  of  her  reinn  ;  and,  notwithst;nidiiikC 
her  precautions,  ntnie  mure  ellectual  was  destined  to  take  jdace  till  the  rci-,ii 
of  I'hilip  the  Second." 

The  .second  item  luul  reference  to  the  natives  of  the  Xew  World.  Gross 
abuses  had  ari.-en  there  since  the  partial  revival  of  the  lypnrtimienti  i^, 
although.  Las  Casas  says,  "  intelli<ience  of  this  was  carefullv  kept  from  the 
ears  of  the  (pieen"  ''  Some  va^'ue  apprehension  of  the  truth,  however,  appear^ 
to  have  forced  itself  on  her  ;  and  she  enjoins  her  successors,  in  the  most  canict 
manner,  to  quicken  the  ^ood  work  of  converting' and  civili/ini,'  the  poor  In. Hans, 
to  treat  them  with  the  ^I'^^^-test  gentleness,  and  redres.s  any  wrun>;s  they  may 
have  .suffered  in  their  persons  or  property. 

Ijftstly,  she  expresses  her  doubts  as  to  the  Icfxality  of  the  revenue  drawn  from 
the  (tfc'irafuSt  constituting;  the  i)riucipal  income  of  the  crown.  She  directs  a 
commission  to  ascertain  whether  it  were  originally  intended  to  be  perpetual, 
and  if  this  were  done  with  the  free  consent  of  the|)eople  ;  enjoining  her  heirs, 


'"  I  h;ive  bpfore  mf  tliiop  copies  of  Is.ibplla's 
tPHtaniPiit ;  one  in  MS.,  apart  <  arhajal,  .Xnales, 
iiiio  \M4  ;  a  sworid,  jirintort  in  tlio  Ijoautiful 
Valencia  edition  of  .Mariana,  toni.  i.\.  ai»'iiii. 
no.  1  ;  uitil  a  tiiinl,  puhlislicil  in  Donncr'.s 
Disciirsos  varlos  dc  lli  toiia,  pp.  ;{!4-:fM,s.  I 
am  not  aware  tliat  it  ha.s  been  printed  else- 
wljere. 

"  The  "  Ordenanras  realos  de  Ca,«tilla." 
puMiMJied  in  14si,  and  tlie  "  I'raniniltica.s  (Jel 
Ki-yno,"  tirst  priniid  in  15();j,  coniiirclicnd 
tlie  genor.U  Icnislntion  of  this  lei^n  ;  a  par- 
ticular account  of  which  the  re.td  r  may  tind 
in  Part  I.  chapter  G,  and  Part  11.  chapter  20, 
of  this  History. 

'■'  Las  Casan,  who  will  not  be  suf»pcctM  of 
pycopliancy,  rcaiarks,  in  his  narrative  of  the 


destruction  of  the  Indies,  "l,e«  plus  jrr.unif* 
horieurs  de  ces  puerres  et  de  cette  bnuiiirrie 
coninieni  ereiit  au>>-itrit  qu'on  s\it  en  .Vnii^- 
rifjue  (|ue  1,1  reine  IsaN'Me  venait  d"  inmirir; 
car  jiisiiu'alors  il  ne  s'etait  pas  comniis  aut.'mt 
de  crinii'S  dans  I'ile  Kspa^nole,  et  I'on  a\nit 
nicnie  en  soin  de  les  caclier  A  cetti-  j)riii<c-si', 
parci'fpi'cllc  nt>  ccs.sait  de  rccoinniandcr  lic 
ttaifcr  li's  Itidiens  avec  dnucotir,  et  oc  ne  ri'  ii 
nenliRir  pour  les  rendre  licureu.x  :  j'tii  i'". 
iiiiiai  (jiiK  lirniiriiup  W Kiipii</'ii's,  li's  h'tli'f 
i/'i'i'lle  icrivitit  <i  <;•  si'Jet  et  le:<  •inlrea  i/n  >■/'»; 
oiroiftiit :  ce  (III!  prouve  que  cf/te  adminvite. 
rt^ine  aiirait  mis  fn  a  tant  d<  cruaiitf-,  si 
til'  limit  pu  ks  coimailrv."  Uiuvres,  ed.  do 
I-loreiite,  toiii.  i.  p.  21. 


HER  CHARACTER. 


MS 


uiw  he  mav  lio 


vron-s  tlifv  may 


in  that  pvont,  to  rollfot  tho  tax  so  tliat  it  shoiiM  prfss  loast  hoavily  on  hc»r 
siili|t'<ts.  Should  it  ho  foiiiul  otfuTwi^e,  however,  >ht'  directs  that  the  h'^isla- 
tiirc  h««  stiiniMoiKMl  to  dovi>e  proper  iiiettsunvs  for  snpitlyiiiK  thr  wauls  of  tho 
ciowii. — "  iiu'Hsiires  (h'pcmhuj^  for  thrir  vahility  on  the  ^ood  ph^asinc  of  tlio 
Milili'cts  of  tho  rcahn."  '* 

Such  wero  tho  dyiiij,'  words  of  this  achnirahh^  woman  ;  (Msplayin;:  tho  same 
rn^ltnt  for  the  ri,i;hts  mid  hlH'rtiesof  the  nation  wliii  h  she  had  shown  throu-h 
life,  and  striving'  to  secure  the  hiessinp*  of  her  h<Mii);n  adininistratinn  to  the 
iiio>t  (Hstint  and  Iwirharous  regions  under  her  sway.  Thes**  two  documents 
wnv  i\  pre<;ious  lej.',acy  Uviueathed  to  her  people,  to  ;;uide  tlieui  when  the  Yii^ht 
ni  licr  iK'rsonal  example  should  he  withdrawn  forever. 

Tilt'  (lueen's  signature  tothectMJicil,  which  still  exists  among  the  maiHiscriiit.s 
nf  the  lloyal  liihrarv  at  .Madiid,  shows,  hy  its  irregular  and  scarcely  le^inlo 
narii'ters,  ti>e  feehle  staU?  to  which  she  was  then  reduced.'*  She  had  now 
inlju'^ted  all  her  worldly  concerns,  and  she  jin'nared  to  devote  herself,  during 
the  lirief  sjiace  which  remained,  to  those  of  a  liigher  nature.  It  was  hut  tlio 
la>t  act  of  a  life  of  preparation.  She  had  the  misfortune,  conmion  to  persons  •»£ 
her  rank,  to  Ihj  .separated  i;i  her  last  moments  from  those  who.se  filial  lendeine.s.s 
im-lit  have  done  so  nnuh  to  .soften  the  hitterne.ss  of  ih-ath.  IJut  she  had  the 
;;o()d  fortune,  most  rare,  to  have  secured  for  this  trying  hour  tlu'  solace  (»f  dis- 
interested friendslilp  ;  for  she  Indield  arouml  her  the  Iriends  of  her  chddhood, 
fcriiicd  and  proved  m  the  dark  season  of  adversity. 

.Vs  siie  sivw  tliem  Iwithed  in  tears  around  ln'r  l»ed,  she  calmly  said,  "Do  not 
weep  for  me,  nor  waste  your  time  in  fruitless  piayers  for  my  recovery,  l»ut 
I'Pay  rather  for  the  salvation  of  my  soul.'  '^  On  receiving  the  extreme  uncti<  n, 
nIic  refused  to  iiave  her  feet  exposed,  as  was  usual  on  tiiat  occa-^ion  ;  a  circum- 
stance which,  occurrinic  at  a  tniie  when  there  can  he  no  susjticion  of  atlecta 
tinii,  is  often  noticed  hy  Spanish  writers  as  a  proof  of  that  sensitive  delica<'y 
and  decorum  wliich  distinguished  her  through  life.'"  At  length,  having 
received  the  sacraments,  and  jierformed  all  the  otl.ces  of  a  sincere  and  devout 
*  liii>tian,  she  gently  expucd,  a  little  hefore  noon,  on  Wednesday,  Novemher 
'2iitli,  ir)04,  in  the  lifty-fourth  year  of  her  age,  and  thirtieth  of  her  reign. '^ 

"  My  hand,"  says  Peter  MaVtyr,  in  a  letter  written  on  the  same  day  to  the 
arelihi>hop  of  Granada,  "falls  powerless  hy  my  side,  for  very  .sorrow.  'J  he 
world  has  lost  its  nohlest  ornament  ;  a  loss  to  he  deplored  not  only  hy  Spain, 
vliidi  she  lias  .so  long  carried  forward  in  the  career  of  glory,  hut  fiy  every 
iiatimi  in  Christendom  ;  for  she  was  the  mirror  of  every  virtue,  the  shield  of 
the  iiiiiO(;ent,  and  an  avenging  sword  to  the  wuked.  I  know  none  of  h«*r  sex, 
ill  ancient  or  modern  time.s,  vnio  in  my  judgment  i.>»  at  all  worthy  to  l»e  named 
"iili  this  incomnarahle  woman."" 

.\t)  time  was  lost  in  making  preparations  for  transporting  the  queen's  liody 
inieiiilialmed  to  (iriinada,  in  strict  conformity  to  her  orders.  It  was  e.>corted 
hy  a  numerous  corte'ije  of  cavaliers  and  ecclesiastics,  among  wiiom  was  the 
faithful  Martyr.  The  pr  ession  l)egan  its  mournful  march  the  day  following 
lier  death,  talcing  the  rou.e  tlirougli  Arevalo,  Toledo,  and  Jacn.  Scarcely 
hail  it  left  Medina  del  Cainpo  wiien  a  tremendous  tempest  set  in,  which  con- 
tinued with  little  interrunli  u  during  the  whole  journev.     The  roads  were 


upti 

"  Tlio  original  fmlicil  is  still  preserved 
RiiKiii^  tlic  manu.HcriptH  of  the  Royal  Library 
at  Miidrid.  It  is  appended  to  the  queen's 
t- -taiiunt  in  the  works  before  noticed. 

<  l.incncin  has  given  a  fac-simile  of  this 
last  Hijiiiature  of  the  queen,  in  the  Mem.  Je 
la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust.  21. 

"  L.  Marineo,  Cosas  memorables,  fol.  187. 


journey. 

-Garibay,  Compendio,  torn  ii.  lib.  19. cap.  16. 

'"  Ar<?valo,  Hintoria  Puleiitina,  .MS.,  apud 
Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  p.  KA'l.—- 
L.  .Maiiiieo,  CosiiH  nifniorables,  fol.  Iw7. — 
Garibay.  Compendio,  ubi  supra. 

"  Isabella  was  bom  April  '2'Jnd,  145  warn! 
ascended  the  throne  December  I2th,  1474 

'"  Opus  Kpi.-<t.,  eplst.  279. 


518 


ILLNESS  AND  DEATH   OF  LSABELLA. 


ronflorod  nearly  impassable  ;  the  bridfjjes  swept  away,  the  small  streams 
swollen  to  the  size  of  the  Ta^nis,  and  the  level  country  Imried  under  a  delii-e 
of  water.  Neither  sun  nor  stars  were  seen  duiino-  tiieir  whole  |>rogress.  The 
liorses  and  nndes  were  y)orne  down  by  the  torrents,  and  the  riders  in  seveiul 
instaiues  i)erished  with  them.  "  Never,"  exclaims  Martyr,  "did  I  encoiuiicr 
sncli  j.erils  in  the  whole  of  my  hazardous  pilnrimafie  t(»  Kj^ypt."  " 

At  lenj^th.on  the  ISth  of  December,  the  melancholy  and  way-woip  caval'a.': 
reached  tiie  \)h\n'  of  its  destination  ;  and,  amidst  the  wild  strife  of  tiie  ele- 
ments, the  peaceful  remains  of  I.'-abella  were  1«  Vi,  with  simple  solenuiities,  in 
the  Franciscan  Juonasteryof  the  Alhainhra.  Here,  under  the  shadow  of  llin-o 
venerable  Moslem  towers^, and  in  the  heart  of  the  cajjital  which  her  noble  cnn. 
stancy  hrd  recovered  for  her  country,  they  continued  to  repose  till  after  the 
death  of  Ferdinand,  when  they  were  removed  to  l>e  laid  by  his  side  in  the 
stately  mausoleuni  of  the  cathedral  church  of  Granada.*" 

1  shall  defer  the  review  of  Queen  Isabella's  administration  until  it  can  lie 
niade  in  conjunction  with  that  of  Ferdinand's,  and  shall  confme  myself  at 
nresent  to  such  consideratir  .s  on  the  prominent  traits  of  her  character  as 
nave  been  suj^^^ested  }>y  the  preceding  history  of  her  life. 

Her  person,  as  mentioned  in  the  early  j.art  of  the  narrative,  was  of  tlie 
middle  lieiKht,  and  welli)roportioned.  She  had  a  clear,  fresh  comjilexinn, 
with  lij^ht  blue  eyes  and  auburn  hair,-  a  style  of  beauty  excee<lingly  rare  in 
Spain.  Her  features  were  recftd.ar,  and  universally  allowed  tobeunconniionly 
liandsome.^'  The  illusion  wiiich  attaches  to  rank,  more  es()ecially  wheii 
iniited  with  enya^inir  manners,  mijj^ht  lead  us  to  sus)>ect  some  exaggeration  in 
the  encomiums  so  lil)erally  lavished  on  her.  Hut  they  would  seem  to  he  in 
a  great  measiire  justified  by  the  portraits  that  remain  of  her,  which  coniliine 
a  faultle.ss  synnnctry  of  features  with  singular  sweetness  and  intelligence  of 
c  »ression. 

Her  manners  were  most  gracious  and  pleasing.  They  were  marked  hy 
natural  dignity  and  modest  reserve,  tempered  ])y  an  aH'ability  which  flowed 
from  the  Icindliness  of  her  dis])Osition.  She  was  the  last  person  to  be 
ajiproached  with  undue  familiarity  ;  vet  the  respect  which  she  imposed  was 
mingled  with  the  strongest  feelings  oi  devotion  and  love.  She  showed  great 
tact  in  acconunodating  herself  to  the  jieculiar  situation  and  character  of  tho-e 
aromid  her.  Siie  apjieared  in  arms  at  the  head  of  her  troops,  and  shrunk 
from  none  of  the  liardships  of  war.  Durijig  the  reforms  introduced  into  the 
religious  houses,  she  visited  the  nunneries  in  person,  taking  her  needlewni  k 
with  her,  and  passing  the  day  in  the  society  of  the  inmates.  V/hen  travelling 
in  Galicia,  she  attired  herself  in  the  costume  of  the  country,  l)orrowing  fur 
that  purnose  the  jewels  e,nd  other  ornaments  of  the  ladies  there,  and  returniu:; 
them  witn  liberal  additions.**    By  this  condescending  and  captivating  deport- 


'"  Opus  Epist..  opist.  2S0.— The  tpr.t  does 
not  cxa)';i<Tiite  the  laiiguage  of  the  enietle. 

•"'  Hermildcz.    Reyes   C^atolicos,    MS.,   cap. 
20.  Ciiibajal,  Anales,  MS.,  aflo  1504.— (luri 
bay,  Coinpendio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  19,  cap.  16. — 
Zurita,  torn.  v.  lib.  5,  cap.  84.-  Navagiero, 
Viagpio,  fol.  23. 

-'  The  (Uirate  cf  Los  Pal&cios  remarks  of 
her,  "  I'ue  muge/  herniosa,  de  muy  gentil 
cncrpo,  e  pesto,  e  conipotiicion."  {Reyes 
CatoiicoB,  ;\1S.,  cap.  201.)  I'ulgar,  another 
ciiiiteuiporaiy,  eulogizes  "el  inirar  muy  gru- 
cioso,  y  honesto.  las  faccioiies  del  rostro  bien 
piiesta-*,  la  cara  toda  niny  hermosa."  (Ueyes 
C.tollcos,  part.  1,  cap.  4.)    L.  Marineo  says. 


"Todo  lo  que  avia  en  el  rey  de  dignidad,  -e 
hallava  en  la  reyna  de  graciosa  heruKisiiia, 
y  en  entrambos  nc  niostrava  una  maji^tml 
venerable,  aunquc  a  juyzio  de  mnclios  Li 
reyna  era  de  mayor  hermosun."  iC'ii^as 
niemorables,  fol,  182.)  And  Oviedo,  who 
had  likewise  fref|uent  opportunities  of  per- 
Konal  observation,  does  not  iiesitate  to  de- 
clare, "  Kn  herniosura  puestas  ddante  lic 
S.  A.  toda.s  las  uiugeres  que  yo  he  visic. 
ninguiia  vi  tan  graciosa,  ni  tanto  de  ver 
como  su  persona."    Qulncuagenas,  MS. 

'^  .Mem.  de  la   Acad,   de  Hist.,  torn.  vi. 
Ilust.  8. 


HER  CHARACTER. 


517 


iiicnt,  as  well  as  by  her  hifrher  (|iialitios,  she  fjaiiieil  an  a-ccniloiu'y  over  l»cr 
turbulent  subjects  which  no  kinj;  of  Spain  could  ever  Itoast. 

She  spoke  the  ('astilian  with  nuich  eleu'ance  and  conoctucss.  Sho  had  an 
easy  Huency  of  discour.«;e,  which,  thouj,di  yeneraily  of  a  serious  complexion, 
was  o<;ca,sionally  swisoned  with  aj^reeahie  sallies,  souu;  of  which  have  passcvl 
into  proverbs."  Siie  was  temperate  even  to  al)-t«'miousiiess  n»  her  diet, 
seldom  or  never  tastiuj^  wine;**  and  so  frugal  in  her  table,  that  the  daily 
expenses  for  herself  and  family  did  not  exceed  the  moderate  sum  of  forty 
dicAts."  She  was  equally  simple  and  economical  in  her  ajiparel.  On  all 
]iiiblic  occasions,  indeed,  she  displayed  a  royal  nui;j;n i licence ;''  but  she  had 
no  relish  for  it  in  private,  and  she  freely  gave  away  iier  cloihes  *•  and  jewels,'^" 
as  presents  to  her  friends.  Naturally  of  a  sedate  though  cheerful  temper, ^'■' 
she  had  little  taste  for  the  frivolous  anuisements  which  make  up  so  much  of  a 
court  life  ;  and,  if  she  encouraged  the  presence  of  minstrels  and  musicians  in 
licr  palace,  it  was  to  wean  her  young  nobility  from  the  coarser  and  less  intel- 
Ic  tual  pleasures  to  which  they  were  addicted.^" 

Among  her  moral  (jualities,  the  most  cons[)icuous,  perhaps,  was  her  mag- 
nanimity. She  betrayed  nothinu' little  or  seltisli,  in  thought  or  action.  Her 
s iiemes  were  vast,  and  executed  in  the  same  uoi)le  spirit  in  which  they  werj 
conceived.  She  never  employed  doubtful  agents  or  sinister  measures,  but  the 
ino-t  direct  and  open  policy.^'  She  scorned  to  avail  herself  of  advantages 
ollered  by  the  j)erfidy  of  others."  Where  she  had  once  given  her  confidence, 
she  gave  her  hearty  and  steady  support ;  and  she  was  scrupulous  to  redeem 
any  pledge  she  had  made  to  those  who  ventured  in  her  cause,  however  un- 
popular. She  sustained  Ximenes  in  a'l  his  obnoxious  l)ut  salutary  reforms. 
She  seconded  Columbus  in  the  prosecution  of  his  arduous  enterprise,  and 
shielded  him  from  the  calumny  of  his  enemie-;.  She  did  the  same  g(jod  service 
tu  her  favourite,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova;  and  the  day  of  her  death  was  felt, 
iuid,  as  it  proved,  truly  felt,  by  botii,  as  the  last  of  their  good  fortune.^* 


"  Mem.  de  la  Acad  ie  Hist.,  torn.  vi. 
Ilust.  8. 

•'  L.  Marineo,  C'osa.s  nifiuorables,  fol.  182. 
— I'ulu'ar,  lleyes  Catolicuw,  part.  I,  cap.  4. 

'    Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  iiist.,  Um\.  vi.  p 

'"  Such  occa.sion8  have  rar.'*  charms,  of 
course,  fur  the  gossiping  chruiiiclers  o(  the 
I"'!  IimI.  See,  among  oi  her^,  tlie  gurgeuus  cere- 
iii'inial  of  the  biptism  ami  presentation  of 
I'liiKO  John  at  Seville,  147s,  as  related  by 
III'-  ^'(iod  Curate  of  Los  I'alacios.  (Keyes 
Ciitoiicos,  .MS.,  cap.  3'i,  33.)  "Isabella  was 
Ptirroinuled  and  served,"  says  I'lilfjnr,  "  by 
praiidees  aad  iords  of  tlie  hinliest  rank,  S() 
tiiat  it  was  said  she  maintained  too  trreat 
I>''nip;  p)mpa  deniasiada."  Reyes  Catolicos, 
part.  1,  c.ip.  4. 

•'  Florez  (piotes  a  passage  from  an  original 
Ictlcr  of  the  queen,  written  soon  at'icr  one  of 
li'T  progresses  into  (iaiicia,  showini^  iier  ha- 
I'itual  liberality  it)  this  way  :  "  Dec  id  a  dofla 
I.iiisa,  que  portjue  vengo  de  Galicia  desedia 
d"  vestidus,  no  le  envio  jiara  su  herm  ma ; 
<iue  no  tengo  agora  cosa  buena;  mas  yo  le 
1"."  enviare  presto  buenos."  Ueynas  Cathdll- 
ea.s,  torn  ii.  p.  839. 

'"  S;e  the  magnificent  inventory  presented 
to  her  daugliter-in-law,  Margaret  of  Aii>tria, 
uid  to  her  daughter  Mario,  quec-ii  of  IVrtug.il, 


apud  Mem.  de  la  Acid,  de  Hist ,  tom.  vl. 
llnst.  12 

'  "  Alegre,"  says  the  author  of  the  "Carro 
de  la«  Dofias,"  de  una  aiegria  honesta  v  mui 
mesiirada."  .Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist., 
tom.  \  i.  p   558. 

"  Among  the  retainers  of  the  court,  lier- 
naldez  notices  *'  la  moltitud  de  {Kx-tas,  de 
trohadores,  e  milisicos de  todas  partes."  Ueyes 
Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  '2UI. 

■'  "  mueria  que  sus  cartas  ^  mandamientos 
fueseu  coiiiplidos  con  diligencia."  I'ulgar, 
Reyes  Catolicos,  part.  1,  cap.  4. 

■■•  See  n  remarkalile  instance  of  this,  iti  her 
treat'iieut  of  the  faitliiess  .Juan  de  Corral, 
noticed  in  I'art  i.  chapter  10,  of  this  His- 
tory. 

■■'  The  melancholy  tone  of  Columbus's  cor- 
respoiidenee  after  the  queen's  deitli  shows 
too  well  the  colour  of  his  fortunes  and  fe.-l- 
ings.  (Navarrete,  Coteccion  de  Viagi-^,  t(<iu. 
i.  pp.  311  et  seq  )  The  sentiments  td"  the 
(Jreat  Captain  were  siill  more  unef|uivc>caliy 
e.\pre«;-e(i,  aceo'dlng  to  (Jiovio  :  "  Nee  m'.'ltis 
iiid.'  dielms  llegina  fato  ccinces«it,  incr-'dih  i, 
cum  liiilore  atque  jactura  Con-'alvi  ;  tiatii  ah 
ea  tan()uam  iilumnu-,  ae  in  eju«  regia  eilu'.i- 
tus,  ciiMcta  ijUf  e.xoptari  po-jsent  virtnti-  et 
d  giiifatis  incremeiita  ademptum  fiiiss"  fate- 
batur,  regti  ipso  quanquam   miuuH   beuiguu 


618 


ILLNESS  ANL  DEATH   OF   LSABELLA. 


Artific  iiul  (liii)!icitv  were  so  al)]iorreiit  to  her  ch.iractoj,  and  so  averse  from 
her  doih  stic  policy,  that  when  t!'ey  apjK'ar  in  the  foreiuMi  relations  of  Spain 
it  is  certft.nly  not  im])ntal)le  to  her.  She  was  incapable  of  harhourinji  any 
petty  (listrMst  or  latent  malice  ;  and,  althou^^h  stern  in  the  execution  anil 
exaction  of  Ttvihlic  justice,  she  made  the  most  tjenerou-;  allowance,  and  even 
sometimes  advances,  to  those  who  had  personally  injured  her  " 

Hut  the  i)rinciple  which  ^ave  a  i)ec\iliar  oolouriui?  to  every  featiu'e  ot  Isa- 
bella's min(l  was  i)iety.  It  shone  forth  from  the  very  depths  of  her  soul  with 
a  heavenly  ra<liance  which  illuminated  her  whole  character.  Fortunately,  her 
earliest  yea,rs  had  been  passed  ir.  the  rusjjjjed  school  of  adversity,  under  the  eye 
of  a  mother  who  implanted  in  her  serious  mind  such  stroufj;  ])riiicipl('s  of 
relii^don  as  nothinii:  in  after-life  had  power  to  shake.  At  an  early  aire,  in  the 
Hower  of  youth  and  beauty,  she  was  introduced  to  her  brother's  court ;  Imt 
its  blandishments,  so  da/,zi!n,i^  to  ayouny:  imai^i nation,  had  no  power  over  hers; 
for  she  was  surrounded  by  a  moral  atmosi)here  of  purity, 

"  DrivinR  far  offoach  thing  of  sin  and  guilt  '*" 

Such  was  the  decorum  of  her  manners,  that,  though  encompassed  by  fa!<e 
friends  and  open  enemies,  not  the  slightest  rej)roach  was  breathed  on  her  fair 
name  in  this  corrupt  and  calumnious  court. 

She  }j:ave  a  liberal  jtortion  of  her  time  to  private  devotions,  as  well  as  to  the 
public  exercises  of  reli^non."*  She  expended  larj^e  sums  in  useful  chanties 
especially  in  the  erection  of  hospitals  and  churclies,  and  the  more  douiitfiil 
cnilowments  of  monasteries.^'  Her  piety  was  strikin,Li;Iy  exhibited  in  that 
nnfeii^ned  humility  which,  althouiih  the  very  essence  of  our  faith,  is  so  rarely 
fomwl ;  and  n)ost  rarely  in  those  whose  great  powers  and  exalted  stations  see;ii 
to  raise  them  above  the  level  of  ordinary  mortals.  A  remarkab'e  illustration 
of  this  is  attorded  in  the  ([iieen's  correspondence  with  Talavera,  in  wliii  h  her 
meek  and  <locile  spirit  is  strikintjly  contrasted  with  the  Puritanical  intolerance 
of  her  confessor.'*    Yet  Talavera,  as  we  have  seen,  was  sincere  and  benevolent 


puraniquo  liborali  nunquam  roginnp  voluntati 
roluclari  aa^o.  lii  vero  pnvclare  tan(iuaui 
vtrisstiituin  apparuit  elata  rcgina."  VitiU 
II lust.  Virorum,  p.  '27.'». 

■"  The  rcatler  may  recall  a  striking  pxampl*^ 
of  thi«,  in  the  early  part  of  h(>r  reign,  in  Iw  r 
griat  tenderness  and  forbi-arance  ti. wards  the 
liuiiKiurs  of  Carlllo,  archbishop  of  Toledo,  her 
quindiin  friend,  but  then  her  mo>t  implacahle 
foe. 

'''  Isabella  at  her  brother's  court  might 
w  11  have  sat  for  the  whole  of  Milton's  beau- 
tiful portraiture  : 

"  So  dear  to  heaven  is  saintly  chastity, 
T!)at,  when  a  soul  is  found  sincerely  so, 
A  thousand  livi  ried  angels  luckey  her. 
Driving  far  off  each  tiling  of  sin  and  guilt, 
And  in  dear  dream  and  solemn  vision. 
Tell   her  of  things  that  no  gros^  ear  can 

hear, 
Till  oft  converse  with  heavenly  habitants 
H'ginto  cast  a  beam  on  the  outward  flliape. 
The  U'lpolluted  temple  of  the  mind. 
And    turns    it    by   degrees    to    the   oi^ul's 

essence. 
Till  all  be  made  immortal." 

"  "  Era  fanto,"  says  L.  Marineo,  "el  ardor 
y  diligencia  que  tenia  cerca  el  cuitu  diviuo. 


que  aunque  de  dia  y  de  noche  estava  rrniy 
ocupada  en  grandes  y  arduos  negocios  lie  U 
giivernaciiin  de  muchos  reynos  y  sefmrins, 
parescia  que  .•>■«  vide  era  mas  contemjilitiia 
<liie  artivn.  I'ortjue  sicinpre  se  hallava  prp- 
pente  a  los  divinos  oticios  y  a  la  palahia  di' 
Dios.  Era  tanta  su  atencion  que  si  al(.'iiiio 
de  los  (pie  celebravan  ocantavan  los  psalrim:). 
o  otras  cosas  de  la  yulesia  errava  alfruiia 
dicion  o  syllaba,  lo  sintia  y  lo  notava,  y  d?- 
pues  como  maestro  a  discipulo  se  lo  ennii- 
dava  y  corregia.  Acostumhrava  cada  lii.t 
dezir  todas  las  horas  can6ni<as  ()enia«  ii>> 
otras  rauchas  votivas  y  extraordinarias  ilcv.p- 
ciones  que  tenia."  Cosas  memorables,  lol. 
183. 

•"  Pulgar,  Reyes  Cat61icos,  part,  l.cap.  4. 
— Lncio  .Alarineo  enumerates  many  of  tb""' 
flplendid  charities.  (Cosas  uienioraMi's,  fi'i. 
16,'>.)  .See  also  the  notices  scattereil  over  the 
Itinerary  (Viaggio  in  Si)ag:ia)  of  Nivatii' T". 
who  travelled  through  the  country  a  I' w 
years  after. 

"  The  archbishop's  letters  are  little  b<  ttor 
than  a  homily  oii  the  sins  of  dancing,  fi  us'- 
ing,  dressing,  and  the  like,  garnished  wi'li 
8crii)tura'  allusions,  and  conveyed  in  a  to!i'' 
of  sour  rebuke  that  would  have  dune  credit 
to  the  mo.it  conting  Roundhead    iu  Oliv'-r 


II KR  CHARACTKR. 


519 


aitli,  is  so  raic'v 


at  heart,  riifortimat^'ly,  the  royal  conscience  was  at  time-;  coniinittod  to  very 
(iiiitMcnt  keiipiii^f ;  and  liiat  hiiinility  which,  as  we  have  re|ieatc(liy  had  (»rca 
sjdii  to  noti(;e,  uuuU  her  tiefer  so  reverentially  to  her  ghostly  auvi.-er<,  lei, 
miller  the  fanatic  Tonjueniada,  the  ctjnfessor  of  iicr  early  yonth,  to  tlmsc  dccii 
l.li'iiiishes  on  her  administration,  tiio  establishment  of  the  Intiui.sition  and  the 
e.\iie  of  the  .Jews. 

IJiit,  thoii,i;ii  hiemi.sluis  of  the  deepest  dye  on  her  admini.stration,  they  nre 
(titainly  not  to  l>e  re^^arded  as  snch  on  her  moral  charact^M'.  It  will  he  diih- 
niit  to  condemn  her,  indeed,  withont  condenniini^  the  a^e  ;  for  tliese  very  act-; 
f.!v  not  oidy  excnst'd,  but  extolled  by  iier  cf)ntcni|oraries,  as  consiitntinj;  her 
stninxest  Ciaims  to  renown,  and  to  the  "gratitude  of  her  conntry.^"  They  pro- 
(■(■(•lied  froni  the  principle,  oncnly  avowed  l>y  the  court  of  Honus  that  /eal  lor 
tlie  purity  of  the  faith  conid  atone  fui'  (ncry  ciime.  This  innnoral  nia.vin  , 
tli'uiu^  from  the  head  of  the  church,  was  echoed  in  a  tliousa?id  diU'eientforn  s 
ly  the  snbordinate  cler;,'y,  and  ^'reedily  n^rived  by  a  snnerstitious  peimle.'"' 
It  was  not  to  1k^  e.xpected  that  a  soliuiiy  woman,  tilled  witli  iiatnral  diirMience 
(if  her  own  capacity  on  such  subjects,  should  army  heiself  apiinst  tho-e  vene- 
rated counsellors  whom  she  had  been  tauyht  from  her  cradle  to  look  to  as  the 
;:iii(Ies  and  guardians  of  her  conscience. 

However  mischievous  the  operations  of  the  Incpiisition  may  have  been  in 
Spam,  its  establishment,  in  point  of  principle,  was  MOt  worse  than  many  other 
iiica-ures  which  have  passed  with  far  less  censure,  though  in  a  much  mosc 
a<l\anced  and  civilized  age.*'  Wheie,  indeed,  dnring  the  sixteenth  and  the 
j:reater  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was  the  principle  of  p<'rse(,iition 
uliani'.oned  by  the  dominant  Jiarty,  whetlier  (-'ati)t)lic  or  Protectant?  And 
Avhere  that  of  toleration  asserted,  e.xcej)t  ])y  tlu^  weaker  ^  It  is  tine,  to  borrow 
l.-abellas  own  expres  ion  \u  her  letter  to  Ta'avera,  the  j.revalence  of  a  bad 
ciistom  cannot  constitute  its  apology.  Jiut  it  should  >erve  nmch  to  mitigate 
our  condenuiation  of  the  tpieen,  t^iat  she  fell  into  no  greater  error,  in  the 
iiiiperfect  light  in  wliich  she  lived,  than  was  common  to  the  grwitest  minds  in 
a  Liter  and  far  riper  period,  "•* 


('idtnwfU's  court.  Tlie  qnoon,  far  from 
t^ikiii^i  e.xceptjon  at  it.  viiidi(at»'s  li<  rsolf  fruiu 
thi'  >;rave  imputations  witli  ii  (ii'j^rcc  of 
(•:inii'stiii'8s  and  siiniilitity  wliii.li  amy  )iro- 
vokc  a  smile  in  tiie  rcailtT.  "I  ai.i  auarc." 
slic  concludes,  "  that  custom  eannot  Uiakc  an 
adioa,  bail  in  itself,  good;  but  1  \\isli  your 
opinion  whether,  under  all  the  ein  uuist;inees. 
tiii'se  c:in  l>e  eoMsidered  had  ;  that,  if  so,  th'  y 
ui.iy  he  disooniinued  in  future."  See  this 
euridus  correnpondence  in  Mem.  de  la,  Ac  id. 
do  Hist.,  turn.  vi.  llust.  l.» 

•*"  Such  encomiums  become  f^till  more 
striking;  in  writers  of  sound  and  expansive 
vi'ws  like  Zurita  and  Klancas,  v  ho,  alihuuuh 
lloiiri-iliing  in  a  better  instructed  ap',  do  not 
8  niple  to  pronounce  the  Inquisition  "th' 
g' 'Blest  evidence  of  lier  prudence  and  piety, 
whose  muommoii  utility  not  onlj'  Spain,  but 
all  Christendom,  treely  acknowletljred " ! 
i'laiicds,  Commentarii.  p.  2ii\i.  —  Zuiita, 
Aiiales,  torn.  V    lib,  1,  cap.  0. 

""  Si.>mou<li  displays  the  ini^ehievouH  in- 
fluence of  these  theolo(];ical  dogmas  in  Italy, 
a-<  Well  as  Spain,  under  "the  pon*iti<ate  of 
Alexander  VI.  and  his  imuieiliaie  preije- 
cessur-,  in  the  !ii»th  chapt'  r  of  his  elo(|ui  nt 
ftud  philosophical  "  Hisloire  des  Uepubliques 


Italiennes." 

"  I  burrow  almostthe  words  of  Mr.  ILallam, 
who,  TioticiiiK  the  penal  statutes  anaiii'st 
Catlmlii  s  under  Kli/.abeth,  says,  "Thej-  estab- 
lished a  persecution  wliicli  fell  not  at  all 
8h<irt  in  j)rinciple  of  that  lor  wliich  the  In- 
()uisiiiiiii  had  become  so  odious."  (Constitu- 
tional  History  of  Kn^land  (I'aris,  Is-^jV),  vol. 
1  ch,.p.  H.)  Even  Lord  Hurh-i^Ji,  cnnimentiiiK 
on  the  mode  of  examination  adojjted  in  cer- 
tain cases  by  the  Hijih  Commis-iDii  court, 
does  not  hesitiite  to  say,  the  interrogatories 
w(  re  "  .^o  (  nriously  penned.  -,,  full  ol  brain  Ims 
and  cir(  um^taiiccs,  as  he  thought  the  ii)(|ui- 
Hiiors  of  Spain  used  not  so  nianv  questions  to 
comprehend  and  to  tr.ip  their  preys."  Ibid., 
chiip.  l. 

'■■'  Kv<'n  Milton,  in  his  essay  on  the"Lib'r'y 
of  rnlicensed  rrintint:,"  tlie  m<ist  sptetidid 
urfZuniei.t,  i>i  rliMps,  ibi-  woild  had  then  wit- 
nessed in  l)elialf  of  iutellectUiil  lilMTty,  would 
excluile  Pojierx'  fiotn  the  bepefis  of  tolera- 
tion, as  a  relijiioii  which  the  jiublic  ^oixl 
rer|uired  at  all  events  to  be  extir|iated.  Such 
were  the  crude  views  of  the  ri^'tlt>  of  con- 
pcience  <'ntertained,  in  the  latter  h:ilf  of  th»' 
peventeeiith  n-ntury,  by  one  of  those  giOed 
miudu  \>huse  extraordiuary  elevation  enabled 


o20 


ILLNESS  AND  DEATH  OF   ISABELLA. 


iKaboIla's  actions,  indeed,  wore  liabituallv  }iu  e. 


on  priiiciiile.     Whatover 


I  i>ni 

ISlV  Si 


I  , 


errors  of  jii(lj,nnent  l)e  iii)i)iit(Hl  to  her,  she  nio;t  anxiously  sou^^ht  in  all  .■•itiia- 
tions  to  discern  and  discliar^^e  her  duty.  Faithful  in  the  di-]iensati()ii  <if 
Justi'e,  no  bribe  ^vas  lar^^e  eiiou<;li  to  ward  ofl'tlie  execution  of  the  law."  No 
motive,  not  even  conjugal  atl'ection,  could  induce  her  to  make  an  inisuitaMc 
apiMjintinent  to  i)ulilic  oliice.^*  No  reverence  for  the  ministers  of  reli^^iun 
could  lead  her  to  wink  at  their  misconduct;*'  nor  could  the  deference  .■■lu' 
entertained  for  the  head  of  the  church  allow  her  to  tolerate  his  encrc)a('luiitii! , 
on  the  rights  of  her  crown.'"'  She  seemed  to  con:-ider  herself  e-jiecially  Imihh  1 
to  preserve  entire  the  i)ecn!iar  claims  and  j)rivil(>ges  of  Castile,  after  its  unioii 
under  the  same  sovereign  with  Aragon."  And  aithough,  "  while  her  own  wjil 
Mas  law,"  siiys  Peter  Martyr,  "she  governed  in  such  a  maimer  that  it  luigjit 
ajijiear  the  joint  action  of  both  Ferdinand  and  herself,"  yet  !-h(^  was  caiffnl 
never  to  surrender  into  his  liands  one  of  those  prerogatives  wliich  belonged  h> 
lier  as  (lueen  projjrietor  of  the  kingdom.'"' 

IsalH-lla's  measures  were  characleiized  by  that  practical  good  sense  without 
uliich  the  most  brilliant  parts  may  work  more  to  tlie  woe  than  to  the  weal    i 
mankind.     Though  engaged  all  her  life  in  reforms,  she  had  none  of  the  tail 
ings  so  common  in  reformers.     Her  plans,  though  vast,  were  never  visionary. 
The  best  proof  of  this  is,  that  she  lived  to  see  most  of  them  realized. 

She  was  (piick  to  discern  objects  of  real  utility.  She  sasv  the  importaix  •  of 
the  new  discovery  of  printing,  and  liberally  patronized  it,  from  the  first  moiiic'  t 
it  ai>])eared.'"*  She  had  none  of  the  exclusive,  local  prejudices  too  romi!!- 1: 
with  her  countrymen.  She  drew  talent  from  the  most  remote  quarter-  to  !■  •' 
dominions,  by  numificent  rewards.  She  iinjiorted  foreign  artisans  for  h»r 
manufactures,  foreign  engineers  and  ofhcers  for  the  discinline  of  h^r  nrniy, 
and  foreign  scholars  to  inilnic  her  martial  subjects  witli  more  cnliivUnl 
tastes.  She  consulted  the  useful,  in  all  her  subordinate  rfgrilations ;  '  her 
.sumi)tuary  laws,  for  instance,  directed  against  tlie  fashionable  extrnvn;^  ■  ^^s 
of  dress,  and  the  ruinous  ostentation  so  much  atl'ected  by  th.  ''...-tiliaos  'i 
their  weddings  and  funerals.*"    Lastly,  she  showed  the  sai'^c  peispicacuy  m 


It  to  catch  atid  reflect  back  the  coming  light 
of  kiiovvle(i(?c,  lotig  before  i*,  had  fallen  on 
the  rest  of  mankind. 

■■•'  The  most  remarkable  example  of  thi  , 
perliaps,  occurred  in  the  ca>e  of  tlie  wealth_y 
(ialician  kiiipht,  Yaflez  de  Lugo,  who  endea- 
voured to  jjurchase  a  panlon  of  tlie  queen  by 
the  eiiormmis  bril)e  of  -icooo  doblas  of  gold. 
The  attempt  failed,  though  warmly  supported 
by  some  of  the  royal  cnuiisellors.  The  story 
i.s  well  vouched.  I'ulgar,  Kej'e.s  Catolicos, 
part.  2,  caj).  97. — L.  Marineo,  t-'osas  memo- 
rabies,  fol.  180. 

*'  The  reader  may  recollect  a  pertinent  il- 
Iti'tratiiin  of  this,  on  theoccasion  of  Ximenes's 
ui'pointmeiit  to  the  primacy.  See  Part.  II. 
chapter  5,  of  this  History. 

'    See,   among    oilier    instances,    her    ex 
pri|l,'.ry  chi-.sti.sement  of  the  ecclesiastics  of 
'iiUill.,     V-.-A.  I.  chapter   12,  of  this   His- 
tory. 

'"  Ibid.,  I  art  I.  cuajitei  6,  Part  II.  -hapter 
10,  et  alioi.  Indeed,  this  indcpendi  iit  atti- 
ti:de  \<a".  -Isovvri,  AS  I  liave  more  tlian  once 
'lal  <.K.'MtJi'»i.  to  1 1'  lice,  not  merely  in  -uield- 
i;*,":  UiH  r.'ut»  •*''  h.r  own  ;ro\vn,  iiut  in  th^ 
bold  if  />!iion^Uaiices  ajr.ainst  the  corrupt 
pract)03B  and  yi  rjonal  immorality  of  tho^e 


»'ii'  flUed    the   chair   of    St.    Jhc-^er  at  this 
periiid, 

''  'ih('  pnbli  acts  of  this  reign  afterrt  ro- 
pefifei]  evKi.-i»(  of  the  pertinac  ity  w'tli  .-,hi<li 
Isau"  !'!>  '•  :.:<?'-a  on  reserving  the  l.enetiis  if 
the  Mooiish  conrjuests  and  the  Anieri'.m 
discoveries  for  her  own  subjects  of  (.'astil--. 
by  whom  ami  for  whom  tliey  liad  bet  n  niaiiil; 
achieved.  The  same  thing  is  reiterated  in 
the  most  eojthatic  manner  in  her  testunieiit. 

■""  Opus  Kpist.,  ejiist.  31. 

*"  Mem.  de  la    Acad,  de    Hit^t.,  torn,   vi 
p.  49. 

"  The  preamble  of  one  of  her  pragmdtuas 
against  this  lavisli  exjienditure  at  fine  raN 
contains  some  reflections  worth  r;uotiii^;  I'  r 
the  evidence  they  aff^Td  of  her  practical  p^^i 
Fcnso  :  "  Nos  deseando  proveer  e  remcdiar  h1 
tal  gasto  sin  provecho,  e  consideraiuid  que 
esto  no  reduntla  en  su*"iacio  e  alivio  ile  las 
animas  de  los  defuntos,"  etc.  "Pore  los 
Catiilicos  ("luistianos  que  creemos  (jue  liai 
«)tra  vida  despues  de.^ti,  diinde  la>  aiiiiiii- 
esperan  tolg.m/.a  c  vida  penlural>le,  d<i'a 
hdhcnios  dt'  rurar  e  prociirar  de  In  tjavdr  /'"■ 
obiiU  iiieii'iirias. '  tin  jntr  cosas  tra)'!'itori'i.< 
e  ninas  roini)  son  los  liil<:s  e  {/astos  eo'teshvi." 
Mem.  de  la  Acad.  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi.  p.  318. 


HER  CHARACTER. 


521 


rijile.     Whatpvpr 


:c  perspicacity  in 

if    St.    Po«cr  at  tills 


the  selection  of  her  ai,'onts  ;  well  knowing  that  the  best  meivsures  become  bad 
in  inconii  eteiit  hands. 

Hut,  altbongli  the  skilful  selection  of  her  aixents  was  an  obvious  cause  of 
Isabella's  success,  yet  another,  even  more  important,  is  to  l)e  found  in  her  own 
\jgilaiKe  and  untiring  exertions.  During  the  first  busy  and  liu>tling  year-; 
(if  her  reign,  these  exertions  were  of  incredii)le  magnitude.  She  wa^  ahunst 
iil'.vays  in  the  saddle,  for  she  made  all  her  jouincys  on  horseiiack  ;  and  ^lle 
travelled  with  a  rapidity  which  made  ner  always  pre>ent  on  the  spot  where 
her  presen^^e  was  needed.  She  was  never  intimidated  by  the  weather,  or  the 
state  of  her  own  health  ;  and  this  reckless  expo.^ure  undoubtedly  coutributeil 
iiiiKli  to  imiiair  her  excellent  constitution.*' 

She  was  eiiually  indefatigable  in  her  mental  ap])Iication.  After  assiduous 
attentii'ii  to  Imsiness  througii  the  day,  she  was  often  known  to  sit  up  all  night 
dictating  deijjatches  to  her  secretaries.*'^  In  the  mid>tof  these  overwiielming 
(ares,  she  found  time  to  supply  the  defects  of  early  education  by  learning 
batiu,  so  as  to  understand  it  without  dilHculty,  whether  written  or  s[ioken, 
and  indcfMl,  in  the  o]iinion  of  a  comi>etent  judge,  to  attain  a  critical  accura<'y 
in  it.**  As  she  had  little  turn  for  light  anmsements,  she  sought  relief  fnjin 
graver  cares  by  some  useful  occupation  appropriate  to  her  sex  ;  ai  -1  she  lett 
ample  evidence  of  her  skill  in  this  way,  in  the  rich  specimens  of  emliroidery, 
wrought  with  her  own  fair  hands,  with  which  she  decorated  the  <  hurches. 
She  was  careful  to  instruct  her  daughters  in  these  more  humble  departments 
•if  domestic  duty;  for  she  thought  nothing  too  humble  to  learti  which  was 
useful.** 

With  all  her  high  (lualifications,  Isal)ella  would  have  been  still  une([ual  to 
the  achievement  of  her  grand  designs,  without  possessing  a  ilegrecof  fortitude 
nue  in  either  sex;  not  the  courage  which  implies  tontempt  of  personal 
danger, —though  of  this  she  had  a  larger  share  than  falls  to  most  men  .*^  nor 
that  which  supi)orts  its  possessor  under  the  e.\tremitie.^  ul  bodily  pain,  -  though 
of  this  she  gave  ample  evidence,  since  she  endured  the  greatest  suttering  her 
sex  is  called  to  be^ir,  without  a  groan  ;  *"  l)Ut  that  moral  courage  which  su.^tains 
the  spirit  m  the  dark  hour  of  adversity,  and,  gathering  ligiit  from  within  to 
di-pel  the  darkness,  imparts  its  own  cheering  intliience  to  a!l  around.  This 
was  shown  remarkably  m  the  stormy  season  which  lushered  in  her  accession 


'■"'  Hor  pxposurp  in  thifi  way  on  ono  occa- 
sion broufflit  on  a  niis'-ariiaK*»  According  to 
(iiiniiz  indeed,  .si;"  tinaUy  diod  of  a  painful 
iiiti  riial  diMordiT  occa.«iorifd  l>y  her  lon;^  and 
l;ilH)ri(iim  journeys.  (I)e  l{el)us  H''*^tis,  fol 
47)  (iiovio  adopts  tlie  same  account.  (Vita.' 
lilunt.  Vironnn,  p.  2T^>.)  'I'iie  autli<irities  are 
jfoiid,  certainly,  hut  Martyr,  who  wa.s  m  the 
jiiliue,  with  every  o|-pori unity  of  correct 
iiif.iniiation,  and  with  no  reason  for  conceal- 
iiiiMitot  liie  tr!ith,  in  ids  priva'e  corre-^pon- 
lii-Mi-r  witli  'I'endiila  and  I'alavi'ra,  makes  no 
ulliwion  wliatever  to  sucli  a  comphiiiit,  in  his 
i-iixuiiistantiiil  account  of  tlie  (luten's  illiu'sa. 

"  Kerreias,  Hist  d'Espagne,  torn.  vii.  p 
411.~  .Mpuj.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vi. 
p.  'Jit 

'  L.  .Marmeo,  Cosas  memorables.  fol.  1h2. 
— "  Troriunciaha  con  prinior  el  latin,  y  i-ra 
tan  lialiil  en  la  prosotUa.  nue  si  errahan  alfiun 
aci-ritn,  luego  'e  corregia  "  Idem,  apud  Florez, 
R'  viias  CatliolicaH,  torn   ii  7).  x'M. 

'  If  we  are   to   believe    Florez,  tlie    kin(? 
\^  ore  no  shirt  but  of  the  (jueeu's  making . 


"  I'reciubase  de  no  haverse  puesto  su  mari<lo 
camisa,  que  el  la  no  Inivic-'se  hila<lo  -iido." 
Cl!eyna.H  Cathi'ilica.s,  torn.  ii.  p.  h's.  l\  this 
i)e  taken  literallv,  his  wardrobe.  idirin^? 

tiie  luiiltitude  of  her  avocationn,  .st  have 
been  iiidillerently  furid-hed. 

.Amoiij.?  many  evidences  o!  iliig,  wiiat 
other  need  '~e  given  than  her  co  ict  at  the 
f.miou-'  riot  at  Segovia .'  I'art  I  uapter  U,  of 
this  History. 

■  I'ulf-'ar,  Ilt'yes  I'atAlico-  •  1,  cap  4. 
— "  No  lur  la  lii'yn.i,"  says  u  irineo,  "ile 
aiiim.i  ineiios  fuerte  para  si. .111  lo-;  dolores 
corporales,  I'ortpie  coino  yo  fiiy  informailo 
de  las  dill  naH  nue  le  servi  m  en  la  caniaia.  iii 
en  los  doliircs  (|ue  padescia  de  vus  enfirmi 
d.idfs,  ni  en  los  del  parto  (ipii  ts  cosa  do 
prande  admira  ionl  le.inca  la  virroii  ((ue.\Hrs<- ; 
antis  Coll  iiicii-ylile  y  uiaravillo-.a  foitalcza 
los  sufl  la  y  di>simui.iva  "  vOosan  memora- 
bles,  fol.  ihC.)  'Jo  the  same  effect  writ's 
tlie  anonymous  author  of  the  '<'  rro  de  las 
I)<ina.s"  apud  Mem.  de  la  Acad  lie  ili&t.,tum. 
vi.  p  509 


522 


ILLNESS  AND  DEATH  OF  L'^ABELLA. 


as  well  us  tlinm^fli  tlie  wlio'o  of  tlio  .Moorish  war.  It  was  hor  voico  that 
(l('ci(l(Hl  never  to  aliiuidoii  Alliaiiia."  Her  remonstraneps  roiiipelled  the  k:iii: 
and  nohh's  to  return  to  the  field,  when  they  liad  (|uitt<'d  it  after  an  inetl'ectn.il 
ean)jiai;;n.  As  di)n;x«'rs  and  dithculties  mnltiphetl,  she  nniltiphed  resourcts 
to  nic«;t  them  ;  and,  wlien  her  soldiers  lay  drooj)ni,i,'  unik'r  the  evils  of  some 
irotracted  sie^e,  .she  apiteared  in  the  midst,  mounted  on  her  warhorse,  witli 
ler  delicate  liml)s  cased  in  knightly  mail,*"  and,  ridin;^  through  their  rank. 
ireatheil  new  coura;^^'  into  theii-  hearts  hy  Ikm'  own  intrepid  hearini;.  To  In  r 
])ersonal  eH'orts,  imleed,  as  well  as  counsels,  the  success  of  this  ulorious  \\;ir 
may  ])e  mainly  imput'MJ ;  and  the  unsuspicious  testimony  of  the  Venetian 
minister,  Nava;;iero,  a  few  years  later,  shows  that  tlie  nation  so  considere'l  it. 
"  (^ueen  Isahel,'  says  he,  "  l»y  her  sin^^ular  ^^enius,  masculine  strenuth  df 
mind,  and  other  virtues  most  unusual  in  our  own  sex  as  well  as  hers,  was  uni 
merely  of  ^n'eat  assistance  in,  hut  tla^  chief  cause  of,  the  coiuinest  of  <Jraii;iila 
She  was,  indeed,  a  most  rare  and  virtuous  lady,  one  of  whom  tlie  Sjianiards  talk 
far  more  than  of  the  kiiiij,  sagacious  as  lie  was  and  uncommon  for  his  time. "" 
Ha]ipily,  these  masculine  (pialities  in  Isahella  ihd  not  extin^^uish  the  softer 
oneswhicii  constitute  the  charm  of  her  sex.  Her  heart  overtlowed  with  attcc 
tionatc  sensihility  to  her  family  and  friends.  She  watched  over  the  declining: 
davs  of  her  a^^ed  motlier,  and  ministered  to  her  «id  infirmities  with  all  tin' 
delicacy  of  hlial  t<  nderness,'''*  We  have  seen  al»undant  jjioofs  iiow  fondlvanl 
faitiifully  she  loved  her  hushand  to  the  last,*"  tho',i;^di  this  lo\e  was  not  always 
a^  faithtully  reiiuited.*^^  For  iier  children  she  lived  more  tlian  ff»r  lieiself ;  ami 
for  tliem  too  she  died,  for  it  was  their  loss  and  their  atTlictii)ns  which  froze  tin' 
ciirrent  of  her  hlood  hefo  e  a»:e  had  time  to  chill  it.  Her  exa'ted  state  did  imt 
remove  her  above  the  sympathies  of  friendship."    With  her  friends  she  lorM 


■'"  "  Era  firme  en  sus  propn.'iitos,  de  Ids 
quiiles  se  rotraki  con  f;ran  ^.iticultad."  I'ul- 
gar,  lU'.ves  Catolicos,  part.  1,  <'a|)  4. 

"■"  Tlif  read,  r  may  v-lrcsh  liis  rocoDo.-tiDii 
of  Tasso's  grawl'ul  skptch  of  Krniinia  in 
sinular  warlike  panoply  ■ 

"CV)1  dnrissinio  acoiar  proine  ed  ofTende 
11  delieato  collo  e  1'  aiirea  i'hi"ina; 
E  l:i  tpiiora  man  lo  scudo  prl^ 'H' 
i'ur  Iroppo  prav;'  o  ins()i)portal)ii  soma 
Cosi  tutta  di  ferro  intonio  sjilende, 
E  in  atto  nulit.ir  we  stessa  donia." 

Gerusalemnn'  IJlxT^ita, 

caUvO  6,  stan/.a  92 

''■*  Viaggio,  fol.  2'r. 

'"'  \N'e  iind  one  of  the  first  articles  In  tlie 
marriage  treatj'  with  Kerdiiiand  riijoiniiig 
liini  to  clierif^h  and  treat  hrr  motiier  wiiii  all 
reverence,  and  'm  proNide  RUita'>ly  for  Iht 
roval  maintenance.  (Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de 
in«t  ,  tom  vi,  Apend  no.  \.)  The  author  of 
the  "C:ino  di'  las  Donas"  thus  notices  her 
tender  tjevotedne-s  to  her  parent  at  a  hiter 
I)priod'  "Y  e.-to  me  dijo  quicn  lo  vido  por  sus 
P'oprios  (jos.  (pie  la  I'eyiia  Dona  Isalicl, 
nnes(:a  8(  fiora,  ciuwido  estalia  mIH  c\\  -Xrevalo 
visiiando  a  sn  madr^,  ell.i  niisuui  por  sn  ]>er- 
BoiiA  ser'ia  a  ■^u  niisiua  m.id;i'  E  .i(]uitomt'n 
ij'mplo  los  liijos  eonio  iian  di'  scr'.ir  a  pus 
p.idre-,  pues  una  H"ina  tan  poderosa  y  en 
iicgocios  tan  anluiw  pur.«ta,  tod'^-;  los  ma.«  tie 
lo-<  anos  (puesto  todo  aparte  y  pospue^to)  ib.i 
a  visitar  a  su  madre  v  la  servia  humilmenle." 


Viagpio.  p   .i.')7. 

"  Among  other  little  tokens  of  mutual 
afri'ctioii,  it  may  he  mentioned  that  not  eiily 
the  jiublic  coin,  but  their  furniture,  Ixiok-. 
and  other  article.-*  of  per.'«>nal  jiroperty,  wen 
Ptamjied  with  their  initials,  F  &  1,  or  ei:i- 
blazoned  with  their  devices,  bis  being  a  yoke, 
and  hers  a  sheaf  of  arrows.  (Oviedo,  i^'uiii- 
cuagenae,  M^.,  bat.  1,  qainc.  2,  iiial.  ;{.)  It 
was  common,  says  Oviedo.  for  each  party  to 
take  a  device  whose  initial  corresponiled  witli 
that  of  the  name  of  the  other;  as  was  the 
case  here,  with  j((<70  and./Ze  has. 

"-  Miirineothus  speaks  of  the  queen's  dis- 
creet and  most  anuable  conduct  in  these  ileji- 
cate  matters:  "Amava  en  tania  maiiera  :il 
Rey  su  marido.  que  andava  sobre  aviso  eoii 
celos  a  ver  si  el  amava  a  otras.  Y  si  seiiiiH 
que  mirava  a  alguna  dama  o  d(jn7,ella  d''  mi 
casa  con  senal  de  amores,  con  miuha  pru- 
d-ncia  buscava  medios  y  maneras  con  tjue 
(lesixKlir  aqnella  tal  per-<ona  de  su  casa,  euii 
su  mucha  lionrra  v  provecho."  (Co>tt--  rn  - 
nK>rable>i,  fol.  lyi.  There  was  unfortunately 
too  much  cause  for  this  uneasiness.  Sec  I'art 
11.  chiipter  24,  of  tills  History. 

'■  The  best  beloved  of  il*-r  friends,  [ 
bably,  was  thi'  m.irchioness  of  Mova.  ■•*!  , 
seldom  separated  from  her  royal  no-tfss 
throiigii  Hie,  hail  the  m'-anchoij*  satiffai  loii 
of  ciosing  her  ey<-i*  in  death.  Ovieiln,  who 
saw  them  frecinonilv  toiretl;  r,  says  th.it  ih'' 
(lUi  •  n  never  addres.sed  this  lady,  even  in  'i''!" 
lil' .  with  any  other  than  the  endearing  it:^' 


II KR  CHARACTER. 


523 


s  hor  voiro  tliat 
ipcllcd  the  kiiii: 
tvviiu  iiictroftiial 
tijilioil  rosoiin'ts 
lie  evils  of  sumo 
'  war-liorse,  with 
lull  their  niiik;. 
leariiiu.  To  lur 
his  ulonons  war 
of  the  Vt'iit'tiaii 
so  coiisiilere<l  it. 
line  streiiLrth  (if 
as  hers,  was  imt 
nest  of  (JraiiU'la 
le  SpanianK  talk 
11  for  his  time. "" 
i;^niish  the  softer 
loweil  with  atti'c 
ver  the  (leeliniiiu' 
ties  with  all  tin' 
s  how  foiidlv  aii'l 
e  was  not  always 
ff»r  lierself ;  ami 
s  whieh  fro/.e  tin' 
!te(l  state  diii  imt 
Friends  she  furudt 


?  tokons   of  miitnul 
tioiii'd  that  not  fiily 
ir   furnituro,  Ixioks 
sonal  property,  wen 
tials,   F  k  1,  or  fri- 
es, his  bciii);  a  yoke, 
ws.     (Ovieilo,  t^iiiii- 
line.  2,  itial.  ;).")    It 
o.  for  each  party  to 
al  correspomlcd  witli 
e  other;  as  was  the 
fie  hax. 

s  of  the  queen's  di-;- 
ondiict  in  these  AAl- 
en  tania  uianera  ai 
lava  sobre  aviso  icn 
a  otras.  Y  si  seiniii 
nia  o  (l(»n7-i  Ha  (!•■  mi 
n  8,  COM  nnuiia  I'm- 

y  iiiiineras  eon  t|Ur 
•<oTia  lie  su  casu,  >  lui 
vecho,"  (^Co>a<  rii  - 
re  wasunforfuiia''- y 
inp,i''iiii'SH.  S<'<  I'iirt 
siorr. 

of  liM-  friPTKls,  I 
mess  of   Muva.  ■' i    . 

lier   royal   nii-':.>s 

anehoiy  sati(sla<  i"U 
fleutii.  Ovieiio.  wim 
t'l'tl'  r,  says  that  tli" 

is  lady,  even  in  '^'''T 
1  the  eudeariug  utL' 


the  nsnal  distinctions  of  rank,  sharing  in  their  joys,  visiting  and  consoling 
tlii'in  in  sorrow  and  sickness,  and  condeNcending  in  more  than  one  instance  to 
assume  the  ofKce  of  executrix  on  their  decwise."*  Her  heart,  indeed,  was  tilled 
«itli  henevolence  to  all  mankind.  In  the  nio<;t  fiery  iieat  of  war,  she  was 
ciiuaged  in  devising  means  for  mitigating  its  horrors.  She  is  said  to  have 
ht'cn  the  first  to  introduce  tiie  lienevoient  institution  of  camp  hospitals ;  and 
we  have  seen,  more  than  once,  lier  lively  solicitude  to  sj'are  the  etlusion  of 
hliiod  even  of  her  enemies.  iJiit  it  is  nei'dless  to  multiply  exam[»les  of  this 
hcaiitifid  but  familiar  trait  in  her  character." 

It  is  in  these  more  amiahle  (jualities  of  her  sex  that  Isal>e!la's  superiority 
ln'come.s  most  appaient  over  her  ilhistrious  namesake,  Klizaheth  of  En^iland,**' 
whose  history  presents  some  features  j)arallel  to  her  own.  IJoth  weie  disei- 
plined  in  early  life  by  the  teachings  of  that  stern  nurse  of  wisdom,  adversity. 
Buth  were  made  to  experience  tlie  tleepe^t  humiliation  at  the  hands  of  then- 
nearest  relative,  who  should  have  cherished  and  protected  them.  Both  suc- 
(t'cfled  in  establi.shing  theni-clves  on  the  tlr.dtie  after  the  lno^t  jjrecarious 
\iii.-situdes.  Each  conducted  her  kin'nh>m,  through  a  long  and  triumphant 
reign,  to  a  height  of  glory  which  it  had  never  before  reached.  J5oth  lived  to 
sci'  tliC  vanity  of  all  earthly  grandeur,  a:id  to  fall  the  victims  of  an  incon- 
Miial)le  nielau(  holy  ;  and  both  left  behind  an  ilhustrious  name,  unri\alled  in 
the  subse(inent  annals  of  their  country. 

But  with  these  few  circumstance^  of  their  history  the  resemblance  ceases. 
Their  characters  aflord  scarcely  a  point  of  contact.  Elizivbeth,  inheriting  a 
large  share  of  the  bold  and  liluff  King  Harry's  temperament,  was  haughty, 
anugant,  coarse,  and  irascible  ;  while  with,  the.se  fiercer  tjualitie"  •  '^e  mingled 
tleej)  dissinmlation  and  strange  irie>olution.  IsalieUa,  on  th  ■  'ner  hand, 
tempered  the  dignity  of  royal  station  with  the  most  bland  antl  courteous 
iiiaiuiers.  Once  resolved,  she  was  constant  in  her  ])ur{Ktses,  and  her  (ondiict 
ill  |iublic  and  private  life  was  chauK  teri/.ed  fyy  candour  ami  integrity.  ]>oth 
may  be  said  to  have  shown  that  magnanimity  \s Inch  is  imiilied  l)y  the  accom- 
llishment  of  great  objects  in  th<'  face  of  gr<'at  obstacles.  ]U\i  I'lli/iiheth  wa.s 
(le  pcrately  selfish  ;  she  was  mcajiable  of  forgiving,  not  merely  a  real  injury, 
hi,t  the  slightest  aHront  to  her  vanity  ;  aiKi  she  was  merciless  in  exacting 
retrilmtion.  Isabella,  on  the  other  hand,  lived  only  for  others, — was  ready  at 
all  times  to  sacrifice  .-elf  to  con.^iderations  of  jmblicduty,  and,  far  from  jiersonal 
iCH'iitments,  showed  the  greatest  condescen.-ion  ard  kindness  to  those  who 
hail  most  i-ensibly  injured  her ;  while  her  benevou  nt  heart  sought  every 
means  to  mitigate  the  authorized  severities  of  the  law,  even  towards  the  ganity."^' 


of /('jV(  marqueyn,  ••daughtiT  inareliioiiess." 
i^uiiK  uagenas.  ,MS.,  bat.  1,  qniiiv'.  I,  dial,  113. 
■  .\s  waK  the  ta>e  with  Cardenas,  ti\>'  co- 
rn I'lailor  niavor,  and  the  ^;randlard  iial  Men- 
li  .'ii,  to  whiiii),  ft.s  we  have  already  seen,  «hc 
Iiiii>l  tue  kind''st  attentions  durinji  tlieir  last 
illiirss.  While  in  this  way  she  imlulfred  the 
iiaiiiral  dictates  of  Ikt  lieait,  she  was  (uri'ful 
'"  •■■•iider  every  outward  mark  of  respect 
t  .f  memory  of  those  whose  rank  orstrvidS 
eiitiilfd  them  to  snch  consideration.  "tiMian 
d","  says  the  authi;i  s<i  oiten  (|Uote<l,  "  (|ui(ra 
nu-  tall»-«^  i«i  algnno  de  los  ^^randes  d<-  su 
riyiio.  o  iv>;nii  pn'ncipe  (,'liri-ti»no,  liiejro 
fUibJavan  -arones  sabios  y  rejif^iisos  para 
ciiii^M|»T  a  (<<«i*  heredores  y  deinlos.  V  dimas 
d'-^tn  tie  vestttfi  de  ropasde  lutoeii  lestiuionio 
d'l  dolor  y  s^iitimi'iito  qu'-  hazian,"  L. 
llaniKMj,  Co^as  ii»'  inorahhp,  fol.  1«,'>, 
"  Her   bumauity   wan   sbowu    m  her  at- 


tempts to  mitinate  the  f<Tn(-iiM»us  character  of 
those  national  amusenienis.  thi-  bail-ti}:ht8, 
ilie  j/iipularity  of  whii  li  tin  auLout  the 
cotintry  was  too  great,  as  «!ti-  iniamates  in 
one  of  her  letters,  to  atiniii  of  iinr  abolishinR 
theni  altogether.  Sue  wa'^  so  much  nioved  at 
the  sangninary  issue  of  one  of  tli<'^«e  conibatn, 
wbidi  she  witnessed  at  Arevuli.  -ays  a  con- 
tt-niporary,  that  site  devised  a  }  liiiu,  by  suard- 
ing  tiie  iiorns  ifthe  hulls,  for  pn-vmtji'.g  any 
^enous  iiijiirj-  to  the  ni<  II  and  hordes;  and 
she  iievt  r  wonld  attend  iin«.tber  ol  th'-r-e  spec- 
tacles until  this  precaution  L  I  bten  adopted, 
(iviedd,  (^mineiiagi  nas,  MS. 

"  IsidH-l,  the  Hi. me  (d'  tbt-  t'ath(dic  queen, 
is  cortectly  rendered  into  tnglish  by  tbat  of 
l-.li/alK'th. 

'  She  gave  evidence  of  th's  in  the  pom- 
mutatiuM  of  the  seMonce  fbe  obtained  Tdv  the 
wretch  wbu  btabttil  L.er  Lui-baiid.  lUid  wbout 


524 


ILLNESS  AND   DEATH   UF  LSADELLA. 


lldtli  ]ioss('ss('(l  ran'  fnrtitudo.  Isabt'Ila,  iiidood.  was  jilared  in  sitiiationH 
wliirli  (lciiiaii(l('(l  iiMin-  frcMjiient  and  lii^licr  disjilavs  of  it  tiian  lior  i-jval  ;  1  nt 
no  ono  will  doulit  a  fidl  nicasnrc  of  tliis  (pialily  in  the  dau^hlcr  of  IIiMnv  liif 
Kiulitli.  Eli/alictli  was  Itcitcr  cducatt'd,  and  (.'vciy  way  more  liiuldy  airnih 
]ili^li('d,  tlian  ]>al>('lla.  ]{nt  the  latter  knew  enon^^tt  to  maintain  her  stutKin 
uitii  di,i,Miity  ;  and  she  cnconra^cil  learning'  Ity  a  nniniHcent  patrona^o."*  Tin' 
inaMiiline  jxtwcrs  and  jiassions  of  Eli/iUieth  .s((enied  to  divorce  her  in  a  urcjit 
niea.^nri,'  fnun  the  jiecnliar  attrihntes  of  her  sex  ;  at  lenst  fmni  tiutM'  wliidi 
constitnte  itsiM'culiar  <harni  ;  for  she  had  abundance  of  itsfoihies, — a  (•<"|uctry 
and  lov(!  of  a(lniiration  which a;;e  could  Jiot  chill  ;  a  levity,  most  careles.-,  if  iin't 
(riminal  ; ""  antl  a  fondness  for  dress  and  tawdiy  ma;;ni(icen(e  itf  itrnaiiinit, 
which  was  ridiculous,  or  dis^Mistin;^,  according'  to  the  ditlerent  periods  nf  life 
in  which  it  was  indidi^^ed.'"  Lsahella,  on  the  other  hand,  (iistinj;uished  tlinm-h 
lifef.r  ;lecornni  of  manners,  and  imrity  Iteyond  the  l-reath  of  calumny,  u;i> 
conteh.  with  the  legitimate  allection  which  she  coidd  in>i»iie  within  tlie  niiii.'i; 
of  her  domestic  circle.  Far  from  a  frivolous  allectatii'H  of  ornan:ent  or  drcv^ 
she  was  most  simple  in  lier  own  attire,  and  seemed  to  set  no  value  on  In : 
"ewels,  hut  as  they  could  serve  tiie  necessities  of  the  state  ; ''  when  they  couM 
le  no  longer  useful  in  tiiis  way,  she  gave  tliem  away,  as  ve  liave  seen,  to  hn- 
friends. 

Hoth  were  unconnnoidy  sagacious  in  the  selection  of  their  ministers  ;  tlioiuli 
Fhzahelh  was  drawn  into  .some  errors  in  this  particular  by  her  levity,'-' as 
was  Isabella  liy  religi(jus  feeling.  It  was  this,  combined  with  her  excessive 
humility,  which  led  to  the  only  grave  errors  in  the  administration  of  the  latter. 
Her  rival  fell  into  no  such  errois  ;  and  she  was  a  stranger  to  the  ainiiihle 
(jualities  which  led  to  them.  Her  conduct  was  certainly  not  controlled  t.y 
religious  jirinc  iple  ;  and,  though  the  bulwark  of  the  Piote^tant  faith,  it  niii;lit 


i 


l»e  diHicult  to  say  whether  she  were  at  lieart  most  a  Pmtestant  or  a  Catln 
She  viewed  religion  in  its  connection  with  the  state,     in  other  word**,  witii 
her.self ;  and  she  took  measures  for  enforcing  conformity  to  her  ow  n  views,  nut 


licr  ferocious  nobU  •  tv'ould  have  put  to  death 
witlidnf  tlip  oiipdriviiitv  of  confession  and 
al)Kolntion,  tliut  "his  soul  might  perit-h  with 
hiH  JMHly  :  "  (See  licr  h-tter  to  Talavera.) 
Siie  sliowed  this  nurciful  tenijter,  so  rare  in 
that  roufrli  age,  by  dispensing  altopetlier  with 
tlie  preliminary  harhanties  sonietinies  pre- 
fiirihed  hy  the  law  in  capital  executions. 
Aleni.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  turn.  vl.  Uust.  13. 

'■'  Ihnne  admits  that,  "  unhajipily  for  lite- 
rature, at  least  for  the  harnetj  of  this  age, 
Queen  Elizabeth's  vaidty  lay  more  in  shining 
by  her  own  leannngthan  in  encouraging  men 
of  genius  by  her  liberality." 

'"  Which  of  the  two,  the  reader  of  the 
recorils  of  those  times  may  l)e  somewhat 
l)uzzled  to  determine.—  If  one  need  be  con- 
vinced how  many  laces  history  can  wear,  and 
how  difllcult  it  is  to  get  at  the  true  one,  he 
has  only  to  compare  Dr.  I.iiigard's  account  of 
this  reign  with  .».r.  Turner's,  Much  obli- 
(luity  was  to  be  expected,  indeed,  troui  the 
avow'd  apologist  of  a  persecutui  j)art  v,  like 
*.!ie  fornnr  writer.  Fhit  it  attaches,  J  fear,  to 
the  latter  in  more  than  one  instance, — us  in 
the  n  ign  of  Iticliard  HI.,  for  csamplc  Does 
it  jtroceetl  from  the  desire  of  .-aying  some- 
thing new  on  a  beaten  toj)ic,  where  the  new 
cauuut  always  be  true  ?    Or,  as  is  most  pro- 


bable, from  that  confiding  benevolence  wliii'i 
throws  somewh.tt  of  its  ^wn  light  over  ti.i' 
darkest  shades  of  human  character?  Tin' 
unjirejudiced  reader  may  perhaps  agree  tluit 
the  balance  of  this  great  (jueen's  gnod  .ui  i 
bad  (jualities  is  hel''  with  a  more  steady  an! 
Impartial  hand  by  ^Ir.  llallam  than  any  yri' 
cedii'g  writer. 

'"  The  unsusjjicious  testimony  of  Inr  peil- 
son,  llaningtoii,  jilaces  these  foibles  in  tliM 
most  ludicrous  light.  If  the  well-kiinwii 
story,  npeated  by  historians,  of  tiie  time 
thousand  dre.sses  It  ft  in  her  wardrobe  at  li  r 
deceuse,  l)e  true,  or  near  truth,  it  afferds  ,i 
singular  contrast  with  Isabella's  taste  in 
these  matters. 

"'  The   reader  will    remember  how  rffect 
tially    they   answered    this    purpose    in    tlii> 
Moorish  war.     See  Part  I.  chapter  14,  of  thb 
History. 

"-  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  mention  tije 
names  of  Hutton  and  Leicester,  both  recom- 
mended to  the  first  oflices  in  the  state  iliiefly 
by  their  person.il  attractions,  and  the  lattir 
of  whom  ciiiitinued  to  maintain  tlie  liittieKt 
place  in  his  siivereign's  favour  for  thirty 
years  or  more,  despite  bis  total  destitution  of 
mural  worlb. 


nER  CHARACTER. 


-on 


Liuit  or  a  Catlmli' 


a  whit  loss  dp^potir,  and  srarroly  less  sanjji'i nary,  than  those  countenaticed  for 
Kin-rioiK'e'  !«ike  hv  her  nidie  higntod  rival."' 

This  feature  of  higotrv,  whirh  has  thrown  a  shade  over  Isabella's  otherwise 
bciiitiful  character,  might  lead  to  a  disparagement  of  her  intellectual  power 
iniiipared  with  that  of  the  English  (pieen.  To  estimate  this  aright,  we  mw.-t 
((Miiemplate  the  results  of  their  re>|>ective  reigns.  Elizabeth  found  all  the 
iiiiiterials  of  nro-;perity  at  hand,  ami  availed  herself  of  them  most  ably  to  build 
up  a  solid  faltric  of  national  grandeur.  Isabella  created  tlie^e  materials.  I'^'-he 
^aw  the  faculties  of  her  people  locke<l  uj)  in  a  deathlike  lethargy,  and  she 
breathed  into  them  the  breath  of  life  for  those  great  and  hemic  enterprises 
which  terminated  in  such  ulorious  consecpiences  to  the  monarchy.  It  is  when 
viewed  from  the  depres-ed  position  of  her  early  days  that  the  achievements  of 
liiT  reign  .seem  scarcely  less  than  miracidous.  'I'he  iua.sculine  genius  (»f  the 
Kimlisli  (picen  sUinds  out  relieved  beyond  its  natural  dimensions  by  its  .separa- 
tion fru  ii  the  Softer  ipialities  of  her  .sex  ;  while  her  rival's,  like  some  va'-t  but 
sviiiMietrical  edifice,  lo.ses  in  appearance  somewhat  of  its  actual  grandeur  from 
the  pedect  harmony  of  its  proportions. 

Tlie  circumstances  of  their  deaths,  wliich  were  somewhat  similar,  displayed 
the great  dissimilarity  of  their  characters.  Hoth  pined  amidst  tl-'ir  royal  state, 
a  prey  to  incurable  des])ondency,  rather  than  any  marked  bodily  dlNte'mner. 
Ill  Kiizabetli  it  spnnig  from  woundeil  vanity,  a  sullen  conviction  that  she  nad 
outlived  the  admiration  on  which  she  had  so  long  fed,— ard  even  the  solace  of 
friendship  and  the  attachment  of  her  subjects.  Nor  did  she  seek  consolation 
»lie;e  alone  it  was  to  be  found,  in  that  sad  hour.  Isabella,  on  the  other  hand, 
^allk  liuder  a  too  acute  sensibility  to  the  siitieriiigs  of  others.  But,  amidst  the 
:i'o(iiii  which  gathered  around  ller,  .she  looked  with  the  eye  of  faith  to  the 
hiigliter  prospects  which  unfolde'd  of  the  future  ;  and,  when  she  resigned  her 
la4  breath,  it  was  amidst  the  tears  and  universal  lamentations  of  lier  people. 

It  is  in  this  undying,  unabated  attachment  of  the  nation,  inileed,  that  we 
^eo  the  most  une<iuivocal  testimony  to  the  virtues  of  Isabella.  In  the  down- 
ward progress  of  things  in  Sitain,  souk;  of  the  most  ill  aihised  measures  of 
her  aaministration  have  found  favour  and  been  perpetuated,  while  the  more 
>aliitary  have  been  forgotten.  This  may  lead  to  a  misconception  of  her  real 
merits.  In  order  to  estimate  these,  we  must  listen  to  the  voice  of  her  con 
teinpoiaries,  the  eye-witnesses  of  the  condition  in  which  she  found  the  state, 
aiid  in  which  she  left  it.  We  shall  then  see  but  one  judgment  formed  of  her, 
whether  by  foreigners  or  natives.  The  French  and  Italian  writers  eijually 
join  in  celebrating  the  triumphant  glories  of  her  reign,  ami  her  magnanimity, 
wi.sdotn,  and  purity  of  character.'*     Her  own  subjects  extol  her  as  "  the  mo^t 


'  i^uepn  Elizabeth,  indeed,  in  a  declaration 
t'j  111  r  pwple,  procl.iiins,  ••  We  know  not,  nor 
have  any  meaning  to  allow,  that  any  otiour 
•-iibji'cts  Klioiild  be  niole--tcd,  cither  by  exami- 
nation or  inqui-itim,  in  any  matter  of  faith,  as 
liinn  us  they  shall  profess  the  Chri-iti:in  faitii." 
'iuru^r's  Kli/.ablh,  vol.  ii.  p.  241,  note.) 
'tiif  IS  reminded  of  Par-on  Thwackiim's  deti- 
ni'ion  ill  "  Tom  Jones."  "  \Vlieii  1  mention 
'ilil^ion,  I  mean  the  Christian  ruliKion ,  and 
ti'il  only  th'-  Christian  religion,  but  the  Prii- 
t--staiit  religion;  and  not  only  tlio  I'nptestant 
r  htfi'.n,  bill  the  chuch  of  KiiKb.nd."  It 
woiiLil  l)p  difflcult  to  say  which  fared  worst, 
l'urit,;iiis  or  Caiho;ics,  under  tUii  system  of 
t  'Iteration. 

"'  "  (^uuni   generosi,"  says   Paolo  Qiovio, 


speaking  of  her,  "prudentisqne  animi  m.igni- 
tudine,  tnin  piidiciti.e  et  pietatis  laude  anti- 
qiiis  licroidibus  coniiiaraml  I  "  (Vita-  Illnst. 
N'iroriim,  p.  Wi>.)  (Jiiicrjarditii  eulogizes  tier 
as  "  iJotiiia  di  onestiss  mi  lo-tiinii,  e  in  con- 
cotto  jrrandissiiiio  nni  Kegni  suoi  di  nntina- 
nimita  e  pnidfii/.a."  (Istoria,  lib.  6.)  'I'lin 
loyal  Krtitiiir  notices  her  death  in  the  fol- 
lowing chivalrous  strain.  "  1/an  l.'inO,  line 
dis  plus  triiinipliantes  et  glorieuses  damos 
qui  puis  miUo  mis  ait  este  sur  terre  alia  de  vi-» 
a  ties])as,  ce  fut  la  royne  Ysiitiel  de  dastill", 
(pii  ayda,  le  bras  arme,  ii  coiiqiiister  le 
royaulmo  <h  (iretiade  sur  U-s  Mores.  ,Ie  veii.x 
bieii  assiurer  aux  le^teiirs  de  ceste  pre^iiitf! 
hystoire,  que  sa  vie  a  este  telle,  qu'elle  a 
biea   uieritd    couroiinc  de   laurier    apres   sa 


526 


ILLXESS  AND  DEATH   OF   ISABELLA. 


Iiiilliaiit  oxpinplar  of  every  virtue,"  and  mourn  over  the  flay  of  her  fleath  as 
"  the  last  of  the  prospfrity  and  happiness  of  their  ronntrv  ; '' '*  while  ihoxo 
who  hail  nearer  access  to  h»'r  person  are  nnhonndeil  in  their  aihnirati  )ii  uf 
those  aiuiahle  Muallti«^s  whusc  full  puw«M'  is  n'vcalcd  only  in  the  nnrestraiiH'd 


iiitmiacies  of  doniestie  life.'"  The  Jiid^'inent  of  ijosterity  has  ratified  tli 
sentence  of  her  own  aj^e.  The  most  enli;;ht»Mi('(l  Spaniards  of  tlui  pre.M'ut 
dav.  hy  no  means  insensihle  to  tlu;  errors  of  her  ;fov»'rnnient,  hut  niuii> 
capable  of  appre^iatin;,'  its  merits  than  those  of  a  less  instructed  au<%  licar 
iionouiah'e  testimony  to  her  deserts;  and,  while  they  pass  over  the  bloat  e  I 
ina'^nihcenct'  of  succei^ilin;,'  monarchs,  who  arrest  the  popular  eye,  dwell  with 
enthu>iasm  on  Lsjibella's  character,  as  the  njost  tndy  great  iii  their  hne  of 
jiiince-!/' 

mort."  M/'moiron  do  Baynrd,  rhnp.  20— Spp 
aiKo  Comiiics,  Mi'-iikiIk'h,  cliiip.  2J. — Nava- 
gicro.  Vi.iKnio,  fdl.  '^7 — it  al.  nuct. 

'■  I  Imrrow  till-  words  of  one  coiitomporary: 
"Quo  qiiiilcm  ciie  oninU  lllsjmniir  f'clicit  is, 
oiniio  dcciiH  oiiiiiiuni  viinitiim  pulclitTriiimin 
FiMiinion  iiittTiit;"  (I;.  Mariiii-cp,  ('osax  im'- 
liiorahlcs,  lili.21,>-nn(l  tlie  ftcntiiiifnts  of  nU. 

'*  If  tilt'  roadcr  needs  further  tesiiiiioiiy  of 
tliis,  lio  wiU  find  n))Uiidiiii(e  ((dletKd  hy  tlio 
IlidefatiRiiMr  Clcnieiiciii,  in  tiie21sl  liuHt.  of 
the  Mom.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist  ,  tein.  vi. 

"  It  would  !)(>  lasy  to  cite  the  authority 
over  and  ovt_r  again  of  eueh  writirs  ad  Ma- 


rina, Spmporo,  Llorpnto,  Navarrft",  Quin- 
taiiH,  and  otliers.  wjio  have  durir-  sucii  hunoiir 
to  the  I  feral ure  ot  .Sp.ijn  in  the  jtrewnt  o  ii- 
tury.  Ji  will  Ix"  sufllrii'iit,  however,  to  ad- 
vert to  the  rein.iikal)le  triixile  paid  to  Imh- 
iK'lltt's  eli.iraetor  hy  tlio  Koyal  Sp.niisi,  >,„. 
demy  of  History  who  in  Ihu5  appointed  tie  ir 
late  secretary,  tMemencin,  to  deliver  a  euloiry 
on  that  illusirious  theme,  and  who  raided  n 
Ftill  iiiihler  niouimie!\t  to  her  memory,  hy 
the  puhlicatioii.  in  1H21,  of  tlip  variou-*  do.  li. 
nients  compiloil  l)y  liim  for  the  il  lust  rat  ion  ef 
her  reiffn,  as  a  separate  volume  of  their  valii. 
ahle  Memoirs.* 


•  fTlio  plowing  picture  here  presented  of 
Isahell.i's  character  has,  it  mw^l  he  confessed, 
Mimethin^  of  an  ideal  aspect,  owin^;  perh,ij).s 
to  a  lack  of  tho-<e  stroiif^  and  expressive 
touches  which  stamp  a  likeness  as  authentic 
even  when  other  evidence  is  wantiiiK.  It  is, 
liowever,  the  portrait  bequeathed  to  us  by 
her  contemporaries  ;  and  recent  investigation 
has  brought  nothing  to  light  that  calls  for  its 
rejection  Bergnroth,  it  is  true,  has  endea- 
voured to  reverse  the  common  opinio'i,  de- 
picting isabelhi  not  only  as  bigoted  and 
tyrannical,  hut  also  as  untruthful  and  hypo- 
critical Hut  in  siijtport  of  this  view  he  adds 
little  to  the  well  known  facts  of  her  hi><torv, 
except  the  distorted  medium  through  which 
he  examines  them.  Even  the  meagre  evi- 
dence he  adtluces  from  the  results  of  his  own 
discoveries  would  bear  In  some  instances  a 
construction  the  very  opj)08ite  of  that  which 
he  puts  ui)on  it.  Citing  a  long  letter  ad- 
dressed hy  the  Catholic  Queen  to  Henry  V'll. 
of  England,  under  date  of  September  15, 1496, 
he  thus  refers  to  the  strong  professJon.s  it 
C'Htains  of  a  desire  for  peace:  "No  words 
can  be  more  l)ecoming  a  great  anil  jiious 
Queen.  It  is  to  !)e  regretted  tliat  In  the  same 
letter  she  urged  the  King  of  England  to  de- 
cla'-e  war  iipon  France,  and  thcrei)y  to  render 
the  bli>odshed  anil  slaughter  more  general 
than    it    was."     (Letters,    Despatches,    and 


State  I'apers,  vol.  1,  Introduction")  Now, 
the  argument  of  the  letter  is,  tliat  the  w.ir 
undertaken  by  the  French  king  for  the  ci.ii 
quest  of  Italy  was  one  of  mere  aggressmn, 
that  lie  had  not  'imself  been  assailed  or 
menaced  by  other  powers,  and  that  it  was  a 
mattfr  of  common  interest  tliat  he  should  Ih; 
restrained  from  |>uttlng  his  designs  intii  exi'- 
cution.  England  is  invited  to  join  the  leapiifl 
against  him,  not,  as  Hergenroth  puts  it,  in 
order  "to  render  the  bloodshed  and  slaiiglitfr 
more  general,"  but  as  the  most  effectual 
means  of  re-establishing  general  tranqiiilli^v. 
"It  is  certain,"  says  this  letter, —which  its 
German  critic,  had  he  lived  a  few  yiars 
longer,  would  probiibiy  liave  cnnimeniod 
upon  in  a  different  spirit, — "that  theie  is 
nothing  which  would  sooner  put  a  stop  to  lii.s 
avarice,  abate  his  pride,  c  ompel  him  to  d"M:e 
peace,  and  to  l>e  content  with  his  own,  leav- 
ing to  others  what  is  not  his."  Other  points 
raised  by  the  same  inquirer  are  noticed  elsp- 
where.  The  conclusions  are  in  gen'ral  so 
strained,  and  the  arguments  often  so  pm  riji', 
that  the  only  <loubt  we  can  feel  is  whether  to 
a-^cribe  them  to  a  want  of  critical  power  or  to 
a  strong  bias  perverting  its  exercise.  In 
eitlier  case  the  defect  is  remarkable  in  a  iiiiiid 
which  was  otherwise  admirably  fitted  firtlie 
work  of  historical  investigation.— Eu  1 


FERDINAND  RESIGNS  TO   PIIILIP. 


527 


CHATTER  XVII. 


n;BDIN'AND    REOENT.  — niS   SECOND   MAKIUA(JK.  — DrsSEXSI0N8   WITH    PHILIP. — 

llESKJXATION   OF   TUB   KEOK.VCV. 

1504-1506. 

Icrilitvirnl  RpRPnt— I'hilip'd  I'rPtonsloim  FrnlinninrH  I'lTplfxltlfs— Impolitic  Trcaly  with 
hratiit'  'I'Ih-  Kind's  bitoikI  MiirriHUf  — Lamlinn  of  I'liilip  mnl  .Jortiina — llnpuiMilatity  of 
IVnliimiiil  — lli>*  ihttTvicw  with  Uin  >on-iii-law  — He  ri'^i^im  the  Kcm'iiiy. 

Tin.  (Iratli  of  Isivhclla  gives  a  new  complexion  to  our  history,  a  principal 
olijcct  of  wliicli  has  hcen  the  illu>trution  of  lier  personal  character  ami  piililic, 
;iiliiiiiii>tratioii.  Tiie  latter  jiart  of  the  naiialive,  it  is  true,  has  iK-en  (hietiy 
niiiipied  with  the  foreii^n  relations  of  Spain,  in  \\lii(h  her  interference  ha.s 
U'cn  lesH  ohvious  tlian  in  tlie  domestic.  JJut  still  we  ha\e  heen  made  con- 
VI  in;;;-;  of  i)er  preenct;  and  parental  supervision,  hy  the  maintenance  of  order 
and  the  ^^eneral  prosperity  of  the  nation,  llcr  death  will  niakt;  us  more 
Hiisihle  of  this  intluence,  since;  it  was  the  siu'iial  for  disorder.s  which  even  the 
^fiiius  and  authority  of  Ferdinand  were  unahle  to  suppress. 

While  the  (pieen's  remains  weie  yet  scarcely  cold,  Kinj;  Ferdinand  took  the 
Usual  measures  for  annnuncin|;  the  successiim.  He  resigned  the  crown  of 
Ciistil(>,  which  he  had  worn  with  so  miu-h  glory  for  thirty  years.  From  a 
lilatforin  raised  m  the  great  s(piare  of  Toledo,  the  heralds  proclaimed,  with 
>oiiiid  of  triunpet,  the  accession  of  I'hihp  and  .Joanna  to  the  Castilian  tnrone, 
and  the  royal  ^t^indard  was  luifurled  hy  the  duke  of  Alva  in  honour  of  the 
illii.-trions  pair.  The  king  of  Aragon  then  nuljlidy  assumed  the  tit!e  of 
adiiiuiistrator  or  governor  of  Castile,  as  provided  l»y  the  (jueeu's  testament, 
and  received  the  oheisiince  of  such  of  the;  nohJes  as  were  present,  in  his  new 
lapacity.  'Ihese  proceedings  took  place  on  tlie  evening  of  the  sjime  day  on 
ivhicli  the  queen  expired.' 

A  circular  letter  was  next  addressed  to  the  principal  cities,  requiring  them, 
after  the  customary  ce!el)ration  of  the  ohseijuies  of  their  late  sovereimi,  to 
raise  the  royal  banners  in  the  name  of  Joanna  ;  and  writs  were  immediately 
issueil  in  her  name,  without  mention  of  Philip'.s,  for  the  convocation  of  a 
cortos  to  ratify  the^e  proceedings  * 

The  as^embly  met  at  Toro,  January  11th,  loOo.  The  queen's  will,  or  rather 
that  portion  of  it  which  related  to  the  succession,  was  read  aloud,  and 
received  the  entire  approbation  of  the  commons,  who,  together  with  the 
Kiaadcesand  prelates  present,  took  the  oaths  of  a'legiance  to  Joanna  as  queen 
and  lady  pioprietor,  and  to  J  hilip  as  her  husband.  They  then  determined 
that  the  exigency  contemplated  in  the  testament,  of  Joanna's  incapacity, 
actually  existed,'  and  proceeded  to  tender  their  homage  to  King  Fenlinand, 


'  (iomrz,  De  Hchus  gpstls,  fol.  52— Potor 
M;utyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  279.— (iiiribay, 
O'liiiMiidio,  toni.  ii.  lib.  'iO,  cap.  1.— Oarbajiil, 
.Viialis.  .MS.,  afio  15U4.  — Sandoval,  Hist,  dfl 
'•.w]).  (.'alios  v.,  toni.  i.  p.  9. — "  SapiPDtiaj 
ilii,"  says  Martyr,  in  allusion  to  tboso  prompt 
iroci'f'dinpx,  "  ct  sunnnii-  Itonitati  adscributit , 
alii,  rem  novum  adniirati,  rcftcm  incusant, 
romque  aiguunt  nou  debuisse  tieri."  L'bl 
supra. 

•  Philip's  name  was  omitted,  a«  being  a 


foreigner,  until  he  should  havo  takon  the 
customary  oatli  to  rcspcil  the  l.iws  of  thn 
realm,  and  c-pccially  to  lonfpr  offirn  on  nonfl 
but  nativ(>  (.'astili.ms.  Zurita,  Anales,  torn. 
V    111).  ,'),  rap.  h4. 

'  riic  Uiatcriial  tondcriifss  and  doliracy, 
which  b.id  lid  Isabella  to  allud'  to  hi-r 
daughter's  infirmity  only  in  very  (jener.il 
teims,  are  well  remarked  by  the  cortes  See 
the  copy  of  the  original  act  iti  Zurita,  torn, 
vi   lib  C,  cap   4 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


528 


THE  REGENCY  OF  FERDINAND. 


as  the  lawful  povornor  of  the  realm  in  her  name.  The  latter  in  turn  ma^lo 
the  customary  oath  to  respect  the  laws  and  liherties  of  tlie  knigdom,  and  the 
Avhole  was  terminated  by  an  eml>assy  from  the  cortes,  with  a  written  actount 
of  its  proceeding's,  to  then*  new  sovereigns  in  Flanders* 

All  seemed  now  done  that  was  demanded  for  giving  a  constitutional  sanction 
to  PVrdinand's  authority  as  regent.  By  the  written  law  of  the  land,  tlic 
sovereign  was  empowered  to  nominate  a  regency  in  ca.se  of  the  niinoiity  or 
incapacity  of  the  heir  apparent.*  This  had  been  done  in  the  present  instan(  e 
by  l.siibella,at  the  earnest  .solicitation  of  the  cortes.  made  two  years  previously 
to  her  death.  Jt  had  received  the  cordial  ajiprooation  of  tliat  holy,  wlii(  h 
had  undeniable  authority  to  control  such  testamentary  provisions."  Tims 
from  the  first  to  the  last  stage  of  the  proceeding,  the  whole  had  gone  on  with 
a  scrupulous  attention  to  con.stitutional  forms.  Yet  the  authority  of  the  iihw 
regent  was  far  from  l)eing  firmly  seated  ;  and  it  was  the  conviction  of  this 
which  had  led  him  to  accelerate  measures. 

Many  of  the  nobles  were  extremely  dissati.sfied  with  the  queen's  settlement 
of  the  regejicy,  which  had  taken  air  l)efore  her  death ;  and  they  had  escii 
gone  so  far  as  to  send  to  Flanders  before  that  event,  and  invite  Philin  to 
assume  the  government  himself,  as  the  natural  guardian  of  his  wife.'  Tnese 
discontented  lords,  if  they  did  not  refuse  to  join  in  the  public  acts  of  acknow 
ledgment  to  Ferdinand  at  Toro,  at  least  were  not  reserved  in  intimatin^^  their 
dissatisfaction.'  Among  the  most  prominent  were  the  marquis  of  Villena, 
who  may  be  said  to  have  been  nursea  to  faction  from  the  cradle,  and  the  duke 
of  Naiara,  both  potent  nobles,  whose  broad  domains  had  been  grievously 
clipped  by  the  resumption  of  the  crown  lands  so  scrupulously  enforced  by  the 
late  government,  and  who  looked  forward  to  their  speedy  recovery  uiuler  tho 
careless  rule  of  a  young,  inexperienced  prince,  like  I'nilip.^ 

But  the  most  ethcient  of  his  partisans  was  Don  Juan  Manuel,  Ferdinand's 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Maximilian.  Thi.s  nobleman,  descended  from  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  hou.ses  in  Castile,  was  a  person  of  uncommon  |)Hrts ; 
restless  and  intriguing,  plausible  in  his  address,  Ixjld  in  his  plans,  but  exceed- 
ingly cautious,  and  even  cunning,  in  the  execution  of  them.  He  had  formerly 
insinuated  himself  into  Philip's  confidence,  during  his  visit  to  Spain,  and,  on 
receiving  news  of  the  queen's  death,  hastened  without  delay  to  join  him  i.i  the 
Netherlands. 

Through  his  means,  an  extensive  correspondence  was  soon  opened  with  the 
discontented  Castilian  lords ;  *  and  Philip  was  persuaded,  not  only  to  assert 


*  Aharcft,  Reyes  de  Arngon,  torn.  ii.  rey  30, 
cap.  15,  sec.  2. — Zurita,  Aiiales,  torn.  vi.  lib. 
(■>.  cap.  3. — Marina,  Teon'a,  part.  2,  cap  4. — 
Mariiina,  Hist  de  Kspafta,  torn.  il.  lib.  2H, 
cap  12.  — Sandoval,  Hist,  dol  f>inp  Carlos  V., 
torn.  i.  p.  9. 

"  Slete  Partidas,  part.  2,  tit   15,  ley  .? 
({uicciardini.  with  the  Ignorance  of  the  Spanish 
constitution  natural  enough   in  a  foreigner, 
disputes  the  riiiei  n's  right  to  make  any  such 
settlement.     Istoria,  lib.  7. 

"  <^ee  the  wliole  subject  of  the  powers  nf 
cortes  in  this  particular,  as  discussed  very 
fully  and   satisfactorily   by    .Marina,  Teoria, 


part  2,  cap.  13. 

'  Hernaldez,  Reyes  Catrtlicos,  M.S.,  r.ip. 
203.  ■  .MKirca,  Reyes  de  Aragon.  toni.  ii  ny 
30,  cap  15,  sec  3  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Ki'i>il , 
epist.  274,  277. 

"  Zuilta'8  a.ssertlon.  that  all  the  nobility 
present  did  homage  to  Ferdinand  iAimli-, 
torn  vi.  ciip.  3\  would  seem  to  l)e  cofitradu  ti'il 
by  a  subsequent  passage.     Comp.  cap.  4 

"  Isabella  in  her  will  partictilarly  eiijniiH 
on  her  successors  never  to  alienate  or  to 
restore  the  crown  lands  recovered  from  tli<' 
marquisate  of  ViUena.  Dormer,  Disiur-*' s 
varios,  p.  331 


*  [Philip's  immed  ate  ag"nt.  in  his  com- 
munications with  the  Castilian  nobility,  was 
his  mattre-d'hutel,  the  Sire  ile  Beyre,  who 
WHS  sent  ti)  Spam  iuimediately  on  tlie  receipt 
of  the   intellig 'uce   of   Isabellas  dialli,    ac- 


credited openly  to  Ferdinand,  and  privat"ly 
to  each  of  the  prelates  and  grandees  Scf 
Col.  lie  1)mc  ,(1(m1.  para  la  Hist,  de  LspaOa, 
torn   viii.— l-^D.l 


HE  RESIGNS  TO  PHILIP. 


."129 


r  in  turn  mailo 
igdom,  and  the 
I'ritten  acton nt 

itional  sanctior. 
[  the  laiul,  llic 
ho  niinoiity  or 
iresent  instance 
,'eArs  previously 
at  l>t)*ly,  whidi 
/isions."  Tims 
id  gone  on  with 
)rity  of  tlie  n^w 
iviction  of  tiiis 

?en's  settlement 
they  had  even 
nvite  Philip  to 
is  wife/  Tnese 
acts  of  acknow 
intiniatinjr  their 
qnis  of  Villena, 
le,  and  the  dtike 
been  grievously 
enforced  hy  the 
;overy  under  the 

nel,  Ferdinands 
cended  from  one 
icoiunion  parts ; 
ftus,  but  exwH'il- 
He  had  formerly 
3  S|[iain,  and,  on 
i)  jomhim  in  the 

opened  with  the 
)t  only  to  assert 


atrtlicos,  MS.,  r.'P 
Anipon.  torn,  ii  ri'.y 
Martyr,  Opus  Kpisl. 

tiat  all  tho  nobility 
Ferdinanil  (Anali-, 
?m  lo  \yp  coptraiiu  toil 

Comp.  <ap.  4 
partktilarly  onjntm 
•    to  atiPiiatn  iir  tn 
rrcovproil  from  tli.' 

Dormer,  Discurss 


nand,  and  privaf-ly 
an(l  Kran(tee«  >•'•' 
la  Hist,  de  EspaDfc 


his  ructension.s  to  undivided  supremacy  in  Castile,  but  to  send  a  letter  to  his 
io\ai  lather-in-law,  ret[uiring  iiini  to  resi'Mi  the  government  at  ome,  and  reiiro 
mill  Aragon.'"  The  demand  was  treated  with  some  cont<'nij>t  by  iMMdinaml, 
wiioadmoiiishedhim  of  his  inoomiK^tency  to  govern  a  nation  like  the  Sjianiards, 
wliom  he  understood  .so  little,  but  urged  hiiu  at  the  same  time  to  pre.^ent  liini- 
■M'lf  he. ore  them  with  his  wife  as  fjoon  as  possil)le." 

'°  "  Nor  was  It  sufRciont,"  nays  Dr.  RotxTt- 
>..'ii.  in  alliisii)n  to  Tiiilip's  pn'tcnxiniis  to  the 
^lyviTtiuicnt,  "to  oppo«t»  to  these  just  ri^thts, 
aiiij  t'l  tlie  ini'lin.itioM  of  tiio  people  of  Castile, 
till' diitliuiity  of  a  teHtaimiit,  Ihr  ye.i.uintun.-it 
(,/ irhii-h  was  pcrhapii  iltiuht/ul,  and  Its  coti- 
unf<  to   lilm    appeared  certainly  to  be  Inl- 


((iiitiMis."  (History  of  the  Jtelgn  of  the 
l-iiiprror  diaries  V.  (London,  ITUC),  vol.  ii. 
|i  7.)  I!ut  who  ever  iiiiiinated  a  (loul)t  of 
r<  u.iiuincness,  before  I)r.  Uobertson  .'  C'er- 
Liiiiiy  no  on<'  living  at  tliat  time;*  for  the 
will  was  producetl  b<'fore  cortes,  by  th<'  royiil 
wtTiiary,  in  tiie  session  immediately  follow- 
iiii;  the  ([ucen's  death;  and  Zuriia  hu.s  pre- 
-irvi'<l  tlie  address  of  that  body,  cotninetitin); 
■!i  the  part  of  its  contents  relating  to  the 
-iKicssioii.  (Anales,  toni.  vi.  cap.  4.)  I>r. 
I  .irlujai,  a  member  of  the  royal  council,  who 
«a,i  prisent,  us  he  expressly  declares,  at  the 


approval  of  tlie  tcstametit,  "a  cnyo  o'orna- 
miento  y  ami  ordfnacioTi  nie  hall*''."  lias 
tr.»ns<rilxHl  the  whole  nf  the  doi'iinn'ut  in  his 
Annals,  wiih  the  si^rnatiires  of  the  iiut.iry 
and  the  seven  distingiiislie<i  per><>ii-4  mIid 
wi:nes«(d  its  execution.  It.irmer,  the  iiatiointl 
historiogr.iplKT  of  Aranoii,  has  published 
the  instriinient,  with  tlie  same  niinunness, 
in  his  "  jJiscursos  varios,"  from  autlieniic 
M.">>.  in  Ills  iio-.sessioti,  "  escriturasaiitenlicas 
en  mi  poiler."  W'lere  the  original  is  now  to 
Ih'  found,  or  whether  it  be  in  exist 'nee,  J 
have  n>  knowltnlg  •.  I'he  cinlicil,  as  we  liave 
peeii,  with  the  queen's  sijiiiatiire,  is  still 
extant  in  the  Royal  Libiary  at  Madri<i.f 

"  I'eter  .Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  'JS2. — 
Zurita,  Anales.  torn.  vi.  lib.  6,  cap.  I. — 
(iome/,,  1)"  Rebus  gestis.  fol,  ri^.  —  Mariana, 
Uist.  de  Espaiia,  torn.  ii.  lib.  '2s,  c^p.  li. 


*  [The  doubt  was  intimated  by  PliiHp,  at 
l>i-t,  as  appears  from  his  instructions  to  an 
4(i<ii(  sent  to  (ionsalvo  de  Cordova.  In  this 
111  iiiiient  Ferdinand  is  represented  as  un- 
Liuiuliy  exercising  the  rijrhta  of  sovereignty, 
"  I'M  se  vatitant  en  ce  de  certain  testament  de 
ladit'  feue  royne,  le(|uel  tontesfoiz  ledit 
sti^'iieur  roy  [I'hilij)]  n'a  jamais  peu  voir,  ne 
autre  pour  luy,  par  copit?  ne  autrement, 
<i;ie|(iue  rerjueste  on  ponrsulte  qu'il  en  alt 
liiite  lie  fait  faire.  Parqnoy  appcri  clerement 
ipi"  ce  n'est  que  abuz,  comMen  que,  quant 
"res  il  en  eust  quelque  chose,  que  ce  ne  p<'Ut 
lit'  rieim  avanchier  ne  prejudicier  quant  au 
(I'liit  dudit  seigneur  roy."  Instructions  to 
.1 'liann  de  Hestlin  (unfinished  copy  without 
date),  1^  Olay,  Negociatioiis  dlplomatiques 
'litre  l.i  France  et  I'Autriche,  torn.  i.  There 
is  a  lertitied  copy  of  the  will  in  the  Archives 
el  Siinancas. —  Ku  ] 

t  [Hernenroth  makes  theextraordlnary state- 
mem  that  "  in  an  additional  clau.se  to  her  testa- 
ment the  (^ueeii  onlpret',  once  again,  and  more 
'xp  iiitly,  that  her  hustiand  Ferdinand  should 
lx>  her  immediate  successor,  without  mention- 
ing the  conditions  of  her  daughter's  absence, 
UMttjIlingness,  or  incapaci  y."  (Letters,  l)e- 
^pittelies,  and  State  Papers,  Supplementary 
Vuluiue,  Introd.,  p.  xx.xii.)  This  is  putt 'Ug  an 
ali^rinl  construction  on  a  passage  in  which 
I'iiiiili  and  .luana  are  e.xhorted  to  treat  Ferdl- 
iitiiil  with  the  reverence  due  lo  a  fatlier,  to  be 
t'lveriic'l  by  hi'^  counsels,  etc.,— advice  w  hich, 
liiiw.ver  strongly  worded,  implies  a  recognl- 
tioti,  instead  of  a  denial,  of  the  rights  of  those 
I"  whnui  it  was  addresse<l.  Nor  is  the  ca^i'  im- 
pnive.l  by  a  transl.ition,  in  which  "r«';,  v 
mamii"  are  rendered  simply  "order,"  and 
"  obedicntes  y  tubjetos"  "obedient  tahjecU." 


In  no  part  of  her  wfll  does  Isabella  iippoint 
Ferdinand  lier  "successor,"  aim  '.  *'.ii<  par- 
ticular clause  he  is  not  even  ajutoiiite  i  f.} 
administer  tlie  government,  .luana's  pre.seiice 
ftnd  capacity  being  a.ssnmei|,  though  her 
ability,  as  well  as  that  of  her  husi.and,  is 
very  naturally  mistrusted. —  Kd.] 

{  [The  extant  letters  and  docnmen'  re- 
lating to  the  affair  show  that  it  was  con- 
ducted,  at  this  critical  stage,  with  a  greater 
degree  of  dissimulation  than  would  be  inf.  rred 
from  tlie  account  given  in  the  text  and  in  tlw 
authorities  cited  in  the  note.  We  find  Philip, 
for  example,  on  the  'ixth  of  January,  sending 
an  autograpii  letter  to  his  father  in-law  full 
of  professions  of  Idlal  love  and  duty.  Sub- 
sequently, indeed,  both  pari'es  referred  to 
their  own  demeanour  at  this  period  as  proof 
of  their  amicable  and  di-iintiTesteil  intentiotis, 
Ferdinand  prof' ssing  to  have  alwaysdecl.ired 
his  pnri>ose  to  retire  from  the  government  on 
the  arrival  of  his  daughter  and  son-in-law, 
and  Philip  asserting,  in  his  own  nenie  ami 
that  of  his  wife,  that  they  had  from  the  fii-t 
and  continuously,  by  letters,  ami  embassies, 
offered  entire  obedience  to  Ferdinand,  re- 
solving to  l)e  governed  in  all  thinirs  by  his 
will  and  advice.  The  liist  public  iiidiiation 
of  the  struggle  secretly  in  jireparation  was  a 
letter  a:klressed  to  the  cortes,  on  the  Kitli  et" 
April,  in  the  Joint  names  of  l'hilii)and  .Iiiatia, 
commanding  that  Inxly  to  suspend  its  jiro- 
cee<ijngs  until  tlieir  arrival,  when  they  wdiiid 
make  such  arrantjements  as  were  suitable, 
but  still  "con  el  consejo  y  pare>cer  del  dicho 
S<'fior  Ruy  nuestro  p.-idre."  Proclamatinii>  nf 
a  more  decided  character  followed  in  S  p- 
tember  and  October.  .See  Col.  de  Dm;,  ined. 
para  la  Hist,  de  E«pafla,  torn.  viii. — Eu.] 

2   M 


530 


THE  REGENCY  OF  FERDINAND. 


Ferdinand's  situation,  however,  was  far  from  coinfortahle.  Tliilip's,  or  ratlior 
Manuel's,  emissaries,  were  Uusily  stirring  up  the  einiKTs  of  disatlection  Tiit  y 
dwelt  on  the  julvanta^jes  to  he  gained  from  the  frw  and  lavish  disposnion  lif 
Philin,  which  they  contrasted  with  the  i»arsimoiiious  temper  of  the  stern  <,!,( 
('(tfiunny  who  ha<l  so  hwiji^  held  them  under  his  vok(!."  Ferdinand,  vnIkkc 
jioMcy  it  riad  hemi  to  crush  the  overj^rown  i)Ower  of  the  nohiliiy,  and  wlic,  as 
a  foreigner,  had  none  of  the  natural  claims  to  loyalty  enjoyed  l»y  his  late  »|uecii. 
wa-<  extremely  odious  to  that  jealous  and  haui;hty  hody.  The  nuiuhcr  of 
Philip's  adherents  increased  in  it  every  day,  and  soon  comprehended  the  luosl 
coiniderahle  names  in  the  kinjidoin. 

The  kin^,  who  watched  these  symptoms  of  disaffection  with  deep  anxiety, 
said  little,  siiys  Martyr,  hut  coolly  scrutinized  the  minds  of  those  around  liun 
<lissemhlin^  as  far  as  noseihle  his  own  sentiments."  He  received  further  ami 
more  unequivocal  eviuence,  at  this  time,  of  the  alienation  of  his  son  in  law 
An  Ara>.i;onese  gentleman,  numed  Conchillos,  whom  he  liad  jdaced  near  the 
person  of  his  daughter,  ohtained  a  lett«;r  from  her,  in  which  she  ajiproved  in 
the  fullest  manner  of  herfalhei-'s  retaining  the  administration  of  thekinjidoin. 
The  letter  was  betrayed  to  Philip  ;  the  unfortunate  secretary  was  seized  and 
th  own  into  a  dungeon,  and  Joanna  was  placed  under  a  rigorous  confinenieiit, 
which  much  aggravated  her  malady  '* 


"  "ExlstimantPS,"  nays  CrloTlo.  "  snb  flo- 
rcntissinio  juvene  ropn  aliquanto  lilxrius 
at(iuf  lic('nti\is  ipsoniin  potojiija  fruituros, 
quaiu  sub  nustpri)  ( t  parum  lilHrali,  iit  aie- 
bant.  $ene  Catalano  "  \\\iv  lUust.  Virorum, 
p.  277. 

"  "Rex  qu.Tcunqne  versant  atque  ordl- 
untur,  sentlt,  disslmulat  et  aiiiinos  uDiiiium 


tacitna  scnitatnr."    OpuR  Epist  ,  pptst  289 

"  Alwrca,  Kpyps  de  Aragon,  torn  ll  r<y 
30,  cap.  15,  sec.  4. — Lanuzit.  HiPtori.if*.  tcMu 
i.  lib  1,  cap.  IH.  — I'cter  Martyr,  Opus  Ki^t  , 
opipt.  280  — Zurita,  AnaloH,  torn  vi.  lib  »;. 
cap.  s. — Ovipdo,  QuiricuaKPna.s,  MS.,  bat  I. 
quinc,  .3,  dial.  9.— Ovicdo  had  the  story  frum 
a  brother  of  Conchillos.* 


•  [Ther*  is  a  miimte  account  of  the  affair 
of  ConchlUoB,  confirmed  in  s  me  particulars 
by  documentary  evidence,  in  Lorenzo  de  Pa- 
dilla's  Cronlca  dc  Fi  lipe  el  Hermoso.  No 
mention  i.s  there  made  of  Juana'a  being  put 
under  n  Btraint,  and,  as  her  pregnancy  wa.**  one 
cause  of  her  husband's  postponing  their  de- 
parture for  Spain,  it  is  scarcely  (irobable  that 
he  would  have  added  to  the  risks  of  her  con- 
dition, and  tiius  iniperilled  his  own  prospects, 
by  harsh  treatment  at  such  a  time.  Piiilip 
was  then  visiting  his  fatlier  at  Treves,  and 
during  his  absence  J  nana  addressed  a  letter 
to  Hey  re  which,  besides  appearing  to  con- 
tradict the  statement  of  lur  having  signed 
ttie  letter  in  favour  of  her  father,— of  which, 
however,  there  can  be  no  duubt,— is  so  re- 
nniikable  for  its  statements  in  regard  to 
herself  that  the  literal  translation  which  is 
here  subjoined  will  not  be  thought  out  of 
place  •. 

"  Biti'ssELS,  3rd  of  May,  15u5. 

"  The  Queen. — Monsieur  de  Beyre  :  I  have 
not  written  to  you  before,  ft)r  you  know  how 
unwillingly  1  write ;  but  since  they  think 
there  [In  .spainl  that  I  am  wanting  in  intellect 
(^it^  teugo/a'ta  de  seto).  It  is  reasonable  that 
I  should  defend  myself  somewhat,  although 
I  ought  not  to  marvel  that  false  te(<tim<niy  is 
brought  against  me,  since  it  was  brought 
against  our  Lord.     But  the  thing  being  of 


such  a  character,  and  reported  maliciously  at 
such  a  time,  you  will  speak  to  my  lonl  tlm 
king,  my  father,  on  my  part,  lor  tlnw  wim 
publish  It  are  acting  not  only  against  un', 
but  also  against  his  highness,  since  ttnre  an; 
some  who  ^ay  lie  is  not  displeased  at  it,  in 
order  that  he  may  govern  our  knigd'nis, 
which  I  do  not  lielieve,  his  highness  Niiif?  mi 
great  and  so  Casholic,  and  I  his  dauclit"  r  so 
ol)edient.  1  know,  indeed,  that  the  kinn  my 
lord  [I'hllip],  to  justify  himself,  wrote  thitli.r 
[to  Spain]  complaining  in  some  way  of  ine; 
but  this  should  have  been  a  matter  twUvei  u 
parents  and  children  ;  ihe  more  so,  that  if  hh 
any  occasi()n  I  gave  way  to  passion  ami  said 
that  I  did  not  have  the  state  which  Ixiami' 
my  dignity,  it  W  not'  r  ous  that  the  eause  »«< 
nothing  but  jealousy;  and  I  am  not  the  iiily 
tine  in  whom  this  pa-sion  has  been  se'  n,  I'lit 
the  queen  my  lady,  to  whom  GihI  give  plory. 
as  excellent  and  select  a  person  as  any  m  ili>' 
world  (tan  exceleiite  y  <  scogidu  pernina  >n  <' 
mumlo),  was  likewise  jealous  ;  but  tiini'  ciir'ti 
her  highness,  as,  with  the  pleasure  of  (iixl,  ii 
will  do  me.  I  request  and  command  yu  ii 
speak  to  all  the  persons  there  whom  vmu  s..' 
it  would  be  proper  [to  speak  to  about  tlio 
matier],  in  order  that  those  who.'^e  interitl.ins 
are  goiKl  may  rejoice  at  the  truth,  and  tliii 
those  who  have  an  evil  desire  may  knuw  tlim, 
without  doubt,  if  I  felt  myself  to  be  mkIi  k 
they  wish,  1  would  not  fail  to  give  up  to  my 


HE  RK8IGNS  TO  PHILIP. 


r.31 


With  tills  affront,  the  kincr  received  also  the  alarniing  iiitelh;.'-enre  that  the 
pnii>eror  Maxiii)ilian  and  liis  son  PJiilip  were  tuiniiering  with  tiie  fidelity  t  f 
llic  (Ireat  Cajitain  ;•  endeavnuring  t(t  secure  Naples  in  any  event  to  the  ardi- 
(juke,  who  claimed  it  as  the  appurtenance  of  Castile,  by  whose  arniie-  its  (on- 
(lii('>t.  in  fact,  had  Iteen  achieved.  There  were  not  wantint;  j>ersons  of  hiirh 
standing  at  Ferdinand's  court  to  infuse  suspicions,  however  unwarrant^iMc, 
into  the  royal  mind,  of  the  loyalty  of  his  viceroy,  a  Castdian  by  birth,  who 
u»<'d  his  elevation  exclusively  to  the  (pieen.'* 

T!ie  king  was  still  further  annoyed  by  reports  of  the  intimate  relations 
siit)>iNtingi)etween  hisoldeiieinv,  liouis  the  Twelfth,  and  I'lulij),  whose  children 
were  altianced  to  oach  other.  The  French  nionanh, it  was  said,  was  prepared 
tn  Mippurt  his  ally  in  an  invasion  of  Castile,  for  the  reco\ery  of  his  nuhts,  by 
a  ili\('rsion  in  his  favour  on  the  siile  of  KoussiUon,  as  well  as  of  Naples." 

Tlie  Catholic  king  felt  sorely  perplexed  by  the.-e  nndtiplied  embarrassments. 
During  the  brief  jeriod  of  his  regency,  he  had  endeavoured  to  re'o?Mm«Mid 
!.iiiiself  to  the  peiiple  by  a  strict  and  impartial  administration  of  the  laws,  an<l 
tilt  maintenance  of  public  order.  The  people,  ind«'ed,  appreciated  the  value 
(4i\  government  under  which  thev  had  In'en  jrutected  from  the  ojipressions  of 
the  aristocracy  more  efl'ectually  than  at  any  former  jieriod.  They  had  testified 
their  good  will  by  the  alacrity  with  wliich  thev  confirmed  Isabella's  testa- 
mentary dispositions  at  Toro.  Jiut  all  this  served  only  to  sharjen  the  aversion 
of  tiie  nobles.  Some  of  Ferdinand's  counsellors  would  have  jiersuaded  him  to 
lany  measures  with  a  higher  han<l.  They  urged  him  to  reassume  the  title  of 
King  of  Castile,  which  he  had  so  long  iX)ssVssed  as  husband  of  the  late  (pieen  ;  " 
and  others  even  advised  him  to  assemble  an  armed  force,  which  should  over- 
awe all  opposition  to  his  authority  at  home,  .and  secure  the  country  from 
invasion.  He  had  facilities  for  this  in  the  disl)anded  levies  lately  returned 
frdin  Italy,  as  well  as  in  a  considerable  body  drawn  fiom  his  native  dominions 
of  .\ragon,  awaiting  his  orders  on  the  frontier."  Such  violent  measures,  how- 
ever, were  repugnant  to  his  habitual  policy,  temperate  and  (autious.  He 
>lirunk  from  a  contest  in  which  even  success  must  bring  unspeakable  ca  amities 


on  the  country  ;  '•  and,  if  he  ever  seriously  entertained  such  views,"   he 


isrea 
eu  SI 


"  (liovio.  Vita-  IlluPt.  Vlrornm,  pp.  276- 
2TT,  /iirita,  Analos.  torn.  vl.  lib.  6,  cjip.  5, 
II.  lUoa,  Vita  di  Carlo  v.,  fol.'JS.  —  Abarca, 
Ktvcs  de  Araguii,  toni  ii.  rey  30.  Ciip.  10, 
we.  .'i. 

'  Peter  Mattyr,  Opus  Eplst.,  epiPt.  290.— 
HtKinai  corei,  Diario,  p.  94. 

'  The  vico-ilianctllor,  .\lonso  de  la  Cabal- 
1  rfa,   piepared    an   elaburate  argument    in 


Iffd  the  klnft,  my  husband,  the  fjovernnient 
111  tliowe  kingdoms,  and  of  all  those  in  the 
w'irld  which  are  mine,  nor  would  omit  to 
0vf  him  ull  the  powers  that  I  could,  as  well 
iiir  the  love  1  bear  him  and  what  1  know  of 
Ills  liighiiesH,  as  because  1  could  not.  con- 
fiirni.ibly  with  reason,  give  to  any  other  the 
|fi>v>  riiment  of  his  children  and  mine,  and  of 
ail  tlirir  p<i«so-Blotis,  withnut  doing  what  I 
oii);lit  not  to  do,  I  hope  in  (iod  we  shall  very 
Nxiii  l)e  (hire,  where  my  goo<t  cervants  and 
Milijicts  will  see  ni<'  with  invich  pleasure." 
'  "1  <le  Doc  in^d.  para  lu  Hiht.  de  l<^paf)a, 
tuiii.  viii.  pp.  2H 1-293. 

Had  this  letter,  taken  from  the  Archives  of 
Siuiaiicas,  been  known  to  Uergcnrotb,  whose 


support  of  Ferdinand's  pntenslons  to  the 
regal  authority  and  title,  less  as  huvlnuid  of 
the  lute  qu<  en  thiin  as  the  lawful  giianliai; 
and  pdniinistrator  of  his  daiight)  r.  See 
Zunla.  Anules,  torn.  vi.  cap.  14. 

"■  Zurita,  Anahs,  tom.  vi.  lib.  6,  cap.  6, 
15.— I.jinu7.a,  Hisiorias,  torn.  I.  lib.  l.cap.  Is, 

'"   IVter  Mariyr,  Opus  Kpi>t.,  epist.  2;U. 

•°  Robertson    speaka    with    cunhdence    of 

views  in  regard  to  .J nana  there  will  be  further 
(M-tasion  to  iiotirr,  h"  wi.uM  no  d>  ul't  liuse 
addticed  it  as  iTowniii,?  evidt-nce  of  titr  sunlty 
and  of  tlu'  |il(iK  i'f  V.  iiich  he  considers  her  to 
have  be.  n  tie  victim.— Ei>. 

*  If  we  may  judge  from  the  tone  and 
tenor  of  a  I'ttir,  dated  Hrussi  Is.  May  .'<tli, 
l^of),  in  which  I'liilip  acknowledgts  a  coni- 
ng tin  ii  at  ton  Iroiii  t Ik  ( treat  (!.  ptain,  coniaiiiing 
itit'oimation  ami  advice,  the  lii>t  (pvtTiuns 
would  seem  u>  have  Ix-en  made  by  (innsalvo 
himself,  w  hose  position,  iis  the  repr<  s<  nti.live 
of  Ferdinand,  was  ctrtainly  ve"^)-  dilTen ut 
from  that  of  the  Casiilian  iiobUv  in  general. 
.See  Col.  de  Dik.  Ined.  purula  llist.de  t-spuua, 
tom.  viii.— Eu.J 


•tp 


582 


TFIK  REGEXCY   OF   FERDINAND. 


abatidonctl  tlioin,  and  einjtioyed  his  levies  on  anotlier  destination  in  Africa." 
His  situation,  however,  grew  every  hour  more  cntioal.  Alarmed  hy  niUidi.rs 
of  Louis's  indilary  preiiarations,  for  wliich  hheral  supjihes  were  vot<'d  ly  tlie 
Ktiites-general ;  trenihling  for  thofaio  of  his  Italian  jio'^sessions  ;  de.-ert(  d  aiid 
l)etrayed  hy  tlie  great  nonihty  at  lionie  ;  there  seemed  now  r.„  alternativ»'  1(  it 
for  hiiii  Idit  to  maintain  his  ground  hy  force,  oi  tt  resign  at  once,  as  rctiiiiitil 
by  I'hiiip,  and  retire  into  Aiagon  This  latter  course  ajipears  never  to  Iium' 
iH'en  contein])Iat<'d  hy  luni  He  resolved  at  ah  hazarils  to  keep  the  rvins 
in  his  own  grasp,  intluenced  m  jart,  mohahly.  liy  the  consciousness  of  liis 
rights,  as  well  as  l)y  a  sense  of  duty,  winch  foruade  him  to  resign  the  tni>t 
he  liad  voluntarily  assumed  into  such  incom|  etent  hands  as  tiiose  of  I'liiim 
and  his  counsellors  ;  and  partly,  no  douht,  hy  natural  reluctance  to  reliinji,!  h 
the  authority  which  he  had  enjoyed  for  so  many  years  To  keep  it,  he  Imd 
recourse  to  an  expedient  such  as  neither  friend  nor  foe  could  have  antici]  hU  d. 

He  s'.w  the  only  chance  of  maintaining  his  present  position  lay  in  detadiin;: 
France  from  the  interests  of  J  hilip,  and  securinj^  her  to  himself.  'Ihe  ^itat 
obstacle  to  this  was  their  conflu  ting  claims  on  ^a]lles  This  he  mirpo.H'd  tu 
obviate  by  projiosalsof  marriage  to  some  member  of  the  royal  family,  in  wlm  o 
favour  these  claims,  with  the  consent  of  King  houis,  might  he  resigned.  Ih; 
accordingly  despatched  a  conhdential  envoy  privately  into  Fiance,  with  ami!*! 
instructions  for  arranging  the  iireliminaries.  1  his  per.von  wa.s  Juan  de  Kiiguci a, 
a  Catalan  monk  of  much  repute  for  his  learning,  and  a  member  of  the  m^al 
council.'^'' 

Louis  the  Twelfth  had  viewed  with  much  satisfaction  the  growing  mis 
understanding  tietwixt  Philip  and  his  father-in-law,  and  had  cunningly  uxd 
his  influence  over  the  young  prince  to  foment  it     He  felt  the  deepest  (li>- 
quietude  at  the  prosjiect  of  the  enormous  inheritance  which  was  to  devolve  on 
tlie  former,  comprehending  liurgundy  and  Flanders,  Austria,  and  prohaliiy 


Fenlinand'H  tntontion  to  "oppose  Philip's 
liindliig  by  force  of  arms  "  ( Hi^torj'  cf  Charlen 
v.,  vol.  11.  p.  i;{).  an  imputation  which  has 
brouf^lit  a  heavy  Jtidgineiit  on  the  historian's 
head  from  'he  clever  autlior  of  the  "  History 
of  Spain  and  Portupal."  (Lardncr's  Cabinet 
Cyclopjidia.)  "  All  this,"  says  the  latt'  r, 
"is  at  variance  with  botli  truth  and  prolia- 
bllity  ;  nor  does  Ferreras,  tlie  only  authority 
cited  for  tliis  unjust  declamation,  afford  the 
BliRlitest  (cround  for  it."  (Vol.  ii.  p.  '.j.>-6, 
note.)  Neverthi'IesH,  this  is  ho  stated  hy  Fer- 
reras (Hist.  d'Espagne.  torn.  viii.  p.  '2H2\  who 
is  .-upportid  by  Mariana  (Hist,  de  Kspafia, 
torn,  ii  III),  'is,  ca,  .  IG),  and,  in  the  m<'St  un- 
pc|uiv<x;al  matmer,  by  /urita  (.\nales,  torn, 
vi.  lib  6,  cap.  21),  u  mudi  hifrher  autlioiiiy 
than  either.  Maityr,  it  is  true,  whom  Dr 
Dunham  doco.  not  appear  to  have  consulted 
on  this  i>cca«ion,  declares  that  the  kin;;  had 
no  design  of  resorting  to  force.  See  Opus 
Epist..  epist.  •J'.tl,  ;io&. 

■'  IWnalde/,  ReyeB  Cat6lico8,  MS.,  cap. 
202.-  Carbajal,  Analrs,  MS  ,  ano  1505 

-'  Before  venturing  on  th  s  step,  it  was 
currently  repurt'd  flint  Feriin»iid  had  offered 
his  hand,  though  unsuccessfully,  to  Joanna 
Ki'ltianeja,  1-abella's  unfortunate  ci.inpetitor 
for  ihe  crown  <>f  Castile,  who  ftll  suivivid 
in  Portugal.  (Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  6, 
cap.  U.  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espaila.  toni.  ii. 
lib.  2S,  cap.  13.— ctul.)  The  report  originated, 


doubtlesB,  In  the  malice  of  the  C.istilian 
nobles,  who  wished  in  this  way  to  Uiscrxiit 
the  king  still  more  wiili  the  people.  It  rc- 
ceivi-d,  perhaps,  some  degree  (if  cr<  dit  Imni  a 
Billy  story,  in  circulation,  of  a  ti  sfiinitiit  ■  f 
Henry  IV.  having  lately  come  Into  Ferdiimiiil  s 
possession,  avowing  Joanna  to  Ix.-  his  Irjiiti- 
niate  daugl)ter  See  Carbajal  (Anales.  .M-'., 
af^o  1474).  the  only  authority  for  this  la'-t 
rumour.  Robertson  has  given  incautious cp- 
dence  to  the  fiist  Ftory,  which  has  bioiivrlit 
I  r.  Dunham's  iron  flail  somewhat  uiiuin- 
cifully  on  Ills  shouUti  rs  again  ;  yet  his  la-y 
faith  in  the  matter  may  find  some  palliation, 
at  lea.-t  sufltlcienl  to  screen  him  in>ui  il  e 
charge  of  wilful  misstatement,  in  tin  Imt 
that  Clemencin.  a  native  historian,  and  a  nui~t 
patitnt  and  fair  inquirer  after  tiutli  I. an 
come  to  the  same  conclusion.  (Mem.  de  i« 
Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn,  vl  llust.  19.)  IMii. 
writers  rely  on  the  authority  of  Saniioval.  an 
historian  of  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  whose  naked  asserticn  caimt  lie 
permitted  to  counterbalance  the  strong  tes- 
timony afforded  by  the  silence  of  contemin)- 
raries  and  the  general  discredit  of  siicciedinR 
writers.  (Hist,  del  Einp.  Carlos  V.,  ttmi.  i. 
j>.  10.) — Sismondi,  not  content  with  this  first 
offer  of  King  Ferdinand,  makes  bini  afti  r- 
wards  jiniitise  for  a  daughter  of  King  P^nianuel, 
or,  in  other  words,  bis  own  granddaughter! 
Hist,  des  Fran9ai8,  torn.  xv.  chap.  30. 


HE  RESIGNS  TO  PHILIP. 


533 


tli(^  Empire,  together  with  the  iinited  crowns  of  Spain  and  their  ricli  depend- 
emips.  Jiy  the  proposed  nwrria^e,  a  disnuMnhernn'nt  might  he  injide  at  least 
of  the  Spanish  monarchy  ;  and  the  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Aragoii,  passing 
uiMJer  dirierent  sceptres,  inight  serve,  as  they  hail  formerly  <lone,  to  lientrali/o 
liirli  other,  it  was  true,  this  would  involve  a  rupture  with  Philip,  to  whoso 
soil  his  own  daughter  was  i,<romised  in  marriage,  lint  this  match,  extremely 
di>Uvsteful  to  his  suhjects,  gradually  l)ccanje  so  to  Louis,  as  every  way  i)re- 
jiidirial  to  the  interests  of  France." 

Without  much  delay,  therefore,  preliminaries  were  arranged  with  the 
Ai;i,^onese  envoy,  and  unmediately  after,  in  the  month  of  August,  the  count 
of  Cifuentes,  ami  Thomas  Malferit,  regent  of  the  royal  chancery,  were  puhlicly 
seat  as  plenipotentiaries  on  the  part  of  King  Ferdinand,  to  conclude  and 
exi'L'Ute  the  trendy. 

It  was  agreed,  as  the  basis  of  the  alliance,  that  the  Catholic  king  should  be 
nuiiried  to  (Jeruiaine,  daughter  of  .lean  de  Foix,  viscount  of  Narhonne, and  of 
one  of  the  sis:ers  of  Louis  the  Twelfth,  and  granddaughter  to  Leonora,  (jueen 
of  Xavarre,— that  guilty  sister  of  King  Ferdinand  whose  fate  is  recorded  in 
tli(j  earlier  part  of  our  llistorv.  The  princess  Uermaine,  it  will  he  seen,  there- 
fore, was  nearly  related  to  both  the  contracting  mrties.  She  was  at  this 
time  eighteen  years  of  age,  a!id  very  beautiful.**  Sne  had  been  educated  in 
the  palace  of  lier  royal  uncle,  where  she  had  inibil)ed  the  free  ami  volatile 
iiiaiiners  of  his  gay,  luxurious  court.  To  this  lady  Louis  the  Twelfth  con- 
sented to  resign  Tiis  claims  on  Naples,  to  be  secured  by  way  of  dowry  Ij  her 
anl  her  heirs,  male  or  female,  in  f)erpetuity.  In  case  of  her  decease  wi  hout 
issue,  the  moiety  of  the  kingdom  recognize*!  as  his  by  the  partition  treaty  with 
Spain  was  to  revert  to  him.  It  was  further  agreed  that  Ferdinand  should 
reiinhurse  Loui-i  the  Twelfth  for  the  expenses  of  the  Neapolitan  war,  by  the 
payment  of  one  million  of  gold  ducats,  in  ten  yearly  instalments  ;  and,  lastly, 
that  a  complete  amnesty  should  be  granted  by  him  to  the  lords  of  the  Angevin 
or  French  party  in  Naples,  who  should  receive  full  restitution  for  their  contis- 
caieil  honours  and  estates.  A  mutual  treaty  of  alliance  and  conunerce  was  to 
subsist  henceforth  iKJtween  France  and  Spain  ;  and  the  two  monarchs,  holding 
one  another,  to  quote  the  word-;  of  the  instrument,  "as  two  souls  in  one  ana 
tlie  same  body,"  pledged  themselves  to  the  maintenance  and  defence  of  their 
respective  rights  ana  kingdoms  against  every  other  power  whatever.  This 
treaty  was  signed  by  the  French  king  at  Blois,  October  l-2th,  laO.'),  and 
ratilied  by  Fenlinand  the  Catholic,  at  Segovia,  on  the  Itith  of  the  same  month." 
Such  were  the  disgraceful  and  most  impolitic  terms  of  thi>  compact,  by 
whirh  Ferdinand,  in  order  to  secure  the  brief  po-i.session  of  a  l>arren  authority, 
an!  perhaps  to  gratify  some  unworthy  feelings  of  revenge,  was  content  to 
barter  away  all  tho;e  solid  advantage  >,  Ho  wing  from  the  union  of  the  Sj»anish 
111  Miarchies,  which  had  been  the  great  and  wi'^e  object  of  his  own  and  lsal)ella's 
l")!iey.  For,  in  the  event  of  male  issue,— and  that  he  would  have  issue  was  by 
ii<»  means  improbable,  considering  he  was  not  yet  fifty-four  years  of  age, — 
Aragon  and  its  dependencies  must  be  totiiUy  severed  from  Castile.''*     In  the 


"'  FlcuranRO,  M^moirew,  chap.  15. — .Seyssel, 
IIi<t   d.'  Louys  XII.,  pp.  22;{-'22<t. 

"'  .Meson,  Aiit  alen  d-'  Navarra,  toni.  v. 
lib.  :t.'),  cap.  7,  wo.  4. — (Ionic/,  l)e  Kehus  gf'S- 
ti*,  tol.  00.  —  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Monarqufa, 
t"tn.  i.  p.  410. — "  LiqucUe,"  says  Fleiir.ingc, 
^li'j  bad  doubtless  olti-n  seen  the  princess, 
"•'tut  honne  et  forte  belle  princesse.  du 
tnoi'  s  elle  n'avoit  point  perdu  son  etnboii- 
puiat."    (M^moires,  chao.  19.)    It  would  be 


stranpe  If  she  had  at  the  aj?e  of  eighteen 
Varillas   jrets   ovi  r    the  discrepaticy   of   .ine 
between  the   parti<"B  very   weli,    by  inuUiii^ 
Ferdinand's  at   tlii><   time  only   thirty-seven 
years!     Hist,  dc  Lonis  XII.,  toni.  i.  ji,  457. 

^"  Duniont,  Corps  diploniati(iue,  toni.  iv. 
no.  40,  j'p.  72-74. 

"•  Th(  se  dependeneies  did  not  enilirac, 
however,  the  half  ot  (iranad'i  and  tie  W'l^-t 
Indies,  us  sup^ws'd  hy  Gaillard,  who  gravely 


634 


THE  REGENCY  OF  FERDINAND 


other  altornatlve,  the  splendid  Italian  oonqnests,  which  after  such  cost  of  toil 
and  treasure  lie  had  finally  secured  to  himself,  must  If»e  shared  with  his  nnsiic- 
cossful  comiKjtitor.  In  any  event,  he  ha<l  pledged  himself  to  such  an  indeiimi. 
fication  o!  the  Anjjevin  faction  in  Naples  as  must  create  inextricable  eniharra-s- 
ment,  and  intlict  threat  injury  on  his  loyal  partisans,  into  whose  hands  tlitir 
estates  had  alreafiv  passed.  And  last,  though  not  least,  he  dishonoured  l>v 
this  unsuitable  aiKi  precipitate  alliance  his  late  illustrious  (pieen,  the  meniory 
of  whose  transcendent  excellence,  if  it  had  faded  in  any  degree  from  his  own 
breast,  was  too  deeply  seated  in  those  of  her  subjects  to  allow  them  to  look  on 
the  |iresent  union  otherwise  than  as  a  national  indignity. 

So,  in(U«d,  thev  did  regard  it ;  although  the  peo()le  of  Aragon,  in  whom  late 
events  had  rekindled  their  ancient  jealousy  of  (Jastile,  viewed  the  match  with 
more  complacency,  as  likely  to  restore  them  to  that  political  importiiiKc 
which  hail  l)een  somewhat  impaired  by  the  union  with  their  more  powerful 
neighbour." 

The  Euronean  nations  could  not  comprehend  an  arrangement  f^o  irrecon- 
cilable with  the  usual  sagacious  policy  of  the  Catholic  kin^.  The  i)etty  Italian 
powers,  which,  since  the  introduction  of  France  and  Spaui  into  their  political 
system,  were  controlled  by  them  more  or  less  in  all  their  movements,  viewed 
this  sinister  conjunction  as  auspicious  of  no  good  to  their  interests  or  inde- 
pendence. As  for  the  archduke  Philip,  he  could  scarcely  credit  the  possiliility 
of  this  desperate  ad,  which  struck  off  at  a  blow  so  rich  a  portion  of  his  inherit- 
ance. He  soon  receivetl  confirmation,  however,  of  its  truth,  by  a  prohiliition 
from  Louis  the  Twelfth  to  attempt  a  pas.sage  through  his  donnnions  into 
Spain  until  he  should  come  to  some  aoiicable  understanding  with  his  fatiier- 
in-l      " 

np,  or  rather  Manuel,  who  exercised  unbounded  influence  over  liis 
counsels,  saw  the  necessity  now  of  temporizing.  The  correspondence  was 
re.sumed  with  Ferdinand,  and  an  arrangement  was  at  length  conclmied 
between  the  parties,  known  as  the  concord  of  Salamanca,  November  'J4tli, 
lo05.  The  substance  of  it  was,  that  Castile  should  be  governed  in  the  jctint 
names  of  Ferdinand,  Philij»,  and  Joanna,  but  that  the  first  should  l)e  entitleil, 
as  his  share,  to  one-half  of  the  public  revenue.  This  treaty,  executed  in  ;:ou(l 
faith  by  the  Catholic  king,  was  only  intended  by  Philip  to  lull  the  suspii  ions 
of  the  former  until  he  could  effect  a  landing  in  the  kingdom,  where,  he  conti- 
dently  believed,  nothing  but  his  jiresence  was  wanting  to  insure  success,  lie 
completed  the  perfidious  proceeding  by  sending  an  epistle,  well  garnished  with 
soft  and  honeyed  phrases,  to  his  royal  father-in-law.  These  artifices  had 
their  effect,  and  comjdctely  imposed,  not  only  on  Louis,  but  on  the  more 
shrewd  and  suspicious  Ferdinand.*' 

a^-Rures  us  that  "  les  ^tats  conquis  par  Fer- 
dinitnd  4tuii>nt  conqut'tes  de  comuiuaaut^, 
dunt  lii  luoitie  appartcnoit  au  uari,  et  la 
moitid  aux  enfans.  (Rivalit^,  torn.  iv.  p. 
3(16.)  Such  are  thf  pross  misconceptions  of 
fact  on  which  this  writer's  sieculati<ms  rest ! 

^'  Zurita,  Anales,  torn,  vi  lib.  6.  cap.  19.^ 
Marianii,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  lib.  28, 
cap,  16. 

■"  Abarca,  Reyes  de  Arapon,  torn.  ii.  rey 
30,  cap.  15,  sec.  s. — Zurita,  Aimlis,  torn.  vi. 
lib.  vi.  cap.  21. — Guicdardini,  Istoria,  lib.  7. 
He  received  much  mure  unequivocal  intima- 
tion in  a  Utter  from  Ferdinand,  curious  as 
showing  that  the  latter  8en^lllly  felt  tlie 
nature  and  extent  of  the  sacrifices  he  wm 
making.     "You,"  says  he  to  I'hiUp,   "by 


lending  yourself  to  be  the  easy  dupe  of 
France,  have  driven  me  most  reluctantly  into 
a  second  marriape  ;  have  stripped  n;e  of  the 
fair  fruits  of  mj'  Neapolitan  conquests,"  eti' 
He  concludes  w  tli  thi.x  appeal  to  liiui :  "Sit 
satis,  fili,  perva^atum ;  redi  in  te,  si  filii:i', 
non  hostis  acces8<ris;  liis  noii  olistaniil  ii-^, 
mi  fiUus,  ainplexabere.  Magna  est  jmti nif 
vis  natura'."  Philip  may  have  tliuuKlit  l)is 
father-in-law's  late  conduct  n  indiffinut 
commentary  on  the  "paterim  vis  natiir.>  " 
See  the  king's  letter  quoted  by  Peter  M.Htvf 
ill  his  correspondence  with  the  count  ol  liii- 
dilla,  Optis  Epist.,  epist.  293. 

"•  Carbaj.il,  Anales,  M.S.,  afio  1506.-  Ziiri  a, 
An.iles,  torn.  vi.  Pb.  6,  cap.  23.— Maii;»iia, 
Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  lib.  'ZU,  cap.  li>.  - 


HE  RESIGXS  TO  PHILIP. 


535 


On  the  8th  of  January,  ir»(M5,  Philip  and  Joanna  emliarkod  on  lx>ard  ii 
s|il)>iidid  and  numerous  armada,  and  set  sail  from  a  port  in  Zi-aland.  A 
furious  tempest  scattered  the  fleet  soon  after  leavinL'  tlie  harlM)ur  ;  IMiilip's 
>liip,  which  took  fire  in  the  storm,  narrowly  es(ai»e(l  foundering,  and  it  was 
imt  without  great  difficulty  that  they  succeeded  in  bringin;,'  her,  a  miserahle 
wreck,  into  tlie  Kn;;lish  port  of  Weymouth.**  King  Henry  the  iSevtnlh,  on 
learning  the  misfortunes  of  Philip  and  his  consort,  was  prompt  to  show  every 
mark  of  resi)ect  of  respect  and  consideration  for  the  royal  i»air,  thus  thrown 
iili(tn  his  island.  They  were  escorted  in  magnificent  style  to  >\  indsor,  and 
(Iclained,  with  dultious  hospita'ity,  for  nearly  three  months.  During  this 
time,  Henry  the  Seventh  availed  himself  of  the  situation  and  inex|»erienre  of 
lii>  young  guest  so  far  as  to  extort  from  him  two  treaties,  not  altogether  recon- 
cilable, so  far  as  the  latter  was  concerne<l,  with  soutul  |oli(yor  honour."  The 
rcMiect  which  the  English  monarch  entertained  for  Ferdinand  tl>e  Catholic,  as 
well  as  their  family  connection,  led  him  to  ofler  liis  services  as  a  common 
mediator  between  the  father  and  son.  He  woiild  have  persuaded  the  latter, 
siiys  Lord  Uacon,  "to  be  ruled  by  tiie  counsel  of  a  prince  so  pnident,  so 
experienced,  and  so  fortunate  as  King  Ferdinand  ;"  to  which  the  archduke 
reiilied,  "  If  his  father-in  law  would  let  him  govern  Castile,  lie  should  govern 
hiin."  '* 

At  len^h  Philip,  having'  reassembled  his  Flemish  fleet  at  Weymouth,  em- 
l^-irked  with  Joanna  and  his  numerous  suite  of  courtiers  and  military  retainers, 
and  reached  Corufta,  in  the  north-western  corner  of  Cialicia,  after  a  prosperous 
voyage,  on  the  28th  of  April.* 

A  short  time  previous  to  this  event,  tlie  count  of  Cifuentes  having  pa.s.sed 
into  France  for  tlie  purpose,  the  betrothed  bride  of  King  Feidinand  cjuitted 
lliiit  country  under  his  escort,  attended  by  a  brilliant  train  of  Freiu  h  and 
Neapolitan  lords."  On  the  lx)rders,  at  Fontarabia,  she  was  received  by  tlie 
ai(lil)ishop  of  Saragossa,  Ferdinand's  natural  son,  with  a  numerous  retinue, 
composed  chiefly  of  Aragone.se  and  Catalan  nobility,  and  was  conducted  with 
much  solemnity  to  Dueiia.s,  where  she  was  joined  by  the  king.  In  this  place, 
where  thirty  years  before  he  had  heeu  united  to  Is^^aljella,  ne  now,  as  if  to 
embitter  still  further  the  recollections  of  the  past,  led  to  the  altar  her  young 
and  beautiful  succes.sor.  (March  IHth,  \C)OG.)  "  It  seemed  hard,"  .says  Martyr, 
in  his  quiet  wjiy,  "  that  tlie.se  nuptials  .should  take  place  so  soon,  and  that  too 
in  Isabella's  own  kingdom  of  Castile,  where  she  had  lived  without  peer,  and 


IVtor  Martyr,  Opvis  Epifit.,  epist.  292.— Zurita 
lias  transtribptl  the  whole  of  this  dutifiU  and 
nm~t  lovinK  epistle.  Ubi  supra. — (juiciinr- 
(liiii  considers  Philip  as  only  practiHiig  the 
li  ssons  he  had  learnid  in  .Spain,  "  Ic  arti 
ti^piijrnnole."  ristoria,  lib.  7.)  The  phrnse 
would  seem  to  hav?  been  proverbial  with  the 
Italians,  like  the  "I'uiiica  fides,"  which  tlitir 
U'liiaii  ancestors  fastened  on  the  charact«;r  of 
tiifir  African  enemy, — perhaps  with   equal 

jll-tJPO. 

'"  Joanna,  accordinR  to  Sandoval,  displayed 
nniih  composure  in  her  alarming  situation. 
^Vhf•n  informed  by  I'hilip  of  their  danger,  she 
atiind  htrself  in  her  richest  dress,  securing  a 
iiiiisiderable  sum  of  money  to  her  person, 
tliat  hir  body,  if  found,  might  be  recognized 


and  n  c<  ive  the  obsequies  suited  to  her  rank, 
llist.  del  Emp.  Carlos  V.,  torn.  i.  p.  10. 

^'  IW-nialdez,  Keyes  Cat/illcos,  MS.,  cap. 
204.— Carl>ajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1606— St. 
Gelais,  Hisi.  de  Louys  XII,  p.  186.— I5acon, 
Hist,  of  Henry  VII.,  Works,  vol.  v.  pp.  177- 
179.— Guicciardini,  Istoria,  lib.  7. — Uymer, 
Fuderu,  tom.  xiii.  pp.  123-13J. — One  was  a 
commcrciiil  treaty  with  Flanders,  sodisiistrous 
as  to  bo  known  in  that  country  by  the  name 
of  "mahiB  Intercuisus;"  the  other  Involved 
the  surrender  of  the  unfortunate  duke  of 
Suffolk. 

'-  I5acon,  Hist,  of  Hcnrj-  VII.,  Works,  vol. 
V.  p.  179. 

-'  Ovie<lo,  Quincuagrnas,  MS.,  bat.  l,quinc. 
2,  dial.  36. — Memuires  de  Uayard,  chap.  26. 


*  [In  a  letter  dated  CoruDa,  April  26th, 
I'l.ilip  informs  Ferdinand  of  his  arrival  on 
till,  alteruoon  of  that  day.    He  issued  a  circular 


to  the  nobles  bearing  the  same  date  and  mak- 
ing the  same  statement.  C<jI.  de  Doc.  ined. 
para  la  Hist,  de  Espa&a,  tom.  viii,— Eo.] 


C36 


TIIR  REGENCY  OF   FERDINAND. 


wlirro  lior  ashes  are  still  held  in  as  much  veneration  as  she  enjoyed  whUo 
liviii^r."»« 

It  was  less  than  six  weeks  after  this  that  Pliilip  and  Joanna  landed  at 
Conina.  Ferdinand,  who  had  expected  them  at  some  nearer  northern  pdrt, 
prepared  without  loss  of  time  to  ^o  forward  and  receive  them.  lie  sent  oti  .ni 
express  to  arranp*  the  nlace  of  meeting  with  rhilin,  and  advanced  lliIn^«•!f  as 
far  as  Leon.  Rut  Philin  had  no  intention  of  such  an  interview  at  ]  resent. 
lie  had  purpo'-ely  landed  in  a  remote  corner  of  the  country,  in  order  to  vain 
time  for  his  partisans  to  come  forward  and  declare  themselves.  Missives  had 
been  desjiatc'lied  to  the  principal  nohlesand  (avaliers,  and  they  wereaiiswcicd 
by  f:reat  nund>ers  of  all  ranks,  who  pres.sed  forward  to  welcome  and  jav  (oiiit 
to  the  younj,'  monan  h.'*  AmoiiK  tliem  were  the  names  of  most  of^  the  dii 
Hiderahle  Castilian  fannlies^  and  .several,  as  Villena  and  Najara,  were  accom- 

Imnied  hy  large,  well-app(»nited  retinues  of  armed  followers.  The  anhdhkc 
)ro\ight  over  with  him  a  body  of  three  thousand Cerman  infantry,  in  coinjilctc 
order.  He  soon  mu.stered  an  additional  force  of  six  thousand  native  Spanianis, 
which,  with  the  chivalry  who  thronged  to  meet  him,  placed  him  in  a  conditio  n 
to  dictate  terms  to  his  ifather-indaw  ;  and  he  now  oj)enly  proclaimc(l  that  lie 
had  no  intention  of  abiding  by  the  concord  of  Salamanca,  and  that  he  would 
never  consent  to  an  arrangement  j»rejudicing  in  any  degree  his  and  his  wife's 
exclusive  |)Ossession  of  the  crown  of  Castile." 

It  was  in  vain  that  Ferdinand  endeavoured  to  gain  Don  Juan  Manuel  Id 
his  interests  by  the  most  liberal  oilers,  lie  could  oHer  nothing  to  conipc'tc 
with  the  absolute  ascendency  which  the  favourite  heKl  over  his  young  sovc 
reign.  It  was  in  vain  that  Martyr,  and  afterwards  Ximene.s,  were  sent  to  the 
archduke,  to  settle  the  grounds  of  accommodation,  or  at  least  the  place  (f 
interview  with  the  king.  Philip  listened  to  them  with  courte.sy,  but  would 
abj  ce  not  a  jot  of  his  pretensions ;  and  Manuel  did  not  care  to  expose  his 
roy.d  master  to  the  influence  of  Ferdinand's  superior  address  and  sagacity  in 
a  jiersonal  interview" 

Martyr  gives  a  picture,  by  no  means  unfavourable,  of  Philip  at  this  tiriio. 
He  had  an  agreeable  person,  a  generous  di.sposition,  free  and  open  manners, 
with  a  certain  nobleness  of  .soul,  although  .spurred  on  by  a  most  cra\inj:  am- 
bition. But  he  was  .»jo  ignorant  of  affairs  that  be  became  the  dupe  of  artful 
men,  who  played  on  him  for  their  own  purnoses." 
Ferdinand,  at  length,  finding  that  Philip,  who  had  now  left  Conn'ia,  was 


"  P(tpr  Martyr,  Opus  Fpist.,  cplst.  300.— 
Ovicdo,  Quiiuiiaj^cims,  MS.,  liat.  1,  quinc.  2, 
dial.  ;iO.-  I'arliajal.  Analop,  MS.,  afio  lf)06.— 
liornaliipz,  Hfj-cs  ("aiolicos.  MS.,  cap.  "ioa. — 
••  .'ovie  aiP'irmtd,"  says  Zurita,  '*  tlmt  IsabcUa, 
brforo  appoiiiiing  her  husband  to  ihe  rrpcncy, 
exacted  an  oath  from  him,  thut  ho  would  not 
marry  a  second  time."  (Analep,  torn.  v.  lib. 
6.  cap.  84.)  This  improbable  story,  so  Incon- 
pistent  with  th<'  fpieen's  character,  hax  b<rn 
transcribed  with  more  or  le.«8  qualiflcatlon  by 
succeeding  historians-,  from  Mariana  to  (^uin- 
taiia.  Robtrt-un  repeats  it  without  any 
f|uaHflCiition  at  all.  See  History  of  Charles 
V  ,  vol.  ii.  p.  ti. 

"  "Quisque  enim  in  spes  suas  prnnus  et 
expeditus,  commodo  serviendun),"  says  Gio- 
vlo,  borrowing  the  familiar  metaphor,  "et 
orientem  Bolem  i>otiu8  quani  occidentem  adi>- 
randum  esse  dictltabat."  Vita;  Illust.  Vlro- 
ruin,  p.  li'a. 


"  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  6,  cap  29, 
30. -Gomez,  De  Rebua  Resti-,  fol.  57.— 1^  r- 
naldez,  Reyes  C'at6licos,  MS.,  cap.  'HA.— 
I'eter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epiet.  3U4,  3(i6  — 
Caibajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1506.— Siiudi.val, 
Hist,  del  Knip.  Carlos  V.,  ;om.  i.  p.  10. 

"  I'eter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epivt.  3u6, 
30S,  309.  — Gome'z.  Do  Rebus  gestis,  lul.  59.— 
Giovio,  Vita'  Illust.  Virorum,  p.  27h. 

'"  *'  Nil  benignius  I'hilippo  in  terris,  nullim 
inter  orbis  principes  aniu)osic  r,  inter  juvtiie!* 
pulchrior,"  etc.  (Oima  Epist.,  epist.  2-5.) 
In  a  snbsequent  letter  he  thus  d-  >cril>'  s  tlii> 
unhappy  jjndicament  of  the  young  princf : 
•'  Nescit  hie  juvenis,  nescit  quo  se  vi  rtut,  liino 
avaris,  illinc  ambitiopis.  atque  utrinniue  valris 
hominibus  ciuumseptus  aiieninena.  Icna- 
natunv,  ape<tiqne  animi.  Trahetur  in  di- 
versa,  perturbaMtur  ipse  atque  obtundetiir. 
Omnia  confunlentur.  Utinaui  vaua  pnt- 
dicem !  "    Kpist.  308. 


HE  RESIGNS  T(     PHILIP. 


G37 


e  tnjoyod  whilo 

tniina  landoi!  nt 
r  iiortlicrn  jK.rt, 

He  sent  Ml  iin 
mhimI  liiiii.M'lf  as 
vi«'W  at  I  rcM  lit. 
ill  cmlcr  to  ^ain 
!.  Missives  liad 
V  wore aiiswci I'd 
le  and  lav  (uuit 
nost  01  tlio  ciiii- 
ira,  were  acrom- 

Tlie  ar(lidhl<(' 
ritry,  in  oonij.letc 
lativo  Siiaiiiards, 
in  in  a  conditii n 
)(lainie(i  that  lie 
1(1  that  he  anouM 
lis  and  Ids  wife's 

Juan  Manuel  tn 
hing  to  coiupete 
his  young  j-ovc- 
were  sent  to  the 
ast  the  place  if 
rtesy,  hut  would 
re  to  expose  his 
s  and  sagacity  \n 

ilip  at  this  time. 
l1  open  nuumcrs, 
nost  cra\in^  ;iiii- 
e  dupe  of  artful 

left  Conina,  was 

.  vl.  lib.  6,  (ttr  -9. 
5e8ti-,  fol.  57.— H«r- 
,  MS.,  cap.  '-!ij4 - 
it.,  epist.  'MA,  3(10 — 
&o  1506.— Sumldval, 
,  .om.  i.  p.  10. 

EpiPt.,  cpM.  3U6, 
bus  geetif",  tul.  69  — 
•uiu,  p.  '27h. 
ippoin  terrio,  millii!> 
xisii  r,  inter  juvcih'h 
Epist.,  fpist.  2-'t>) 
'  tluiH  difiril'is  th'' 

thp  youiiR  )iriri(t' : 
t  quo  80  VI  itrtt,  liiiiv^ 
tquputriDKinevaln-* 
(  alioIli^'t'nrt,  I'l'Hii' 
.  Trahetur  in  di- 
■  atquc  obtundctiir. 
Jiinam    vaua   pra- 


ftilvanoing  hy  a  cirniitoiis  route  into  the  interior  on  purpose  to  avoid  him,  and 
that  all  access  to  his  daughter  wii.s  al»-olut»Iy  refused,  (ouhl  im  longer  repress 
hi"  indignation  ;  and  he  prepared  a  (ircular  letter,  to  he  .sent  to  the  ditlerent 
yixvU  of  the  country,  calling  on  it  to  rise  ami  aid  him  in  rescuing  the  ipieeii, 
their  sovereign,  from  her  pre.sent  shameful  <aptivity."  It  diK's  n<it  appear 
that  he  sent  it.*  He  pndialdy  found  that  the  call  would  not  U>  answered  ; 
fur  the  French  match  had  lost  him  even  that  degree  of  favour  with  which  ho 
had  l»een  reganhnl  hy  the  commons  :  so  that  the  very  expinlient  on  wiiich  he 
relied  for  jteriHJtuatiiig  his  authority  in  C'asiile  was  the  chief  cuu.se  of  his  losing 
it  altogether. 

He  was  doomed  to  ext)erience  still  more  mortifying  indignities.  Py  the 
(mlers  of  the  manpds  of  AsUuga  and  the  count  of  henavente,  he  was  actually 
refused  admittjince  into  those  cities  ;  while  proclamation  was  made  hy  the 
sauie  arrogant  lords,  proliihitingany  of  their  va.ss<vls  from  aiding  or  harhouring 
hi-i  Aragonese  followers.  "  A  sad  spectacle,  indeed,'  exclaims  the  loyal  Martyr, 
"to  hehold  a  monarch,  yesterday  almost  omnipotent,  thus  wandering  a  vaga- 
liond  in  his  own  kingdtmi,  refused  even  the  siglit  of  his  own  child  ! "'  *' 

^H  all  the  gay  trihe  of  courtiers  who  fluttered  around  him  in  his  prosjwrity. 
the  only  Castilians  of  note  who  now  remained  true  were  the  duke  or  Alva  ami 
the  count  of  Cifueiites  ;*'  for  even  his  son-in-law,  the  Cijiistalde  of  Castile, 
iiad  deserted  hiiii.t  There  were  some,  however,  at  a  distiince  from  the  scene 
of  operations,  as  the  good  Talavera,  for  instance,  and  the  count  of  Tendilhv, 
who  .saw  with  iiiucli  concern  the  i»ros{)ect  of  changing  t^  e  steady  and  well- 
tried  hand,  which  liad  held  the  iielm  for  more  than  thirty  years,  for  the 
ca])ricious  guidance  of  Philip  and  his  favourites." 

An  end  was  at  length  fiutto  this  .scaiulalous  exhihition ;  and  Manuel,  whether 
from  increased  confidence  in  his  own  resources,  or  the  fear  i)f  hringing  puhlic 
udium  on  himself,  consented  to  trust  his  royal  charge  to  the  peril  of  an  inter- 


"  Ziirita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  2. 

*"  Opus  Kpi«t.,  CplBt.  308. 

"  Aycr  era  Rcy  do  E^pafka, 
oy  no  lo  soy  do  una  villa; 
ay< T  villa.<«  y  ca«tillos, 
oy  lihiRuno  possoya; 
ayer  tenia  criados,"  etc. 
Tlie  lament  of  King  Rcxleric,  In  this  fine 
bid  ballad,  would  seeu  hardly  too  extrava- 


gant in  the  mouth  of  his  royal  descondiint. 
*'  "  Ipsa-  amitoH  res  optima'  pariuiit,  advorme 
pri-hant."  Tub.  >yru8. 

♦»  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  cpint.  306, 
311. — Koblcs,  Vida  de  Ximene/,  p.  143. — 
Mariana,  Hist,  de  Es|>ana,  toni.  ii.  lib.  28, 
cap.  I'J. — I,:inuza,  llistorias,  torn.  i.  lib.  1, 
cap.  19. — Sandoval,  liiHt.  del  Emp.  Cailos  V., 
torn.  i.  p.  10. 


*  [Tlio  momentary  flash  of  desperate  reso- 
liitinn  aroused  in  Ferdinand,  on  llnding  how 
fiiiiplctely  he  hud  been  outwitted  by  his 
antagonist.  Is  describe*!  In  a  letter,  without 
ilitc,  addressed  by  his  secretary,  Almazan,  to 
Xiiiiiiies,  who,  intrusted  with  the  fulle>t 
I'Wir*,  was  v.dnly  endeavouring  to  effect  a 
(' iiipromise  with  i'hllip.  "His  highness," 
-  >s  tlio  writ'  r,  "is  determined  upon  making 
III.  agreement  soon,  as  he  has  written  to  you 
I  iiMsi'lf;  and  if  it  is  not  made  soon,  he  intends 
til  lake  another  way  of  doing  what  he  sees 
t'l  it  lie  ou;:ht  to  do;  and  this  he  will  not  tail 
t.  .|(i,  even  if  ho  should  be  left  alone,  with  only 
)i  -  (lo.ik  and  sword  {nuvque  quedase  solu  cm 
INI  i^invla  y  una  capa  en  la  manu).  For  he 
thinks  that  as  he  has  leason  and  justice  on  his 
Mil. ,  and  as  he  has  not  taken  the  way  of  deceit, 
*'ven  if  he  should  be  embarrassed  at  the 
I'l'Kiniiing,  in  the  end  Ciod  will  give  him 
^fictory  and  forces  will  1>6  raisf-d  from  where 
people  do  not  think  of  it  {d«  do  las  gentu  no 


pientan).  He  says  that  .  .  .  every  day  those 
about  him  are  st'  aliiig  off,  and  if  Ids  (niarrel 
had  been  proclaimed  and  published  in  the 
kingdom  it  would  have  gone  differently.  1 
iK'seech  your  lioliness  that  no  one  but  your- 
self may  know  of  tlii.s,  for  I  tell  It  only  tor 
your  iiiiorniation,  and  in  order  that  you  make 
haste  to  come  to  a  settlement,  aiid  have  it 
sealed  and  sworn  to  there  without  waiting  to 
cohsiilt  his  highness."  (.'ol.  de  Doc.  ined. 
para  la  Hi-t.  do  l-,s|afia,  torn,  xiv.  — Kn] 

t  [When  the  Constable,  who  had  asked  and 
(necessarily)  received  perniissioii  from  Fer- 
diii.md,  was  going  off,  Alva  said  to  him, 
jestingly,  "  1  never  supposed  you  had  any 
honour  till  now  tliat  I  see  you  are  going  to 
lose  it"  (nuiica  pens*'-  que  tern' .des  lionra, 
sino  agora  qtie  voo  que  vais  a  jierderlal;  to 
which  the  Constable  replied,  laughing.  "Do 
you  wish  me  to  l)e  a  traitor,  like  you.''  That 
your  eyes  shall  never  toe."  Ci6nicade  Fllip« 
el  Hermoso.— Ei> 


r>3fi 


THE  REGENCY   OF   FERMXAND. 


virw.'"  Tho  jilaoo  soIcoUmI  was  an  open  plain  nonr  I'licMa  de  Sonalirin,  nn 
the  hnr<l«'is  of  Ii«'mi  an<l 'iiilicia.  (June  •J.SnI.)  lint  cvrn  tln'ti  tin'  prcian 
tions  takrn  wvw  of  a  kind  tnily  Iu<ll(rons,  ((insiiU'riiiK  tlu'  foilnrn  cnmliliKri 
of  Kint;  Fcniinaiul.  TIm»  wlioh'  niilitAry  api-aralns  i»i  tlif  ai(li<luk<'  was  put 
in  nuttion,  as  if  he  expected  to  win  tlie  crown  hy  Iwittlc.  Fii>t  ranic  tlu'  \v»ll. 
ap|H)int4>d  Ocrnian  sprarnuMi,  all  in  ti^litin^  order.  Then,  tliu  MJiinin;^'  sipiad 
r(»Ms  of  the  nohle  Castilian  chivalry,  and  their  armed  retainern.  Next  followed 
the  archduk(^  sejvtod  on  his  war-ln»rs(»  and  encompassed  Itv  liis  Inxly  ^nard  ; 
while  the  rear  was  clo.se«l  hy  the  iun^  Hies  of  archers  and  llj,djt  aivalry  of  tin- 
coimtrv.** 

Ferdinaml,  on  the  other  hand,  came  nito  tlie  field  atten<led  hy  about  two 
hundred  noltles  and  p'ntlemen,  chiefly  Ara^onese  and  Italians,  riding,'  on 
nndes,  and  simply  attired  in  the  short  Mack  cloak  and  honnet  of  the  country, 
with  no  other  weapon  than  tho  sword  usually  worn.  The  kin^'  trusted,  says 
Zurita,  to  the  majesty  of  his  presence,  and  the  rejiutation  he  had  actiuired  by 
his  lon^  and  ahle  administration. 

The  (^'astilian  nobles,  brouf,'ht  into  contact  with  Ferdinan<l,  could  not  well 
avoid  iMiyinj^  their  obeisance  to  him.  He  rtveived  them  in  his  iisnal  f,Tacious 
and  atiable  manner,  niakinjj;  remarks  tlie  ^'ood  humour  of  whi(  h  was  occasion- 
ally seascmed  with  somethinj;  of  a  more  jtun^'ent  character.  To  the  duke  of 
Najara,  who  was  noted  for  U'in^'  a  vain-j,'lorious  jiei-son.  and  who  came  forward 
with  a  K^llant  retinue  in  all  the  panoj)ly  of  war,  ne  exclaimed, "  So,  dtike,  you 
are  mindful  as  ever,  I  see,  of  the  «lnties  of  a  ^neat  captain  I  "  Anion;,'  others 
was  (Jarcilasso  de  la  Vejia,  Ferdinand's  minister  formerly  at  Rome.  Like 
many  of  the  Castilian  lords,  he  wore  armour  under  his  dress,  the  better  to 
^uard  against  surprise.  The  kinj;,  embracing  him,  felt  the  mail  beneath, 
and,  tappini;  him  fjuniliarly  on  the  shoulder,  said,  "  I  conijn'atulate  you,  (Jani- 
lasso  ;  you  have  grown  wonderfully  lusty  since  we  last  met."  The  desertion, 
however,  of  one  who  had  received  so  many  favours  from  him  touched  iiiiii 
more  nearly  than  that  of  all  the  rest. 

As  Philip  tlrew  near,  it  was  observed  he  wore  an  anxious,  embarrassed  air, 
while  his  father-in-law  maintained  the  same  serene  and  cheerful  aspe<  t  a> 
usual.  After  exchanging  salutations,  the  two  monarchs  alighted,  and  entercl 
a  small  hermitage  in  the  neighbourhood,  attended  only  by  flannel  and  Arch- 
bishop Ximenes.  They  had  no  sooner  entered  than  the  latter,  addressing  the 
favourite  with  an  air  of  authority  it  was  not  ea.sy  to  resist,  told  him  it  was 
not  meet  to  intrude  on  the  private  concerns  of  their  masters,  and,  taking  his 
arm,  led  him  out  of  the  apartment  and  coolly  locked  the  door  on  him,  saying 
at  the  same  time  that  he  would  serve  as  porter.  The  conference  led  to  no 
result.  Philip  was  well  schooled  in  his  part,  and  remained,  says  Martyr,  im- 
movable as  a  rock."    There  was  so  little  mutual  confidence  between  the  parties 


*'  There  are  several  letters  of  Philip  to  the 
Catholic  kiiift,  written  soon  after  landing, 
llllcd  with  expressions  of  respect,  and  affect- 
inj?  a  great  eaRerncss  for  tlie  interview, — 
whicii  lie  wa.s  so  careful  to  defeat.  A  letter 
vitiiout  date  prolmbly  written  Just  previous 
to  thcii  uieetinn— concludes  in  the  following 
manlier.  The  original  Is  somewhat  damaged, 
li  is  signed,  as  u>Uiil.  by  Philip,  El  Hey. 
"Con  el  y  lutyenden  en  fiio  concordlo  y  espiro 
en  ftro  seftor  q'  (juaiido  fueres  llegado  a  bueiia- 
vetc  quedara  tan  po()ue  q'  hazer  q'  las  vistas 
seran  como  v.  al.  dicho  para  vor  plazer  y  no 
para  neg09io9,  y  asy  euplico  a  v.  al.  q'  asi  se 
faga,  pues  Buy  voluntad  no  es  otra  syuo  de 


ser  .  .  .  muy  obedlente  d  v.  al.  y  a  lo  q'  v. 
al.  dicho  .  .  .  echundolos  q'  estan  niovidos 
en  est'is  reynos  .  .  .  quant  me  pesa  di  11".  y 
es  ti'stigo,  q'  .  .  .  muy  humyl  y  oLeiliete 
hijo  q'  BUS  realcB  manos  besa."  Autografa  de 
Felipe.  MS. 

"  Tlie  only  pre'ext  for  hU  this  pomp  of 
war  was  the  rumour  that  the  Iving  was  levy- 
ing a  considerable  force,  and  the  duke  of  Alva 
mustering  hix  follower s  in  Leon,— run loura 
willingly  circulated,  no  d  ubt,  if  not  a  ^lieer 
device  of  the  enemy.  Zurita,  Anules,  lib-  ', 
cap.  2. 

*'  "Durior  Cd'icasia  rupe,  patcrnum  nihil 
auscultavii."    Opus  KpUt.,  cpist.  .<lu. 


HE  RESIGNS  TO  PHILIP. 


539 


that  the  name  of  Joanna,  whom  Fi.  .  nui  (IfHiitnl  so  nnich  to  sec,  was  nt»t 
('v»'ii  rniMitioiml  diirinu  th«'  int«'rvit'w.** 

Hut,  however  rehictarit  Kenlinuntl  nii^ht  W  to  a<hiiit  it,  ho  was  no  lon^or 
ill  a  condition  to  Htand  upon  terms  ;  and,  in  addition  tn  the  entire  Iohn  of 
iiifhience  in  ('antile,  he  re<eiveil  such  alarming,'  a<  ( oiint.s  from  Naph's  us  made 
hini  d«t<>rmineon  un  unmeiiiate  visit  in  ikm'sou  to  that  kingdom,  lie  resolved, 
therefore,  to  \mw  his  head  to  the  i»resenl  storm,  in  ho|i4's  that  a  hri^hlrr  day  wan 
ill  reserve  f«ir  him.  He  saw  the  j^-nlousy  hourly  sprin^dn^;  up  U'tweeii  the 
Flemish  and  Castilian  euurtiers  ;  and  he  prohahiy  Hnti('i|»ated  s\i«  h  misiul<>  as 
^MM||d  attord  an  oiieiim^^  ptrhaps  with  the  ju'(nmI  will  of  the  nation,  for  him  to 
rtsume  the  reins  so  unceremoniously  snatc|»e«l  from  his  ^'rasp.*'  At  any  nite, 
slioiild  force  Ik*  necessjiry,  he  would  l»e  U'tter  al»le  toemploy  it  t'dectively,  with 
tilt' aid  of  his  ally,  the  French  king,  after  he  hud  adjusted  theutlairsof  Nunles." 

Whatever  considerations  may  luive  iidluenced  the  prudent  inonurdi,  he 
iiiithorized  tlie  archhishop  of  Toledo,  who  kept  near  the  |H'rson  of  the  arch- 
duke, to  consent  to  an  accomnuxlation  on  the  very  j^rounds  jpro|>ose«l  hy  the 
liitter.  On  the  27th  of  June  he  signed  and  solemnly  swore  to  an  agreement 
I  y  which  he  surrendered  the  entire  sovereignty  of  Castile  to  I'nilip  and 
.li«iiina,  reserving  to  himself  only  the  grand-masterships  of  the  nnlitary 
orders,  and  the  revenues  secured  hy  Isahella's  testament.** 

On  the  following  day  he  execute<l  another  instrument  of  mast  singular 
import,  in  which,  after  avowing  in  uneipiivocal  terms  his  daughter'.s  incapacity,** 
he  em^ages  to  assist  Philip  in  preventing  any  interference  in  her  liehulf,  and 
to  maintain  him,  as  far  as  in  his  power,  in  the  .sole,  exchisive  atithority." 

Hefore  signing  these  papers,  he  privately  made  a  protest,  in  the  presence  of 
.several  witnesses,  tliat  wliat  he  was  alK)ut  to  do  was  not  of  his  own  free  will. 
Iiut  from  necessity,  to  extricate  him.self  from  his  t)erilous  situation  and  shiela 
the  country  from  the  impending  evils  of  a  civil  war.  He  conclmleii  with 
inserting  tnat,  far  from  relinquishing  his  claims  to  the  regency,  it  was  his 
design  to  enforce  them,  as  well  as  to  rescue  his  daughter  from  her  captivity, 
as  s(X)u  as  he  was  in  a  condition  to  do  .so.*'  Finally,  he  completed  this  cham 
tif  inconsistencies  by  addressing  a  circular  letter,  dated  .luly  1st,  to  the  ditlerent 
jiarts  of  the  kingdom,  announcing  his  resignation  of  the  government  into  the 
liiuids  of  Philip  and  Joanna,  and  declaring  the  act  one  which,  notwith>tanding 
lii.-i  own  right  and  power  to  the  contrary,  he  had  nreviously  determined  on 
executing  so  soon  as  his  children  should  set  foot  in  hpain.*' 


*"  O/ledo,  QnlnmagpnaB,  MS.,  bat.  l.qulnc. 
3.  dial  43.  -K<)I>1'  8,  Vida  ile  Ximenez,  pp. 
1 40- 14».— Mariana,  Iliftt.  dp  Eflpafla,  toin.  ii. 
li'i.  'J8,  cap.  20.— Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib. 
T.  cap.  5. — Gomez,  I)e  Rebus  gentls,  fol.  61, 
6'.'.— Abarca,  Heyrs  dc  Arugnn,  torn.  ii.  roy 
3ii.  rap.  IS.— rari)ajal,  Anales,  MS.,aflo  1506. 
—  Fiornaldpz.  Reyes  Cat<')licofl,  MS.,  cap.  204. 

'  i.ord  Fiacon  reuiarks,  in  allusion  to 
riiiliji's  premature  death,  "There  was  an 
oI'Mffvation  by  the  wisest  «if  that  court,  that, 
if  lit'  liad  lived,  his  father  would  have  pamcd 
uiMiii  him  in  that  sur(,  as  he  would  have 
governed  bi^  councils  and  designs,  if  not  his 


affectionB."  (Hist,  of  Henry  VII..  Works, 
vol.  V.  p.  ISO.)  The  prediction  must  have 
l)een  suggested  by  the  Keneral  PHllaiatii.n  of 
their  ri'siH'ctive  characters;  for  the  parties 
never  met  again  after  leidinaiid  withdrew  to 
Anigon. 

*"  Zurita,  Anales,  toni.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  ». 

'"  Ik'irialdt/,,  ReyeM  Cat('ilicos,  MS.,  aip. 
204.— Carldijal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  I606.— 
Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  7. — I'eter 
Martyr,  Opus  Epst  ,  epist.  210. 

"■  kuritu,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  8. 

"  Mtui,  ubi  supra. 

"  Idem,    ubi    supra.— Ferdinand's    muni- 


*  [The  language  of  this  part  of  the  docu- 
rumn  is  as  follows :  "  La  dicha  Serenisyma 
rr  ytia  Nuesira  hija  en  ninguna  manera  se 
quiire  ocupar  ni  emender  en  ningun  ncgocio 
dt'  ngimtuto  ni  governacion  ni  otra  cosa  y 
ftuiique  lo  quicse  fazer  stra  [.'stria]  total  de- 


Btruycion  y  perdimiento  destos  rreynos  segnnd 
BUS  enfermedades  e  pa.'^iones  que  a(iui  no  so 
espresau  |»or  1h  uiiestidad."  Heitienioth, 
Letter>,  I'jspaiches,  and  Stale  Papers,  Sup- 
plementary Volume.- jdj>.J 


540 


THE  REGENCY  OF  FERDINAND. 


It  is  not  easy  to  reconcile  this  monstrous  tissue  of  incongruity  and  dissimu- 
lation with  any  motives  of  necessity  or  exuediency.  Why  should  he,  so  sonn 
after  nreparing  to  raise  the  kingdom  in  his  daughtei's  cause,  thus  jjuldidv 
avow  her  imlu'cility.  and  deiK)sit  the  whole  authority  in  the  hands  of  l'hi,i|i^ 
Was  it  lu  hring  ouium  on  the  head  of  the  latter,  V>y  encouxaging  him  to  a 
measure  which  lie  knew  must  disgust  the  Castilians '^ "  Jiut  Ferdinand  hy 
this  very  act  shared  the  responsibility  with  him.  Was  it  in  the  expectatinii 
that  uncontrolled  and  undivided  rower,  in  the  hands  of  one  so  rasli  and  im- 
jtiovident,  would  the  more  speedily  work  his  ruin  {  As  to  his  claiuk'htinc 
protest,  its  design  was  oljviously  to  aflord  a  plausible  pretext  at  some  fuliiiv 
time  for  reasserting  his  claims  to  the  government,  on  the  ground  that  his  ( on- 
cessions  had  been  the  result  of  force.  But,  then,  why  neutralize  the  operatiun 
of  this  by  the  d'^claration,  spontaneously  made  in  his  manifestc  ♦c  the  pc(.jilt', 
that  his  abdication  was  not  only  a  free  but  most  delil^erate  and  premeditatcil 
act '{  He  was  led  to  this  last  avowal,  probably,  by  the  desire  of  covering  over  the 
nioi  tification  of  his  defefit ;  a  thin  varnish,  which  could  impose  on  nobody. 
The  whole  of  the  proceedings  are  of  so  ambiguous  a  character  as  to  suggest 
the  inevitable  inference  that  they  tlowec'  from  habits  of  dissimulation  too 
strong  to  be  (ontiolled,  even  when  there  was  no  occasion  for  its  exercise.  We 
occasionally  meet  with  examples  of  a  similar  fondness  for  supertiuouij  manau- 
vring  in  the  humbler  concerns  of  private  life.* 


ft'Sto,  a.)  well  a&  tl:o  instrument  declaring 
his  daunliterV  incapacity,  is  given  at  length 
by  Zuiita.  The  secret  protest  rests  on  the 
unsupported  authority  of  the  historian  ;  and 
eurtly  a  better  authorit  cannot  easily  be 
found,  considering  his  proximity  to  tlie  period, 
his  resources  as  national  historiographer,  and 
the  extreme  cautinn  and  candour  with  which 
he  discriminates  between  fact  and  rumour. 
It  is  very  remarkable,  however,  that  IVter 
Martyr,  with  every  op|K)riunity  for  informa- 
tion, as  a  member  of  the  royal  houseliold 


apparently  high  in  the  king's  confidence, 
should  have  made  no  allusion  to  tliis  sctnt 
protest  in  his  cornsjiondence  with  i'lndilla 
and  Talavera,  both  attached  to  the  royal  party, 
and  to  whom  he  appears  to  have  comuiiini- 
cated  all  matters  of  interest  without  reserve. f 
'^  This  motive  is  charitably  imputed  to 
him  by  Gaillard.  (Rivalit^,  torn.  iv.  p.  :iil.) 
Tlie  same  writer  commends  FeidiimiKi's 
habUitt,  in  extricating  iiimself  from  his  cin- 
baira.>-snieiits  by  the  treaty  "  auquel  iljii  am- 
seittir  Philippe  dans  leur  entrevue  "  !    p.  3io. 


*  [Ferdinand's  r'^urse,  tortuous  or  vacil- 
lating lis  it  was,  ndght  admit  of  a  more 
favourable  explanation  than  that  wliich  is 
suggesteii  in  tlie  text,  and  the  imputations  on 
his  conduct  in  rejiard  to  his  daughter  seem  to 
bi'  entirely  groundless.  Far  Irum  "encou- 
raging" I'hilip  to  undertake  any  "  measure  " 
against  his  wife,  Ferdinand,  before  leaving 
Spain,  sent  an  envoy  to  his  son-in-law  to 
make  t  ach  representations  as  might  induce 
liim  to  treat  her  wiih  consideration  and  kind- 
ness. "  Tell  him,"  says  the  letter  of  instruc- 
tions carried  l>y  the  envoy,  "that  I  fe.ir 
certain  persons  will  seek  to  increase  the 
diircn'nt'cs  between  him  and  the  queen  my 
daughter,  and  that  1  recommend  him  to  be 
ciiiitiniiully  on  his  guard,  his  best  course 
b.  ing  to  live  in  jxTfect  harmony  w  itii  her.  .'.  . 
I'.y  limd,  gentle,  and  lnving  treatment  he  will 
do  mor>'  with  her  than  in  any  otlier  manner  ; 
.  .  .  ami  this  is  also  the  way  to  luncfit  her 
halth,  which  \\ill  be  injured  by  a  contrary 
motle  of  proceeding.  I  should  wish  the  king 
my  son  to  make  every  trial  and  endeavour 
that  he  can  to  ameliorate  my  daughter's 
health ;  for  if  God  should  give  her  health,  as 
1  trmt  that   ho  will  do  if  aided  by  prop*  r 


efforts,  the  king  my  Bon  would  be  freer  fn>in 
care,  and  siic  would  deliglit  in  jdeasing  liiui 
in  everything ;  and  tell  him  that  1  say  tliis 
out  of  love  for  him,  and  for  his  good,  whicli  in 
the  truth ;  and  also  because  as  a  futliei  1 
wish  to  see  lo\eand  agreement  l»-twecii  ilieii). 
Also,  if  anything  should  be  said  about  putting 
the  queen  my  daughter  into  »  furtiess,  'f 
w  hicli  there  has  a. ready  been  some  talk,  and 
they  should  ask  you  alniut  my  opinion  or 
\  leasure  in  regard  to  it,  you  will  .-ay  that,  tnr 
the  love  I  bear  the  king  my  son,  1  \\(mlil 
never  give  my  voice  or  consent  to  it ;  lur  1 
regard  it  as  certain  th.it  this  is  the  lea-t  In- 
fitting  thing  to  do,  and,  if  my  opinion  an^l 
counsel  1^  followed,  fur  no  cause  in  thewuiel 
should  it  be  done.  .  .  .  I?}'  love  and  iii""\ 
treatment  he  can  do  more  with  her  than  t'V 
any  other  method,  and  this  is  a  safe  \\;\y,  as 
well  as  that  which  God  re<iuires,  whiU'  the 
otlier  is  full  of  inconveniences.  .  .  .  .\t  the 
time  ol  my  departure  1  was  asked  on  the  part 


t  [The  protest  and  the  agreement  are  Ixitii 
in  the  Archives  of  Simancas,  and  have  heeii 
iniblished  in  the  Col.  de  Doc.  ined.  para  la 
liibt.  de  K,«pafia,  torn,  xiv.  -£n.] 


HE  RESIGNS  TO  PHILIP. 


541 


After  these  events,  one  more  interview  took  {Aace  botwpon  Kin^  Fordiuaml 
and  Philip  (July  oth),  in  which  the  former  prevaileil  on  his  son-in-law  to  \niy 
such  attention  to  decorum,  and  exhibit  such  outwanl  marks  of  a  cordial 
rct  onciliation,  as,  if  they  did  not  altogether  inijiose  on  the  i)ublic,  mi^dit  at 
least  throw  a  decent  veil  over  the  coming  separation.*  Even  at  this  last 
meeting,  however,  such  was  the  tUstrust  and  apprehension  entertiiined  of  Iiim 
tiiat  the  unhappy  father  was  not  permitted  to  see  and  embrace  his  daughter 
before  his  departure." 

Throughout  the  whole  of  the*e  trying  scenes,  says  his  biographer,  the  king 
iiiaintained  that  propriety  and  entire  sef -possession  which  comported  with  the 
iliL'iiityof  his  station  and  character,  and  strikingly  contraste<l  with  the  conduit 
of  iiis  enemies.  However  nuich  he  may  have  been  touched  with  the  desertion 
of  a  people  who  had  enjoyeil  the  blessings  of  peace  and  security  under  his 
government  for  more  than  thirty  years,  he  manifested  no  outward  sign  of  dis- 
content. On  the  contrary,  he  took  leave  of  tiie  assembled  gramlees  with  many 
expressions  of  regard,  noticing  kindly  their  past  services  to  him,  and  studying 
to  leave  such  an  impression  as  shoidd  etlace  the  recollection  of  recent  dii- 
ft'iences."  The  circumspect  monarch  lookc  1  forward,  no  doubt,  to  the  day  of 
his  return.  The  event  did  not  seem  very  improbable ;  and  there  were  other 
siigacious  persons  besides  himself,  who  read  in  the  dark  signs  of  the  times 
abundant  augury  of  some  si)eedy  revolution.*' 


"  Ziirita,  Anales,  torn.  vl.  lib  7,  cnp.  10. — 
Mariana,  Hist,  de  Ktspafia,  tuiii.  ii.  lib.  28, 
cap.  21.— Gomez,  De  Uebu.s  gcstis,  fol.  64. — 
Peter  Martyr.  Opus  Epi.'^t.,  cpist.  210. 

Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  10.— 
Oviedo,  (^uiiicuageuas,  MS ,  bat.  1,  quiiic.  3, 


dial.  9. 

"  Zuritn,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  10. 

—See  also  the  melancholy  vaticinations  of 
Martyr  (Opus  Epist.,  epist.  311),  who  seems 
to  echo  back  the  sentiments  of  his  friends 
Tendilla  and  Talavera. 


of  the  king  my  son  to  write  with  n«y  own 
liand  to  the  queen  my  dauniiter,  requesting 
liir  to  take  some  women  into  her  service 
[luana,  wlien  coming  to  Spain,  iiad  left  her 
Fleuiish  attendants  behind],  as  he  thought  it 
very  wrong  that  she  should  be  thus  alone  : 
t  II  the  king  my  son,  and  the  arclibishop  of 
Tiilcdo,  who  spoke  to  me  alwut  this,  that  I 
wa.s  on  the  point  of  writing  to  her  when  1 
1  anied  that  she  had  taken  women,  and  seeing 
ii  was  done  I  desisted  from  writing,  both 
because  it  was  unnecessary  and  lest  the  sight 
of  my  letter  might  have  some  ill  effect  on  her 
(kpudiera  hacer  alguna  alieracion)."  Iii- 
ctiuctions  to  Luis  Ferjer,  Barcelona,  July 
I'nli,  1506,  Papicrs  d'Eut  du  Cardinal  ae 
•  iraiivell".  toni.  i. 

liernenroth,  citing  a  single  passage  from 
tills  (locunient,  that  in  which  Philip  is  urged 
to  treat  his  wife  kindly  and  lovmnlj'  and  to 
live  ill  harmony  with  her,  asks  if  it  is  "  pus- 
s^iMe  to  supp<j8e  that  even  a  man  like  Ferdi- 
nand would  have  advised  Philip  to  live  with 


Til"  principal  authorities  for  the  events 
of  this  chapter,  as  the  reader  may  rem;irk, 
are  .Martyr  and  Zurita.  The  former,  not 
ni<ri  ly  a  spectator,  but  acUjr  In  tiiem,  had 
'inijiiuhtedly  the  most  intimate  opportunities 
iif  observation.  He  seems  to  have  been  suf- 
ficiently impartial,  too,  and  prompt  to  do 
justice  to  what  was  really  good  in  Philip's 


her  as  a  good  husband  and  to  gain  her  affec- 
tions, if  she  had  Ijeen  mail  ? "  The  meaning 
of  Ferdinand's  language  will  \)e  clear  it  we 
remember  tliat  the  jealousy  for  which  she  had 
undoubted  pniunds  had  been  represented  as 
an  instigating  catise  of  .Juana'.t  tits  of  ulx^r- 
ratiim.  Her  father  intimates  that  it  is  in 
Philip's  power,  by  a  proper  line  of  conduct, 
to  ameliorate  her  condition.  But  it  is  cleat 
from  the  whole  tenor  of  this  lettiT  that  he 
was  convinced  of  his  iiicapa<  iiy  ;  and  this 
conviction  forms  his  justtticatmn  Ixith  in 
struggling  to  retain  pos^es.>^ion  of  tlie  govern- 
ment, and,  whi-n  forced  to  r  llnqui.'-h  it,  in 
resigning  it  to  Philip  exclusively. — Ki>.] 

[•  In  a  letter  written  on  the  same  day, 
Ferdinand  descrilx's  this  interview  as  lasting 
an  hour  and  a  lialf,  dining  whieli  the  jiarti.^s 
were  alone  tuirether,  and  ihe  elder  monarch 
"  instructi d  and  counseUid  "  the  younger, 
after  which  Xiuienes  was  admitted.  Col.  do 
Doc.  ined.  para  la  Hi.st.  de  Ivspaua,  torn.  xiv. 
— Ed.J 


character ;  although  that  of  his  royal  master 
was  of  course  calculated  to  inipre"  the 
deepest  respect  on  a  person  of  Martyrs  un- 
common penetration  and  sagacity.  The 
Aragonese  clironicler,  however,  though  re. 
moveil  to  a  somewhat  further  distance  as  to 
time,  was  from  that  circumstance  jilaced  in  a 
point  of  view  more  favourable  for  embracing 


542 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


thf>  wliolo  flold  of  action  than  If  he  had  takpn 
part  and  Jostlod  in  tlio  crowd  as  one  of  it. 
IIo  has  accordlnRly  Rivfn  much  wider  wo|ie 
to  his  survey,  exhibiting  full  doiails  of  tiie 
allogcd  uricvancps,  jin'tpiifions,  and  policy  of 
tlip  oppoHitR  party,  and,  although  condemning 
I  hem  himself  without  reserve,  has  conveyecl 
Inipri  ssions  of  Ferdinand's  c(/niluct  I'  ss 
favKuralile,  on  the  whole,  than  Martyr. 

Hut  neither  tlie  Aragonese  historian,  nor 
Martyr,  nor  any  cnntcniporary  writer,  native 
<'r  foreign,  whom  1  have  consulted,  counte- 
nances the  xtremely  unfavourable  portrait 
which  Dr.  iCubertsoD  has  given  of  Ferdinand 


in  his  transactions  with  Philip.  It  is  dlfTl'  nit 
to  account  for  the  bias  which  this  eniiiniit 
historian's  mind  has  receivtd  in  this  matt,  r, 
unless  it  be  that  he  has  taken  his  im[iris^i.,ii. 
from  the  popular  notions  entertained  of  ii 
character  of  the  parties,  rathi  r  than  from  tlK- 
circumstances  of  the  particular  case  ui.d- r 
review;  a  nuxle  of  proceeding  extremity  nli- 
Jpctionable  in  the  present  instance,  wli.ro 
Philip,  however  good  his  atnral  qualitii's, 
was  obviously  a  mere  to«  ,  ii  the  hands  if 
corrupt  and  artful  nien,  working  ex>jlusivi:ly 
fur  their  own  selfish  purposes. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

COLUMBUS. — HIS   RETURN   TO   SPAIN. — HIS   DEATH. 

1504-1506. 

Return  of  Columbus  from  his  Fourth  Voyage — His  Illness— Xcglected  by  Ferdinand— His 

Death — His  I'erson  and  Character. 

While  the  events  were  passing  wliich  occupy  the  beginning  of  the  pre^o(lill^f 
chapter,  Christopher  Coiiinibiis  returned  from  his  fourth  and  last  voya,i;t'. 
It  had  been  one  unbroken  series  of  (Usapix)intrnents  and  disasters.  After 
quitting  llispaniola,  and  being  driven  by  storuis  nearly  to  the  Island  of  (Julia, 
he  traversed  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  and  coasted  along  the  margin  of  tlie 
golden  region  which  had  so  long  flitted  before  his  fancy.  The  natives  in  vain 
invited  him  to  strike  into  its  western  deuths,  a.id  he  pressed  forward  to  tlio 
south,  now  solely  occupied  with  the  grand  object  of  discovering  a  passage  into 
the  Indian  Ocean.  At  length,  after  having  with  great  dithculty  advaiKcil 
somewhat  bevond  the  point  of  Nombre  de  Dios,  he  was  compelled,  by  the 
fury  of  the  elements  and  the  murmurs  of  his  men,  to  al)andon  the  enterprise 
and  retrace  his  stei)s.  He  was  subse<]uently  defeated  in  an  attempt  to 
establish  a  colony  on  terra  firma,  by  the  ferocity  of  the  natives  ;  was  wreckeil 
on  the  island  of  Jamaica,  where  he  was  permitted  to  linger  more  than  a  year, 
through  the  malice  of  Ovando,  the  new  governor  of  St.  Domingo  ;  and  finally, 
having  re-embarked  with  his  shattered  crew  in  a  vessel  freighted  at  his  own 
expense,  was  driven  by  a  succession  of  terrible  tempests  across  the  ocean, 
until,  on  the  7th  of  November,  1504,  he  anchored  in  the  little  port  of  St.  Lucar, 
twelve  leagues  from  Seville.' 

In  this  quiet  haven,  Columbus  hoped  to  find  the  repose  his  broken  constitu- 
tion and  wounded  spirit  so  much  needed,  and  to  obtain  a  speedy  restitution 
of  his  honours  and  emoluments  from  the  hand  of  Isabella.  But  here  he  was 
to  experience  his  bitterest  disappointment.  At  the  time  of  his  arrival,  the 
oueen  was  on  her  death-bed ;  and  in  a  very  few  days  Columbus  recei\etl 
the  afflicting  intelligence  that  the  friend  on  whose  steady  support  he  had 


'  Martyr.  De  Rebus  Oceanicis,  dec.  3,  lib. 
4. — IJenzoni,  Novi  Orhis  Hist.,  lib.  l,cap.  14. 
— Fernando  Colon,  Mist,  del  Almirante,  cap. 
HS-1()H.  —  Herrera,  Indias  occidentales,  dec.  1, 
lib.  6,  cap.  2-]-i;  lib.  «,  cap.  l-i:J.  Navar- 
rete,  Coleccion  de  Viages,  toin.  1.  pj).  '.is'i- 
325.— The  b*>Bt  authorities  for  the  fouitli 
voyage   ure   the   relatiuus  uf   Meudez   aud 


Porras.  bf>th  engaged  in  it,  and,  above  ill, 
tlie  aimiral's  own  letter  to  the  sovcreiiin'i 
from  .lamaicu  They  are  all  collected  in  Hie 
first  volume  of  Navarrete.  (,Ubi  siii)ra  ) 
Whatever  cloud  may  \ye  thrown  over  the 
early  part  of  Columbus's  career,  there  is 
.'oundant  light  on  every  strp  of  liis  path  after 
the  commencement  of  liis  great  enterpriBe. 


HIS  DEATH. 


543 


by  Ferdinand— His 


SO  confidently  relied  was  no  more.  It  was  a  heavy  blow  to  his  hopes,  for 
"lie  hatl  always  experienced  favour  and  protection  from  her,"  says  his  son 
FiTiJinantl,  "while  tlie  king  liad  not  only  been  indilferent,  but  iM»sitively 
unfriendly,  to  his  interests."  '  \Ve  may  readily  cre<lit  tiiat  a  man  ot  the  cold 
and  prudent  character  of  the  Spanish  monarch  woidtl  not  l)e  very  likely  to 
comprehend  one  so  ardent  and  aspiring  as  that  of  Columbus,  nor  to  make 
alhAvance  for  his  extravagant  sallies ;  and,  if  nothing  has  hitlierto  met  our 
eye  to  warrant  the  strong  language  of  the  son,  yet  we  have  seen  that  the 
kiiiu',  from  the  first,  distrusted  the  admiral's  projects,  as  having  something 
unsound  and  chimerical  in  them. 

The  artiiction  of  the  latter  at  the  tidings  of  Isabella's  death  is  strongly 
depicted  in  a  letter  writter.  imnjediately  after  to  his  son  I>iego.  "  It  is  our 
chief  duty,"  he  says,  "to  conmiend  to  Hod  most  afi'ectionately  and  devoutly 
the  soul  of  our  deceased  lady  the  (lueen.  Her  life  was  always  Catholic  and 
virtuous,  and  prompt  to  whatever  could  redound  to  his  holy  service  ;  where- 
fore we  may  trust  she  now  rests  in  glory,  far  from  all  concern  for  this  rough 
and  weary  world." ' 

Columbu.s,  at  this  time,  was  .so  much  crippled  by  the  gout,  to  wliich  he  hatl 
hcen  long  subject,  that  lie  was  unable  to  undertake  a  journey  to  Segoviii, 
where  the  court  was,  during  the  winter.  lie  lost  no  time,  however,  in  laying 
his  situation  before  the  king  through  his  son  Diego,  who  was  attached  to 
the  royal  hou.sehold.  He  urged  his  ]iast  .services,  the  original  terms  of  the 
capitulation  niade  with  him,  their  infringement  in  almost  every  particular, 
and  his  own  necessitous  condition.  But  Ferdinand  was  too  busily  occunied 
with  his  own  concerns,  at  this  crisis,  to  give  much  heed  to  those  of  Columbus, 
who  repeatedly  comjilains  of  the  inattention  shown  to  his  application.*  At 
length,  on  the  approach  of  a  milder  season,  the  admiral,  having  obtained  a 
dispensation  in  his  favour  from  the  ordinance  prohibiting  the  u.se  of  mules, 
was  able  by  easy  journeys  to  reach  Segovia  and  present  liimself  before  the 
monarch.*    (May,  1/305). 

He  was  received  with  all  the  outward  marks  of  courtesy  atid  regard  by 
Ferdinand,  who  assured  him  tliat  "  he  fully  estimattnl  his  important  .services 
and,  far  from  stinting  his  recompense  to  the  i»recise  terfus  of  the  capitulation, 
intended  to  confer  more  anjple  favours  on  him  in  Castile."  * 

These  fair  words,  however,  were  not  seconded  hy  actions.  The  king  pro- 
hahly  had  no  serious  thoughts  of  reinstathig  the  adnural  in  his  government. 
His  successor,  Ovando,  was  high  in  the  royal  favour.  His  rule,  however 
ohjectionable  as  regards  the  Indians,  was  every  way  acceptable  to  the  Spanivh 
colonists  ; '  and  even  his  oppression  of  the  poor  natives  was  so  far  favourable 
to  his  cause  that  it  enabled  him  to  pour  nmch  larger  sums  into  the  royal 
corters  than  had  been  gleaned  by  his  more  humane  predecessor.** 

The  events  of  the  last  voyage,  moreover,  had  probably  not  tended  to 
dispel  any  distrust  which  the  king  had  previou.sly  entertained  of  the  admiral's 
capacity  for  government.  His  men  had  been  in  a  state  of  j  erpetual  insub- 
urdination  ;  while  his  letter  to  the  sovereigns,  written  under  distres^ing 


'  Hist,  dol  AlmirantP,  cap.  lOS. 

'  Oaitas  de  Colon,  apud  Navarrete,  Colec- 
cion  de  Viagpa,  torn.  i.  p.  :{41. 

*  See  his  inten  stin^  correspondence  with 
hJM  son  Dii'go,  now  printed  for  tin-  first  time 
liy  Scfior  Navarrete  from  tlje  original  MSS. 
in  Ui(>  duke  of  Veragua's  possesfiion.  Colec- 
ciiin  df  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  338  et  seq. 

'  Herrera,  Indl.is  (Kcidentales,  dec.  1,  lib. 
6,  cap.  14. — Femaudu  Colon,  Hist,  del  Aiiui- 


ratite,  cap.  108. — For  an  accunt  of  tld«  ordi- 
nance see  I'art  11.  clia|)ter  .i,  note  \2,  of  iliis 
History. 

"  Herrera,  Indias  occidentales,  dec.  1,  iib.  6, 
cap.  14. 

•  Ihid.,  dec.  I,  lib.  5,  cap.  12. 

•  Ibid.,  dec.  1,  lib.  5,  cap.  12  ;  lib.  8,  cap. 
16-ls. — Uaribay,  Compcndlo,  torn.  U.  lib.  19, 
cap.  14. 


544 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


oirciim stun 005!,  imloed,  from  Jamaica,  exliibitod  such  a  deep  colonrini:  of 
(lespondoncy,  and  occasionally  such  wild  and  visionary  luqiccts,  as  luiulil 
almost  suyjjest  the  suspicion  of  a  temjiorary  alionatioii  of  mind.* 

JJiit,  whatever  reasons  may  liave  operated  to  po>tii(ine  Colnmhus's  restora- 
tion to  power,  it  was  the  grossest  injustice  to  withhold  from  him  the  revemifs 
secured  hy  the  original  contract  with  the  crown.  According  to  his  own  state- 
ment, he  was  .-o  far  from  receiving  his  share  of  the  remittances  made  \y 
Ovando,  that  he  was  ol>liged  to  horrow  money,  and  had  actually  incurrcij  a 
heavy  debt  for  his  necessary  expenses.'"  The  truth  was,  that,  as  the  re- 
sources of  the  new  coimtries  hei,'an  to  develop  themselves  more  ahundaiitly. 
FenUnand  felt  greater  reluctance  to  comply  with  the  letter  of  the  originiil 
capitulation  ;  he  now  considered  the  con)pensation  as  too  vast  and  altogethei 
disproportioned  to  the  services  of  any  sultject ;  and  at  length  was  so  miueiie- 
rous  as  to  i»roi)ose  tlut  the  admiral  snould  reliiKiuish  his  claims,  in  considera- 
tion of  other  estates  and  dignities  to  be  assigned  him  in  Castile.'"  It  aruucd 
les-i  knowledg*;  of  character  than  the  king  u.sually  showed,  that  he  slmnld 
liave  thought  the  man  who  had  broken  otl"  all  negotiations  on  the  threshoid 
of  a  dubious  enteri)rise,  rather  than  abate  one  tittle  of  his  demands,  would 
consent  to  such  almtement  when  the  success  of  that  enterprise  was  so  glori- 
ously established. 

What  assistance  Columbus  actually  received  fi  m  the  crown  at  this  time, 
or  whether  he  received  any,  does  not  appear.  He  continued  to  reside  with 
the  court,  and  .accompanied  it  on  its  renutval  to  Valladolid.  He  no  doulit 
enjoyed  tl»e  pu])lic  consideration  due  to  his  high  repute  and  extraordinary 
achievements  ;  though  by  the  monarch  he  might  be  regarded  in  the  unwel- 
come light  of  a  creditor  whose  claims  were  too  just  to  be  disavowed  and  too 
large  to  be  satisfied. 

With  spirits  broken  by  this  unthankful  requital  of  his  services,  and  with  a 
constitution  impaired  by  a  life  of  unmitigated  hardship,  Cohnnbus's  health 
now  rapidly  saiiK  under  the  severe  and  reiterated  attacks  of  his  disorder.  <  )n 
the  arrival  of  Philip  and  Joanna,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  them,  through  his 
brother  Bartholomew,  in  wliich  he  lamented  the  infirmitie.s  which  prevented 
him  from  paying  his  respects  in  person,  and  made  a  tender  of  his  future 
services.  The  conununication  was  graciously  received,  but  Columbus  did  not 
survive  to  behold  the  young  sovereigns.'* 

His  mentiil  vigour,  however,  was  not  imjwiired  by  the  ravages  of  disease, 
and  on  the  19th  of  iMay,  loCMi,  he  executed  a  codicil,  confirming  certain  testa- 
mentary dispositions  formerly  made,  with  special  reference  to  the  entail  of  his 
estates 'and  dignities;  manifesting  in  his  latest  act  the  same  solicitude  lie 
had  shown  through  life,  to  perpetuate  an  honourable  name.  Havim:  coin- 
])lete(l  these  arrangements  with  |>erfect  composure,  he  expired  on  the  follow  iin; 

day,  being  that  of  our  Lord's  ascension    "  "  ' 

Kudering,  and  in  the  most  Christian  spirit 


*  This  document  exhibits  a  medley,  in 
whicl)  sober  narrative  and  sound  nasoning 
are  strangely  blended  svitli  crazy  dreams, 
doleful  lamentation,  iiiid  wild  scliemes  for 
the  recovery  of  Jcru-Jalem,  the  conversion  of 
the  (icami  Klian,  etc.  N'ajrarics  like  tl'se, 
which  come  occasionally  like  clouils  over  his 
soul,  to  sliut  out  till"  liKJit  <jf  reason,  cannot 
fail  to  fill  the  mind  of  the  reader,  as  they 
doubtless  did  tiiose  of  the  sovereif^ns  .it  the 
time,  with  mintled  sentiments  of  wonder  and 
compassion.  See  Cartas  de  Colon,  apnd  Na- 
varrete,  Colecciou  de  Viagcs,  torn.  i.  p.  296. 


n  (May  20th,  ir)06),  with  little  api)arnit 
)irit  of  resignation."    His  remains,  first 

'"  lbi<i..  p.  3r?s. 

"  Fernando  Colon.  Hist,  del  Almiranfe, 
cap.  108.— Hcrrera,  Indias  occidentale>,  iil). 
6,  cap.  14. 

'''  Navarrete  has  given  the  letter,  Colerri.n 
de  Vianes,  torn.  iii.  p.  530.— llerrera,  Imlias 
occidentales,  ubi  supra. 

"  Zufiipa,  Annalis  de  Scvilla,  p.  4-0.  - 
Fernanilo  Colon,  Mist,  del  Almiraiite,  cap. 
10«.— Ik-rnaldez,  Reyes  Cat^iicos.  MS.,  cap. 
131.— Navarrete,  Coiecciou  de  Viages,  torn. 
ii.,  Doc.  dipl.  158. 


HIS  DEATH. 


645 


deposited  in  the  convent  of  St.  Francis  at  Valladolid.  wore,  six  years  later, 
rt'iiioved  to  the  Carthusian  monastery  ot  LasCu('\;i>  at  Sc'villf,  wlww  a  CM>x\y 
nioiiuinent  was  ruined  over  theiu  by  Kin;,'  Ferdinand,  wiih  tiic  memorable 
iiiM'ripticn, 

"A  Castillay  It  Leon 
Nu«.'Vo  iiiuiido  (lio  Colon ;  " 

"the  like  of  which,"  says  his  son  Ferdinand,  with  as  nuicli  truth  as  simi»licity, 
"was  never  recorded  ot  any  man  in  ancient  or  modern  times.'"'*  From  this 
,s]iMt  his  bodv  was  transjrorted,  in  the  year  hKi<),  to  tin;  island  of  St.  Domin-o, 
tlu'  proper  theatre  of  his  discoveries,  and.  on  the  cession  of  that  island  to  the 
Fri'iirh,  in  179"),  wasauain  removed  to  Cuua,  where  hi.s  ashes  now  (^nietiy  repose 
ill  the  cathedra!  church  of  its  capital.'* 

There  is  considerable  uncertainty  as  to  Columbus's  a^'e,  thouLih  it  seems 
Mobable  it  was  not  far  from  seventy  at  the  time  of  his  death."*  llis  person 
las  been  minutely  described  by  his  .son.  He  was  tall  and  well  made,  his  head 
ar^e,  with  an  a(iuiline  nose,  small  li^dit-bltie  or  grayish  eyes,  a  fresh  com- 
plcxion  and  red  liair,  thou,::h  incessant  toil  and  exposure  had  bronzed  the 
foiiiier,  and  bieacheil  the  latter,  before  the  age  of  thirty.  He  had  a  majestic 
linvscnce,  with  nnich  dignity  and  at  the  .same  time  allalnlity  of  maimer.  Ho 
wa>  tluent,  even  eloquent,  in  discourse  ;  generally  temperate  indei»ortment,  but 
sometimes  hiu'ried  by  a  too  lively  sensibility  into  a  sally  of  passion.''  He  wa.s 
abstemious  in  liis  diet,  indidged  little  in  anm.senients  of  any  kind,  and,  in 
truth,  .seemed  too  much  absorl>ed  by  the  great  cau.se  to  which  he  hiid  con- 
secrated his  life  to  allow  scone  for  the  lower  pursuits  and  pleasures  which 
engage  ordinary  men.  Indeed,  his  imagination,  by  feeding  too  exclusively  on 
this  loftv  theme,  acquired  an  unnatural  exaltation,  which  raised  him  too  nuich 
al'ove  the  .sober  realities  of  existence,  leading  him  to  spurn  at  ditliculties 
wlii(  h  in  the  end  proved  insurmountable,  and  to  colour  the  future  with  those 
rainbow  tints  which  too  often  melted  into  air. 

Tills  exalted  .state  of  the  imagination  was  the  result  in  part,  no  doultt.  of  the 
jieciiliar  circumstances  of  his  life  ;  for  the  glorious  enterjtrise  which  ne  had 
achieved  almost  justified  the  conviction  of  his  acting  under  the  intluence  of 
siiiue  higher  inspiration  than  mere  human  reason,  and  led  his  devout  mind 
to  discern  intimations  respecting  himself  in  the  dark  and  mysterious  annun- 
ciations of  .sacred  prophecy."* 

That  the  romantic  colouring  of  his  mind,  however,  was  natural  to  him,  and 

mous  pnbliratiiin. 

"■  'I'ln-  viir.oUH  tiieorics  respecting  the  date 
of  Cohmibws's  hirtli  cover  a  raiinv'  cf  twenty 
years,  fmin  l4;tti  to  UOO.  Tlurt-  an-  Hturdy 
objictinns  ti)  eitln'r  of  tlie  li\  potlicses ;  iiiid 
the  histiiriitii  will  find  it  eu>ii'r  to  cut  the 
knot  than  tu  iinr.ivcl  it.  Coiii|).  Navarretc, 
Colccijon  <1''  N'iagi'S,  toiii.  i  .  jirnid.,  sec.  .14. 
—  Muiei/.,  Hi-t.  (i'l  Nii>'V()-Mund  >,  lib.  2,  sec. 
12. — Si)otorno,  .Nbniori.ils  ol  Coluinhw.'*,  pp. 
I'J,  '25.— Irving,  Life  of  Columbu.s,  vol.  iv. 
Ixiok  I ><,  chill),  t. 

"  FernuiKlo  Colon.  IIi.«t.  del  Alniirante, 
cap.  :i. — Novi  Orbis  lli>t.,  lib.  1,  cap.  14.— 
lli'rrer.i,  Indi.i.'i  occidiiitale.s,  dec.  1,  lib.  6, 
cap.  1.). 

"  i^ee  th<'  exr.icts  froui  Columbus's  book 
of  rroplieci''s  (^iipud  Nav.irnte,  Col. ccion  de 
Viagis,  U>in.  ii..  Dm..  di|.!.  no.  lti»),  as  still 
•'xi-tiuj;  in  the  liibliothecu  Colouibiui  at 
Seville. 

2  > 


"  Hist,  del  Alniirante,  ubl  supra.— The 
follows ing  culogium  of  P.iolo  (iiovio  is  a 
pl'Mving  tribute  to  the  deserts  of  the  gnat 
navigator,  slxnving  the  high  estimation  in 
wU'wU  he  was  held,  abroail  as  well  as  at  home, 
by  the  enlightened  of  his  own  day  :  "Incom- 
jiarn'iilis  l.iguribus  honos,  eximium  It.iliie 
dt'cus,  et  pra'fnlgidum  jui)ar  seculo  nostro 
tii-ciTetur,  ([uod  priseoruni  heronni,  HtTculis, 
It  l.ibcri  patris  famam  obscuraret.  l^uorum 
uii'iiMriam  grata  olini  mortalitas  leternis 
liti-riiiiin  r.ionumentis  cielo  cuiisecrarit." 
Einjria  Virorum  lllust.,  lib.  4,  p.  r23. 

Navairete,  Coh'ccion  d<'  Viag<*s,  torn,  il., 
li'i-.  aipl.  177.— On  the  left  of  the  grand  altar 
I't  ti.i-.  stat'ly  edifice  is  a  bust  i.if  C.iliinibus, 
I'll  m1  in  a  niche  in  the  wall,  and  near  it  a 
'ii\tr  uni,  containing  all  that  now  rrmains 
I'f  till'  illustrious  voyagi'r.  S<'e  Abbot's 
"l.rttci:*  fioni  Cuba,"  a  work  of  much  in- 
t'Tc-t  and  information,  witu  the  reiiuisito 
*iiij.vaiice  for  tae  inaccuracies  of  a  pi>stiiu- 


1t 


546 


RETURN  OF  COLUMBUS. 


not  purely  tlie  growth  of  circninstaures,  is  evident  from  the  chimerical  specu- 
lations in  which  he  seriously  induli^cd  before  the  accomplishment  of  his  ^q-cat 
<lisc()veries.  His  scheme  of  a  cru>a(le  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Sej>ul(Jiit! 
Avas  most  deliberately  meditated,  and  strenuously  avowed  from  the  very  tirst 
date  of  his  proposals  to  the  Spanish  ^'overmnent.  His  enthusiastic  conuuuni- 
editions  f)n  the  subject  must  have  provoked  a  smile  from  a  pontitl'  like  Alex- 
ander the  Sixth  ;  '*  and  may  suKrl^-'^t  some  aoology  for  the  tardiness  with 
which  his  more  rational  projects  were  accr(!tliteu  by  the  (.astilian  j^^nernnicnt. 
But  these  visionary  fancies  never  clouded  his  judgment  in  matters  relating  to 
liis  great  undertaking  ;  and  it  is  curious  to  observe  the  prophetic  accural  y 
with  which  he  discerned  not  only  the  existence  but  the  eventual  resources  of 
the  western  world  ;  as  is  sutiiciently  evinced  by  his  precautions,  to  the  very 
last,  to  seciM'e  the  full  fruits  of  them,  unimpaired,  to  his  posterity. 

Whatever  were  the  defects  of  his  mentiil  constitution,  the  finger  of  tiie 
historian  will  find  it  ditlicult  to  point  toasingle  blemish  in  his  moral  character. 
His  coires|)ondence  breathes  the  sentiment  of  devoted  loyalty  to  his  sovereigns. 
His  conduct  habitiiallv  disidayed  the  utmost  solicitude  for  the  interests  of  his 
followers.  He  expended  almost  his  last  maravedi  in  restoring  his  unfortunaU; 
crew  to  their  native  land.  His  dealings  were  regulated  by  the  nicest  principles 
of  honour  and  justice.  His  last  comnumication  to  the  sovereigns  from  the 
Indies  remonstrates  against  the  use  of  violent  measures  in  order  to  extnn  t 
gold  from  the  natives,  as  a  thing  equally  scandalous  and  immtlitic."''  The 
grand  object  to  which  he  dediciited  himself  seemed  to  expand  nis  whole  soul, 
and  raised  it  above  the  j)etty  shifts  and  artifices  by  which  great  ends  are  some- 
times sought  to  be  compassed.  There  are  some  men  in  whom  rare  virtues 
have  been  closely  allied,  if  not  to  positive  vice,  to  degrading  weakness. 
Columbus's  character  presented  no  such  humiliating  incongruity.  Whetlier 
we  contemplate  it  in  its  public  or  jjrivate  relations,  in  all  its  features  it  wears 
the  same  noble  asjiect.  It  was  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  grandeur  of  his 
plans,  and  their  results  more  stupendous  tliau  those  which  lleaven  has  per- 
mitted any  other  mortiil  to  achieve.^' 


'"  See  his  opistlo  to  tlie  most  selfish  and 
sensual  of  the  successors  of  St.  Peter,  in  Na- 
varrete,  Colcccion  de  Viages,  toni.  ii.,  Dx;. 
dipl.  no   145. 

-"  "  Kl  oro,  bien  que  sepun  informacion  cl 
sea  muclio,  no  uv  pare>cio  Men  ni  servi(  io  <ie 
vuestras  Altr/.tts  dc  se  le  tumar  ])or  via  de 
ro)>o.  I. a  liuctia  orden  {'vitani  escand(do  y 
uiala  fiinia,"  etc.  Cartas  ile  Colon,  apud  Na- 
varrete,  Colcccion  de  N'inpi'S,  toni.  1,  ]>.  .'tlO. 

-'  Columbus  left  two  suns,  Fernando  and 
Diefio.  The  fornuT,  illegitimate,  inherited 
liis  father's  penius,  sa.vs  a  Castilian  writer, 
and  the  latter,  his  honours  and  estates. 
(Zufiipa,  y\nnales  de  .Sevilla,  afio  15ii6  )  Fer- 
nando, liesides  other  works  now  lo^t,  left  a 
valuabli'  memoir  of  his  father,  often  cited  in 
this  history.  He  was  a  person  of  rather  un- 
common literary  attainments,  and  amassed 
a  library,  in  his  extensive  travels,  of  20.()U0 
V(dumes,  jierhaps  the  largest  private  collec- 
tion in  Knmpe  at  that  day.  (Ibid.,  ano  15,19.) 
Diepo  did  not  succeed  to  his  fatlier's  dipiuties 
till  he  had  ol'iumd  a  judpnient  in  his  favour 
apaiT)st  the  <  wn  fiom  the  (,'onncil  of  the 
Indies;  an  act  hiphly  honourable  to  iliat 
tribunal,  and  showing  that  the  independence 


of  the  courts  of  justice,  the  preatest  bulwark 
of  civil  liberty,  was  well  maintained  uiulfr 
Kinp  Ferdinanil.  (Navarrete,  Cohrcion  iL' 
Viapes,  toni.  ii..  Doc.  dipl.  nos.  It;:!,  lilt; 
tom.  ill.,  Supl.  Col.  dipl.  no.  09.)  Tlip  voiim; 
adinii-al  subseriuently  married  a  lady  of  tli" 
pnat  Toleilo  family,  niece  of  the  du!<e  nf 
Alva.  i^Oviedo,  Quiiicuapcnas,  M!^.,  bat.  1. 
(luinc.  '.J,  dial.  8.)  This  alliance  with  one  of 
the  most  ancient  branches  of  the  liauplity 
aristiwrac.v  of  Castile  proves  the  extraenli- 
nary  considcrjit  on  which  Columbus  niii-t 
have  attained  durinp  his  own  lifetime.  A 
new  opposition  wa«  made  by  Charles  V.  to 
the  succes-ion  of  Uiepi/s  son;  and  the  liittfr, 
discouraped  by  the  prospect  of  this  ititiTiiii- 
nable  litipation  with  tlv  crown,  pnnietiily 
consented  to  connniite  his  claims,  too  va-t 
and  indefinite  for  ..ny  subject  to  enforce,  fer 
specific  honours  and  revenues  in  Castile.  Tli'^ 
titles  of  Duke  of  Verapua  and  Miiniiii'*  <'f 
.Jamaica,  derived  from  the  places  visited  ly 
the  admiral  in  his  last  voyape,  still  di^tiii- 
puish  the  family,  whose  prmvlest  title,  Hl><>ve 
all  that  nioiiarchs  can  confer,  is  to  have  de- 
scended from  Columbus.  Spotorno.  Me- 
morials of  Columbus,  p.  123. 


FERDINAND  VISITS  NAPLES. 


547 


CIIAl'TER  XIX. 


IIEIGN   AND  DEATH   OF   PHILIP   I.—  PROCKKDrNdS   IN   CASTILE.— FKRDINAND 

VISITS  NAPLES. 

1506. 

riiilip  nml  Joanna— Their  rpckless  Administration— Fonlinand  (listniPts  Oonwilvo— Ho  sailn 
tor  Naplfs— Piiilip's  Death  and  Cliai actor — Tiio  Provifiiinial  (iovornnx  lit— loaiina'.s  Condi- 
tion—FerUiiund'.s  Entry  into  Napltjrt— D'sconieiit  caused  by  liid  Measures  there. 

KiN(i  Fkki)in-am)  had  no  sooner  ooiiHuded  the  arrangement  with  Philip,  an<l 
withdrawn  into  his  here(Htary  donnnions,  than  tlie  arch(hike  and  his  wife 
jUdceeded  towards  V'alladuhd,  to  receive  tlie  homage  of  the  estates  convened 
111  that  city.  Joanna,  oppressed  with  an  hahittial  melancholy,  antl  clad  in  tiie 
salile  habiliments  better  snited  to  a  season  of  mourning  tlian  rejoicing,  refused 
tilt'  splendid  ceremonial  and  festivities  with  which  tlie  city  Wiis  prepared  to 
welcome  her.  Her  dissipated  husband,  who  had  long  since  ceased  to  treat 
her  not  merely  with  attection,  hut  even  decency,  would  fain  have  jiei-suaded 
the  cortes  to  authorize  the  confinement  of  his  wife,  as  disordert^l  in  intellect, 
and  to  devolve  on  him  the  whole  charge  of  the  government.  In  this  he  wjus 
siipi)orted  by  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  and  some  of  the  principal  nobility. 
Hut  the  thing  was  disUistefid  to  the  commons,  who  could  not  brwk  such  an 
indignity  to  their  own  "natural  sovereign;"  and  they  were  so  staunchly 
su|iported  by  the  admiral  Enriiiuez,  a  grandee  of  the  highest  authority  from 
his  connection  with  the  crown,  tnat  Philip  was  at  length  induced  to  aluindon 
his  purpose,  and  to  content  himself  with  an  act  of  recognition  sinular  to  that 
iiiade  at  Toro.'  No  notice  whatever  was  taken  of  the  Catholic  king,  or  of  his 
ment  arrangement  transferring  the  regency  to  l*hilip.  (July  I'Jth,  l.")(X).) 
The  usual  oaths  of  allegiance  were  tendered  to  Joanna  as  (pieen  and  lady  nro- 
prit'tor  of  the  kingdom,  and  to  Philip  as  her  husband,  and  finally  to  tiieir 
eldest  son,  Prince  Charles,  as  heir  apparent  and  lawful  successor  on  the  demise 
of  his  mother.'' 

\iy  the  tenor  of  these  acts  the  royal  authority  would  seem  to  liave  been 
virtually  vested  in  Joanna.  From  this  moment,  however,  IMulij)  assinned  the 
pivcrnment  into  his  own  hands.  Theetiects  were  soon  visible  in  the  thorough 
revolution  introduced  into  every  department.  Old  incumltents  in  otlice  were 
pjeded  without  ceremony,  to  make  way  for  new  favoiaites.  The  Flemings,  in 
particular,  were  placed  in  every  considerable  post,  and  the  princiital  fortresses 
of  the  kingdom  intrusted  to  their  keeping.  No  length  or  degree  of  service  was 
allowed  to  pleiid  in  behalf  of  the  ancient  occujtant.  The  maniuis  and  mar- 
chioness of  Moya,  who  had  been  the  personal  friends  of  the  late  ([ueen,  and 
particularly  reconunended  by  her  to  her  daughter's  favour,  were  forcibly 
exiiclled  from  Segovia,  whose  strong  citadel  was  giwn  to  Don  Juan  Maiuiel. 
Tiiere  were  no  hmits  to  the  estates  and  honours  lavished  on  this  crufty 
minion.' 


'  Mariana  tells  an  anecdote,  too  long  for 
in<i  rtion  here,  in  relation  to  this  cortes, 
plmvuiig  the  sturdy  stuff  of  which  a  Caftilian 
CMiiiuioner  in  that  day  was  made.  (Teoria, 
part.  2,  cap.  7.)  It  will  scarcely  gain  credit 
ttitliijut  a  better  voucher  than  the  anony- 
mi>u>i  ficribbler  from  w  liom  he  has  Ixirrowcd  it. 

'  Mariana,  liit>t.  dc  Espaiia,  turn.  ii.  lib.  2ti, 


cap.  22.— Znritft,  AnaloR,  torn.  vl.  lib.  7,  cap. 
11. — Al)arca,  Iloyis  de  AraKon,  torn.  ii.  rcy 
30,  cap.  If). — Joanna  on  tliis  occ^iMinn  was 
careful  to  inspect  the  powers  of  the  deputicH 
herself,  to  s<'e  that  they  were  all  ngularly 
aiithi  iiticated.  bingular  astuteness  lor  a  mad 
w  onian  ! 
'  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  312.— 


'H 


548 


REIGN  AND  DEATH   OF  PHILIP. 


The  stylo  of  living  at  tlie  court  was  on  the  most  thoii^'litless  scale  of  wa'^tc- 
fill  exiKMiditme.  The  piililic  revenues,  notwitlistandhiK  liheral  aitjiropriutiuns 
i)y  the  late  cortes,  were  whully  unequal  to  it.  To  sui»ply  the  deticit,  olliifs 
were  sold  to  the  hijiriiest  hiddcr.  The  ineome  drawn  from  the  silk  manufactures 
of  (iranada,  which  had  hern  apidonriated  to  defray  Kin^  Ferdinand's  i)ensiiiii, 
was  assigned  hy  Philiji  to  one  of  iiw  royal  treasurers.  Fortunately,  Ainu'iKs 
ohtained  possession  ot  the  order  and  had  the  lioldness  to  tear  it  in  pieces.  He 
then  waited  on  the  younu'  monarch,  and  remonstrated  with  him  on  the  reck- 
lessness of  measures  which  must  infailihiy  ruin  his  credit  with  the  peojile. 


Philip  yieldeil  in  this  instance  ;  hut,  althoii},'h  he  treated  the  archlushoo  with 
the  j^M'eatest  outward  deference,  it  is  not  easy  to  discern  the  hahitual  inliiieiue 
over  his  counsuls  claimed  for  th(>  prelate  hy  his  adiilatcjry  hioj^raphers.* 

All  this  could  not  fail  to  e.Kcite  di.sgust  and  di.Mpiietude  throughout  the 
nation.  The  most  alainiing  symptoms  of  insuhordination  hegan  to  appear  in 
diU'erent  parts  of  the  kingdom.  In  Andalusia,  in  |iarticular,  a  confederatinu 
of  the  nol)ies  was  organized,  with  the  avowed  iturnose  of  rescuing  the  (piecn 
from  the  duress  in  which  it  was  .siiid  she  was  held  by  her  husband.  At  the 
siime  time  the  most  tumultuous  scenes  were  e.xhibited  in  Cordova,  in  coiise- 
(luenceof  the  high  hand  with  which  the  In(|uisition  was  carrying  matters  there. 
J>lem))ers  of  many  of  the  nrincijial  families,  including  persons  of  both  sexes, 
had  been  arrested  on  the  cliarge  of  heresy.  This  swee[»ing  i)rnscription  pro- 
V(jked  an  insurrection,  countenanced  by  the  mar<|uis  of  Priego,  in  whidi  the 
prisons  were  Itrnken  open,  and  Lucero,  an  inijuisitor  who  had  made  himself 
deservedly  odious  by  his  cruelties,  narrowly  escaped  falling  into  the  hands  ><f 
the  infuriatecl  poi)ulace.*  The  grand  imjuisitor,  Deza,  archbishop  of  Seville, 
the  steady  friend  of  Columbus,  though  his  name  is  unhappily  registered  on  some 
of  the  darkest  jiages  of  the  tribunal,  was  .so  intimidated  as  to  resign  his  oliice." 
The  whole  allau"  was  referred  to  the  royal  council  by  Philin,  whose  Fleiiii>h 
education  had  not  jiredisposed  him  to  any  reverence  for  tiie  institution  ;  a 
circumstance  which  operated  (juite  as  much  to  his  prejudice,  with  the  mere 
bigoted  part  of  the  nation,  as  his  really  exceptionable  acts.' 


Mariana,  Hist,  dp  Espafia,  torn.  H.  lib.  2S, 
cap.  22.— Laimza,  Histdiias,  toin.  i.  lib.  1, 
cap.  21.-  (Joint'/.,  He  ItcltUH  urstis,  fol.  65. — 
Oviodo,  Quincuageiias,  MS.,  Ijat.  1,  quinc.  1, 
dial.  2.{. 

*  llobloa,  Vida  de  Ximenoz,  cap  17  — Oo- 
mpz,  I)(>  Rfbus  (;psti»,  ful.  6.5. — Abari-a.  Rcyps 
do  Arnpon,  roy  ;iO,  cap.  16.  —  (juintanilla, 
Archctypo,  lib.  3,  cap.  14. 

"  I.iKprt)  (whom  honest  Martyr,  with  a 
sort  of  bacithandcd  pun,  usually  nicknanios 
ToiK'brero)  rosumod  his  inquisitorial  fnnc- 
tion.s  on  Philip's  death.  Auioni;  his  subso- 
quont  victims  «afl  the  pood  archbishop 
Taluvera,  whose  last  days  were  enil)itt(>red 
by  his  persecution.  His  insane  violence  at 
leiipth  provokeii  apain  the  interference  of 
poverninent.  His  Ciiso  wa.s  referred  to  a 
special  commission,  with  Ximenesiit  its  head. 
S<'ntence  was  pronimnced  apainst  him.  The 
prisons  he  had  tilled  were  emptied.  Hi8 
jndpments  were  reversed,  as  founded  on  in- 
Bufticii  lit  and  frivolous  prounds.  liut  al.is! 
what  was  this  to  the  hiinclreds  he  had  con- 
Blpned  to  the  stake,  and  the  thousands  he 
Lad  jilunped  in  misery?  He  was  in  tlie  end 
sentenced,— uot  to  be  roasted  alive, — but  to 


retire  to  his  own  benefice  and  confine  himsolf 
to  the  duties  of  a  Christian  minister!  (ioiii>z, 
I)c  Rebus  pestis,  fol.  77.  —  I'eter  ^Nlartyi. 
Opus  Epist.,  epist.  33.1,  3.34,  et  al.— I.lnniit". 
Hist,  de  rinquisition,  tom.  i.  chap.  In,  art. 
3,  4. — OvieUo,  Quincuagenas,  MS.  dial,  de 
Deza. 

"  Oviedo  ha-s  given  an  ample  notice  of  thi^ 
prelate,  Ferdinand's  confessor,  in  one  of  \r.^ 
dialopues.  He  mentions  a  singular  taste,  in 
one  respect,  quite  worthy  ol  an  iiwiuisitnr. 
Tlie  archbistiop  kept  a  tame  lion  in  his  ijalac", 
which  used  to  accompany  him  when  he  went 
abroad,  and  lie  down  at  his  feet  when  lie  said 
mass  in  the  church.  The  monster  had  h<i'n 
stripped  of  his  teeth  and  cl.iws  when  vmuii^'. 
but  Iv  wa.s"espantable  en  su  vista  e  aspttn," 
says  Oviedo,  who  records  two  or  three  of  his 
gambols,  lion's  play,  at  l)e8t.  Quincuageiws, 
MS. 

'  Llorente,  Hist,  de  I'lnquisition,  toin.  i. 
chap.  10,  art.  3,  4.— Abarcii,  Reyes  de  Ainp'n, 
roy  .30,  cap.  16.— Oviedo,  Q\iincuapeiias,  MS. 
—Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist,  enist.  33.i.  :i.tl, 
et  al.— "Toda  la  pente,"  says  Zurita,  in  re- 
ference  to  thi-<  alfair,  "noble  y  de  linii'ii 
sangre  ee  avia  escandalizado  delio"  (Auali.;i, 


FKRDINAND  VISITS   NAPLES. 


"lU) 


resiLHi  his  otii(('.'' 


The  minds  of  the  wise  and  the  jrotxl  wore  filled  with  sadness,  as  they  listened 
to  tlie  low  ninrinnis  of  popular  discontent,  which  seeineil  t<i  he  uradiially  >utllin;' 
into  streni^th  fur  suiiic  terilMe  coi.vuUion  ;  and  llii  v  I'mked  Imck  with  titud 
rc,L;ret  to  tlie  halcyon  days  wiiich  they  had  enjoyed  innler  iUf  temperate  niie 
III  Kerdinand  aiurisahella. 

Tiie  Calhohc  k'\\\ii,  in  the  mean  time,  was  pnrsiiinir  his  voya'^'e  to  Naples. 
Soon  after  the  connnest  he  had  heen  earnestly  pressed  hy  the  Neapolitans  to 
visit  his  new  dominions.*  He  now  went,  less,  however,  in  cMmplianci' with  that 
rcipie-t,  than  to  relieve  his  own  mind  hy  assiirini,^  himself  of  the  lldelity  of  his 
viceroy,  (jionsalvo  (h'Corduva.  That  ilhi>trions  man  had  not  escaped  the  nNiial 
lot  of  liumanity  ;  his  hrilliant  successes  had  hroii  Jit  on  him  a  fidl  measure  of 
the  envy  whicii  seems  to  wait  on  merit  like  its  shadow.  Kven  men  like  ilojas, 
the  (Jastilian  amhassador  at  Rome,  and  Pro-pero  "nlonna,  the  distiiiuui.shed 
Italian  commander,  condescendcil  to  »'mploy  their  inriiience  at  <oiirt  to  de- 
]ii('riate  the  (Jieat  Captani's  services  and  raise  sii-i)icions  of  his  loyalty.  His 
coiirteoin  manners,  lioiintiful  lariresses,  and  ma^niticent  style  of  lisinir  wen; 
represented  as  politic  arts  to  seduce  the  affections  of  the  soldiery  and  i\w 
]»cople.  His  services  were  in  the  market  for  the  highest  hiilder.  lie  had 
received  tlie  most  splendid  oilers  from  the  kin<;  of  France  and  the  p<»pe.  He 
had  carried  on  a  corre.-pondence  with  Maximilian  and  I'iiilip,  who  would 
jiiirchase  his  adhesion,  if  iiossihle,  to  the  latter,  at  any  price  ;  and,  if  he  luul 
not  hitherto  committed  himself  hy  any  overt  act,  it  seemed  prohahh*  he  was 
only  waitin;^  to  he  determined  in  his  future  course  hy  the  result  of  King 
Ferdinaiurs  stru<;j;ie  with  his  son-in  law." 


turn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  II);  nnd  hfi  plainly  inti- 
in.itcs  liJH  coiiviciioii  tiiat  l'liilii)'8  prolune 
iiiiiTfprcnce  liruught  Ilcaveti's  vciif^ounce  on 
lii-i  iK'atl  in  tli(^  shape  nl"  a  prciiiaturc  dcatti. 
/.iirita  \K&-^  socn'tar.v  of  the  Holy  Offlcf  in 
tlic  early  part  of  tlw  Hixteontli  cenrurv.  Had 
hf  lived  ill  the  niiieteeriih,  he  luinlil  h.i\e 
acted  the  part  ot  a  Lloreute.  lie  was  cer- 
tainly not  hoiii  lor  a  liijiot. 

"  Sinnmonte,  Hist,  di  Napoli,  torn.  iv.  lib. 
0,  eap.  5. 

■  (iiovio,  Vita'  Hlust.  Viroruni,  p.  '276.— 
Ah.irea,  I'ej-es  de  Araj^oii,  toiii.  ii.  rey  :((i, 
cap.  16. — Ziirita,  Anales,  toui.  vi.  lib.  6.  cap. 
:>,  11,  17,  21,  31;  lib.  7,  cap.  U.— Huonac- 
corsi,  Diario,  p.  123.-  Ulloa,  Vita  di  Carlo  V., 
fill.  36. — M.iriana,  Hist,  de  Kspaiia,  toiii.  i  . 
lil).  '.iS,  cip.  23.— (Jotisalvo.  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  th','  king,  notices  tho.se  imi>utations 
so  prejiuiicial  to  his  honour.  He  implores 
Ills  master  to  take  no  i)recipitate  measures  in 
c(iiisi'(|uence,  iind  concludes  with  the  most 
Vehement  protestations  ot  loyalty  and  devo- 
tion to  liis  service.  The  document  is  ho 
curious,  that  I  will  la.v  the  wliole  of  it  h  dore 
the  leadiT,  and  it  may  serve  as  a  sample  of 
til"  Ureat  Captain's  style  of  composition  and 
orthdj^raph.v,  whi»  h  last,  as  with  some  other 
pnat  c:i]itaiiis  of  a  nioie  modern  date,  will 
liardly  stand  a  coiuparison  with  his  niili  ar.y 
Mieiico.  "  \\  niuy  alto  y  nmy  jMHlero-io  y 
catolyco  princype  Hei  y  Sefiorel  Iley  dispana 
y  de  las  dos  (;e(;ilias,  nn  Sefior.  .Muy  alt  > 
iiiiiy  poderoso  y  cat<jlyco  Key  y  Senor.  I'or 
aliruiias  letras  e  dado  avyso  a  v.  m»  de  las 
iaii>a^  que  man  detenydo  y  asy  jior  no  s.ifjer 
que  V.  al.  las  aya  re9ebydo  como  por  8atisfa9t'r 


a  la  certyfica(;1on  que  dove  toner  do  my  anymo 
y  devodar  de  my  servytiid  a  v.  ui'*  syntieiido 
»|ue  alia  y  <'n  otras  partes  algiiiias  syiiyfvcan 
teller  algiina  yntili^:eii(;ia  e  platyca  coiuigo  a 
KU  prop<isyi(j  y  en  gran  p  rjuy<;io  de  mi  onrra 
y  de  vuestro  servycio  de  lo  cual  dios  quito  su 
l»od  r  y  my  voliintad  como  ellos  biiii  .salH'n 
y  syntiendo  fpie  algiinos  dalla  esciivin  a 
rroma  y  (jtras  jiartes  no  e-^ian  sus  liyjos  con 
V.  al.  en  taiito  acuerdo  como  al  hyen  deiios  y 
destos  rreynos  coiivernya  delyhre  enbyar 
albornos  pies.iiia  propya  ton  lo  pri'seiito 
treyeiido  que  mas  presto  navegara  por  las 
jiorta^  el  (pK'  yo  por  goltos  a  suplycall(>  y  asy 
Ht>  lo  ^nplyco  y  sus  rreales  pics  y  mano^  beso 
por  ello  iiy  my  tard.ii.(;a  pues  a  sydo  jior  uver 
inyrado  su  servycio  my  diida  que  di-  my  se  l(» 
jiotiga  no  le  haga  baser  co^^a  (pie  no  coiivenga 
ti  su  estailo  y  servyvi')  '|iie  por  esta  letra  (io 
my  niano  y  prnpia  voliintad  escryta  c  itylico 
y  jiroini'to  u  v.  .M^"  ((ue  no  tyene  pre-ona 
mas  suya  ni  tyeria  paia  bevyr  y  morir  en 
vneslrafe  y  servyi;io  (pie  yi^  y  ainK/ue  v.  at. 
ft  y<dus)/rie  a  un  cavttllo  solo  y  en  (d  mayor 
fstreiiio  (|ue  mala  fortuiia  pudi'  se  ahrar  y  en 
my  maiio  esluvyere  la  jMitestad  d<d  miiiido 
COM  el  auluridad  y  lilnTtid  (pie  pud.e.so 
desear  afyriiio  ipie  no  e  de  rrecoi)o-;er  en  my.s 
dias  i)tro  ny  ni  .--ehor  syiio  a  v.  al;e/a  cuanto 
me  (pierra  por  su  svervo  y  vasallo  en  fyrni'  sa 
de  lo  cual  pot  esta  lo  jiiro  a  di/os  y  a  aaula 
inariu  .'/  a  los  santos  cualio  uraxyilos  como 
crystiaiio  y  bago  pleyto  omenaj(?  dello  u  vra. 
alteza  como  cavalleio  y  en  fe  d'll'i  jiongo 
a'jui  my  iiombre  y  m  llo  con  (d  selo  de  mys 
arma.s  y  la  embyo  a  v.  m'»  por(iue  de  my 
tenga  lo  que  asta  agora  no  tyeue  auiique  crco 


nno 


REION  AND  DEATH  OF   PHILIP. 


Tliesfi  su^irostions,  in  wliirh  sonio  tnith,  as  usual,  was  iiiiii;,'lp(l  Mith  a  lari/o 
iiifiisioii  of  error,  ;,'r;uliially  excited  more  ami  more  uneasiness  in  the  liroast  i>f 
the  cautioiis  anil  naturally  <listriistfiil  Kenlinand.  lie  at  first  en(leav(»iu-e«l  to 
aliri<l;:e  the  |>o\vers  of  the  (Ireat  Captain  hy  reealliiiic  half  the  troops  in  liis 
service,  notwithstanding;  the  unsettled  state  of  the  kin.L'doni.'*  He  then  to^k 
the  decisive  step  <tf  (nderin^;  his  return  to  Castile,  on  pretence  of  enipluvin;; 
him  in  alliiirs  of  ^reat  imjiortanee  at  home.  To  allure  him  more  «'tl«'<-tiially, 
he  solenndy  pled^;('d  himself,  l»y  an  oath,  to  transfer  to  him,  on  his  landimr  in 
Spain,  the  yrandinastership  of  St.  .Iaj;o,  with  all  its  jtrincely  de|)endencies  and 
emohnnents,  the  iiohlest  ;;ift  in  the  possession  of  the  crown.  Findinj;  all  tins 
inellectual,  and  that  ( lonsalvo  still  procrastinated  his  return  on  various  pretexts, 
the  kinj,''s  uneasiness  increased  to  such  a  d»';:ree  that  he  determined  to  pre-s 
his  own  dei»arture  for  Naple.s,  and  lirinj;  back,  if  not  too  late,  his  Ux)  powerful 
vassal." 

On  tlio  4tli  of  Septeml)er,  inOT),  Fonlinand  oniharked  at  Harcelona, on  })oar(l 
a  well-armed  scpiadron  of  Catalan  j^alleys,  taking  with  iiim  his  yoimi,'  iuid 
beautiful  bride  and  a  numerous  train  of  Ara!.,'onese  nobl<'s.  On  the  •J4th  of  tlic 
month,  after  a  boisterous  and  tedious  jiassa;.,fe,  he  reached  the  |»ort  of  (ieima. 
Here,  to  his  astonishment,  he  was  joined  by  the  (ireat  Captain,  who,  advised 
of  the  kini^s  movements,  had  come  from  Sanies  with  a  small  lleet  to  meet 
liim.  This  frank  conduct  of  his  ^^^eneral,  if  it  (lid  not  disarm  Ferdinand  of  his 
susoicions,  showed  him  the  policy  of  coiuealin;^' them  ;  a»»d  he  treated  (Sousalvo 
witn  all  the  consideration  and  show  of  confidence  which  mi^dit  impose,  not 
merely  on  the  public,  but  on  the  inunediate  subject  of  them." 

The  Italiiin  writers  of  the  time  express  their  astonishment  tliat  theSjianish 
^'eneral  should  have  so  blindly  tnisted  himself  into  the  hands  of  his  susj)ici<Mis 
master."  Hut  lie,  doubtless,  felt  strong  in  the  ctuisciousness  of  his  own 
intei^rity.  There  ap]>ears  to  have  been  no  ^^ood  reason  for  impeaching'  this. 
His  most  equivocal  act  was  his  delay  to  obey  the  royal  suimuons  ;  but  mu<li 
weij,dit  is  reasonably  due  to  his  own  explanation,  that  he  was  deterred  by  the 
distiacted  state  of  the  country,  arising'  from  the  proposed  transfer  of  nrojicrty 
to  the  An-^evin  barons,  as  well  as  from  the  precipitate  disbandin«j;  of  the  army, 
which  it  reipiired  all  his  authority  to  prevent  from  breakiu;^  into  open  nuitiny.'* 
To  these  motives  nmy  he  probably  added  the  natural  though  perhaps  un- 


que  para  con  v.  al.  i>y  para  niaa  olilyRarme 
lie  !<•  iiiu*  yo  lo  e>tc  y  por  my  vuluntad  y 
•levdii  IK)  st'a  iu>(;('sariu  mas  porqiic  sc  liahla 
on  lo  escn-ailo  rrt'spoiiili)  con  parte  de  lo  (jue 
dt""o  y  ion  ayud.i  do  dios  my  picsona  wra 
nniy  pirsto  con  v.  al.  por  satysla/.cr  a  maH  ay 
conviTiiu  y  esta  la  acaho  piditiido  a  nuc.stro 
St'fior  (in<'  la  rroal  presona  y  istailo  de  v.  al. 
con  vitoria  jjrosperi'.  de  Napolca  en  Castil- 
nuvu  CM  riut  a  dos  dias  de  Julyu  de  uvi  auus. 

de  V.  al 

mny  uniyl  servydor  que  rus 

rrealis  pies  y  nianos  l>epo 

Gonyalo  Hernandez  Duque  de 

'I'tTranova." 

'°  Tilariana,  Hist,  df  Espafia,  lib.  28,  cap. 
12.— Ziu-ita,  Aiial'S,  toni.  vi.  lib.  G,  c.ip.  5. 

"  Zurita,  .\nules,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  ti. — 
Guieeiardiiii.  Isinri.i,  toni.  iv.  p.  rj,  ed.  di 
Slilano,  Ks(i;t.-  (Jiannune.  I-toria  di  Napoli, 
lib.  :10,  cap.  1. — Ciiovio,  Vita'  lllust  Virorum, 
p.  '2!<0. — Oviedo,  (Juincuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1, 
quiuc.  3,  dial.  'J. 


'=■  Giannone,  Istoria  di  Napoli,  ul>i  siqira. 
— Sunimont(>,  Ilist.  di  Najwli,  torn,  iv  lil>  »>. 
caj).  5. —  Ij.  Marineo,  CostLn  memoiablis,  t.il. 
1x7.— Huonaccorni,  Diario,  p.  123.— Caimiany, 
Mem.de  Ilarcelcna,  torn.  i.  p.  152  — "  K>"'," 
►•ays  Capmany  of  the  squ.idron  wliieli  Uiro 
the  king  from  Harcelona,  "  se  pued.  deeir  fue 
€^1  ultimo  armamento  que  salio  de  aqiu  lla 
capital." 

'  GuicciardinI,  Istoria,  tom.  iv.  p.  3ii.— 
Machiavclli,  l.e^ra/ione  secomla  a  Iluma,  I't. 
23.— Giannone,  l.-toria  di  Nainjli,  lib.  3u, 
cap.  1. 

"  Zurita.  Anales,  lib.  6,  cap.  31.— There 
are  several  letters  from  Gonsalvo.  in  the  y<ar 
irxiC,  announcing  his  speedy  return,  and  ex- 
plaining the  post|)onement  of  it  liy  the  un- 
settled state  of  the  kingdom,  which,  iiid'< 'I. 
forms  the  burden  of  his  correspondence  at 
this  time  .See  in  particular  his  letter  Ui  thi' 
kinjr,  dated  Oct.  3l8t.  15u5,  and  anothi  r  '<( 
his  (iuihess  to  the  same,  written  Jan.  ITili. 
15uii,  MS. 


FERDIXAND  VISITS  NAPLES. 


nr.i 


,'Io(l  with  a  Iari:o 
s  ill  tho  liroast  i.f 
t  <'ii<l»'.vv(Mircc|  to 
lu'  tn>(»|is  ill  Ills 

*  Mv  tll.MI  tonk 
in'  of  piii|t|i.yin;,' 
mon'  rtlntiially, 
»n  liis  lariiliiiLj  in 
l<'|t«Mii|('nci«N  ami 
KiiHliii^all  this 
various  prctj'xts, 
^niiiiicil  to  |irf-s 
liis  too  iiowi-rfiil 

roplona,  on  Itivinl 
I  his  voim^'  iiiifi 
M  th('-.'4thuf  th." 

0  port  of  (u'lma. 
lin,  who,  advjstMl 
ill  fleet  to  iiK'ct 
A^nlinand  of  liis 
treated  (Joiisalvo 

ht  impose,  not 

that  theSpani-h 
of  his  suspicions 
iiess  of  his  own 
inipea(hiii«;  tliis. 
nous  ;  hut  nmcli 
deterred  hy  the 
isfer  of  property 
iii^'  of  the  army, 
oopeu  mutiny  '* 
igh  perhaps  un- 

Xapoll,  ul)i  supra, 
poli,  torn,  iv  nil  i;, 
as  UK'uioiiililts,  tnl. 

1  J).  12a.— Cupiiiaii.v, 
i.  p.  152  — "Ksii," 

lu.iilruii  wliidi  lo.ro 
"  we  pucd'  clt'iir  tiu' 
e  buliu  du  u>{iu  11a 

torn.  iv.  p.  311  — 
'Ciiuda  a  I'lHiii.'i,  Ut. 
li   NaiKjli,    lib.    'M, 

6,  cap.  .-il.— ThtTP 
niHalvo,  ill  tilt'  yi  iir 
i'<ly  return,  ami  tx- 
it  of  it  liy  till'  uii- 
um,  wliic'li,  iiidi't'l, 

correpiitiiidfiici'  at 
lar  liis  iettcr  to  ttw 
U.'i,  and   anotlii-r  nf 

writttu  Jan.  ITtli, 


ronselnus  relurtaueo  to  reljiupiish  tho  exalted  station,  little  short  of  ahsoluto 
Miverei;j:nty,  which  he  had  so  jdti;,'  and  .so  gloriously  filh'd. 

Ho  had,  iinleed,  lnnlcd  it  over  his  viccroyalty  with  most  jirincely  sway, 
lint  he  had  assumed  no  powers  to  whieh  he  w;i.s  not  entitled  Ity  hi>  M'rvic«vs 
and  |tecnliar  situation.  His  pnhlic  (tperations  in  Italy  hail  Keen  unif'irmly 
niuducted  for  the  advantaire  of  his  country,  and,  until  the  late  tiiial  tr-aty 
with  France,  were  mainly  directed  to  the  e.xpul-inn  of  that  p^twcr  heyond  the 
Alps.'^  Since  that  event,  he  had  Inisily  occupied  himself  with  the  internal 
atlairs  of  Naples,  for  which  he  made  many  «'xcellent  provisions,  mntrivin;:  l»y 
his  consunimate  address  to  reconcile  the  most  cojitlictim;  intert'stsand  iiarties. 
Althou;,dj  the  idol  of  the  army  and  of  tho  people,  there  is  n<it  the  slightest 
i'\idence  of  an  attempt  to  pervert  his  popularity  to  an  unworthy  itiirposo. 
There  is  no  apjieaiaiKe  of  his  havin;^  Ikhmi  corruiited,  or  even  dazzled,  hy  tho 


splendid  oilers  repeatedly  made  him  hy  the  dilferent  potentates  of  Kurop(^ 
<  >n  the  contrary,  the  proud  answer  recorded  of  him,  to  Pope  .lulius  tlu*  Second, 
lireathcs  a  sjtirit  of  determined  loyalty,  perf(>ctly  irreconcilahle  with  anythiiifc 
sinister  or  .selfish  in  his  motives. '"'^  The  Italian  writers  of  the  time,  who  atlect 
to  speak  of  these  motives  with  some  distrust,  were  little  e.ccustomed  to  such 
examples  of  st«'adv  devotion  ;"  hut  the  historian  who  reviews  all  the  circum- 
stances must  admit  that  there  was  nothiu';  to  jnstify  siicli  distrust,  and  that 
the  only  exceptional ile  acts  in  (>on<alvo's  administration  were  perf(»rmed,  not 
to  advance  his  own  interests,  hut  those  of  his  master,  and  in  to(j  strii  t  ohedi- 
cnce  to  his  commands.  Kin;;  Ferdinand  wa.s  the  last  person  who  had  cau.se 
to  complain  of  them. 

After  (]uittini;  (lenoa,  the  royal  sipiadron  Avas  driven  by  contrary  winds 
into  the  neighhouring  harbour  of  Portotino,  where  Ferdinand  received  intelli- 
ucnce  which  promi.sed  to  chaiiiLie  his  destination  altogether.  This  was  the 
death  of  his  son-in  law,  the  young  king  of    'astiie. 

This  event,  so  unexjiected  and  awfully  sudden,  was  occasioned  by  a  fever, 
brought  on  ]»y  too  violent  exercise  at  a  game  of  liall,  at  an  entertainment 
made  for  Philip  by  his  favourite,  Manuel,  in  liurgos,  when-  the  court  was  then 
held.  Through  the  unskilfulness  of  his  physicians,  as  it  was  said,  who 
neglected  to  bleed  him,  the  disorder  rapidly  gained  ground,"'  and  on  the  sixth 
(lay  after  his  attack,  being  the  25th  of  Sei»tember,  1.")0<J,  he  breathed  his  last   " 


i» 


'■  My  limits  will  not  allow  room  f>r  tho 
rontph'X  politics  and  fends  <.f  Italy,  into 
wliicli  (ionsalvo  entered  with  all  the  freedom 
1 1  an  indi'j)endent  potentate.  See  the  details, 
iipiid  Chroiiiia  del  Gran  Capitan,  lib.  2,  tap. 
ir.!-l'i7.— .Sisuioiidi,  Hepnhliques  ItalieniuH. 
tiiii.  xiii.  chap.  Ui.3.— (iuicciaidini,  Istoria, 
toiii.  iii.  p.  :ia5et  alibi.— Zurita,  Aiiales,  tnin. 
vi  lib.  G,  cap.  7,  9.— Mariana,  Hist,  de  Ks- 
p.ifia,  toin,  ii.  lib.  2-<,  cap.  7.— Carta  del  (!ian 
Cpitan  u  los  lUyes,  de  Napoles,  25  de 
Agosto,  ir.03,  MS. 

"•  Zurita,  Analen,  lib.  6,  cap.  11. 

'■  "  il  <iran  Oapitun,"  says  Ctuiociardini. 
"conscio  dei  sosiH'tti,  i  qnali  il  re  fuiKe  non 
ivn.aweHttf  aveva  avuti  di  lui,"  etc.  (I.«toria, 
t"Ui.  iv.  p.  30.)  This  vay  of  danminu'  a 
iliaractor  by  eurniise  is  very  coinuion  with 
Italian  writers  of  tliis  age,  who  unit'orinl.v 
rtSvit  to  the  very  worst  motive  an  the  key  of 


whatever  is  dubious  or  inexplic.ible  In  con- 
duct. Not  a  sudden  death,  for  example, 
occurs,  wiihont  at  lea.st  a  sonfM'tto  ot  poivun 
from  some  liaiid  or  other.  What  a  fearful 
coninientary  on  the  morals  of  the  land  ! 

'"  riiilip's  disorder  was  lightly  riL'arded  at 
first  by  his  Flemish  physicians,  whose  jirae- 
tice  and  pri'diciioiis  were  alike  condenined  by 
their  Coadjutor  I.tKlovico  Marliaiio,  an  Italian 
doctor,  hifilily  commended  by  Mart\r  as 
"  inter  pliilii<ophoset  meilieos  huida  laiiipas  " 
H>'  was  at  hast  the  N'tter  prophet  on  this 
occasion.  Peter  Martvr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epist. 
313.     Zurita,  Anales,  tom.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  1 ». 

'■'  Oviedo,  t^uincuafienas,  Ms.,  bat.  I.quinr. 
3,  dial.  '.»  — I  ortunati'ly  lor  Firdinand'>  repu- 
tation, I'hilip's  ihath  was  alteiicled  by  too 
uiu'i|uivo(al  eircumsiaiu'es,  and  reeoidid  by 
too  many  eye-w  itiiesses,  to  admit  the  sii^rne.s- 
tion  of  poison.*     It  seems  he  drank  fnily  of 


*  [According to  Ikrpenroth,  liowev"r,  "the 
i;pneial  opinion  was  that  he  had  been  )>oi- 
boned,"  and  he  insinuutes  that  Luia  Ferrer, 


Ferdinand's   envoy  to   Philip,    was  the  per- 
son who  rendered  his  mastrr  this  service 
(Letters,  Despatches,  aud  State  PajJtrs,  Sup- 


662 


REIGN   AND  DEATH  OF  rillLIP. 


loriod  lu'  liiid  ciijovcil,  nf 

0  IIIMI'C   tllilll     two     ll|(ltltll>, 

y,  lifter  l»«'in;:  I'mkilinr  |, 


IIo  was  l>ut  twoiityciK''^  voftrs  ol«I,  of  wliii  h  liricf 

('ii(liiit'(l,  tlic  "^(iliU'ii  nuv^ "  (»f  si)Vt'i"('i^;nty  l>iil  litt 

(luting  from  liis  i-i'(*ii;iiiti<>ti  \>y  the  (ortos.     His  Iki« 

lay  ill  state  for  two  (liiy>,f|e(orutet|  with  tlie  iii>i;;iiia,"    liie  iiiuckeiy  of  idvultv, 

as  it  hail  pruvetl  Ut  him,    ami  \^a>  then  )le)io>iteil  in  the  iiMivcnt  iif  .MitatlmiM 

near  linr^^os,  to  uwait  its   tiiial  reiitovai  to  (jiuiuuhi,  a^iocal)ly  lu  his  la>t 

ret  I  nest. '^'' 

iMiilip  was  of  the  iiiiiMIc  height  ;  lie  lia<l  n  fair,  florid  <'oiii|»lexion,  re;,'ular 
features,  |on|;  llowin,'  locks,  ami  a  welliiiaile,  symiuetrical  ti;4iMC.  liitlcetj,  l.o 
was  SI)  ili>tiii^'ui>heil  for  eoineliitos  hotli  of  |iersi)it  and  eoiiiiteiiaiK  e,  tliat  lie 
is  desij,'iiate<l  on  the  roll  of  Spanish  sovereigns  as  Felipe  eil  lleriiioMi,  or  the 
Iland.>oiiie.'"     liis  mental  endovMiient-i  were  not  so  extraordinary.     The  fatlir 


iiahty  in  coniinon  with  his 
ii.>  teni]i(;r,  frank,  and  ( an>- 
y  aenistomed  to  coiniiiaiid, 


of  Charles  the  Fifth  pos^c.^sed  M-anely  a  sin;;Ie  i 
remarkahle  son.     He  uas  rash  and  iiiipetnou»  in 
loss.     He  was  horn  to  ^reat  expertations,  and  ear 

whirh  seemed  to  fill  him  with  a  crude,  intemperate  amhitioti,  impatient  alike 
of  eontrol  or  (oiin>el.  He  was  not  without  ;;eiierous  and  even  niai;naiiiiiinus 
sentiments  ;  but  he  ahandoned  himself  to  the  im|iid>eof  the  moment,  whetlitr 
for  piod  or  evil  ;  and,  as  hi?  was  naturally  indolent  and  fond  of  plea>iiri',  lie 
williii;;ly  repo>ed  the  liurdeii  of  /government  on  others,  who,  as  u>ual,  tlmiulit 
more  oi  their  own  interests  than  those  of  the  puhlic.     His  early  ediuatioii 


cold  water  v.  Iillo  vrry  hot.  The  fcvor  lio 
limiiglit  on  \\ns  an  i  iiidcinli  wliicli  iit  tlitil 
tiiiic  (iniitt<(l  <';iMil<'.  Miicliliivi  Hi,  l.i'Ki- 
zioru'  h«(()iiila  II  ItiPiiia,  It  i.  'Jl»  — Zuiiiga, 
AiiimIi'h  (Ic  S('\  ilia,  aiio  15(10. 

"'  IVitr  Martyr.  <»v"-<  Ijiist.,  cpist.  :n.1, 
316.-  Utriialiliz,  llfycn  CalolitoH,  NiS  ,  cap. 
206.- (Join. /,  !)•'  U.'hii- K«'>*li>.  lol.  6i>  — I'ar- 
bajal,  Aiialo>,  MS.,  aiio  Ifiuii.-  L.  Marlmo, 
Cosiis  inciiioraMts,  fol.  1h7.— .Sandoval,  lli(*t. 
del  Knip  Carlos  V..  loni.  i.  p.  II. 

■•"  L.  Marliu'o,  ("onas  infiiiorulilcM,  fol.  1H7, 
188. — Saiidovul,    Hist,    did   Emp.  Carlo»   V., 


iil)i  Riipra  -  Martyr,  touchod  with  th»>  nw  l«n- 
clioly  tal<>  of  111"  yonnu  covfrclnn.  iiay-i  the 
following  iKit  uit'li'^ant  and  crrtMiniy  nut 
iiarsiiioiiKPiis  tiiliiiti-  fc(  hl><  nifiiiory,  in  « 
i<ttiT  wnltcM  a  lew  day.s  alter  Iiih  dintli, 
.lii'h,  It  may  \if  noticed,  ho  maken  a  il.iy 
earlier  than  ttlier  I'l.iiteiiipiirary  accciunis': 
"Octavo  4'alenihiH  Octoliria  anlinaiii  emlHit 
llle  juvenis,  1.  riiiosns,  jmhlicr,  elfjim-; 
aniino  pidlei.H  et  in^'ido.  prorera'  valiiluinc 
nntiiiu',  uti  (los  viriius  evanuit."  0|pin 
Epi8t.,  rpi^t.  316. 


pigmentary  Vol.,  Introdurtlon.)  Iwit  the 
BiiHpltiiin  is  niisuppi'rted  liy  a  particle  of 
cvldeiue,  and  set  in>»  to  U'  KiiOlciently  refuted 
by  a  destriptiuii  td'  the  nynipt"nis  and  cinirse 
of  the  disease,  to  he  found  in  a  letter  addres.»ed 
to  Kerdinand  hy  a  I)r  I'arra,  one  of  the  coii- 
Mdtin^r  I'hy-kians.  Aeioniini^  to  this  state- 
ment, I'liil!)),  havinp  played  hall  for  two  or 
tliree  hour>  and  aH>'Wtd  himself  to  eool  off 
Huddeiily,  was  le\erish  on  Sept.  ITlh,  hut  ate 
as  usual,  and  Haid  nothing  lo  his  inedieal 
attendants  until  the  oveniiifc  of  the  next  day, 
Saturday,  when  he  was  seized  with  a  thill. 
(»n  Minday  levi  r  eaine  on,  uitli  a  jmiii  in  the 
side,  aii'l  ho  spit  hlood  He  was  iiled  on  the 
other  side  {ilt  la  jKtile  contniria),  which  re- 
lieved the  pain  ;  l>ut  in  tie-  eveiiinu;  the  chill 
returned  itnd  was  tollowed  hy  ati  access  of 
fever.  .  He  rose  on  Monday,  though  the  fi  ver 
still  continued,  and  his  tongue  and  ]ialate. 
hut  especially  the  uvula,  were  so  swollen 
that  he  could  .•scarcely  speak  or  swallow  the 
saliva,  I!  >aid  he  had  no  otlier  jiain,  and  if 
they  cured  him  of  tliat  he  slioiitd  he  well. 
Cuppin^-j^lasscswere  apjilied  to  Ins  shouldeis 
oud  acck,  aud  purgatives  were  uda.iai&teied 


with  pffect.  On  Wednesday  the  writer  and 
other  doctors  were  summoned.  All  a^rr'id 
on  the  necestiiiy  ol  Meedinj^.  '1  he  hin.Mi 
canie  "thick  and  had."  The  chill  retunw.j, 
followed  hy  a  sweat,  which  lasted  si.\  liinir-<, 
and  was  thought  to  au^nr  an  improvcnuiit ; 
but  the  i)aiieiit  prew  very  wi«Jik,  aid  all  his 
senses  and  his  speech  wer'  confused  ^^'<•- 
badm),  what  ho  said  being  scarcely  umi'r- 
BtoiKl,  till  he  fell  into  a  h'thainy,  from  wlii.li 
it  was  hard  lo  wake  him,  and  whidi  cii- 
tinued  till  his  death.  P.  rra  was  tp>ld  that  ilio 
sweat  hrouKht  out  small  hiack  sp' ts  on  ilio 
Ix  dy,  which  "oio*  physicmns,"  he  -nys, 
nieanlng  aitparently  those  of  hH  own  pro- 
vince, which  was  jterhaps  fatalonia,  "call 
ljlaita.<t"—ii  word  related,  no  douhi,  to  tlio 
(ierni.m  hlattirn.  It  was  sidisi  (im  iitl.v  re- 
port'd  that  li'ihs  had  been  ^'iven  to  l'  ilip; 
but  I'arra  saw  no  s  gns  of  ihi",  nor  'lid  'ho 
doctors  suspect  anytliing.  "La  vei'ilad  i^. 
he  coiulndes,  "  (|ue  la  materia  foe  innilii,y 
(lor  sii  cMihir  mal  socorrida.  y  do  nnicli;'  so 
li  zo  ni.iliciosa."  (ol.de  Doc.  ined.  pura  la 
Hist,  de  Espaiia,  torn,  viii.— Eu.j 


FERDINAND  VLSITS   NAPLKS. 


r.:3 


ijul  cnjctycrl.  (,r 

l.'lll    t\V(l    llliilltli,, 

n'itm  ciiiltaliiK'  I, 
ckfi  V  (if  idvalty, 

•  lit  iif  .Miiatlniis 
iiM>  to  Ills  la-t 

i|»Ioxi(>ri,  n';,'ular 
lire.  Iiidci'.l,  1.(3 
tt'iiiiiu  r,  lliat  lit! 
IliTiiiosu,  or  till' 
iry.  Tl.c  fath.r 
>iiiiiiitii  Willi  Ins 
fiaiik,  iiint  ( ar<>- 
C'll  tu  coiiiinaipl, 
iiiipjitii'iit  alike 
'II  iiiau,iiaiiiiii<iiis 

loliicllt,  \\lirtlii'r 

I  <»f  iili'a>iir(',  111" 
s  ii>iial,  tliiiii.ht 
t'iiily  t'llihatiMii 

ircl  with  till'  ji).  Ian- 

HOVcrciKIl,    JIMVH    tlll> 

HHil    icrtiiiiiiy   hot 

liix   iiifiiiory,   in  « 

yt   alter   Ins  dintli, 

•  I,  lie  makes  a  i|.,y 
■iMiMirurv  Hiiiiiiiiu': 
iris  iiiiiuiaiii   einj-it 

puUlier.     tl.-iiii-; 

,  priKiTie  valid  (i|iii< 
8    t'vanuit."    (i|pin 


(lay  the  writer  nnd 
uiiiird.     All   M^T-'d 

■eiillll^.      'I  he     111""  I 

'I'lie  iliill  reluni''!, 
li  Listi'd  six  liciiir'', 
r  an  inipriivciieMt ; 
y  weflk,  aid  all  Ins 
ere    Cliliril-ied    ^^'(•- 

ing  si'urctdy  undrr- 
tliargy,  I'niTii  «liii  li 
II,  and  w  lii<  ii  e  li- 
ra was  tnld  timt  I  111' 
hiack  sp'  ts  nil  ilie 
«itian«,"  lie  ~ii\s, 
('  (d"  Ills  own  i>n>- 
)s  Cafaldiiirt,  '•lull 
,  no  doiilii,  t(p  tlio 
s  Bidisi  (|ii'  iitly  re- 
•n  ^'iveii  to  I'  ilip ; 
d'  ilii",  iior  did  ilio 
'•  L.1  verdiid  '  n" 
toria  file  iniirli ,,  y 
da,  y  de  iniuli.t  S(> 
Doc".  iiiC'd.  para  la 
— Eu.] 


I Aciiiptod  liiiii  from  th»'  liii:<>tr.v  (hiiractiTiHtic  of  tin*  SpaiiinnN  ;  and,  had 
lie  livrd,  lie  iiii^dit  liav«>  iUfUv  iiiiicji  to  initiK'itc  tlif  i;iif\(iiiA  aliiiscs  nf  the 
liiipu  itioii.*  As  it  was,  hi^  |)it>iiiiitiin'  death  (h'|)iivcd  liim  uf  ih«>  o|i|iitr- 
tiiiiity  uf  (oiii|  fii>Jitiii;:,  liy  ihi^  siiiKlu  ;;uik1  act,  the  iiiaiiifdid  iiii.st  hii'f.s  nt  hix 
a  liiiiiii^tiaiioii. 

This  fvi'iit,  too  iiii|irtihal»le  to  ha\('  formed  any  part  of  t!u"  calciilrttioiis  of 
tiif  most  far-.si^htcd  itolitiiiaii,  sjiicad  Kcticral  i-oiistcriialioii  throiio||oiit  the 
(iiiiiitiy.  Thu  old  adhi-n'iits  of  Kt>i(hnaiid,  with  Xiiiifnt's  at  their  head,  now 
looked  forward  vvith  (((iitidence  to  his  le  i'>.lal'li>hiiient  in  the  rev,eii(y.  Many 
iitlieis,  however,  Mke  (larcilusso  (h-  la  Vej^a,  wh(»»('  loyalty  to  their  old  master 
had  not  heeii  pitiof  auaiiist  the  tiiiii's,  viewed  thi>  with  s<diie  a|t|irelieii^ion." 
•  uliers,  a^ain,  who  had  »t|ienly  fi(»m  the  lir.-it  linked  their  fortunes  to  those  uf 
lii>  rival,— as  the  duke  of  Najara,  the  maiijiiis  of  Villena,  and,  aUtve  all,  Don 
Jiiaii  Manuel,  saw  in  it  their  certain  ruin,  and  turned  their  thoii;;hts  towaids 
Maximilian,  or  the  kinu  of  Tortn^'al,  or  any  other  monarch  \\ho>e  ((dinectioii 
with  the  royal  family  mi^lit  allord  a  nlaiisihle  pretext  for  interference  in  tho 
^'iiverniiM'iif.  <  )n  I'hilip's  Flemish  followers  the  tidin^^s  fell  like  a  tlmndci  l»o|t ; 
and  in  their  hewilderment  they  seemed  like  so  many  famished  hirds  of  prey, 
still  hoverinj;  round  th«^  halt-devoured  canass  from  wliich  they  hiul  heeii 
iiiireremoiiiou^ly  scared. '" 

The  wei<;lit  of  talent  and  popular  onnsideratiou  was  undouhtedly  on  tho 
kiii;,''s  side.  The  most  formidahle  of  the  opposition.  Manuel,  had  declined 
i^rcatly  in  credit  with  the  nation  durin.;  the  short,  (lisiistrous  periiid  of  his 
iiiliiiini>tration  ;  while  the  archhisjiop  of  Toledo,  who  mioht  he  considered  as 
the  leader  of  Ferdinand's  party,  possessed  talents,  energy,  and  reputed 
suictity  of  character,  which,  comhined  with  the  authority  of  his  station,  ^avo 
him  iinlioiinded  intluence  over  all  classes  of  the  Castilians.  It  was  fortiinato 
for  the  land,  in  this  emer^'ency,  that  the  primacy  was  in  such  ahle  hands.  It 
jii^titied  the  wisdom  of  Isahella's  clioice,  made  in  opposition,  it  may  ho 
iciiieinhered,  tu  the  wishes  of  Ferdinand,  who  was  nuw  to  reap  the  ^'iwitest 
hciietit  from  it. 

That  prolate,  foreseeinf,'  the  anarchy  likely  to  arise  on  IMiilip's  (K'atli,  assem- 
bled the  nol)ility  present  at  the  court,  in  his  own  palace,  the  day  hefore  this 
I'MMit  took  place.  It  was  there  aj,n'eed  tu  name  a  provisional  council,  or 
nucncy,  who  sliould  carry  on  the  ^^)vernment  and  provide  for  the  traiKiuillity 
of  the  kino(lom.  It  consisted  of  seven  memi»ers,  with  the  archhishop  of 
Toledo  at  its  head,  the  duke  of  Infantado,  the  p"and  constahle  and  the 
iiiliiiiral  of  Castile,  hoth  connected  with  the  royal  family,  the  duke  of  Najara, 
a  principal  leader  of  the  op[)Usite  factiun,  and  two  Flemish  lords.  No  mention 
^v;l^  made  of  Manuel.''* 

'^  Mariana,  Mist,  d**  l>pafla,  toin.  ii.  lib. 
20,  fa|).  '.J.  iteriialdez,  KeyiH  Cati'ilicos,  M.S., 
caj).  'JU6.  — Zuritd,  Anales,  toui.  vi.  iib.  7, 
caji.  22. 

■'  Ziirita,  Anales.  torn.  vi.  111).  7,  cup.  15. — 
Mari.ma,  Mi-t.  de  FNpana,  torn.  ii.  lib.  'J9, 
Ciip.  1.  I'eter  Martyr.  Opus  Hpist.,  cjiist. 
317. — Zuni>ra,   Annaies  de  .'Sevilla,  afio  lOuO. 

—  (ioinez,  I)e  lli  liUS  ge>tis,  lol.  07. 

vlsto  nl  enrendido  nl  so  ontlenda  quo  Nob 
quereinos  al/.ar,  renidver  ni  (|iiitar  la  dielia 
IiHinisiiioii  de  low  dii  lios  nU' stros  reiiins  <» 
seii(iria>, 'Oi^'jf  la  qneremon  jaitin-.-iCi-r,  ayu- 
dar  e  iHiiIliplicar,  i  si  nect'.^vn  iofutft  jmiu  rla 
en  tixlo  el  miiudo."  Col.  de  I>oe.  ineil.  para 
la  Hist,  tie  Ei?pauu,  torn,  viii.— ti».J 


■  (lanilasHo  <!(  la  W>ra  appearR  to  liave 
!'<■.  II  (iii(>  of  those  diiliiiius  politicians  who, 
I'l  iiitike  use  of  a  niod'Tii  plira>^e,  are  alwMys 
"  nil  the  fence."  The  wajjs  ot  his  day  ii|ijdie(l 
tn  liiiii  a  coarse  sayin<r  of  the  old  duke  of 
.Mvii  in  Henry  IV. 's  time,  "Que  <ra  conio  e 
I"  rm  de  ventero,  (lue  ladra  a  los  de  fm  ra,  y 
liimrde  a  los  de  deiitru."  Zuiita,  Anales, 
turn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  39. 

*  ^How   little   real  ground  th^re   was  for 

any  liippes  of  this  kind  may  he  inferred  from 
till  lanpuage  of  the  letters  pat<  nt  of  sejit. 
i;  th,  l.'njf),  .--uspendinB  the  picicpediii(.'s  of  the 
111  ini'^iiion  until  the  arr.val  in  Spain  of 
I'liilp  aniLJuana.  ".\oib  nuestra  viduiitud," 
tiie  missive  coucludes,   "que  por   tUo  sea 


554 


REIGN  AND  DEATH  OF  PHILIP. 


The  no])les,  in  a  sii])so(niont  coiivpntion  on  the  1st  of  Octoher,  ratifiod  tlicse 
procpodin^'s,  and  lionnd  tiieiiiselves  not  to  carry  on  i)rivate  war,  or  att(Mii)it  to 
possess  themselves  of  the  <iueen's  jierson,  and  to  en)]>Ioy  all  their  aiitlpirity  in 
snii|Mirtin,u'  the  provisional  government,  whose  term  was  limited  to  the  end  uf 
Decern  her.'** 

A  meeting  of  cortos  was  wanting  to  give  validity  to  their  acts,  as  well  as 
to  ex]>ress  the  popular  will  in  reference  to  a  permanent  settlement  of  tlie 
government.  There  was  some  dillerence  of  opinion,  even  among  tiie  kings 
friend's,  as  to  the  expediency  of  summoning  that  hody  at  this  crisis  ;  hut  tlic 
greatest  impediment  arose  from  the  (lueen's  refusal  to  sign  the  writs.*" 

'i  his  unhappy  lady's  condition  had  hecome  truly  deplorable.  During  her 
Inishand's  illness,  she  had  never  left  his  hedside,*  hut  neither  then,  nor  sIikg 
}iis  death,  had  Ix'en  seen  to  shed  a  t<>ar.  She  remained  in  a  state  of  stupid 
insensihility,  sitting  in  a  darkened  apartment,  her  liead  resting  (»n  her  liaml, 
and  her  lijts  closed,  as  mute  and  inun<ivable  as  a  statue.  When  applie*!  to, 
for  issuing  the  necessary  sunnnons  for  the  cortes,  or  to  make  a])pointments  to 
othc€%  or  for  any  otiier  pressing  l)usiness  which  re(juired  her  signature,  she 
replied,  "My  father  will  attend  to  all  this  when  lie  returns ;  he  is  much  lunie 
conversant  with  business  than  1  am  ;  1  liave  no  other  duties  now  but  to  pray 
for  the  soul  of  my  departed  husliand."  The  only  orders  she  was  known  to  s'v/n 
were  for  paying  the  salaries  of  her  Flemish  nnisicians  ;  for  in  her  abject  stato 
she  found  some  consolation  in  nnisic,  of  which  she  had  been  passionately  fund 
from  childhood.  The  few  remarks  which  she  uttered  were  discreet  and 
sensil)le,  forming  a  singular  contrast  with  the  general  extravagance  of  lior 
actions.  On  the  whole,  however,  her  i)ertinacity  in  refusing  to  sign  anythini; 
was  attended  with  as  much  good  as  evil,  since  it  prevented  her  name  fmiu 
being  used,  as  it  would  undou])tedly  have  often  been,  in  the  existing  state  of 
things,  for  pernicious  and  larty  i)urposes.''" 

Finding  it  impossible  to  obtain  the  (jueen's  co-operation,  the  comicil  at 
length  resolved  to  issue  tlie  writs  of  sunnnons  in  their  own  name,  as  a  measure 
justitied   by  necessity.     The  jilace  of  meeting  was  fixed  at  Burgos  in  the 

"•  Zurita,  Analcs,  toni.  vi.  lib.  1,  cap.  16. — 
I  find  no  uutliority  for  the  st.iteincnt  uiade 
by  .\lviiro  ({(jnioz  (I)e  Robus  pi'i-tis.  fol.  C^), 
and  faitlil'ully  ccliood  by  Koblcs  (Vida  de 
Xinit-nez,  cap.  17)  and  ynintanilla  (Aichc- 
typo,  lib.  3,  cap.  14),  that  XinicnoH  filled  tlie 
otlice  of  8ole  regent  at  this  juiKture.  Jt  is 
not  \varrante<I  l>y  Martyr  (Opus  Ki)ist.,  epist. 
317),  and  i.s  contratlieted  by  tlie  words  of  the 
original  insiruiii'iit  cited  as  usual  by  Zurita 
(ubi  BUpra).  The  archbishop's  biograjihers, 
one  and  all,  claim  as  many  merits  and  ser- 
vices for  their  hero  as  if,  like  l^uintanilla, 
they  were  working  exiiressly  for  his  beati- 
fication. 

""  The  duke  of  Alva,  the  staunch  supporter 
of  King  Ki  rdinand  in  all  his  diflUulties, 
objected  to  calling  the  cortes  together,  on  the 
giound-*  that  the  summonses,  not  Ixing  by 
the  proper  authority,  woiil!  be  informal; 
that  ii'iany  cities  might  consequently  refuse 
to  obey  them,  and  the  acts  of  the  remainder 


be  open  to  objection,  as  not  those  of  the 
nation  ;  that,  after  all,  should  cortes  assemble, 
it  was  quite  uncertain  under  what  influences 
it  miglit  l>e  made  to  act,  and  whether  it 
wouhi  pursue  the  course  most  expedient  for 
Ferdinand's  interests;  and  finally,  that  if 
the  intention  was  to  procure  the  appointment 
of  a  regency,  this  had  alnady  been  done  by 
the  nomination  of  King  Ferdinand  at  Toro, 
in  1,505,  and  to  start  the  question  anew  was 
unnecessarily  to  bring  that  act  into  (ImiiIii. 
The  duke  does  not  seem  to  have  coiisidereil 
that  Ferdinand  had  ft)ifeited  his  oiifrinnl 
claim  to  the  regency  by  his  alxiicatioii;  per- 
haps on  the  ground  that  it  had  never  been 
lornially  accepted  by  the  commons.  1  shall 
have  occasion  to  return  to  this  hereafter.  S,  e 
thediscu.ssioii  in  tz^«.w,apiid  Zurita,  Analcs, 
lib.  7,  cap.  '2(i. 

-'  Peter  .Martyr,  Opus  EpIst.,  eplst.  .TIS.— 
Mariana,  Hist  de  l->pana,  t<im.  ii.  lib.  '29, 
cap.  '2.— Gomez,  De  Kel.us  gestis,  fol.  7l-"3. 


•  [Dr.  Parra,  whose  watclifulness  seems  lo 
liave  been  exci  ed  by  what  he  had  heard  of 
■Juana's  condition,  says  that  during  th<;  five 
liours  he  was  in  attendance,  she  was  con- 
stantly present,  doing  or  ordering  what  waa 


to  l>o  done,  s|icaking  to  her  I'usb.md  and  the 
Iihysicians,  and  atteinling  upon  riiilip'Tnii 
el  niijor  si'inblante,  y  tiento,  y  aire  y  gracia. 
que  <  n  uii  vida  vf  muger  de  uiiiguu  estado.  " 
•—El).] 


FERDINAND  VISITS  NAPLES. 


5-5 


1,  the  council  at 
ine,a.s  a  iiieasiue 


ensuing  month  of  November  ;  and  great  pains  were  taken  that  tlie  (hrt'eront 
cities  slionid  instruct  their  reiireseiitatives  in  their  views  respecting  the 
ultimate  (Uspositiou  of  the  government."" 

liong  hefore  this,  indeed  innuediately  after  PliihiVs  deatli,  letters  had  heen 
dcsiiatched  hy  Ximenes  and  his  friends  to  tlie  Catli(»li(;  king,  actpiiiinting  him 
with  the  sUvte  of  aficairs,  and  ur'nnt:  his  imme(hate  return  to  Castile,  lie 
received  them  at  Portotino.  lie  determined,  however,  to  continue  his  voyage, 
in  which  he  liad  already  advanced  so  far,  to  Naples.  The  wary  Juunarch 
perhaps  thought  that  the  Castilians,  whose  att^ichment  to  his  own  person  he 
iiii^ht  with  some  reason  distrust,  would  not  l>e  the  less  in<'lined  to  his  rule 
after  having  tasted  the  hitterness  of  anarchy.  In  his  rei>ly,  therefore,  after 
liiietly  expressing  a  decent  regret  at  the  untimely  death  of  his  son-in  law, 
and  his  undnuhting  confidence  in  the  loyalty  of  the  (.astilians  to  their  ([ueen, 
his  (hiughter,  he  prudently  intimates  that  he  retains  nothing  hut  kindly 
recollections  of  his  ancient  subjects,  and  promises  to  use  all  jjossihle  despatch 
iu  adjusting  the  affairs  of  Naples,  that  he  may  again  return  to  them." 

After  this,  the  kin^  resunu'(l  his  voyage,  and  having  touched  at  several 
places  on  the  coast,  in  all  which  he  was  received  with  great  enlhusiasni, 
arrived  hefore  the  capital  of  his  new  dominions  in  the  latter  part  of  Uctol)er. 
All  were  anxious,  sjiys  the  great  Tuscan  historian  of  the  time,  to  heiiold  the 
jirince  who  had  acipiired  a  mighty  reputation  throughout  Europe  for  his  vic- 
tories over  both  Christian  a  id  inttdel,  and  whose  name  was  everywhere 
revered  for  the  wisdom  and  e(piity  with  which  he  had  ruled  in  his  own  king- 
dom. They  looked  to  his  comuig,  therefore,  as  an  event  fraught  with  im[)ort- 
anee,  not  merely  to  Naples,  but  to  all  Italy,  where  his  i.ersonal  j)res('nce  and 
authority  mii^ht  do  so  nuich  to  heal  existing  feiids  ana  establish  permanent 
tramiuillity."'  The  Neanolitaus,  in  particular,  were  intoxicjited  with  joy  at 
Ills  arrival.  The  most  splendid  jireparations  were  made  for  his  reception.  A 
fleet  of  twenty  vessels  of  war  came  out  to  meet  him  and  comluct  him  into 
port;  and,  as  he  touched  the  shores  of  his  new  dominions,  the  air  was  rent 
with  acclamations  of  the  i)eople,  and  with  the  thunders  of  artillery  from  the 
fortres  es  whicii  crowned  the  heights  of  the  city,  and  from  the  gallant  navy 
which  rode  in  her  waters." 

The  faithful  chronicler  of  Los  Palacios,  who  generally  officiates  as  the  nsr.ster 
of  ceremonies  on  the.se  occasions,  dilates  with  great  complacency  on  all  the 
circumstances  of  the  celehration,  even  to  the  minutest  ilel^iils  of  the  costume 
worn  by  the  king  and  his  nobility.  According  to  him,  the  monarch  was 
arrayed  in  a  long,  flowing  mantle  of  crimson  velvet,  lined  with  satin  of  the 
s;une  colour.  On  his  head  was  a  black  velvet  bonnet,  garnished  with  a 
resjilendent  ruby  and  a  pearl  of  inestimable  price.  He  rode  a  nohle  white 
charger,  whose  barnishe(l  caparisons  dazzled  the  eye  with  their  splendour. 
By  his  side  was  his  young  queen,  mounted  on  a  milk-white  l^alfrey,  and  wear- 


""  Zurita,  Analos,  lib.  7,  cap.  22. 

■'  L.  Marinoi),  Cosas  iiv'tiiurablos,  fol.  187. 
— Zunl^ra,  Aimales  dc  SeviUa,  afio  1506. — 
T'tiT  MurtjT,  Opus  Kpist.,  <|ist.  317.— 
ti'iiuoz,  I)e  Ut'bus  K<'i'tis.  fol.  ti-<,  tJ9,  71. — 
Slmll  wo  wroiift  Kerdiiiaiid  iiuu-li  by  applying 
to  lijiii  tlio  pertinent  verses  of  Lucan,  on  a 
Rinuewbat  similar  occasion  ? — 

"'ruttiinqne  putavit 
.Iain  bonus  epse  8oc«'r;   lacrymas  non  sponte 

cadentps 
KfTuilit,  f?emitusqne  pxpr  sslt  pectore  In-to, 
Non  aliter  manifesta  put:in8absci)ndere  nn  ntia 
Ciaudia,  quain  lacrymis." — I'barsalia,  lib.  9. 


""  "  Vn  re  f;lori(is()  per  taiite  vittorln  avuto 
coiitro  kT  Iiifc(teli,  P  coiitri  1  Ciistiani,  vene- 
rabile  per  opiiiioiie  ili  pruden/.a,  e  di  1  (piili^ 
rison  iv.i  t'aiiiii  CristianiKsinia.  clie  avesie  con 
siiinolave  >{iusti/ia  e  tran<|uillita  n"vernat<)  i 
reanii  suoi."  (iuicciardini,  Istoria,  toni.  iv. 
p.  :u . — Also  ntiunacidisi,  I)i,irii),  p.  121.-- 
Giannone,  1,-toria  di  Napoli,  Ub.  JU,  cap  1 

"  Siimnionte,  Hist  di  Najioli.  torn.  iv.  lib. 
6,  c.ip.  T). — (tiiicciardini,  1-toiia.  toni  iv.  p. 
31.-  Giovio.  \itje  lUii-if.  Viioiuiii,  pp.  27», 
279.— Ik'Uibo,  l.-5toria  Viniziuna,  lib.  7 


556 


REIGN  AND  DEATH  OF  PHILIP. 


I 


inj?  a  skirt,  or  nnder-f^jirinetit,  of  rich  Itnwade,  and  a  French  robe,  ,siiii],ly 
fastened  with  clasjis,  or  loops  of  fine  wroiiuiit  gold. 

On  the  mole  they  were  leceiveil  by  the  Great  Captain,  who,  surroiiiided  by 
his  f^uard  of  halberdiers  and  his  silken  array  of  i)ages  wearini:  his  dtniii"', 
displayed  all  the  pomp  and  ma.i^ni licence  of  ids  household.  After  passiiii; 
nndcr  a  triumphal  arch,  where  Ferdinand  swore  to  resiiect  the  liberties  and 
►rivileges  of  Napl.es,  the  royal  pair  moved  forwaid  'inder  a  gorgeous  canopy, 
)orne  l>v  the  memlters  of  the  niunici]iality,  while  the  reins  of  their  stcf.'ts 
were  held  by  some  of  the  j»rincipal  nobles.  After  them  followed  the  other 
lords  and  cavaliers  of  the  kingdom,  with  the  clergy,  and  and)assadors  asscniMnj 
from  every  j)art  of  Italy  and  Kiirope,  bearing  congratulations  and  j)re.>eiit.s 
from  the] I  resj)e(tive  courts.  As  the  procession  halted  in  the  various  (piartcrs 
of  the  city,  it  was  greeted  with  joyous  bursts  of  nuisic  from  a  brilliant  asscm- 
blage  of  kinghts  and  la  Mes,  wiio  did  homage  by  kneeling  down  and  s<iliiting  the 
hands  of  their  new  soveicigns.  At  length,  after  defiling  through  the  iirinci|.,d 
streets  and  stpiares,  it  readied  the  great  cathedral,  where  the  day  was  devoutly 
closed  with  solemn  jtrayer  and  thanksgiving.'* 

Ferdinand  was  too  sevens  an  economist  (jf  time  to  waste  it  willingly  on  idle 
pomp  and  ceremonial.  His  heart  swelled  with  satisfaction,  however,  as  lie 
gazed  on  the  magidlicent  capital  thus  laid  at  his  feet  and  pouring  forth  the 
most  lively  expressions  of  a  loyalty  which  of  late  he  had  been  led  to  distrust. 
With  all  his  impatience,  therefore,  he  was  not  disposed  to  rebuke  this  sjiirit, 
by  abridging  the  season  of  liilarity.  lint,  after  allowing  sulhcient  scope  f^r 
its  indulgence,  he  devoted  himself  assiduously  to  the  great  purposes  of  his 
visit. 

He  Runnuoned  a  parliament  general  of  the  kingdom,  where,  after  his  own 
recognition,  oaths  of  allegiance  were  tendered  to  his  daughter  Joaiuia  and  her 
posterity,  as  his  successors,  without  any  allusion  being  made  to  the  rights  of 
iiis  wife.  This  was  a  clear  evasion  of  tlie  treaty  with  France  ;  but  Ferdinaml, 
though  late,  was  too  sensible  of  the  folly  of  that  stipulation  which  secured  the 
reversion  of  his  wife'.s  dower  to  the  latter  crown,  to  allow  it  to  receive  any 
sanction  from  the  Ne»apolitaiis.'' 

Another  and  scarcely  less  disastrous  provision  of  the  treaty  he  comjdied 
with  in  better  faith.  This  was  there-establishment  of  the  Angevin  ])roiirietiirs 
in  their  ancient  estates,  the  greater  part  of  which,  as  already  noticed,  had 
been  ]iarcelled  out  among  his  own  followers,  both  Spaniards  and  Italians.  It 
was,  of  course,  a  work  of  extraordinary  ditticulty  and  vexation.  When  any 
flaw  or  impeijiment  could  be  raised  in  the  Angevin  title,  the  transfer  was 
evaded.  When  it  could  not,  a  grant  of  other  land  or  money  was  substitnteil, 
if  possible.  More  finvjuently,  however,  the  e(iuivaent,  which  probably  was 
not  very  scrunulously  meted  out,  was  obliged  to  be  taken  l)y  the  Aragonese 
projirietor.  To  accomi)lish  this,  the  king  was  compelled  to  draw  largely  on 
the  royal  i)atrimony  in  Naples,  as  well  as  to  make  liberal  apjiroiiriations  of 
land  and  lents  in  his  native  domiui()i:s.  As  all  this  proved  insufficient,  he 
was  driven  to  the  expedient  of  replenishing  the  exchetiuer  by  draughts  on  his 
new  subjects.^* 

The  result,  although  effected  without  violence  or  disorder,  was  unsati-  fac- 
tory to  all  ]»arties.  The  Angevins  rarely  received  the  full  extent  of  their 
demands.     The  loyal  jiartisans  of  Aragon  saw  the  fruits  of  many  a  hard-fought 


'■■  Ri'rnalticz,  Koyos  CatolirnH,  MS.,  cap, 
210. — Zuritii,  Aiialcs,  tmn.  vi.  lit).  7,  cap.  '.JO. 
— Giiivii),  V'itii'  lUiist.  Vlmnnii,  ubi  .supia.— 
Garitniy,  ('(imppiidio,  lib.  2(i,  cip.  9. 

'■'^  Zurita,  Analea,  ubi  supra.— Guicciariliai, 


Istoria.  torn.  iv.  pp.  72,  73. 

•'•  Ciiaiiiiuiic,  ls:()ria  di  Napoli,  lib.  30, 
call.  1.  Suiiiniontc,  Mist,  di  Napoli.  toni.  iv. 
lib  (i,  cap.  T).  — ISuonaccor.^i,  Diario,  p.  VZ'J.— 
Guicciaidlui,  Istoriu,  torn.  iv.  p.  71. 


RETIREMENT  OF  GONSALVO. 


557 


«s 


battle  snatched  from  their  grasp,  to  l»e  piven  hark  airain  to  their  enemies, 
liustly,  the  wretched  Neapohtiins,  instead  of  the  favours  anil  iniiuuiiities  inci- 
dfiit  to  a  new  rei^n,  found  themselves  burdened  with  addilional  imitosts, 
which,  in  the  exhausted  stiite  of  the  country,  were  perfectly  intoleraide.  So 
S'lnn  were  the  fair  expectations  formed  of  Fenhnand's  comin;^',  like  most  other 
iiidetinite  expectations,  clouded  over  by  disappointment ;  and  such  were  some 
of  the  bitter  fruits  of  the  disgraceful  treaty  with  Louis  the  Twelfth.'" 


CHAPTER  XX. 
Ferdinand's  REXoiiN  and  reoency.— gon.salvo's  honours  and 

KETIUEMENT. 

1506-1609. 

Joanna's  mad  Cordncf — Sho  rhanpns  h-^r  Mini'^tcrs — Diwrdors  in  Castilo — Frrdinand's  politic 
Hciiaviour — He  Ifavcs  Najjles — His  hrilliiuil  riMi'jitiiiii  by  Louis  XI  I. — Honours  lu  (ion- 
Ralvi) — Kerditiand's  Koturn  u>  Castile— Uis  excessive  St.'veiity — Keglect  of  the  Great  Cup- 
tain— His  honourable  lleiireiiicnt. 

While  Ferdinand  was  thus  occupied  in  Naples,  the  representatives  of  most 
of  the  cities,  summoned  by  the  provisional  government,  ha<l  assembled  in 
linrgos  (Nov.  InOO).  Before  entering  on  business,  tliey  were  desirous  to  obtain 
tlie  (pieen's  sanction  to  their  proceedings.  A  connnittee  waited  on  her  for 
that  purpose,  but  she  obstinately  refused  to  give  them  audience.' 

She  still  continued  plunged  in  moody  melancholy,  exhibiting,  however, 
occasiunally  the  wildest  freaks  of  insanity.  Towards  the  latter  end  of 
iJeceudjer,  she  determined  to  !  ave  Burgos  and  remove  her  husband's  remains 
to  their  final  resting-place  in  <  ranada.  She  insisted  on  seeing  them  herself, 
la'fuie  her  departure.  The  remonstrances  of  her  counsellors,  and  of  the  holy 
men  of  the  monastery  of  Miratlores,  proved  equally  fruitless.  Opjiosition  only 
roused  her  passions  into  frenzy,  and  they  were  obliged  to  comply  with  her  mad 
humours.  The  corpse  was  removed  from  the  vault  ;  the  two  eoitinsof  Iwid  and 
Wood  were  openetf,  and  such  as  chose  ga/.ed  on  the  mouldering  relics,  which, 
notwithstanding  their  having  been  end)almed,  exhibited  scarcely  a  trace  of 
humanity.  The  queen  was  not  satisfied  till  she  touched  them  with  her  own 
hand,  which  slie  did  without  shedding  a  tear  or  testifying  the  IctOst  emotion. 
The  unfortunate  lady,  indeed,  was  said  never  to  have  been  seen  to  weep  since 
she  detected  her  husband's  intrigue  with  the  Flemish  courtesan. 

The  body  was  then  placed  on  a  niagnificcnt  car,  or  hearse,  drawn  by  four 
horses.  It  was  accompanied  by  a  long  train  of  ecclesiastics  and  nobles,  who, 
together  with  the  queen,  left  the  city  on  the  night  of  the  20th  of  December. 


was  unsati>fa^- 

dill 

gal 

extent  of  their 

W.l 

y  a  hard-fouglit 

tlio 
of 

eii. 

Napoli,    lib.    30, 
di  NM|ioli,  toni.  iv. 

(In 
Hi- 

,  Diario,  p.  12'J.— 

of 

iv.  p.  71. 

•  Such,  for  example,  was  the  fate  of  the 
iRlity  little  cavalier,  Pedro  de  la  I'az,  the 
liint  Leyva,  ^o  celebrated  in  the  subsequent 
rs  of  Ctiarles  V.,  the  ambassador  Rojas, 
'  Quixotic  I'aredes,  aiid  otiiors.  The  last 
liicse  adventurers,  accordint;  to  Mariana, 
liavoiired  to  repair  his  broken  fortunes  by 
vihfc  tlie  trade  of  a  corsair  in  the  Levant. 
-t.  de  Ksi)afia,  torn.  li.  lib.  'i9,  cap.  4. 
"  If  any  o-  <^  would  sec  a  perlect  specimen 
the  triumph  of  style,  let  hiui  touipaie  the 


interminable  prolixities  of  Zurita  with  Ma- 
riana, \A  lio  in  this  jiortion  of  lii^  narrative  has 
embodi'd  the  tacts  and  opinions  of  his  pre- 
decessor, \\itli  siarcely  any  alterati"n,  save 
that  of  prertter  Kjndensaiioii,  in  his  own 
transparent  and  harmonious  diction.  It  is 
quite  as  f;reat  a  nnracle  in  its  way  as  the 
rijacimcvto  of  lierni. 

'  M.iriana,  Hi-t.  de  Espafia.  tom.  ii.  lib.  29, 
cap.  'Z. — Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7, 
cap.  2^. 


658 


FERDINAND'S  RETURN  AND  REGENCY. 


She  made  her  journeys  })y  ni^ht,  saying  that  "  a  widow,  who  had  lost  tlie  sun 
of  her  own  soul,  should  never  expose  herself  to  the  li^dit  of  (hiy.'  ^^ilen  she 
lialUMl,  tlie  body  was  deposittul  in  some  churcii  or  monastery,  where  tlio 
fiuieral  services  were  performed,  as  if  her  liushand  had  Just  died  ;  and  a  cori'S 
of  armiid  men  Kept  constant  guard,  chieiiy,  as  it  would  seem,  with  tlie  view 
of  preventing  any  female  from  profaning  the  place  by  her  jireseiue.  l-'Mr 
Joanna  still  retained  the  same  jealousy  of  her  sex  whicii  she  liad  unliai  pily 
had  so  much  cause  to  feel  during  Philip's  lifetime.'' 

In  a  sul)se<iuent  journey,  wlicn  at  a  short  <listance  from  Toniuemada,  sli^ 
ordered  the  corpse  to  he  carried  into  the  court  yard  of  a  convent,  oc,  ujiicd,  as 
slic  supi»oscd,  by  monks.  She  was  tilled  \\ith  lion  or,  liowever,  on  ♦inding  it  a 
nunnery,  ami  innuediately  commanded  the  body  to  l»e  removed  into  the  npt'ii 
fields.  Here  she  encamped  with  her  whole  party  at  dead  of  night ;  not,  how- 
ever, until  she  had  aiused  the  cotlins  to  be  misealed,  that  she  might  sati  fy 
herself  of  the  safety  of  her  husband's  relics  ;  although  it  Wiis  very  ditHcult  to 
keep  the  torches,  during  the  time,  from  beinu  extinguished  by  the  violence  of 
the  wind,  and  Iciiving  the  company  in  total  darkness.' 

These  mad  pranks,  savouring  of  absolute  idiocy  'vere  occasionally  checkcrcil 
by  other  acts  of  more  intelligence,  but  not  less  sUirtling.  She  had  early 
shown  a  disgust  to  her  father's  old  counsellors,  and  esjiedally  to  Ximenes, 
who,  she  thouglit,  interfered  too  authoritatively  in  her  domestic  concerns. 
Before  leaving  Burgos,  however,  she  electrified  her  husband's  adherents  Iiv 
revoking  all  grants  made  by  the  crown  since  bsabella's  death.  This,  almost 
the  only  act  slie  was  ever  known  to  sign,  was  a  severe  blow  to  the  courtly  trilic 
of  sycophants  on  whom  the  golden  favoins  of  the  late  reign  had  been  so  pro- 
digally showered.  At  the  same  time  she  reformed  lier  privy  comic  il,  hy 
dismissing  the  present  members  and  reinstating  those  apjiointeif  by  her  roy;il 
mother,  sarcasticjilly  telling  one  of  the  ejected  counsellors  that  "  he  might  \;o 
and  complete  his  studies  at  Salamanca."  The  remark  had  a  biting  edge  to  it, 
as  the  worthy  jurist  was  reputed  somewhat  low  in  his  scliolarship.* 

who  lias  made  similar  ones  the  ground  for 
uiipparing  n-iidi  nmation  ot'ollicrs. 

'  I'etcr  Martyi,  Ojiu.s  Episl.,  «pist.  ,3;iO — 
A  foolish  Caiiiiiisiiin  monk,  "  l;fvi  sicco  (uli.. 
Icvior,"  to  borrow  Maityr's  v\()rds.  tiiiiii^rii 
nmre  knave  than  foul  prohably,  tillfd  .Joanna 
with  absurd  hopes  of  her  hu>))ai)d's  returiJin;^ 
to  life,  which,  he  assured  her,  had  hai)piiii'l, 
as  he  had  nad,  to  a  certain  prince,  iilior  li" 
had  been  dead  fourteen  years.  As  I'hiliii  was 
disemb<j\volIed,  he  was  iiardly  in  a  coniliiii.ii 
for  such  an  au>piciiius  event.  The  (iiucii, 
however,  seems  to  have  l)een  caught  witii  tlie 
idea,  ((tptis  Epist.,  ejiist.  :S'2«,)  Martyr  lots 
all  patience  at  the  inventions  <  i  tliis  "'  lac- 
tero  cucuUatus,"  as  he  calls  hiu.  m  his  iInh 
minable  Latin,  aa  well  as  at  the  mad  pranks 
of  the  queen,  iiiid  the  ridiculous  figure  which 
Ik'  and  the  other  grave  persona,L;es  of  the 
court  were  compelled  to  make  on  tin  occa- 
sion. It  is  imi)ossii)le  to  read  his  Jeremiiids 
on  the  subject  without  a  smile.  See  in  p.ir- 
ticular,  Ins  whimsical  epi>tle  to  his  old  frii  nd 
the  urchbi.^hop  of  Granada,  Opus  Lpist.,  epi.st. 
SM. 

'  Mariana,  Hist.de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  lib.  21', 
cap.  ;J. — Zurita,  Anaios,  toni.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap  'Jti, 
.'Jm,  f)4. — (iomcz,  I)e  lleluis  gesti.s,  lol.  72  — 
Saiidovul,  Hist,  del  Lmp.  Carlos  V-.  torn.  i. 
p.  11. 


»  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  321, 
3.12,  ;t3'.),  ;jg:i.— Mariana,  lli-t.  de  Espafia, 
torn.  ii.  lib.  29,  cap.  3. — Carbajal,  Anales, 
M.S.,  aho  l&DG. — Hernaldez,  Reyes  Calolicos, 
M.S.,  cap.  2()t).  — llobles,  Vida  de  Ximenez, 
cap.  17. — "Childish  as  was  the  ath'Ctioii," 
Siiys  Dr.  Dunham,  "of  .Joanna  fur  her  hus- 
band, she  did  not,  as  Hobertson  relates,  cause 
the  body  to  be  removed  from  the  sepulchre 
after  it  was  buried,  and  brought  to  her  ajiart- 
ment.  She  once  visited  the  .-epulchre,  and, 
after  afTei'tioiiately  gazing  on  the  corpse,  was 
persu.ided  to  r(  tire.  Robertson  seems  not  to 
liave  read,  at  least  not  with  care,  the  autho- 
rities for  the  riign  of  Fernando."  (Hi>tory 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  vol.  ii.  p.  287,  note.) 
AVhuever  will  take  the  trouble  to  examine 
these  authorities  will  probablj*  not  find  Dr. 
Dunham  much  more  accurate  in  the  matter 
than  his  predecessor.  Robertson,  indeed, 
draws  largely  Iruin  the  Epistles  of  i'eter 
Martyr,  tlie  best  voucher  for  this  peiiod, 
whicli  bis  critic  apimrently  has  not  consulted. 
In  the  very  page  preceding  that  in  which  he 
thus  ta.\es  Hobertson  with  inaccuracy,  wo 
find  hiin  speaking  of  Cliarles  VUl.  as  the 
reigning  moiiaich  id  Irance ;  an  error  not 
merely  clerical,  since  it  is  repeated  no  less 
than  three  times.  Such  misiaUes  would  be 
too  trivial  for  uulice  iu  any  but  an  author 


RETIREMEN'T  OF  GONSALVO. 


559 


These  partial  ^'kvanis  of  intelli^zciue,  direited  in  this  itcciihar  way,  led  many 
to  (lisceni  the  secret  intluence  of  her  father.  She  still,  liDWeviT,  jiertMiucioiisly 
refused  to  siinctiun  any  measures  of  corte.s  iur  his  recall  ;*  and,  wIhmi  pressed 
by  that  hody  on  this  and  otiier  matters,  at  an  audience  Nvhich  she  ;;ranted 
before  leavin*,'  linr;:os,  she  plainly  tt>ld  thi-m  "  to  return  to  their  (piarters,  and 
ni»t  to  meddle  furtlier  in  the  piihlic  husiness  without  her  e.\i)ress  connuands.' 
Not  long  after  this,  the  legislature  was  prorogued  hy  the  royal  council  for  four 
months. 

The  term  assigned  for  the  provisional  government  expired  in  December,  and 
was  not  renewed.  No  other  regency  was  appointed  Ijy  the  nobles ;  and  the 
kingdom,  without  even  the  shadow  of  pnttection  aliorded  by  its  cortes,  and 
with  no  other  guide  l:ut  its  crazy  sovereign,  was  left  to  drift  at  random 
amidst  the  winds  and  waves  of  faction.  This  was  not  slow  in  brewing  ia 
every  (luarter,  with  the  aid  esi»ecially  of  the  overgrown  nobles,  whose  license, 
on  such  occasioiis  as  this,  proved  too  plainly  that  |)ublic  traiKiuillity  was  not 
founded  .so  much  on  the  stability  of  law  a.s  on  the  personal  cliaracter  of  the 
reigning  sovereign.* 

The  king's  enemies,  in  the  mean  time,  were  pressinfj  their  correspondenc( 
with  the  emijeror  Maximilian,  and  urging  his  imnKMliate  presence  m  Npain 
Others  devised  .schemes  for  marrying  the  poor  ([ueen  to  tiie  young  duke  of 
Ca  abria,  or  some  other  prince  whose  years  or  incapacity  might  enable  them  to 
act  over  again  the  farce  of  King  Philip.t  To  ad(l  to  the  trouliles  occasioned 
by  this  mesh  of  intrigue  and  fa<'tion,  the  countrv,  which  of  late  years  had 
sutVered  from  scarcity,  was  visited  by  a  pestilence,  tliat  fell  most  heavily  on  the 
south.  In  Seville  alone,  llernaldez  reports  the  incredible  number  of  thirty 
thousand  persons  to  have  fallen  victims  to  it.® 

Jint,  although  the  storm  was  thus  darkening  fron)  every  quarter,  there  was 
no  general  explosion,  to  shake  the  state  to  its  foundations,  as  in  the  time  of 
Henry  the  fourth.  Orderly  habits,  if  not  principles,  had  been  gradually 
formed  under  the  long  reign  of  I.^^abella.  The  great  mass  of  the  people  had 
learned  to  resj)ect  the  operation  and  aitpreciate  the  benefits  of  law  ;  and  not- 
withstan(hng  the  menacing  attitude,  the  l)U^tIe,  and  tiansitory  ebullitions  of 
the  rival  factions,  there  seemed  a  manifest  reluctance  to  break  up  the  estuib- 
lished  order  of  things,  and,  by  deeds  of  violence  and  bloodshed,  to  renew  the 
days  of  ancient  anarchy. 


ce 


Abarca,  Royos  do  Aragnn,  toni.  ii.  roy  30, 
cip.  IG. — I'etcr  Miirtyr,  Opus  F^iiist.,  ciiist. 
3ltj.— Ziirito,  Aiialps,  lib.  7,  cap.  36-;j.s.  -- 
'/.nuiy^ii,  Aiiiialt'8  tic  .StviUa,  afio  ir)U7. — \^-r- 
iiiilcli/.,  Reyes  C.itolicus,  M.S.,  cap.  '.JoG. — Tlio 
duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  son  of  U\o  nobleman 
will)  b'ire  so  bonoiiralilo  a  part  in  tlio  (irana- 
iine  war,  uiusteifd  a  lar^;c  force  by  lan>l  and 
na  for  llie  recovery  of  liis  ancient  patrimony 
c;  (iibtaitar. — Isabella's  liigli-spiriiod  frii ml, 
til'-  niarcliioncsR  of  .Moya,  jiul  Inr^'lf  at  the 
iiiMil  of  a  body  of  troops  witli  better  succiss, 
iluiing  ber  busbaml's  illness,  and  re-estab- 
li.-lied  liersi  If  in  thestning  fortress  of  Segovia, 
^^hicll  Philip  liad  transferred  to  Manuel. 
(iVter  Martyr,  Opus  Epi.st.,  cpist.  313.— Her- 


naldez,  Reyes  ratollco.i,  MS.,  cap.  207  )  "  No 
one  lamented  the  circumstance,"  saysOviedo. 
The  marchioness  closed  her  lile  not  long 
after  this,  at  about  sixty  years  of  eniC  Her 
husband,  ilnui^rh  much  older,  survived  her. 
Quincu  neiuis,  MS.,  bat.  1,  (luinc.  l,dial.  "23. 
'  lieyes  t'atolicos,  .MS.,  cap.  'JO-^.  — (Jomez, 
I)e  Itebus  testis,  fol,  71.-  .Mariana,  Hist,  de 
K^luina,  toni.  ii.  Id),  'ilt,  cap,  'i. — The  worthy 
Curate  of  I.os  I'alacios  does  not  vouch  lor 
this  exact  amount  from  his  own  knowledsre. 
He  states,  however,  that  170  died,  out  <.f  Iii8 
own  little  parish  of  r)Oii  persous,  and  he  nar- 
rowly escajied  with  life  himself,  after  a 
severe  attack.     Ubi  supra. 


*  [In  a  letter  to  the  princess  of  Wales, 
dated  March  15th,  laii7,  Ferdinand  stales  that 
.III. Ilia  is  continually  sending  to  him  and 
beii^riiif^  him  very  pressingly  to  return.  Her- 
p"iroth,  Li  tters.  Despatches,  and  .Stale  Tapers, 
bupplenieutary  Vol. — tu.J 


+  [The  only  direct  suitor  for  Juana's  hand 
sei'ins  to  have  iM'en  Henrj'  VII.  of  Kn^rl.md, 
who,  according  to  lU'r^enroth,  was  ready  to 
marry  her  "  sane  or  iu'^ane."  Letters,  De- 
spatches, and  State  Papers,  vol.  1.— Ed.] 


060 


FERDINAND'S  RETURN  AND  REGENCY. 


MiK'li  of  tin's  fjnnd  ro^ult  was  nriflouhtodly  to  lie  tittiilmted  to  tho  vi'^'ornns 
counsels  and  condnct  of  Xirncncs/  who,  to;,'('tli('r  with  the  grand  ( onstahlc  and 
the  duke  of  Alva,  had  received  full  jiowersfroin  Ferdinand  to  act  in  hi>  nanif. 
Much  is  also  to  be  ascrihed  to  the  iiolitic  eonduct  of  the  kin<,'.  Far  fmni  ;in 
inteiujierate  zeal  to  resume  the  scejjtrc  of  Castile,  he  had  shown  throu^dioiit  a 
discreet  forlK>arance.  He  used  the  most  courteous  and  condescending  style  in 
liis  coiiununicatiiiiis  to  the  nohles  ami  the  nuudcipalities,  ex]iressing  his  entire 
coidideiice  in  their  patriotism,  and  in  their  loyalty  to  the  (jueen,  his  dan^ditcr. 
Throned)  the  archhishop,  and  other  im]>ortant  agents,  he  had  taken  eHectnal 
measures  to  soften  the  opposition  of  the  more  considerable  lords  ;  until,  at 
length,  not  only  such  acconnno<lating  statesmen  as  (Jarcilasso  de  la  Vega,  Imt 
more  sturdy  onponents,  as  Villena,  IJenavente,  and  Bejar,  were  brought  to 
give  in  their  adhesion  to  their  old  master.  Liberal  jiromises,  indeed,  had  be<ii 
made  by  the  emperor,  in  the  name  of  his  grandson  Charles,  who  had  already  liecn 
made  to  assume  the  title  of  King  of  Castile.  Rut  the  jiromises  of  the  imperial 
braiiirart  jiassed  lightly  with  the  more  considerate  Castilians,  who  knew  how 
fai-  liiey  usually  out^tri)l]led  his  iierformance,  and  who  felt,  on  the  other  liainl, 
that  their  true  inteiests  were  connected  with  those  of  a  prince  whose  superim- 
talents  and  personal  relations  all  concurred  to  reconunend  him  to  the  seat 
which  he  had  once  so  honourably  occujiied.  The  great  mass  of  the  conuiKMi 
jieople,  too,  notwithstanding  the  temporary  alienation  of  their  feelings  fimii 
the  Catholic  king  by  his  recent  marriage,  were  driven  by  the  evils  they  actually 
sutlered,  and  the  vague  apprehension  of  greater,  to  ]  articipate  in  the  >anie 
sentiments  ;  so  that,  in  less  than  eight  months  from  l^hilip's  death,  the  whole 
nation  may  be  said  to  liave  returned  to  its  allegiance  to  its  ancient  sovereign. 
The  only  considerable  exceptions  were  Don  Juan  Manuel  and  the  duke  of 
In  ajara.  The  former  had  gone  too  far  to  recede,  and  the  latter  possessed  too 
chivalrous,  or  too  stubborn,  a  temjier  to  do  so.* 

At  length,  the  Catholic  monarch,  having  completed  his  arrangements  at 
Naples,  and  waited  until  the  atiairs  of  Castde  wer»  fully  rijie  for  his  retiiin, 
set  sail  from  his  Italian  canital,  June  4th,  1507.  He  proposed  to  touch  at  the 
Genoese  port  of  Savona,  wnere  au  interview  had  been  arranged  between  him 
and  Louis  the  Twelfth.  During  his  residence  in  Naples,  he  had  assiduoiidy 
devoted  himself  to  the  afljiirs  of  the  kingdom.  He  had  avoided  entering  into 
the  local  politics  of  Italy,  refusing  all  treaties  and  alliances  proposed  to  liiiii 
by  its  various  states,  whether  otlensive  or  defensive.  He  had  evailed  the  iniinT- 
tunate  solicitations  and  remonstrances  of  Maximilian  in  regard  to  the  Castilian 
regency,  and  had  declined,  moreover,  a  jiersonal  conference  proposed  to  him 
by  the  emperor  during  his  st<\v  in  Italy.  After  the  great  work  of  restorini; 
the  Angevins  to  their  estates,  he  had  thoroughly  reorganized  the  interior  ad- 
ministration of  the  kingdon» ;  creating  new  oHices,  and  entirely  new  depart 
ments.  He  made  large  reforms,  moreover,  in  the  courts  of  law,  and  prepaicl 
the  way  for  the  new  system  demanded  by  its  relations  as  a  dependency  of  the 

patriotism.  (De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  "o,  ct  &\ ^ 
In  tiie  iiiixpd  motives  of  action,  \iiiieii«~ 
mif;ht  j)idlial>ly  liavo  been  puzzled  himself  to 
determine  liow  unicli  belonged  to  the  on  ■ 
principle  and  how  much  to  the  other. 

"  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  351.— 
L.  Mariiieo,  Cosns  inemoraljles,  fol.  ixT. — 
Lanuza,  Historinp,  toni.  i.  lib.  1,  cap.  21.— 
Zurita,  Angles,  torn.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  Hi,  22,  'J'l, 
30,  li'.). — (iuieciardini,  Istoria,  toni.  iv.  p.  Tii. 
ed.  ."Milano.  lso3.- Robli  s,  Vida  de  Ximeii'Z. 
cap.  IT.  — Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Eiup.  Carlos  V  , 
toui.  i.  p.  12. 


'  Ximpups  equipped  and  paid  out  of  his 
own  funds  a  strong  coijis,  for  ilie  ostensible 
purpose  of  protectitif;  the  queen's  person,  but 
quite  as  much  to  enforce  order  by  checking 
tliettirtiuleiit  spirit  of  the  grandees;  astretoii 
of  authority  which  this  haughty  l)<>dy  could 
ill  brook.  (_Hohl(S,  Vid;\  de  Xinienez,  cap. 
17. ")  Zurita,  iniUed,  who  »hiiiks  the  arch- 
bishop had  a  strong  relish  lor  sovereign 
power,  accuses  liiin  of  being  "at  heart  much 
more  of  a  king  than  a  friar."  (Anales,  torn. 
vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  20,')  (Jomez,  on  the  contrary, 
tr  ces  every  political  act  of  his  to  the  purest 


RETIREMENT  OF  GONSALVO. 


561 


to  tho  vii^'oroiis 
itl  coiistalih'  aihl 
act  in  lii>  naim'. 
,'.  Far  fnuii  ;iii 
m  tlirou^'lioiii  ;i 
ceiuliii^^  style  ill 
I'ssiii;;  his  t'litire 
n,  liis  (laii^litcr. 
taken  elicftnal 
lords  ;  until,  iit 
(io  la  V(';:a,  Imt 
vere  hroii^lit  tn 
ndcccl,  liad  ln'cii 
) ad  already  liccn 
s  of  tlie  ini|M'riai 
who  knew  how 
the  other  liaml, 
'  whose  suiierinr 
lini  to  the  scat 
of  the  coinninii 
ir  feelin.us  fidiii 
ils  they  actually 
ite  in  tlie  same 
leath,  the  whole 
cient  sovereiLTii. 
nd  the  duke  of 
er  possessed  too 

rranpjomentN  at 
for  his  ret  1111 1, 
to  touch  at  the 
kI  hetween  liiiii 
had  assiduon.-ly 
d  entering-  into 
ronosed  to  him 
acfed  theiniiinr- 
totheCastilian 
roposed  to  him 
rk  of  restoriiii; 
the  interior  ad- 
My  new  (h^part- 
V,  and  pre[)ai('d 
)endency  of  the 

ptis,  fill.  70.  ct  al."> 
iiction,  Xiiiiiii'~ 
puzzled  himself  to 
<jiigi(l  to  the  "11  ■ 

the  other. 
pi«t.,  cpist.  3r>I.— 
iiMes,   fol.    1^7.— 

lib.  1.  Clip.  21.— 
).  7,  Clip,  lit,  22,  'jr., 
i;i,  toiii.  iv.  p.  '*'). 
Vida  de  Ximciw  z. 
el  Euip.  Ciirlos  V  , 


Spanish  monarchy.  Lastly,  hefore  leavinir  ♦he  city,  he  acceded  to  tho  reipiest 
of  the  inhahitaiits  for  the  re-e-tahlishnieiit  of  their  aiici«'nt  university." 

In  all  these  sai^acioiis  niea-.ure>  he  had  lieen  ably  a.ssist''d  hy  his  viceroy, 
(Joii.salvo  de  Cordova  Ferdiiianils  <leportinent  towards  the  latter  hail  Iummj 
studied,  as  1  have  saitj,  to  elhue  every  unconifurUililo  uiipn'sMon  from  his 
mind.  On  his  lirst  ariival,  indeed,  the  kinu  had  condescended  to  listen  to 
CMinulaints,  niaile  hy  certain  otiicers  of  the  e.xcheipier,  of  (ion.salvo',-;  waste  and 
iiii>ai»plication  of  the  puhlic  moneys.  The  genenvl  simply  asked  leave  to  pro- 
duce his  own  accounts  in  his  defence.  The  lirst  item,  which  he  read  aloud, 
was  two  hundred  thousand  seven  hundred  and  thirty-six  ilucats,  uiven  in  alms 
to  the  monasteries  and  the  poor,  to  secure  their  juavers  for  the  success  of  tho 
kiiiic's  enterprise.  Tlu^  second  was  seven  huiuhed  thousand  four  hundred  and 
ninety-four  ducats  to  the  spies  emjiloyed  in  his  .service.  <Jtlier  cliarges  eiiually 
ineposterous  followed  ;  while  some  of  the  audience  stared  incn'dulou.s,  other.s 
au;,died,  and  the  kin.;  himself,  a^hamed  of  the  paltry  part  he  was  playing,  dis- 
missed the  whole  atlair  as  a  jest.  The  common  s;iying  of  citentnx  del  (Aran 
Ciiiit'ii),  at  this  day,  attests  at  least  the  popular  faith  in  the  anecdote.'" 

Fiom  this  uioment,  Ferdinand  continiieil  to  show  (ionsivlvo  unhounded 
marks  of  confidence  ;  ailvising  with  him  on  all  important  matters,  and  making 
liiia  the  only  channel  of  royal  favour.  He  again  renewed,  in  the  most  emphatic 
manner,  his  promise  to  resign  the  grand-mastership  of  St.  Jago  in  his  favour, 
on  their  return  to  S|>ain,  and  made  formal  application  to  the  noi»e  to  confirm 
it."  In  addition  to  the  princely  honours  already  conferrett  on  the  (ireat 
Captain,  he  granted  him  tlie  noble  (hichy  of  iSessa,  hy  an  instrument  which, 
after  a  pompous  recajiitulation  of  his  .stately  titles  and  manifold  services, 
declares  that  these  latter  were  too  great  for  recompen.se.'*  Unfortunately  for 
both  king  and  subject,  this  was  too  true.'* 

(ionsalvo  remained  a  <hiy  or  two  l)ehind  his  royal  master  in  Naple.s,  to  settle 
his  private  atlairs.     In  addition  to  the  heavy  debts  incurred  by  his  own 

'  (iiannone,  Istoria  di  XapoU,  HI).  .'JO,  cap.        doha,"   Ivgins  tho    iiisiruinont,   "  Duqiie  de 


1.1.— .Suniinoiitt',  Hi«t.  di  N.ipoli,  torn.  iv. 
111).  6,  cap.  ."i. — !..  Mariiieo,  Cosas  ineuioiahles, 
fil,  1h7.  — Huonaecorsi,  Djaiio,  p.  r.i9.  — Hi-r- 
iiniili'z,  Reyes  Cdtolicus,  .MS.,  cap.  210. — 
Sii^'iKirelli,  CoUura  neUe  Sieilie,  toiii.  iv.  p. 
M— The  learned  Neapolitan  eiviliai),  <ii.m- 
iiniic,  bears  eiiii)liatic  ti'Siiuiotiy  to  the  gene- 
ral excellence  of  the  Spanish  lej;islatioii  for 
Niijiles.     Ubi  fiiipr.i. 

(Jiovio,  Vita'  lUust.  Virorum,  p  102.— 
Chn'inica  del  (iran  Capitaii,  lib.  :t. 

"  Maeliiavei;i  e.spresses  his  astonishment 
tluit  (Jonsalvo  should  have  been  the  dui)e  of 
promises,  the  very  magnitude  of  which  made 
tlieni  suspicious!  "Mo  sentito  r.igionare  di 
(liic>to  accordo  fra  (^)nsalvo  e  il  lie,  e  mara- 
vi_'li,irsi  ei.isci.uo  ehe  Coiisalvo  ee  ne  fidi ;  « 
fjuiiiiti)  quel  lie  i  stato  piii  liberale  versu  di 
hii,  anto  pin  ne  inao^petlisce  la  liriifiitd,  peii- 
samiocheil  Keablii  fatto  perassicurarlo,  e  per 
Iieii'ine  nieglio  dl-^porre  sotto  ((uestasiiurta." 
(l.'!-'a/.ione  seconda  .i  Uonia,  let  2.3,  Oct.  titli.) 
liut  wi);it  alternative  liad  he,  unless  iiuh-ed 
thai  of  opi'i>  rebellion,  tor  which  h  ■  seeuis  to 
liavi-  had  no  relish  .'  .\nd.  if  he  had,  it  waa 
t)t,  I, lie  after  Kerdin  ind  was  in  Naples. 

Cliroiiica  liel  (iran  Capilan,  liti.  3,  cap.  :i. 
—  Ziu'ita.  .\nales,  toin.  vi.  lib.  7,  cap.  6,  49. — 
'.iivio,  Vit;e  lUust.  Virorum,  p.  279.  -"  Vos 
el  ilusire  Don  Uonzalo  UeriiauJei  de  Cor- 


'I'erra  Nova,  .Marques  d"  Sunt.tiiu'elo  y  \'l- 
tonto,  y  mi  Condestable  del  reyno  de  N.ipoles, 
nucitro  muy  charo  y  muy  amado  pnmo,  y 
uno  del  nnestro  secreto  (.'oiisejo,"  etc.  (..See 
the  document  apud  (^iihit.ma,  Kspafioles  eele- 
hres,  torn.  i.  Apend.  no.  1.)  The  revenues 
from  his  various  estates  amounte<l  to  Jii,iioD 
<lueats.  Zuritaspeaks  of  another  instrument, 
a  public  mainfesto  of  the  t'atholic  Uing,  i)rii- 
clainiing  to  the  W(jrld  his  .sen.se  of  his  general's 
exalied  services  and  unimpeachai'le  loyalty. 
(.\nals,  torn.  vi.  lib.  s,  cap.  ;{.)  This  sort  of 
te->ii:iiiiiiy  Heems  to  Contain  an  implication 
not  very  flattering,  and,  on  the  whole,  is  so 
im|irob.ible  that  i  cannot  but  think  the  Ar.i- 
gom^s"  historian  has  confounded  it  vsith  th(^ 
grant  of  Sessa,  bearing  preci-ely  the  same 
date,  I'ebrn.iry  2.")th,  and  containing  aiso, 
though  incidentally,  and  as  a  thing  o!  co\irse, 
the  most  ample  tribute  to  the  <ireat  (.'aptain. 
— Comp.  al.-o  I'ulgar,  .Sumario,  p.  Kis. 

''  Taclius  may  e.\p|ain  wiiy:  "  Beni'ficia 
po  us(|iie  beta  sunt,  dum  videtitur  ixsolvi 
posse;  ubi  multum  aiiti'veiiiTe,  pro  gratia 
o<lium  reitdiiiir."  (,.\tma!es,  lib.  4,  sic.  Is.) 
"II  n'est  p.is  si  d.iiigereux,"  s.iys  Uochelou- 
cault,  in  a  more  caustic  vein,  "de  jaire  du 
inal  a  la  plupart  des  hoiumes,  (jue  de  leur 
faire  trop  de  bien." 

2  0 


nn-i 


FERDINAND'S   RKTT^RN   AND  REGENCY. 


Kciiorons  stylo  of  llvincj,  lio  li.a<l  assiinied  those  of  in.iny  of  his  old  ronipaiiiiin^- 
iiiuriiis,  with  whom  tiu'  world  had  f,"»iio  hjss  inosperniisly  thai)  with  himself, 
The  fliiims  of  hi-i  creditors,  therefore,  had  swollen  to  such  an  anionnt  that,  in 
order  to  satisfy  them  fully,  ho  was  driven  to  siicritice  part  of  the  domains 
lately  ^'ranted  ]iim.  I  laving' discharged  all  theohli,t,'ationsof  a  man  of  hoiiour, 
lie  j)re|iared  to  unit  the  land  ovor  which  ho  had  ruled  with  so  nnich  spleuilour 
and  renown  for  nearly  four  years.  The  Neapolitans  in  a  hody  ftillowod  him  to 
the  vessel  ;  an<l  nobles,  cavaliers,  and  even  ladies  of  the  highest  rank  lingered 
on  the  shore  to  bid  him  a  last  adieu.  Not  a  dry  eye,  *riys  the  historian,  was 
to  ho  seen.  So  completely  had  he  daz/led  their  imaudnutions  and  captivated 
their  hearts  by  his  brilliant  and  po])nlar  manners,  his  muniticent  spirit,  ,aiid 
the  canity  of  his  administsation, — (jnalitio-i  more  useful,  and  i)robal)ly  mort- 
rare  in  those  turbulent  times,  than  military  talent.  He  was  sncceo<led  in  the 
otiice  of  errand  constable  of  the  kin.u'dom  by  Prospero  (Jolonna,  and  in  that  nf 
viceroy  by  the  count  of  Kiha'^orzii,  Kerdinand's  nejihew.'* 

(^n  the  "iHth  of  June,  the  royal  tieot  of  iVrat^ou  entered  the  little  port  nf 
Savona,  where  the  kini,^  of  France  had  already  l)een  waitini;  for  it  several 
days.  The  French  navy  was  ordered  out  to  receive  the  (Jatholic  monarch, 
and  the  vessels  on  either  side,  gayly  decorated  with  the  national  tlai;-;  and 
eiisij^ns,  rivalled  each  other  in  the  l>eauty  and  nia:,,^ni licence  of  their  eipiip- 
ments.  Kin^  Ferdinand's  galleys  wore  spread  with  rich  carpets  and  awnitiLjs 
of  yellow  and  scarlet,  and  every  sailor  in  the  fleet  exhibited  the  same  u^audy 
coloured  livery  of  the  royal  house  of  Aragon.  Louis  the  Twelftli  camo  "to 
welcome  liis  ilhistrioiis  <;uests,  attended  hy  a  t,'allant  train  of  his  nobility  and 
chivalry  ;  and,  in  order  to  reciprocate  as  far  as  possible  thecontidonce  reposed 
in  him  by  the  monarch  with  whom  he  had  b«Mi  so  recently  at  deadly  fcinl, 
iunnediately  went  on  board  the  vessel  of  the  latter.'*  Horses  and  mulis 
richly  cai)arisoned  awaited  them  at  the  landing.  The  French  kinu',  niountin.,' 
liis  steeif,  gallantly  placed  the  young  cpieen  of  Aragon  behind  him.  His 
cavaliers  did  the  same  with  the  ladies  of  her  suite,  nio>;t  of  them  Fren(  h- 
women,  though  attirod,  as  an  old  chronicler  of  the  nation  rather  peevishly 
complains,  after  the  Spanish  fashion  ;  and  the  whole  party,  with  the  ladies  en 
croupe^  galloped  off"  to  the  royal  (piarters  in  Savona.'* 

Blithe  and  jocund  were  the  revels  which  rung  through  the  halls  of  this  fair 
city  during  the  hrief  residence  of  its  royal  visitors.  Abundance  of  good  dieor 
had  been  provided  hy  Louis's  orders,  writes  an  old  cavalier  "  who  was  there  to 


'*  (liDvio,  Vitii!  Illust.  N'irorum,  pp.  2S0, 
2H1. — (Jaribay,  ComporKllo,  toni.  ii.  lil).  '20, 
lap.  9. — (iiannniic.  Iwtoria  <li  Najjoli,  lib.  30, 
c.ip.  1. — SuiniiunUc,  Hist.  (II  Nai>oli,  toiii.  iv. 
lib.  6,  cap.  5. — (iiiicciaidiiii,  Istoria,  torn.  iv. 
p  72 — Ciuonica  del  (Jraii  Capitan,  lib.  a, 
cap.  4. 

'■  "Spottacolo  cprtaiTiPntc  nipmorabilo, 
v^dorc  iiisicmi'  due  lie  poti'iuissinii  tra  tutti 
i  Triiicipi  Cristiani,  stati  poco  iniian/i  si 
ai'crbissimi  iiiiniici,  noii  poIk  ricoiuiliati,  e 
conniUMii  dj  ))!irciitad(i,  ma  doposti  i  .spgiii 
dfir  iidio,  e  dcUa  iiii'inoria  di'Ue  offeso,  cdiii- 
mcttcre  ciascuiKi  di  loro  la  vita  propria  in 
arbitrio  dell'  altro  ron  noii  iniimre  roiitidiMi/.a, 
rlie  8P  Boiiipre  fixsero  Htati  concordisaiini  fra- 
tPlU."  (iJuiiiiardiin,  Istoria,  toin.  iv.  p.  7.').) 
This  a-^toiiislimi'iit  of  tlie  Italian  is  an  in- 
diffiTont  tribute  to  tlie  habitual  good  faith  of 
the  times. 

"■  D'.Auti'ii,  Hist,  de  Lmiys  Xlf.,  part.  3, 
chap.  3S.  — lUioinecorsi,  |)iario,  p.  l:;2.  — .St. 
Gelaia,   Hist,   de   Louys  Xll.,  p.  204.— Ger- 


maine  appears  to  have  been  no  great  favourite 
with  the  I'reneli  chronielers.  "  Et  y  estoit  sa 
fen)riie  (Jenuaine  de  Kouez,  qui  tenoit  tine 
marveilleuse  antiace.  Elle  fist  pen  deooiiipu' 
de  toua  les  Francjois,  mesmeineiit  de  son 
frere,  le  gcntil  due  de  Nemours."  (IMe- 
niuires  de  Bayard,  chap.  27,  apud  Pttitut, 
Collertion  des  Menioires,  torn,  xv.l  Sec  aNo 
Kleuraiige  (Memoires,  chap.  19,  apud  I'etitut, 
Collettion  des  Memoires,  torn,  xvi.),  who 
notices  the  same  arioirant  i)earing. 

"  For  figlitinp,  and  rea.sting,  and  all  the 
generous  pastimes  ol  chivalry,  none  of  lli'3 
French  chroniclers  of  this  time  rivals  l)'.\ii- 
ton.  Ho  is  the  very  Froissart  ofthe  sixtiintli 
centtiry.  A  part  of  his  works  still  remains  in 
n)anuscript.  That  which  is  jmnted  ntains 
the  same  form.  I  Ix'lieve,  in  which  it  w.is 
given  to  the  jjublic  by  (JiMlefmy,  in  the  Intrin- 
iiing  ol  the  sevetiteenth  century  ;  while  many 
an  infi  rior  chronicler  ami  lU' uioir-ninnL'ir 
has  been  published  and  republished,  with  all 
the  lights  of  editorial  erudition. 


RETIREMENT  OF  GoNSALVO. 


083 


profit  l»y  it ;  and  the  l<ir<lors  of  Siivona  wore  fillod  with  tho  rlioircst  pirnc,  and 
Its  (•(' liirs  well  stored  witli  tin'  ilcliciuiis  wiiifs  (»f  (J(ir>k'a,  lian-ziu'di.c,  aiicl 
I'rovcnre.  Anii>ii„f  tlit*  followers  of  Louis  were  the  iiiar(|uis  of  Xlantiia,  tho 
luiive  La  l*ali<e,  tli«>  veteran  hAnhi^'ny.  and  many  others  of  renown,  u  ho  had 
^o  lately  measured  .^words  with  tho  Spanianls  on  the  fields  of  Italy,  and  wlit» 
now  vied  with  each  other  in  rendering  tiieni  the>e  more  grateful,  and  no  less 
lionourahle,  olhces  of  chivalry." 

As  the  gallant  1>  Auhignv  was  confine*!  to  liis  apartment  l»y  the  gout,  Fer- 
dinand, who  had  always  held  his  talents  and  conduct  in  hi^h  esteeu),  compli- 
mented him  hy  a  visit  in  person,  lint  no  (tne  excited  such  g«'neral  intere>t 
and  attenti(»n  as  (Jonsiilvo  <le  (.'ordova,  wh(»  was  emphatically  the  hero  of  the 
"lay.  At  least,  sudi  is  the  testimony  of  (iuicciardiid,  who  will  not  he  susj»ecte«l 
of  un(hu!  partiality.  Many  a  Frenchman  there  had  had  hitter  experience  of 
his  military  jmnvess.  Many  others  Jiad  grown  tumiliar  with  his  exiiloits  in 
the  exaggerated  reports  of  their  countrymen.  They  hail  heen  taught  to 
regard  him  with  nnngled  feelings  of  fear  and  hatred,  and  ( ould  scarcely  credit 
their  senses,  as  they  lieheld  the  Imghear  of  their  imaginatii»ns  di>tinguisho<l 
ahove  all  others  for  "the  majesty  of  his  presence,  the  jiolished  elegance  of  his 
discourse,  and  manners  in  which  dignity  was  hlended  with  grace.''* 

Hut  none  were  so  open  in  their  admiration  as  King  Liiuis.  At  his  re<|uest, 
r»onsalvo  was  admitted  to  sup  at  the  same  tahle  with  the  Aragonese  sovereigns 
anci  himself.  During  the  repast  he  surveyed  his  illustrious  guest  witii  the 
deepest  interest,  asking  him  various  particulars  respecting  those  memorable 
camjiaigns  whicii  iiad  proved  so  fatal  to  France.  To  all  these  the  (Ireat 
Captain  resj)onded  witli  heconnng  gravity,  says  the  chionider ;  and  tho 
French  monarch  testified  his  .satisfaction,  at  j'arting,  ])y  taking  a  massive  chain 
of  excjuisite  workmanshii)  from  his  own  neck,  and  throwing  it  round  (Jonsalvo's. 
The  historians  of  the  event  appear  to  he  entirely  overwhelmed  with  the 
magintude  of  the  honour  conferred  on  the  dreat  Captain  Ity  thus  aihnitting 
him  to  the  same  tahle  witii  three  crowned  heads;  and  (Juicciardiin  does  not 
hesitiite  to  jironounceit  a  more  glorious  epoch  in  his  life  than  even  that  of  his 
triumphal  entry  into  the  capital  of  Naples.** 

During  this  interview,  the  monarchs  held  repeated  conferences,  at  which 
none  were  present  but  the  papal  envoy,  and  Louis's  favourite  minister, 
J)"Aml)oise.  The  subject  of  discussion  can  only  be  conjectured  bv  the 
subsequent  proceedings,  which  make  it  probable  that  it  relat<vi  to  Italy  ; 
and  that  it  was  in  this  season  of  idle  dalliance  and  festivity  that  the  two 
princes  who  held  the  destinies  of  that  country  in  their  hands  matured  the 
lamous  league  of  Cand)ray,  so  disastrous  to  Venice,  and  retlecting  little  credit 
on  its  projectors,  eitiier  on  tiie  .score  nf  goiid  faith  or  sound  policy.  But  to 
tliis  we  shall  have  occasion  to  return  hereafter.'-' 


"•  D'Auton.  Hist    de  Lonyfl  XII. .  part.  3, 

rliap.  :{s.^  Hcinaldez,  Ki  yes  ('ut'llien-',  MS., 
ulii  >iipra.  —  Hcinho,  Istori.i  Viiii/i'iiia,  lib.  7. 
-St.  (icUis.  Ili.-^t    lie  l.uiiys  XII.,  p.  'JiU. 

"  (luii't'iiirdiiii,  Istoriu,  toiii.  iv.  pp.  TO,  77. 
— ';i(i\iii.  Vita-  Illiist.  Viriinun,  p.  2^2. — 
Clirfinica  ih'l  (iraii  ('iipilan,  lib  ;{.  lap.  4. — 
"  .Ma  lion  (lava  miiiure  iiuiti'ria  ai  ra^riona- 
iiieiiti  il  (iraii  Capitaiio,  al  (|uali'  iinii  fraiio 
iiii'iio  Vdlti  uli  ocrhi  il  ){li  uoniiiii  per  la  faina 
ili'l  sun  valorp.  ('  ptr  la  uieiiinria  di  tanti'  vit- 
turio.  la  quail'  faceva,  elie  i  Fran/.csi,  amnra 
•  lit'  viiiti  tanto  voire  di  lui.  o  clit'  solcvano 
avt-re  in  somnio  odio  c  orron'  il  suo  noinc, 
iioii  >i  sa/ia-ssero  di  coiitoiuplarlo  •■  iiiuravio. 
.  .  .  Eaccrcscfva  I'aiiiiiiira/.ioiH' d<'j?li  uciuiini 
la  niaeeta  ecccllente  della  prestnza  sua,  la 


nintrniflcpn/a  dollo  parolf,  i  post  I,  c  la  nia- 
nitra  jiiiiia  di  (.Tavita  cniidlta  di  (^ra/.ia :  ma 
siijira  tutti  il  He  di  Kiaiitia,"  ftc.  tiuic- 
ciardiiii,  iibi  supra. 

"  UraiitniiiP,  Vies  dew  I'oinriips  illustrps, 
di-c.  6. — t'liroiiira  d<d  (iraii  Capitan,  lib.  ;t, 
tap  4. — (lutcii.irdiiii,  I.**  nria.  torn.  iv.  pp.  77, 
".■<. — n'Autoii,  Hi-l.  (if  1/ uvH  XII.,  ubi  -.iipia. 
— (.^iniitatia,  K-paiiDlcs  L('li'i)n's,  tmn  i.  p.  :ilit. 
—  MiMnoircs  (if  [{avail I,  ( liaj).  27,  apud  I'c  tidit, 
<  "111  itiiMi  dfs  .Mnuiiirfs,  tnui.  xv.  —  Iff rnaldf/., 
Hf yes  ('alolicoH,  .MS.,  tap.  210.~  TultJir,  Su- 
uiario,  |>.  I'.ia. 

■  D'.^utoii.  !Ii<t.  (If  I.onys  XII.,  part.  ;i, 
cliap.  ;{-<. —  Hu(iiia(»orsi.  l)iuri<j,  p.  133.  — 
Liloa,  Vila  di  Carlo  V.,  lol.  M. 


564 


FERDINAND'S  IlETUKN   AND  KKaENCY. 


At  IciiKtIi,  after  ciijoviii;,'  for  four  days  the  splciidiil  lios|>itality  of  their  ro>,.l 
oiitcrta.iK'r,  the  kin,:,'ainl(iii('('ii  of  Ara;;on  re  t'luliarkfil,  ami  rcu'licd  tlu-ir  own 
)iort  <tf  Valencia,  alter  various  drteiitioiis,  on  the  "JOth  of  .Iidy,  l.")07.  Ker 
(linand,  having  re^ed  a  short  time  in  his  heantiful  capital,  pre-sed  fnrward  tu 
Castile,  wheie  his  presence  >va-  ea;;(Mly  (expected.  <  >n  the  horders  he  \^a^  nn't 
]>y  the  dukes  of  Alhinpieniue  and  Aledina  ('e!i,  his  faithful  follower  the  tount 


of  Cituentes,  and  many  otlier  noldcs  and  cavidieis.  lie  was  soon  after  j(mied 
hy  dejiuties  fr(»m  many  of  the  principal  cities  in  the  kin;,olom,and,  thiises((irtc  I, 
made  his  entry  into  it  hy  the  way  of  .Monteai^iido,  on  the  "Jlst  of  Au^.ist.  llou 
dillerent  from  the  forlorn  and  outcast  condition  in  which  he  had  (piitteil  thr 
country  a  short  year  l)efore  1  He  intimated  the  chauLic  in  his  own  circum 
stances  by  the  greater  st<ite  and  show  of  authority  which  he  now  assuineij. 
The  residue  of  the  old  Italian  army,  just  ariived  nndei  the  ceitdi-'ted  Pedm 
Navarro,  count  of  ( )liveto,*'''  preceded  him  on  the  march  ;  and  he  was  personally 
attende<l  hy  his  alcaldes,  al.uuazils,  antl  kings-at-arnis,  with  all  the  ap|»roprialc 
insii^nia  of  royal  supremacy.'^' 

At  Tortoles  he  was  met  hy  the  (piecn,  his  danj^hter,  accomjianied  hy  An  h 
hishop  Ximenes.     The  interview  between  them  had  more  of  pain  than  nlcasun 


in  it.  The  kinjf  was  j;ieatly  shockeil  by  .Joannas  appearance;  for  her  wild 
and  ha;,';,^ard  features,  emaciated  figure,  and  the  mean,  sipialid  attire  in  which 
she  was  dressed,  made  it  dillicult  to  recogni/e  any  trace  of  the  daughter  from 
>vliom  he  had  been  so  Ktng  se[»arated.  She  discovered  more  sensibility  on 
seeing  him  than  she  hatl  sliown  since  lier  husband's  death,  and  henceforth 
resigned  herself  t<»  her  father's  will  with  little  opposition.  She  was  soon  after 
induced  by  him  to  change  her  unsuitable  residence  for  more  comniodioUN 
(piarters  at  Tordesillas.  Her  husbands  remains  were  laid  in  the  monastery 
of  Santa  Clara,  adjoining  thenalace,  from  whose  windows  she  could  behold  hi^ 
sepulchre.  From  this  jieriou,  although  she  survived  forty  seven  years,  she 
never  (piitted  the  walls  of  Iv  habitation  ;  and,  although  her  name  appeared 
jointly  with  that  of  her  son,  Charles  tlie  Fifth,  in  all  public  acts,  she  never 
afterwards  could  be  induced  to  sign  a  i)ai)er,  or  take  part  in  any  tran.^-actii 


i; 


on> 


of  a  pid)lic  nature.  She  lingeicd  out  a  half-century  of  dreary  existence,  as 
completely  dead  to  the  world  as  tlie  remains  which  sle]jt  in  the  monastery  of 
Santa  Clara  beside  her.-'*  * 


'■  KinR  Fordiiiand  had  jrrantod  him  the 
titlo  iiiui  tcnitory  of  Oliveto  in  the  kiiifjdoiii 
of  Nupk'H,  ill  rci'Diiipt'ime  for  ills  oniiiifiit 
ecrviics  in  the  Italian  wars.  Alc.'ion,  Au- 
iiiUes  dc  Naviirra,  toui.  v.  p.  l"s. — Giovio, 
ViUv  Illiist    \'in'rnin,  p.  litii. 

'-•'  Hcrnaldcz,  l{i\v«8  Catolicoa,  MS.,  cap. 
210. — Zuritii.  Analox,  toin.  vi  lib.  s,  cap.  4, 
7. —  I'oter  Martyr,  Dpiis  Kpist.,  cpist  :i5s.— 
Gomez,  !>«■  lielius  testis,  fol.  74. — Oviedo, 
yunuuaniMias,  MS. 

-'  Guintz,  l)e  Ul'1)U8  gesti.?,  fol.  75. — Peter 


Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  ppist.  36.T.— /urita, 
Aiialfs,  lil).  H.  cap.  49.— Sandoval,  Hist.  (l\. 
Km)),  c'arlos  V.,  torn.  i.  p.  13.— I'liilip's  r<'- 
niai'is  were  alterwards  removed  to  tlie  cailu- 
dral  clinrcli  of  (irunada;  wiicre  they  were 
deposited,  together  with  tluxe  of  his  wife 
■Joa?uia,  in  a  maf^iiilieont  sepulchre  erected  liy 
Charles  V.,  near  that  of  Fcidinand  and  l>a- 
bi  11a.  I'tdraza,  Aiitipliedad  de  (ir.mada,  lil). 
3,  cap  7. — Colmenar,  Delices  de  l'i>papne  et 
du  Portugal  (,I.,cide,  1715),  torn.  iii.  p.  490. 


*  [Herr  Herpenroth,  whoso  researches  in 
the  Archives  of  Simancas  have  thrown  a 
Btrong  light  on  some  portions  of  .J liana's  un- 
happy career,  argues  very  strenuously  that 
"the  story  of  her  madness  must  ho  abaii- 
doiH'd,  and  ri'placed  hy  another  (irawn  in 
strong  hard  linos,  and  coloureil  with  the 
etrongest  tints."  .According  to  this  theory 
she  was  i>orfectly  sane  down  to  the  closing 
years  of  her  lite,  when  her  reuMHi  give  way 
under    the  effects  of    a    long   coulinemcnt, 


which  had  originally  no  other  motive  than 
the  siatecr.iit  and  personal  amhition  of  thrie 
successive  rulers,  her  father,  ivT  liusliand. 
and  her  son.  Her  right  to  the  Spanish  m- 
horit.mco  was  incompatihle,  we  are  told,  with 
the  ••  plans"  of  Ferdinand,  the  "  gro' dmess  " 
of  I'hilip,  and  the  notions  entertained  Iv 
Charles  of  "his  duties  towards  God  and  the 
world."  "  In  the  very  clearness  of  her  tith-, 
which  could  not  bo  cxjilained  away,  consisted 
her  greatest    danger.      Her  death,  Ijowevcr, 


RETIRKMENT  OF  (loNSALVO. 


y  <»f  their  rrn..I 
I  lic(|  their  (iwn 
y,  i:)()7.  Fer 
sed  fi'iwani  to 
ers  he  WiiN  lUft 
iwer  the  ( oiint 
(III  iifter  joineii 
,  thiise.s((iite  I, 
All;;. 1st.  Ilnu 
III  tiiiitted  thi' 
s  own  ciiciiiii 
ii<»\v  iissiiiiH'd. 
leir-ted  I'edrn 
was  |iers(»iially 
lie  apitidpriate 

iiiied  hy  An  h 
I  than  iileasiire 
' ;  for  ner  wild 
atti'/e  in  \\iii(  h 
lauj^hter  fiuni 
sensihilitv  on 
md  hence^n'th 
was  soon  after 
•e  coinniiidiiiiis 
the  monastery 
)uid  liehuld  liis 
vcn  years,  she 
name  apiieared 
acts,  she  never 
ly  transact iiMi> 
y  existence,  as 
e  monastery  of 


ist.  363.— Zurita, 
indtival,  Hist  d'  1. 
13,— I'liilip'p  ri'- 
ovi'd  to  the  cailii'- 
wIktc  tlicy  Will' 
liosp  of  his  will' 
piik-hie  f'ri'it(  li  liy 
iMdiriuiid  and  isa- 
d  do  (ir.iiiadu,  lil). 
■s  (if  ri^siiuKiiu  ft 
om.  iii.  p.  49U. 


tlior  tiiotivo  ttian 
aiiil)itii>ii  of  thril- 
ler, ii'T  hiisliariii, 
)  the  Simiiisii  iii- 
\\i'  are  told,  « ith 
llie  "  nrc(iiiii-ss  " 
s  rntertaincd  I'V 
ards  (iod  and  flio 
riioss  ot  her  tiiii-, 
d  away,  consist'd 
■  death,  however, 


■.(),T 


From  this  time  the  (,'athoMc  kin-' oxerci 
ami  far  h'ss  limited  and  delined  than  in 

woii'd  tint  have  In  iiidUrd  tithi-r  Kin^  Fer- 
diiniiid  or  Kin^  I'hillp.  Had  "hi'  diid,  li'T 
suli,  and  ni>t  liiT  fftllur,  would  havr  heiii  Iht 
•.iiee<'>«.ir  in  ('.,sf||,.,  uhllNt  her  linr<liaiid 
•SDiiliI  hrtxf  ImhI  I'Viri  the  pri'ti  xt  hf  had  I'lr 
nii'ddlinK  in  tin-  nMaliH  ot  Spain  Moth  eonid, 
ihiTilort',  natn  only  if  fiie  eontinmd  tn  live 
and  yet  WHH  pr<'Vi  iited  from  exen  -inn  '"'r 
rnyal  priTonativtK.  .  .  .  The  madneH.  of 
liiana  was,  an  it  were,  tin-  fiiundali>in-»tone 
iif  the  political  editiee  of  Kirdinami  and  of 
C'liariis,  Mhieli  wonld  have  ininiidiatily 
erunil  led  to  pieeeH  if  slie  had  \»'i\\  pirniittrd 
fii  ex'Tiise  li  r  hiTi  dif  iry  rinhi."  (.I.itttrs, 
l)ispatehe«,  and  State  I'apvrs,  Siipph  ini'iitary 
Vol. ) 

rijere  in  sotiK'thinff  alinont  Imllorotis  iti  this 
rea.soninft,  whUh  proceeds  on  the  a.ssuinptiiiTi 
that  the  clearnesH  of  Jnaiia's  title  made  it 
iiii  vitalile  that  she  Hhonid  l»-  pit  rid  of  in 
^nme  way,  the  means  to  he  enijdnyed  lielnj^ 
the  only  point  on  whidi  a  unestinn  can  have 
arisen  Nor  is  it  coriect  to  nay  tliat  her  death 
w.mld  have  heen  a  har  totli.it  anihiiion  which 

attained  its  ohject  hy  the  |)reten f  her  iti- 

Hinity.  Ferdinand's  claim  which  llr^rr  Her- 
genroth  HO  strangely  confounds  with  ihai  of  a 
•'Miei.'e'.Ror  "  to  the  crow  ti — was  limited  tt>  tlie 
minority  of  hin  pranilson,  and,  like  I'hilip's 
during  the  same  period,  it  woulil  have  h.  en 
etiually  jjo(«l  whether  Jnaiia  was  insane  or 
dead.  lUit  It  l.s  idle  to  <lisc\iss  the  possihie 
motivoH  of  a  crime  in  the  alisence  of  priM;f 
that  it  liaH  been  committed,  The  evidence  in 
the  present  ca«e  Imn  no  direct  Ix-arin^  on  the 
jiersons  accused.  It  relates  exclusively  to 
Juana.  It  hIiows — what  has  never  U-en  a 
matter  of  dispute  -  that  her  state  wa.s  nut  one 
of  absolute  imhecdity  or  of  raving  niadnes.s. 
It  lurnislies  instanceH  ofher  carrying  on  con- 
nected converHations  and  exhibiting  a  ra- 
tional demeanour,  of  the  conseiiui  nt  denial  of 
her  insanity  by  persons  who  hail  occasional 
intercourse  with  her,  and  of  reports  to  the 
same  effect  Bprcad  among  the  jK>pulace. 
Many  indicatintis  of  an  oppo-ite  character 
which  incidentally  apjiear  are  considered  by 
Heir  I'ergenroth  as  sunicii  ntly  accounted  for 
by  tlie  treatment  to  which  she  was  subjected. 

If  an  inquiry  were  to  be  iriNtituted  on 
prounds  like  these,  it  would  be  proper  to  take 
the  o))inion  of  authorities  competent  to  decide 
on  (piestions  of  mental  patholofry.  Hut  this 
is  unnecessary:  the  incompetency  uf  .luana 
is  established  by  historical  facts.  At  two 
periods  of  her  life— in  the  interval  between 
lier  husband's  leath  and  her  father's  return  to 
Spain,  and  during  the  insurrection  of  the 
Comuiiidad'S  in  1520  -  she  was  at  full  liberty 
"  to  exercise  her  hereditary  right,"  and  was 
surrounded  by  people  who  urged  and  im- 
jilored  her  to  do  so.  These,  on  the  lirst  occa- 
sion, were  the  nobles  of  (.'a--tile,  whose  deser- 
tion of  Ferdinand  had  compelled  him  to  lay 
down  the  sceptre  a  few  months  before,  and 
some  of  whoHi  had  Just  cause  for  apprehfu- 


sed  an  anthority  nearly  as  nndisimted, 
the  days  uf  Isiihella.    So  firm  tiiil  he 

Hion  if  he    were  allowed  to  resume   It.     On 

the  second   ici  i-iiii  it   was  the  | pie  of  the 

tow  lis,  w  ho,  driven  to  reNolt   by  the  e.x.ictioliH 

of  the  govi-rnment  and  by  feudal  oppresviiit), 
til  eked  around  the  ijueen,  freed  her  from 
coiitinement,  and  wt-hed  to  replace  her  on 
the  throne,  (hi  these  two  iM<'a.sioiis  the  con. 
duct  of  Juana  was  the  sanie  Slie  woiiWl 
niake  no  decisions,  give  no  lummanils,  sign 
no  decrees.  Neither  entreaties  nor  threats 
could  induce  her  to  |  erform  a  single  act  per- 
taining to  the  attributes  of  sovereignty.  On 
iMith  (K-casions  those  who  had  staked  their 
hopes  on  ler  capacity  teased  to  assjTl  it.  On 
lM)tli  o<-caf*ioiis  --h"  w  illingly  resigiiiii  Inrsilf 
to  the  control  ot  thorn'  who  declared  her  in- 
capable of  reigning. 

riiere  is  still  aiiof.ier  point  in  Ilerr  (ler- 
genroth's  discussion  of  tliis  sul.jnt  whiih 
cannot  be  passed  over  in  sileme.  I'd  ac- 
count  fur  I-alii  lla's  p.irtii  ination  in  setting 
aside  her  daughter  under  a  lalse  pretence,  In* 
discovers,  on  the  evidenci'  of  Some  letter* 
showing  that  , I  liana,  while  in  Flaiid' rs,  waa 
as  eccentric  in  regard  to  religious oliservaiues 
as  in  nio-t  other  matters,  that  she  had  Iw- 
come  "a  heretic,"  and  a.s  -.uch  could  not  Ik> 
allowed  to  ascend  the  Castili.m  ihrone.  Con- 
cluiling  that  tlils  "devi.ition  from  the  true 
faith  "  must  have  had  its  origin  in  a  revolt  of 
her  iH'tter  nature  a.ainst  corrupting  doctrines 
and  practices  inciihated  upon  her  in  e.irly 
life,  he  draws  an  imaginary  pdiire  of  her 
education,  and  winds  up  with  the  assertion 
that  "  her  mother  forced  her  by  severe  jiunish- 
ment,  and  even  by  tlie  ap|dication  of  torture, 
to  comply  outwardly  with  the  dictates  of 
religion  and  duty,  as  religion  and  duly  were 
understiMid  by  her."  As  proof  of  this  state- 
ment he  refers  to  the  following  passage  from 
a  letter  written  to  (Charles  V  ,  in  [(>22,  by  the 
iMarr|uis  of  Uenia,  who  had  charge  of  .luana: 
"  In  truth,  it  your  Majesty  would  apply  tho 
torture  it  would  in  many  respc  cts  \ni  a  wrvice 
iind  a  rimmI  thing  rendered  to  HikI  and  to  her 
llighncss.  I'ersoiis  who  are  in  her  frame  of 
mind  reijuire  it,  imd  the  i^uepn  your  grand- 
iiiother  servi  d  and  treated  in  this  way  tho 
(^iieen  our  lady,  her  daughter."  Hut  oven  if 
we  admit  that  the  authority  is  sufficient. — 
which  Herr  Heigenroth,  who  regards  tho 
marquis  as  a  persistent  liar,  should  hardly 
have  done, — and  that  the  wurd  iivmia  means 
here  Kot  simply  compulsion,  but  torture,  the 
inference  must  1m>  reji  cted,  since  the  context 
slio'AS  that  no  reference  was  intended  to 
matters  of  religion  or  to  .Iiiana's  early  life, 
Tlie  subject  of  the  letter  is  her  propo>-ed  re- 
moval trom  Tordesillas  to  Arevalo,  and  the 
marquis  expresses  a  fear  that  the  same  un- 
tractabl '  disposition  wliich  she  maiiif  sted  in 
other  things— refusing  to  eat  or  to  go  to  bed, 
to  be  washed  or  dressed— would  prove  an 
obstacle  ill  the  present  instance.  He  pro- 
bably recollected  her  obstinate  attempt,  in 
15U3,  to  leave  Medina  del  Campo,  which  gave 


ncG 


FKRDINAND'S  UETURN  AND  UKOKNCY. 


fed  ill  his  scat,  iinl('»'<l,  tluit  In*  omittcil  to  ohtaiii  the  coiistitiitii'iial  warrant  nf 
cortJ's.  lit'  liail  ^iifatlv  tU'siu'd this  at  tht'  late  in<'^'iilaniit'C'tiiiK»»f  that  Imily 
Hut  it  hmki'  nil, a.s\v«'  liavc  s»'«'ii,  without  «'ll«'rtiiiLr  anythiiii,' ;  ami,  iinlfcil,  tlir 
•lisancctioii  of  liiir^'os  anil  sonic  otlu-r  )iriii<i|ial  cities  at  that  time  iiiiist  liavi- 
iiiailt'  thif  MKcrss  of  such  an  a|»|ilicatiou  very  tloul»tful.  \V\i  the  K<'ii<'ral 
coniiality  with  which  Kcrihnaiid  was  ^^icett'tj  ^avc  no  i^rountl  for  a|»|trrh«'ii(hii;; 
Buch  a  H'siilt  at  pn'srnt. 

Many,  in(h'C(l,(if  his  iiartisaiisohjt'ctetl  to  any  intervention  of  the  legislature 
in  this  matter,  as  siiiH'rHiious  ;  alleL'in^'  that  he  h.-'Iil  the  re^,'ency  as  natural 
pianMan  of  his  (laii^nter,  noiuinatea,  luoii'over,  hy  the  tiueen's  will,  and  cuu 
finned  hy  the  cortes  at  Toro.  These  ri^^hts,  they  ar;:ue(l,  Wfre  not  disturhed 
hy  his  resi;j:nation,  which  was  a  (oinpnlsory  act,  and  had  never  received  any 
express  le;^dslative  siinction,  and  which,  in  any  event,  niusl  U'  cunsiilered  a^ 
intended  only  for  Philip's  lifetime,  and  to  1)0  necessarily  dctcrniiiie<l  with 

Mut,  however  jdaiisilile  the.s<«  views,  the  irreuularity  of  Ferdinand's  pro- 
ceedings furnished  an  argument  for  disohedien<'«'  on  the  part  of  discuiitentcd 
iioldes,  who  maintained  that  they  knew  no  supreme  authoi'itv  hut  that  of 
their  iiue<'n,  .Joanna,  till  some  other  had  hei'ii  sanctioned  hy  the  legislature. 
The  wiiole  athur  was  linally  settled,  with  more  att<'ntion  to  constitutional 
forms,  in  the  cortes  held  at  Madrid,  Octoher  (itii,  lolO,  when  the  king  took 
the  regular  («iths  as  administrator  of  the  realm  in  his  daughter's  name,  and  as 
guardian  of  her  son.''* 

F(>rdinand's  deportment,  on  his  first  return,  was  distinguished  hy  a  most 
gracious  clemency,  evinced  not  so  much,  indeed,  hyany  excessive  remuneration 
of  services,  as  hy  the  politic  oblivion  of  injuries.  If  he  ever  alluded  to  these, 
it  was  in  a  sjtortive  way,  implying  that  there  was  no  rancour  or  ill  will  at 
heart.  "  Who  would  have  thought,"  he  exclaimed  one  d;iy  to  a  courtier  near 
him,  "that  you  could  so  easily  ahandon  your  old  master  for  one  so  young  and 
inex})erienced  r'  "Who  would  have  thought,"  replied  the  other,  with  ctiual 
LIuntness,  "  that  my  old  master  would  have  outlived  my  young  one  ?"  '"* 

With  all  this  complaisance,  however,  the  king  did  not  neglect  precautions 
for  jilacing  his  authority  on  a  sure  basis,  and  fencing  it  round  so  as  to  screen 
it  etrectiially  from  i\w  insults  to  which  it  had  been  formerly  e\,^.;ed.  lie 
retained  in  i>ay  most  of  the  old  Italian  levies,  with  the  ostensible  purnose  of 
an  African  expedition.  He  took  good  care  that  the  military  orders  should  hold 
their  troops  in  constant  readines.s,  and  that  the  militia  of  the  kingdom  .should 
be  in  condition  for  instant  service.     He  formed  a  body-guard  to  attend  the 


"  Ziirita,  Analcp,  torn.  vl.  lib.  7,  cap.  26, 
34;  HI).  9,  cap.  'JO.-  See  the  iMiJd  lan^'uaKe  of 
tlio  pnitcHt  of  tlio  niarqiiis  of  I'riofjo  apiinst 
tliis  aHtfuinption  of  the  ropoiicy  by  the  Catholic 
kiii^;.  "  Ell  caJ»o  tan  ptrandf,"  he  says,  "  (luo 
Be  trata  <1p  ^olxriiacion  de  Kratidcs  reiiio«  e 
sefiorfoH  justa  <"■  razonuhle  cosa  fuora,  e  Rcri'a 
que  fiioraiiioK  llai'iados  C  ceriifuadiK  dc  ello, 
poniue  yo  e  los  otros  caltaUi  ros  ^rundcn  e  las 
ciudadrs  e  alcaldos  inayirfH  vicrauios  lo  quo 
dehiaiMos  hacer  e  coiiweutir  coaio  vasallos  e 
lealt's  Hprvidores  de  la  rciiia  nuentra  sefiora, 
porqtU'  la  adiiiiTiiHtncioiie  pohcniaclDii  desto8 
reiiios  8e  di(  ra  e  coiicediera  li  quieu  las  leyes 


destoa  rojTKts  niandan  que  se  den  e  euconii- 
eiideii  (■»  caHo,"  etc.  (.MS. de  la  Hihliottna  di- 
la  Real  Atad.  de  Hist.,  apud  Marina,  Tecria, 
toni.  ii.  pirt.  2,  cap.  Irt.)  Marina,  howev.  r, 
Ih  not  juHtiliel  in  regarding  Ferdinand's  sul>- 
sequent  convf)cation  of  cortes  for  tlii.*;  purpose 
a.s  a  conccH.Mion  to  thi'  deniands  of  the  n;iiiiiii. 
(Teorfa,  ubi  supra.)  It  was  the  result  of  tlie 
treaty  of  Hlois,  with  Ma.ximilian,  guaranttcd 
by  Louis  XII.,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
secure  the  succession  to  the arohduke Charles. 
Zurita,  Anales,  lib.  s,  can.  47. 

-"  (iiovio,  Viti»'   Ilhist.  Viroiuui,  p.  282. — 
Chronica  del  CJran  Capitan,  lib.  3,  cap.  4. 


the  first  decided  token  of  her  insanity  and  the 
first  occai<ion  for  subjecting  her  to  restraint. 
(Ante,  ]).  478.)  Tliat  his  allusion  is  to  some- 
thing that  bad   occurred   after  hbe   became 


insane  is  clear  from  his  citing  it  as  a  proof  of 
the  treatment  neccssiiry  for  "person-;  in  lur 
state  of  mind,"— "/(I.S"  personas  que  tttan  en 
iu  disjiugicion." — Ed.] 


RKTIRK.MKNT  OF  GOXSAI.VO. 


WIT 


royal  nersoii  on  all  orcAsions.  It  consistod  at  first  of  only  two  IminliP*!  moii, 
arnica  nmi  (Irillctl  aftfc  tlir  fasliion  of  the  Sui-s,  hihI  iiliUdl  iiihIci  tli«>  rum- 
iii.-iiiil  of  his  ('lii'oiiicliM  Ayor.'i,  an  e\|)«>ru'n(<'il  niartinct  ulm  made  Mime  tiL;iii°o 
at  llic  <l«!fciici' nf  Sul,sji.s.  This  institution  jnoUildy  was  iiMnicdiatrly  su;:i;('Nt('<l 
by  the  ijnnle  iht  Ci>rpA  of  Lunis  the  Twrlfth,  at  Savona,  whirh,  altim'ther  on 
a  mure  forinidahtc  scale  indtiMJ,  had  excited  Idsadniiration  hy  the  ina^niliceiicc 
of  its  a|)|M)intnients  and  its  thoron^h  discipline." 

Notliwithstuiidiii);  tin'  kiii;;'s  >,'«'in'ral  popnlarity,  there  were  still  ft  few 
eonsiiierahle  ittTsuns  who  regarded  his  re.>unij»titin  (»f  authority  with  an  evil 
ey«>.  Of  these,  i)oii  .Jnan  .Manncl  had  lied  the  kingdom  iH'fon-  his  a|i|iri>a''h, 
and  taken  refiigt;  at  the  court  of  Maxiinilian,  where  tint  counsellors  of  that 
nionaich  took  ^ckhI  can^  that  he  siniiild  not  ac(|uir('  the  asctHideiicy  he  had 
•  ilttained  over  IMiiiip.     The  diikt^  of  Najara,  liowmcr,  .still  remained  in  (  astilr, 


shutting  himself  ui»  in  his  fortri'sses, and  refusin;.Mill  coniitroiuisc  or  olictlicnee 
The  kinij  without  ne-itation  commanded  Navarro  to  march  a;:ainst  him  with 
his  whole  force.  Najara  was  persiuided  hjfchis  friends  to  tender  his  sul>- 
missioii,  without  awaitiiiL' the  encounter  ;  and  he  surremle/ed  his  strongholds 
to  the  kin^,  who,  after  (letainini;  them  some  tiiiio  in  hi.s  keepintr,  delivered 
them  over  to  the  duke's  eldest  son.'" 

With  another  otiender  he  dealt  more  .sternly.  This  was  Don  IVdro  de  Cor- 
dova, niar(|uis  of  l'rie;;o,  who,  the  reader  may  rememher,  when  (|uite  a  hoy. 
narrowly  esea|»ed  the  hloody  fate  of  his  father,  Alonso  de  A^Miihir,  in  the  fatal 
slau).jhter  of  the  »Sierra  V'ermeja.  Tlii.s  nohleman,  in  .common  with  some  other 
Andalusian  lords,  had  taken  umhra^^'c  at  the  little  estimation  and  favour  shown 
them,  JUS  thev  c(»nceived,  hy  Ferdinand,  in  comparison  with  the  iiohles  of  the 
n.rth  ;  and  nis  temerity  went  so  far  ;i.s  not  «*nly  to  ohstruct  the  proc«'(Mlin^'s 
of  one  of  the  royal  oHicers,  sent  to  Cordova  to  imjuire  into  recent  disturhances 
there,  but  to  imprison  him  in  the  dungeons  of  his  castle  of  Montilla. 

This  outrage  on  the  person  of  his  own  servant  exasperate<l  the  king  ])eyond 
all  lM)unds.  lie  resolved  at  once  to  make  such  an  examnle  of  the  ollendi'r  a.s 
should  strike  terror  into  the  disaffected  nobles  and  shield  the  royal  authority 
from  the  repetition  of  similar  indignities.  As  the  manpiis  was  one  of  the 
most  f)Otent  and  extensively  allied  grandees  in  the  kingdom,  Ferdinand  m,"de 
his  prei)aration8  on  a  formidable  scale  ;  ordering,  in  addition  to  the  regular 
troops,  a  levy  of  all  l>etw'een  the  ages  of  twenty  and  .seventy  throughout 
Andalusia.  Priego's  friends,  alarmed  at  these  signs  of  the  gathering  tempest, 
Itesought  him  to  avert  it,  if  possible,  bv  instant  concession  ;  and  his  uncle, 
the  Great  Captain,  urged  this  most  ejnphatically,  as  the  only  way  of  escaping 
utter  ruin. 

The  rash  young  man,  finding  himself  likely  to  receive  no  support  in  the 
unecpial  contest,  accepted  the  counsel,  and  hastened  to  Toledo,  to  throw  him- 
self at  the  kuig's  feet.  The  indignant  monarch,  however,  would  not  admit 
him  into  his  presence,  but  ordereu  him  to  deliver  up  his  fortresses,  and  to 
remove  to  the  distance  of  five  leagues  from  the  court.  The  (!reat  Ca|>taiu 
soon  after  sent  the  king  an  inventory  of  his  nephew's  castles  and  estates,  at 
the  same  time  deprecating  his  wrath,  in  consideration  of  the  youth  and  in- 
experience of  the  otiender. 


"  Zuritft,  AnaleH,  torn.  vi.  lib,  8,  cap.  10.— 
MSS.  de  TurriH  y  de  Ovicdo,  apud  Mem.  de 
la  Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn.  vl.  Ilust.  6.— D' Auton, 
Hint,  de  Ix)UyH  XII ,  part.  ;i,  chap.  38.— The 
Catholic  king  was  very  minute  in  his  Inquiries, 
according  to  Anton,  "du  faict  et  de  I'eBtat 
dcs  gardes  du  Roy,  et  de  bes  Geutilshommes, 


qu'il  r^putoit  A  grande  chose,  et  triomphale 
ordunnaiice."    L't'i  unjira. 

■"  liernaldez,  KeyeH  Catoliros,  MS,,  cap. 
210.— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  epist.  .'16.1  — 
Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  I'ol.  75. — Zurita, 
Auales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  8,  cap.  16. 


508 


FERDINAND'S  RETURN  AND  REGENCY. 


i  )•' 


;^ 


Fenlinand,  however,  without  heeding  this,  went  on  with  his  preparation"^, 
an<l,  having  ciHuiileted  tliein,  advanced  rapidly  to  the  snuth.  \\  lien  arrived 
at  Cordova,  he  ordered  the  imprisonment  of  tlie  manjuis,  (Sept.  laOh.)  A 
formal  process  was  tlien  institnted  against  liinj  l)efore  the  royal  co\n»cil,  on  the 
charge  of  high  treason.  He  made  no  defence,  hnt  threw  himself  on  the  mercy 
of  his  sovereign.  The  conrt  declared  that  lie  had  incnrred  tl»e  iienalty  of 
death,  ])ut  that  the  king,  in  consideration  of  his  snltmission,  was  graciously 
T)leased  to  comnnite  tiiis  for  a  fine  of  twenty  millions  of  maravedis,  perpetual 
rianishment  from  Cordova  and  its  district,  and  the  delivery  of  his  fortresses 
into  tiie  royal  keeping,  with  the  entire  demolition  of  the  oll'ending  castle  of 
Montilla.  This  last,  famous  as  the  l)irthplace  of  the  Great  Captain,  was  one 
of  the  strongest  and  most  ])eautifnl  huildings  in  all  Andalusia.*"  Sentence  of 
death  was  at  the  same  time  pronounced  against  several  cavaliers  and  other 
inferir"-  persons  concerned  in  the  attair,  and  was  innnediately  executed. 

Tiie  Castilian  aristocracy,  alarmed  and  disgusted  hy  the  severity  of  a 
sentence  which  strnck  down  on^f  the  most  considerahle  of  their  order,  were 
open  in  tiieir  remonstrances  to  the  king,  heseeching  him,  if  no  other  con- 
sideration moved  him  in  favour  of  the  young  nobleman,  Uj  grant  something 
to  the  distinguished  services  of  his  father  and  his  uncle.  The  latter,  as  well 
as  the  grand  constable,  Velasco,  vtho  enjoyed  the  highest  consideration  at 
court,  was  equally  pressing  in  his  solicitations.  Ferdinand,  however,  was 
inexorable  ;  and  the  sentence  was  executed.  The  nobles  chafed  in  vain  ; 
although  the  constable  ex'i)ostulated  with  the  king  in  a  tone  which  no  subject  in 
Euroije  b\it  a  Castilian  grandee  would  have  ventured  to  assume.  Gonsalvo 
coolly  remarked,  "  It  was  crime  enough  in  Don  Pedro  to  be  related  to  me."  ^" 

This  illustrious  man  had  had  good  reason  to  feel,  before  this,  that  his  credit 
a*^  court  was  o::  tlie  wane.  On  liis  return  to  Spain,  he  was  received  with  un- 
bounded enthusiasm  by  the  nation.  He  was  detained  by  illness  a  few  days 
behind  the  court,  and  his  joiu'ney  towards  Burgos  to  rejoin  it,  on  liis  recovery, 
wa.'  a  triumphal  proi  ession  the  whole  way.  The  roads  were  thronged  with 
multitudes  so  numerous  that  acconnnodations  could  scarcely  be  found  for  them 
in  tiie  towns  on  the  route ;  "  for  they  came  from  tlie  remotest  parts  of  the 
country,  all  eager  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  hero  whose  name  and  exploits,  the 
theme  of  story  and  of  song,  were  familiar  to  the  meanest  peasant  in  Castile. 
In  this  way  he  made  iiis  entry  into  Burgos,  amid  the  cheering  acclamations  of 
the  people,  and  attended  by  a  corte'tje  of  oliicers,  who  pompously  displayed  on 
their  own  peisons,  and  the  caparisons  of  their  steeds,  tlie  rich  spoils  of  Italian 
conquests.  The  old  count  of  Urena,  his  friend,  who  with  the  whole  court 
t,ime  out  by  Ferdinand's  orders  to  receive  him,  exclaimed,  with  a  pro[)hetic 
sigh,  as  he  saw  the  splendid  pageant  come  sweening  by,  "  This  gallant  ship, 
I  fear,  will  rciiuire  deeper  water  to  ride  in  than  sue  will  find  in  Castile  ! '"' " 

Ferdinand  snowed  hi^-  usual  gracious  manners  in  his  reception  of  Gonsalvo. 
It  was  not  long,  liowevei',  before  the  latter  found  that  this  was  all  he  was  to 


■•  "Montilitt,  a,"  writes  Peter  MartjT,  "ilia 
atria,  qiuv  vidisti  aliquando.multo  aiiro,  mul- 
toquo  clwre  conipta  t)riiata(|uc,  proli  dolor  ! 
funditus  dirui  sunt  jussa."  (Opus  Kpist., 
epist.  40.').")  He  was  well  acquainted  with  tlie 
lordly  lialls  of  Montilla,  for  he  had  been  pre- 
ceptor to  their  younp  niiiBtcr,  who  was  a 
favourite  pupil,  to  jud^e  from  the  bitter 
wailings  of  the  Iciiul-hearted  pedagogue  over 
liis  fate.     See  epist.  404,  40.5. 

'"  Benialdc/,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cnp. 
215.— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  39-5, 


393,  405.— Olovio,  VitT?  Illust.  Vlrorum,  p. 
284. — Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  s,  cap.  '.20, 
21,  22. — Ciirhajal,  Anales,  MS  ,  aflo  15u7.— 
Garibay,  Compeiidio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  20,  cap.  10. 
—Chronica  del  Gran  Capitan,  lib.  3,  cap.  6. — 
Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Euip.  Carlos  V.,  torn.  L 
p.  13. 

•'  Giovio,  Vita;  Illust.  Viroruni,  p.  282.— 
Pulgar,  Sumario,  p.  197. 

■■'•'  Bernaldez.  lleyes  CatcSlicos,  MS.,  cap. 
210  ~(ii(ivi<i,  Vita'  Illust.  \Mroruin,  ubl  supra. 
— Chrfiuica  del  Uran  Capitan,  lib.  3,  cap.  6. 


■#^-- 


{. 


RETIREMENT  OF  OONSALVO. 


5G9 


is  preparation?;, 
\Vlien  arrivLMl 
^ept.  ir)Oh.)     A 
1  cuiujcil,  oil  tlie 
If  (111  the  merry 
the  penalty  (»f 
was  f^raciuusly 
vedis,  perpetual 
A  lii.s  turtre^ses 
Miding  castle  of 
[iptaiii,  was  one 
,*"    Sentence  of 
;iliers  and  other 
.'xecuted. 
3  severity  of  a 
heir  order,  Avore 
■  no  other  con- 
jraiit  something 
le  latter,  as  well 
•onsideration  at 
.,  however,  was 
:liafed   in  vain  ; 
ich  no  suhject  in 
unie.     Gonsalvo 
elated  to  me."  ^^ 
>,  that  his  credit 
eceived  with  un- 
ness  a  few  days 
on  his  recovery, 
thronged  with 
found  for  them 
ist  parts  of  the 
lid  exploits,  tiie 
isant  111  Castile. 
acclamations  of 
;ly  displayed  on 
poils  of  Italian 
le  whole  court 
.th  a  prophetic 
lis  gallant  ship, 

Castile  ! "  " 

ion  of  Gonsalvo. 

s  all  he  was  to 


llust.  Virorum,  p. 
vi.  lib.  8,  cap.  20, 
MS  ,  aflo  15U7.— 

ii.  lib.  '.JO,  c.ip.  10. 

lui,  lib.  :i,  cap.  6. — 

Carlos  v.,  toin.  1. 

'irorum,  p.  282.— 

t61icos,  MS.,  cap. 
irurum,  ubi  suiira. 
iu,  lib.  a,  cap.  b. 


expect.  No  allusion  was  made  to  the  grand  mastership.  When  it  was  at 
length  l)rou;;ht  before  the  kiit:;,  and  he  was  reminded  of  his  jiromises,  lu*  con- 
trived to  defer  their  performaiu  e  under  various  pretexts ;  until  at  length  it 
became  too  ajiparent  tb'"'^  it  was  his  intention  to  evade  them  altoi^cther. 

While  the  <ireat  (.'ai»uuii  ai'd  his  friends  were  tilled  with  an  indimiation  at 
this  duplicity  which  they  could  rl  suppress, a  circumstance  occurred  to  increase 
the  coldness  arising  in  Ferdinand's  mind  towards  his  injured  subject.  This 
was  the  ])ropo.sed  marriage  (a  marriage  which,  from  wjiatever  cause,  never 
took  place")  of  (ionsalvos  daughter  Elvira  to  his  friend  the  constable  of 
Castile.^*  Ferdinaiul  hail  desigiie<l  to  secure  her  large  inheritance  to  his  own 
fiunily,  by  an  alliance  with  his  grandson,  Juan  de  Aragon,  son  of  the  aich- 
hisliop  of  Saragossa.  His  displeasure  at  finding  himself  crossed  in  this  was 
further  sharpened  by  the  [letulant  spirit  of  his  young  (jueen.  The  constable, 
now  a  widower,  had  been  formerly  married  to  a  natural  daughter  <tf  Ferdinand, 
(^ueen  Germaine,  adverting  to  his  intended  union  with  the  lady  P^lvira,  un- 
ceremoniously asked  him,  "If  he  did  not  feel  it  a  degradation  to  accept  the 
hand  of  a  subject,  after  having  wedded  the  daughter  of  a  kint;  i"  "  llow  can 
1  feel  it  so,''  he  iei)lied,  alluding  to  the  kings  marriage  with  her,  " w hen  so 
illustrious  an  example  has  been  .set  me  i"  Germaine,  who  ceilainly  could  not 
Itoast  the  magnanimity  of  her  predecessor,  was  .so  stung  with  the  retort  that 
she  ni>t  only  never  forgave  the  const^ible,  l)iit  extended  her  petty  resentment 
to  (ionsalvo,  who  saw  the  duke  of  Alva  from  this  time  installed  in  the  honours 
he  had  before  exclusively  enjoyed,  of  immediate  attendance  on  her  person 
whenever  she  appeared  in  public." 

However  indili'erent  Gonsalvo  may  have  been  to  the  little  mortifications 
inflicted  by  female  spleen,  he  could  no  longer  endure  his  residence  at  a  court 
wliere  he  had  lost  all  consideration  with  the  sovereign  and  exi)erieiiced 
nothing  but  duplicity  and  ba.se  ingratitude.  He  obUiined  leave,  without 
(lithculty,  to  withdraw  to  his  own  estates  ;  where,  not  lung  after,  the  king,  as 
it  to  make  amends  fo"  the  gross  violation  of  his  promises,  grantetl  him  the 
loyal  city  of  Loja,  not  many  leagues  from  (<ranada.  It  was  given  to  him  for 
life,  and  Ferdinand  had  the  etlrontery  to  jtropose,  as  a  condition  of  making 
the  grant  perpetual  to  his  heirs,  that  Gonsalvo  should  lelinuuish  his  claim  to 
tlie  grand-mastership  of  8t.  Jago.  Rut  the  latter  haughtily  answered,  "  Ho 
would  not  give  up  the  right  of  complaining  of  the  injustice  done  him,  for  the 
tino.st  city  in  the  kings  dominions.'  '" 

From  this  time  he  remained  on  his  estates  in  the  south,  chiefly  at  Loia, 
with  an  occasional  residence  iii  Granada,  where  he  enjoyed  the  society  of  his 
uld  friend  and  military  instructor,  the  count  of  Tendilla.  He  found  abundant 
occupation  in  schemes  for  improving  the  condition  uf  his  tenantry  and  of  the 


"  Qiilntanacrrs  in  statinRtliat  Dofia  Elvira 
tiiarrit'd  tlie  constabli".  (K-pafioli'S  celt'bri'S, 
I'Mii.  i.  p.  3J1.)  II>i  had  two  wivts,  I)ofi:i 
lUaiica  de  Horrora,  and  Dona  .Jiiant  ile 
Araiioii,  and  ,<U  iiis  di'atli  was  laid  liy  tli"ir 
'^i'l"  in  the  cluirdi  <if  .Santa  Clara  d(;  Mi'diiu- 
il  I  I'oni.ir.  (Salazar  de  Mtiidiv/.a,  Di^nidadi's, 
lili.  3,  cap.  21.)  Elvira  inarri«'d  tin'  <ount  of 
<  ihra.     Ulloa.  Vi'a  di  Carlo  V^,  fol  42. 

•  li^'rnanlino  de  N'elasco,  f/r(n((/  coii^table 
i>(  Castile,  as  he  was  called,  par  cxrellfNce, 
^U'ceeded  in  14112  to  that  dignity,  which 
1  ic.imo  hereditary  in  Irs  family,  He  was 
third  count  of  Haro,  and  was  created  by  the 
•'atlinlic  Hover'Mt;!!*:,  for  his  distiii(rnislicd 
Services,  duke  of  Friae.     He  had  large  estates, 


chiefly  in  Old  Castil",  with  a  yearly  revenue, 
accordin)!;  to  !..  .Mariii'M),  of  Hd.imjii  ducats, 
H<'  apjie.irs  to  have  po-sesMil  many  noble 
and  brilliant  fpialities,  accompanied,  how- 
ever, with  a  han^riitini'ss  which  made  liiiu 
feared,  rather  th.m  loved.  He  dii'<l  in  [''ehrn- 
ary,  1.01-',  after  a  few  Imurs'  illness,  a.s  .ippi-.irs 
by  a  hiier  of  I'etiT  Martyr.  Opus  Kpist., 
rpist.  47'.t  .Salazar  ile  Mendoza,  I'iunid.id-'s, 
ubi  s\ipra.  L.  Marineo,  Cusas  uuiuorubles, 
fol.  2:t, 

"'■  Giovio,  Vita  .Magnl  OonRalvi,  pp.  282, 
2.S3. 

^"  (liovio,  Vita'  lUust.  Viroriiin,  pp.  284, 
2*<r>— Chronica  '\<'\  (Jr.in  Capit  in,  lib.  ;i,  cap. 
»).— Pulgar,  Sumario,  p.  2ys. 


''  I 


670 


AFRICAN   EXPEDITION  OF  XIMENES. 


neighbouring?  districts.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  fate  of  the  unfortunate 
]Morisco.s,  numerous  in  this  (quarter,  whom  he  shielded  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  merciless  grasp  of  the  ln(|ui.Mtion,  while  lie  supplied  teachers  and  otlicr 
eidight«ned  means  for  convertmg  them,  or  confirming  them  in  a  pure  faith. 
lie  displayed  the  same  magnificence  and  profuse  hospitality  in  his  living  that 
he  had  always  done.  His  house  was  visited  by  such  intelligent  foreigners  a^ 
came  to  Spain,  and  by  the  most  distinguished  of  his  countrymen,  especially  the 
Younger  nobility  and  cavaliers,  who  resorted  to  it  as  the  l)est  school  of  high- 
bred and  knightly  courtesy.  He  showetl  a  lively  curiosity  in  a'l  that  was  going 
on  abroad,  keeping  up  his  information  by  an  extensive  corresjjondence  with 
agents,  whom  he  regularly  emjiloyed  for  thejiurpose,  in  the  j>rincipal  European 
courts,  ^^'hen  the  league  of  Cambray  was  adjusted,  the  kiug  of  France  ami 
the  nope  were  desirous  of  gniving  him  the  command  oi  the  allied  armies.  Hut 
P^eniinand  had  injured  him  too  sensibly  to  care  to  see  him  again  at  the  head 
of  a  military  force  in  Italy.  He  was  as  little  desirous  of  employing  him  in 
public  ati'airs  at  home,  and  suftered  the  remainder  of  his  days  to  nass  away 
ni  distant  seclusion  ;  a  seclusion,  however,  not  unpleasing  to  himself,  nor  un- 
profitable to  others.''  The  world  called  it  disgrace  ;  and  the  old  count  of 
Urena  exclaimed,  "  The  good  ship  is  stranded  at  last,  as  1  predicted  ! "  "  Nut 
so,''  said  Gonsalvo,  to  whom  the  observation  was  reported ;  '*  she  is  still  in 
excellent  trmi,  and  waits  only  the  rising  of  the  tide  to  bear  away  as  bravely 
as  ever."" 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

XIMENE9.— CONQUESTS  IN  AFRICA.— UNIVERSITY  OF  ALOALA. — POLYGLOT 

BIBLE. 

1608-1510. 

Entliusiasm  of  Xlmenes— Tlis  warlike  Preparations— He  sends  an  Army  to  Africa — Storms 
Oran—H  in  triumphant  Kntry — Tlie  King's  Distrust  of  him— He  returnx  to  Spain — Navarm's 
African  Conquests— Magnificent  Krdowments  of  Ximeues — University  of  Alcalii— Cuiu- 
pluteuaian  Polyglot. 

The  high-handed  measures  of  Ferdinand,  in  regard  to  the  marquis  of  Priogo 
and  some  otlier  nobles,  excited  general  disgust  among  the  jealous  aristocracy 
of  Castile,  But  they  appear  to  have  found  more  favour  with  the  conumms, 
who  were  probably  not  unwilling  to  see  that  haughty  body  humbled  which 
had  so  often  trampled  on  the  rights  of  its  inferiors.'  As  a  matter  of  poli<  y, 
however,  even  with  the  nobles,  this  course  does  not  seem  to  have  been  mi.scal- 
culated ;  since  it  showed  that  the  king,  whose  talents  they  had  always  respected, 


"  The  inscription  on  Guicciardini's  monu- 
luent  might  have  been  written  m  tionsalvo's : 

"Cujus  negotium,  an  otium  gloriosius  incer- 
tum." 

See  Pignotti,  Storia  dcUa  Toscana  (Pisa, 
1814),  toiu.  i.\.  ]).  155. 

""  Quintana,  Espafioles  celebres,  torn.  i. 
pp.  ;}:i2-:!:u.  Giuvio,  Vita-  llUisi.  Vironun, 
p.  'isG.  — Ciironica  licl  <;raii  Capitan,  lib.  3, 
tap.  7-9.— PetiT  Martyr,  Oi>u>  Kpist.,  epist. 
6G0. — Guicciardiui,  Istoria,  torn.  iv.  pp.  77, 
78. 


'  On  his  return  from  Cordova  P'onliiKiiid 
experienced  a  most  loyal  and  enthusia.stic 
reception  from  the  ancient  capit.tl  of  Anda- 
lusia. Tlie  most  interesting  pirt  of  tlie 
pageant  was  the  tnxjps  of  children,  payly 
dressed,  who  came  out  to  meet  him,  prcsintiiig 
the  keys  of  tlie  city  and  an  imperial  crown  ; 
after  which  the  whole  procession  moved  under 
thirteen  triuni])lial  arclies,  each  inscrilied 
w  iih  the  name  of  one  of  his  victories.  F^r  a 
descriptioti  of  these  civic  h')nours,  see  Ikr- 
naldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  ca|i.  '216,  aud 
Zuuiga,  Auuales  de  Sevilla,  alio  1508. 


1  I. 


s. 

the  unfortunate 

as  possible  from 

icliers  and  other 

in  a  pure  faitli. 

n  his  living  tliat 

ent  fnrei/^ners  as 

len,  especially  tiie 

t  school  of  nijLjh- 

n  that  was  goiiij,' 

•esj)on(lence  with 

incipal  European 

ig  of  France  ami 

led  armies,     lint 

ain  at  the  iiead 

nploying  him  in 

,ys  to  nass  away 

himself,  nor  uu- 

the  old  count  of 

dieted!"    "Nut 

"  she  is  still  in 

away  as  bravely 


UA. — POLYGLOT 


y  to  Africa — Storms 
1  to  Spain — Navarro's 
ity  of  Alcalii — Com- 

narquis  of  Prioc^o 
?alous  aristocracy 
ith  the  conunnns, 
y  humbled  which 
matter  of  pnli(  y, 
lave  been  misuil- 
always  resi»ected, 

Cordova  Fonliii.iinl 
,'al  and  enthusiastic 
flit  capital  ot  Aiuia- 
"estiun  pirt  of  the 
s  of  cliildri'ii,  puvly 
meet  hini.pri'sciitini; 

an  iiupiTial  crown ; 
jcession moved  uriiiir 
lies,    each    iiiscrilnd 

Ills  victurius.  Fir  n 
ic  honours,  see   He  r- 

MS.,  cap.  2\(6,  aud 
Ua,  alio  150g. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ALCALA. 


571 


was  now  possessed  of  i)ower  to  enforce  obedience,  and  was  fully  resolved  to 
exert  it. 

Indeed,  notwithstanding' a  few  deviations,  it  nnist  be  allowe<l  that  Ferdi- 
nanil  s  conduct  on  Ins  return  was  extremely  lenient  and  liberal ;  more  espe- 
ciallv  considering  the  subjects  of  provocation  he  ha<l  sustained  in  tlie  jiersunal 
insults  and  desertion  of  those  on  whom  he  had  heaped  so  many  favours. 
History  atibrds  few  examples  of  similar  moderation  on  the  restoration  of  a 
banished  prince  or  party.  In  fact,  a  violent  and  tyrannical  course  would  not 
have  l)ecn  agreealue  to  his  character,  in  wiiich  passion,  however  strong  by 
nature,  was  liabitually  subjected  to  reason.  The  present,  as  it  would  seem, 
excessive  acts  of  severity  are  to  be  regarded,  therefore,  not  as  the  sallies  of 
}itisonal  resentment,  but  as  the  dictates  of  a  calculating  policy,  intended  to 
.strike  terror  into  the  turbulent  spirits  whom  fear  only  could  hold  in  check. 

'I'o  this  energetic  course  he  was  stinndated,  as  was  said,  by  the  counsels  of 
Ximenes.  This  eminent  prelate  had  now  reache>l  the  highest  ecclesiastical 
honours  short  of  the  papacy.  Moon  after  Ferdinand's  restoration,  he  received 
a  rardinal's  hat  from  Pope  Julius  the  Second  ;*  and  this  was  followed  ]>y  Ins 
ajfuitment  to  the  office  of  iiKpiisitor-general  of  Castile,  in  the  place  of  Peza, 
archbishop  of  Seville.  The  importjint  functions  devolved  on  him  by  these 
othces,  in  conjunction  with  the  primacy  of  Spain,  might  be  supposed  to  furnish 
abundant  subject  and  scope  for  his  aspiring  spirit.  But  liis  views,  on  the 
CI intrary,  expanded  with  every  step  of  his  elevaticin,  and  now  fell  little  short 
of  those  of  an  independent  monarch.  His  zejil  glowed  fiercer  than  ever  for 
thejtropagation  of  the  Catholic  faith.  Had  he  lived  in  the  age  of  the  crusades, 
lie  would  indubitably  have  headed  one  of  tliose  expeditions  himself ;  for  tlie 
spiijt  of  the  soldier  burned  strong  and  bright  under  his  monastic  weeds.' 
indeed,  like  Cohunbus,  he  had  formed  plans  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre,  even  at  this  late  day.'*  But  his  zeal  found  a  better  direction  in  a 
crusade  against  the  neighbouring  JNloslems  of  Africa,  who  had  retaliated  the 
wrongs  of  Granada  by  repeated  descents  on  the  southern  coasts  of  the  Penin- 
sula, calling  in  vain  ""or  the  hiterference  of  government.  At  the  instigation 
and  with  the  aid  of  Xinienes,  an  expedition  had  been  fitted  out  soon  after 
Isabella's  death,  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Mazanjuivir,  an  important 
jioit,  and  formidable  nest  of  pirates,  on  the  Barbary  coast,  nearly  opposite 
( arthagena.  (Sept.  13th,  1505.)  He  now  meditated  a  more  dilhcult  enter- 
prise, the  conquest  of  Oran.* 

This  jdace,  situated  a]K)ut  a  league  from  the  former,  was  one  of  the  most 
considerable  of  the  Moslem  possessions  in  the  Mediterranean,  being  a  ])rin- 
cij)al  mart  for  the  trade  of  the  Levant.  It  contiiined  about  twenty  thousand 
inhabitants,  was  strongiy  fortified,  and  had  act^iured  a  degree  of  opulence  by 


'  lie  obtained  this  dignity  at  the  kiuR'a 
snli(itjitii»n,  during  his  visit  to  Najiles.  S<'C 
Kinliimnd's  letter,  upud  t^iiiiitaniila,  copied 
from  the  archives  of  Alcald.  Archctypo, 
Aiiiiiil.  no.  lu. 

"Ego  tanien  diim  universas  ejus  actiones 
coi;ij)aro,"  says  Alvaro  (ioinez,  "  magis  ad 
luilica  exercitia  a  tiatura  eftictum  esse  judico. 
1  rat  eiiiiii  vir  aiiiuii  iiivicti  et  sulilimis.  oni- 
!nai|ue  in  melius  asserere  conautin."  Do 
K'  'lus  gestis,  fol.  95. 

*  Kruu)  a  letter  of  king  Emanuel  of  Portii- 
pal,  it  appears  that  Ximenes  li.td  endiavuured 
\i<  iineri'st  him,  togi'ther  with  the  kings  of 
.\  ration  and  England,  in  a  crusatie  to  the 
Huly  Laud.    There  was  much  method  in  his 


madness,  if  we  may  judgo  from  the  careful 
survey  he  liati  procured  of  the  c(«is«,  as  wll 
as  his  plan  <  f  ojicriitioiiH.  'I  he  IV.tnguese 
monarch  praises  in  round  terms  the  edifying 
zeal  of  the  primate,  but  wisely  confined  him- 
self to  his  own  cru>-adi'S  in  India,  which  were 
likely  ti)  make  liett'-r  n  turns,  at  least  in  tliis 
world,  than  tlnLsc  to  I'alei-tine.  'I'he  letter  is 
still  preserved  in  the  archives  of  Alcahi  ;  see 
a  copy  in  yuiutanilla,  Archetypo,  Apend. 
no.  It). 

'  Zurif.),  Anales,  tom.  vi.  lib.  C,  cap.  15, — 
Gomez,  I)."  Ilfbus  gi  stis,  fol.  "".  — HobleS, 
\'icla  de  Ximenez,  cap.  17. — C'arbujiU,  An.iles, 
M.I.,  ano  15o7. — Mariana,  Hist,  di-  Espaiia, 
torn.  ii.  lib.  28,  cap.  15 ;  lib.  29,  cap.  9. 


572 


AFRICAN  EXPEDITION  OF  XIMENES. 


its  extonsivp  coninierre  which  onah!('<l  it  to  maintain  a  swarm  of  cnusor>', 
that  swept  this  inland  sea  and  made  fttirful  de})redatiuns  on  its  iioiiuluuii 
borders.' 

No  sooner  was  Ferdinand  quietly  established  aj:^ain  in  the  government, 
than  Ximenes  ur^ed  him  to  undertake  this  new  (•on(iue.>t.  The  king  saw  it-; 
importance,  bi;t  objected  the  want  of  funds.  The  cardinal,  who  was  prejiaicil 
for  this,  replied  that  "he  was  ready  to  lend  whatever  sums  were  neces^alv, 
and  to  take  sole  charge  of  the  expedition,  leading  it,  if  the  king  pleased,  in 
person."  Ferdinand,  who  had  no  objection  to  this  mode  of  making  ac(jiiisi. 
tions,  more  especially  as  it  would  0])en  a  vent  for  the  turbident  spirits  of  his 
subjects,  readily  accjuiesced  in  the  j  roposition. 

Ihe  enterprise,  however  disprojiortionate  it  might  seem  to  the  resources  (if 
a  private  individual,  was  not  beyond  those  of  the  cardinal,  lie  had  been 
carefully  lunbandirig  his  revenues  for  some  time  past,  with  a  view  to  this 
object ;  although  he  had  occasionally  broken  in  iipon  liis  api)roi»riatioiis,  to 
redeem  unfortunate  Spaniards  who  had  been  swept  into  slavery,  lie  liad 
obtained  accurate  surveys  of  the  Ba. ...iry  coast  from  an  Italian  engintfr 
named  V^ianelli.  He  hau  advised,  as  to  the  best  mode  of  conducting  opera- 
tions, with  his  friend  (Jonsalvo  de  Cordova,  to  whom,  if  it  had  been  the  kin;.;  s 
fdeasure,  he  would  gladly  have  intrusted  the  conduct  of  the  expedition.  At 
lis  suggestion,  that  post  was  now  assigned  to  the  celebrated  engineer,  Count 
Pedro  Navarro.' 

No  time  was  lost  in  completing  the  requisite  preparations.  Besides  the 
Italian  veterans,  levies  were  drawn  from  all  (piarters  of  the  country,  espcn ially 
from  the  cardinal's  own  diocese.  The  chajjter  of  TtJedo  enteied  heartily  into 
his  views,  furnishing  liberal  supidies,  and  otlering  to  accompany  the  expedi- 
tion in  person.  An  ample  train  of  ordnance  was  procured,  with  provisions 
and  military  stores  for  the  maintenance  of  an  army  four  months.  Before  the 
close  of  sj)iing,  in  1509,  all  was  in  readiness,  and  a  fleet  of  ten  galleys  and 
eighty  smaller  vessels  rode  in  the  harbour  of  Carthagena,  having  on  hoard  a 
force  amounting  in  all  to  four  thousand  horse  and  ten  thousand  foot.  Such 
were  the  resources,  activity,  and  energy  displayed  by  a  man  whose  life,  until 
Avithin  a  very  few  years,  had  been  spent  in  cloistered  solitudes  and  in  the 
quiet  })ractices  of  religion,  and  who  now,  oppres.sed  with  infirmities  more  than 
usual,  had  passed  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 

In  accomi»lishing  all  this,  the  cardinal  had  experienced  greater  obstacles 
than  those  arising  from  l)odily  infirmity  or  age.  His  plans  had  been  con- 
stantly discouraged  and  thwarted  by  the  nobles,  who  derided  the  idea  of  "a 
monk  fighting  the  battles  of  Spain,  while  the  Great  Captain  was  left  to  stay 
at  home  and  count  his  beads  like  a  hermit."  The  soldiers,  especially  thos^-  of 
Italy,  as  well  as  their  commander  Navarro,  trained  under  the  banners  of 
Gonsalvo,  showed  little  inclination  to  serve  under  their  spiritual  leader.  The 
king  himself  was  cooled  by  these  varioiu'.  manifestations  of  discontent.  But 
the  storm  which  prostrates  the  weaker  spirit  serves  only  to  root  the  stronger 
more  Hrmly  in  its  purpose ;  and  the  geniiis  of  Ximenes,  rising  with  the 
obstacles  it  had  to  encounter,  finally  succeeded  in  triumphing  over  all,  in 
reconciling  the  king,  disappointing  tlie  nobles,  and  restoring  oijedience  and 
discipline  to  the  army.' 
On  the  lOth  of  May,  1509,  the  fleet  weighed  anchor,  and  on  the  following 

•  IVtor  Martyr,  Opvis  Epist.,  ppist.  4is.  del  Gran  C.ipitan,  lib.  3,  cap.  7. 

'  G.inicz,    1),'    Rchiis  i^pstis,   fol.    DG-IOO.—  '  tu.iiiPZ.  Dc   llchiis  gpstis,   ful.   100-102.— 

Beriiiiklt'/.,   llcyos  (^aO'ilicos,   MS.,  cap.  2IH.—  Rubles,  Vida  ilc  Ximenez,  ubi  .supra. — t^uin- 

Kobles,    Viii.i  dp    Xinieii"/,,   c;ip.    17.— Peter  tanilla,  Anlietypo.  Ub.  a,  cap.  19.— BeriiaUii /, 

Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.   413.— Chr6;)ica  Reyes  Catolico's,  MS.,  cap  '.iia. 


ES. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ALCALA. 


673 


swarm  of  cruisers, 
i.s  oil  its  iiopuluii.s 

1  the  goveriiniciit, 
Tlie  king  saw  its 
who  was  iirciiaitMJ 
lis  were  neces.snv, 
lie  king  pleased,  in 
of  making  acijuisi. 
ilent  sijirits  of  liis 

to  the  resonroos  df 

lal.     He  had  liccn 

ith  a  view  to  this 

ai»i)roi»riations.  to 

slavery.     He  hud 

I  Italian  engineer 
conducting  opcia- 
ad  been  the  kings 
le  expedition.  At 
d  engineer,  Count 

ions.  Besides  the 
country,  espcdaliy 
tered  heartily  into 
njiany  the  expedi- 
'd,  with  pio\ isions 
inths.  Before  the 
jf  ten  galleys  and 
aving  on  hoard  a 
isanJ  foot.     Snch 

II  who.se  life,  until 
■tildes  and  in  the 

mities  more  than 

greater  ohstarles 
IS  had  been  con- 
ed tlie  idea  of  '"  a 

was  left  to  stay 
specially  those  of 
the  banners  of 
ua!  leader.  The 
discontent.  But 
'oot  the  stronger 

rising  with  the 
hing  over  all,  in 
X  obedience  and 


on  the  following 

:ap.  7. 
Ntis,   fol.   100-102.— 
,  ul)i  suprn. — (jiiin- 
tap.  19.— BernaMiz, 
:^18. 


flay  reached  the  African  jiort  of  .Mazarquivir.  No  time  was  lost  in  disomliark- 
inj, ;  for  the  fires  on  the  hiIl-top.^  showed  tlwiL  the  country  was  already  in 
alarm.  It  was  propo.sed  to  direct  the  main  attack  against  a  lofty  height,  or 
li  Ige  of  land,  ri-iiig  Itetwecii  .Mazjinpiivir  and  Oran,  so  near  the  latter  as 
entirely  to  conimand  it.  At  the  same  time,  the  tlei-t  was  to  drop  down  lieforo 
the  Moorish  city,  and.  by  opening  a  brisk  cannonade,  divert  the  attention  of 
the  iidiabitants  from  tlie   irincipai  point  of  assault. 

1  army  hail  landed  and  formed  in  order  of  liattle, 


As  soon  as  the  Span 
Xiiiienes  mounted  his  mu 
Kjutitical  rol)e.s,  with  a 


and  rode  along  the  ranks.  He  was  dres.-ed  in  hi.s 
)eited  sword  at  his  side.  A  Fiancisean  friar  mde 
lefore  him,  bearing  aloft  the  massive  silver  cross,  the  arcliiepiscu[»al  ^tallda^(l 
of  Toledo.  Around  him  were  other  brethren  of  the  order,  wearing  their 
monastic  frocks,  with  scimitars  hanging  from  their  girdles.  As  the  ghostly 
cavaleade  advanced,  they  raised  the  triumphant  hymn  of  I'e.viilit  rejis,  unld 
at  length  the  cardinal,  ascending  a  rising  ground,  iuiposed  silence,  and  made 
a  brief  liut  animated  harangue  to  his  soldiers.  He  reminded  them  of  the 
wrongs  they  had  sufi'ered  from  the  Moslems,  the  devastation  of  their  coasts, 
and  their  brethren  dragged  into  merciless  slavery  When  he  had  siitliciently 
fou.scd  their  resentment  against  the  enemies  of  tlieir  country  and  religion,  he 
.^tiuuilated  their  cupidity  l)y  dwelling  on  the  golden  spoil  which  awaited  them 
in  the  opulent  city  of  Oran  ;  and  he  concluded  his  discourse  by  declaring  that 
he  had  come  to  peril  his  own  life  in  the  good  ciiuse  of  the  Cross,  and  to  lead 
them  on  to  battle,  as  his  predeces.sors  had  often  done  before  him." 

The  venerable  aspect  and  heart-stirring  elo(pience  of  the  primate  kindleil  a 
deep,  reverential  enthusiasm  in  the  bosoms  of  his  martial  audience,  which 
showed  itself  by  the  profoundest  silence.  The  officers,  however,  closed  around 
him  at  the  conclusion  of  the  address,  and  besougiit  him  not  to  expose  his 
sjU'ied  person  to  the  hazard  of  the  figiit ;  reminding  him  that  his  presence 
would  probably  do  more  harm  than  good,  by  drawing  oil"  the  attention  of  the 
men  to  his  personal  safety.  This  last  consideration  moved  the  cardinal,  who, 
though  reluctantly,  consented  to  reliiKpiish  the  command  to  Navarre  ;  and, 
after  uttering  his  "parting  benediction  over  the  prostrate  ranks,  he  witlidrevv 
to  the  neighbouring  fortress  of  Mazaniuivir. 

The  day  was  now  far  sjteiit,  and  darlc  clouds  of  the  enemy  were  seen  gsither- 
ing  along  the  tops  of  the  sierra,  which  it  was  proposed  first  to  attack.  Navarro, 
seeing  this  post  so  strongly  occupied,  dou])ted  whether  his  men  would  be  able 
to  carry  it  before  nightfall,  if  indeed  at  all,  without  nrevious  rest  and  refresh- 
ment, after  the  exhausting  labours  of  the  day.  He  returned,  tfierefon»,  to 
Mazanpiivir,  to  take  counsel  of  Ximenes.  The  latter,  whom  he  found  at  his 
devotions,  besought  him  "  not  to  falter  at  this  h(Mir,  but  to  go  forwaril  in  God's 
name,  since  both  the  blessed  Saviour  and  the  false  jirophet  .Mahomet  cons])ired 
to  deliver  the  enemy  into  his  hands."  The  solilier's  scruples  vanished  before 
the  intrepid  bearing  of  the  prelate,  and,  returning  to  the  army,  he  gave  insUmt 
orders  to  advance.'" 

Slowly  and  silently  the  Spanish  troops  began  their  ascent  up  the  steep  sides 
of  the  sierra,  under  the  friendly  cover  of  a  thick  mist,  which,  rolling  heavily 
tlown  the  skirts  of  the  hills,  sliielded  tliem  for  a  time  from  the  eye  of  the 
enemy.  As  soon  as  they  emerged  from  it,  however,  they  were  «iluted  with 
showers  of  balls,  arrows,  and  other  deadly  mi.ssiles,  followed  by  the  desperate 


•  Bcmaldv.,    Royps    Cat^licos,    MS.,    uhi 
f'upia.— Ziirita,  Aiialns,  toiii.  vi.  lib.  8,  cap. 

3u.    (Joim'/,    I)c    Rt'biis    gotis,    fol.     lo.x 

Oviedo,  yuincuagenas,  M.S.,  dial.de  Ximenez. 


'"  Oompz,  Dp  Rebus  gpstis  fol.  108-110. 
QtiiiitaiiiU.i,  .Vri'hi'typo,  lib.  3,  cap.  19. 
Zurita,  Armies,  lib.  's,  cup.  30. 


574 


AFRICAN   EXPEDITION  OF  XIMENES. 


oliargns  of  the  Moors,  who,  iiishini^  flowji,  pndoavoiirefl  to  drive  back  tlio 
assiiilaiit-i.  lint  they  mailc  no  iiiiprc-isioii  on  the  Ion,'  jiikcs  and  de  p  ranks  of 
th(^  lattrr,  which  reniainel  Mn>liakcii  as  a  mck.  Still,  the  nuniliers  of  the 
enemy,  fnlly  e'lual  to  tlutse  of  th(?  Spanianls,  and  the  ailvanta^'es  of  their 
nositiiin,  enabled  tliem  to  di-imto  the  tcroinid  with  fearful  obstinacv.  At 
!en,i,'th,  Navarro  ;4(»t  a  small  battery  of  heavy  f^niiis  t<»  operate  on  the  tlank  of 
the  Moor-;.  The  etlec^t  of  this  movement  was  soon  '  isible.  The  exposed  sides 
of  the  Moslem  cohimn,  hndin^  no  shelter  from  the  deadly  volleys,  were  shaken 
and  thrown  into  disonler.  The  eonfusion  extended  tn  the  k.ilini,'  files,  whi'li 
n()w,  pressed  heavily  by  the  iron  array  of  spijiirmcMi  in  the  Christian  van,  bei^au 
to  i,dve  Ki'onnd.  Retreat  was  soon  ipn'ckeneil  into  a  disorderly  Hiirht.  The 
Spaniards  pursued  ;  many  of  them,  especially  the  raw  levies,  breakiiii,'  their 
ranks,  and  followini^  up  the  tlyin;;-  foe  without  the  least  re.uard  to  the  eonnnands 
or  menaces  of  their  otHcers  ;  a  eircinnstjinco  which  jniuht  have  ])roved  fatal, 
liad  th«>  Moors  had  stren;;th  or  discipline  to  rally.  As  it  was,  the  scatteied 
numbers  of  the  Christians,  mai^niifyin^,'  to  the  eye  their  real  force,  served  only 
to  increase  the  jtanic  ami  accelerat«^  the  sjiced  of  the  fui,ntives." 

While  this  was  goin<^  on,  the  fleet  had  anchored  before  the  city,  and  opened 
a  very  lieavy  cannonade,  wliieh  was  answen-d  with  e<mal  spirit  from  sixtv 
nieces  of  artillery  which  ,y:arnished  the  fortifications.  The  troops  on  board, 
now((ver,  made  j^ood  their  landinj;,  and  .soon  joined  themselves  to  their  victo- 
rious countrymen  descendinj^  from  tiie  sierra.  They  Lhen  pushed  forward  in 
all  haste  towards  Oran,  proposioi^  to  carry  the  place  by  escalade.  They  were 
iK)orly  provided  with  ladders,  but  the  des])erate  enertry  of  the  moment  over- 
leaped every  obstacle ;  and,  plantin'4  their  lon^^  pikes  a,u;ainst  the  walls  or 
thrusting'  them  into  the  crevices  of  the  stones,  they  clambered  uj)  with  incre- 
dible dexterity,  althouiih  they  were  utterly  imahle  to  repeat  the  feat  the  next 
day  in  cold  blood.  The  first  who  /gained  the  sununit  was  Sou.sa,  captain  of  the 
airdinal's  jfuard,  who,  shoutiuij:  forth  "St.  Jago  and  Xinienes,"  unfurled  his 
colours,  end)lazoned  with  the  primate's  arms  on  one  side  and  the  Cross  on  the 
other,  and  j)lanted  them  on  the  battlements.  Six  other  banners  were  .soon 
.seen  streanjiui.';  from  the  ramj»arts  ;  and  the  soldiers  leapinj^  into  the  town  uot 
possession  of  the  S'^^t^-S  and  thiew  them  opei;  to  their  comrade.s.  The  whole 
army  now  rushed  in,  sweeoinij;  everythinu"  nefore  it.  Some  few  of  the  Moors 
endeavoured  to  make  heati  a.uain.st  the  tide,  but  most  fled  into  the  liouses  and 
mos([ues  for  protection.  Resistance  and  flight  were  alike  nnavailinfr.  No 
mercy  was  shown  ;  no  respect  for  age  or  sex  ;  and  the  soldiery  abandoned 
themselves  to  all  the  brutal  license  and  ferocity  which  seeni  to  stain  religions 
wars  above  every  other.  It  was  in  vain  Navarro  called  them  oft'.  They 
returned  like  blood-hounds  to  the  slaughter,  and  never  slackened,  till  at  last, 
wearied  wirh  butchery,  and  gorged  with  tlie  food  and  wine  found  in  the 
houses,  they  sank  down  to  sleej)  promiscuously  in  the  streets  and  i)ublic 
squares,'^ 

The  .sun,  which  on  the  preceding  morning  had  shed  its  rays  on  Oran, 
floiuishing  in  all  the  pride  of  commercial  ojiulence  and  teeming  with  a  free 
and  industrious  population,  next  rose  on  it  a  captive  city,  with  its  ferocious 
compicrors  stretc.bed  in  sluir/oer  on  the  heaii.s  of  their  slaughtered  victims." 


Pctpr  Mnr  T.  Op\is  Kpist.,  rpist.  4li^. — 
Ppriuilili/.,  liiy.s  ('Mtolico-^,  MS.,  cap.  2iS.  - 
(iiimt'/.  l)f  Holms. ).;('sii.>*.  foi.  1  lU-1 1 1.— Abarca, 
UeyoH  di-  Aranon.  tuni.  ii.  roy  M.  tap.  Is. 

'Mioiin'/.  I)i'  Hr'l)U'<  f?  «tis,  ul)i  supra. — 
RiTnalili'z.  Heyt'R  Catolict  8,  MS.,  cap.  '.JM.— 
l!(ihlc~!.  Viii.i  (In  XiiiK'ni'z.  cap.  'J'J.  I'ctiT 
Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  ubi  supra.  — (.^uintauilla, 


Archf'typo,  lib.  3.  cap.  19. — Carbajal,  .AnaU'S, 
MS.,  afio  15(i!t.— Ovii do,  Quinciiatrciias.  MS.— 
Samloval,  Hist,  del  Kuip.  Carlos  V.,  toni.  i. 
p.  15. 

' '  "  Sed  taTidPTn  somnus  ex  labore  d  vino 
(iTxirtus  (OK  opi>re>sit,  ct  cTUcntis  liostiuiii 
cailaveribus  tarita  securitat"  f>t  tidui'iii  iinlur- 
mlLTunt,  ut  permulti  in  Orauis  urbis  plat'ia 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ALCALA. 


r)75 


No  less  than  four  thousand  Moors  wore  said  to  have  fallen  in  the  hattlc,  and 
fri>in  five  to  ei^dit  thousand  were  made  ]»risoners.  The  loss  of  the  (  hristians 
was  inconsiderable.  As  soon  as  the  Spanish  coinmandrr  hat!  taken  the 
in'cessary  measures  for  cleansintr  the  place  from  its  foul  and  disniai  impurities, 
lie  sent  to  the  canlinal,  and  invited  him  to  take  possession  of  it.  The  latter 
piiiharked  on  hoard  his  galley,  and,  as  he  coasted  alon^  the  margin  of  the 
city,  and  saw  its  ^^av  pavilions  and  sparkling  minarets  reflected  in  the  waters, 
ills  soul  swelled  with  satisfaction  at  the  glorious  acijuisition  he  had  made  for 
llnistian  Spain.  It  seemed  incredible  that  a  town  so  strongly  manned  and 
furtihed  should  have  been  carried  so  easily. 

As  Ximenes  landed  and  entered  the  gates,  attended  byliis  train  of  monkish 
lircthren,  he  was  hailed  with  thundering  acclamations  by  the  army  as  the  true 
victor  of  Uran,  in  whose  behalf  Heaven  :ia(l  condescended  to  lepeat  the 
stiipendon;;  miracle  of  Joshua,  by  stopping  the  sun  in  hjs  caieer.'*  Hut  the 
(iudinal,  humbly  disclaiming  all  merits  of  his  own,  was  heard  to  repeat  aloud 
tlii^  sublime  language  of  the  I'salmist,  "  Non  nobis,  ])omine,  non  nobis," 
while  he  gave  his  benedictions  to  the  soldiery.  He  was  then  conducted 
to  the  alcazar,  and  the  keys  of  the  fortress  were  i>ut  into  his  hand.  The  spoil 
of  the  captured  city,  amounting,  as  was  said,  to  half  a  nnllion  of  gold  ducats, 
the  fruit  of  long  successful  trade  and  piracy,  was  placed  at  his  disjiosal  for 
(iistrilmtion.  But  that  which  gave  most  joy  to  his  heart  was  the  liberation  of 
three  hundred  Christian  captives,  languishing  in  the  dungeons  of  Oran.  A 
few  hours  after  the  surrender,  the  mezuar  of  Tremecen  arrived  with  a  power- 
ful reinforcement  to  its  relief,  but  instantly  retreated  on  learning  the  tidings. 
Fortunate  iiuleed  was  it  that  the  battle  had  not  l>een  deferred  till  the  succeed- 
ing day.  This,  which  must  be  wliolly  ascribed  to  Ximenes,  was  by  most 
referred  to  direct  inspiration.  Quite  as  probable  an  exi»lanation  may  be 
found  in  the  boldness  and  impetuous  enthusiasm  of  the  cardinal's  diaracter.'* 

The  con([uest  of  Oran  opened  unbounded  scope  to  the  ambition  of  XinuMies  ; 
who  saw  in  imagination  the  banner  of  the  Cross  floating  triumphant  from 
the  walls  of  every  xMoslem  city  on  the  jNIediterranean.  He  experienced. 
however,  serious  impediments  to  his  further  progress.  Navarro,  accustomed 
to  an  independent  command,  chafed  in  his  present  subordinate  situation, 
especially  under  a  sitiritual  leader  whose  military  science  he  justly  held  in 
contempt.  He  Avas  a  rude,  ilettered  soldier,  and  bluntly  spoke  his  mind  to 
the  primate.  He  told  him  "  his  commission  iinder  him  terminated  with  the 
capture  of  Oran  ;  that  two  generals  were  too  many  in  one  army ;  that  the 
canlinal  shttuld  rest  contented  with  the  laurels  he  had  already  won,  and, 
instead  of  j)laying  the  king,  go  home  to  his  tlock,  and  leave  fighting  to  thotie 
to  whom  the  trade  belonged."'® 


fid  niultam    diem  stertuerint."    Gomez,  De 
Rplius  gpstis,  fdl.  111. 

"  To  accoiiiino  late  the  Christians,  as  the 
day  was  far  advanced  when  tlic  action  b<nan, 
tlie  sun  was  jjermitted  to  stand  still  several 
hiiins:  there  Is  some  discrepancy  as  to  tlie 
I'Ticise  nimil>T ;  most  autliorities,  however, 
iiiiikc  it  four.  Tliere  is  no  n)iracle  in  tlie 
\\\\u\o  Koniaii  Catholic  budget  better  vouched 
ilian  this.  It  is  recorded  by  lour  eye-witnessea, 
.iiti)  of  learning  and  character.  It  is  attested, 
iiinri'iiver,  by  a  cloud  of  witne.-ses,  who  depose 
til  bave  received  it,  some  from  tradition, 
ttliers  from  direct  communication  with  tin  ir 
nil.  (stors  present  in  the  action  ;  and  who  all 
HL't'i  e  that  it  was  matter  of  public  notoriety 
and  belief  at  the  time.     !Sec  the  whole  for- 


X.  .lable  array  of  e^idence  Bet  forth  by  Quin- 
tanilla.  (Auhetypo,  pp.  230  et  .-eq.,  and 
Ajiend.  p.  103.)  It  was  scarcely  to  have  been 
expected  that  so  astounding  a  miracle  sliouUl 
escape  the  notio'  of  all  Kurope,  where  it  mu,-t 
have  b"en  as  api)aient  as  at  Oran.  'lliis 
universal  silence  may  be  thought,  indeed,  the 
greater  miracle  of  the  two. 

■'  HernaUlez,  Ueyes  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap. 
2IS.— liobles,  Vida' de  Xinienez,  cap.  2'2  — 
Onmez,  De  Rebus  g<  sti-^,  fol.  1 1, '<.—  !. anu/.a, 
llistoria.s,  tom  i.  lib.  1,  cap.  22.— iKiedo, 
(^uincuagenas,  MS.  .Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Kmi". 
Carlos  v.,  toni.  i.  p.  Ifi. 

"  Flecbier,  Histoire  df  Ximenes,  jip.  :iOH, 
309.— .Abarca,  Ueyes  de  Aragou,  torn.  ii.  rey 
3U,  cap.  18. 


676 


AFRICAN   EXPEDITION  OF  XIMENES. 


IJiit  what  trnn])l(>(l  tho  i»relat«^  more  than  this  iiisoloiire  of  his  L'rnornl  un^ 
a  letter  wh'uU  fell  into  liis  hands,  adchrsscd  liy  the  kin;^  tn  (  ount  Aa\arro,  lu 
vhich  h«'  r('(iu('sted  him  to  lio  snrc;  to  (ind  .some  pn  tence  for  detuininj:  iho 
(anhnal  in  Africans  lon^  as  his  iiresence  (ould  he  made  in  any  way  .-eiAJcc- 
ahU'.  Ximenes  liad  hefore  had  ^ocd  reason  to  feel  th.'it  the  lo.yal  laNoiir  to  liini 
flowed  frojn  selfishness,  rather  than  from  any  jiersonal  repird.  Tlie  king  j,ail 
always  wisjied  the  arciihishopric  of  Toledo  for  liis  favourite,  and  natiiral  son, 
Alfonso  of  Arapm.  After  his  return  from  ]Sai>!es,  he  importuned  Ximenes  in 
resign  his  see,  and  exeiiange  it  for  that  of  !<aiagossa,  held  hy  Alfonso  ;  till  at 
length  the  indi^^nant  pre'ate  replied  "t!.i>t  he  would  never  consent  to  liarter 
away  the  dignities  of  the  church  ;  that,  if  liis  liighness  pressed  him  any 
further,  lie  would  indeed  throw  u]i  the  prinuuy,  l>ut  it  shouUl  Ik;  to  hury  liim- 
Hi'U  in  the  friar's  cell  from  which  the  iiueen  had  originally  called  him."  Fer- 
dinand, who,  independently  of  the  odium  of  such  a  jiroceeding,  could  ill  atturd 
to  pait  with  so  able  a  minister,  knew  his  inliexibie  temper  too  well  ever  to 
resume  the  suhject." 

With  sonie  reason,  therefore,  for  distrusting  the  good  will  of  his  sovereimi, 
Ximenes  out  tiie  worst  possible  construction  on  the  expre>sions  in  his  letter. 
lie  saw  himself  a  mere  tool  in  Ferdinand's  liands,  to  he  used  so  long  as 
occasion  might  serve,  with  the  utmost  indillercnce  to  his  own  interests  or  idu- 
venience.  These  humiliating  suspicions,  together  with  the  arrogant  lieariui; 
of  his  general,  dis<;usted  him  with  the  further  jirosecution  of  the  expedition  ; 
while  Tie  was  confirmed  in  his  purj  ose  of  returning  to  h^jiain,  and  found  an 
obvious  apology  for  it  in  the  stiiteof  his  own  liealth,  tgo  nifirm  to  encounter 
with  safety  the  wasting  heats  of  a  African  summer. 

IJefore  his  departure,  he  summoned  Navarro  and  liis  officers  about  him,  and, 
after  giving  tlicm  much  good  counsel  respecting  the  government  and  defeiK  e 
of  then*  new  ac(iuisitions,  he  placed  at  their  disjiosal  an  ample  supnly  of  funds 
and  stores,  for  tne  maintenance  of  the  army  several  months,  lie  then  em- 
barked (May  2'Jnd),  not  with  the  j  ompous  array  and  circumstiince  of  a  hero 
returning  from  his  conquests,  but  with  a  few  domestics  only,  in  an  unarmed 
galley  ;  showing,  as  it  were,  by  this  very  act,  the  good  etlects  of  his  enterjiriso, 
in  the  security  which  it  brought  to  the  before  perilous  navigation  of  these 
inland  seas." 

Splendid  preparations  were  made  for  his  reception  in  8pain,  and  he  was 
invited  to  visit  the  court  at  Valladolid,  to  receive  the  homage  and  public 
testimonials  due  to  his  eminent  services.  But  Ids  ambition  was  of  too  noble  a 
kind  to  be  dazzled  by  the  false  lights  of  an  ephemeral  popularity.  lie  had  hm 
much  pride  of  character,  indeed,  to  allow  room  for  the  mdulgence  of  vanity. 
He  declined  these  compliments,  and  hastened  without  loss  of  time  to  his 
favourite  city  of  Alcala.  There,  too,  the  citizens,  anxious  to  do  him  honour, 
turried  out  under  arms  to  receive  him,  and  made  a  breach  in  the  Avails,  that  he 
might  make  his  entry  hi  a  style  worthy  of  a  conqueror.  But  this  also  lie 
declined,  choosing  to  jtass  into  the  town  by  the  regular  avenue,  with  im 
peculiar  circinnstance  attending  Ids  entrance,  s{ive  only  a  small  train  if 
camels  led  by  African  slaves  and  laden  with  gold  and  silvei  plate  from  tlif 
nu)s(|ues  of  Oran,  and  a  precious  collection  of  Arabian  man;  scrii)ts,  for  the 
library  of  his  infant  university  of  Alcala. 

lie  showed  similar  modesty  HiA  simplicity  in  his  deportment  and  conversa- 


"  Glovio.  Vita  Mapnl  Gonsnlvi,  lib.  3,  p. 
107.-  (JdUii'Z,  Do  lM»iis  pistin,  lul.  117. — 
Sandoval,  Hist,  dol  Emp.  Carlos  V.,  toiii.  i. 
p.  IG. — "Tlic  worthy  hrotlior,"  says  Saiuinv.il 
of  the  prelate,   "  tliought  liis  arehbishojiric 


worth  more  than  the  good  graces  of  a  cove! 
old  iiiuiiarcli." 

'"  IVter  Martyr.  OpuB  Epist.,  epist.  420.— 
Gomez.  I»p  Ueliusgesiis.lbl.  118.— QuiMtanUla, 
Arcbctypo,  lib.  3.  cap.  20. 


UNIVKRSITY  OP  ALCALA. 


IS  i-ovorcimi, 


\\>>n.  IIo  niado  no  iillibioii  to  the  stirrinj;  scenes  in  wliidi  lie  had  heen  so 
L^loiioiisly  cnua^C'l ;  iinl,  if  <illicr>  iiiaile  any,  I'hikmI  iho  tliscoursc  into  some 
(ither  <'haiuu'l,  jiarticiilarly  to  the  lunditioii  of  his  roHe^e,  its  (U>(i|iline  and 
htciary  i»n);;iess,  which,  wlili  the  -real  nnicct  for  thepuhhcatiun  of  hi>  famous 
I'olv^dot  Jiihle,  seemed  now  ahiio.t  wholly  to  ahsorh  his  attentidn.'" 

llis  first  care,  however,  was  to  visit  the  families  in  his  (hocese,  and  minister 
('(Misolation  and  relief,  which  he  did  in  the  most  henevolent  manner,  to  those 
who  were  siiMeriiij;  from  the  loss  of  friends,  whether  by  di-ath  or  ahsmce,  in 
the  late  eami)ai;;n.  Xonlid  he  in  his  academical  retreat  lose  si-htof  the  great 
oitject  which  had  so  deeply  interested  him,  of  extendin.i;  the  empire  of  the(Jross 
over  Africa.  From  time  to  time  lit^  remitted  su)'iili(\s  for  the  maintenance  of 
Oviih  ;  and  lie  lost  no  opportunity  of  stimulating  FenUnand  to  [trosecute  his 
comiuests. 

Tlie  Catholic  king,  liowever,  felt  too  sensibly  the  importance  of  his  new 
possessions  to  reipiire  such  admonition  ;  and  Count  Pedro  Navurro  was  furnished 
with  ample  resources  of  every  kimi,  and,  ?t!'jve  all,  with  the  veterans  foimed 
imder  the  eye  of  (Jonsalvo  de  Cordova.  Thus  plu('e<l  on  an  independent  held 
of  comjuest,  the  Spanish  general  was  not  slow  in  pushing  his  advantages.  His 
first  enter/rise  was  against  Hiuia  (Jan.  I.Sth,  l.'ilO),  whose  king,  at  the  heail 
of  a  powerful  army,  he  routeil  in  two  pitched  battles,  and  got  nossession  of 
his  tlourishing  capital  (Jan.  31st).  Algiers,  Tennis,  Tremecen,  and  other  cities 
on  the  Barbary  coast,  submitted  one  after  another  to  the  Spani>h  arms.  Tht^ 
iidiabitants  were  received  as  vassiils  of  the  Catholic  king,  engaging  to  pay 
the  tiixes  usually  iinjtosed  by  their  .^[osIem  princes,  and  to  serve  him  in  war, 
with  the  addition  of  the  whimsical  provision,  so  often  found  in  the  old 
(Jranadine  treaties,  to  attend  him  in  cortes.  They  guaranteed,  morei»ver,  the 
liberation  of  all  Christian  captives  in  theirdominions  ;  for  which  the  Algerines, 
however,  took  care  to  indemnify  themselves,  by  extorting  the  full  ransom  from 
their  Jewish  residents.  It  was  of  little  moment  to  the  wietclu'd  l.srai'lite 
which  party  won  the  day,  Christian  or  Mussulman  ;  lie  was  sure  to  be  stripped 
in  either  case." 

On  the  20th  of  July,  1510,  the  ancient  city  of  Tripoli,  after  a  most  bloody 
ami  desperate  defence,  surrendered  to  the  arms  of  the  victnrious  general, 
whose  name  had  now  become  terrible  along  the  whole  northern  l)orders  of 
Africa.  In  the  following  month,  however  (Aug.  28),  he  met  with  a  serious 
discomfiture  in  the  island  of  Gelves,  where  four  thousand  of  his  men  were 
slain  or  made  prisoners.^'    This  check  in    the  brilliant  career  of   Count 


'"  Quiiitanilla,  Arrhetypo,  lib.  3,  cap.  20. — 
(Imiicz,  Dc  Kcl)us  gcstis,  fol.  119.  120.— 
Ziirita,  Aiiak's,  toin.  vi.  lib.  8,  cup.  3U. — 
ll(it)|p.s.  Vida  tk'  Xiiiicm/.,  cap.  22. 

-'  Zurita,  Aiialcs,  torn,  vi  11!)  9,  cap.  1,  2, 
4,  1,1.  — IVtcr  Martyr,  Opus  Kpi>it.,  epist.  4:}ri- 
4;i7. — QuiiitaniUa,  Arcintypo,  lib.  :i,  c.ip.  20. — 
.M:iriaiia,  Hist,  fie  K-ipafia,  lib.  29,  cap.  22.— 
<i"iiipz,  I)e  Rebus  jjistis,  fol.  122-124. — 1$  r- 
iiaKlcz,  Reyes  Catnlicus,  M.S ,  cap.  22J. — 
Ziii'ta  gives  at  lenRtii  the  capitulation  with 
AlificrB,  lib.  9,  cap.  i;j. 

''■  Clienlor,  Reciiorclics  surlos  Mauros,  torn, 
ii.  pp.  S5h,  a.'ie.— It  i-<  but  just  to  state  that 
tins  disaster  was  imjuitable  to  I),  n  <lariia  do 
Toledo,  who  liad  charge  of  the  expedition,  and 
wli-  "xpiated  tiis  temerity  witii  liis  lit'\  He 
wa.  Idest  son  of  the  old  duke  of  Alva,  and 
fiitlier  of  that  nobleman  wiio  .nbsequently 
a'  (juired  such  gloomy  celebrity  by  lii3  con- 


quests and  cruelties  in  ttie  NethfTl.inds.  The 
tender  poet,  (iiircihisso  do  la  Vega,  ollVrs 
sweet  incense  to  tlie  house  of  I'oli'cln,  in  one 
of  hi.s  pa.-torals,  in  which  he  mourns  over  the 
disa>troiis  day  of  <  Jelves  : 

"0  patiia  lanriinosa,  i  como  buelve.s 
los  ojos  a  los  ( ielves  »ospiran(|o  !  " 

The  death  of  tlie  yoiinj?  nobleman  is  veiled 
uiidiT  a  beautiful  s;mile,  whiih  ch  illen<ris 
coniiurisim  with  ;be  preaf  masters  of  j.aiiti 
and  Italian  song,  from  wiioni  the  Castiliaii 
bard  deiived  it. 

"  I'uso  en  el  duro  suelo  la  lurmosa 
cara,  coma  la  Jo-a  niatulifiu, 
(.  uatido  ya  '  1  '•ol  I'.erlin.i  'I  ni'dio  dia  ; 
{|ii''  ]>\  rde  su  al'  trri.i,  i  marrhitjuelo 
va  la  coloi  mudiihdo  ;  o  «  n  ■•!  raiiipo 
cuttl  qufdu  el  lirio  bianco,  qu'  el  arado 

2  P 


078 


AFRICAN  EXPEDITION  OF  XIMEXES. 


Naviirro  put  a  final  stop  to  the  progress  of  the  Castiliaii  arms  in  Afriiu 
untlcr  F«'iiliiiiiiiil.*' 

Tilt'  results  already  ohtaiiKMl,  liowover,  wore  of  L'roat  iniportanoo,  wlietlier  wo 
consider  the  value  of  the  a(i|nisitions,  hein;;  sonic  of  the  most  opulent  marts 
on  the  Marliary  roast,  or  the  seeinity  ;;aine(l  for  commorcc!  hy  sweepini;  the 
jMe(literranean  of  the  pestilent  hordi^s  of  marauders  which  had  so  lonj;  iniestrd 
it.  .Most  of  the  newcoiKpiests  escaped  from  the  Spanish  crown  in  later  times 
throuuh  the  indiecility  or  indolence  of  Ferdinand's  sueoessors.  The  conquests 
of  Xiuienes,  jiowever,  were  placeii  in  so  strouLC  a  posture  of  defence  as  to  resist 
every  attemi  t  for  their  recovery  hy  tin;  eneiuy,  and  to  remain  permanently 
incorporate((  with  tho  Spanish  (Mupire.'*' 

This  illustrious  orelate,  in  the  mean  while,  was  husily  occupied,  in  his  retire- 
ment  at  Alcal.ith;  lienaies,  with  watchinj;,'over  the  interests  and  rapid  develni). 
iiient  of  his  infant  university.  This  institution  was  too  important  in  itself, 
and  exercised  too  lar^e  an  intliience  ov(>r  the  int(>Ilectual  pro;;ress  of  the 
country,  to  pass  unnoticed  in  a  history  of  the  present  rei,ij;n. 

As  far  hack  as  1497,  Xiuienes  had  conceived  the  idea  of  estahlishinLT  ii 
university  in  the  ancient  town  of  Alcala,  where  the  salubrity  of  the  air,  ;uid 
the  soher,  tranquil  complexion  of  the  scenery,  on  the  heautiful  borders  of  the 
I  lei lares,  seemed  well  suiied  to  academic  study  and  meditation.  He  even  went 
so  far  as  to  obtain  plans  at  this  time  for  his  huildin;;s  from  a  celebrated 


cniilimionto  cortailo  al  iiassar  tl«\x/i; 

(Irl  (11. ll  tlllll  Mo  s'  illiXll  |il  I'SSUtOSO 

(upicl  eoliir  liiTiii'iso,  ()  sc  ilcsticrra; 
ni  iH  yji  III  luiidrc  tiprra  <li'scni(lu(la, 
iiK  r  iiitininistrn  Tinda  ile  mi  ulionto, 
«|ii'  era  el  siistciitaiiiiciiici  i  vip)r  Huyo  ; 
ti'l  osta  el  rostid  tuyo  on  i-\  aniia, 
I'r 'sca  riisa,  ai;iu'tiia  lilanca  i  pnra." 
Garoila-so  (Ic  la  V('}i;a,  Ohras, 

ed.  dc  Mtrrcra,  pp.  .'ioT,  508. 

"  T'lO  roadcr  may  Iccl  soino  curliisity  ro- 
pppi'tliiH  the  I'att!  iif  Count  I'cdro  Nav.irrci. 
He  h(j()ii  al'tiT  lliLs  went  id  Italy,  wlitTc  lie 
hold  u  hi^li  I'oii'in.iiiil,  aiKl  iiiaiiitaiiuMl  his 
rrpiitatii>ii  in  tin-  wais  nl  that  omniry,  until 
Iw  \va.s  taken  by  tin-  Krcnch  in  flic  ureal  battle 
of  Ravenna.  'I'liroutih  the  carele.isiiess  or 
culdnes.s  ol'  Ferdiii.iiid,  he  was  jn'riDitted  to 
hiiinulsli  in  captivity,  till  he  took  his  i-even«e 
by  eiilistiiii^  in  the  service  of  tli(!  l-nMicli 
nionarch.  Hel'ore  dniiif;  this,  howevor,  ho 
resii^ncd  his  Neapolitan  estates,  ami  lornially 
renounced  his  allegiance  to  the  Catliidic  kiiif^  ; 
of  whom,  beiiii;  a  .N'avarrose  by  birth,  he  was 
not  a  native  subject.  He  nnfortunaiely  fell 
iiiio  ihe  hands  of  his  own  (•<)uiitryiiien  in  one 
of  tho  substMpient  ai'tions  in  Italy,  and  was 
impiisonetl  at  Najilos,  in  Cast,  1  Nuovo,  which 
he  had  himself  formerly  gained  from  the 
French.  Here  he  soon  alter  died;  il  we  are 
to  believe  Hrantoine,  being  i)rivately  de- 
Bpatched  by  coiniiiand  of  Charh's  V .,  or,  as 
other' writers  intimate,  by  hisownhand.  lUn 
remains,  liist  deposited  ni  an  obscure  corner 
of  the  church  of  .Santa  Maria,  were  afterwards 
removed  to  the  chapel  of  the  great  Coiisalvo, 
and  a  superb  mausoletnn  was  erected  over 
them  by  the  |)riti  -e  ot  Sessa,  graiulsoii  of  the 
hero,  (iomez,  De  ]^'bus  gestis,  lol.  IL'I.  - 
Aleaon,  Auualesde  Navarra,  torn.  v.  pp.  2rJ6. 


28!),  .t(if).  — nrant'.me.  Vies  des  Honimes  il|i;s. 
tri'H,  disc.  9. -Giovio,  Vita  lllusi.  Vironini, 
pp.  r.Mi-l'.t;i. 

•'  Xiuienes  coritintied  to  watch  over  tli' 
city  which  he  li.id  so  valiantly  went,  long  niter 
hisde.itb.  He  never  failed  to  bo  present  in 
He.isoiis  (d"  e.xtrordinary  peril.  At  least  the 
gaunt,  gigantic  tigtiro  of  a  monk,  dre-sid  in 
the  robes  (d'  his  order,  and  wearing  a  eaidinil'-* 
li;it,  was  seen,  sometimes  stalking  along  the 
batileiiieiits  at  midnight,  and,  at  oilers, 
mounted  on  a  w  bite  ch.irvicr  and  br.indishin.,' 
a  nak  d  sword  in  the  thii'k  of  the  fight.  Ms 
last  apjip.irance  was  iu  ItJt.'i,  when  Oran  wns 
closely  bel(>agllered  bj'  the  Algerities.  .V 
.'-eiitinel  on  duty  saw  a  figure  inoving  aimig 
the  parapet  one  clear,  iiUMinlight  night.  dres«'>d 
in  a  I'Vanciscan  frock,  with  a  general's  bat "ii 
in  his  hand.  As  soon  as  it  was  hailed  by  tie' 
terrilied  soldier,  it  called  to  him  to  "tel'l  th.' 
garrison  to  lie  of  gnod  heart,  for  the  enemy 
should  not  prev.iil  against  thoni."  H.viie^ 
Uered  these  words,  the  apparition  vatii>ieil 
without  ceremony.  It  repeatMl  its  visit  iu 
the  same  manner  on  the  following  iiigiit,  ai  d. 
a  lew  days  after,  its  assiir.iiicc  was  verified  hy 
the  total  di^conititure  ol  the  Algerities,  in  a 
bliMjdy  battle  under  the  walls.  See  th''  evi- 
dence of  these  various  apparitions,  ascollectid, 
for  the  edification  of  the  court  of  Home,  hy 
that  prince  of  miracle-mongers,  yuiniaiiili  i. 
(Arclietypo,  pp.  ;il7,  [V.ia,  3:is,  ;U0.)  lii-li-j) 
Flecliier  appt>ars  to  iiave  no  niisgivimrs  as  i.i 
the  truth  of  these  old  wives'  tales.  (Hisloie 
de  Ximeiies,  liv.  0.)  Oran,  after  resi>;tuig 
repe;ite<l  assaults  by  the  Moors,  was  at  letik'tli 
so  much  damaged  by  an  eartlKiuaki ,  in  ITi'ii, 
that  it  was  abandoned,  and  its  .Sjianish  garri- 
son and  papulation  were  transferred  to  the 
neighbouring  city  of  .Mazarquivir. 


I. 


UNIVKKSITV  OF   ALCALA. 


r.79 


arms  in   Afri<a 

uiro,  wlictlicr  wo 
t  (ii»iil('iit  marts 

l>y  swccpiii';  tlic 
so  loiij;  iiih'stfil 
M  in  later  times, 
The  ('nn(]iiests 

fence  as  to  resist 

lin  permaneMtly 

ieil,  in  fiis  retiie- 

1(1  rapid  (leveliui- 

lortant  in  itself, 

progress  of  the 

>f  estahlisliim:  a 
V  of  the  air,  ainl 
li  borders  of  thi' 
He  oven  weiit 
oni  a  colebratt'ii 

s  <1('S  Iliiinior'S  illi;<<. 
ilu  lllust.  Viroruiii, 

to  wnti'li  ovir  111' 
iiitly  will),  loii^  iiltiT 
t'll  to  be  present  in 
piTil.     At  least  til,' 
ji  monk,  (lri'~<i(l  in 
wciriiipa  caidin  il's 
stalkiiif;  aluii^  tli>- 
it,    and,   at    oilpis, 
icr  and  hniiulisliini; 
k  of  till'  finlii.     Ms 
Bt.'i,  whiii  Oran  w.is 
the    AlK'Tincs,     A 
iRiin'  moving  aioin; 
nliglit  iiiglif.i|rcs<,.,| 
h  u  Rcncnil's  hai.'ii 
it  was  iiail(>(l  \>y  iIm' 
to  liim  to  "t<  11  till' 
I'art,  lor  the  eiKiny 
ist  fliem."     HmViiil; 
apiiaritioii  vaiii>ii'''l 
•■peat'  fl   its  visit  ill 
•  Ilowiii^  iiigiit,  a>  il, 
nice  was  Vfrifi'il  by 
tlio  Aigi'riniv-,  in  a 
vails.     See  the  evi- 
iiitioiis,  aseoili'ctnl, 
court  of  Hoiiif,  liy 
mgcrs,  t^iiiiiianill.i. 
3;!s,  ;uo.)     lii-h.ip 
lo  niisgivinirs  as  to 
>s' talcs.     (Histnin" 
•an,    after  rcsi^iin;; 
loors,  was  at  icnirtli 
arllKinaki ,  in  ITim, 
i  its  Spanish  parri- 
transferred  to  the 
rquivir. 


anhitoet.  Other  en;iai:ements,  however,  jio.stponol  the  romniencement  of  tho 
wni'k  till  1.'>4H),  when  the  cai'dinal  hini.^elf  laid  the  corner  stnne  of  the  |irincip)ii 
(nlle;;e,  with  a  .soleimi  ccremnnial,''"  and  invniatiim  nf  the  lile.ssin!4  cf  Ilea\eM 
(111  his  de.si;L;ns.  From  that  hour,  amidst  all  the  en;:ros..iiiL;  caies  of  cliiin  li  and 
state,  he  never  lost  slight  of  this  ureal  ohject.  When  at  Alcahi,  he  miiiht  he 
ficpiently  seen  on  the/^ionnd,  with  the  rule  in  his  hand,  takin.u'  the  a(lmea>nro- 
iiients  of  the  hiiildin^^s,  and  stinnilatiii;^'   the  industry  of  the  workmen   hy 


a^onahle  reward 


21 


Th 


lie  plans 
plishei' 


dil 


liv  a(('oni 


lans  were  too  extensive,  linwever,  to  admit  of  lietii;,'  sikm'iI 
liesides  the  piincipal  colle;;e  of  San   lldefoiiso,  named  in  honour  of 


the  patron  saint  of  Toledo,  there  were  nine  others,  toL'etlier  with  a  hospital 
fill  the  reception  of  inva,lid>at  the  university.  The.s<'  I'llitices  were  hiiilt  in  the 
most  siihsUintial  manner,  and  such  narts  as  admitted  of  it,  as  the  lihraries, 
ffectories,  and  diapels,  were  tinisheu  with  e!ci;aii(  f,  and  e\en  splendour.  The 
city  of  Alcala  underwent  many  imnortant  and  expensi\e  alterations,  in  order 
to  render  it  more  worthy  of  liein;.^  tne  seat  of  a  ;;reat  and  tloiirishin;;  university. 
The  stiij;nant  water  was  cariied  otl'  hy  drains,  the  streets  were  paved,  old 
ltiiildini;s  removed,  and  new  and  spacioii.s  avenm's  thrown  open.'^" 

At  tho  e.xiiiration  of  ei;.;ht  y»'ars,  the  caidinal  had  the  satisfaction  of  seein/.^ 
the  whole  of  his  vast  desion  completed,  and  every  apaitnu'iit  of  tlu'  spac  ions 
jpile  carefully  fiirnislu'(l  w ith  all  that  was  re(piisite  for  the  ((imfurt  and  aicom- 
inodation  of  the  student.  It  was,  indeed,  a  iiohle  enterprise,  more  jarticiilarly 
when  viewed  as  the  work  of  a  private  individual.  As  such  it  raised  the  deejiest 
ailmiration  in  Francis  the  First,  when  h«'  vi^ittd  the  spot,  a  few  years  after 
the  cardinars  death.  "  Vour  Ximenes,"  said  he,  "has  executed  more  than  1 
should  have  dared  to  conceive;  he  has  done,  with  his  single  hand,  what  in 
Franco  it  has  taken  a  line  of  kin^s  to  accompiish."'''' 

The  erection  of  the  huildinos,  however,  did  not  terminate  the  lahours  of  the 
inimate,  who  now  assumed  the  task  of  diyestin^  a  scheme  of  in.stiuction  and 
discipline  for  his  infant  seminary.  In  doin^^  this,  he  s<M!^ht  li.uht  wherever  it 
was  to  he  found,  and  horroweil  many  useful  hints  from  the  vcnciahle  univt'isity 
of  Paris.  His  system  was  of  the  most  enlightened  kind,  heino;  directed  to  call 
all  the  powers  o?  the  student  into  action,  and  not  to  have  him  a  mere  passive 
rccijiient  in  the  hands  of  his  teachers.  Jiesidcs  daily  recit^itions  and  lectures, 
lii^  was  re(piired  to  take  jiart  in  pnhlic  examinations  and  disciis.sions,  so  con- 
ducted as  to  prove  etiectnally  his  talent  and  aci|^uisitions.  In  thes(>  ^!a(lia*'"-ial 
Ximenes  took  the 


i' 


•P 


emulation  of  the  scholar  by  attendino-  in  person 


■agt 


Kt" 


T 


wo  provisions  may 


be  noticed  as  characteristic  of  the  man  :  one,  that  the 


salary  of  a  profes.sor  should  be  regulated  by  the  number  of  his  disciples  ; 
aiiotlier,  that  every  professor  should  be  re-elidible  at  the  '.'Xpiration  of  e\('ry 
f«(ur  ywirs.     It  was  impossible  that  any  .servant  of  Xiim  ,ies  should  slee[i  on 


hi 


pO: 


28 


Liberal  foinKktions  were  made  for  indigent  student.s,  esiiecially  in  divinity. 


-'  The  cuHtom,  familiar  at  the  presi  nt  day, 
(f  depositing  cuius  and  otlnr  tokens,  with 
iii^cripiions  bearing  the  names  of  the  architect 
Mid  founder  and  date  of  the  buihiing,  under 
the  corner-stone,  was  (jb.served  on  t  his  occuisioii, 
where  it  is  noticed  as  of  ancient  usage,  ino'e 
prisco.     tjoiucz,  l)e  Ilebus  gestis,  fol,  'Js. 

'■  Flechier,  Histuire  de  Ximenes,  j).  .'i'.lT. 

■"  Oviedo,  Quiiicuagi'Pas,  MS.  —  ItoMes, 
^'ida  de  Ximenez,  .^p.  IG. — Qiiintanilla, 
Archetype,  p.    178. — Colmenar,   Delices   de 


ri'lspagne,  toin.  li.  pp.  :!0M-aiO.— Navagiiro, 
\'iaggio,  fol.  ",  ■'■ho  notices  jiarticiilai  ly  the 
lihrary,  "jiietia  di  inolti  libri  et  iiaiini  et 
(JreciVt  l|<  liraici."  The  go<Ki  people  ace  ii>^(  d 
the  cardinal  of  too  great  a  jiassion  for  hiiildiiiw, 
and  piinningly  s.iid,  "'I'iie  church  of  Toledo 
liad  never  liad  a  bishop  of  greater  ndijnulioii, 
in  every  sense,  than  Ximenes."  Fli'-chier, 
Ilistoire  de  Ximenes.  p.  ."ill". 

-'  Come/.,  l)e  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  79. 

•"  Ibid.,  fol.  b2-  84. 


080 


AFRICAN    KXI'KDITION  OF  XIMKNFS. 


Iii<lt'«Ml,  tlicolonical  studies,  or  mtlior  such  ii  general  course  of  stufly  as  sliouM 
IMopniy  enter  into  tlic  cilnciition  oi  a  ('liri>tiaii  minister,  was  the  avownl 
oltject  <(f  th(!  institution  ;  for  the  S|ianisli  (:ler;;y  iiji  to  this  period,  as  hcfi,!,. 
iioticud,  wen;  too  often  ih-licient  in  the  most  coninion  elements  of  h-arniii^. 
Hut  in  this  preparatory  di>eiphne  the  comprehensi\c  mind  of  Ximenes  ctu 
hraceil  nearly  the  whole  circle  of  sciences  tiiuj;ht  in  other  universiti«'s.  Out  nf 
the  forty-two  chairs,  indeed,  twelve  oidy  wer«'  dechiated  to  (h\inity  and  tlic 
canon  law  ;  while  fomteen  were  appropriated  to  ;^rammai',  rhetoric,  and  tlic 
ancient  classics  ;  Htudies  which  proluihly  found  especial  favour  with  the  canli 
nal  as  furnishing  the  keys  to  a  torrect  criticism  and  interjiretatioii  of  the 
}*lcriptines." 

liaNini,'  <ompleted  his  arran.'^eiui'nts,  the  cardinal  sought  the  most  conipetciit 
fluents  for  carrying,'  his  plans  into  execution  ;  and  this  indill'erently  fri'iu 
Hl>ri«itl  and  at  home.  His  mind  was  too  Ittfty  for  narrow  local  prejuilices,  am! 
the  tr(U'  of  knowle(l;;e,  he  knew,  Itore  fruit  in  every  clime. ^^  He  took  v>\.vi  iai 
care  that  the  emolument  shouM  he  suflicii-nt  t(t  temjil  talent  from  ohsciiiity, 
anil  from  all  (piarters,  however  remote,  where  it  was  to  he  found.  In  this  lie 
yas  peifectly  successful,  and  we  lind  the  university  catalogue  at  this  tiim- 
inscriU'il  witli  the  names  of  the  most  distinL;ui>heil  scholars  in  their  varinu> 
(h'partments,  many  of  whom  we  are  enalded  to  appreciate  hy  the  endurin;^' 
memorials  of  erudition  whi(  h  they  have  Iteuueathed  to  us." 

in  July,  ir>O.S,  the  cardinal  retn-ived  tlie  welcome  inte]li;,'ence  that  liis 
academy  was  open  for  thu  adnnssjon  of  pujiils  ;  and  in  tht^  followin;;  niontli 
the  lirst  lecture,  being  on  Aristotle's  Kthics,  was  publicly  delivered.  Students 
soon  flocked  to  the  new  university,  attracted  by  the  rei<utatioii  of  its  professors, 
its  ample  apparatus,  its  thorou^li  system  of  instruction,  and,  above  all,  its 
splendid  patronage,  and  the  high  cliaracter  of  its  founder.  We  have  no  infni 
ination  of  their  number  in  Ximenes's  lifetime  ;  but  it  must  have  been  very 
considerable,  since  no  less  than  seven  thousand  came  out  to  receive  Francis 
the  First,  on  his  visit  to  the  university,  within  twenty  years  after  it  wus 
0l»ened." 

Five  years  after  this  ])eriod,  in  ir)13.  King  Ferdinand,  in  an  excursion  made 
for  the  liemdit  of  his  declining  health,  paid  a  visit  to  Akala.  Kver  since  liis 
return  from  Oran,  the  ciirdinal,  disgusted  with  public  life,  liad  remained  with 
a  few  bri(^f  excej)tions  in  his  own  diocese,  devoted  solely  to  his  i)ersoiuvl  and 
professional  duties.  It  was  with  proud  satisfaction  that  he  now  received  his 
sovereign,  and  exhibited  to  him  the  noble  testimony  of  the  great  objects  tu 
which  his  retirement  had  been  consecrated.  The  king,  whose  natuially  in- 
quisitive mind  no  illness  could  damp,  visited  every  part  of  the  establishment, 


"  Navagioro  say.^  it  was  prescribod  tliat 
tlio  l('<tiiri'8  sliouUI  be  in  Liitin.  \'iiiHKi<», 
fol.  7. — Kol)U's,  V'ida  de  Xiiiienpz,  cap.  l(i. — 
01  tlicse  pr<)t'i>ssorsiiip><,  six  wcic  aiipropriiitt'd 
to  tlicolupy  ;  si.\  to  canon  law  ;  four  to  incdi- 
ciiip  ;  one  to  anatomy  ;  one  t(»  surgery  ;  cijilit 
to  tlio  arts,  iis  tlicy  wen'  called,  eiubracint; 
loKic,  pliysics,  and  uietaphy-iics ;  one  to 
ethicB ;  one  to  mat  hematics ;  I'onr  to  the 
ancient  languaj^es ;  four  to  rlietoric ;  and  six 
to  grammar.  One  is  stimk  with  the  disjiio- 
portion  of  the  mathemntical  studies  to  the 
rest.  Thoii(<h  an  important  part  of  general 
pdncation,  and  eonseipienlly  of  the  course 
rnil)rMced  in  most  universities,  it  had  too  little 
reiereiice  to  a  relifrious  one  to  lind  much 
favour  with  the  cardiual. 


•'"'  Latnpillas,  in  l)ls  usual  patriotic  vein, 
stoutly  maintains  that  tiie  chairs  of  the  uri- 
versify  were  ail  supjdied  by  native Sjianianis. 
"Trovo  ill  Spagna."  lie  says  of  the  cardinal, 
"  lutta  quella  soelta  cofvia  di  grandi  uoniini, 
quali  ridiiedeva  la  gnmde  iuipresii,"  He. 
(Letteratura  Spagnuol.i,  torn.  i.  part.  2,  ji. 
160.)  Alvaro  («omez,  vho  flourished  two 
centuries  earlier,  and  p-rsonally  knew  the 
professors,  is  the  better  /tuthorily.  De  Rehiis 
gestjs,  f(d    H(l-H2. 

"  L.  Marineo,  Cosaa  memorables,  fol  l.'i.— 
Alvaro  (Jome/  knew  f  everal  of  these  saraiis, 
wliose  b(  holarship  (and  he  was  a  competent 
judfie)  he  notices  wit'.i  liberal  panegyric.  I)e 
Rebus  gestis,  fid.  SO  et  seq. 

■"  Quintauilla,  Archetype,  lib.  3,  cap.  17. 


s. 


UNIVKIISITY   OF   ALCALA. 


r>,si 


■  sttifly  a;  sliould 
wiiN  tln'  a\((U(  il 
licriod,  as  li«'f(,i,. 
nits  of  Icjiriiiii;;, 
•  if  Xiiiiciics  crii 
vcrsiiii's.  Out  df 
divinity  and  tL- 
iu'tdiic,  and  the 
r  with  the  caidi- 
inftation  of  the 

•  most  coniin'tciit 
dill'cn'ntly  frmii 
I  |ii('Jiidi(('s,  ami 
1  Ic  t<i(»k  ('>|.(i  iai 

from  oltsciii  ity, 
•nnd.  Ill  tiii>  in' 
^\iv  at  tins  tiiiic 

in  their  vari"iiN 
by  the  onthnin;,' 

li^MMire  that  Iiis 
f(jliowin;,'  niniith 
vered.    Students 

I  of  its  JH'ofCSSdlS, 

id,  above  all,  its 
M'  have  no  infor- 
;  have  been  very 
)  receive  Francis 
ars  after  it  was 

I  excursion  made 
Ever  sinee  liis 
id  remained  uitli 
his  jiersonal  and 
now  received  his 
great  objects  to 
ose  naturally  in- 
e  establishment, 


isnnl  patriotic  voin, 

0  tlirtirt*  of  tlip  tiii- 
by  native  Sjiuni.inis, 
ij'H  of  tlie  rardiimi, 

1  (11  griimii  iioiniiii, 
iidc  iniprt'Sji,"  iic. 
torn.  i.  part.  '.',  |i. 
lu)  flourished  two 
■rsonuily  knew  tin' 
ithority.     De  Rebus 

■morables,  fol.  I.'i.— 
ral  of  tliese  saraiis, 
e  was  a  competent 
iral  panegyric.    l)e 

30,  lib.  3,  cap.  17. 


and  attended  the  examinations,  listeniie,'  witli  interest  to  the  imblie  dispnta- 
tions  (tf  the  scholar-..  With  little  learnin;;  of  his  own,  he  liad  t«Ki  often  leeii 
made  senvible  of  his  di'lirieneies  not  to  a|>|ii«'t  iate  it  in  others.  IIi>  a.ute 
peneiitioii  readily  diM-eincd  the  iniiiien.>e  beiietil  to  In^  kinL^dom  and  the  -lory 
(niiit-rred  on  his  rei;;n  by  the  labours  ot  his  an- ieiit  minister,  and  in- did 
ample  ,in.stie«'  to  them  in  the  nnipialitied  terms  of  his  rnmmcnilation. 

It  uas  on  this  o<ca  ion  that  the  reetor  of  San  Ildet'oii>o,  the  hejul  of  the 
university,  eame  out  t(»  receive  the  kinj,',  pr«'reded  bv  his  , :'•:.-.!  train  of  atten- 
dants, with  their  nuues, or  wands  of  ottite.  The  royal  ;^'iiard, at  this  e.\liibit ion, 
(ailed  out  to  them  to  lay  a>ide  these  insii^nia,  as'nnberomin;;  any  subject  in 
the  presence  ()f  his  .M)Verei,qn.  "  Not  so, '  .suid  Fcnlinand,  wh.i  had  thi-  piotl 
sense  to  iH'reeive  that  nia.jestv  could  not  be  dei^raded  by  it>  homau'e  to  letters  ; 
'•  not  so  ;  this  is  the  veat  o^  the  .Muses,  and  those  who  are  initiated  in  their 
niv^teries  have  the  best  ri^^ht  In  i('i;;ii  here."  '^ 

In  the  jnidst  n\  his  pressinj,' duties,  Ximene.s  found  time  for  the  execution  of 
annther  work,   which   would  alone  liave  been  sullicient  to  render  his  name 

iiNinortal  in    the  republic  of  letters.     This  was  his  fa i.>   liible,  or  Cum- 

1  lutensian  Polyj^dot,  as  usually  termed,  frnni  the  place  where  it  was  printed." 
It  was  on  the  plan,  first  conceived  by  (>ri;:en,  of  exhibitini;  in  one  view  the 
Scriptures  in  their  various  ancient  lan^nia;;es.  It  was  a  work  of  sur|ias>in.i; 
(litticiilty,  demanding'  an  exten>ive  anil  critical  aciiuaintance  with  the  rnu  t 
ancient,  and  conse(piently  the  rarest,  manuscripts.  The  cha  act«'r  and  -tation 
of  the  cardinal  atlbrded  him,  it  is  true,  uncommon  nu  lliiies.  The  precious 
(ullectior.  of  till!  Vatican  was  liberally  thrown  o  en  to  him,  «'s|iecially  under 
l,c(i  the  Tenth,  wlmse  munilicent  spirit  deliuhtt-i  in  the  undertakinu.^'  Il(? 
(ilitained  copies,  in  like  manner,  of  whatever  was  of  value  in  the  other  libraries 
(if  Italy,  and,  indeed,  of  Kiu'ope  i,'eneially  ;  and  Spain  supplieil  him  with 
editions  of  the  Old  Testament  of  j,fi'eat  antiquity,  which  had  been  treasureil 

lav  i^li 


lip  by  the  banished  Israelites.'"  Some  idea  may  be  foiine(|  (»f  the 
cxpenditme  in  this  way,  fr(,'ni  the  fact  that  four  thousand  ,i;(i!d  crowns  were 
paiil  for  seven  forei;;n  manuscriitts,  which,  however,  came  too  late  to  Ik;  of  use 
in  the  comnilation.'' 

The  conduct  of  the  work  was  intru.sted  to  nine  scjiolars,  w(dl  skilled  in  the 
ancient  tonj;ues,  as  most  of  the  ii  had  evinced  by  works  of  critii  al  acuteness 
and  erudition.  After  the  labours  of  the  day,  these  learned  .sai^es  u»'ie  accus- 
tnmed  to  meet,  in  order  to  settl'.*  the  doubts  and  ditticulties  which  had  arisen 
in  the  course  of  their  resean  lies,  and,  in  short,  to  compare  the  re^tilts  of 
their  observations.  Ximenes,  wle.,  however  limite.l  his  attainments  in 
;;eneral  literature,'*  was  an  e.xcellent  biblical  ciitic,  fre(piently  presided,  and 


"  Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  h6.  I'lie 
r<'.i(lfr  will  readily  ciiU  to  mind  tlic  familiar 
unifdote  (if  Kint<  C'liarlen  ami  l)r.  IJiisby. 

■  "Alcalii  df  Henares,"  says  .Martyr  in 
one  of  hlH  early  litti-rs,  "  ([u.e  dicitur  esse 
I'oMiplutum.  .Sit,  vel  ne,  nil  niilii  nira'." 
(OpuH  Kplst.,  epist.  U.')4.)  'I'lii'se  irreverent 
d'lulits  Were  uttered  before  it  liad  g.iined  its 
literary  eel  ))riiy.  L.  Mariiieo  deriveH  the 
name  < 'oni  pi  ii  In  in  iunn  thi'  abundant  frultful- 
nes.s  of  tJK'  soil,  — "eomplumieiito  (|ue  tiene 
de  cada  cosu."     Cokmh  niemorubles,  fol.  in. 

■*  Xitnenes  aeknowledgcM  his  obligations  to 
his  Holinesfi,  in  particular  foiflie(;reek  MSS.  : 
"  .\t(iue  ex  i|)sl«  [exeni|il!iril'us]  (|Uideni 
(iia'ca  Saiulltati  tna-  deltemiis;  ([ui  e.\  ista 
.VpostolicH  bibliotliecii  antiiiiiissjnios  tani 
\'eteri3  quani  Novi  coUkes  peniuam  humane 


ad  no,<»  tnlsisti."    Hiblia  l'olygli;tta(Compluli, 

151  1-171.  I'rolou'o. 

■  "  MiiNiin.im,"  says  the  cardinal  in  liis 
I'refuce,  "laboris  iiostri  |)arteiu  in  eo  pne- 
eipiie  lujsse  versatum  ;  ut  et  vToriim  in  lin- 
guarnm  eognilione  (-minentissimonim  opera 
lUeremur,  et  castiuatissima  omni  ex  parti! 
vetusti-siniuiine  e.xemplaria  pro  anheiypiH 
halMTcnius ;  (juorum  <|iiidetn,  tarn  Hebreoi  iiin 
(|uani  (ini'(orum  ae  l.atinoriim,  neiltiplueiii 
copiam,  variis  e.\  loeis,  noii  sine  sunimo  l.ilnire 
comiuisivimus."  Biblia  I'olyglottaCoiupluti, 
I'ri'logo. 

"  (iomez,  I)e  Ilebus  gestis.  fol.  39.— (^uiii- 
taiiilla,  .Vrchetypo,  lib.  :t,  caii.  lu. 

.Martyr  >peaks  of  Ximenes,  in  one  of  his 
ejii-thrt,  as  "doetrina  singuluri  opplitiim." 
(,Opus  Kpist.,  episl.   Ids.)    He  nii'-uks  witU 


582 


AFRICAN  EXPEDITION  OF  XIMENES. 


tonk  a  prmiiinoiit  part  in  thoso  doliberatioiis.  "  Lose  no  time,  my  friends,' 
ho  would  ^ay,  "in  the  i)rose('iition  of  our  glorious  work;  lest,  in  tlie  casual- 
ties of  life,  you  sli(»ul(l  lose  your  patron,  or  1  have  to  lament  the  loss  of 
those  whose  services  are  of  more  price  in  my  eyes  than  wealth  and  worldly 
honours."  '* 

'I'lie  diliiculties  of  the  undertaking  were  sensilily  increased  by  tliose  of  the 
printing.  The  art  was  then  in  its  infancy,  ami  there  were  no  types  in  Spain, 
if  indcfvl  ill  any  part  of  Kurope,  in  the  Ori<'nt<il  ch.iracter.  Ximenes,  however, 
(direful  to  have  the  whole  executed  imcU'r  his  own  eye,  imported  artists  fmin 
(iermany,  and  had  types  cast  in  the  various  languages  reipiired,  in  his 
foundries  at  Alcala.'"' 

The  work  when  completed  occupied  six  volumes  folio;*'  the  first  four 
devoted  to  the  Old  Testament,  the  fifth  to  the  New;  the  last  containini:  a 
Th^hrew  and  Chaldaic  vocabulary,  with  other  elementary  treatises  of  singular 
laliour  ami  learning.  It  was  not  brought  to  an  end  till  ir)]7,  fifteen  years 
after  its  commencement,  and  a  few  months  only  before  the  death  of  its  illus- 
trious projector.  Alvaro  Gomez  relr.i  s  that  he  had  often  heard  .lolin  liidc- 
cario,  the  son  of  the  ]irinter,*'''  say  th-.t,  when  the  last  sheet  was  struck  otl'  he, 
then  a  child,  was  dre.ssed  in  his  best  .vitire  and  sent  with  a  cojty  to  the  cardinal 
The  latter,  as  he  took  it,  raised  his  eyes  to  heaven,  and  devoutly  offered  up  his 
thanks  for  being  spareil  to  the  com]»letion  of  this  good  work.  Then,  turniuL: 
to  his  friends  who  were  present,  he  said  that  "  of  all  the  acts  which  distinguisluMl 
/lis  administration,  there  was  none,  however  arduous,  better  entitled  to  their 
congratulation  than  this."  " 

This  is  not  the  place,  if  I  were  comj)etent,  to  discuss  the  merits  of  this  gnat 
work,  the  rejiutation  of  which  is  familiar  to  every  scholar.  Critics,  indeed, 
have  disputed  the  antiipiity  of  the  manu.scrijits  used  in  the  compilation,  as 
well  as  the  correctness  and  value  of  the  emendations."    Unfortunately,  the 


more  (H^tnist  i'l  iinofjipr  •  "  Aiunt  osse  virurn, 
,s-i'  lion  lilfri!^,  tuoiuiu  tann  n  sanctitato  orpo- 
gimii."  (Papist.  n;i).)  Tliis  was  writtfii  sonio 
yoars  later,  wlicn  he  liad  better  kiKjwledf^e  of 
bill). 

■''  QuiiifaniUa.  Arelietypo,  lib.  a,  ca)>.  10. — 
Gomez,  I)e  Ucljiis  ^esti-i,  fol.  ,'!s.— Tlie  scholars 
eniiiliiV'd  ill  thi'  ('(iiiip.iation  were  tlie  vene- 
rable Lelirij.i,  the  learned  Nunez,  ur  I'ineiaiio, 
of  whum  tlie  reenter  has  liad  some  aeeouiit. 
Lope/.  <li'  Ziinii;a,  a  coiitroversiali>t  of  Eras- 
mus, ll.irtholoineo  tie  Castro,  tlie  famoim 
Oreelj  l/ciiietriiis  ("retensiy,  and  Juan  de 
Vei(;ara; — all  thoron^^h  lin{;iii-ts,  espeeially  in 
tile  (ireek  and  l^atiii.  I'o  these  were  Joinec 
I'aiilo  (Joroiiel,  Alfonso  a  jihy-iii.ui,  and 
Alfoii.so  Zainora,  converted  , Jews,  and  fai  liliar 
Willi  the  Oriental  lan(iuap;eH.  Zamora  has 
the  iiiiiit  of  the  jitiilologi<al  compilations 
relative  to  tlie  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic,  in  the 
last  Volume.  !idem  auct.  ul  supra;  ct  Suuia 
do  la  Vida  de  Cisneros,  ,MS. 

'"  (iiiintanilla,  .\rciietypo,  lib.  3,  cap.  10. 

•'  The  \sork  was  orininally  put  at  the 
oxtreuiely  low  priet>  of  six  ducats  and  a  half 
a  copy.  (.Iliblia  I'olys^lotta  Coiiipluti.  Tradix.) 
As  only  tiiiii  topics,  hi>ue\('r,  were  struck  off, 
it  has  become  rxieedin(zly  iare  /md  valu  .ble. 
According  to  I^rumt,  it  lias  been  sold  as  lii^h 

&n  t:(j;t, 

'-  '•  industria  et  sob  rfia  honorabilis  virl 
Arnaldi  Ciuiilelmi  de  lirotario,  urtis  imprea- 


poris  Magistr'.  Anno  Domini  1517.  .rulii 
die  deciino."  Riblia  F'olyglotta  Comiiluti. 
Postscript  to  -Itli  and  last  part  of  Vetiis 
Tist. 

*■'  Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  38.— The 
part  devotecl  to  tlie  Old  Testament  cont.iiiis 
tli(>  Hebrew  original  with  the  Latin  Viilpate, 
the  Sejituafrint  version,  and  the  Chaldaic  para- 
phrase, with  Latin  translations  by  iheS]iauisli 
scholars.  The  New  Testament  was  jiriiit'd 
in  tlic  original  (Jreek.  with  the  N'ulgatr  df 
Jeronii'.  After  the  completion  of  this  work, 
the  cardinal  projecte<i  an  edition  of  Aristoile 
on  the  same  scale,  which  was  unfortunately 
del'eated  by  his  dea;!..     Ii>id.,  fol.  3SI. 

■"'  Th''  principal  controversy  on  this  sub- 
ject was  cairied  on  in  (iermany  between  Wi  t- 
stein  andGoize;  the  former  impugiiini.'.  the 
latter  defendinp,  the  Coiiipliitensian  liilil(\ 
The  cauti(jiis  and  cainlid  .Micluf  lis,  whoso 
prepossessions  ajipear  to  have  been  <in  the 
side  of  (Joeze,  decides  ultimately,  after  his 
own  examination,  in  favoii:-  of  Wetstein,  as 
regards  the  value  of  the  MSS.  employed  ;  not, 
however,  as  relates  to  the  grave  charge  irf 
wilfully  acconiniodatiiig  the  Grei  k  text  to 
the  N'ulgate.  Seethe  grounds  and  merits  of 
the  controversy,  apud  .Mii  haelis,  Inlroihiction 
to  the  New  Testament,  translated  by  Marsli, 
vol.  ii.  pait.  1,  chap.  12,  sec.  1;  part.  '-', 
notes. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ALCALA. 


083 


destruction  of  tho  original  ni.aimscripts,  in  a  niaiiner  wliich  forms  one  of  the 
most  whimsical  anealotes  in  literary  history,  makos  it  impossihle  to  settle 
the  (juestion  satisfae'torily.'*^  l'ndoul>tedly,  many  hlemishes  may  he  charged 
en  it,  necessarily  incident  to  an  a.ne  when  the  science  of  critirism  was  imj)er- 
tcctly  understood,'"'  and  the  stoi.k  of  materials  nuich  more  limite(l,  or  at  least 
more  dilhcult  of  access,  than  at  the  present  day/^  After  every  deductioji, 
however,  the  Ciirdinal's  liihle  has  the  merit  of  bein;;  the  first  successfid  attempt 
at  a  polyglot  version  of  the  Scriptures,  and  con.>e(|uently  of  facilitatiii;:,  even 
hy  its  errors,  the  execution  of  more  jterfect  and  later  works  of  the  kind.*"  Nor 
can  we  look  at  it  in  connection  with  the  age,  and  the  auspices  under  which,  it 
was  accomplished,  witiiout  regarding  it  as  a  nolile  moiunnent  of  piety,  learn- 
ing, and  nuuiilicence,  which  entitles  its  author  to  the  gratitude  of  the  whole 
Christian  world. 

Such  were  the  gigantic  projects  which  amused  the  leisure  hoin-s  of  this 
great  prelate.  Though  gigantic,  they  were  neither  heyond  his  strength  to 
execute,  nor  l)eyond  the  demands  of  Ins  age  and  country.  They  weie  not  like 
those  works  which,  forceil  into  heiin:  hy  whim  or  transitory  im]>u!se,  perish 
with  the  hreath  that  made  them  ;  hiu,  taking  de(>p  root,  were  cherished  and 
invigorated  by  the  national  sentiment,  so  as  to  hear  rich  fruit  for  posterity, 
'"'lis  was  particularly  the  case  with  the  institution  at  Alcala.  It  so(*n  became 
tne  subject  of  royal  and  private  benefaction.  Its  founder  b(>(|ueatlied  it,  at 
his  death,  a  clear  revenue  of  fourteen  tiiousand  ducats.  Jiy  the  midilie  of  the 
seventeenth  centiny,  this  had  increase*!  to  forty-two  thousand,  and  the  colleges 
had  multiplied  from  ten  to  thirty-tive." 

The  rising  reputation  of  the  new  aca<leniy,  which  attracted  students  from 
every  (juarter  of  the  I'eninsida  to  its  halls,  threatened  to  eclipse  the  glories  of 
the  ancient  seminary  of  Salamanca,  and  occasioned  bitter  jealousies  between 


*•  Prof,  ssor    Moldonlianor,     of   Gormanj', 

vi-iltC'il  Alcalii  ill  1"kI,  lur  tlio  iiit(>ri'stiii)» 
jmrpo-iC  of  C'xaiiiiiiinp  the  .MSS.  ustil  in  tlie 
Coiiiiihitctisiaii  I'olyglot.  lie  tticn-  learncil 
that  tlicy  iiad  aU  Ix  I'li  di^pnsi  il  uf,  as  so  nmcli 
w  i«ti'  jiaprr  {ineiuhranus  iuulilts),  liy  the 
lihrarian  of  that  tiniP,  to  a  rocket-inukpr  of 
tiu'  town,  who  soon  worlci'd  tlii^ni  uj)  m  the 
nj^ular  \  ay  of  Ins  voiatii.n  !  He  a.-sifrns  no 
I'l'a^on  for  doubtiiij?  tiic  truth  of  the  story. 
'J'lic  name  of  tlie  lihrariaii,  unfortunately,  is 
not  recorded.  It  wouhl  liave  l)een  as  iiuper- 
i^liablo  as  tiiat  of  Otnar.  .Marsii's  Micliaelis, 
vol.  ii,  part.  1,  chap.  I'J,  sec.  l,note. 

'"  Tho  celchrated  text  of  "the  three  %vit- 
neRses,"  formerly  cited  in  the  Trinitarian 
controversy,  and  wiiich  I'orsoii  so  conijih'teiy 
overturned,  rests  in  part  on  wliat  (iihlidii 
calls  "the  honest  hif^otry  of  the  Coniplii- 
triisian  editors."  One  of  the  three  <Jr<ek 
in.iTiu-^cripts  in  which  tint  ti  xt  i^  lound  is  a 
forgery  fioin  the  I'olyjihit  of  .Alcala,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Norton,  in  Ids  recent  work,  "The 
Kvidences  of  the  (ientiineiicss  of  the  ( iospels  " 
(Boston,  lK;i7.  V(d.  i..  Additional  .Notes.  ]>. 
N.Nxix.).  -a  work  which  fiw  can  be  fully 
competent  to  niticise,  hut  \\hi(  h  no  person 
<'an  pertise  without  couf'ss  nj;  the  acutetiess 
and  strenj^th  of  its  rea.soniiifr.  the  tiice  dis- 
ci iniination  of  its  criticism,  and  the  precision 
and  purity  of  its  diction.  Wliatever  dilfiM- 
ence  uf  o)>inion  may  be  formed  as  to  some  of 
its  cuuclusions,  uu  one  will  duny  that  the 


originality  and  iinportnnce  of  its  views  make 
it  a  suiistaiitial  •(■cession  to  theological 
science  ;  and  that,  w  ith  n  the  range  pcnuilted 
by  the  subject,  it  presents,  (jii  tin-  whole,  one 
of  till'  noblest  '^jiecini' ns  of  sclioliir-^hip  and 
elepance  of  coiiiposition  to  be  louud  in  our 
youthful  literature. 

■"  "  yVccedit,"  say  the  editors  of  the  Poly, 
plot,  adverting  to  tlie  blutidirs  of  early  tran- 
scribers, "  ubicumiue  Latiiioruiu  cotbcuin 
varictas  est,  aut  »!•  pravata-  bctionis  sU'>])itio 
(id  (plod  librariorum  itnperitia  simul  et  ik  g- 
ligeiitia  frei|ueiitissime  aicidcre  videinns).  ad 
priiiiam  Script  iira^  originem  recnrreiiduni 
est."     Hiblia  I'olyglotta  Compliiti,  rr(')li  go. 

■"  Tiralxjschi  adduces  a  I'>ulter,  pulili-hed 
in  four  of  the  ancient  tongues,  at  iJenoa,  in 
If)! (J,  as  ilie  tirst  essay  of  »  polyglot  version. 
(I.etteratur.i  Itali.iiia.  torn.  viii.  p.  101.) 
Lanipillas  does  not  fail  to  add  this  enormity 
to  the  black  (atulogue  which  he  has  niiisteri(l 
against  the  librarian  of  .Mixlena.  (Leitera- 
tura  SpagiiUola,  toni.  ii.pa't.  2,  p.  2!to.)  The 
first  llliee  Volumes  of  the  Coliipllltensian 
I'.ilile  Wife  printed  lietore  l.")!*),  altjiougli  the 
whole  work  did  noi  paso  the  pn'ss  till  tiie 
following  year. 

'  (,>uiiitaiiilla,  Anhetypo,  lib.  :t,  cap.  17.— 
Ovi(  (1(1,  (^uiiicuageiias,  .Sl.S.,  dial,  de  Xirneni. 
-  Feidinand  and  Isalndla  coiieedMl  liberal 
grants  and  iinmunities  to  Alcahl  on  more 
than  one  occasion.  Gouie/,  IX"  lUbus  gestis, 
lol.  43,  45. 


584 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


tlicm.  The  field  of  lottors,  however,  was  wide  enough  for  both,  especially  as 
tli(>  one  was  more  innnediately  devoted  to  theolouiial  jircparation,  to  the  entire 
exclusion  of  civil  jnrisi»riidence,  which  formed  a  prominent  branch  of  instnu'- 
tion  at  the  other.  Jn  this  state  of  tliin,i;s,  their  rivalry,  far  from  being  pro- 
ductive of  mischief,  might  be  reganled  as  salutary,  by  (iui(.kening  literary 
ardour,  too  ])rone  to  languisji  witliout  tlu;  sjiur  of  competition.  Side  by  side 
the  sister  uiuversities  went  forward,  dividing  the  pul»lic  patronage  and  estima- 
tion. As  long  as  the  good  em,  of  letters  lasted  in  Spain,  the  academy  uf 
Ximenes,  under  the  intluencc!  of  its  admiralile  discijdine,  maintained  a  reputation 
inferior  to  none  other  in  the  Peninsula,^"  and  continued  to  send  forth  its  sons 
to  occupy  the  most  exalted  posts  in  ctnirch  and  state,  and  shed  the  light  of 
genius  and  science  over  their  own  and  future  ages.*' 


CHAPTER  XXIL 


WARS   AND   POLITICS   OF    ITALY. 

1508-1513. 


League  of  Cambray— Alarm  of  FcTdinand— Ilnly  l.eaRue- 
de  I'oix  — Uctri'at  ol  tlic  I'reiich — Tlic  S 


Rattle  of  Ravenna— Death  of  Gaston 
ijianiards  victorious. 


The  domestic  history  of  Spain,  after  Ferdinand's  resumi)tion  of  the  regency, 
contains  few  remarkable  events.  It?  foreign  relations  were  more  imi)()rtaiit. 
Those  with  Africa  liave  been  already  noticed,  and  we  must  now  turn  to  Itiily 
and  Navarre. 

The  possession  of  Naples  necessarily  In-ought  Ferdinand  within  the  sphere 
of  Italian  politics,  lie  showed  little  disi)osition,  however,  to  avail  himself  of 
it  for  the  further  extension  of  ins  con(iuests.  Gonsalvo,  indeed,  during  his 
administration,  meditated  various  schemes  for  the  overtlnow  of  the  Freiidi 
power  in  Italy,  but  with  a  view  rather  to  the  preservation  than  enlargement 
of  his  present  ac([uisitions.  After  the  treaty  with  Lotus  the  Twelfth,  even 
these  design.s  were  al)andoned,  and  the  Catholic  monarch  seemed  wholly  occu- 
pied with  the  internal  atiairs  of  iiis  kingdom,  and  the  estabhshment  of  his 
rising  empire  in  Africa.' 

The  craving  api)etite  of  Louis  the  Twefth,  on  the  other  hand,  sharpened 
hy  the  loss  of  Naples,  sought  to  indemnify  itself  by  more  ample  acquisitions 
in  the  north.  As  far  back  as  ir)04,  he  hail  arranged  a  plan  with  the  emperor 
for  the  partition  of  the  continental  iiossessions  of  V'enice,  introducing  it  into 
one  of  those  abortive  treaties  at  BloLs  for  the  marriage  of  his  daughter.^ 


""  Erasmus,  in  a  letter  to  his  friend  Verpara, 
In  ir)'.i7,  perpetrates  a  (ireeij  pun  on  tlieelassic 
name  of  Alcala.  intimating  the  lii^licst 
opinion  of  the  >t,ite  uf  si'icncf  there:  "(ira- 
tuli.,  tihi,  oir.iitissime  .Mdidcst'cns,  praiulor 
vcstrie  'Uisiiania'  ad  iiri-tiiiam  erutlitionis 
laiidcm  vtUiti  postliniinin  nllnrisci'nti.  (!ra- 
tuliir  ('omiilu'o.  ([UimI  duorum  iirisiilum 
Francisri  et  AUonsi  filiiilms  auspiiiis  sic 
eflloresi'jt  onnii  fjencre  stiidinnini,  ut  Jure 
optiuK)  ■nafLTTKovrov  appellare  pu^simus." 
KpistoLv,  p.  771. 


•'•'  Quintanilla  is  for  passing  the  sum  total 
of  tilt'  (joi'd  works  of  these  wurthies  of  AUalil 
to  the  ircd't  of  its  founder.  They  uiigiit 
serve  us  :.  makewci^rlit  to  turn  the  sc.ilc  in 
favinn  of  '  i;  btatiticitiun.  Aicliutyixi,  lib. 
3,  eai).  17 

'  Ciuiiiiardini,  Ist'iria.  t(im.  iii.  lih.  fi.  p. 
2f>7,  ed.  Milano,  isua.— Zuiita,  Anales,  toiu. 
vi.  lili.  (),  cap.  7,  !t,  et  alihi. 

-  Dnniunt,  Cdrps  diplcniatifjue,  toni.  iv. 
part.  1,  ui).  ISO.- I'l;is>an,  iJiplomatie  Fran- 
Vaise,  torn.  i.  pp.  'Js'J,  233. 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


585 


-Death  of  Gaston 


The  scheme  is  said  to  have  })een  rommnnicated  to  Fcnlitiainl  in  the  roval 
iiittTvii'w  at  Savona.  No  iiuiiiediate  action  fallowed,  and  it  ^^'elns  probable 
that  the  latter  monarch,  with  his  usual  circumspection,  reserved  his  decision 
until  he  should  be  more  clearly  satisfied  of  the  advantages  t(t  liimself.' 

At  length  tiie  projected  i)artilion  was  delinitely  settled  by  the  celebrated 
treaty  of  Cand)ray,  Decendter  lOtli,  1508,  between  Loins  the  'I'welfth  and  the 
t'mi.en)r  ^NLaximilian,  in  which  the  pope,  Kinn  Ferdinand,  and  all  princes  who 
hail  any  claims  for  spoliations  by  the  Venetians,  were  invited  to  take  part. 
The  share  of  the  spoil  assii,qied  to  the  Catholic  monarch  was  the  five  Neapolitiiu 
dties,  Train,  Jhindisi,  (jiallipoli,  Pulignano,  and  (.)tranto,  pledged  to  Venice 
for  considerable  sums  advanced  by  her  during  the  late  war.*  Tiie  Spanish 
court,  and,  not  long  after,  Julius  the  Seconcl,  ratihed  the  treaty,  aitliough 
it  was  in  direct  contravention  of  tlie  avowed  purpose  of  the  ]tontid,  to  chase 
the  barbarians  from  Italy.  It  was  his  bold  policy,  however,  to  make  use 
of  them  first  for  the  agLTandizement  of  the  cluirch,  and  then  to  trust  to  hi.s 
augmented  strength  and  more  favourable  opportunities  for  eradiciiting  them 
tiltugerher. 

Ne\er  was  there  a  project  more  destitute  of  principle  or  sound  i)olicy. 
There  was  not  one  of  tlie  contracting  parties  who  was  not  at  that  very  time 
ill  close  alliance  with  the  state  the  dismemberment  of  whith  he  was  plotting. 
As  a  matter  of  policy,  it  went  to  break  down  the  princii)al  l)arrier  on  which 
each  of  these  i)owers  could  rely  for  keeping  in  check  the  overweeiung  andiitinn 
of  its  neighbours  and  maintaining  the  balance  of  Italy.*  The  rJarm  of  Venice 
was  ([uieted  for  a  time  by  assurances  from  the  courts  of  France  and  Spain  tliat 
the  league  was  directed  solely  against  the  Turks,  accompanied  by  the  most 
hyiiocritical  professions  of  good  will,  and  anncable  otl'ers  to  the  republic.^ 

The  i)reand)le  of  the  treaty  declares  that,  it  beinj^  the  intention  of  the 
allies  to  supjjort  the  pope  in  a  crusade  against  the  inhdel,  they  first  proposed 
I)  recover  from  Venice  the  territories  of  which  she  had  despoiled  the  church 
and  other  [iowers,  to  the  manifest  hindrance  of  these  pious  desiipis.  The 
iiinri'  liagitious  the  meditated  enterprise,  the  deeper  was  the  veil  of  hypocrisy 
thiuwn  over  it  in  this  corrupt  age.  The  true  reasons  f(jr  the  coixfederacy  are 
to  be  found  in  a  speech  delivered  at  the  German  diet,  some  time  after,  by 
the  French  minister  llelian.  "  We,"  he  remarks,  after  enumerating  various 
enuriiiities  of  the  repid)lic,  "wear  no  tine  purple;  fea^t  from  no  sumptuous 
MTvices  of  plate  ;  have  no  coffers  overtlowiny  with  gold.  We  are  barbarians. 
Surely,"  he  'Ontinues  in  another  place,  "if  it  is  der(»gatory  to  prince-;  to  act 
the  part  of  liierchants,  it  is  unbecoming  in  merchants  to  assume  the  state 
of  princes."  ^  This,  then,  was  the  true  key  to  the  conspiracy  against  Venice  ; 
envy  of  her  su|.erior  wealth  and  magnificence,  hatred  engendered  by  her  too 
arro-ant  bearing,  and  lastly  the  evil  eye  with  which  kings  naturally  legard 
the  movements  of  an  active,  aspiring  repuldic* 


'  Oiiiccianiini,  Istoria,  torn.  iv.  p.  7S. 

*  I'liissan,  l)ii)l(piiiati.'  Fraii(;ai^f',  toiu.  i.  lib. 
2,  p.  '.i-*3.  — Duujont,  Corps  diplomatiiiue,  torn. 
iv.  ii.irt.  1,  no.  :>1. 

I  his  arguiiit'iK  usfd  l\v  MaoliiavplH 
acraiiist  Louis's  niptiiro  witli  Vonii'ii,  appUes 
Willi  more  or  less  force  to  all  the  other  allies. 
"I"ri',  11  Priiic'pe,  cap.  :t. 

'  i>u  Hos,  X.viw  (If  Oiiiihrav,  toin.  1.  pp. 
CC,  07.— nioa.  Vitadi  Cirlo  V."  f..l.  ;irt,  37.— 
liuitciardini,  Istoria,  toni.  iv.p.  141. — liemlw, 
Istoria  Viiiiziaii.i,  toiii.  ii    lib.  7. 

'  S,.p  a  lilieral  extr  ict  from  this  harangue, 
apua  Daru,  Hist,  do  Veidse,  turn.  iii.  liv.  .ii, 


— al'^o  apud  Du  Bo'i,  I.ipne  do  r,in*hray,  torn. 
i.  p.  '2 111  et  se(|. —  I'lie  old  poi't,  .(imu  .M.iiot, 
sums  up  the  bins  of  tho  republic  in  the  fol- 
lowing virse  : 

"Autre  Dieu  n'ont  que  I'or,  c'eBt  leur  cre- 
uiioe." 

— (Euvre.s  de  Ch'-meiit  Alarot,  avec  les  Ouv- 
ragi'H  de  Jetui  Maiot  (^La  llayi',  1731),  toin. 
V.  p.  71. 

"  S '6  the  undisKnis"d  satisfaition  with 
which  .Martyr,  a  .Milanese,  predicts  (Opus 
Kpist.,  epi>t.  410),  and  ( Juiccianliiii,  a  Kiorcu- 
tine,    records,    the    humiliation    of  Venice. 


586 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


To  Rocure  tlie  co-oponitioii  of  Florence,  tlie  kings  of  France  ami  S;)iun 
agieed  to  withdraw  tlieir  protection  from  Pisa,  for  a  stipulated  sum  of  ukuu'v, 
There  is  nothing  in  the  whole  history  of  the  merchant  princes  of  V'l'niceso 
mercenary  and  ]»ase  as  this  bartering  away  for  gold  tlie  indcjicndeii't'  fm- 
which  this  little  republic  had  been  so  nobly  contending  for  more  than  fuiutciii 
years." 

Early  in  Ai)ril,  I'rOd,  Lo  us  the  Twelfth  crossed  the  Alps  at  the  head  of 
a  force  which  bore  down  all  ojtposition.  City  and  castle  fell  b,.fore  him,  iiml 
his  demeanour  to  the  vanquished,  over  whom  he  had  no  rights  beyoiKl  the 
ordinary  ones  of  war,  was  that  of  an  incensed  master  taking  vengeance  on 
his  rebellious  vassiils.  In  revenge  for  his  detention  before  Peschiera,  he  Imni; 
the  Venetian  governor  and  his  son  from  the  battlements.  This  was  an  out- 
rage on  the  laws  of  chivalry,  which,  however  hard  they  bore  on  the  ocasint, 
respected  those  of  high  degree.  Louis's  rank,  and  his  heart  it  seems,  unhapialy, 
raised  him  e(iually  above  sympathy  with  either  class.'" 

On  the  14th  of  May,  \')()U,  was  "fought  tlie  bloodv  battle  of  Agnadel,  wliirli 
brokf!  the  i»()wer  of  Venice  and  at- once  decided  tlie  fate  of  the  war."  Fer- 
dinand had  contributed  nothing  to  these  oj.erations,  except  by  his  divciNinu 
on  the  side  of  Naples  wlu^re  he  i)ossessed  himself  with(»ut  diHiculty  of  the 
cities  allotted  to  his  snare.  They  were  the  cheapest,  and,  if  not  the  iiic-t 
valuable,  were  the  most  ]iermanent,  acquisitions  of  the  war,  being  reiucoi 
poiated  in  the  monarchy  of  Naples. 

Then  followed  the  memoral)le  decree  by  which  Venice  released  her  cdn- 
tinental  provinces  from  their  allegiance,  authorizing  them  to  provide  in  any 
way  they  could  for  their  safety  ;  a  measure  which,  whether  originating  in 
])anic  or  policy,  was  perfei;tly  consonant  with  the  latter.'^  The  confedciutc-, 
who  had  remained  united  during  the  chase,  soon  (piarrelled  over  the  divisimt 
of  the  spoil.  Ancient  jealousies  revived.  The  republic,  with  cool  and  con- 
summate diplomacy,  availed  herself  of  this  stjite  of  feeling. 


(Tstorift,  lib.  4,  p.  137.)  Tlu'  arrogance  of  tlio 
rival  r('|iul)lic  does  not  oscapt'  tlie  satirical 
lash  of  MacliiavcUi : 

"  San  .Marco,  iuipetuoso  ed  iniportuno, 
C'rcdcndosi  liuvcr  scuijjre  il  vcnto  iu  poppa, 
Noll  Hi  emu  di  rovin.irc  opmuio  ; 
Ne  viddo  come  la  potcir/.a  iroppa 
Era  nociva." 

iK'ir  Asino  d'Oro,  cap.  !>. 
"  Marianii,  Hist,  de  Kspafia,  lib.  'J'J,  caj).  l.'i. 
— Auimiiato.  Istoric  Kiormtinc,  torn.  iii.  lib. 
2S,  p.  -JSO.  -  I'cttT  .Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  cpist. 
4'.23. — Louis  XII.  wan  in  alliance  with  Flo- 
rence, but  insisteti  on  luo.uou  ducats  a.s  tiie 
price  of  his  acciuicsccncc  in  Ikt  recovery  of 
I'isa.  Ferdinand,  or  rather  his  liener.il,  tJon- 
palvo  de  0)rdova,  had  taken  Pisa  under  liis 
l)rotection,  and  the  king  insisted  on  .')(i,ooo 
ducats  for  his  abandonment  of  her.  This 
lioiiouvble  transaction  resulted  in  the  jniy- 
ment  of  tiie  respective  amounts  to  the  royal 
jobbi'is;  the  5i),ouii  excess  of  Louis's  portion 
being  kept  a  ]irofouii(l  secret  fnnn  Ferdiiiaml, 
who'Was  nuKle  t(,  beliiAe  by  the  ])arlies  tiiat 
liis  ally  received  only  a  like  sum  with  him- 
self, tiuicciardini,  Istoria,  torn.  iv.  pp.  7H, 
«0,  ir)(),  157. 

'"  .Memoires  de  Hayard,  chap.  30. — Fleu- 
range,  !\I(''moires,  chap,  s  -  (Juiccianiini,  Is- 
toria, torn.  iv.  p.  1H3. — Jean  Marot  describes 


the  execution  in  the  following  cool  ami  sum- 
niary  style: 

"Ce  chast^lain  de  la,  aussi  lecapitaine, 
I'our  la  derrisioM  et  resp(jnse  vilaine 
t^ii'ils  tirent  au  herault,  furent  jiri-^  el  san^'lv 
Puis  devant  tout  le  monde  penduset  istniii;.'- 
lez." 

ClCuvrcs,  torn.  v.  p.  l.'ii^. 

"  The  fullest  account,  proi)ably,  of  tli' 
action  is  in  the  "Voyage  de  V'enisi',"  of  Jiaii 
Marot.  i^d-^uvres,  torn.  v.pp.  r24-i;!'.l.')  Tlii- 
jiiiineer  of  French  song,  since  eclipsed  by  hi- 
more  polished  son,  accompanied  his  iiiastM. 
Louis  XIL,  on  his  Italian  expedition,  a-;  liis 
poet  ciironicler ;  and  the  subject  has  eniii'-i 
occasionally  some  sparks  of  j)oetic  fire,  tl!oii;.'li 
struck  out  with  a  rude  hand.  The  poem  i^ 
80  coTiscientidUs  in  its  facts  and  dales  that  ;• 
is  commended  by  a  French  critic  as  the  iin -t 
e.xact  ri'cord  of  the  Italian  campaign.  U)Ui., 
liemarques,  ]).  IG. 

'-  Foreign  historians  impute  tb's  niea-^nro 
to  the  former  motive,  the  \'enetiaiis  to  tin' 
latter.  'I'he  cool  and  deliberate  cninliut  ef 
this  government,  from  which  all  pas^imi,  to 
use  the  language  of  the  abbe  Du  lios,  s.rins 
to  liave  been  banisiied,  nn.y  autlxiri/i'  'I'.r 
acquiescence  in  the  stateni'  iit  most  flattciini; 
to  the  natimial  vanity.  See  the  tli'^cussiuii, 
apud  Ligue  de  Cambray,  pp.  12G  et  scij. 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


587 


lowing  cool  and  «iim- 


Pojie  Julius,  wlio  had  f^'jiinod  all  that  he  had  proixised,  and  was  satisfit'(l 
with  the  humiliation  of  Venice,  now  felt  ajl  his  former  antipathies  and  dis- 
trust of  tlu-  French  return  in  full  force.  The  risin^^  liaiue  was  (lili},'ently 
fiuuied  liy  the  artful  emissaries  of  the  repuhlic,  who  at  li'ni,^th  ettected  a 
reconciliation  on  her  Ix'half  with  the  haughty  iiontitl".  The  latter,  having 
taken  this  direction,  went  forward  in  it  with  iiis  usual  impetuosity,  lie 
lilanned  a  new  coalition  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French,  calling  *»n  the  other 
allies  to  take  part  in  it.  Louis  retaliated  hy  summoning  a  council  to  inuuiro 
into  the  pope's  conduct,  and  hy  marching  his  troops  into  the  territories  of  the 
church," 

The  advance  of  the  French,  wlio  liad  now  got  yiossession  of  Lolog^na 
(May  21.st,  l')!  I),  alarmed  Ferdinand.  He  had  secured  the  ohjects  for  whicli 
he  had  entered  into  the  war,  and  was  loath  to  he  diverted  from  enterjirises 
in  which  he  was  interested  nearer  home.  '*  I  know  not,"  writes  Peter  Martyr 
at  this  time,  "on  wliat  the  king  will  decide.  He  is  intent  on  following  up 
his  African  con(|uests.  He  feels  natural  reluctance  at  hreaking  with  Ins 
French  ally.  But  I  do  not  well  see  how  he  can  avoid  supporting  the  f^me 
and  the  church,  not  only  as  the  cause  of  religion,  hut  of  freedom  ;  for  if  tno 
French  get  j)Ossession  of  Rome,  the  liherties  of  all  Italy  and  of  every  state  in 
Europe  are  ni  peril."  '* 

The  Catiiolic  king  viewed  it  in  tliis  light,  and  sent  repeated  and  earnest 
reiHonstrances  to  Louis  the  Twcilfth  against  his  aggressions  on  the  church, 
beseeching  him  not  to  inteirui)t  the  pea(e  of  Christendom,  and  his  own  pious 
jiurpo.se  more  particularly,  of  .spreading  the  hanners  of  the  Cross  over  the 
infidel  regions  of  Africa.  The  very  sweet  and  fraternal  tone  of  these  coin- 
uiuuications  tilled  the  king  of  France,  says  Cuiicciardini,  with  nuich  distru.st 
of  his  royal  l)rother ;  and  he  was  heard  to  say,  in  allusion  to  the  great  pre- 
imrations  which  the  Spaidsh  monarch  was  making  by  sea  and  land,  ''  1  am 
the  Saracen  against  whom  they  are  directed."  '* 

To  secure  Ferdiiumd  more  to  his  interests,  the  pojie  granted  him  the 
investiture,  so  long  withheld,  of  Naples,  on  the  .same  easy  terms  on  which  it 
was  formerly  held  hy  the  Aragonese  line.  His  holiness  further  released  him 
from  the  ohligation  of  his  nuirriage  treaty,  hy  which  the  moiety  of  Naples 
was  to  revert  to  the  French  crown  in  ciise  of  Germaine's  dying  without  issue. 
Tliis  di.s])ensing  i)ower  of  the  successors  of  St  Peter,  so  convenient  for  ]trinces 
in  their  good  graces,  is  undoubtedly  the  severest  tax  ever  levied  by  superstition 


on  human  rwison 


lU 


"  Bornaldez,  Reypa  Catolicos,  ys.,  cap. 
221.— Flcnraiifio,  ^jpuioircs,  chap.  7. — Pctor 
Martyr.  Opus  Eii[st.,fpist.  4 IG.  (iuicciardini, 
I^tdria,  torn.  iv.  pp.  17s.  179,  liX),  191  ;  t<nu. 
V  pp.  71,  82-86. — Ik'Uibo,  l.storia  Vinizianu, 
lil).  7.  9,  10. 

'  Opus  Eplst.,  rpist  4fi5. — M('nw)ir»'s  do 
Bayani,  cliap.  4(5. — I'lcuianpf,  Mf'uioircs, 
cliii|).  26.— Bernald^'z.  Reyes  Catolicos,  .MS., 

isturla,  '.ib.  9,  p.  i;!r).— Carb;ijal,  .\nali's, 
MS,  ano  151 1.— Horiialii''/.  P'V's  t'atolic  os. 


cap.   225. — I'otiT    Martyr    Opus  Kpist., 


M-  . 

ipi^t.  4ti.'). — ^lacliiavcUi's  Irii'  id  Vitturl.  in 
Dill'  of  his  Ipttcrs  speaks  of  tlie  ('atlioUc  kiiif? 
as  tlip  yiriiR'ii>al  atitlmr  of  the  new  (oalition 
afiaiiist  I'lanre,  and  notices  chree  huiKlrcd 
l.iiiceH  which  he  furnished  the  pope  in  ad- 
vance, for  this  j)iir))ose.  (Maciii.ivelli,  Opere, 
Lcttere  famigl'-iri,  no.  8.)    He  does  uot  Bcem 


to  nnderstand  tliat  tliese  lancos  were  part  of 
the  services  due  for  the  fief  of  Naples.  The 
letter  above  (| noted  of  Maityr,  a  more  coni- 

fetent  and  unsuspicious  autiiority,  siiows 
Vrdii'and's  sincere  aversion  to  a  ruiiture 
witli  Louis  at  tlie  present  jinictnr";  and  a 
PUbsefiuent  piis.>iaj?e  of  tlie  same  epist  le  -howS 
liim  too  mucli  in  earnest  in  his  dissuasives  to 
b<'  open  to  tlie  cliartie  of  insincerity:  "  Ut 
mitiliu-J  ver!ii>  ijisum.  Keuinam  ejus  u.xorein, 
lit  consiliarios  omnes  Cabanilhis  aUotiuatur, 
ut  arrant  apuil  re;:  m  <unm  di-  pace,  dat  in 
fre(|uriitibus  TOMudatis."  I'efer  Martyr,  Opua 
tjd.-t..  uIh  Mipra.— Sec  further,  epist.  4r)l. 

'■■'■  I'etcr  M  ,rtyr,  Opu-t  E|ii-f.,  no.  441.— 
Mariana,  lii^t.  de  Kspan  i.  torn.  ii.  lib.  29, 
cap.  24.-  (iic.vio.  \'it;e  lllu'<t.  Vi'iirum,  p. 
1G4.— Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Kmp.  Carlos  V., 
tom.  i.  p.  Is. — Tlie  net  of  invi-.i^titmi'  was 
dated  July  3rd,  1510.     lu  the  foUouing  Au- 


588 


WARS  AND   POLITICS  OP   ITALY. 


1 1' 


On  the  4th  of  Ortobor,  1511,  a  treaty  was  conclndod  between  .Tiilii^  tl,<> 
Second,  Ferdinand,  and  Venice,  with  the  a\o\ved  object  of  iirotcctiim'  tlie 
church, -in  other  words,  drivinij  the  Fri-nch  out  of  Italy."  Fioiu  the  iijuus 
]>uriiose  to  which  it  was  (h'voted,  it  was  called  the  Holy  League.  The  (junta 
to  l>e  fiu'iiisiu'd  Itv  tlie  kin'j'  of  Aratjon  was  twelve  humhcd  Jicaw  ai 


lU    lillC 

thousand  li^ht  cavalry,  ten  thousand  foot,  and  a  squadron  of  eleven  ^alley>, 
to  act  in  concert  with  tiie  Venetian  licet.  The  combined  forces  were  to  be 
]»laced  under  the  command  of  Hugo  de  ("ardona,  viceroy  of  Naples,  a  jicrsun 
of  ]»olished  and  en,:;a,L;in.ii:  address,  hut  without  the  resolution  or  ex|  erinut; 
re([uisite  to  militaiy  success.  The  rou^h  old  iiojje  sarcastically  nicknauicd 
him  "  Lady  Cardona."  It  was  an  appointment  that  would  ceitainly  \\r\v\- 
luive  been  made  by  Queen  Isabella.  Indeed,  the  favour  shown  this  nolilcman 
on  this  and  other  occasioris  was  so  much  beyond  his  deserts  as  to  raise  a 
suspicion  in  many  that  he  was  more  nearly  allied  by  blood  to  Ferdinand  than 
.as  usually  imaj^nned.'* 

Karly  in  1512,  France,  by  c:reat  exertioiis  and  without  a  single  confederate 
out  of  Italy,  save  the  false  and  fluctuatin;,'  emperor,  got  an  army  into  the 
field  superior  to  that  of  the  allies  in  point  of  mmdiers,  and  still  more  so  in 
the  character  of  its  conunander.  This  was  r.aston  de  Foix,  duke  de  Nemouis, 
and  brother  of  the  (jueen  of  Ara.^on.  Though  a  hoy  in  years,  for  he  wa^^  luit 
twenty-two,  he  was  ripe  in  understanding,  and  possessed  consuimnate  niilitarv 
talents.  He  introduced  a  severer  discipline  into  his  army,  and  an  entiivly 
new  system  of  tactics.  He  looked  forward  to  his  results  with  stern  indilfertMK V 
to  the  means  by  which  were  to  be  effected.  He  disregarded  the  dithcultics  df 
the  roads  and  the  inclemency  of  the  season,  which  had  hitherto  put  a  check 
on  military  ojierations.  Through  the  midst  of  frightful  morasses,  or  in  the 
depth  of  winter  snows,  he  j)erformed  his  marches  with  a  celerity  unknown  in 
the  warfare  of  that  age.  In  less  than  a  fortnight  after  leaving  Milan,  he 
relieved  IJologna  (Feh.  5th),  then  besieged  by  the  allies,  made  a  counterniaivli 
on  Hrescia,  defeated  a  detachment  by  the  way,  and  the  whole  Venetian  army 
under  its  walls,  and,  on  the  same  day  with  the  last  event,  succeeded  in  earn 
ing  the  ]»lace  by  storm.  After  a  few  weeks'  dissipation  of  the  carnival,  he 
again  put  himself  in  motion,  and,  descending  on  Kaveniui,  succeeded  in  iuin.;- 
ing  the  allied  army  to  a  decisive  action  under  its  walls.  Ferdinand,  well  undei - 
.standing  the  peculiar  characters  of  the  French  and  of  the  Sj)am'sh  soldier,  h:i'l 
caiitioned  his  general  to  adopt  the  Fabian  policy  of  Gonsalvo,  and  avoid  a  cli'>e 
encounter  as  lonjj;  as  ])ossible."* 


[;ust  the  poTitifF  riMiiittrd  tlm  fiMidal  sorvicos 
for  the  animal  tril)iitc  of  a  white  palfrey,  and 
tlie  aid  of  :iii()  huK'PH  when  tlie  estates  of  the 
churcli  sliouUJ  1m'  invadeil.  (Zurita,  Aiiales, 
toiii.  vi.  lib  '.»,  Clip.  11.)  'i'he  pope  had 
liitlierto  i<fus(>d  tlie  iiivestitiin',  exeejit  on 
tlie  most  exorbitant  terms;  whieh  so  niiieh 
(iisj?iistcd  Ferdinand  that  lie  passed  by  Oitia 
on  his  return  from  Naples,  without  con- 
desci'iidiiiK  to  meet  Ilia  llolin  ss,  who  was 
waitiiifr  tlii're  for  a' personal  interview  witli 
liini.  I'cti'r  Martyr,  ()]ius  Kpist.,  ejiist.  353. 
—  (iiiii'ei.irdini.  Istoria,  tom.  iv.  p.  7:i. 

'"  (iiiiieiiiMlini,  l>ti'ria.  torn.  v.  lib.  10,  p. 
207. — Mariana,  Hist,  d''  Espana,  toni.  ii.  11). 
30,  eaj).  ."i.-Kymer,  I'ledi  ra,  toui.  .xiii,  pp. 
305-31)8. 

'"  (Jin'cclardini,  Istoria,  torn.  v.  Ub  lo,  p. 
20S. — Heiiibo,  Istoria  N'ini/iana,  torn.  ii.  IM). 
12.— Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafm,  torn.  ii.  lib. 


30,  cap.  5,  14.— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  ¥.\'\<t., 
epist.  isa. — Vettori.  it  sicms,  (;a\e  tTi'iJiiue 
to  the  same  siitrKi'stion  :  "  .Sjiairna  ha  semiir'' 
amato  assai  quisto  puo  Vicere,  e  jier  irn'r*- 
die  abbia  fatto  non  I'lia  pasti{;ato,  ma  ym 
presto  fatto  piu  graiide,  e  si  puo  iMii^aif, 
coin.'  nioltl  dici)no,  elie  sia  siio  fiijlui,  e  chc 
aUliia  in  pminiiTO  lasciarlo  lie  di  A'c/ e^  " 
(.Maehiavclli,  Op.re,  let.  di  16  Maj,'i;io,  1.^)11) 
A«x'ordiiin  to  .Ale.son,  the  kinj;  would  liavi' 
app'iiiti'd  Navarro  to  the  jio^t  of  eoiimiaiitli  r- 
In-iliief,  had  not  his  low  birth  dis(|iialitii  d 
liim  tor  it  in  the  ej'es  of  tlie  allies.  Aiinalcs 
de  Navarra,  torn.  v.  lib.  .ifj.  caj).  12. 

'■'  Hi'malde/,  Reyes  Catoliios,  MS.caji  l!:!i\ 
231  — (inieiiardini,  Istoria,  tom.  v  lib.  1", 
pj).  2(i()-2:2.  (Jiovio,  Vita  Leonis  X.,  ai'iui 
Vitie  lllust.  Viioium,  lib.  2,  pp.  :i7,  :i-.— 
Menioires  de  Bayard,  chap.  48. — Fleuraiig'', 
Meiuuires,  cliap.  20-2S. 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


nso 


This  liattlo,  foii;j;ht  with  tlie  ure.'vtost  immliers,  was  alsotlio  most  iiinnlLTous, 
wliiih  had  .staiiu'il  the  fair  soil  of  Italy  for  a  (cntiiry.  (A|iiil  llth,  I.II'J.) 
No  loss  than  c'i;^litin'n  or  twenty  thou>aii(l,  acconliiiL;  to  autlicntic  acrounts, 
fi'll  ill  it,  coniprelu'iiiliiij;"  the  l)e>t  blooil  of  France  and  Italy.'-'"  The  viceroy 
Ciirdiiiia  went  otV  somewhat  too  early  for  his  reputation.  Hut  the  S|ianish 
infantry,  under  the  coimt  I'edro  Navarro,  behaved  in  a  stylo  worthy  of  the 
sclioi'l  of  (Jonsalvo.  During  the  early  part  of  the  tiay,  they  lay  on  the  ;;n;.md, 
ill  a  position  which  sheltered  them  from  the  deadly  artillery  of  Kste,  then  the 
bot  mounted  and  best  served  of  any  in  Europe.  When  at  length,  as  the  tide 
of  battle  was  ;;<»ing  against  them,  they  were  brought  into  the  field,  Navarro 
led  them  at  onee  against  a  deep  colunm  of  landskne'hts,  who,  armed  with 
the  long  (Jerman  pike,  were  beaiiug  down  all  before  them.  The  Spaniards 
received  the  shock  of  tliis  formiilahle  weapon  on  the  n.ailed  iiauoplv  with 
uhicli  their  bodies  were  covered,  and.  dexterously  gliding'  into  the  liostile 
ranks,  contrived  with  their  short  sworus  to  do  sudi  execution  on  the  enemy, 
unprotected  exoe])t  by  corselets  in  front,  and  incapable  of  availiii"'  themselves 
of  their  loii'^  weajioii,  that  they  were  thrown  into  cimfusion,  and  totally  dis- 
coiutited.  It  was  repeating  the  experiment  more  than  once  made  during  these 
wars,  but  never  on  so  great  a  scale,  and  it  fully  established  the  superiority 
of  the  Spanish  arms.'^' 

The  Italian  infantry,  which  hail  fallen  back  before  the  laiulsknechts,  now 
rallied  under  cover  of  the  Spanish  charge  ;  until  at  length  the  overwhelming 
clouds  of  French  gendarmerie,  headed  by  Ives  d'Alegre,  who  lost  his  jwii 
life  in  the  melee,  compe'led  the  allies  to  give  ground.  The  retreat  of  tlio 
Spaniards,  however,  was  conducted  with  admirable  order,  and  they  jueserved 
their  ranks  unl)roken,  as  they  reneiitedly  turned  to  drive  back  the  tide  of 
pinsuit.  At  this  crisis,  Gaston  de  Foix,  Hushed  with  su'-cess,  was  so  ex- 
asperated by  the  sight  of  this  valiant  corps  going  otl'  in  so  cool. and  orderly  a 
iii;inner  from  the  field,  that  he  made  a  desperate  charge  at  the  head  of  his 
cliivalrv,  in  hojies  of  bre;iking  it.  Unfortunately,  hi;;  wounded  horse  fell  under 
liini.  It  was  in  vain  his  followers  called  out,  "  It  is  our  viceroy,  the  brother 
of  your  nueen  !  "  The  words  hud  no  charm  for  a  Spanish  ear,  and  he  was  de- 
spatchea  with  .a  multitude  of  wounds,  lie  received  fourteen  or  fifteen  in  the 
face  ;  good  proof,  says  the  loyal  serviteur,  "  that  the  gentle  prince  had  never 
turned  his  back."" 

There  are  few  instances  in  history,  if  indeed  there  l)e  any,  of  so  brief  and 
at  the  same  time  so  brilliant  a  military  career  as  that  of  (jiaston  de  Foix  ;  and 
it  well  entitled  him  to  the  epithet  his  countrymen  gave  him  of  the  "thunder- 


•"  Arldsto  introduceH  the  bloody  rout  of 
Eiiveiiiia  ainong  the  visions  of  Melissa;  in 
wliicli  the  courtly  prophetess  (or  rather  poet) 
liridicts  the  glories  of  the  house  of  Estu  : 

"  Nuoteranno  i  destrier  flno  alia  pancia 
\i'l  saiigue  unian  per  tutta  la  cauipagna : 
Cir  a  seppellire  il  popol  vcrni  maiioo 
Tedesco,  i^pano,  Greco,  Italo.  e  Franco." 
Orlando  Furioso,  canto  .3,  st.  55. 

'•'  Prantome,  Vies  dos  Hoiumes  Illustres, 
di<c.  6. — Guicciardini,  Istoria,  torn.  v.  lib.  10, 
I'll.  290-305.— Beriialdez,  R- yes  Catolicos, 
Jis.,  cap.  231,  233.  — Memoires  du  Hayaid, 
cliap.  54. — Du  iioUay. Menioires,  apud  Pttitot, 
Ci'llection  d^s  Memoircs,  turn.  xvii.  p.  231. — 
FltMiranpe,  Menioires,  cJMp.  29,  30.—  Hrniho, 
Istoria  V'iiiiziana,  toai.  ii.  lib.  12.  -Machia- 
villi  does  justice   to  the  gallantry  of  this 


valiant  corps,  whose  conduct  on  this  occasion 
furnislics  him  with  a  peitini'iit  illustnition, 
in  estimating  the  comiiarativc  value  of  the 
Spanish,  or  rather  Honian  arms,  ami  tho 
German.  Opera,  torn,  iv..  Arte  della  Gucrra, 
lib.  2,  p.  07. 

''-  Men'oires  de  Bayard,  chap.  51. — Guic- 
ciardini, Istoria,  tom.  v.  lib.  In,  pp.  .306  :!0!). 
—  I'oter  Martyr,  epist.  •Is3. — Hrantome,  Vies 
des  llommes  illustres,  disc.  24.-  Tlie  best, 
tliat  is,  the  L'lost  persi>icu(ius  and  animated 
description  of  the  fiKht  of  Ilavenna,  anuing 
contemporary  writers,  will  be  found  in  Guic- 
ciardini (ul)i  supra ");  am^ng  the  modern,  in 
Sismomii  (Repui)li(|ues  Italii  nn<s,  toiu.  xiv. 
ciiaj).  liiO),  an  aiitJKir  who  has  the  rare  merit 
of  combining  jirofdund  pliilos<i|iliiial  analysis 
witli  the  superlicial  and  pictures(iue  graces  of 
narrative. 


500 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF  ITALY. 


l)oIt  of  Italy.""  He  had  not  nioroly  fjivcn  oxtraordinary  promi-o,  Imt  in  tlio 
course  of  a  very  few  iiiontlis  liad  a('lii«'V(Ml  such  results  as  mi;,dit  wt-ll  make  ihc 
greatest  powers  of  the  |ieiiiiisula  tremlde  for  their  possessions.  His  prerocidus 
iiiihtary  talents,  the  early  aj^'e  at  whieh  he  assumed  the  eoiuiuand  of  ariiiics, 
tas  well  as  many  pecidiarities  of  his  dix-ipline  and  tactics,  sug;^e.st  some  re 
seml)lan('e  to  the  heLnnninu  of  Napoleon's  career. 

ITnhaiJpily,  his  hrilliant  fame  is  sullied  l)y  a  recklessness  of  human  life,  the 
more  cxlious  in  one  too  yuiui;^'  to  ]»e  steeled  l»y  familiarity  with  the  imn  traijo 
to  which  he  was  devoted.  It  may  he  fair,  however,  to  rhar;^^i'  this  on  tlw;  aue 
rather  than  on  the  indivi(hial,  for  surely  never  was  there  one  characteri/ed  hy 
greater  hrutality  and  more  (nisparin.r  ferocity  in  its  wars.**  So  little  hud  tin- 
j)ro.<;ress  of  civilization  done  for  humanity.  It  is  not  until  a  recent  pcrioil 
that  a  more  generous  sjiirit  has  operated  ;  that  a  fellow-(rea<^ure  has  Itccii 
understood  not  to  forfeit  his  rights  as  a  man  because  he  is  an  enem  • ;  that 
conventional  laws  have  been  established,  tending  greatly  to  mitigate  the  'vils 
of  a  condition  which,  with  every  alleviation,  is  one  of  unspeakable  misery; 
and  that  th(tse  who  hold  the  destinies  of  nations  in  their  hands  have  liccn 
made  to  feel  that  there  is  less  true  glory,  and  far  less  profit,  to  be  derivcil 
from  war  than  from  the  wise  prevention  of  it. 

The  defeat  at  Ravenna  struck  a  jianic  into  the  confederates.  The  stout 
heart  of  Julius  the  Second  falteied,  and  it  re(iuire(l  all  the  assurances  of  tlic 
Spanish  and  Venetian  niinislers  to  keep  him  staunch  to  his  iturpose.  Kiiii,' 
Ferdinand  issued  orders  to  the  (Ireat  Cai»tain  to  hold  lumsclf  m  readincs-  tHr 
taking  the  conunand  of  forces  to  be  instantly  raised  for  >*aples.  There  (duld 
be  no  better  proof  of  the  royal  consternation." 

The  victory  of  Ravenna,  however,  was  more  fatal  to  the  French  than  to  their 
foes.  The  uninterruj)ted  successes  of  a  comn)ander  are  so  far  luifortnnatc, 
that  they  incline!  his  tollowers,  hy  the  brilliant  illusion  they  throw  around  his 
name,  to  rely  les.s  on  their  own  resources  tiian  on  him  wliom  they  Iiav(! 
hitherto  found  invincible  ;  and  thu.s  subject  their  own  destiny  to  all  the 
easualties  which  attacli  to  the  fortunes  of  a  single  individual.  The  death  nf 
Gaston  de  Foix  seemed  to  dissolve  the  only  l»ond  which  held  the  French 
together.  The  officers  l)ecame  divided,  the  .soldiers  disheartened,  and,  with 
the  loss  of  their  young  hero,  lost  all  interest  in  the  .service.  The  allies,  advised 
of  this  disorderly  state  of  the  army,  recovered  confidence,  and  renewed  their 
exertions.  Through  Ferdinand's  influence  over  his  son-in-law,  Henry  the 
Eighth  of  England,  the  latter  had  been  induced  ojienly  to  join  the  licague  iu 
the  beginning  of  the  present  year.*"    The  Catholic  king  had  the  address. 


■■•"  "Lefou.lrc  do  ITtalio."  (Gnlllard,  Ri- 
valitp,  tmn.  iv.  p.  .T,)l  ;— lifjlit  authority,  I 
aokiiow  lodRC,  evfii  for  a  sobriquet.) 

■■"  Out;  cxamiile  may  sufflce,  occurritifc  in 
the  war  of  the  Loagiio,  in  15! 0.  When  Vi- 
ceiiza  wa**  taken  by  tin;  Inipori.ilists.a  nninl>or 
of  tlip  iniiahitants,  anioimtiiiR  to  oiip  or, 
arcordiiiK  to  sonie  accounts,  pix--tliousaiid, 
took  rcfuf^c  in  a  lu-iprlihourinp  grotto,  with 
tlu'ir  wives  and  chiUlren,  comprehending 
many  of  the  principal  families  of  the  place. 
A  French  officer,  detecting  their  reirrat, 
cau><ed  a  heap  of  fapots  to  be  piled  up  at  the 
mouth  of  the  cavern  and  set  on  fire.  Out  of 
the  whole  number  of  fugitives  only  one  es- 
caped with  life;  and  the  blackened  and  con- 
vulsed ajjpearanco  of  the  bodies  showed  too 
plainly  tJie  cruel  agonies  of  suffocation.  (^le- 
moiros  de  Bayard,  chap.  40. — Bcmbo,  Istoria 


Vini/.iana,  torn.  ii.  lib.  10.)  Bayard  executed 
two  (d"  the  authors  of  this  diabulical  act  eu 
the  spot.  But  the  "dievalier  sans  reprnche  " 
was  an  exception  to,  rather  than  an  oxanipit' 
of,  the  prevalent  spirit  of  the  age. 

■'■  (iuicciardini,  Istoria,  torn.  v.  lib.  10,  pp. 
.TlO-ai'i,  3'2'2,  3'.!;j.— Chronica  del  Gran  Caiii- 
tan,  lib.  :?,  cap.  7.— Mariana.  Hist,  de  Espaii.i, 
turn.  ii.  lib.  30,  cap.  9.— (jiovio.  Vita  .M.iL'iii 
Oonsalvi,  lib.  3,  p.  2S8.- Caibajal,  Aiiales, 
M.S.,  aflo  1512.— See  also  I.ottera  di  Vettori, 
Maggio  16,   1514,  apud  Machiavclli,  Opere. 

-"  I)umont,  Corps  Diplomatiqtie,  t'  ni.  iv. 
p.  137.  -He  had  become  a  party  to  it  as  early 
as  November  17th  of  the  precedmg  year;  iie 
dof(Mred  its  publication,  liowcver,  ui. til  lie 
had  received  the  last  instalment  of  a  subsidy 
that  Louis  Xil.  was  to  pay  Idm  for  the  main- 
teuanco  of  peace,     (llymcr,  Fujdera,  low. 


inort^( 
(■licet 

jll'l'SSt 

Mich 
the  f; 
iloliei 
Til- 
coiifc 
iui-je' 
made 
(■arm 
Wne 
fere  11 
The 
ih'ivf 
l.'.i:5, 
Thu> 
ireeii 
hcfo 
Vv 

(Dllll 

with 
>\\\ 
.Medi 
ii.;aii 
ill  a 
routt 
\vith< 
liahu 
ihe  J 
thro' 
Tl 

fi)Ug 

eiiuf! 

fmu 

tain 

^vay 

its^ 

tiirr 

l.'ft 

witl 

xiii. 

r  us, 
Han 
ejiiri 

321). 

rauj 

(liiii 
Zur 

44- 

p.  : 

Lac] 


WARS  AND  POLITICS  OF   ITALY. 


501 


w,  IIcDrv  the 


iiioroover,  just  before  the  battle,  to  detach  tlie  emperor  from  P'ranoe,  by 
t'lU'clin;;  a  tniee  between  him  antl  Venice."  The  French,  now  nicnjiceil  and 
[iiessed  on  every  .si(h',  be,i:an  tiieir  retreat  nn(U'r  the  brave  La  I'ahic  ;  and  to 
Midi  an  impotent  state  were  they  recbiced  that  in  U-.ss  tiian  three  months  after 
the  fatal  victory  (June  'J.Sth)  they  were  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  having'  aban- 
(li)iicd  not  only  their  recent  l)Ut  all  their  concjuests  in  the  north  of  Italy.*' 

The  siime  results  now  took  place  as  in  tlu*  late  war  aj;ainst  Venice.  The 
coMtederates  (piarreiled  over  the  division  of  the  sjtoil.  The  republic,  with  the 
lai.i;est  claims,  obtained  the  least  concession.s.  She  felt  that  she  was  to  be 
iiiiide  to  (U'seend  to  an  inferior  raidc  in  the  scale  of  nations.  Ferdinand 
earnestly  remonstrated  with  the  pope,  and  sid>se(inently,  by  means  of  his 
Venetian  Ui  in  isle  r,  with  Maximilian,  on  this  mistaken  jiolicy.'^"  Jhit  the  indif- 
ference of  the  one  and  the  cupidity  of  the  other  were  closed  against  aruument. 
The  residt  was  precisely  what  t)ie  prudetit  monarch  foresaw.  Venice  was 
driven  into  the  arms  of  her  perfidious  ancient  ally  ;  ami  on  the  I'Srd  of  March, 
l,')b'),  a  definitive  treaty  was  arran^^cd  with  France  for  their  mutual  defence.'** 
Thus  the  juost  ethcient  mendter  was  alienated  from  the  confederacy  ;  all  the 
ircent  advantages  of  the  allies  were  compromised  ;  new  condtinations  were  to 
he  formed,  and  new  and  interminable  jtrospeets  of  hostility  oiiene<|. 

Ferilinand,  relieved  from  inmiediate  ajiprehensions  of  the  French,  took 
loiiiparatively  little  interest  in  Italian  itolitics.  lie  was  too  nmch  occnnied 
with  settling  his  concjuests  in  Navarre.  The  army,  indeed,  under  Cardona 
still  kept  the  field  in  tne  north  of  Italy.  The  viceroy,after  re-establishing  the 
Medici  in  Florence,  remained  inactive.  The  French,  in  the  mean  while,  luad 
again  nui^tered  in  force,  and,  crossing  the  mountains,  encountered  the  Nwis.s 
ill  a  bloody  battle  at  Novara  (Jinie  (Jth,  l.")I.*}),  where  the  former  were  entirely 
routed.  Cardona,  then  rousing  from  his  lethargy,  traversed  the  Milanese 
without  oi)position,  laying  waste  the  ancient  territories  of  \enice,  burning  the 
jalaces  and  pleasure-liouses  of  its  lordly  inhabitants  on  the  beautiful  banks  of 
the  JJrentii,  and  api)roaching  so  near  to  the  "  (^ueen  of  the  Adriatic  "  as  to 
throw  a  few  impotent  balls  into  the  monastery  of  San  Secondo. 

The  indignation  of  the  Venetians  and  of  Alviano, the  same  general  wlio  had 
fought  so  gallantly  under  (Jonsalvo  at  the  Carigliano,  hurried  them  into  an 
engagement  with  the  allies  near  La  Mt)tta  (Oct.  7th),  at  two  miles'  distance 
from  Vicenza.  Cardona,  loaded  with  booty  and  entangded  among  the  moun- 
tain passes,  was  assailed  under  every  disadvantage.  Tlie  German  allies  gave 
vay  l»efore  tlie  impetuous  charge  of  Alviano  ;  but  the  Spanish  infantry  stood 
its  ground  unshaken,  and  by  extraordinary  discipline  and  val(»nr  succeeded  in 
tiu-iiing  the  fortunes  of  the  day.  More  than  four  thousand  of  the  enemy  were 
left  on  the  ficM  ;  and  a  large  number  of  jirisoners,  including  many  of  rank, 
with  all  the  baggage  and  artillery,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors." 


xiii.  pp.  .Tll-.'?2:).— Sismondi,  Hist,  dos  Frnn- 
i;us,  tom,  xv.  p.  3^5.)  Kvcii  tlio  cliiviilrous 
llarry  tlio  Eighth  couiJ  not  escape  ihe  trickish 
F|iirit  of  the  ago. 

^  (juicclardini,  Istoria,  torn.  v.  lib.  10,  p. 
320. 

•"  M^moires  de  Rayard,  chap.  55  — Flow- 
range,  Mcmoires,  chap.  31. — Ferrcras,  Hist. 
<!'E-pagi)<',  toHi.  viii.  pp.  3si),  3sl.-  (iiiicciar- 
(iiiii,  Istoria,  torn.  v.  Hb.  10,  pp.  .'i35,  ;)3G. — 
/.iirita,  Aiialo-,  torn,  vl    lil).  10,  cap.  M. 

-'  Zurita,  AriMJcs,  tom.  vi.  lil).  10,  c.ip. 
■44-lx.  — (iiiicciaRiiiii,  Istoiia,  tom.  vi.  lil).  II, 
p.  52. — Martyr  report-;  a  conver.-ation  that  he 
Ijad   with    the   Venetian   minister  in  Spain, 


touching  this  btisiness.  Opu.o  Epist,  epist.  520. 

'"  Dunioiit,  Corps  diplouiutique,  tom.  iv. 
part.  1,  no.  sC. 

"  <;nicciarilini,  Istoria,  torn.  vi.  lib.  ll,j)p. 
lOl-l.iH.— I'.tiT  Martyr,  opns  Ei^i.-t.,  epist. 
523. — Mariana,  Hist.  (|e  E-^pafia,  torn.  ii.  lib. 
3n,  cap.  21. — Fli'uraiige,  Meuioircs,  chap,  .'if., 
37  -Also  an  original  letter  of  King  Ferdi- 
nand to  .\r(  hhisiiip  I)<-/,a,  a|)nd  Hernaldez, 
Reyi's  Catolic.iK,  .MS., cap.  212.  —  .Alviano  difd 
a  littli'  more  tlian  a  year  after  this  defeat,  at 
si.\ty  yrars  of  age.  He  was  so  nnuh  beloved 
by  the  8oldi<-ry  thiit  they  n  ftiscd  to  be  sipa- 
rated  from  bis  reniains,  which  were  h'inv  at 
the  Lead  of  the  army  fur  some  weeks  alter 


59i> 


CONQUEST  OF   NAVARRE. 


Thus  vniWx  tlio  cainiKii^rn  of  l.'tl3:  tlio  Froiicli  dnvcn  a^jaiii  lirvoiii]  tlio 
iiKdintiiiiis  ;  Venice  cuoin'il  up  witl-iii  her  va  j^irt  fiistii"  ses,  ami  (.'oiiipctlnl  to 
t'liroll  lier  arli^aii^  and  coimniiii  lalmiireis  m  lier  defi'iice,-  Imt  ;till  stmii- in 
resoinces,  alxtve  all  in  the  putiioti.sni  and  uncon<nienihh!  sjtiritof  her  ijeople." 


Count  Dnni  ha"*  piippliH  tlu-  (l<'«lil<rn»iitn, 
8i>  lull);  stiiiKliii^',  <>t  a  lull,  Hiitlu'iitic  liislnry 
of  H  HtaU>  \v  liiiMf  iii>itiiulii'nM  wcif  llif  mluii- 
ratiitii  of  curlier  liriii",  .im'  whose  lon^;  hm- 
liility  Hill  t»ii<<-cH>.  iiinl<<'  tiirni  dcsorvt'dly  m 
ohjf'ct  o  (•iirio>-ity  /iii.i  iiitcrtHt  to  onr  outi. 
The  Ktyh  of  llic  work,, It  once  livi  ly  mid  imi- 
dt'iiHcd,  in  not  Imt  Ix'st  '(iiitid  'o  historic 
w  ritinir,  I'l'iiit!  of  the  |ilfjimiit,  (•|iinraMiiiiiitic 
kind  iniK  h  iiflVctod  liy  frcncli  writers.  'I'lic 
Biitiji'ct,  to',  of  (he  ri'Voliiliotis  of  cinpiro, 
dof's  not  i.ifi.rd  room  f  .r  llif  dnmiatic  intiTfst 
attiK'liinn  til  works  wliii.i  admit  of  niori'  rx- 
tcndcd  l)i(i>rr.'i|ihiiiil  dc\('lo|ini('nt.  A'liinilanl 
jiitcri'sf  uill  lie  fonnil,  li.iwcvrr,  in  ilio  dcx- 
lority  with  which  he  h.is  disentangled  the 
tortiiouw  jioliticH  of  the  rcpulilic;  in  the  acuto 


nnl  (ilway^  KonfiliJe  n'flpctlon<(  with  whicli  ho 
clo.hcHtho  dry  Nke|ct<i!i  d'  fact;  and  in  t||i> 
novel  stoH'H  ot  inloi  Niatiiin  he  has  i'|>Mi('<j. 
'I'lie    fonljrn    indicy   of    Venire    excited    Icd 


■  F.     .      II       IVI  r|.  iw      .     y^i.i  .r.  V -.  ..•-..*  Ill^-       -Fl 

tlic  minplicated  ninclilnery  so  -taiisfn  turily 
as  M.  [)aru  linn  done,  with  the  aid  of  tlhini' 
volnniinons  niato  paiiors,  which  were  ns  j  i- 
loii-lv  puirded  fron>  inspecii-in,  initil  the 
dow   lall  of  the  fjiulilie,  ah  tlie  ritord:   of 

tli.i    S:iwii>iuli     I  iK.illuif  li.tl 


iii'»      laii     «'i     dill       I'   |i(ii> 

the  Spanish  ln<iuii4itioii 


CHAPTER   XXIII. 

CONQUEST    OF    NA  /ARRB. 

1512-1613. 

SovereiRiis  of  Navarre — Fordinand  demands  a  Passage — Invasion  and  Conquest  of  Navarn — 
Trc  aiy  of  Ortlies — Ferdinand  settles  bis  Conquests — His  induct  exaunined— (jross  Ahuse 
of  the  \'ictury. 

V/hile  the  Sjianiards  were  thus  winning  harr*  ii  laurels  on  the  fields  of  Italy, 
Kin.i;'  Fenlinand  was  making  a  most  imporui'it  atMiiisitiun  of  territory  neanr 
liome.  Tlie  reatler  has  ah'endy  U'en  made  aciiutiinted  with  the  manner  in 
which  the  Mooily  sceptre  of  Navarre  i)assed  from  the  iiaiuls  of  Eleanor,  Fenli- 
Hand's  sister,  after  a  reign  of  a  few  brief  days,  into  those  of  her  grandson 
riiuLbiis.  (1475>.)  A  faUil  destiny  hung  over  the  house  of  Foix  ;  and  th!> 
latter  prince  lived  to  enjoy  his  crown  only  four  years,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  his  sister  Cathadne.     ( 14S.S.) 

It  w<"s  not  to  be  supposed  that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  so  attentive  to 
enlarge  thei.' empire  to  tiie  full  extent  of  the  geographiral  limits  which  nattire 
seemed  to  have  assigned  it,  would  lose  the  o[»i)ortunity  now  presented  of 
incor[torating  into  it  the  hitherto  independent  kiiigdom  of  Navarre,  by  the 
marriage  of  their  own  heir  with  its  sovereign.  All  their  efforts,  however,  were 
frustrated  by  the  tpieen  mother  Magdaleine,  sister  of  Louis  the  Kleventli, 
who,  sacrificing  the  interests  of  the  nation  to  her  jirejudices,  evaded  the  pro- 

{)osed  match,  under  various  pretexts,  and  in  the  end  edected  a  union  between 
ler  daughter  and  a  French  noble,  Jean  d'Albret,  heir  to  considcable  estates 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Navarre.     This  was  a  most  fatal  error.    The  inde- 


his  death.  They  were  finally  laid  in  the 
church  of  St  Stephen  in  N'enice;  and  the 
eenate.  with  Uiore  gratitude  tliaii  i,^  usually 
conceded  'o  republics,  (settled  an  honourable 


pension  on  his  (..iinily. 

'    Daru,  llist.  de  Veuisc,  torn.  iii. 
616. 


PI' 


tjia. 


■*•;:•.;■;:■"'  '■.. . 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


rm 


ror.    The  inde- 


',  torn.  iii.  pp.  015, 


pondonce  of  Navarre  had  liithcrto  Iwen  inaintjiiiKvl  less  throii;;h  i\f  own 
sti'Mi^'th  than  thi>  weakness  uf  its  nciichtKiiirs.  iJiit,  iinw  that  the  ;  eity  states 
nntiind  her  had  licoii  yltsorhod  into  .woj^jifat  and  j»t)\V('rt'ul  nmnaichies,  it  was 
iii)t  to  he  exiM'i'tj'd  that  so  foclilc  a  luirritT  would  ho  lunger  n'spcctt'd,  or  that 
it  would  not  he  swfjtt  away  in  thr  'ir^t  collision  of  tho>,»>  forniiilalilr  fonvs. 
Hut,  althon^di  the  iinn'pcndtMK'e  of  the  kinj,'d«»ni  niu  .t  he  lost,  tiu'  prinres  of 
Navarre  might  yet  maintain  their  station  hy  a  union  witli  the  reigning  family 
of  France  or  ^pain.  Hy  the  lue  cut  <'Mi;iection  with  a  mere  private  imlividual 
tliey  lost  hoth  the  one  unil  the  other.' 

Still,  the  most  friendly  relations  .subsisted  hetweon  the  Catholic  kinj,' and 
his  ni(5ce  during  the  lifetime  of  I.suhella,  The  sovereigns  assisted  her  in  taking 
jMtssessiiin  of  her  turhulent  dominions,  as  w(!ll  as  in  allaying  the  deadly  feuds 
of  th(!  Jieaumonts  and  Ai;ramont^,  with  which  they  were  rent  asunder.  They 
supported  her  with  their  arms  in  re.sisting  her  uncle  ,Jean,  viscount  of  Nar- 
honne,  who  claimed  the  crown  on  the  groundless  prete.vt  of  its  heing  limited 
to  male  heirs."''  The  alliance  with  S]»ain  was  drawn  still  closer  hy  tin-  avowed 
jMirpose  of  IjouIs  the  'I'welfih  to  support  his  nephew,  (histon  de  Fui.x,  in  the 
claims  of  his  deceased  father.*  'ilie  death  of  the  young  hero,  however,  at 
Kavenna,  wholly  change  i  the  relations  and  feelings  of  the  two  coiniliies. 
Navarre  had  nothing  innnediately  to  fear  from  France.  She  felt  di.strust  of 
Spain  on  more  tlian  one  account,  es[»ecially  for  tlu'  prote'tion  aliorih-d  the 
Jieaumoiitese  exiles,  at  the  head  of  whom  wa.s  the  young  coiuit  of  Lerin, 
Fenlinand's  nephew.* 

France,  too,  standing  alone,  and  at  bay  against  the  rest  of  Europe,  found 
the  alliance  of  the  little  state  of  Navarre  of  importance  to  her  ;  especially  at 
the  present  Juncture,  when  the  project  of  an  e.xpedition  against  (Juienne,  hv 
the  combined  armies  of  S[iain  and  l^Ingland,  naturally  made  Louis  the  Twelftli 
desirous  to  secure  the  good  will  of  a  j)rince  who  might  he  .said  to  wear  the 
keyis  of  the  Pyrenees,  as  the  king  of  Sardinia  did  those  of  the  Alps,  at  his 
j,drdle.  With  these  amicahle  dispositions,  the  king  and  tpieen  of  Navarre 
despatched  tiieir  plenipotentiaries  to  Hlois,  early  in  .Nlay,  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Ravenna,  witti  fidl  powers  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  alliance  and  confederation 
witii  the  French  government.* 

In  tiie  mean  time,  .Jiuic  8th,  an  English  simadron  arrived  at  Passage,  in 
G;iii)iiscoa,  having  ten  thousand  men  on  board  under  Thomas  (Jrev,  mar([uis 
(if  Dorset,^  in  order  to  co-oi»erate  with  Kmg  Ferdinand's  army  in  tlie  descent 
on  Guienne.  This  latter  force,  consisting  of  two  thonsaml  hve  humh-ed  horse, 
light  and  heavy,  six  thousand  foot,  and  twenty  pieces  of  artillery,  w.-s  placed 
under  Don  Fadri(pie  de  Toledo,  the  old  duke  of  Alva,  grandfather  of  tiie 
general  who  wrote  his  name  in  indelible  characters  of  blood  in  the  Nether- 
lands under  Pl  "'p  the  Secor^d.'     Before  making  any  movement,  however, 

"  Alrson,  Annnlfs  i\o  Navarra,  toin.  v.  p. 
Sl.'i.  — HcrhiTt,  I, ill'  and  UiiiKin'  of  lli'iiry 
VIII.  (l.Diidoii,  lt!t;t),  p.  'Jii.— Holinslicd, 
Cliioiiii  Ifs,  ji.  .')tw  (^ l,i)ii(ii(ii,  iMid).  —  M.iri;in.i, 
Hist,  di'  Es|itiiai,  ti'iii.  ix.  p.  ;il.'i. — His  N'al.n- 
c,:iii  cditnrx  correct  Ids  ti  xt,  by  sulistituting 
ni.iriiiii><  of  Diirilit'stci' ! 

■  The  yiMiiin  P'"  *■  <liircilass()  di?  la  V<^n* 
f^ivos  a  l)riUi,iiit  ski-tcli  id' this  Kteriidld  iioMi - 
iii.iii  ill  ids  yoiiniiirdays,  sucli  as  our  iiiiajiiiKi- 
tioii  Wold  I  hcun:i  ly  liavc  fornicd  ol  liiiii  at 
any  p'rioil  : 

•'(>tr(»  Martc  'ii  fjucrra,  en  corto  Fcho. 
Mustrava-t'  iiiatici'I>o  cii  las  h(  liilcs 
del  rustro,  qu'  eron  talcs,  ipi'  csiMTuii^a 


'  Sno  Part  I.  cha.    ^rs  in,  12. 

-  Histoiro  dii  R'  .aiiuo  de  Navarre,  pp. 
567,  fiTi). — Ales-  nnalcs  dn  Navarra,  toin. 

V.  lil).  :il,  cap.  1.  ■>iccioiiario  (ri'o>;iafico-lii.s- 
torico  de  KHpafia,  p  la  Real  Acadoiiiia  di;  la 
Historia  (Madrid,  Isi/i),  torn.  ii.  p   117. 

^  Alosoii,  Aiinalcsde  N'avarra,  toin.  v.  lib. 
35,  cap.  l.l.-Zurita,  Aiiab',-,  toin.  vi.  lib.  !>, 
cip.  54. — Sismondi,  lli.st.  dan  Kraiu/ais,  toiii. 
XV.  p.  ."iOO. 

*  Aleson,  Annates  de  Navarra,  ubi  supra. 

'  Diimont,  Corps  diploinali(iiii',  toni.  iv. 
part.  1,  J).  U7. — Sei!  also  tlif  kinj^'s  Icticr  to 
bi'za,  dated  RurffoH.  .July  2iitli,  \(>\'2,  apud 
lii-Tualdcz,  Reyes  CatoUcos,  MS.,  cap.  235. 


'2  ii 


rm 


CONQUEST  OP  NAVARKR. 


K(M<linatnl.  who  know  the  oi|iiivo(jvl  dispo^itii'tis  of  tho  Xiivanoso  sovorpi.rii<?, 
(It'tcniiiiic  1  to  M'ciirc  liiiiisclf  fiuiu  the  aiiiii>yiiii(»'  \\lii<li  tlit'ir  stinii;^  pusitidii 
oiihIiKmI  llu'iii  to  give  hill)  (»ii  wlwitcvor  route  lie  iuloittoil.  lie  iutdnliii-lv 
scut  to  iV(Mi(vst  a  free  pa^siij^'e  tliioii;,f|i  their  (li>iiiiiiiitiis.  with  the  (h-iiiainl, 
iii(»reov«'r,  tliat  they  should  intrust  six  of  tlieir  priiKipal  f(»rtresses  to  su<  li 
Niiviirrese  Jis  he  should  uiuue,  as  a  ;,^uarautee  f(»r  their  neutrality  diuin.;  the 
expi'dilion.  He  aiicnnipanieil  this  nioilest  proimsal  with  the  alternative  that 
the  soverei'^Mis  should  hi^coino  parties  to  the  lioly  Leui'ue  ;  en;,'a;^inj,'  in  thai 
case  to  re>tore  certain  places  in  ids  possession,  which  tney  clainieil,and  pled^'- 
uvj^  the  whole  streui^'th  of  tho  confeaeracy  to  protect  them  a^^ainst  any  liostile 
attempts  of  l-'iance." 

The  situation  <tf  these  unfortunate  nrinces  was  in  the  hi^^diest  de;,Te»^  emhar- 
rassinj;.  The  neutrality  they  had  so  loni,'  anil  sedulously  luaintained  wjis  now 
to  l)(^  ahandout'd  ;  and  tlieir  choice,  whichever  party  they  e>po\i-;ed,  tmbt 
compromise  their  possessions  on  one  or  the  other  skU^  of  the  I'yrences,  ju 
exchan^'e  for  an  ally  whose  friendship  had  proved  hy  repeated  experience 
(piite  as  disastrous  as  his  enmity.  In  this  dilennna  they  sent  amhassadors 
int<t  ('astile,  to  obtain  s(tme  modihcatiou  of  the  terms,  or  at  least  to  protract 
iie,L,nttiations  till  some  detinitive  arran;,'enjent  should  l)e  made  with  Louis  the 
Twelfth." 

( )n  the  17th  of  Jtily,  their  i)leni])otentiaries  siifnetl  a  treaty  with  that  monardi 
at  lilois,  hy  which  l'San(;e  and  Navarre  nmtuallv  Ji;;ree(i  to  defend  each  other, 
in  case  of  attack,  ajiainst  all  I'uemies  whatever.  f{y  another  ])rovisi()n,(»liviously 
directed  a,i;ainst  Spain,  it  was  .sti|iulatod  that  neither  nation  should  allow  a 
passau'e  to  the  enemies  of  the  other  through  its  domiinons  ;  and,  by  a  tliinl, 
iS'avaire  pledged  herself  to  (U'clare  war  on  the  English  now  assemhled  in 
Guipusc(ja,  and  all  those  co-operating  with  them.'^ 

Thr(»ugh  a  singular  accident,  Kenhnand  was  made  ac(iuainted  with  tho 
principal  articles  of  this  treaty  before  its  signature."  His  army  had  remaincil 
inactive  in  its  (piarters  around  Vitoria,  ever  since  tlie  landing  of  the  English. 
He  now  saw  the  hopelessness  of  further  negotiation,  and,  determining  to 
anticipate  the  stroke  prepared  for  him,  connnauded  liis  general  to  invade 
without  delay  and  occupy  Navarre. 

The  duke  of  Alva  crossed  the  borders  on  tlie  21st  of  July,  i)rociaiming  that 
no  harm  should  be  otlered  to  those  who  volunt^vrily  submitted.     On  the  '2'MA 
he  arrived  before  I'am 
thus  dallying  with  the 
abandone(l  ids  capiUil, 
On  the  following  day,  t 


>elona.     King  John,  wiio,  all  the  while  he  luul  lu'cn 

ion,  had  made  no  provision  for  defence,  had  already 

caving  it  to  make  the  best  terms  it  could  for  itself. 

Kjii  Liie  louowmj;  luiy,  l  le  city,  having  first  obtained  assurance  of  resncct  for 

all  its  franchises  and  immunities,  surrendered  ;  "  a  circumstance,"  ilevoutly 


i  clorta  ronfian^a  claro  davan 

a  cuiiiilos  k'  iiiiraviiii  :  (\u'  el  sorift, 

cii  <iuiin  s'  iiif'oniiaria  iiii  ,-<t  iliviiio." 

OhraH.  cil.  (Ic  Iluricra,  p.  105. 

■  Tvi'biija,  IV  Hi'llo  Navniifiisi,  lib.  1,  c.ip, 
3.— /iiritH,  Anali's,  torn  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  t, 
6.  — Ali'son,  .Xiiiialcs  do  Navarra.  loin.  v.  lil). 
Sf),  cap.  l.^>. — I'ltir  Martyr.  Opus  KpiNt.,(i)i>t. 
48S. — nchiaMc/.,  Ki'ycs'  Catulicos,  MS,,  ubi 
supra.  -iJariba'-,  C\)inpriuU(>.  tmii.  ii.  lib.  ^2'^, 
cap.  2,').— Suidoval,  Hist,  del  Kuip.  Carlos  V., 
torn.  i.  p.  25. 

'  Zurita,  Auales,  toin.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  7,  8. 
— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  opist.  4s7. — 
Garibay,  Coiupeiidio,  toui.  iii.  lib.  2D,  cap. 
23. 


'"  Diimont,  Corps  diplomafiquo,  tcini.  iv. 
part.  1,  no.  G!). — (.'arta  del  Hey  a  T).  l)ieL'') 
l)e/.a,  apud  Hernaldcz,  Ileyes  Catolicos,  .MS., 
caj).  23'!. 

"  A  confidential  secretary  of  Kinp  .lean  nf 
Nav.irro  was  murdered  in  his  sleep  by  tii-< 
mistress.  His  papers,  continuing  the  lieaiU 
i.f  the  proposed  treaty  with  France,  fell  into 
the  hands  ot  a  jiriest  of  I'anipelona,  who  wns 
induced  by  the  hopes  of  a  reward  to  lM'tr:iy 
tiiem  to  FenlinMnd.  Tho  story  is  told  I'V 
]SIartyr,  in  a  letter  dated  .July  iHth.  \'yVl. 
(Opus  l-'.pist.,  epist. -Uto.)  Its  truth  is  attest<'<l 
l)y  the  conlorniity  of  the  proposed  terms  with 
tlioae  of  the  actual  treaty. 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVAUUK. 


nor, 


ix  iuinix  Kill!,'  Fcnliiiaiid,  "in  which  uc  truly  di^ccni  tho  huii'l  nf  our  Mcsvnl 
Lnpl,  uhfi>i' iiiir.K'iiloiis  iiitt'r|"'sitiitii  has  hi'cii  vi-iMi  thioii.rh  ;ill  thisnil«'r- 
[li^',  iiiKU'itiikm  f(jr  the  wt'ul  of  the  church  mid  the  e.\tirii;itiuii  of  tho 
iKiirscil  Hchisiii  "  " 

The  piyal  exile,  in  the  mean  while,  had  retreated  to  Liiinhier,  where  fie 
N.ilicited  tlie  jissistaiice  of  the  (hike  of  L()ii;,'m'\ille,  then  eiuainped  on  the 
II  iitht-rn  fntntier  for  the  defence  of  Mavonne.  '{'he  French  connnander,  how- 
t'Mi,  sto(Ml  too  iiimh  in  awe  of  the  Kn;4lish,  still  Ulu^  in  (JiiiiMiscoa,  to  weaken 
!iiiii>clf  Ity  a  detachment  into  Navarre  ;  and  the  nnfortnnate  monarch,  nnsnn- 
[loitcd  either  hy  his  own  suhjects  or  his  new  ally,  was  conipelled  to  cross  the 
iiidiintains  aii<l  take  refii;,'e  with  his  family  in  France." 

The  duke  of  Alva  lost  no  time  in  presNni^'  his  advanta;,'e  ;  openiiiL;  the  way 
hy  a  proclamation  of  the  ('atlinlic  kin;,',  that  it  was  intended  (inly  to  ImM 
I'MSM'ssion  of  the  country,  as  security  for  the  |>acitic  (lisp(>,->ition  (»f  its  s()verei;;n.s, 
until  the  end  of  his  mcsent  expedition  a^'ainst  (Jnienne.  From  whatever  cause, 
the  S|iani.di  p-neral  experienciMJ  xi  little  resistance  that  in  le  -s  than  a  fortni^dit 
lie  overran  and  suhdued  nearlv  the  whole  of  I'pper  Navaire.  So  >hort  a  time 
Milticed  for  the  snhversion  of  a  monarchy  which,  in  defiance  of  storm  and 
vtnita.^'cm,  had  maintaine(l  its  independence  unimpaired,  witli  a  few  l>rief 
(Xicptions,  for  seven  centuries.'* 

<»M  reviewing'  these  extraordinary  events,  we  are  h'(l  to  distrust  the  capacity 
ami  c()ura;i;e  ot  a  piince  who  could  so  readily  ahamlon  his  kiuL^doin,  without 
-0  much  as  firint,' a  shot  in  its  defence.  .John  had  sh(twn,  how(»ver,  on  more 
than  one  occasion,  that  he  was  destitute  of  neither,  lie  was  not,  it  must  he 
(diifessed,  of  the  temper  hest  suite(l  to  the  fierce  and  stirriu;,'  times  on  wiiich 
he  was  cast.  He  was  of  an  amialde  (lisiiosition,  social  and  fond  of  pleasure. 
and  so  little  jealous  of  his  roval  di^^nity  tnat  he  mixed  freely  in  the  dances  and 
nthcr entertainments  of  the  humhlcst  of  his  suhjects.  His  j,'reatest  defect  was 
the  facility  with  which  he  rejtosed  the  cares  of  state  on  fav(»uiites,  not  always 
the  most  deserving.  His  f,'rcatest  merit  was  his  love  of  letters."  Fiifortu- 
iiiitely,  neither  his  merits  nor  defects  were  f)f  a  kind  hest  adapted  to  extricate 
him  fr;vM  his  present  iteriloiis  situation  or  enahle  him  to  co[te  with  his  wily  and 
ic-nlute  adversary.  For  this,  jiowever,  more  commandin^f  talents  ini,i;ht  well 
have  failed.  The  period  had  arrived  when,  in  the  regular  proi;ress  of  events, 
Navarre  mu.st  yield  up  her  indeiicndence  to  the  twn  j;reat  nations  on  her 
lionlors ;  who,  attracted  hy  the  strength  of  her  natural  position,  and  her 
iiilitical  weakness,  would  he  sure,  now  that  their  own  domestic  discords  were 
lealcd,  to  claim  each  the  moiety  which  seemed  naturally  to  fall  within  its 


"  Carta  del  Key  ji  I).  Dip|?o  Doza,  IhirKos, 
Inly  2titli,  aimd  Hcrn.ildcz,  llcyi-s  ('iitiMiics, 
.MS,  tap.  'ii;t().  — lli^toiro  dii  Koyauine  dn 
Xaviirn-,  pp.  G2i)-6'.i7.  — Al)arc'a,  Itt-ycs  de 
Aiaji'iii,  totu.  ii.  rcy  M,  cap.  21. — Pt'tcr 
.Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  cpist.  4ttr). — Ali'xui,  .\ii- 
ii;ili's  dc  N'avarra,  timi.  v.  HI),  a."),  lap.  I.'i. 
— B'Tiiaidt'/.  haH  iiicorpdratcd  into  his  clim- 
nitlc  .several  letters  of  Kiiifi  l-i  rdiiiaiid, 
\vrittiii  during  tlio  progress  ot  the  war.  It  is 
fiii^-'iihir  that,  cominjj  iroiii  so  hii:h  a  S'lircc, 
till  y  siiould  iiut  h.ive  been  more  tVeely  re- 
f'Tlcil  to  by  the  Spanish  wriiers.  'I'iiey  are 
niiilressed  to  his  eon  lessor,  l)e/a,  arehbisliop  of 
S-viiie,  vvith  whom  Hernaldez,  curate  of  a 
pari^ii  in  his  diocese,  was.  as  apjieirs  trom 
ollii  r  parts  of  his  work,  on  terms  of  intimacy. 

"  Alesoii,  Aniiules  de  Navarra,  toin.  v.  lib. 
35,  cap.  15. — ilistoire  du  lioyuumu  de  Navarre, 


p.  G22.— Lcbrija,  Do  Bcllo  Navarionsi,  lib.  1, 
cap.  ».— ".lean  d'Mbret  you  were  Ixirn." 
Raid  r.itharine  to  in  r  unfortiin.iie  husband,  as 
they  were  living  from  llnir  kinL!<lom,  "and 
.lean  d'.MIiret  you  wi.l  die.  Had  I  iM-eti 
kiiifr,  and  you  (pieeu.  we  lia<l  Iwen  riinnin^  in 
Navarre  at  this  niomeiit."  ((iaribay,  ( 'om- 
pendio,  torn.  iil.  lib.  2'.t,  cap.  2ti  )  l-'ather 
Abarea  treats  the  story  as  an  old  life's  tale, 
aiid  (iaribay  as  an  old  woman  for  re|  rating 
it.     Ibves  de  Arai^on,  torn.  ii.  rey   lo,  eap.  21. 

"  Maiiiliesto  ilel  Itey  I).  !•  iriiaiido,  .Inly 
3(lih,  apiid  M' rii.dd' z,  Key  s  ( '.ilolicos,  M.S., 
cap.  2.iti.  l.ibrija,  !)■•  M.  llo  Navaiieiisi,  lib. 
1,  eap.  .').-  (iaribay,  Compendio,  toiu.  iii.  lib. 
29,  caj).  20. 

'■  Aleson.  .Ximalesde  Navarra,  ton),  v.  lib. 
.'J,'),  cap.  2. — liistuire  du  Uoyttuuitde  Navarro, 
pp.  (>ua,  UU4. 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


own  territorial  limits.  Particular  events  nii.nlit  aoceler.lte  or  retard  tin's 
result,  lint  it  was  nut  in  the  power  of  human  genius  to  avert  its  liuul  cnii- 
.summation. 

King  Ferdinand,  wlio  descried  the  storm  now  gatlicring  on  the  side  nf 
France,  resolved  to  meet  it  promptly,  i.nd  connuanded  liis  general  to  (.toss  tiir 
mountains  and  occupy  the  districts  of  Lower  Navarre.  In  this  he  ex|ii'(  tcl 
the  co-()j)eration  of  the  English.  JJut  he  was  disappointed.  The  manjiiis  df 
l)orset  alleged  that  the  time  consumed  in  the  reduction  of  Navarre  inadc  it 
too  late  for  the  expedition  against  Ciuienne,  which  was  nowi)laced  in  a  posture 
of  defence,  lie  loudly  complained  that  his  master  had  been  duped  hy  thf 
Catholic  king,  who  had  used  his  ally  to  make  coiKjuests  solely  fur  liiiii>clf ; 
and,  in  spite  of  every  remonstrance,  lie  re-embarked  his  whole  force,  without 
\vaiting  fia-  orders;  "a  jtrocei^ding,"  says  Ferdinand  in  one  of  his  IcttcK, 
"  which  touches  me  most  deeply,  from  the  stain  it  leaves  on  the  hoiHmr 
of  th<!  most  serene  king  my  son-in-law,  anil  the  glory  of  the  English  natinn, 
HO  distinguished  in  times  past  for  high  and  chivalrous  emprize."  '* 

The  diike  of  Alva,  thus  unsupjtorted,  was  no  match  for  the  French  niidcr 
Longueville,  strengthened,  moreover,  by  the  veteran  corps  returned  from  Italy 
"with  the  brave  La  Palice,  Indeed,  he  narrouly  escaped  being  heinmcd  iii 
between  the  two  armies,  and  only  succeeded  in  anticijiatirg  by  a  few  h.iiiiN 
the  movements  of  La  i*alice,  so  as  to  make  ood  his  retreat  through  the  pass  of 
Roncesvalles  and  throw  himself  into  Pampelona.''  Hither  he  was  speciliiv 
followed  by  the  French  general,  accomi)anied  by  Jwm  d'Alliret.  On  the  27iii 
of  Xovend)er  the  besiegers  made  a  desi)erate  though  inetiectual  assaidt  on  the 
city,  which  was  reiieated  with  eiiual  ill  fortune  on  the  two  following  di\\<. 
The  belengtiering  forces,  in  the  mean  time,  were  straitened  for  jtrovisions ;  and 
at  length,  after  a  siege  of  sojue  weeks,  on  learning  the  arrival  of  fresh  rein- 
forcements under  the  duke  of  Najara,'*  they  broke  up  their  encamjimcnt,  ami 
withdrew  across  the  mountains ;  and  with  them  faded  the  last  ray  of  hope  for 
the  restoration  of  the  mifortunate  monarch  of  Navarre.'® 

On  the  1st  of  Aj)ril  in  the  following  year,  1513,  Ferdinand  eflected  a  tnire 
with  Louis  the  Twelfth,  end)racing  their  resjjective  territories  west  of  the 
Alps.  It  continued  a  year,  and  at  its  expiration  was  renewed  for  a  similai 
time.^°    This  arrangement,  by  which  Louis  sacrihced  the  interests  of  his  ally 


'"  See  the  king's  tliinl  Itttor  to  Do'a, 
TiOgrofio,  Novenjbcr  r.;tli,  apmi  HiTiialiicz, 
lviyt'8  Catolicos,  MS.,  cap.  "iiiti.  — Mariana, 
Hist,  (le  Espafia,  toiu.  ii.  111).  30,  cap.  \2. — 
I.<l>rija,  I)i'  Bi  ill)  .Navariciisi,  Ub.  1,  cap.  7. — 
Tctcr  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  tpist.  4')!).  — Hor- 
bcit,  Life  of  Henry  VIU.,  p.  2i. — Holinshed, 
ClirdMiclos,  ;;.  571. 

"  (iarcila.-^sii  de  la  Vepa  alhules  to  thi'se 
military  exjjloits  uf  the  duke,  in  liis  second 
eclogue : 

"Con  mas  ihistre  nontire  los  armses 
de  I0.S  lieros  Kraiueses  ahollava." 

Obras,  cd.  de  llirrira,  p.  505. 

'"  Sneli  was  the  power  of  the  oli'  d\ike  of 
Niijara  tliat  he  Itrouirht  into  the  field  on  this 
occasioii  1100  horsi'  and  ;i(iuo  foot,  raised  iitul 
eqnii>i>ed  on  his  own  estates.  I'eter  Martyr, 
Opus  I'pi-t.,  epist.  .')(i7, 

'■  Meinoiies  de  Hayard,  chap.  55,  50. — 
Fleurangc,  MiMnoin's,  ehai).  Xi.  Lebrija,  De 
liidh.  Navatiensi,  lib.  1,  cap.  8,  9. — .\bar'a, 
Reyes  de  Aragon,  toiu.  ii.  rey  ;{i),  cap.  21. — 
Carbajal,  .iViiales,  MS.,  aiio  15l:i.— Jean  and 


Catharine  d'.Mbret  passed  the  remainder  cf 
their  d.iys  in  their  territories  on  the  Knnih 
side  of  the  I'yrences.  They  made  oiu'  inn.r 
faint  and  fruitless  attenijit  to  reeov.r  tli'ir 
di>ininiiins,  during  the  regency  (vf  Cirdiiial 
Xinicnes.  (Cirbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  rap.  IJ  ~ 
Hrokdi  in  spirits,  their  health  gradii.tlly 
dei'lined,  and  neither  of  them  loii^:  sur\i\.<i 
the  los.s  of  f  h(  ir  crown.  Jean  died  .Iinn'  u::r  I, 
1517,  and  C'atharitie  followed  on  the  1-iii  "1 
February  cd'  the  next  year,— hajipy,  at  lia'^t. 
that,  as  misfortune  had  no  powir  to  di'.iil'' 
them  in  life,  so  they  were  not  long  sejiar.it'  d 
by  di'ath.  (Histoire  dn  Uoyaume  de  Nasanv, 
p.  64,!. — .\li'son,  Annales  de  Nav.ina,  t  iiii. 
V.  lib.  ;!5.  cap.  -ill,  21.)  Thrir  bodies  sIm  ]i 
Hide  by  side  in  the  cathedral  ehiu'ch  ot  L.m  .ir, 
in  their  own  domiinons  of  Hearn ;  and  t  •  ir 
fate  is  jiistlv  noticed  by  the  S[)anish  liislniiain 
as  one  (d'  the  most  striking  exam)d(s  of  tint 
sti-rn  di'cree  by  which  the  sins  of  tlu'  tatliis 
are  visited  on  the  children  to  the  liiiid  aini 
fourth  generation. 

■"  Klassan.  l)i|)loinatie  Frant^aise,  toni.  i  p. 
295. — Kyuier,  Fadera,  torn.  xiii.  pp.  aoU-aJ2. 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


597 


;  English  iialinii, 
;e."  '« 


the  kin.cj  of  Navarre,  pave  Ferdinand  ample  time  for  Kettlinji:  and  fortifyin*; 
liis  new  coiitiucst.s ;  while  it  left  the  war  open  in  a  (piarter  where,  he  well 
kiit'W,  others  were  more  iiitere>ted  than  himself  to  i)n)secute  it  with  vigonr. 
Tlie  treaty  must  be  alloweil  to  he  more  (lefensil)le  on  the  score  of  policy  than 
of  L^ood  faith.*'  The  ahies  loudly  inveighed  against  the  treachery  of  their 
cmifederate,  who  hail  so  unscrupnlously  sacritieed  the  common  interest  by 
relieving  France  from  the  powerful  diversion  he  was  engaged  to  make  on  her 
wiNteru  borders.  It  is  no  justification  of  wrong,  that  similar  wrongs  have 
lict'u  connnitted  by  others  ;  but  those  who  commit  them  (and  there  wix-s  not 
one  ((f  the  allies  who  could  escape  the  imputation,  amid  the  political  profligacy 
of  the  times)  certainly  forfeit  the  privilege  to  complain.'* 


-  (Inicciardinl,  Istoria,  torn.  vi.  lib.  11,  p.  s'j ; 
!iti.  IJ,  p.  Itis.— .Mariana,  Jlist.  do  I'.sjJaiKi, 
tniM,  ii.  lib.  ;((),  cap.  '22. — "  Ku  cos;i  ri'licdla," 
say-i  liuiccianlitii  in  relation  to  tlii-s  fruci% 
"olii'iioi  nii'dcHinii  piorni,  clio  la  si  li.nniiva 
Soil  iiiii'iueiitt'  por  tiitta  la  Spajiiia,  vcnii''  uii 
M-.ild»  a  sifinitiiaruli  in  umw  did  Itc  d'lti- 
philii'rra  gli  ajiimrati  iiotcntissinii,  rli<-  oi 
faciva  per  a>salt.iri'  la  Francia,  c  a  solU'citare 
die  t'gii  nu'dt'siniaiucnte  inove.ssc,  sccondo 
cii''  .ivfva  pnnufsso  la  giierra  dalla  parte  di 
,<liiiena."     Istoria,  toni.  vi.  lib.  12,  p.  s4. 

■'  Francesco  V'ettori,  the  Florentine  ara- 
ba«-:i'liir  at  the  papal  court,  writes  to  Machia- 
volli  tliat  ho  lay  awake  two  hours  that  night 
R|i'i  uliiting  on  the  real  motives  of  the  Catholic 
kill};  in  ulakiug  tliis  truce,  wiach,  regarded 
8,iii|ily  a.s  a  matter  of  policy,  he  condemns  in 
Mil.  He  accompanies  tliis  with  various  jire- 
dictiiitis  respecting  the  conseciuences  likely  to 
rcMilt  from  it.  These  coiisofiuences  never 
occurred,  however ;  and  the  f  dlure  of  his 
rrcdictionH  may  be  received  a>;  the  best  refu- 
tation of  his  arguments.  Machiavelli,  Opere, 
Lftt.  famigl.,  Apriie  21,  ISKJ. 

'"  (Juicciardini,  Istoria,  torn.  vi.  lib.  11,  pp. 
81,  H2.— Machiavelli,  Opere,  ubi  supra. — I'eter 
Martyr,  Opus  Kpist,  epist.  .'i.'is.— On  the  5th 
of  .\pril  a  treaty  was  concluded  at  Mechlin, 
ill  tlie  names  of  Ferdinand,  the  king  of 
Eiiniand,  tin;  emperor,  and  the  jxjpe.  (Uymer, 
Fvvdera,  tom.  xiii.  pp.  ;<54-3r)8. )  The  Castilian 
eiiviiv,  Don  Luis  Carroz,  was  not  present  at 
Mi'ihiin,  but  it  was  ratified  and  solemnly 
sworn  to  by  him,  on  Ijehalf  of  his  sovereign,  in 
Lumlon,  .Vpril  isth.  (.Ibid.,  torn.  xiii.  p.  ;;63.) 
By  tills  treaty,  Spain  agreed  to  attack  France 
ill  G'leiine,  while  the  other  powers  were  to 


*  [\n  several  elaborate  letters  to  his  minister 
in  Kngl.md,  Ferdinand  gives  a  great  variety 
of  na.sons  for  having  made  the  truce  with 
Kratue.  One,  on  which  he  seems  to  lay  par- 
ticular stress,  is  that,  having  taken  a  bad 
CeUl  which  had  made  him  very  ill,  he  had 
bell  solemnly  charged  by  his  confessor  and 
other  "persons  of  tender  consciences"  to  seek 
a  reconciliation  with  his  enemies,  as  good 
Christians  are  in  the  habit  of  doing  when  jire- 
pariiig  for  death.  He  is  ready,  however 
I'eing  now  r.  stored  to  health),  to  enter  into 
fr'-h  engagements  against  France  if  requested 
by  Henry,  stipulating  only  that,  while   the 


co-operate  by  a  descent  on  other  quarters. 
(See  also  Iiumont,  Corjis  diploiiiati(|Ue,  torn, 
iv.  }),irt.  1,  no.  7'.t.)  'I  his  was  in  direct  con- 
tra(lii  tion  of  the  treaty  sigmd  only  live  days 
before  at  Orthes,  and,  if  made  w  itli  the  privity 
of  King  Ferdinand,  must  l>e  allowed  to  be  a 
gratuitous  display  of  pertidy,  not  easily 
matched  in  that  age.  As  such,  of  cour>e,  it 
is  stigmatized  by  tlie  French  liistori.ms, — tliat 
is,  the  later  ones,  for  1  find  no  comment  on 
it  in  contenifiorary  writers.  ^See  Kapin, 
History  of  Knglaiiii,  traiislate<l  by  Tindal 
(London,  17h,'>  '.(),  vol.  ii.  pp.  9;t,  lit. — Sis- 
mondi.  Hist,  des  Fraii(;ais,  torn.  xv.  j).  tliti.) 
Ferdinand,  when  apjilied  to  by  Henry  \'lll. 
to  ratify  the  act-,  of  his  minister,  in  the 
following  summer,  refused,  on  the  grouiul 
tliat  the  latter  had  transcended  hi>  powers. 
(Heib  rt,  Life  of  Henry  VilL,  p.  29.)  The 
Spanish  writers  are  silent.  His  assTtion 
derives  some  iirobability  from  the  tenor  of 
one  of  the  articles,  which  provides  that  in 
case  he  refuses  to  confirm  the  treaty  it  shall 
still  be  biniling  Ix'tween  England  and  the 
emperor;  languag'  which,  a.s  it  anticipates, 
may  seem  to  authorize,  such  a  contingency. — 
Public  treaties  have,  for  obvious  reasons,  lieen 
generally  received  as  the  surest  basis  for 
history.  One  might  well  doubt  this,  who 
attempts  to  reconcile  the  multifarious  dis- 
crepancies and  contradictions  in  ihosf  of  the 
pcrio<i  under  review.  The  science  of  diplo- 
macy, as  then  jiraetised,  was  a  mere  game  of 
finesse  and  falsidiood,  in  which  the  more 
S(jlemn  the  protestations  of  the  p.irties,  the 
more  ground  was  there  for  distru-sting  their 
sincerity.* 


latter  pursues  the  conquest  of  Normandy  and 
other  jirovinces,  his  own  movements  shall  Ix; 
contined  to  the  acquisition  of  15carn,— an 
operation  which,  he  asserts,  would  bo  no 
Infraction  of  the  truce,  while  it  would  render 
a  great  s  rvice  to  his  ally  by  detaining  French 
troops  in  that  (piarter.  (Ikrgenroth,  Letters, 
Despatches,  and  State  Papers,  vol.  ii.)  What 
is  re.illy  to  be  said  in  favour  of  Ferdinand  is 
that  he' made  strenuous  efforts  to  inform  his 
ambas-ador  in  Knglaiid  of  the  trui:e  in  time 
to  prevent  his  signing  the  treaty  against 
France. —Ed.] 


698 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRF. 


Ferdinand  availe<l  himself  of  the  interval  of  repose  now  secured  to  settle  his 
new  eoniiuests.  He  had  transferred  liis  residence  first  to  Biir;,^os,  ami  aftfi- 
wirds  to  hnij^roho,  that  he  inii,dit  he  near  the  theatre  of  operations.  Hi-  \va> 
indefati.^ahle  in  raising'  reinforcements  ami  supplies,  and  expressed  his  inton- 
tion  at  one  time,  notwithstandinL^  the  declining;  state  of  his  health,  to  take  tin- 
conunand  in  person.  He  showed  his  usual  sagacity  in  various  regulations  for 
improving  the  police,  healing  the  domestic  feuds, — as  fatal  to  Navarre  as  the 
arms  of  its  enemies,— and  conlirming  and  extending  its  numicipal  i)rivile;,'{'s 
and  immunities,  so  as  to  conciliate  the  att'ections  of  Ids  new  sul)jects.^' 

Un  the  23rd  of  March,!")  13,  the  estates  of  Navarre  took  the  usual  oaths  of 
allegiance  to  King  Ferdinand.^*  On  the  15th  of  June,  1515,  the  Catholic 
monarch,  hy  a  solenm  act  in  cortes,  held  at  Burgos,  incorporated  his  new  (dii- 
quests  into  the  kingdom  of  Castile."  The  event  excited  some  surprise, 
considering  his  more  intimate  relations  with  Aragon.  But  it  was  to  the  arms 
of  Castile  tiiat  he  was  chieHy  indebted  for  the  con([uest ;  aiid  it  was  on  hrr 
superior  wealth  and  resources  that  he  relied  for  maintjiining  it.  With  thi^ 
was  combined  the  politic  consideration  that  the  Navarrese,  naturally  turliwlcnt 
and  factious,  would  be  held  more  easily  in  subordination  when  associated  with 
Castile,  than  with  Aragon,  where  the  spirit  of  independence  was  higher,  aii4 
often  manifested  itself  in  such  bold  assertion  of  popular  rights  as  falls  nin.t 
unwelcome  on  a  royal  ear.  To  all  this  must  be  added  the  despair  of  issue  hy 
his  present  marriage,  which  had  nnich  abated  his  personal  interest  in  en 
larging  the  extent  of  his  i)atrimonial  domains. 

Foreign  writers  characterize  the  compiest  of  Navarre  as  a  bold,  unblusliin,' 
usurpation,  rendered  more  odious  by  the  mask  of  reli,gious  hypocrisy.  The 
national  writers,  on  the  other  hand,  have  employed  their  pens  industriously  tn 
vindicate  it;  some  endeavouring  to  rake  a  good  claim  for  Castile  out  nf  iis 
ancient  union  Avith  Navarre,  almost  as  ancient,  indeed,  as  the  Moorish  (ini- 
(piest.  Others  resort  to  considerations  of  expediency,  relying  on  the  mutual 
benelits  of  the  connection  to  both  kingdoms;  argiunents  which  jtrove  littir 
else  than  the  weakness  of  the  cause.'^"  All  lay  more  or  less  stress  on  the  cele- 
brated bull  of  Julius  the  Second,  of  February  18th,  1512,  by  which  he  excnni- 
municated  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre  as  heretics,  schismatics,  and  enemies  nf 
the  church;  releasing  their  subiects  from  their  allegiance,  laying  their  d" 
minions  under  an  interdict,  and  delivering  them  over  to  any  who  should  tike. 
or  had  already  taken,  possession  of  them."  Most,  indeed,  are  content  to  le  t 
on  this,  as  the  true  basis  and  original  ground  of  the  conciuest.    The  t«ital 


='■•'  Carta  del  R-y  tl  Don  DicRo  D.'za,  Nov. 
12Ui,  1512,  npud  Ht'i  iialdcz,  Hcycs  Catoticos, 
MS.,  cap.  2:jo. — Alcson,  An'"ilcs  di'  Navarra, 
toiii.  V.  lib.  35,  cap.  It).  — Zuiita,  Analcs,  toin. 
vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  KJ,  3C,  43. — Carbiijal,  Aiiales, 
MS.,  ano  1512. 

-'  Hi.>it.  du  Uoyaume  do  Navarre,  pp.  629, 
630.— Alcson,  Amiali'w  dc  Navarra,  Icjin.  v. 
lib.  35,  cap.  16. — Garibay,  CViiipendio,  torn. 
iii.  lib.  30,  cap.  1. 

'-■*  Zurita,  Anales,  toin.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  92. 
— Carl).ijal,  Analcs,  MS.,  afio  1515.  -(larihay, 
ConipiMulio,  torn.  iii.  lib,  30,  cap.  1.— Alcauii, 
Aiiiialcs  dc  Navarra,  torn.  v.  lib.  3ri,  cap.  7. — 
Sauiloval,  Hist,  del  Emp.  Carlos  V.,  tom.  1. 
p.  26. 

•"  Thf  honest  canon  Salazar  de  Moiidoza 
(takinir  the  hint  from  Lebrija,  indeed")  tind» 
abnndant  warrant  for  Ferdinand's  treatment 
ol  Navarre  in  the  hard  measure  dealt  by  the 


Israelites  of  old  to  the  people  of  Eplinm,  nu  i 
to  Sihon,  kinpofthe  .Amorites.  (Mdiianiuii, 
tom.  i.  lib.  3,  cap.  0.)  It  ndRlit  seem  stiwi-' 
that  a  Christian  .-hould  look  for  autlinrits  i  . 
tiie  practices  of  the  race  he  so  niiuli  alioin.- 
nates,  instead  of  ihe  inspired  j)rii('|it-<  nt  tin' 
Founder  of  his  religion!  Hut  in  trulii  V'ur 
thoroiiphbred  casui^t  is  apt  to  be  very  littl'' 
of  a  Christian. 

'^^  See  the  original  bull  of  .lulius  II.,  apiitl 
Mariana,  Hist,  de  Kspana,  tom.  ix.  .\pi ml. 
no.  2,  td.  V'alencia,  1796. — "  .loaiHU'iii  ct 
Catharinam,"  says  the  bull,  in  the  u<ual  con- 
ciliatory style  of  the  Vatic. in,  "  penliti"iiis 
fllios,  —  e,\communicato«.  anatheinizatns,  ii  i- 
ledictos,  a'terrii  supplicii  reos,"  etc  etc.  "i  '■■' 
armies  swore  terribly  in  Flanders,  crii'l  ni • 
uncle  Toby,— but  nothing  to  this.  F-r  i;  ^ 
own  part,  I  could  not  have  a  heart  to  cm- 
my  dog  so." 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


599 


e,  laving  their  d' 


silence  of  the  Catholic  kin^-  respecting  this  {lociinient  befc-re  tlie  invasion,  and 
the  omission  of  the  national  historians  since  to  jtruduce  it,  iiavc  caused  much 
skepticism  as  to  its  existence.  And,  although  its  rerent  puhlication  puts  this 
l»eyond  doubt,  the  instrument  contains,  in  my  judgment,  strong  internal 
evidence  for  distrusting  the  accuracy  of  the  date  athxed  to  it,  which  should 
liave  been  posterior  to  the  invasion  ;  a  circumstance  materially  atlecting  the 
argnmient,  as  it  makes  the  pai)al  sentence  not  the  original  basis  of  the  war, 
but  only  a  sanction  subse<iuently  obtained  to  cover  its  mjustice  and  authorize 
retaining  the  fruits  of  it.** 

But,  whatever  authority  such  a  sanction  nmy  have  had  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  it  will  find  little  resiect  in  the  present,  at  least  beyond  the  limits  of 
tlie  Pyrenees.  The  only  way  in  which  the  question  can  be  fairly  tried  nmst 
be  by  those  maxims  of  public  law  universally  recognized  as  settling  the  inter- 
course of  civilized  nations ;  a  science,  indeed,  imperfectly  tleveloped  at  that 
time,  but  in  its  general  principles  the  same  as  now,  founded,  as  these  are,  on 
the  immrtable  basis  of  morahty  and  justice. 

We  mu  t  go  back  a  step  beyond  the  war,  to  the  proximate  cause  of  it. 


-"  The  ninth  volume  of  the  splendid  Va- 
Ifncian  edition  of  M.iriana  contains  in  th 
Appendix  the  famous  bull  of  Julius  II.  of 
Feb.  l«th,  1512,  the  original  of  which  is  to 
be  found  in  the  royal  archives  of  H.ircelona. 
The  editor,  iJon  Francif^c.<  Ortiz  y  San/,,  has 
accompanied  it  with  an  elab<jrate  disquisition, 
in  which  he  makes  the  apostolic  sentence  tlie 
f^reat  authority  lor  the  conquest.  It  was  a 
great  triumph,  undoubtedly,  to  be  able  to 
jinnluce  the  document,  atter  the  Spanish  his- 
torians had  been  so  long  challenj;ed  in  vain 
by  foreign  writers  to  do  this,  and  when  its 
e.vistence  might  well  be  doubted,  since  no 
record  of  it  appears  on  the  papal  register. 
(.\barca,  Reyes  de  Aragoii,  tom.  ii.  rey  30, 
cip.  21.)  Paris  de  Gra-ssis,  viaitre  des  cert'- 
vvmies  of  the  chapel  of  Julius  11.  and  Leo  X., 
makes  no  mention  of  bull  or  excommunica- 
tion, although  very  exact  and  particular  in 
reporting  such  facts.  (Brequigny,  .Manu- 
ecrits  de  la  Bibliotheque  du  Roy,  tom.  ii. 
p.  570.)  There  is  no  reason  that  I  know  for 
doubUng  the  genuineness  of  the  present  In- 
htrument.  There  are  conclusive  reasons  to 
my  mind,  however,  for  rejecting  its  date  and 
assigning  it  to  some  time  posterior  to  the 
conque.st.  Ist.  The  bull  denounces  John  and 
Catharine  as  having  openly  joined  thera-selvis 
to  Louis  XU.  and  borne  arms  with  him 
against  England,  Spain,  and  the  church ;  a 
charge  for  which  there  was  no  pretence  till 
five  months  later.— 2nd.  With  tliis  bull  the 
editor  has  given  anotiier,  dated  Rome,  July 
21st,  1512,  noticed  by  Peter  Mfftyr.  (Opus 
Kpist.,  epist.  497.)  This  latter  is  general  in 
its  import,  being  directed  against  all  nations 
whatever,  engaged  in  alliance  with  Fiance 
against  the  church.  The  sovereigns  of  Na- 
varre are  not  even  mentioned,  n')r  the  nation 
itself,  any  further  than  to  warn  it  of  tlie 
inmiinent  danger  in  which  it  stood  of  falling 
into  the  schism.  Now,  it  is  obvious  that  this 
second  bull,  so  general  in  its  import,  would 
have  been  entirely  superfluous  in  refrence 
to  Navarre,  after  the  publication  of  the  first ; 


while,  on  the  other  hand,  nothing  conld  ha 
more  natural  tlian  f..it  these  general  menaces 
and  warnings,  having  proved  inclTectual, 
Bhould  be  followed  by  the  particular  sentence 
of  excommunication  contained  in  the  bull  of 
February.  — :!nl  In  fact,  tiie  bull  of  February 
makes  repeated  allusion  to  a  former  one,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  leave  no  doubt  that  the 
bull  of  .fuly  2 1st  is  intended  ;  since  not  only 
the  sentiments  but  the  very  form  of  expres- 
sion are  perfectly  coinci<icnt  in  both  for 
whole  sentences  together. — 4th.  Ferdinand 
makes  no  mention  of  the  papal  excommuni- 
cation, either  in  his  private  correspondence, 
where  he  discusses  the  grounds  of  the  war,  or 
in  bis  manifesto  to  the  Navarrese,  where  it 
would  have  served  his  purpose  quite  as 
effectually  as  his  arms.  I  say  nt  hing  of  the 
negative  evidence  afforded  by  the  silence  of 
contemporaij  writers,  as  Lebrija,  Carbajal, 
IJernaldez,  and  Martyr,  who,  while  they 
allude  to  a  sentence  of  excommunication 
pa.ssed  in  the  consistory,  cr  to  the  publication 
of  the  bull  of  July,  give  no  intimation  of  the 
existence  of  that  of  February;  a  silence 
altogether  inexplicable.  The  inference  fiom 
all  this  is  that  the  date  of  the  bull  of  Fel>- 
ruary  l«th,  1512,  is  erroneous;  that  it  should 
be  placed  at  some  perio<l  posterior  to  the 
conquest,  and  coiisecjuenily  could  not  have 
served  as  the  ground  of  it,  but  was  probaMy 
obtained  at  the  instance  of  the  Citholic  king, 
in  order,  by  tlie  odium  whicli  it  threw  on  the 
sovereigns  of  Navarre,  as  excommunicate,  to 
remove  that  under  which  he  lay  himself,  and 
at  the  same  time  secure  what  might  be 
deemed  a  sufficient  warrant  for  retaining  his 
acquisitions.  Readers  in  general  may  think 
more  time  has  been  spent  on  the  discussion 
than  it  is  worth.  Hut  the  important  li^ht  In 
which  it  is  viewed  by  those  who  entertain 
more  deference  for  a  papal  decree  is  suffi- 
ciently attested  by  the  length  and  number  of 
the  disfiuisitions  on  it,  down  to  the  present 
century. 


600 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


This  was  Ferdinand's  demand  of  a  free  pas^ago  for  his  troops  tliroiitrh 
Navarre.  The  demaiid  was  perfectly  fair,  and  in  ordin;u\v  ca.'-es  ^sou'd  ddulil- 
less  have  heen  j^^anted  by  a  neutral  nation.*  lint  that  nation  n.u.st,  after  all, 
be  the  only  Judge  of  its  propriety,  and  Navarre  may  find  a  justifM'atidn  f(ir  her 
refnsal  on  these  gnjunds.  Fir.^t,  that,  in  lier  weak  and  (lefenceless  state,  it 
was  attended  with  danger  to  herself.  Secondly,  that,  as  hy  a  previous  and 
existing  treaty  with  Spain,  the  validity  of  whi(  h  was  recognized  in  her  new 
0!ie  of  July  17th  with  France,  sho  had  agreed  to  refuse  the  right  of  ]»assage  to 
the  latter  nation,  she  consequently  could  not  grant  it  to  S])ain  without  a  viola- 
1'on  of  her  neutrality."  Thirdly,  that  the  demand  of  a  jiassage,  however  just 
in  itself,  was  coupled  with  another,  the  surrender  of  the  fortresbe.s,  wldcli 
nuist  comT)roniise  the  independence  of  the  kingdom.'" 

But  altliough,  for  these  reasons,  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre  were  warranted 
in  refu.sing  Fenlinand's  request,  thev  were  not  therefore  authori/.ed  to  declare 
war  against  him,  which  they  virtually  did  hy  entering  into  a  defensive  alliaine 


with  his  enemy  Louis  the  Twelfth,  and  ]»y  pledging  themselves  to  make  war 
on  the  f]nglish  an  '    " 
Catholic  king. 


nd  their  confederates ;  an  article  pointetOy  directed  at  the 


Tnie,  indeed,  the  treaty  of  Blois  had  not  received  the  ratification  of  the 
Navarrese  sovereigns ;  but  it  was  e.xecuted  by  their  plenipotentiaries  duly 
authorized,  and,  considering  the  intimate  intercourse  between  the  two  natiini^, 
was  undoubtedly  made  with  their  full  knowledge  and  concurrence.  I'lider 
these  circumstiinccs,  it  was  scarcely  to  be  exjiected  that  King  Ferdinand, 
wlien  an  accident  had  put  him  in  possession  of  tlie  result  of  these  negotiatiuns, 
should  wait  for  a  formal  declaration  of  hostilities,  and  thus  deprive  himself  <if 
the  advantage  of  anticipat'ng  the  blow  of  his  enemy. 

The  right  of  making  war  would  seem  to  include  that  of  disj)osing  of  its 
fruits  ;  sultject,  however,  to  those  principles  of  natinal  equity  which  should 
regulate  every  action,  Avhether  of  a  iniblic  or  privat;?  nature.  No  i)rincii)le  can 
be  clearer,  for  example,  than  that  the  penalty  should  be  pronortioned  to  the 
offence.  Now,  that  inflicted  on  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre,  wnich  went  so  far 
as  to  dispossess  them  of  their  crown  and  annihilate  the  i)olitical  existence  ef 
their  kingdom,  was  such  as  nothing  but  extraordinary  aggressions  on  the  jiart 
of  thb  conquered  nation,  or  the  self-i)reservation  of  tlie  victors,  could  justify, 
As  neither  of  these  contin/^^encies  existed  in  the  present  case,  Ferdinand's 
conduct  must  be  regarded  as  a  flagTant  example  of  the  abuse  of  the  rights  of 
conquest.  We  have  been  but  too  familiar,  incleed,  with  sinnlar  acts  of  jjolitiral 
injustice,  and  on  a  nuich  larger  scale,  in  the  i)resent  civilized  age.  But, 
although  the  number  and  splendour  of  the  ])recedents  may  f)lunt  our  sensi- 
bility to  the  atrocity  of  the  act,  they  can  never  constitute  a  legitimate  vrarrant 
for  its  perpetration. 

While  tlius  freely  condemning  Ferdinand's  cond\ict  in  this  transaction,  I 
caiinot  go  along  with  those  who,  h.tving  inspected  the  subject  less  minutely, 
are  disposed  to  regard  it  as  the  result  of  a  cool,  premeditated  policy  from  the 


-°  Dumont,  Corps  diplomatlquo,  torn.  iv. 
part.  1,  no.  09. 

'"  According  to  Galindoz  do  Carbajal,  only 
Ihrop  fortropsos  wore  orifjinaUy  demanded  l)y 
Ferdinand.  (Ana'es,  IMS.,  afio  1.512. )  IIo 
may  have  ronfounded  tlio  nnmber  with  that 
eaid  to  liave  been  linaliy  conceded  by  tlie 
king    of   Navarre;    a    concoesioti,   however. 


which  auionnted  to  little,  Ftnce  it  excludnd 
by  name  two  of  the  most  ii^ipo'  tint  plnies 
required,  and  the  pincer'ty  of  which  nay 
\v(dl  be  donlUed,  if,  as  it  wonld  seem,  it  \va>< 
not  made  till  after  the  negotiations  with 
Kranc<!  had  been  adju.st(d.  S.e  Zurit.i, 
Analcs,  lib.  10,  cap.  7. 


*  [It  is  herdly  necessary  to  observe  that 
this  Btatemcut,  if  intended  to  have  a  general 


application,  cannot  be  accepted  as  correct.— 

Eu.J 


CONQUEST  OF  NAVARRE. 


601 


outset.  Tlic  propositions  ori^Mnally  niado  l>y  him  to  Navarro  apjtcar  to  liavc 
lifi'ii  conceived  in  perfect  j^^ood  failli.  Tlie  re'iuisition  of  the  fortresses,  impu- 
dent a-;  it  may  seem,  ujis  notliinj;  more  than  had  liei'n  liefore  made  in  Isjiliella's 
time,  when  it  had  l»een  jrianted,  and  the  seoirity  snheiiuentiy  restored,  as 
s(ii»n  as  the  emeruency  liad  passed  away.^'  The  alternative  proposed,  of 
ciiterini;-  into  tlie  lloly  Lea,i;ue,  presented  manyiKtints  of  view  so  favourahle  to 
.Navarre,  that  Ferdinand,  i;,^norant,  as  he  then  was,  of  ^^he  precipe  footing;  on 
uliich  she  stood  with  France,  mii^ht  liave  seen  no  improiiahihty  in  lier  elosinf]^ 
with  it.  Had  either  alternative  l)een  emlnaced.  there  wonid  have  lieen  no 
pretext  for  the  invasion.  Even  when  hostilities  liail  heen  |»recipitated  hy  the 
iiii]iolitic  coiuhict  of  Navarre,  Ferdinand  (to  JMd,i,^e,  not  from  his  )»ul)lic  mani- 
festoes only,  hut  from  his  private  corresnondence)  would  seem  to  have  at  first 
ciiHt(Mnplated  holdini,^  the  country  only  till  tiiedose  of  his  French  expedition.^' 
But  the  facility  of  retaininL""  these  conciuests,  when  once  accjuireil,  was  too 
str m^'  a  temptation.  It  was  easy  to  finu  some  plausihje  pretext  to  justify  it, 
and  obtain  such  a  sanction  from  the  highest  authority  as  should  veil  the  in- 
justice of  the  transaction  from  the  world, — and  from  his  o"  <  eyes.  And  that 
these  were  blinded  is  l)ut  too  true,  if,  as  an  Ara,i;onese  historian  declares,  ho 
could  remark  on  liis  deatli-hed  "  that,  independently  of  the  con(piest  having' 
been  undertaken  at  the  instance  of  the  sovereign  pontillfor  the  extirpation  of 
the  schism,  he  felt  his  conscience  as  easy  in  keeping  it  as  in  keeping  his  en 


rowii 


of  Aragon."  " 

"  Aleson  Aiinalos  de  Navarra,  torn.  v. 
lib.  :i5,  cap.  1,  3.— Garibay,  CompenUio,  torn. 
iii.  lib.  21),  nip.  K'i. 

'  See  Kiiij;  Kerdinaml's  lottor,  July  20th, 
and    hia    manifesto,  July  auth,    1512,  apud 


nernaldez,  Reyes  OatolicDs,  MS.,  cap.  2.15. — 
Lcbrija,  l>o  Hello  Navari'  iisi,  lib.  1,  cap.  7. 

"  Abarca,  Reyes  de  Aragoii,  toui.  ii.  rey 
30,  cap.  21. 


1  have  matle  u<<e  of  three  autlioritiea  ex- 
clusively devoted  to  Navarre,  in  the  jirewnt 
lli>tury.  1.  "  l/IIisti)ire  du  Royanme  de 
N.ivarre,  par  un  des  Sceretairep-lnterprettcs 
il.'  sa  .Maieste."  Paris,  ir<'J6,  8vo.  This 
aiKiiiyuiouH  work,  from  the  pen  of  one  of 
llciiry  IV.'h  seeretaricf,  is  little  else  than  a 
iii'Mgre  conii)iliition  of  facts,  and  these 
deii)ly  coloured  by  the  natiotial  prejudices 
ot  the  writer.  It  deiives  some  valur  from 
this  circumstance,  however,  in  the  contf.ist 
it  affnrds  to  the  Spanish  version  of  the  same 
transactions.  2.  A  tract  entitled  "  A-'Aii 
Aiitunii  .Nebrissensis  de  Hello  Navariensi 
l.ihri  Duo."  It  covers  less  than  thirty  panes 
f'lio,  and  is  chiefly  ooctipied,  as  the  title 
iiiiji'irts,  with  the  military  events  of  the  con- 
(|nrst  by  the  liuke  of  .\lva.  It  was  originally 
iiuurpurated  in  the  volume  containing  its 
Ir.ii  iieci  author's  version,  or  rather  paraphrase, 
of  I'lilgar's  (Jhri'iiichs  witli  some  otiicr  niat- 
t'Ts  ;  and  tirst  iijux'ared  trom  the  press  of  tiie 
yiiinigcr  Lebrija,  ",ii)ud  iinlytam  (iranatiim, 
i:>\b."  3.  Hut  the  great  work  illu.stratiiig 
tii'>  history  of  Navarre  is  the  "  Annales  del 
R' yno  ;  "  of  which  the  best  edition  is  that  in 
Seven  volumes,  folio,  from  the  press  of  Ibauez, 


Pemplona,  1766.  Its  typograpliic.-il  execution 
wouiil  be  creditable  to  any  country.  'I"he 
three  first  viilunics  were  written  liy  Morft, 
whose  profound  ac(|uaintance  with  the  aii- 
ti(|uities  of  his  nation  has  made  his  lx><)k 
indispensable  to  the  student  of  this  portion 
of  its  history.  The  fourth  and  fifth  are  the 
continuation  of  his  work  by  Irancisco  de 
Aleson,  a  .Jesuit  who  succeeded  .Moret  as 
historiographer  t.f  Navarie.  The  two  last 
Volumes  are  devoted  U>  investitrations  illus- 
trating the  anti{iuities  of  Navarre,  from  the 
j)en  of  .Mcjret,  and  are  usually  published  sej)a- 
rately  from  his  great  historic  work.  .Meson's 
cotitiiiuation,  e.Metiding  from  l.'tfiii  to  l.'>27.  is 
a  pro(iiution  of  considerable  merit.  It  shows 
extensive  research  on  ilie  part  of  its  author, 
who,  however,  has  not  always  coiiHned  him- 
self to  the  most  authentic  and  aetredited 
Sources  of  information.  His  references  ex- 
hibit a  singular  medley  of  original  contem- 
porary (locunieTits,  and  apocryphal  anthoiities 
of  a  very  recnt  date.  'I'iioiigh  a  Nav'anese, 
he  has  written  with  the  impartiality  of  out; 
in  whom  locil  prejudices  were  e.\f inguishi  d 
in  the  more  comprehensive  national  ieelirii-'s 
uf  a  Spaniard. 


ptcd  as  corei-cf.. 


C02 


DEATH  OF  GONSALVO. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


DEATH   OF   GONSALVO   DE   CORDOVA, — ILLXESS   AND    DEATH   OP  FERDINAND. 

ma  CUARACTfcx". 

1513-1516. 

Oonaalvo  ordorctl  to  Italy  Genoral  Enthusiasm— Tho  Kind's  r>istrust— Oonflalvo  in  Urtirpmciit 
— Dcrlinc  of  his  IJcaltli-His  l)cath,  and  mibl"  Cl'aractpr  -  Fenliiiaiid'n  Illnoss— It  in- 
creases— Ho  dies — His  Character — A  Contrast  to  Isabella— The  Judgment  of  his  Cun- 
temporaries. 

Notwithstanding  the  good  order  wliich  King  Ferdinand  maintained  in 
Castile  by  his  energetic  con(hict,  as  well  as  l)y  liis  policy  of  diverting  th(> 
eti'ervescing  spirits  of  the  nation  to  foreign  enterpri  e,  he  still  experieiicoil 
annoyance  from  varions  canses.  Among  these  were  Maximilian's  pretensions 
to  the  regency,  as  paternal  grandfather  of  the  heir  apparent.  The  eiii|ici(ir, 
indeed,  had  more  than  once  threatened  to  assert  his  preposterons  claims  to 
Castile  in  person  ;  and,  althongh  this  Qnixotic  monarch,  who  had  been  tilting; 
against  windmills  all  his  life,  failed  to  excite  any  iwwerful  sensation,  either  hy 
liis  threats  or  his  jiromises,  it  furnished  a  plausible  pretext  for  keeping  alive  a 
faction  hostile  to  the  interests  of  the  Catholic  king. 

In' the  winter  of  loOO  aii  anangement  was  made  witli  the  emperor,  thron!:li 
the  mediation  of  Louis  the  Twelfth,  by  which  he  finally  relincpiished  his  iirc- 
tensions  to  the  regency  of  Castile,  in  consideration  of  the  aid  of  three  hundreil 
lances,  and  the  transfer  to  him  of  the  fifty  thousand  ducats  which  Ferdiniind 
was  to  receive  from  Pisa.'  No  bribe  was  too  palti'y  for  a  prince  whose  uic;ui> 
were  as  narrow  as  his  projects  were  vast  and  cliimerical.  Even  after  this 
pacification,  the  Anstrian  jiarty  contrived  to  disipiiet  the  king,  by  maintainiii;; 
the  archduke  Charles's  pretensions  to  the  government  in  the  name  of  his  un- 
fortunate mother  ;  until  at  length  the  Spanish  monarch  came  to  entertain  not 
merely  distrust,  b\it  positive  aversion,  for  his  grandson  ;  while  the  latter,  as 
he  advanced  in  years,  was  taught  to  regard  Ferdinan'l  as  one  who  excluded 
him  from  his  rightful  inheritiince  by  a  most  flagrant  act  of  usurpation.* 

Ferdinand's  suspicious  temper  found  other  grounds  for  uneasiness,  where 
there  was  less  warrant  ^r  it,  in  his  jealousy  of  his  illustrious  subject  (Jonsalvit 
de  Cordova.  This  was  particularly  the  case  when  circumstances  had  discloM'd 
the  full  extent  of  that  genei'al's  iiopularity.  After  the  defeat  of  Ravenna,  the 
pope  and  the  other  allies  of  Ferainand  urged  him  in  the  most  earnest  nianncr 
to  send  the  Great  Cai)tain  into  Italy,  as  the  oidy  man  capable  of  checking  *'  i- 
French  arms  and  restoring  the  fortunes  of  the  league.  The  king,  trinihliii:: 
for  the  immediate  safety  of  his  own  dominions,  gave  a  reluctant  assent,  and 
ordered  Gonsalvo  to  hold  himself  in  i-eadiness  to  Uike  command  of  an  army  t" 
be  instantly  raised  for  Italy.'    (May,  1512.) 

These  tidings  were  received  with  enthusiasm  by  the  Castilians.  Men  of 
every  rank  pressed  forward  to  serve  under  a  chief  whose  service  wa>^  itself 
sutticient  ]iassport  to  fame.  "  It  actually  seemed,"  says  Martyr,  "as  if  Spain 
were  to  be  drained  of  all  her  noble  and  generous  blood.    Nothing  ajjpearod 


'  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafia,  torn.  ii.  lib. 
29,  cup.  21. — Zurito,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  8, 
caj*.  45,  47. 

'  /.iirita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  in,  cap.  55, 
69.— I'eter  .Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  opist.  531. 


'  IVtor  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  4>6. 
Chronica  del  (Iran  Capitan.  lib.  -i,  cip.  7. 
Zurita,  Analos,  toni.  vi.  lil>.  10,  cap.  -'. 
Giuvio,  Vita  -Magni  Guiisalvi,  lib.  3,  p.  'J*?. 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


Gu;i 


F   FERDINAXD.— 


nsalvo  In  Rotirrmoiit 
aiid'rt  Illtipss— If  in- 
ilgmi'iit  of  Lift  Cun- 


1  niaintaiiiod  in 
of  (livertiii^r  ti„. 

still  exporit'iiced 
ian's  pretensions 
t.  The  eiiiiioror, 
storous  claiiiis  to 
»  liad  been  tiltiiii; 
isation,  either  hy 
)r  keeping  uhve  a 


emperor,  throndi 
Kjuished  his  iire- 
of  three  hinnlrod 
which  Ferdiiiiiiid 
ince  wliose  means 
Even  after  this 
g,  by  maintaining' 
5  name  of  liis  ini- 
B  to  entertain  not 
lile  the  latter,  as 
)ne  who  excluded 
surpation.* 
uneasiness,  whore 
subject  (jonsalvo 
ices  liad  disclosed 
t  of  Ravenna,  the 
t  earnest  nianncr 
e  of  checkin.i'-  *'  c 
3  king,  trciiihlinu' 
:tant  assent,  ami 
nd  of  an  army  to 

;tilians.  Men  of 
service  wa^  itself 
tyr,  "as  if  Spain 
[othing  a])jieared 

Epist.,  epist.  4.-6 — 
;:m,  lib.  3,  cip.  ".— 
1.  lil).  10,  cap.  '-'.— 
iilvi,  lib.  3,  p.  2»8. 


injpossible,  or  even  dith^dt,  under  such  a  leader.  Hardly  a  cavalier  in  the 
land  hut  would  have  tlnjught  it  a  reproai  h  to  remain  l)chuid.  Truly  marvel- 
lous,'" he  adds,  "  is  the  authority  which  lie  has  acijuired  over  all  onlcrs  of 
men  ! " * 

Such  was  tlie  zeal  with  which  men  eidisted  under  liis  banner,  that  groat 
dilhculty  was  found  in  cumpleung  the  necess^vry  levies  for  Navarre,  then 
menaced  by  the  French.  The  king,  alarmed  at  this,  and  relieved  from  appre- 
hensions of  innnediate  danger  lo  Naples,  by  suliseiiuent  ailvices  from  tnat 
Country,  sent  onlers  greatly  reduc  ig  the  nund)er  of  forces  to  be  raised,  lint 
this  ha((  little  ellect,  since  every  man  who  had  the  means  preferred  acting  as  a 
Volunteer  under  the  Great  Captain  to  any  other  .service,  however  gainful  ;  and 
many  a  poor  cavalier  was  theie,  who  e.xpended  his  little  all,  or  incurred  a 
heavy  debt,  in  order  to  ajipear  in  the  field  in  a  style  becoming  the  chivalry  of 
Si»ain. 

Ferdinand's  former  di.>tnist  of  his  general  was  now  augmented  tenfold  bv 
this  evidence  of  his  unbounded  popularity.  He  saw  in  imagination  mucli 
more  danger  to  Naples  fiom  such  a  subject  than  from  any  eneiuy,  however 
formidable.  He  had  received  intelligence,  moreover,  that  the  Frencii  were  in 
full  retrwit  towards  the  north.  He  hesitated  no  longer,  but  sent  instructions 
to  the  Great  Captain  at  Cordova  to  disband  his  levies,  as  the  e.xpeilition  woidd 
be  posti)oned  till  after  the  present  winter  ;  at  the  .same  time  inviting  such  as 
cliose  to  enlist  in  the  service  of  Navarre.*    (Augu-t,  \ol'2.) 

These  tidings  were  received  with  indignant  feelings  by  the  whole  army. 
Tiie  oHicers  refused,  nearly  to  a  man,  to  engage  in  the  proposed  .service.  Gon- 
"rvlvo,  who  muler.stood  the  motives  of  this  change  in  the  royal  imrjio.se,  was 
deeply  sensible  of  what  he  regarded  as  a  personal  atiront.  lie,  however, 
enjoined  o!i  his  troojis  implicit  obedience  to  the  kings  command.s.  Jiefore 
disnnssing  them,  as  he  knew  that  many  had  been  drawn  into  exjiensive  pre- 
l)arations  far  beyond  their  means,  he  distributed  large.s.^es  among  them, 
amounting  to  the  irnmen.se  sum,  if  we  may  credit  his  biographers,  of  one 
hundred  thoiisiind  ducat.s.  "  Kever  stint  vour  hand,"  .siiid  he  to  his  steward, 
who  remonstrated  on  the  magnitude  of  the  donative;  "there  is  no  mode  of 
enjoying  one's  property  like  giving  it  away."  He  then  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
king,  in  which  he  gave  free  vent  to  his  indignation,  bitterly  complaining  of 
the  ungenerous  requital  of  his  services,  and  a.sking  leave  to  retire  to  his  duchy 
of  Terranova  in  JSajdes,  since  lie  could  lie  no  longer  useful  in  Spain.  This 
request  was  not  calculated  to  lull  Ferdinand's  susiticions.  He  answered,  how- 
ever, "  in  the  soft  and  pleasant  style  which  he  knew  so  well  how  to  assume," 
savs  Zurita ;  and,  after  specifying  his  motives  for  reliiKpiishing,  however 
reluctantly,  the  expedition,  he  recommended  Gonsalvo's  return  to  Loja,  at 
least  until  some  more  dehnite  arrangement  coulu  be  nuule  respecting  the 
affairs  of  Italy. 

Thus  condemned  to  his  former  .seclusion,  the  Great  Captain  resumed  his  late 
habits  of  life,  freely  opening  his  mansion  to  per,s(»ns  of  merit,  interesting  him- 
self in  plans  for  ameliorating  the  condition  of  his  tenantry  and  neighbours, 
and  in  this  quiet  way  winning  a  more  luuiuestionable  title  to  hu.nan  gratitude 
than  when  piling  up  the  blood-stained  trophies  of  victory.  Alas  for  humanity, 
that  it  should  have  deemed  otherwise  !  ^ 


*  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  487.— Pulgar,  Su- 
mario,  j).  2ui. 

^  Gii)vi(),  \'ita  MaRiii  (iniisalvi,  lib.  .'},  p. 
289. — Clinwiiia  dvl  (Jr.iii  Capit;!!!,  lib.  ,'{,  cap. 
7,  H.— Llldii,  Vita  tii  Carlo  V.,  ful.  3s.— IVtcr 
Martyr,  Opus    Epist.,    epist.   408.— Pulgar, 


Suin.ari<),  p.  201. 

'  .Mariana,  Hist,  do  Espafia,  tnin  ii.  lib. 
30,  cap.  14. — (.ii.)vi(),  Vit;i'  Illust.  Virdiiiiii, 
jip.  29(1,  291.- Cliroiiica  del  (iraii  Capilan, 
lib.  3,  caj).  7,  X,  1).  — Zurita,  Aiial-s,  toin.  vi. 
lib.   10,  tap.  28.— (^uiulaua,  Lspaiioica  cele- 


G04 


DEATH  OF  aONSALVO. 


Auotlior  cirninistanre  ulikh  discinieted  tlio  Cutliolic  kinp  was;  tlio  failnic  (<i 
issiii'  l»y  his  inrsciit  \vift!.  Tlic  iiiitiiral  (Icsirc  of  (tilspriiifj;  was  fiirtluT  stiinii- 
lated  Ity  liatrcil  of  the  house  of  Austria,  whii'h  made  him  ('a;,'er  to  alniil^*'  the 
ample  iiiheritaiicc  aluMit  to  (Icsrcinl  on  his  ;;ramisoii  (harlcs.  It  must  hcdni- 
fesscil  that  it  reflcets  littler  cnMlit  on  liis  heart  or  his  uiiderstandiu','  that  he 
shoidd  have  hecii  so  ready  to  sacriliee  to  jjersoiial  resentment  those  nohle 
plans  for  the  consolidation  of  the  monarchy  which  had  so  W(>rtiiily  ocMjiied 
the  attention  hoth  of  himself  and  of  Isahelia  iri  his  early  life.  His  vsi>hes  had 
nearly  been  realized,  (^neen  (iermaine  was  delivered  of  a  son,  March  .'{rd, 
]'}{)\i.  J*rovidence,  however,  as  if  nnwillin^^  to  defeat  the  glorious  consuiiiina- 
lion  of  the  union  of  the  Spanish  kingdoms,  so  ong  desired  and  nearly  achieved, 
permitted  the  infant  to  live  oidy  a  f      hoc 


I^' 


1  at  the  \)\vi 


th 


Ii 


;  i'^i'ii  ■!  nun,  now  ni' 
order  to  invigorate  his  constitution.  ;m  is-c  >d  to  artificial  J  'ins.*  The 
medicines  which  he  took  had  the  oj^pui?..-  cii<;ct  At  least  fr(  :i  this  time, 
the  spring  of  ir>l.S,  he  was  alllicted  witii  infirni'  before  uid  nown  to  him. 
Instead  of  his  habitual  e(]uanimity  and  cheerfulness,  he  became  impatient, 
irritable,  and  fre(piently  a  }>rey  to  morldd  melancholy.  He  lo^t  all  relish  for 
business,  and  even  for  amusements,  exce]it  held -sports,  to  which  he  devoted 
the  greater  part  of  Ins  time.  The  fever  which  consumed  him  made  him 
impatient  of  long  residence  in  any  one  jilace,  and  (hiring  these  last  years 
of  'lis  life  the  court  was  in  perjjctual  migration.  The  unhappy  monarch,  alas ! 
could  not  tiy  from  disease,  or  from  Inmself.' 

Ill  the  summer  of  I'Ai)  he  was  found  one  lught  by  his  attendants  in  a  state 
of  insensibility,  from  which  it  was  ditlicult  to  rouse  him.  He  exliihited  flashes 
of  iiis  former  energy  after  this,  however.  On  one  occasion  he  made  a  journey 
to  Aragon,  in  order  to  preside  at  the  deliberations  of  the  cortes,  and  enforce 
the  grant  of  siijtiilies,  to  which  the  nobles,  from  selfish  considerations,  made 
resistance.  The  king  failed,  indeed,  to  Itend  their  intractable  tempers,  but  he 
displayed  on  the  occasion  all  his  w'onted  address  and  resolution.'" 

On  his  return  to  Castile,  which,  perhaps  from  the  greater  refinement  and 
deference  of  the  people,  seems  to  have  been  always  a  more  agreeable  residence 
to  him  than  his  own  kingdom  of  Aragon,  he  received  intelligence  very  vexa- 
tious, in  the  irrita})le  state  of  his  nnnd.  He  learned  that  the  Great  Captain 
was  preparing  to  cnd)ark  for  FlanderS;  with  his  friend  the  count  of  I'rena, 
the  maniuis  of  Priego  his  nej)hew,  rtud  his  future  son-in-law,  the  count  of 
Cabra.  Some  surmised  that  Gonsalvo  designed  to  take  conunand  of  the 
pa]ial  army  in  Italy ;  others,  to  join  liimself  with  the  archduke  Charles,  and 
introduce  liim,  if  ])ossible,  into  Castile.  Ferdinand,  clinging  to  power  more 
tenaciouslv  as  it  was  ready  to  slip  of  itself  from  his  grasp,  had  little  doubt 
th.^t  the  latter  was  his  purpose.  He  sent  orders  therefore  to  the  south  to 
prevent  the  meditated  end^arkation,  and,  if  necessary,  to  seize  Gonsalvo's 


bros,  torn.  i.  pp.  328-332.— Abarca,  Reyes  de 
Anigoii,  torn.  ii.  rey  30,  cap.  20.  — Pulgar, 
Suuiiirici,  pp.  201-208. 

'  Carhajul,  Analos,  MS.,  afio  1509.— Zurita, 
Analos,  torn.  vi.  lib.  lo,  caji.  r)5. 

"  Thoy  are  dctailpil  with  such  curi(i\ia  pro- 
cisidii  by  Martyr— who  is  inucli  too  proci.sc, 
iiidi"  (1,  for  our  pafics — as  to  leave  little  di>ubt 
oi'tlie  fact.     Opus  Kpist..  epist.  531. 

''  C'arbajul,  Analcs,  MS.,  afio  1513,  et  seq, 
—\j.  .Marineo,  Cosas  meuiorables,  ful.  iss. — 
(ioine/.  Do  Ilcbus  pestis,  Inl.  IIG. — Sandoval, 
Hist,  del  Enii>.  Carlos  V.,  toiii.  i.  j).  27. — 
"  Non  idem  est  vultus,"  says  Peter  Martyr 


of  the  kiup,  in  a  letter  dated  in  October, 
1513,  "non  eadeni  facultas  in  audiendo,  non 
eadom  lenitas.  Tria  sunt  illi,  ne  i)riores  re- 
suniat  vires,  opposita  :  seiulis  a'tas ;  secuu- 
duin  namiiue  agit  et  sexaKi'siniuui  ainuini : 
u.\or,  (piaui  a  latere  nun(i'iaui  abigit  :  et 
venatus  cadoque  vivendi  cupiditas,  iiUie  illuui 
in  sylvis  ditinet,  ultra  ((uani  in  juveiuli 
atate,  citra  salutem,  fas  csset."  Opus  Kpist., 
epist.  529. 

"'  Zurita,  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  93, 
91.  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  ano  1515.— Peter 
Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  550. 


n: 
th 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


005 


tlio  failure  (>f 
uitluT  stiiim- 
t«t  alnii|f:»'  tin; 

iiiiisl  lie  cdii- 
I'lin^'  that  lir 
t  those  iKiMc 
Ihily  o(,  ii|ii('(l 
lis  wishes  had 
,  March  Krd, 
IS  eoiisuiiiiiia- 
arly  achiovcil, 


Pit   in  Octdbor, 

aiulifrulo,  nun 

,  lie  priorrs  rv- 

I'taS  ;     8(HUI1- 

iniiui  aiiiiuiii  : 
nil  a^li^;it  :  '  t 
tas,  <ni;i'  ilium 
11  in  jinciiili 
Oi)Us  Kpist., 


jiorson.     But  the  latter  Avas  soon  to  eiuhark  on  a  voyage  where  no  earthly 
arm  (.'ouM  arrest  hiiu." 

In  tiie  autumn  of  I.")!,")  he  was  attacked  by  acjuartan  fever.  It'  approaches 
at  tirst  were  mild.  His  constitution,  natuiallv  good,  hail  Ifccn  invignrated  by 
the  severe  training  of  a  mihtary  Hfe  ;  and  lie  had  been  so  fortunate  that, 
notwitii-itandiiig  tlie  free  <'.\posiire  of  his  jiersoii  to  (hingcr,  he  had  never 
received  a  wound.  But,  although  httle  ahirm  was  occasioneil  at  tirst  l>v  his 
illness,  lie  found  it  impossible  to  throw  it  oil ;  and  he  removed  to  his  resi(h'uce 
in  Granada,  in  hopes  of  deriving  beiu'tit  from  its  salubrious  climate.  K\i'ry 
etlbrt  to  rally  tlie  declining  powers  of  nature  proved  unavailing  ;  and  on  the 
I'nd  of  l>ec(uuber,  l.")l,"),  he  expired  in  liis  own  palace  at  Granaihi,  in  the  arms 
of  his  wife,  and  his  beloved  daughter  Hlvira.'" 

The  death  of  this  illustrious  man  ditl'iised  universal  sorrow  througiiout  the 
nation.  All  envy  ami  unworthy  suspici(»n  died  with  him.  The  king  ami 
the  whole  court  went  into  mourning.  Funeral  services  were  performed  in  his 
honour  in  the  royal  chapel  and  all  the  i»rincipal  churches  of  the  kingdom." 
Fenlinand  addresseil  a  l"tter  of  consolation  to  his  duchess,  in  which  he 
lamented  the  death  of  one  "who  had  rendeicd  him  inestimaide  services,  and 
to  whom  he  had  ever  borne  such  sincere  atlectioii  "  1 '*  His  obse«piies  were 
celebrated  with  great  magnificence  in  the  ancient  .Moorisli  cai)ital,  under  th;-; 
superintendence  of  uie  count  of  Temlilla,  the  son  and  successor  of  (Joiisalv 
old  friend,  the  late  governor  of  Granada.'*  His  remains,  tirst  dej»ositeti  in 
the  Franciscan  monastery,  were  afterwards  remo\ed,  and  laid  beneath  a 
sumptuous  niaus(tleuin  in  the  church  of  San  (ieronimo  ; '"  and  more  ^  \ 
a  hundred  ])anners  and  royal  pennons,  waving  in  melancholy  jioinp  aroi.  i 
the  walls  of  the  chajiel,  proclaimed  the  glorious  achievements  of  the  warrior 

llis  no' " 


wlio  slept  beneath."     His  noble  wife,  Dona  Maria  .Manricpie,  survived  him 

"  Ziirita,  Anali's,  torn.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  96. 
—  .\l)arfa,  I'f.vos  do  Ar^igon,  ^um.  ii,  rcy  :!0, 
caj).   2i. — CJiovio,   Vitiu  lUust.    Virorum,  p. 


'•  Giovio,  VitiP  Illust.  Virorum,  pp.  271, 
202. — Clin'miia  <!•'!  (Jran  Ctpitan,  HI).  3,  cap. 
9  — Pt'ter  Martyr,  Opus  Kpist.,  cpist,  :uu). 
O.irliajal,  Analcs,  MS.,  aiVi  l.'il.'i. — Gariliay, 
L'lunpiMidio,  torn.  il.  lib.  20,  cap.  23. — I'ulj^ar, 
Siiiuarl  ■,  p.  2011. 

' '  "  Voyla  la  hollo  rccoitipotiso,"  says  T5ran- 
tnino  drily,  "que  fist  co  roy  [KordinandJ  a  (;e 
grand  capitaine,  ii  (lui  il  cstoit  tant  oblipe. 
Jo  croy  oncore  qtio  ni  cos  grands  lionni'Urs 
uiortuairos  ot  funeraillcs  liiy  oussciit  KoaiKinii) 
cousto,  et  (ju'il  los  Iny  oust  fallu  I'airo  a  sos 
propros  CI, lists  ot  disjioiis,  eoininc  ii  cou.x  du 
peuplo,  il  n'y  oust  pas  coiis(jiuiii^  cont  esciis, 
tuiil  il  estoit  avarc."     il'^uvrcs,  toni.  i.  p.  7x. 

"  Soe  a  copy  of  tho  original  lottor  in  the 
Chronica  del  (iran  C,ii)itai)  (I'ol.  IG4).  It  ia 
ditcd  .fan.  3rd,  l.'ilG,  only  three  weeks  before 
Ferdinand's  death. 

I  liavo  hoforo  nio  a  copy  of  an  autograph 
I'ller  of  Ferdinand  to  his  chaiilaiii,  latluT 
Dt?  Apontc,  in  whicii  tho  king  directs  iiiin 
to  wait  on  tho  ducliosa  and  tondiT  her  tho 
Consolations  proper  undor  li  t  h  roavouicnt, 
with  the  assurance  oi'  the  unaltor.ihlo  con- 
timianco  of  tho  royal  favour  and  protoction. 
Till'  syinpailiotic  toni-  of  tho  opistio,  and  the 
dolioate  tortus  in  which  it  is  expressed,  are 
lionourahio  to  tho  monarch. 

"  Peter  Martyr  uolices  the  death  of  this 


estimable  nohloman,  full  of  years  and  of 
honours,  In  a  lottor  datid  .Inly  isth,  l.')l.'>.  It 
is  addrissod  to  Tondilla's  son,  and  broatlios 
tho  cons<datiou  tiowing  from  tli"  mild  and 
philosophical  spirit  of  its  amialdo  author. 
The  count  was  made  manjuis  of  Mondojar  by 
Ferdinand,  a  short  (imo  before  his  death. 
His  various  titles  and  dignities,  including  tho 
govoninioiit  of  (iranail.i,  doscondod  to  his 
eldest  son,  Don  I.nis,  Martyr's  early  pupil ; 
his  genius  was  iiihoritod  in  lull  measure  by  a 
younger,  the  famous  Diego  Hurtado  de  Meu- 
do^a. 

'"  The  following  epitaph  is  placed  over 
them : 

"GONZALI  FkUNANDF,/.  DK  CoilUOVA 

t^ui  propria  virtuto 

Magni  Duels  noinoii 

I'ropriuiii  sibi  Icoit, 

t)ssa, 

Porpotuii'  tandem 

Luci  restitiieiida, 

Huic  intorea  tiiiiiulo 

(^r.  dita  sunt  ; 

Gloria  miniuio  coiisipulta." 

.Seo  tho  Quarterly  Ileview,  No.  127,  art.  1. 
The  writer  copied  the  in.scriiJtiou  from  the 
tablet. 

'■  Nava<?ioro,  Viaggio,  fol.  21.— On  the 
top  of  the  monument  was  seen  the  iiiarMo 
olHgy  of  the  lireat  Captain,  arnu-d  ,ind  kneid- 
ing.  The  banners  atid  other  military  trophies, 
which  continued  to  garnish  the  walls  id'  the 


..t; 


/■V-- 


600 


DEATH  OP  GONSALVO. 


l)nt  a  fow  (lays.  TTis  flant,'htor  Klvira  inherited  tlio  princclv  titles  and  estates 
of  her  father,  wliu'h,  hy  iier  niarria/^e  with  her  kinsniaii,  the  count  of  Calna, 
WtM'e  pernetiiated  in  the  house  of  <'onlova." 

<ionsalvo,  or,  as  h«!  is  (uilied  in  Castihan,  (lonwilo  Ilernaudoz  de  Cordova. 
was  sixty-two  years  old  at  tiiii  time  of  his  death.  His  countenance  and 
person  are  represented  to  have  heen  extremely  handsome  ;  his  manners, 
elegant  and  attractive,  were  stamped  with  that  lofty  di;;nity  which  so  often 
di-;tini;ui>hes  his  countrymen,  "lie  still  hears,"  says  Martyr,  sj»eakini;  of 
him  in  tiie  last  years  of  his  life,  "  the  same  majesiic  port  as  when  in  the 
height  of  his  former  authority  ;  s(»  that  everyone  who  visits  him  a<knowled'4es 
the  inthience  o^  his  nohle  presence,  as  fully  as  when,  at  the  liead  of  armies, 
he  f,'ave  laws  to  Italy."  ''•* 

His  splendid  military  surcosses,  so  gratify inj;  to  Castilian  [irid(!,  have  made 
th(^  name  of  (Jonsalvo  as  familiar  to  his  countrymen  as  that  of  the  Cid,  which, 
Hoatiuii;  down  the  stream  of  popular  melody,  has  heen  treiisured  uj)  as  a  part 
of  the  national  history.  His  shinin;,'  (lualities,  even  more  than  his  exploits, 
have  heen  often  made  the  theme  of  fiction  ;  and  fiction,  as  usual,  has  dealt 
with  them  in  a  fashion  to  leave  only  confused  and  (>rroneous  concentifdis  of 
both.  More  is  known  of  the  Spanish  hero,  for  instance,  to  forciign  reailers  from 
Florian's  a,i,Teeahle  novel,  than  from  any  authentic  record  of  iiis  actions.  Vet 
Florian,  hy  dwelling  only  on  the  daz/ling  and  popular  traits  of  his  hero,  has 
depicted  him  as  the  very  personitication  of  romantic  chivalry.  This  certainly 
was  not  his  character,  which  mi- lit  he  said  to  iiave  heen  formed  after  a  riper 
period  of  civilization  than  tin;  aL,'e  of  chivalry.  At  least,  it  had  none  of  tin; 
nonsense  of  that  age,  -its  fanciful  vagaries,  reckless  adventure,  and  wild 
romantic  gallantry.-"  His  characteristics  were  iirndence,  coolness,  steadiness 
of  purpose,  and  intimate  knowledge  of  man.  He  understood,  above  all.  the 
temper  of  his  own  countrymen.  He  may  he  said  in  some  degree  to  iiave 
formed  their  military  character  ;  their  patience  of  severe  training  and  hard- 
shij),  their  mdlinching  obedience,  their  inflexible  spirit  under  reverses,  and 
their  decisive  energy  in  the  hour  of  action.  It  is  certain  that  the  Spanish 
soldier  under  his  hands  assumed  an  entirely  new  aspect  from  that  which  he 
l:ad  displayed  in  the  romantic  wars  of  the  Peninsula. 

(^lonsalvo  was  untainted  with  the  coarser  vices  characteristic  of  the  time. 
He  discovered  none  of  that  griping  avarice  which  was  too  often  the  reproach 
of  his  countrymen  in  these  wars.  His  hand  and  heart  were  liberal  as  the  day. 
He  betrayed  none  of  the  cruelty  and  licentiousness  which  disgrace  the  age  of 
chivalry.  On  all  occasions  he  was  prompt  to  protect  women  from  injury  or 
insult.  Although  his  distinguished  manners  and  rank  gave  him  obvious 
advantages  with  the  sex,  he  never  abused  them  ;  *'  and  he  has  left  a  character. 


I'liappl,  aciMirdinn  to  I'cdraza,  as  late  as  1600, 
liail  ilis;iiii"'arod  liclore  ttio  t'i(^liti'iTitli  cmmi- 
tiiry  ;  at  least  \\f  Tuay  infer  nn  from  Cohiic- 
iiar's  sii'  lice  respectioK  Miem  in  iiis  account 
of  the  scpuicliro.  I'fdra/.a,  Aiitiufl  d  id  de 
<!r\ii;ida,  fol.  114. — Coliiicnar,  Dclices  de 
rKspagiie.  loin.  iii.  p.  i>nr>. 

'  Ciironica  del  (Jran  Cipit  in,  lib.  :i,  c.i]^  9. 
— (iiovio,  Vita'  lllnst.  N'ironini,  fol.  2'.)\i. — 
(lonsalvowas  created  duke  of  Terra  Nnova 
ami  Sessa,  and  marquis  of  Hitonto.  all  in 
Italy,  witli  estates  of  flie  value  of  .tii.iiiK) 
duca's  rent,  lie  was  also  jiraiid  constable  of 
Najiles,  and  a  noljlenian  of  N'eiiice.  His 
princely  hononrs  wen-  transniitteil  lis-  Ihnia 
Elvira  to  lier  son.  (J m/alo  Hernandez  de 
Cordova,  wbu  filled  the  posts,  under  Cbarlos 


v.,  of  governor  of  Milan  and  captain -pen  end 
of  Italy.  Under  I'liilip  11.,  his  descendants 
were  raised  to  a  '^iiMtiish  dukedom,  wii It  th- 
title  ot  Dukes  of  Haena.  L.  Marineo,  ('osas 
inemorablefj.  fol.  iM.— riloa.  Vita  di  Cailo  V., 
fol.  -11.— .Salazar  de  Menilwza,  Di^nidadfs,  p. 
31)7. 

'"  0])us  Epist.,  cpist.  40.*^. — (^.iovio,  Vita 
Magni  Gonsalvi,  p.  2'J'Z. — I'ulgar,  Suniario,  p. 
■2r.J. 

■"  rmnsalvo  assumed  for  his  dcvic''  a  cross- 
bow movc'l  by  a  imlley,  with  the  motto,  "lii- 
peiiiuni  s\i]ter..t  vires  "  Jt  was  characteri-iic 
of  a  mind  tru^tinp  more  to  policy  than  foree 
and  dariii};  e.xiiloit.  Hrantome,  (Euvres,  toni. 
i.  p.  7.-.. 

"'  Giovlo,  Vitaj  lUust.  Virorum,  p.  271. 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


007 


,  sncakiiii;  of 


iiiiiiiipcacliod  by  any  hist^)rian,  of  unMotnishod  morality  in  his  (l(»niestic  rola- 
tjdiis.     This  was  a  rare  virtue  in  tho  sixteenth  century. 

(ionsalvo's  fame  rests  on  his  niiht^iry  prowess;  yet  his  eharaiter  would 
seem  in  many  res|)e<:ts  hetter  suited  to  tlie  eahn  and  cultivated  walks  of  livil 
life.  His  j^overnment  of  Naples exhihited  much  discretion  and  suuud  policy  ;'" 
and  there,  as  afterwards  in  his  retirement,  his  polite  and  lilieral  manners 
M'cured  not  mere  y  the  ^'oodwill,  hut  the  .^tron;,' attachment,  of  tho:-e  aruund 
hiiii.  His  early  education,  like  that  of  most  of  the  nohle  cavaliers  who 
(iuiie  forward  before  the  improvements  introduced  under  Isabella,  was 
taken  up  with  kni^^htly  exercises  more  than  intellectual  accomitlishments. 
He  was  never  tauirht  Latin,  and  had  no  pretensions  to  scholarship  ;  but  ho 
lii'Moured  and  nobly  recompensed  it  in  others.  His  solid  sense  and  liberal 
tii-te  supplied  all  deficiencies  in  himself,  and  led  him  to  select  friemls  ami 
companions  from  amony  the  uiost  enlightened  and  virtuous  of  the  com- 
munity.'" 

On  this  fair  character  tiierc  remains  one  fo\d  reproach.  This  is  his  breach 
of  faith  in  two  memorable  instances  ;  first  to  the  voung  duke  of  Calabria,  and 
afterwards  to  C.'e.sar  JJorgia,  both  of  whom  he  betrayed  into  the  hamls  of 
King  Ferdinand,  their  personal  enemy,  in  violation  of  his  most  solemn 
pledges.''*  True,  it  wjis  ni  obedience  to  his  master's  conunands,  and  not  to 
MTve  his  own  purposes  ;  and  true  also,  this  want  of  faith  was  the  besetting 
sill  of  the  age.  Hut  history  has  no  warrant  to  tamper  with  right  and  wrong, 
XT  to  brighten  the  character  of  its  favourites  by  diminishing  one  shade  of  the 
aliliorrence  which  attaches  to  their  vices.  They  should  rather  be  held  u[)  in 
their  true  deformity,  as  the  more  conspicuons  from  Jie  very  greatness  with 
wliich  they  are  associated.  It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  reiterated 
and  uns{iaring  opnrobrium  with  which  foreign  writers,  whc  have  been  little 
sensible  to  (ionsalvo's  merits,  have  visited  these  otiences,  utlords  tolerable 
evidence  that  they  are  the  only  ones  of  any  magnitude  that  can  be  charged 
on  him "' 


2S 


'-■  Giovlo,  Vifa>  Illust.  Virorum,  p.  281.— 
GianiioDe,  Isturiadi  Napoli,  lih.  ;J0,  cap.  I,  6. 
'"  (ilovio,  Vita;  Illust.  Virorum,  p.  271. 

••  Ainigo  do  sua  aniij?os 
i  Que  .Sffior  i)ar.i  criados 

Y  parientis ! 

I  Que  cncinipo  de  cnpniiRos! 

i  (}ue  maestro  de  esforzadoa 

y  valientes ! 

i  (jue  sepo  para  discrotos  ! 

J  Que  gracia  para  donosos  ! 

i  Que  razon  ! 

Muy  benif^no  il  los  suRPtos, 

Y  ii  los  bravoH  y  dafiosos 
Un  Ipon." 

Coplas  de  Don  Jorge  Manrique. 

"  RurRia,  after  the  death  (if  his  father 
Alrxaiidcr  V'l.,  escaped  to  Naples  under 
taviiurof  a  safe-coiuliiit  sipiied  hy  (Joiisalvo. 
11  r.',  however,  his  intrii^uiiif;  spirit  soon  eii- 
pged  biiii  in  schemes  for  troubliiiii  the  peace 
"I  Italy,  and,  itideeil,  fur  subverting?  the 
amiiority  of  the  Spaniards  there;  in  c<inse- 
qui'iice  of  which  the  (ireat  Ca])tain  seized  bis 
iKT^im  and  sent  him  prisoner  to  Castile. 
■Such,  at  least,  is  the  S|ijini.>.b  version  of  the 
Ktury,  and  of  course  the  one  most  lavoinable 
to  (ionsalvo.      Mariana   dismisses    it    with 


roolly  remarking  that  "the  Great  Captain 
seems  to  have  consulted  the  public  goinl,  in 
the  affair,  UKire  than  his  own  fame  ;  acoiututt 
well  worthy  to  l>e  pondeied  and  emulated  l)y 
all  princes  and  rulers."  Hist,  de  Kspafia, 
lib.  JH,  cap.  8.  Zurita.  Anales,  tom.  v.  lib. 
5,  cap.  72.— Quintana,  Espaftoles  celebres,  pp. 
302,  ;i()3. 

'■"  That  but  one  other  troubled  him.niipears 
from  the  fact  (if  it  be  a  fact)  of  (ionsalvo's 
declaring,  on  bis  death-b. d,  that  "there  were 
three  acts  of  his  life  which  he  deeply  re- 
pented." Two  of  these  were  his  treatment 
of  Borgia  and  the  duke  of  Calabria.  He  was 
silent  re>peciiiig  the  tliird.  "Some  hi-torians 
suppose,"  says  l^uiiitana,  "tliat  by  this  last 
be  meant  his  oniivsion  to  possess  himself  of 
the  crown  of  Naples  when  it  was  in  his 
pow(  r  "  !  Tliese  historians,  no  doubt,  like 
Vouclie,  considered  a  bluTider  in  politics  us 
worse  than  a  crime. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  earlier  editions 
of  this  work,  I  have  received  from  Spain  a 
copy  of  a  remarkable  letter,  which  states 
some  particulars  tliat,  had  they  sooner  come 
under  my  iioiice,  would  undoubtedly  have 
been  taken  into  the  account  in  making  up  my 
estimate  of  (ionsalvo's  integrity.  The  letter, 
which  is  dated  November  2ud,  1515,  is  ad- 


COS 


I>KATII  OF  GONSALVO. 


As  to  tlic  inijiiitatif)!!  of  disloyalty,  \\v  liave  rlscwlicn'  liad  orrasinn  truviti..- 
its  a|i|iar('iit  ;,'ioiiii(ll('ssiu's.s.  It  would  Itc  straii;;r,  indeed,  if  tlit«  iin-ciieiMn^ 
ticatiiieiit  wliieji  Ik;  had  cxj  «>rieii(('(l  cviT  since  his  rt'tiiiii  from  Naples  hail  ^v'^ 
provoked  feelings  of  iiidi;;iiatiuii  in  Ins  liosom.  Nor  windd  it  Iw  siiriiri>iii., 
under  lliese  cireinnstaiiecs,  if  ho  had  hcen  led  In  regard  the  archduke  Cnaiic^s 
|»reten>ioiis  to  the  n%feiKV,  as  he  cttino  of  ap',  with  a  favonrahle  eve.  There 
IS  noi'videiice,  however,  of  this,  or  of  any  art  unfriendly  to  Ferdinand  s  intere  i ;. 
His  whole  pultjic  life,  on  the  contrary,  exhibited  the  truest  inynlty  ;  and  the 
only  stains  that  (Liiken  his  fame  were  incurred  l»y  too  uidiesitatin;;d<'vntinn  to 
th(!  wishes  of  his  master,  lie  is  not  the  tirst  nor  the  last  statesman  who  jms 
reaiti'd  the  royal  recomixMise  of  in,i;ratitude  for  serving  his  king  with  ^;reatt  r 
zeal  than  he  had  serve(i  his  .Maker. 

Ferdinand's  health,  in  the  mejin  time,  had  declined  so  sonsihiy  that  it  \va> 
evident  he  could  not  Ion;;  survive  the  ohject  of  his  jealousy.^"  His  disea.ve  had 
now  settlcid  into  adro]isy,  aecompanied  with  a  distre  sni;;  allection  of  tlujhcnt. 
He  found  didioilty  in  hreathin^,  complaine(|  that  he  was  stilled  in  thecrouded 
cities,  and  jKissed  most  of  his  time,  even  after  the  weather  hecame  cold,  in  the 
fi(dds  and  forests,  occupied,  as  far  as  his  stren;;th  pernutted,  with  the  fati;;uiii„' 
]ileasiwes  of  the  chase.  As  the  winter  advaJKvd,  he  h«'nt  his  steps  towards  the 
south.  He  passed  some  time,  in  l)ecendier,  at  a  country-seat  of  the  duke  i.f 
Alva,  near  Placencia.  where  he  hunted  the  sUv^.  He  then  resumed  his  joiuney 
to  .Andalusia,  hut  fell  so  ill  on  the  way,  at  the  little  villa;;e  of  Maihij^^alejo,  iieaV 
Truxillo,  that  it  was  found  impossible  to  ailvance  farther.''^'     (.Jan.  loKI.) 

(liPfiscd  to  King  Ferdinand  by  tlic  bisliop  cif 
'I'riin)i><>li,  Ills  aiiibassudiir  at  tlie  court  of 
l.oiidcpM.  It  dctailn  II  conversation  with  tlio 
Kii^lisli  inoiiiinli,  lliiiry  VIII..  in  whicli  tlin 
latter,  afier  some  ini|nirii'r>  ui)wul  (Jonsalvo, 
remarks,  "I  vscll  believe  tbat  tin"  kin^  my 
fatiier-in-liiw  li.is  Home  ground  lor  distrusting 
tiietircat  CaptaTi,  an  1  know  that  he  held  a 
negotiation  ixitii  with  the  late  kin^  of  Kranco 
and  with  tlie  proHcnt  kiti^  [Ciiarles  \'HI,  and 
Louis  XII.].  II'  I  were  in  my  fathir's  jil.uc, 
I  would  sift  tlic  nuitter  to  the  Inittom  ;  and  if 


it  were  proved  aKainst  the  Oreat  Captain,  I 
Would  pmiisii  him  for  it;  and  if  it  were  not 
jiroved,  1  would  niake  use  of  his  servlceH.  I 
must  furtlicr  tell  you  that  tho  tJreat  Captain 
oiu'e  made  an  (dfer  of  liis  Horvices  to  mo, 
pending  one  of  his  own  followers  to  Toiirnay, 
where  I  then  wa.s,  for  the  imrpose;  but,  al- 
though I  was  at  that  lime  not  on  the  i)Ost 
terms  with  King  Ferdinand,  I  did  not  chooso 
to  Rive  liim  pneouriRement."  The  bishop 
rndeavours  to  expldn  the  nature  of  these 
services  in  such  a  wiiy  as  not  to  compromise 
the  loyalty  (d"  (Jonsalvo.  In  regard  to  his 
correspondence  with  the  Frenchcoint,  Henry's 
language  is  too  vague  to  auUiori/.e  any  dtdi- 
nite  conchisiyn.  Yet  it  nnist  be  confessed 
that  it  leaves  an  imjiutation  tliat  one  ndght 
wish — though  with  liitle  chance  oi'  succ  ss  at 
this  iLiy  — to  S' e  cleared  away  from  the 
memory  of  tJonsalvo.  Tin'  letter  is  of  so 
much  iliterest  and  imjiortance,  that,  as  it  has 
not  found  its  way  into  jirint,  1  will  give  an 
extract  Irom  tlie  original  :  "  Kl  me  resjxmdio, 
bien  creo  ipie  el  l{ey  mi  ]indre  tieiie  algnna 
cau.sa  de  (iesconliam.'a  del  (iran  Capitan  jxir 
que  yo  fie  que  hu  (eitido  jilatiras  am  cl  Hey  de 
Fiancia  muerto,  y  nm  tsle  de  agora :  pero  si 


yo  fucHHe  <nn'  ol  Hey  mi  padre  sabria  fI  es 
assi  la  verdad  y  slendo  a.ssi  ca^tigarlo  y.i,  y 
Bino  servirnie  ya  del  :  j'  aun  (piiero  vijs  dr/ir 
quel  dlio  tiran  Ca|iitan  me  ha  dfffeado  fernr 
a  mi  y  me  ha  emhiado  uii  suyo  u  Tornay,  nius 
yo  no  rpiise  fa/.er  nada,  aunipie  estuvo  m  i- 
Jad<i  del  lley  mi  padre;  pero  si  viene  al  ]<rn. 
posito  del  Riy  nil  padre,  y  me  lo  quiere .  njl'iir 
acpii  con  algun.'i  cosa  yo  se  lo  guardare  (|iii' 
no  tenga  platicas  de  Francia,  antes  jMjdia  sir 
que  nos  sirvamos  del  contr.i  Frani'ia.  Yo  le 
dixo  que  V.  al.  no  creya  rpie  tuvie-e  algiina 
disconlianva  ikl  dho  tJran  Capiian,  anlis 
creya  que  lo  guardaba  jtara  quando  hubii  s>e 
necessidad  de  servise  del." 

•'"  The  ndraculoUH  Ixdl  of  Velilla,  a  liitl>' 
village  in  Aragnn,  nine  leagues  from  Sar.i- 
gossa,  about  this  time  gave  one  lA'  those  pr"- 
phetic  tintinnabulations  which  alwuys  IuhjiiI 
Home  great  calamity  to  the  country.  'I'lie 
side  on  wliicli  the  blows  fell  denoted  the 
quarter  where  the  disa.ster  was  to  liiiii|"n. 
Its  .-ouiid,  says  Dr.  Dormer,  caused  dismay 
and  contrition,  with  disnuil  "fearof  chiinj."  ," 
in  the  hearis  of  all  who  heard  it.  No  arm 
was  strong  enough  to  stop  it  on  these  occa- 
sions, as  those  fo>md  to  tlieir  cost  who  jiro- 
fatiely  attemi)ted  it.  Its  ill-omened  voice  \\a^ 
heard  for  the  twentieth  and  last  tini''  in 
March,  1C79.  .\s  no  event  of  importjiii.e 
followed,  it  probably  tolled  for  its  own  Inn  •■..1. 
— See  the  edifying  history,  in  Dr.  I)ir;,o 
Dormer,  of  the  miraculous  powers  and  i"  - 
formances  ot  this  celebrated  bell,  as  (ii  ly 
authenticated  by  a  host  of  witnesses.  Dis- 
cursos  varios,  pi>.  11)S-'2I4. 

'''  Carlmjal,  .Anales,  JIS..  alios  l.-jiri-lSir..— 
("lomez,  De  Hebus  gestis,  fol.  146.— Teor 
Martyr,  Opus  Epist.  epist.  542,  558,  561,  &6J. 


DEATH  AND  CIIARACTEU  OF  FERDINAND. 


609 


Tlic  kiiij,'  soonicd  desirous  of  closintj  his  eyos  to  tho  daiii^rr  of  his  situation 
a>  loii^'  jis  possildt'.  He  would  not  confess,  nor  even  admit  his  confevsor  into 
his  ciiivmber.*'  He  showed  simihir  jertiousy  of  his  ^'iahd-.on's  envoy,  Adrian  of 
i'trecht  This  person,  the  pn-ceptor  of  Charles, and  afterwards  rais«'d  tlirou;:h 
lii>  moans  to  tlie  papacy,  had  come  into  Castile  some  weeks  lictore,  with  the 
osten>ihle  view  of  makin,;,'  some  permanent  arranpMnent  with  Ferdinand  in 
n^iU'd  to  thq  rejL,'en('y.  Tlie  real  motive,  as  the  powers  whi<  h  he  ltrou,i;ht  witii 
hiiii  suhsetpientiy  proved,  \v;i.s  tluit  he  mii;lit  U'  on  the  sjiot  when  the  kin;;  died, 
and  assume  the  reins  of  government.  Ferdinand  received  the  minisU-r  witli 
cold  civjiity ;  and  an  a;,Teement  v\as  entered  into,  hy  whii'h  tin;  rencncy  \va.s 
piiuantiUM  to  the  monarch,  ilinin^  not  oidy  JiMiima's  Hfe,  hut  his  own.  (,'on- 
K'.vsions  to  a  dyin;^  man  cost  nothing'.  Adrian,  who  was  at  (juadalupe  at  thi.s 
time,  no  sooner  hwird  of  Ferdinand's  illnes.s  than  he  hastened  to  Madri^'alejo. 
The  kin;,^  however,  suspecte(|  the  motives  of  his  visit.  "He  has  come  to  .si!o 
iin'  die,"  sjiid  Ih;,  and,  refiisin;r  to  adnnt  him  into  his  presence,  orderetl  tho 
niortilied  envoy  hack  a;;ain  to  Guadalui)e."' 

At  length  the  medical  attendants  ventured  to  inform  the  king  of  his  real 
situation,  conjuring  him  if  he  had  any  atlairs  of  moment  to  settle,  to  do  it 
without  delay.  He  listened  to  them  with  composure,  and  from  that  moment 
seciiied  to  recover  all  his  customary  fortitude  and  etpianimity  After  receiving 
the  sjierament,  and  attending  to  Ins  spiritual  concerns,  he  called  his  attendants 
around  his  l)ed,  to  udvisi;  with  them  respecting  the  disitosition  of  the  govern- 
iiieut.  Among  those  present  at  this  time  wert^  his  faitnful  followers  the  duko 
(if  Alva  and  the  nian^nis  of  Denia,  his  inajordomo,  with  several  t)ishops  and 
iiieiidters  of  his  councd.'" 

The  king,  it  seems,  had  made  several  wills.  By  one,  executed  a'  Burgos  in 
I.')1'2,  he  had  committed  the  government  of  Castile  and  Arag(»n  to  the  infanto 
Fi'idinand  during  his  hrother  Charles's  ahsence.  This  young  princi;  had  heen 
eilucated  in  S^uiin  under  the  eye  of  ins  grandfather,  who  (>ntertained  a  strong 
alicotion  for  hnn.  The  counsellors  remonstrated  in  the  j)lainest  terms  against 
this  disposition  of  the  regency.  Fenlinand,  tlnjy  sjiid,  was  too  yoinig  to  take 
tho  helm  into  his  own  haiuls.  His  ajjpointment  would  1h'  sure  to  create  new 
factions  in  Castile  ;  it  would  raise  hnn  uj)  to  he  in  a  manner  a  rival  of  liis 
brother,  and  kindle  ambitious  desires  in  his  hosom,  whicli  could  not  fail  to  end 
in  iiis  disappointment,  and  perhaps  destruction.*' 

The  king,  who  would  never  have  made  such  a  devise  in  his  better  days,  was 


-Ziirita,  Analps,  torn.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  99. — 
CHrUnjal  states  that  tho  king  had  hoin  warnt-d 
tiy  some  woothsuyer  to  beware  nf  iMa<lri>{al, 
fltiij  tiiat  be  had  ever  since  avoidiil  entering 
till'  town  of  that  name  in  Old  Ca.stile.  Tlie 
name  of  the  place  he  was  nov-  in  wan  tv' 
|iri(ist'ly  that,  Indicated,  but  corroMpondc 
ii'ar  enough  fur  a  prediction.  Tlie  evtnt 
ir.ived  that  the  witches  of  Spain,  like  those 
if  "Motland,  could 

"  Keep  the  word  of  promise  to  our  ear 
And  break  it  to  our  hope." 

Tlie  Btoiy  derives  little  confirmation  from  the 
character  of  Ferdinand.  He  «as  not  stiper- 
siitjous,  at  lea.st  while  Lis  faculties  were  in 
vigour. 

"'  "  A  la  verdad,"  says  Carb>ijal,  "  le  tcnt6 
miiclio  el  eneniigo  en  aquel  paso  con  iiicre- 
duliiiad  que  le  ponin  de  no  nior  r  tan  prcst<3, 
para  que  ni  confesa  e  ni  recibiese  los  Sucr.i- 
UK'iitos."      According  to    the    sanie   vsriter, 


Ferdinand  was  buoyed  up  by  the  prediction 
of  an  old  sibyl,  "  la  beata  (iel  Harco,"  that 
"he  should  not  die  till  lie  had  conqui-red 
Je.usaleni."  ( .Nnalis,  MS.,  eap.  2.)  \Ve  are 
again  reminded  of  Shakspear"' : 

"  It  hatli  been  prophesicil  to  uie  jnany  years, 
I  should  not  die  but  in  .Jcnis.ilcm."' 

Kinj;  Henry  IV'. 

»'  ("arbaj.il,  Anales,  MS.,afio  1510,  cap,  l  .— 
(Jomez,  l»i'  llcbus  gestis,  ubi  supra.  I'cter 
Martyr,  i>pus  Epist  ,  cplsl.  .'')•).').  — S.mdoval, 
Hist,  di'l  iMiip.  t'arl'is  V  ,  toni.  i.  p.  ;i.'). 

■"'  <7arl>.i,jal,  Au,ile»,  MS.,  alio  l.MB,  cap.  2, 
—  !)r.  Carli  jai,  wIid  was  a  ruemlH'r  of  the 
royal  council,  was  (in>i('nt  witli  him  during 
the  wliiili'  of  Ins  last  illntss;  and  lis  circuin- 
Htantial  anil  spirit  I  nariative  of  it  forms  an 
e.xceptiim  to  tin-  general  character  of  his 
ilinemri/ 

*'  Carbtijal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1510,  rap.  2. 

'J    H 


GIO 


DEATH  OF  GOXSALVO. 


inoni  ca<ily  turnofl  fl-orii  his  i)nrposc  now  than  he  would  once  liave  heen.  "  To 
whom  then,"  he  asked,  "  sliall  1  leave  tlie  regency  T'  "To  Xirnenes,  arcli- 
Itishitp  of  Toledo,"  they  replied.  Ft-rdinand  turned  away  his  face,  a])pareiitly 
in  displeasure,  hut  after  a  few  moments'  silence  rejoined,  "It  is  wtdl ;  he  is 
certainly  a  ^^oc  1  man,  with  honest  intentions.  He  has  no  iini>ortunate  iViciids 
or  family  to  pr()vi(hi  for.  li(!  owes  everythin.i;  to  Queen  Isabella  and  niysc,,  : 
and,  as  lie  lias  always  Ijcon  true  to  the  interests  of  our  'uuily,  1  believe  he  will 
always  remain  so."  " 

He,  however,  could  not  so  readily  abandon  the  idea  of  some  splendid 
establishment  for  his  favourite  /.jrandson  ;  and  he  proposed  t()  settle  on  him 
the  grand- master 'hips  of  the  military  orders.  But  to  this  his  attendant-; 
a;;ain  olijected,  on  the  same  grounds  as  before  ;  adding  that  this  powerful 
jtatronauc  was  too  great  for  any  subject,  and  imploring  liim  not  to  defeat  iho 
object  which  the  late  (pieen  had  so  much  at  heart,  of  incurjiorating  it  with  tli(! 
crown.  "  Ferdinand  will  lie  left  very  ijoor,  then,"  exclaimed  the  king,  with 
tears  in  his  eyes.  "  He  will  have  the  good  will  (A  his  brother,"  replied  one  of 
his  honest  counsellors,  "the  best  legacy  your  Highness  can  leave  him."" 

The  testament,  as  finally  arranged,  settled  tlie  s\iccession  of  Aragon  and 
Nai)Ies  on  his  daughter  Joanna  and  her  heirs.  The  administration  of  Ca.-^tilo 
during  Charl(?s's  absence  was  intrusted  to  Xirnenes,  and  that  of  Aragon  to  the 
king's  natural  son,  the  archbishoi>of  Saragossa,  whose  good  sense  and  popular 
maimers  made  him  acceptable  to  the  peoi)le.  He  granted  several  ])laci's  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples  to  the  infante  Ferdinand,  with  an  annual  stipend  of 
fifty  thousan<l  ducats,  chargeable  on  the  i)ublic  revenues.  To  his  (niecn 
(iermaine  he  left  the  yearly  income  of  thirty  thousand  gold  florins,  stipulatr(l 
by  the  marriage  settlement,  with  five  thousand  a  year  more  during  widow- 
hood.'* ,ie  will  contained,  besides,  several  appropriations  for  pious  and 
charitable  ]»uri»ose.s,  but  nothing  worthy  of  [larticular  note.'*  Notwithstand- 
ing the  siinj)licity  of  tlie  various  provisions  of  the  testament,  it  was  so  Ioult, 
from  the  formalities  and  ]>eriphrases  with  which  it  was  encumbered,  that  tlieie 
was  scarc(5  time  to  transcribe  it  in  season  for  the  royal  signature.  On  the 
evening  of  tlie  "i-ind  of  January,  lalO,  he  executed  the  instrument;  and  a 
few  hoiu's  later,  between  one  and  two  of  the  morning  of  the  'J3rd,  Ferdinand 
i)reathed  his  last.'"  The  scene  of  this  event  was  a  small  house  belonging  to 
the  friars  of  Guadalupe.  "  In  so  wretcheil  a  tenement,"  exclaims  Martyr,  iii 
his  usual  UKnalizing  vein,  "  did  this  lord  of  so  many  lands  close  his  eyes  up^n 
the  world."  " 

'"  Carbajal,  Analos,  MS.,  afio  1516,  cap.  2. 

"  Ibid.,  ubi  supra. 

^■'  Ferdinand's  f^ay  widow  did  rmt  long 
onjoy  this  lattor  piMmion.  Soon  nl'tcr  liis 
dcatli,  slif  (javc  ln-r  liand  to  tlio  uiari|uis  of 
nraniloDlnHi^,  and,  lio  dyiiiir,  <ho  married  tlie 
prliK-e  of  Calaliria.  wlio  liad  i)0('n  di'tain  d  in 
a  Sort  of  lioiiom'aldt'  captivity  in  Spain  eviT 
siiiio  flio  drtiooncnwiit  of  his  f.ttiirr,  Ivin(< 
I'rtdiTick.  i^Ovii' :o,  QuiticnapiMia.*",  .MS.,  Int. 
I,  (luiiic.  4,  dial.  44.)  It  wa.s  t|-ii'  sicond 
sti'iili'  niatcli,  says  (itiicrianiini,  wliicliCiiarlcs 
v.,  for  olivions  politic  reasons,  provid  d  lor 
Mie  rinlitfiil  lirir  of  Naples.  Istona,  loni. 
viii.  lil),  l.'>,  p.  10. 

'  Ferdinand's  test.iincnt  is  to  be  fitind  in 
Carbajal,  .\nalis,  MS.  —  Dormer,  Disnir-os 
varios,  p.  aii.i  ct  seq.  — Mariana,  lli^t.  di'  Es- 
pafia,  ed.  N'aloncia,  torn.  i.\.  Apeid.  no.  2. 

■'■  (.>viedo,  Quincuv'genas,  .MS.,  liat  1, 
quinc.  U,  dial.  'J.  —  The  quoen  was  at  .\kali 


do  Henarcs  when  slie  received  tidings  of  ]vr 
husband's  illness.  She  j)o>ted  with  all  |"is- 
sible  despafcli  to  M  idrigalejo,  but,  alllidUiiii 
slie  rcaeliod  it  on  tlie  2uili.  she  was  not  ad- 
mitti'd,  says  (ioniez,  nntwitiistandin^t  li'-r 
tears,  to  a  private  interview  with  the  kinL', 
till  the  test.iu\ent  was  txeeute.l,  a  few  iieurs 
oidy  before  his  death.  l)e  Kebus  gestis,  Im1. 
147. 

'"  Cirlv.jal,  Anales,  MS.,  nfio  l.'Slt).  [,. 
MariiR'o,  i  'o.^as  ineuiorables,  fl.  iss. — (Jnni  /, 
j'e  I'ebus  gests,  fid.  14S.-  "'J'ot  regn(iri::ii 
dcniiinus,  toicpie  palimirum  eiiiuniis  oritniu'', 
t'hristianie  ridigioiiis  amplitieator  et  |irci-iia- 
t"r  hostiinn,  lie  x  mi  nisticana  obiit  twr-iu  't 
paujier  contra  hominnm  o|iinionem  o]<iA 
1'.  t'  r  .Martyr,  Opns  Kpi-t  ,  e|  ist.  .^66.-  Hr.'ii- 
tume  (\'ies  (lis  Moinnies  illiistres,  p.  T'J\wiio 
speaks  (if  MadriL-alejo  as  a  "  uic^chant  v:l- 
lag;\"  uijIlIi  iu-  hud  seen. 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


cn 


ive  In'pn.  "To 
Ximeiies,  anli- 
ace,  Jiiniart'iitly 
t  is  well  ;  lie  is 
•rtiumte  Tri'Muls 
11a  and  invscir : 
I  believe  He  will 

some  splendid 
;>  settle  on  him 
his  attendant-; 
t  this  powerful 
ot  to  defeat  the 
tint,'  it  with  the 
the  king,  with 
"  replied  one  ui 
Achim.'' " 
of  Ara;;on  and 
■ation  of  Castile 
if  Aragon  to  tli(i 
nse  and  popular 
['veral  ])lafes  in 
nual  stipend  <d 

To  his  mieen 
urins,  stipulatcil 
!  diirin^  widow- 
i  for  pioiis  and 

Notwithstand- 
it  was  so  IdiiLT, 
iered,  that  tliei  e 
iiture.  On  the 
runient ;  and  a 
:3rd,  Ferdinand 
se  l)elon,uin'4  to 
linis  Martyr,  iii 
e  his  eyes  upnu 


vcd  tidings  of  111  r 

i.-tcd  uitli  (ill  I""*- 

lojo,  but,  althiiiii:li 

sli(>  was  not  mi- 

witlistaiKlitijt    li'T 

ii'w  with  the  kin;;, 

lit'. I,  a  fow  hnur-^ 

lirbus  gostis,  I  il. 

>.,  nfio  1516.  I" 
S  f  1.  !SS.— (Join  /., 
"Tot  rcKiidniiu 
ciiiimlis  orii.'ifii-'. 
ihcatnr  ft  |TnM!;i- 

it'ia  oliiit  caMi,  't 
ii|iiiiiiin('m  <ihi  t 

I'l  i-it.  r.66.  -  lir.>n- 
liisiri's,  J).  T'J\  V  ill) 

a  "  uiL.-<i;litint  \A- 


m 


Ferdinand  was  nearly  sixty-four  years  old,  of  which  forty-one  had  elapsed 
since  lie  first  swayed  the  sceptre  of  Castile,  and  thirty-seven  since  he  held  tliat 
I  if  Arairon.  A  long  reign  ;  long  enough,  indeed,  to  see  most  of  those  whom 
lie  had  honoured  and  trusted  of  his  subjects  gathered  to  the  dust,  and  a  suc- 
cession of  contemporary  nionarchs  come  and  disajipear  like  shadows."  He 
(ued  deeply  lamented  by  his  native  subjects,  who  entertained  a  partiality 
natural  towards  their  own  hereditary  sovereign.  The  event  was  regarded  witii 
\riy  dillerent  feelings  by  the  Ca>tiiian  nobles,  who  calculated  their  gains  on 
tlir  transfer  of  the  reins  from  stieh  old  and  steady  hands  into  those  of  a  young 
and  inexperienced  master.  The  rommons,  however,  who  had  felt  the  good 
(■:iect  of  this  curb  on  the  nobility,  in  their  own  personal  security,  held  his 
iiieniory  in  reverence  as  that  of  a  national  benefactor.'* 

Ferdinand's  remains  were  interred,  agreeably  to  his  orders,  in  Cranada. 
A  few  of  his  most  faithful  adherents  accompaided  them  ;  the  greater  part 
iK'ing  deterred  Ity  a  prudent  caution  of  giving  tnnbrage  to  Charles."  The 
funeral  train,  however,  was  swelled  by  contributions  from  the  variiMis  towns 
through  which  it  passed.  At  Cordova,  especially,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  the 
iiianjuis  of  Priego,  who  had  slend?r  oliligations  to  Ferdinand,  came  out  with 
ail  !ns  household  to  p.ay  the  last  melancholy  honours  to  his  remains.  They 
wcie  received  with  military  respect  in  Oranada,  \\here  the  fteople,  while  they 
L'azed  on  the  sad  spectacle,  says  Zurita,  were  naturally  atlected  as  they  called 
t'l  mind  the  pomp  and  splendour  of  his  triumphal  entry  on  the  first  occupation 
of  the  Moorish  capital.*' 

By  his  dying  injunctions,  all  unnecessary  ostentation  was  interdicted  at  hi?! 
finieral.  His  body  was  laid  by  the  side  of  Isabella's  in  the  monastery  of  the 
.\lhand)ra  ;  and  the  year  following,*^  when  the  royal  chapel  of  the  metrojiolitan 
cliurch  was  comjdeted,  tliey  were  botli  transported  thither.  A  magnificent 
iiiausoleinii  of  white  marble  was  erecte<l  over  tliem  ])y  their  grandson  Charles 
the  Fifth.  It  was  executed  in  a  style  worthy  of  the  age.  The  sides  were 
ailorned  with  figures  of  an^^els  and  sjiints,  richly  sculptnre(|  in  bas-relief.  On 
t!ie  toj)  rejiosed  the  effigies  of  the  illustrious  pair,  whose  titles  and  merits  were 
mnimemorated  in  the  following  brief  and  not  very  felicitous  inscription  : — 
''.Maiiometice   sect.e   prostuatokes,  et  ii^eheticve  pervicaci.e  extino- 

TORES,    FfiRNANDUf?   ArAiIOM'M,   ET    HeLISABKTA   CaSTELL^,   VIR   ET   UXOR 

uxANiMEs,  Catholici  appellati,  makmoreo  cladduntur  hoc  tcmulo,'" 


'"  Sincp  Ferdinand  ascended  the  throne,  he 
Ihid  seen  no  less  than  tour  kingH  of  England, 
a?  niiinj'  of  France,  and  .ilso  of  Naples,  three 
"f  I'orlugal,  two  German  emperors,  and  liiilf 
a  d'izeii  popes.  As  to  his  own  BuVgects, 
si.'Kiiely  one  of  .ill  those  familiar  to  the  reader 
ill  the  cotirse  of  our  history  now  survived, 
'.siipt,  indeed,  the  Nestor  of  his  time,  the 
L'Ctc.gi  iiarian  Ximenes. 

•"  Zurita,  AnaUs,  toni.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  100. 
—  lilaru-as,  Commentarii,  p.  275.  —  Laiiuza, 
Hi-torias,  torn.  i.  lib.  1,  cap.  25. 

"  Zurita,  Ai'ales,  ubi  supra.— The  honest 
Martyr  was  one  of  the  few  who  paid  this  last 
'nlmte  of  respect  to  their  ancient  niMster. 
'Ki,'!!  ut  mortuo  debitum  iirasteui,"  s.iys  h^, 
in  a  letter  to  Prince  Charles's  physician, 
"cnrpus  ejus  exaninie.  (iranataui,  sepulchro 
sfili  Ml  destinatam,  condiabor."  C)pus  Fpist., 
f|ii<f.  566. 

'  Anales,  torn.  vi.  lib.  10,  cap.  100.  — Peter 
Martyr,  Opus  Eidst.,  epht.  572.— Abarca, 
Riycs  do  Anigou,  toin.  li.  rey  30,  cap.  21.— 


Carbitjal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1516,  cap.  5. 

'■  Mem.  de  la  Acnd.  lie  Hist.,  tiau.  vi.  Ilust. 
21. — According  to  Pcdraza,  this  event  diil  not 
take  jdacetill  i525.  Antigllcdad  de  <iianr.u\, 
lib.  H,  cap.  7. 

■^  Pcdraza,  Antigfledad  de  Granailn,  lib.  3, 
cap.  7.-'*Assai  bello  ]» r  Spupn  i,"  say.s 
Navagii  ro,  who,  as  an  Itiij  an.  had  a  right 
to  be  fastidious.  (Viaggio.  I'ol.  2;i.)  Tlie 
artist,  however,  was  not  a  Stviniaul;  at  least 
ccimnion  tradition  assigns  the  work  to  Philip 
of  Piirgundy,  an  eminent  sculptor  of  the 
l>"Tiod,  wiio  1  as  left  many  s))e(iinen«  of  bin 
e.xcillence  in  'I'uledo  atid  other  fi.irts  of  Spain. 
CM<'ni.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist  ,  torn  vi.  jt.  577.) 
laborde's  magniticent  wurk  contains  nn  en- 
graving of  the  m.iuuineiils  of  liie  Catholic 
sovereigns  and  Philip  and  .loaniia  ;  "  i|"'  riip- 
pellent  la  renaissance  dfs  arts  on  Italie.  't 
Font  a  la  fols  d'une  belle  e.xecution  et  d'liiie 
Conception  noble."  I.aboide,  Voyage  jiiltor- 
esque,  toui.  ii.  p.  25. 


612 


DEATH  OF  GONSALVO. 


Kintr  Fordina  ^'s  porsoiial  appearance  ha-,  been  elsewhere  noUrefl.  "  Hr- 
was  of  the  middle  i/-e,"  says  a  contemjiorary,  who  knew  him  well.  "  ilis  com- 
plexiou  was  fresh  ;  nis  eyes  hri^dit  and  animated  ;  his  nose  and  month  small 
and  linely  formed,  a.vd  his  teeth  white  ;  his  foreliead  lofty  and  serene  ;  \^itll 
llowinu  hair  A  a  bright  chestnnt  colour.  His  manners  were  courteous,  and 
his  ('ountenaiu-e  seldom  clouded  hy  anything  like  spleen  or  melancholy,  ilo 
was  grave  in  speech  and  action,  and  had  a  marvellous  dignity  of  presence. 
His  whole  demeanom-,  in  hue,  was  truly  that  of  a  great  kiiig."  For  this 
flattering  portrait  Ferdinand  nuist  have  .sat  at  an  earlier  and  happier  jieriod 
of  his  life." 

His  education,  owing  to  the  troubled  state  of  the  times,  had  been  neglecttd 
in  his  boyhood,  though  he  was  early  instructed  in  all  the  generous  pastinu's 
and  exercises  of  chivalry.**  Jle  was  esteeined  one  of  the  most  ]ii'rfect  horse- 
men of  his  court.  He  led  an  active  life,  and  the  only  kind  of  readiii;;  lie 
appeared  to  relish  was  history.  H  was  natural  that  so  busy  an  actor  on  tlu^ 
great  political  theatre  should  have  found  peculiar  intere.st  and  instruction  in 
this  study."" 

He  was  naturally  of  an  equable  temper,  and  inclined  to  moderation  in  all 
things.  The  only  amusement  for  which  he  aired  nmch  was  hunting,  especially 
falconry,  and  that  he  never  cairieil  to  excess  till  his  last  yea,rs.*'  He  was 
indefatigable  in  apiilication  to  Inisiness.  He  had  no  relish  for  the  pleasures  nf 
the  table,  and,  like  ls<'il)ella,  was  temperate  even  to  ab.stemiousness  in  his 
diet."  He  was  frugal  in  his  domestic  and  personal  expenditure;  partly,  no 
doubt,  from  a  willingness  to  rel»uke  the  opposite  spirit  of  wastefulness'  ami 
ostent^ition  in  his  nobles.  He  lost  no  gocMJ  opportiuiity  of  doing  this,  (in 
one  occasion,  it  is  ,^aid,  he  turned  to  a  gallant  of  the  court  noted  for  his 
extravagance  in  dress,  and,  laying  his  hand  on  his  own  doublet,  exclainicij, 
"  Excellent  stulf  this  ;  it  has  lasted  me  three  pair  of  sleeves  ! "  **  This  s]iii  it 
of  economy  was  carried  so  far  as  to  bring  on  him  the  reproach  of  parsimony.'" 
And  i»arsimony,  though  not  so  iiernicious  on  the  whole  as  the  opposite  vice  nf 
l)rodigalit.v,  has  always  found  far  less  favour  with  the  nudtitude,  from  the 
ap[iearance  of  disinterestedness  which  the  latter  carries  with  it.  Prodigality 
in  a  king,  however,  who  draws  not  on  his  own  resources,  but  on  the  pultlie, 
forfeits  even  this  e(juivocal  claim  to  applause.  But,  in  truth,  Ferdinand  was 
rather  frugal  than  jiarsimonious.  His  uicome  was  moderate;  his  enteri»rise.s 
numerous  and  vast.     It  was  impossible  that  he  could  meet  them  wiihuut 


**  L.  MaritK'o,  Cosas  mpmorablos  fol-  1*^2. 
— I'lilgar's  |)()rtrait  of  tlio  kintr,  taken  also  in 
the  niornini;  of  liin  life,  the  clo-i(>  (,t  wliicli  tlu; 
writer  ilid  not  live  to  see,  is  (-([naUy  bri^lit 
aiHi  I'loasing.  "  Habiit,"  H!iyniio,  "una  gratia 
pin^ilar,  que  qnaUpiier  con  el  lablese,  Uii'^o 
le  anial)ii  e  le  desealia  servir,  iiorque  tenia  i;i 
conununicacion  atnigal)le."  Ueyts  Catolicos, 
p.  Mi. 

'■  "HotiUed  iifilitly,"  says  Pulpar,  "ami 
■witli  a  dexterity  not  purjiassed  by  any  man 
in  till'  kinjrdoni."    Ueyes  CatoUeos,  ubi  suprf 


say  to  hl.s  uncle,  the  grand  admiral  Henri- 
quez:  "  .ve  ari'  to  have  a  frwl  f^ir  dinner  to- 
diiy."  (.S<ni|)ere,  Hist,  del  Luxo,  toni.  ii.  p. 
2.  nota.'l  'I  he  royal  cuisine  would  Iiim' 
afforded  small  seopc  for  the  talents  of  a  Vat'  1 
or  an  tide. 

*'■'  Siiiipere,  Hist,  del  Lnxo,  nhi  sujira. 

'"  Maeliiavelli,  by  a  single  coiifide  pmcKiii, 
thus  eliaraelerizes,  or  carieatun's.  tiie  priim-; 
of  his  time:  "  Un  imj'eratore  in»taliilc  e 
vario;  un  re  di  Kraneia  Hdegnoso  e  paures^  ; 
in  re  d'  Ingliilterra  ricco,  feroce,  e  cupid"  ili 


Ij.  Marineo,  (^osas  ineinorables,  fol.  \M.         gioria;  nri  re  di  Sjniffna   tucaigim  e  «i 
—  Abarca,  Keyes  de   Aragon.  torn.  ii.  rev  .'10,         per   gli  altri   re,  io  no  li    conosco."  -  Cicern 


cap.  ■.!4.r— S.iUildval,  Hist,  ilel  Kinp.  Carlos  V. 
tuni   i.  p.  .'(7. 

"  Tnlgar,  indeed,  notices  his  fondnes*  for 
cli«'Ss,  tennis,  and  other  games  of  skill,  in 
early  lif"'.     Keyes  ('aloliecis,  part.  2,  cap.  ;i 


\\ith  Ilis  u^nnl  practical  good  sense,  do<s  net 
disdain  to  enumerate  frugality  in  hi-  catn- 
iofiU:  ,.1  royal  virtues;  "  Onmes  sunt  in  ille 
tegiiP  virtutes ;  sed  pracipue  Hiigiilaiis  et 
aitinirau'lti  Jriiyalilas  ;   t(>i  (km:   rtrl'n   f<i" 


L.  Marineo,  (\i>;ii<  niemMrabli's,  fi>l.  ls'2.         htuitnri  reycs  nou  sultri."    Uratio  pro  l>eg 


— PuL'ar,    K'Vi  s  Caiolic 


part. 


rap.  .i. 


Deii'taro. 


'Stop  and  diae  with  us,"  he  was  known  to 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


C13 


lms])aiuling  his  resources  witli  the  most  c<areful  eeoiiomy.*'  No  one  has 
accused  hiiu  of  attempting'  to  enrich  his  e.\che(iuer  by  the  venal  sale  of  othces, 
like  Louis  the  Twelfth,  or  l>y  i;rii)inj;  extortion,  like  anotiier  royal  contempo- 
lary,  Henry  tiie  Seventii.  He  amassed  no  treasure,**  and,  indeed,  died  so 
jioor  that  lie  left  scarcely  enough  in  liis  col.ors  to  defray  the  charges  of  his 
funeral.*' 

F'"(linand  was  devout ;  at  least  he  was  scrupulous  in  regard  to  the  exterior 
of  religion.  He  was  punctual  in  attendance  on  mass,  ciircfnl  to  observe  all 
the  ordiriances  and  ceremonies  of  his  church,  and  left  many  tokens  of  his 
[iety,  after  the  fasliion  of  the  time,  in  sumptuous  editices  and  endowments  for 
religious  purposes.  Although  not  a  sui>erstitious  man  for  the  age,  he  is 
certainly  obnoxious  to  the  reproach  of  bigotry ;  for  he  co-operated  with 
Isabella  in  all  her  exceptionable  measures  in  Castile,  and  spare<l  no  etibrt  to 
fasten  the  odious  yoke  of  the  Intjuisition  on  Aragon,  and  subset|uently,  though 
liajipily  with  less  success,  on  Naples.** 

Ferdinand  has  incurred  the  more  serious  charge  of  hypocrisy.  His  Catholic 
zeal  was  observed  to  be  marvellously  ellicacious  in  furthering  his  temporal 
interests.**  His  most  objectioiuibie  enterprises,  even,  were  covered  with  a  veil 
of  religion.  In  this,  however,  he  did  not  materially  diller  from  the  practice  of 
the  age.  Some  of  the  most  scandalous  wars  of  that  jierio(»  "ere  ostensibly  at 
the  bidding  of  the  ch\irch,  or  in  defence  of  Christendom  against  the  infidel. 


■'  Tlic  revenues  of  his  own  kingilom  of 
ArMHon  were  very  liniiteii.  H^s  (iriiuipal 
f')rei};ii  expt'ditions  were  undertaken  solely 
(in  account  of  tliat  crown;  and  tliis,  notwitU- 
i-tandinjj;  the  aid  from  I'astile,  may  exi'lain, 
and  in  some  degree  excuse,  ins  very  scanty 
remittances  to  his  troops. 

■  On  one  occasion,  havinp;  obtained  a 
liberal  supply  fri)Ui  the  stales  of  Arajion  (a 
rare  occurriiice),  liis  counsellors  idvised  lii;ri 
to  lock  it  up  ttnainst  a  day  of  ni'ed.  "  MdS  el 
Key,"  says  Zurita,  "(|ue  siempr-'  supo  gastar 
su  dinero  provech<jsamente,  y  niinra  fue 
fsn'cixso  f)t  despt'iKhllu  <n  las  royas  del,  e.^tada, 
tiivi)  mas  apanji)  para  tmpb'arlo,  que  para 
liicerrai  lo."  (.\nales,  torn.  vi.  fol.  2J5.) 
llic  historian,  it  mu.st  be  allowed,  lays  (juite 
as  much  emphasis  on  his  liberality  as  it  will 
Uar. 

•"  Abarca,  IJeyes  de  Anigon,  torn.  ii.  rey 
30,  cap.  24. — Zurita,  Anales,  turn  vi.  lib.  10, 
cap.  100, — P>  ter  Martyr,  Opua  Kpi-t.,  epiat. 
.Mil). ""  \'\x  ad  funeris  pompam  et  panels 
lamiliiiribus  j)riebend.i-s  vestes  pullataa,  pe- 
'  uiiia'  apiid  einn,  nt'(|ue  alibi  ci)n(j;est;e,  re- 
lii'itie  sunt;  fpioil  nemo  uii(|Uttni  dc  vivenie 
jiidicavit  "  (IMer  Martyr,  nlii  supra.)  <Jnic- 
riardini  alluiiis  to  tlie  saiu'^  fact,  as  t'vid<Mice 
'•(  the  injustice  of  the  imputatiDiis  un  Kcr- 
iliiumd.  "  Ma  accaiic,"  ailds  thi>  liistorian, 
truly  eniiunh.  "  (|uasl  seinpn' per  il  iziudizio 
1  ^rrotto  dejili  umuiiii,  die  nci  He  e  piu  I'Klata 
1,1  pro'Hgalita  benctie  a  unella  sia  annissa  la 
rtiiacita,  ciic  la  par-itnouia  congiunta  con 
i  astin»'nza  dallaroba  <ti  altri."  ( Istoria.  toui. 
\i.  lib.  12,  p.  '27:i.)  The  state  of  K«rdiiiand's 
I'lffirs  foriiii'(|,  indeed,  a  strong  cmiirast  ti> 
that  of  his  brother  nionarch'-,  Henry  \'II., 
"  whiise  treasure  of  store."  to  borrow  tin- 
words  of  Hacon,  "  left  at  his  death,  unler  his 
owu  key  and  keeping,  am<muted  uuto  the 


sum  of  eighteen  hundred  thousand  potmds 
stci'iing;  a  huge  n.ass  of  nioiH'y,  even  for 
these  tinjes."  (Hist,  of  Henry  V'll.,  Works, 
vol.  V.  J).  IHJ.)  .-ir  Edwatd  Coke  swells  this 
huge  mass  to  "  fifty  and  three  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds"  !     Institutes,  part  4,  chap.  a."). 

'  Abarca.  Reyes  de  Aragon,  torn.  ii.  rey 
30,  cap.  24.  —  L.  .Slarineo.  Cosas  memorables, 
f-.l.  ls2.— Zurita,  .\nales,  lib.  9,  ca(>.  'Jt;,— 
Ferdinand's  coinluct  in  regard  to  the  lni|uisi- 
tion  ill  Aragon  displayed  singular  dupliiity. 
In  conse(|uence  of  t'le  reuioustrauce  of  cortes, 
in  1512,  in  which  that  higli-spirited  b<Mly  set 
forth  the  various  usurpations  of  the  Ibjly 
(itllce,  Ferditiand  signed  a  coinp.ict,  abri  ging 
its  jurisdiction.  He  repented  of  tlie-c  con- 
cessions, however,  and  in  the  following  year 
obtained  from  K  me  a  dispensHtj.iti  from  his 
engagements.  Thispnx'eeiling  firoduced  such 
an  alarming  excitement  in  the  kingdom  that 
the  monarch  found  it  exjiedieiit  to  renounce 
the  papal  brief,  aiel  apply  for  anotlier,  con- 
firming his  former  comiia<'t.  ( i.lorente,  Hist, 
de  riiH|Uisition,  toin.  i.  pp.  371  et  secj.)  One 
may  well  doubt  whether  bitrotry  entered  a.s 
largely  as  less  pardonable  motives  of  sluto 
policy  into  this  miser.ibli'  juggling. 

•  I)isoit-on,"  says  ("iiant  *iine,  "que  la 
reyne  fsalwlle  de  ('ast;lle  estoit  une  fort  de- 
^dte  et  religjeus(>  princessf,  et  (|Ue  luy,  quel 
grand  /ele  (pi'll  y  eust,  n'estoit  devotieii.v 
(|Ue  j)ir  ypocrisie,  (i)uv  .lit  sc^  actes  it  am- 
bitions jiar  ce  stiiiKt  ze|t>  de  religion." 
((Kuvres,  torn  1  p.  To.)  "(^)])!i,"  says  liuic- 
cianlini,  "qiia^i  tiitte  le  sue  cupid  ta  sottu 
color-  di  onesto  zelo  deila  religioiie  e  di  santa 
Inten/.io'ie  al  bene  C'lninie."  (Istoria,  toin 
vi.  lib.  12,  p.  27».)  The  pcnetratini^  eye  of 
Machiavelli  gl.mces  at  the  same  trait.  H 
I'rincipe,  cap  21. 


014 


DEATH  OF  GONSALVO. 


This  ostontation  of  a  religions  motive  was  indeed  very  usual  witli  the  Spanish 
and  Portu^niese.  The  crusadin;,'  spirit,  nourislied  l-y  their  stru^'ule  with  the 
Moors,  and  su'i'^ieciuently  liy  their  African  and  American  expeditions^,  Lraw 
.such  a  reH;iioiis  tone  habitually  to  their  feelin;^'s  as  shed  an  illusion  over  their 
actions  and  enterprises,  frequently  disguising'  their  true  character  even  fiuiii 
themselves. 

]t  will  not  he  so  easy  to  actjuit  Ferdinand  of  the  reproach  of  jierfidy  whirh 
foreign  writers  have  so  deeply  branded  on  his  nanie,^"  and  which  th(ise  <<f  hi. 
wn  nation  have  sought  rather  to  ])alliate  than  to  deny.*'  It  is  hut  fair  {>> 
him,  however,  even  here,  to  take  a  glance  at  the  age.  He  came  forward  whin 
government  was  in  a  state  of  transition  from  the  feudal  forms  to  those  whirh 
it  has  assumed  in  modern  times  ;  when  the  superior  strength  of  the  great 
vas.sals  was  circumvented  hy  the  superior  })olicy  of  the  reigning  i)rinces.  It 
was  the  dawn  of  the  triumi)h  of  intellect  over  the  hrute  force  which  hinl 
liitherto  controlled  the  movements  of  nations,  as  of  individuals.  The  sainc 
policy  whi(!h  these  monarchs  had  pursued  in  their  own  domestic  relati<»ns  tiny 
introduced  into  those  with  foreign  states,  when,  at  the  close  of  the  hftccnth 
century,  the  harriers  that  had  so  long  kept  them  asunder  were  broken  ddwii. 
Italy  was  the  Hrst  field  on  which  the  great  powers  were  brought  intu  anytliiiiu' 
like  a  general  collision,  it  was  the  country,  too,  in  which  this  crafty  policy  lui'l 
l)een  first  studied  and  reduced  to  a  regular  system.  A  single  extract  from  (he 
l)olitical  manual  of  tliut  age  **  may  serve  as  a  key  to  the  whole  science,  a-  thcD 
understood.  "A  prudent  prince,"  says  Machiavelii,  "will  nor,  and  oiight  net 
to,  observe  his  engagementsj  when  it  would  operate  to  his  disadvantage,  .iul 
the  cau.ses  no  longer  exist  which  induced  him  to  make  them.""  Suthcicut 
evidence  of  the  practical  a[)plication  of  the  maxim  may  he  found  in  the  mani- 
fold treaties  of  the  period,  so  contradictory,  or,  what  is  to  the  sani  ])ur|Misc 
for  our  i)resent  argmnent,  so  confirmatory,  of  one  another  in  their  tv  if, 
a.s  clearly  to  show  the  injpotence  of  all  engagements.  There  weie  no  !p>.> 
than  four  several  treaties  in  the  coiu-se  of  three  ^  us,  .solenujly  stipalatiiig 
tlie  marriage  of  the  archduke  Charles  and  CL  ■!  jf  France.  Louis  the 
Twelfth  violated  his  engagemen*:.s,  and  the  marrui'^c  .iftfr  ?dl  never  tunk 
Ijlace.*" 
8uch  was  the  school  in  which  Ferdinand  was  to  mak"  tri".{  o(  his  skill  with 


""  Guicciardini,  Istoria,  lib.  12.  p.  27.-5.-  Du 
BoUay,  Mt'iuoivcs,  apud  I'ttitot,  CoUcctioii 
ilt'H  Meiiiiilrts,  turn.  xvii.  p.  272.-Giovio, 
Hist,  aui  Tcuiporis,  lilt.  11,  p.  ItiO;  lib.  16, 
p.  3;{ti.— Mai'hiavelll,  Opere,  torn.  ix.  Ia'U. 
diverse,  no.  «!,  cd.  Milano,  IHO.").— Horb.Tt, 
Life  ol  Henry  VIII.,  p.  63.— Sisiiumdi,  lie- 
publiquo.s  ItalifiiiuK,  torn.  xvi.  cap.  112.— 
Voltaire  sums  up  Ft  rdiiiand'K  cliaraiter  iu 
the  following  jiitliy  seiilc  iiee  :  "On  rappelait 
en  Kspagne  le  saye,  le  pi  udnit ;  en  Italie,  le 
pk'iix;  en  France  et  h  Londres,  le  jttrjide." 
Ess.ii  sur  le^  Me  ..'s,  chap.  1 14.* 

"  "Homo  '. .••  de  veril.i.l,"  says  Pulgar, 
"coiuo  (piierii  qii  ■  /'<s  ;t'  i'sidaiUs  gnuidts 
vn  (pie  le  pusieron  iai  fnu  .Tas,  '.'■  Faeian  al- 
("junas  veces  variar."  f  eyes  Tatolicos.  jiart. 
2,   cap.  3.)     Zuri' ^  e.vooses  tmd  condemns 


this  blemisli  in  his  hero's  character,  with  a 
candour  wliieli  does  him  credit:  "I'liiinuy 
notado,  no  solo  de  los  e.strangern.s,  pero  de  sii'. 
natiiiales,  (jue  no  nuardava  la  verdad,  y  !'■ 
que  pronietia;  y  (jue  se  anteponia  sienipie,  y 
sobrepujava  el  respeto  de  su  propria  utiliilail, 
a  lo  que  era  justo  y  honesto."     Analos,  tuiu. 

Vi.  fill.  406. 

'"  Charles  V.,  in  particular,  testitied  h- 
respect  for  .Mac  liiavelli,  by  having  the  "  Prin- 
cipe "  translated  for  his  own  U'<o. 

■"  Machiavelii,  Opere,  torn,  vi.,  11  Principe, 
cap.  IS,  ed.  Getiova,  ITiis. 

'"  buniont.  Corps  diplomatique,  t.  in.  iv 
part.  1,  nos.  V,  11,  2S,  •^9. — Si-yssel,  Ilist.  dr 
Louys  XII,,  pp.  228-2;i0.— St.  Gelals,  Hist.  d> 
Louys  Xll ,  p.  184. 


•  rnorgenrt.il..  iio'v  ■  "v,  g^f.  Tt.^i  thai  "  Fer- 
dinand had  not  the  r3put(iU'>n.  anumg  the 
princes  of  hi*  tini  ')f  b  itii,  i  very  untnitlifwl 
man."  "('i>rt.tiii!y  "  .h  ■  v  ■>  "'Mien  I-a- 
bella  excelled  Llt  biu  a;.i'  ;\.   'I.^.egard  to 


[sic]  veracitv."  (Letters,  Dispatches,  and 
.^ta!e  Papers,  vol.  i..  Introduction.)  Smh 
.juilginents,  in  defiance  of  all  evidence,  rc- 
i^uire  no  comment. — Lu.] 


I 


DEATH  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


015 


in,y  j)riiices.     U 


scioiur,  .V  tlii'ii 


his  brother  nionardis.  lie  hiid  an  al)le  iiistnictor  in  liis  fatlier,  Jolni  tlie 
Neconti  of  Aragoii,  and  the  result  sliuwed  that  tiie  lessons  were  not  lost  on 
iiiin.  "  He  was  vigilant,  wary,  and  suhtiie,"  wiites  a  French  euntenijiorary, 
"and  few  iiistories  niuke  mention  of  his  being  outwitted  in  the  whole  cour.»e 
of  his  life."*^'  He  played  the  game  with  mure  adroitness  than  ids  (ipjionents, 
and  he  won  it.  »Su(;ce>s,  as  u.^'ial,  brought  uu  'dm  the  reiiroadics  of  the  K^^ers, 
This  is  particularly  true  of  tlu;  FrencJj,  whose  master,  Louis  the  Twelfth,  was 
more  directly  ])itted  against  iiim."^  Yet  Feidinand  doi's  not  a])}iear  to  be  a 
whit  more  objioxious  to  tlu;  charge  of  unfairness  than  Ins  opjionent."  If  he 
deserted  his  allies  when  it  suiteil  his  convenience,  lie,  at  least,  did  not  delibe- 
rately plot  their  destruction  and  betray  them  into  the  liands  of  their  deadly 
enemy,  as  his  rival  did  with  Venice,  in  the  league  of  Canduay.**  The  partition 
of  Naples,  tlie  most  sciindalous  transaction  of  the  period,  he  shared  e(|ually 
with  Louis  ;  and  if  the  latter  has  e-cajied  the  repioach  of  the  usurpation  of 
Navarre,  it  was  because  the  premature  death  of  Ids  general  deprived  liim  of 
the  pretext  and  means  for  aclutning  it.  Yet  Louis  tlie  Twelfth,  the  "lather 
of  his  i)eo])le,''  luis  gone  down  to  posterity  with  a  high  and  honourable 
reputiition.'** 

Ferc'inand,  unfortimately  for  liis  popularity,  had  nothing  of  the  frank  and 
cordial  temper,  the  geidal  expansion  of  the  soul,  which  l>egets  love.  He 
carried  the  same  cautious  and  impenetrable  frigidity  into  private  life  that  he 
.•tiowed  in  public.  "No  one,''  says  a  writer  of  the  time,  "could  read  his 
thoughts  by  any  change  of  his  countenance."'"^  Calm  and  calculating,  even 
m  triries,  it  was  too  ohvious  that  everything  had  exclusive  ref'-rence  to  .self. 
He  seemed  to  estimate  his  friends  only  by  the  amount  of  services  they  could 
render  him.  He  was  not  alv.ays  miidful  of  these  services.  Witness  his 
ungenerous  tre;itment  of  Colund)u:-^  the  Great  Captain,  Navarro,  Ximenes, — 
tl'.' men  who  shed  the  brightest  lustre  and  the  most  sid>stantial  benefits  on 
his  reign.  Witness  also  his  insensibility  to  the  virtues  and  long  atiachment 
of  Isabella,  whose  memory  he  could  so  soon  dishonour  by  a  union  with  one  every 
wa>  unworthy  to  be  her  successor. 

i'erdinand's  connection  with  Isal)ella,  while  it  reflected  infinite  glory  on  his 


"  Menioires  de  Baj-aril,  ciiap.  61. — " 'iliis 
I'ince,"  Kays  Lurd  llcrlieit,  wlii>  was  not  dirt- 
l"isc'd  to  overrafo  tin;  tali'iit'^,  any  uu  re  tlian 
the  virtues,  of  Fordinand,  '  was  tlmiiRlii  tlie 
:.iost  active  and  politiciue  of  liis  tiim-.  No 
mail  knew  l>etter  how  to  Hervc  liis  turn  on 
•  very  body,  or  to  make  tlieir  ends  conduce  to 
his."     Life  of  Henry  VI I  i.,  p.  6.J. 

"''  AccordiiiK  to  them,  the  Catliolic  king 
ti'ok  no  preat  jiajns  to  C'inceal  1  is  tieacliery. 
"t^uelf|u'un  di^ant  un  jour  a  I'Crdiiiand,  (|Ue 
liC'Uis  XII.  l'accus<iit  di'  I'avoir  tmniiie  tr^is 
fui~,  Ferdinand  paiut  ineionlentqn'il  luiravit 
une  partie  lie  sa  Kl"ift';  ^t  <^n  a  hifti  mt'nti. 
I'ivtiigni,  dit-il,  avec  toute  la  prossierc  te  ilu 
tinips,_y«  I'ai  tivmjji  pluxde  dix."  i(iaillard, 
Jtivalite,  tmn.  iv.  p.  li4o.)  'I'hi'  anecdute  han 
lieeii  repeated  l)y  othiT  niud'Tii  writers,  1 
know  not  on  wiiat  authority.  Feidinand  was 
too  slirewd  a  politician  to  hazard  hin  game  hy 
playing  the  hrapgart. 

'•  I'aolo  '.iiovio  strik'R  the  balance  of  their 
respective  merits  in  tiiis  particular,  in  the 
following  terms:  "  Kx  lioruin  eniiu  loiifre 
niaximorum  nostra'  tcinj'estatis  rcgutu  in- 
fri'iiiis,  et  turn  liipiido  et  niulte  i  aiiiea  ))ne- 
clure  coinpertum  e;<t,  nihil  onmino  sain  turn 


et  invii''<iliile,  vcl  in  riteeonceptissancitisquo 
fu'di-r'.ius  rcperiii,  (|uiMl,  in  jiroferendis  ini- 
peri'-i  augciidiscne'  (pj)iliu«,  apud  cos  luhil  s' 
iihistris    faiiiie    decus    iiaeressct,  dolonc 
iiusquam  sine  fallacii»,  an  lidc  integra  vera 
virtute  nittrentur."     Hist.  8ui  Icmpori.'-. 
11,  p.  100. 

"  An  ecjiially  pertinent  exanij)le  occnis  in 
tlie  (fliciclit  suppor,  lie  gave<'asar  \Vn\i  in 
his  llagitioiis  ciitirprisi's  again.sl  some  i  the 
most  laitlitul  allies  of  France.  .See  Sisnioiidi, 
liepiilili<iues  italienneH,  toni.  xiii.  ca|       "i. 

'■  Head  till'  honeyed  panegyrics  ol  ,\  -~el, 
St.  :Jelais,  Voltain;  even,  to  say  iioiuiiik'  of 
(iaill.ird,  \'arillas,  e  tntti  mutnti,  niiiiiliited 
hy  scarce  a  dr(jp  of  censure.  Hare  indeed  ik 
it  to  find  one  so  inihued  with  the  spirit  of 
ph'losdjiliy  as  to  raise  himself  above  the  i-'cal 
or  naiioiial  pnjudices  •.sliich  pass  for  patriot- 
ism with  tlie  vulgar.  Sisioondi  is  Uie  only 
writer  in  the  French  language,  that  ha.s  come 
miller  my  notice,  who  ha"  weighed  ti-edeserlH 
of  Fouis  XIF  in  the  jiistoric  balance  »  tli 
imparlialiiy  and  candour.  And  Sismotuli  in 
not  a  FreiK  hiiian. 

'•'  (jiovio,  Hist.  Bui  Temporiti,  lib.  IC,  p. 
335. 


616 


DEATH  OF  GONSALVO. 


rcii,^ii,  .siif,'^^osts  a  rnntrast  most  unfavouralilc  to  liis  charartor.  Hers  was  all 
iiia,!,niaiiiiiiity,  (lisiiiten'stcdiicss,  and  doep  dev<jti<)M  to  the  iiiU'iests  of  lur 
])e(MiIe.  His  was  tlie  sjdrit  of  cgoiism.  Tlu;  circle  of  liis  views  might  he  luoic 
or  less  expanded,  h>it  self  was  the  steady,  nnchangeahle  centre.  Her  heait 
beat  with  the  .generous  sympathies  of  friendshio,  and  the  niirest  constan( y  to 
the  fiist,  the  oidv  ohject  of  her  love.  We  have  seen  tlie  measure  of  his 
sensihilities  in  otrier  relations.  They  were  not  more  refined  in  this  ;  and  he 
j)rove(l  himself  \mworthy  of  the  admiiahle  woman  with  whom  his  destinies 
W(M(^  united,  hy  indul;;ing  in  those  vicious  gallantries  too  genendly  sanctiducd 
l»y  the  age."'  Fer(linan(l,  in  fine,  a  shrewd  and  politic  prince,  "surpassing:,' 
as  a  French  writer,  not  his  friend,  has  remarked,  "all  the  statesmen  of  lii> 
time  in  the  science  of  the  cal)inet,''  **  may  he  t<iken  a.s  the  representiitive  of 
the  peculiar  genius  of  the  age  ;  while  Isahella,  discarding  all  the  petty  artilit  is 
of  state  policy,  and  pursuing  the  nohlest  ends  hy  the  nobiest  means,  sUiml.s 
far  ahove  her  age. 

In  his  illustrious  consort  Ferdinand  may  he  said  to  have  lost  his  good 
genius.**  From  that  time  liis  fortunes  were  under  a  cloud.  iS'ot  that  victory 
sat  less  constantly  on  his  banner  ;  but  at  liome  he  had  lost 

"AH  that  hIk'uM  accoiniiany  old  ajr*^, 
Ah  lionour,  love,  oltediencc,  troops  of  friends." 

His  ill-advised  juarriage  disgusted  his  Castilian  subjects.  He  ruled  over  them, 
indeed,  but  more  in  severity  than  in  !uve.     The  beauty  of  his  young  queen 


"■  Ferdinand  left  four  natural  ohiMren,  one 
Bon  and  three  diHi;:liti'rs.  The  fi/rni.  /,  l)on 
Al'insode  Aiai^nii,  uas  hijrn  of  the  viscountess 
of  lOlioli,  a  Catalan  liidy.  lie  was  Ui'iile  areh- 
liisiiop  of  SHrii(;i>'^>a  when  only  six  ^ ears  old. 
'I'liere  was  little  of  the  relif/,i(ms  [irofes  ;.in, 
liowev^r,  in  his  life.  He  tool{  un  active  part 
in  tilt!  piilitical  and  militurj'  nioviuients  of 
the  pfT  .,''  and  seems  to  inive  heeii  even  1"<8 
scrupulous  in  his  jrallantries  than  his  father. 
Ills  niaruiers  in  private  lite  were  attrai  five, 
and  his  puhlic  comluct  discreet.  His  father 
always  ri'garded  him  with  peculiar  allVi-tion, 
and  intrusifd  liini  with  the  ref^ency  of  Aia- 
pon,  as  we  have  seen,  at  his  deal  h.  t  erdinand 
liad  three  dauf^iitcrs,  ulsii,  liy  three  difleretit 
ladies,  one  of  them  a  nohle  Portuguese.  The 
eldest  cliilil  was  named  liuiia  .iuana,  and 
married  iie  grand  constable  of  Castile.  The 
others,  ee,  h  naniea  .Maria,  emliraced  the  re- 
ligious j 'i  t'ession  in  a  convent  in  iMadrigal. 
li.  .Marineo,  Cosas  uieuiorables,  fol.  lh». — 
iS,ila7.ar  de  Meudoza,  Monar<iuia,  torn.  i.  p. 
410. 

""  *'  Knfln  il  surpasi^a  tous  les  Princes  de 
Pon  Biecle  en  la  science  du  Cabinet,  et  c'cst 
a  lui  (pi'on  duit  attribner  lo  premier  et  lo 
Btjuveraiii   usage  de   la   politi([ue  moderne." 


*  [There  can  bo  no  question  about  the 
identity  of  (fijie  and  i/ipav  wiih  Fr.j'tpi'  and 
jiipmi  ;  It.  yiidiha.  (liuppo,  and  (/iuhhone, 
yini^pone;  \'.)\\  ]i.\i.jiipa,  ^"()/«(  ;' and  uUi 
■G>  Ti\\.jopt,,j<>i>i)t\jiifii>e.  Til"  garment  desig- 
nated i)y  tiiese  ditl'erent  forms  was  cumiuun 
to  both  sexes,  and  is  variously  detined  ar-  '.\ 
jerki7i,  cassock,    tunic,    iloublit,    etc.     The 


Varillas,  Politique  de  Ferdinand,  liv.  .'J,  disc. 
10. 

'■'■'  nrantome  notices  a  f<il>ri<iuet  which  his 
contitrymen  Imd  given  *'>  Ferdinand.  "  Nos 
Fran(;ois  appcUoient  c<  ..iv  Ferdmand  .(eliaii 
(Jilioii,  je  ne  s(;ay  imur  quelle  derision  ;  nuiis 
il  nous  cousta  bon,  et  nous  list  hien  ilu  mal, 
et  fust  un  grand  roy  et  sage."  Which  his 
aiicii'iit  editor  thus  explains:  ''(I'ipou  de 
ritalieii  f/iulxme,  c'e-t  que  nous  uiipcUoiis 
jupiiii  ft  jiip't;  voulant  jiur  lii  taxer  ce  jirinn' 
de  s'etre  lais.'^e  gouveruer  par  IsaU'lle.  reine 
de  Castile,  sa  femme,  dont  il  endossoit  laj^/'c, 
l)oi:r  aiiisi  dire,  peiul.int  qti'elle  jiorioit  Uh 
cfMiisnes."  (Vies  des  Hiaunns  illiistres, disc. 
5.)  There  is  more  humour  than  truth  in  tlu' 
etyniolo<;y.  The  yipon  was  i)art  of  a  man's 
attire,  being,  as  7.1  r.  Tyrwhilt  defines  it,  "a 
eliort  cassock,"  and  was  worn  under  the 
armour.  Thus,  Chaucer,  in  the  Prologue  to 
his  "Canterbury  Tales,"  says  of  his  knigiit's 
dress, 

"  Of  fustian  he  wered  a  gipon 
Alle  besmotred  with  his  habergeon," 

Again,  in  Lis  "Knightc's  Tale," 

"  .Som  wol  ben  armed  in  an  hal^rueon. 
And  in  a  brest-plate,  and  in  a  gij)on."  * 


Italian  diminutives,  giuhlKtio  and  ffiubbf- 
rello,  seem  to  oflfrr  the  correct  dfrivaiion  of 
doublet,  wliich  etymologists  in  general  si<'rive 
from  diiulile.  See  Torriano.  V<"«ti<)iario 
Italian-' •■  IngU-se  (Lottdon,  I6.s>«  ;  Kucange; 
Henecke  und  .MHller,  MittelhoclideutBches 
WorterbU(  b.-  Ei<. , 


\ 


■.    Hers  was  nil 

interests  of  lur 
s  might  he  mnv 
tre.  Her  lieait 
est  constancy  to 
measure  of  liis 
in  this ;  ami  he 
;»m  liis  destinies 
rally  sanctioned 
e,  "surpassing,' 
talesmen  of  Ins 
ipresentiitive  of 
le  jiettyartilices 
t  means,  stands 

e  lost  his  goo. I 
Sot  that  victory 


■uled  over  thorn, 
us  young  (^uccn 

Jinand,  liv.  3,  disc. 

■il>ri<ittet  wliicli  his 
l'''idinuii(l.  "  Nos 
y  Fcnlmaiid  .Iciiaii 
lie  d»'-risi<in  ;  mais 
i  fist  bicn  (ill  iiial, 
lanc"  Wlikli  (lis 
ains :  "  (;ip(,H  dn 
le   nous   ttjipi-lloiis 

111  taxcr  c-c  ]iri!Ui' 
par  Isalx-nc.  reine 
1  tiidohsoit  lajiipe, 
[u'cllo  ]iorujit  1(8 
nicH  illiistri'Si,  disc. 

tliaii  triitli  in  tlic 
H  i)art  of  a  man's 
litt  defines  it,  "a 
worn  ni)d(r  tlio 
1  tlie  Prologue  to 
)"8  of  his  knight's 

ipon 

*  liabergeon/' 

ale," 

in  lialv^rceon, 
id  ui  a  nij)on."  * 


f.tio  and  giubU- 
•ect  dtrivrtiion  of 
in  general  tierive 
.no,  V<»  ftbolario 
16m-<  ;  Ilucunpe; 
;telhocLdeutsc(ios 


DEATH  AND  CILVRACTER  OF  FERDINAND. 


617 


niicneil  new  sources  of  jealousy  ;  '"  while  the  dis{»arity  of  their  ages,  ami  her 
fondness  for  frivolous  pleasinc,  as  little  (pialitied  her  to  he  his  partner  in 
1  rosperity  as  his  solace  in  declining  years."  His  tenae  ty  of  power  drew  him 
into  vulgar  sipiahhles  with  tliose  most  nearly  allied  to  him  hy  hlood,  which 
settled  into  a  morta  aversion.  Finally,  hodily  infirmity  broke  "Uh'  energies  of 
hi-  mind,  sour  siisjiicious  corro'h>d  his  heart,  and  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
live  long  after  he  had  lost  all  tliat  could  make  life  desirahle. 

Let  us  turn  from  this  gloomy  picture  t(»  the  brighter  season  of  the  morning 
and  meridian  of  his  life  ;  when  he  sat  with  Isabella  on  the  united  thrones  of 
Castile  and  Aiag(jn,  strong  in  the  lovoof  his  own  subjects,  and  in  the  fear  and 
h'spect  of  his  em-mies.  \Ve  shjill  then  find  nnich  in  liis  character  to  admire  ; 
his  imjiartial  justice  in  the  administration  of  the  laws  ;  his  watehfiil  solicitude 
to  shield  the  weak  from  the  oppression  of  the  strong  ;  his  wise  economy,  which 
achieved  great  results  without  burdening  his  jieojde  with  oiipressive  taxes  ;  his 
sdlniety  and  modtM'ation  ;  the  decorum,  and  respect  for  religion,  which  he 
niaintjiined  among  his  subjects  ;  the  industry  he  promoted  by  wholesome  laws 
and  liis  own  example  ;  his  consiunmate  sagacity,  which  <rowned  all  his  enter- 
prises with  brilliant  success,  and  made  him  the  oracle  of  tiie  princes  of  the 
:ige. 

Machiavelli,  indeed,  tlie  most  deeply  read  of  liis  time  in  liuman  character, 
imputes  Ferdinand's  successes,  in  one  of  his  letters,  to  "cunning  and  good 
hick,  ratli(!r  than  superior  wisdom."'^  He  was  indeed  fortunate;  and  tlu; 
"star  of  Austria,"  v,hich  ros<>  as  liis  declined,  shone  not  with  a  brighter  or 
steadier  lustre.  But  success  through  a  long  series  of  years  siitliciently  of 
it -elf  attests  good  conduct,  "The  winds  and  waves,"  says  (Jibbo-  .  'uly 
enough,  "are  always  on  the  side  (»f  the  most  skilful  mariner.''  The  Fh  .tine 
statesman  has  recorded  a  riiser  and  more  deliberate  judgment,  in  the  Ireatiso 
which  he  intended  as  a  mirror  for  the  rulers  of  the  time.  ''  Nothing,"'  siiys 
Ik;,  "gains  estimation  for  a  prince  like  great  ciiterjuises.  Our  own  aue  Iwu 
furnished  a  splendid  example  of  this  in  Ferdinand  of  Arag(<n.  Wo  may  will 
him  a  new  king,  since  from  a  feeble  one  he  has  made  himself  the  most 
renowned  and  glorious  monarch  of  Christendom  ;  and,  if  we  ponder  well  his 
iuanifold  achievements,  we  must  acknowledge  all  of  them  very  great,  and  some 
truly  extraordinary. '  ^' 

Other  eminent  foreigners  of  the  time  join  in  this  lofty  strain  of  panegyric.'* 


■""  Wlien  Ferdinand  visited  Arapon,  in 
l')].!,  during  his  troulth's  witli  the  cortes,  lio 
i'lif  ri^oncd  the  vice-ciiancellor,  Antonio 
AL'ii'itin;  beiiiK  movii  to  thi-^,  according  to 
*  arl>a,ial,  bv  his  jealousv  of  that  niinist  r's 
atti  nt ions  to  his  younjr  queen,  (.\nales.  MS., 
alio  Ji;i5.;  It  is  fK^ssible.  Ziirita,  liowever, 
tnnts  it  a^  mere  ^vimdal.  referring  the  im- 
pisiinment  to  poli  ical  offences  exclusively. 
.\na!cs,  torn.  vi.  fol.  ;5tt3. — See  also  Dormer, 
Anales  d*'  la  Corona  de  Ar.igon  (Zaraf^o/.a, 
Ui'J"),  lib.  i,  cap.  9. 

"  "Era  poco  liermosa,"  says  .Sandoval,  who 
;'ni(Ige8  her  even  thi><  ipmlity,  "algo  coja, 
■  iiiiga  m'.K'ho  Ap  holgarse,  y  andar  en  ban- 
'|U>'t(>K,  huerto«  >rdines,  y  en  fiestas.  In- 
triHkixo  esta  Sefii'  »'n  OwtiUa  coinidassolMT- 
bia-,  siendo  low  r;**.*  ■llanoi.  y  aun  sns  Reyes 
nmy  rnode'adus  (>!•  *«to.  I'asabansele  pocos 
(lias  <p.;e  no  convidas**.  o  fuese  convidada.  La 
nue  nia.s  gastaba  en  11'  (•♦as  y  baiupictes  e('n 
e!l.,  era  mas  su  amig*  '  Hist,  del  Emp. 
Carlos  v.,  torn.  i.  p.  1'.!. 


'■'  Opero,  torn.  ix.  I.ettcre  diverse,  no.  C, 
ed.  Milano,  ISO;").  — His  correspondent,  V'cttori, 
is  sriU  more  severe  in  his  aualvHis  <4  Ferdi- 
nand'.-) public  conduct.  (Let.  di  lo  Mafrsrio, 
ir/14.)  I  hcse  KtatesuK^n  «ere  the  fr!eM<.>  of 
F'runce,  with  which  Ferdinand  was  at  war, 
and  personal  'iiemles  of  the  .Me«lii  i,  whom 
that  prince  r<>-i  -•tiblished  in  the  government. 
As  political  antai;onists  thcref  ire,  every  way, 
of  tile  ('atliolic  kiiitr,  they  were  not  likely  to 
l!>e  alto<^ether  unbiassed  in  their  judgments  of 
his  |)olicy. — Tlie.se  views,  however,  find  favour 
with  Lord  Herbert,  who  had  evidently  re.xl, 
though  he  does  not  refer  to,  this  correspond- 
ence.    Life  of  Henry  Vni.  p   t>3. 

'  Opere,  torn,  vi.,  l\  I'rincipe,  cap,  2\,  e<J, 
Geneva,  179S. 

"  Martyr,  who  had  better  opportunities 
than  any  otiier  foreigner  for  estim'«ting  tie? 
character  of  Ferdinand,  afford-*  ?:ie  most 
honourable  testimony  t  >  Ids  kingly  <|Ualitie-:, 
in  a  letter  writt-'n  wIk  ;.  the  writ-T  h.td  no 
motive    for   tlattery,    after   tliat    monarch's 


fil8 


REGENX'Y  OF  XIMENES. 


The  Castilians,  niiudful  of  the  ^'oiioral  security  and  prosperity  thoy  lial 
eiiioycMl  under  liis  rei,i,qi,  seem  willing  to  liuiy  his  fniiltics  in  Ids  ^^niv(  "' 
While  his  own  hereditary  suhjects,  exultinj^  with  juitriotie  pritie  in  the  ;:lnr\ 
to  which  he  had  raised  their  p(!tty  state,  and  touched  with  ^nateful  recollcr 
tions  of  Ins  mild,  paternal  pivcrnment,  dcjilore  his  loss  in  strains  of  natimial 
sorrow,  as  the  last  of  the  revered  line  wIkj  was  to  [treside  over  the  destinies  ot 
Aragon  m  a  separate  and  independent  kingdoui.'" 


Nil 
(ipi 
.,f  ^ 
wai 

(rrt 
tim 
C.is 
lue 

!>llil 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


ADMINISTBj^TION,   death,   and   OIIAIIACTEII  OP    CARDINAL   XIMEXEa. 

1516-1517. 

Xiinonoa  (-Jovcrnor  of  (Jastlle— Charles  {jrciclaimcrt  KiiiR— Domostic  Policy  of  Ximrnra— He 
iiitiinidnti's  tlii>  Nolilcs— I'ultlic;  Idscoiitriits  — Cliarlcs  liiiuls  in  Spuiii— Ilis  liigralitiiilL'  to 
XiuiciU's  — Tlie  Curdiiial's  Illness  tmel  Death — His  extiaijrdinury  Cu^vracter. 

Thk  personal  history  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  terminates,  of  course,  with 
the  {irecediuLf  chapter.  In  order  to  l)ring  the  history  of  ins  reii,Mi,  liowevcr, 
to  a  suitahle  close,  it  is  ne(;essary  to  continue  the  narrative  throui^di  the  luitt 
i<vi,i  ncy  of  Ximenes,  to  tlie  period  when  the  uovernment  was  delivered  into 
the  hands  of  Ferdinand's  gramlson  and  suc(;essor,  Charles  the  Fifth. 
By  tlie  testament  of  the  deceased  monarch,  as  we  have  seen,  Cardinal 


death,  to  Charlen  V.'s  plivsiciaii.  (Opus 
Ki)Nt.,  ej)ist.  Ml.)  (iuieeiardiiii,  wlmso 
national  i)rejudices  did  not  lie  In  tills  scale, 
comprehends  nearly  as  iiuuh  in  one  hrief 
8ent(!nce :  "Re  dl  eceellentiss!;uo  consiplio, 
e  virtu,  e  nel  quale,  se  fosse  .-  ;  N)  constante 
nelle  i)ronies-ie,  no  potresti  faeili.i.'nte  ripren- 
dere  eosa  aleuna."  (Istoria,  torn.  vi.  lib.  12, 
p.  273.)  See  also  Rrantoine  ((Kiivres,  toni. 
Iv.  disc,  r)).— (iiovio,  with  scarcely  more  (|iiali- 
lication.  Hist,  sui  'I'emporis,  lil).  l(i,  p.  ;t.»6. — 
Nava^icro,  Via>?(^io,  fol  27,  -et  alio-. 

■"  "I'rincipe  el  mas  sehalado,"  says  the 
jjrince  of  the  Castilian  historians,  in  his  jiitliy 
manner,  "en  valor  y  ju>ticia  y  prudencia  que 
en  muchos  siglos  Kspafia  tuvo.  Taclias  il 
iiadi"  pueden  faltar  sea  por  la  frauilidad 
I)roiiia.  o  por  la  malicia  y  envidia  apena  «iue 
conil'ate  principalniente  los  altos  lufiares. 
K«I)ij()  Kin  iluda  por  sns  prandes  virtticjes  en 
(jiie  todos  los  I'rincipes  de  Ksjiana  se  dehen 
liiirur."  (.Ma'iana,  Hist,  de  l'>pana.  toni.  ix. 
1>.  ;i7.'),  eai>.  ult.")  See  also  a  similar  tribute 
to  his  deserts,  with  greater  amplitication,  in 
(Jiirihay,  Comjuiidio,  torn.  ii.  lib.  2tl,  cap.  24. 
— (iomez,  De  Rebus  p  stis,  fol,  US, — I'Uoa, 
Vita  di  Carlo  V.,  fol.  42.— Frrreras,  Hi>t. 
d'Ksiiapn^,  torn.  W.  p.  42(iet  seq. — etplin-imus 
aucl.  atitiij,  '■'.  reccntibus, 

■"  .See  t'.ic  closing  chapter  of  the  great 
Araponese  annalist,  who  terndnati's  his  his- 
toric labours  with  tiic  death  of  Kcniinand  the 
Catholic.  (Zurita,  .A nabs,  torn.  vi.  lib.  it), 
cap.  nil).")  I  will  cite  only  one  extract  from 
the  profu.se  panegyrics  of  tlie  national  w  Titers ; 


wliicli  attests  the  veneration  in  which  Ferdi- 
nand's memovy  wa-^  held  in  Ara;,'on.  it  is 
from  one  whose  jien  is  rii-ver  prostitut'd  tu 
parasitical  or  party  purjioses,  and  wIims" 
judgment  Is  usually  as  correct  as  tln'  e.xpn's- 
sion  of  it  is  candid.  "  t^uo  plangore  iw 
lamentatioiie  universa  civitas  compiebatur, 
Necpie  solum  homines,  se<i  ipsa  tfcta,  't 
jiariites  urbis  vidcbantnr  acerlium  illiu«,  (pii 
oninilms  cliarissiiiius  erat,  interitum  liiu''  i''. 
Kt  nieiito.  Krat  enini,  ut  scitis,  exeiiipliuii 
jinulcntia'  a(;  fortitudinis :  suninue  in  r'' 
domesticH  contiiii'iilia' :  exinii;e  in  publi'ii 
dignitatis:  humanitatis  praterea,  ac  li]p..ris 
admir.ibilis.  .  .  .  N'ctiue  eos  solum,  sed  liiiiii'^ 
certe  tanta  am])lectebatur  benevolenti;i.  u' 
int'Tdum  non  nobis  Rex,  sed  uniuscujiisi)ui' 
nostnnn  p' nitor  ac  parens  vidert'iur.  r">t 
ejus  interitum  omnis  nostra  juventus  laiii^mt. 
deliciis  plus  (icdit.i  ([uam  deceret :  nee  pi- 
rinde,  ac  didtuiTat,  in  laudis  et  gloria'  ciipi- 
ditate  versatur.  .  .  .  (^iiiil  jdura.^  nulla  i' - 
fiiit  in  usu  bene  repnamli  posita,  quie  liiius 
ltegi'<  scientiam  eJlugent.  .  .  .  Fiiit  eiiiiii 
eximia  corporis  venu.-tate  praxlitus.  Siil 
pluris  facere  deben'tit  consi'.iorum  ac  vtIiI- 
tum  suarum,  (|uam  posteris  rfli(|uit,iftlgiciii : 
(piibus  deiiique  factum  v  di  inns,  ut  ah  ii> 
usque  ad  hoc  tempus,  non  solum  nobi<,  sr  1 
llispinia'  cuncw,  diuturnitas  j>,'U'is  oiiuui 
contirm.irit.  Ha^c  alia(iue  ejusmodi  quotiili'- 
a  no-^tris  s  iiibus  de  Catholici  Regis  mcnior  a 
enarrantur:  (jua-  a  rei  veritate  ni(iua(piaiii 
abhorrent."    lilancas.  Coiumentarii,  p.  276. 


^pcrity  thoy  liul 
ics  in  his  ^q-a\(!  "' 
)iiil('  in  the  j^li.rv 
Ki'iiU'fiil  recnlliM' 
triiins  of  luitional 
r  tliu  destinies  dt 


\L   XIMENE3. 


cy  of  Ximriipa— Hf 
His  liigrdiitude  to 
icter. 

S  of  course,  with 
■i  rei<,qi,  however, 
hrouuh  the  hricf 
is  (h'livered  into 

Fifth. 
e  seen,  Cardinal 

tion  In  whidi  Ffnli- 
d  ill  AriiL'on.  It  is 
iii'VtT  jirostitutiil  1., 
ii))(iH(>s,  and  \\iiiis.> 
>rro(t  as  tlii-  cxjircs- 
"  C^iio  plaiif^orc  (ic 
ivitas  CDUipii'liatiir. 
sod  ii)sa  tfcta,  '  t 
accrhuin  illiiis,  ipii 
t,  ititoriiiini  Jul''  ii'. 
ut  Hcitis,  f'xt'iiipliiiii 
is:  smiiiiia'  in  r^' 
«'xiinia'  in  puMira 
pra-tiTfa,  ac  li|i..iis 

'OSRoluuj,  pod  nlllll'N 

ir  iwiic'VdkMitia,  ut 
,  sed  uniusi'iijiisi|ui' 
na  viderctnr.  I'ost 
ra  jiivontiis  lant;iirt. 
n  dtH'orct  :  ni'c  ]"'- 
idis  ot  pluri;i'  I'lipi- 
I  pliirar  nulla  us 
li  posita,  quit'  illiiH 
't.  .  .  .  Fiiit  ciiiiii 
itp  priHlitiis,  SimI 
nsiliciruni  ac  virtii- 
i**  rHli(|iiit.inij:i('iii : 
imIi  iiius,  ut  ab  II) 
iri  Solum  ntiliis,  srl 
•nitas  p.'U'is  utiuiii 
^  cjusnindi  (lUotidii' 
lii'i  Kof^is  incnior  11 
critate  nifiuaqiiaiu 
liuientarii,  p.  27(i. 


HIS  DEATH   AND  CHARACTER. 


619 


Ximenez  tic  Cisnoros  was  appointed  sole  re^'ont  of  C;istile.  Uo  met  with 
(:p|iosition,  however,  from  Adrian,  the  (k'an  (»f  L(»uvain,  who  iirodneed  powers 
(if  similar  purjiort  from  I'rince  Charles.  Neither  party  conld  lioast  a  sntheient 
warrant  for  exercising  this  important  trust  ;  the  one  claiminu  it  iiy  the 
iijipointment  of  an  indiviihial  who,  actio''  merely  as  re^rent  himself,  had 
certainly  no  ri^dit  to  name  his  snecessor ;  wliile  the  other  had  only  the  sanc- 
tinii  of  a  prince  who,  at  the  time  of  /^'iviii;^'  it,  had  no  jurisdiction  whatever  in 
I'astih'.  The  misiuiderstandim;  which  ensiu-d  was  tinally  settled  by  an  a;-ree- 
iiient  (jf  the  parties  to  share  the  authority  in  common,  till  further  instructions 
.""hiiidd  he  received  from  Charles.' 

It  was  not  loii!^'  liefore  thev  arrived  (F'eb.  14th,  ir)I(i).  They  confirmed  the 
cardinal's  authority  in  the  fullest  manner  ;  while  they  spoke  of  A(h-ian  oidy  as 
an  andiassador.  They  intimated,  however,  the  most  entire  confidence  in  the 
latter;  and  the  two  prelates  continued  as  before  to  administer  the^'oveiii- 
ment  jointly.  Ximenes  sacrificed  nothing'  by  this  arranu'cnient :  for  the  tamo 
and  (juiet  temper  of  Adrian  ^^as  tf)o  mncli  overawed  by  the  bolil  genius  of  his 
partner  to  raise  any  opposition  to  his  measures.* 

The  first  retjuisition  of  Prince  Charles  was  one  that  taxe<l  severely  the 
jiuwer  and  i)0i)ularity  of  the  new  rei,'ent.  This  was  to  have  himself  jiroclaimeij 
Kiiii;;  a  measure  extremely  distasteful  to  tiie  Castiliaiis,  who  regarded  it  not 
only  as  contrary  to  established  us;ige,  durinu'  the  lifetime  of  his  mother,  but 
as  an  indi.Ljnity  to  her.  It  was  in  vain  that  Ximenes  and  the  council  remon- 
strated on  the  improjjriety  and  imiiolicy  of  the  measine.^  Charles,  fortified 
by  his  Flemish  advisers,  sturdily  persisted  in  his  pur|)f)se.  The  cardinal,  con- 
S('i|uently,  called  a  meeting  of  the  prelates  and  principal  nobles  in  Madrid,  to 
which  he  had  transferred  the  seat  of  goveriuuent,  and  whose  central  position 
and  other  local  advanta';es  made  it  fiom  this  time  forward,  with  little  varia- 
tion, the  rcj^Mdar  capital  of  the  kingdom.*  Th(»  doctor  Carbajal  jtrepared  a 
studied  and  ])lausible  ari^Minient  in  suj»port  of  the  m(,'asiire.*  As  it  failed, 
however,  to  produce  conviction  in  his  audience,  Ximenes,  chafe([  by  the 
(ijtposition,  and  probably  distrustin;,^  its  real  motives,  peremptorily  declared 
that  those  who  refused  to  acknowledge  Chaiies  as  king,  in  the  present  state 
(if  things,  would  refuse  to  obev  him  when  lie  was  .so.  "1  will  have  him  pro- 
claimed in  Madiid  to-morrow,''  said  he,  "and  I  doubt  not  every  other  city  in 
the  kingdom  will  follow  the  example."  He  was  as  good  as  his  word  ;  and  the 
Conduct  of  the  canital  was  imitated,  with  little  opjiosition,  by  all  the  other 
cities  in  Castile.  Not  so  in  Ara;;on,  whose  ])eople  were  too  nnicli  attached  to 
their  institutions  to  consent  to  it  till  Charles  first  made  oath  in  person  to 
resjiect  the  laws  and  liberties  of  the  realm.* 

The  Castilian  aristocracy,  it  may  be  believed,  did  not  much  relish  the  new 

'  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  l.'ilO,  cap.  8. 
— ltipt)li'.'!,  Vidi  {if  Xiriicni'/.  laj).  !«.  — (iuiucz, 
!»•■  liel>us  gestis,  lot.  150.-  yuiutaiiilla,  .\rclie- 
typii,  lil).  4,  cap.  5. — Oviedu,  (.^uiiicuag'.'nas, 
Ms.,  di.il.  do  Ximeni. 

'  Carl)ajal  lias  pivon  us  Cliartos's  opistlo, 
v.liioli  is  sulisorilii'd  "  F'.l  I'riiuiiio."  Ho  diil 
ii't  venturo  on  tlio  title  of  kiiif^  in  lii>  cor- 
1  ■siMindonce  with  tho  Castiliaiis,  though  he 
iitlictod  it  abroad.  Anales,  .MS.,  afio  1516, 
cap.  10. 

Tho  Ipttor  of  tho  council  is  datod  Mardi 
1  ttli,  151G.  It  isrocorded  by  Carbajal,  Anales, 
MS.,  afio  '51t>,  cap.  10. 

'  It  b -canip  pornianontly  so  in  tlifi  rolRn  of 
riiilip  1).     Souianaiio  orudito,  toni.  iii.  p.  "'.). 

'-  Carbajal    penctratuH    into    the    remotest 


dopths  of  Spanish  history  for  an  authority  for 
C'liarlo-.'s  claim.  IIo  can  find  iioiio  bettor, 
however,  than  tho  exaniples  of  .\llonso  \'11I. 
and  Ferdinand  111  ;  tlie  loriinT  of  whom 
used  force,  and  the  latter  obiaiiied  the  croNvii 
by  the  Voluntary  cession  of  his  mother.  His 
arM;unient,  it  is  clear,  rests  much  more 
Htroiij^ly  on  oxpcdioiicy  than  prfcediiit. 
Anales,  MS.,  afm  1516,  c.ip.  11. 

-  (lomez,  De  Rebus  frestis,  fid.  151  Ot  POq. 
— Carhajal,  Anales,  MS  ,  afio  1516,  caji.  9-11. 
—  I.aiuiza,  Hi^torias,  torn.  i.  lib.  2,  cip.  2. — 
Dormer,  .\nale8  do  .Xrairoii,  lib.  1,  cap.  1,  13. 
— I'et.or  .Martyr,  Opus  Kpist  ,  opist.  572,  590, 
6o;$.— Sandoval,  Hist,  del  Emp.  Carlon  V., 
torn.  i.  p.  53. 


020 


KK(iEN'CY  OF  XIMENKS. 


yoke  irni)os('(l  on  tliom  by  their  priestly  rci^'iMit.  On  mui  occasion,  it  is  s,'ii(1, 
tlu'y  went  in  a  IkhIv  and  tlrniantlcil  itf  Xinicncs  by  wbat  powers  he  held  tlm 
^overnnien.t  so  absuhitely.  lb'  referred  them  for  answer  to  i'"erthnand's  tet;! 
lueiil  and  Charles's  h'tter.  As  they  objected  to  tiiese,  ht?  led  them  to  a  window 
of  till!  a|«irtiiient,  and  showed  them  a  park  of  artillery  Im-Iow,  exclaiming.',  at 
the  sime  time,  "There  are  my  cn'dentials,  then  !  "  'I  he  st(»ry  is  chiiiailci 
i.^tic,  but,  thou;;ii  often  repeated,  must  ije  atlmitted  to  stand  on  slendtr 
authority.' 

One  of  the  re;^ent's  first  acts  was  tlie  famous  ordinance  enconrauim:  tlic 
bin'^es.ses,  by  liberal  ri'wards,  to  enntlj  themselves  into  companies,  and  submit 
to  regular  military  training'  at  stated  seasons.  Tlu;  noltles  .saw  tiie  operjitiini 
of  thi-;  measure  too  well  not  to  use  all  their  ell'orts  to  count(!ract  it.  In  this 
they  succeeded  btr  a  time,  as  the  cardinal,  with  his  usual  b(»ldness,  had  ven- 
tured on  it  without  waitin;,'  for  Charles's  sanction,  and  in  opposition  to  most 
of  the  council.  The  resolute  snirit  of  tlie  mini.ster,  iiowever,  eventually  tii 
uniithed  over  all  re.^stance  ;  and  a  national  corps  was  organized,  com|ietciit, 
nnuer  projier  ^niidance,  to  protect  the  libj'rties  of  the  peojde,  but  deslincii, 
nnfttrtunab'lv,  to  be  ultimately  turned  a;;ain.->t  them." 

.Armed  witli  thisslronn;  physical  force,  the  cardinal  now  ])rojected  the  boldot 
.schemes  of  reform,  esiiecially  in  the  finances,  whidi  had  fallen  into  soiiic 
disorder  in  the  latter  days  (jf  Ferdinand.  Jie  made  a  strict  in(iui.->ition  into 
the  funds  of  the  military  oi'ders,  in  which  there  had  been  nuich  waste  iiml 
nii>-appropriati(»n  ;  lie  sui)|»ressed  all  supertluous  otlices  in  the  state,  retrenclinl 
excessive  salaries,  and  out  short  the  jiensions  granted  by  Fi'rdinand  ninl 
Jsabella,  which  he  contended  should  determine  with  their  lives,  rnfortunatcly, 
the  state  was  not  materially  benefited  by  these  economical  arranji:ements,  since 
the  greater  ))art  of  what  was  thus  saved  was  drawn  oil  to  supply  the  Wilsti' 
and  cupidity  of  the  Flemish  court,  who  dealt  with  S]iain  with  all  the  merciless 
ranacily  that  could  be  shown  to  a  conijuered  province." 

Tlit^  foreign  athninistration  of  the  regent  clisjilayed  tlic  sama  courage  and 
vigour.  Ars(MiaIs  were  established  in  the  southern  maritime  towns,  and  a 
numerous  fleet  was  eipiippeil  in  tlie  Mediterranean  against  the  Harbary  cor- 
sairs. A  large  force  was  sent  into  Navarre,  av Inch  defe^ited  an  invading  army 
of  French  (.March  2.')th, !.')]()) ;  and  the  cardinal  followed  up  the  blow  by  dcniu- 
lishing  the  principal  fortresses  of  the  kingdom  ;  a  i»recautionary  me^isure,  to 
Avhich,  in  all  probability,  Spain  owes  the  permanent  preservation  of  Iht 
con(iuest."' 

The  regent's  eye  j)enetrate(l  to  the  farthest  limits  of  the  monarchy,  lb; 
sent  a  commi.ssion  to  llispaniola,  to  iiuiuire  into  and  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  the  natives.  At  the  same  time  lie  earnestly  ()|tposed  (though  without 
success,  being  overruled  in  this  by  the  Flemish  counsellors)  the  introduction  I'f 


'  Riit)lps,  Vida  df  Xiiiionoz,  rap.  IS.-Go- 
nipz,  Do  lU'burt  f;>'stis,  fol.  15m. — I.ann/a, 
Ilistorias,  tuiii.  i.  lib.  '2,  cap.  4.  —  .Mviirt)  Go- 
luc/.  tiiiil^  no  bettor  aiitlidrify  tbaii  viilpar 
rdiuour  I'ur  tliis  stury.  Aco.niliif:  td  Ilol)les, 
the  oiir<liii.il,  aftor  ttii.'*  bravailo,  twirloil  his 
oiinloUor's  holt  ahont  his  tin|,'ors.  sayiii)^  "ho 
wantoil  iKitiiiiig  lirttor  than  that  tn  tamo  tli(^ 
priiio  ot  tlio  Castlliaii  mihloH  with  I  "  Hut 
Xiiiioiu'z  was  luithcr  a  fool  imr  a  niadiuan  ; 
althoiijili  his  (ivor-zoahiu^i  hinj^rapliors  make 
liim  WMinetiiiR'8  ono  and  soim  times  tho  nthcr. 
Vultairo,  'viio  novor  hts  tlio  opixjrtunity  slip 
of  soi/.iti)^  a  parado.x  in  charactor  or  conduct, 
epoaks  of   Ximeues  as  oue   "  (lui,   toujuurs 


votn  en  cordolior,  mot  son  fasto  Ti  fonlor  smis 
80S  sandalos  h-  iasto  Kspagiiol."  Kssai  tuir 
los  .Manirs,  fhaj).  I'Jl . 

"  C.irl).ijal,  .Vnalos,  MS.,  afio  1.510,  cap.  K'i. 
Quintan  ilia,  Archotypo,  lib.  4,  caj).  5. — Scni- 
poro,  Hist.  de<  Cuiti's,  chap.  '2.5.— (lOinoz,  I'e 
llohus  gestis,  fol.  15it.— Oviedo,  Quincuagt- 
nas,  MS. 

"   <ioU107..  Do    RobU^    ROStifi,  f(d.    174    ct   soq. 

— Iloblos,  Vida  tie  Ximenez,  cap.  Iw. — Car- 
bajal.  .Viialos,  MS.,  afio  Ifiic,  cap.  i::. 

"■  Tarlnjal,  .\nalos,  .MS.,  aflo  1516,  cap.  H. 
— Alosim,  Annah's  (le  Navarra,  torn.  v.  p. 
;t'J7.  — I'otor  Martyr,  (^pus  Eplst.,  cpist.  BTO, 
— Quiutanilla,  Archetypo,  lib.  4,  cap.  6. 


•rrasioji,  it  is  sai^l, 

lowers  lie  hdd  tin. 

I''t'r(liii;iiiirs  t<'st;i 

tlll'lll   to  il  \Vil|i|,,U 

low,  (^xclaiiiiiii;:,  at 
•story  is  (;liarji(  Ui 
stand  on  sU;ii(itr 

e  pncourairlni:  tlip 
jianics,  and  siilnnit 
.^aw  the  ujK'i'utiiiii 
itoiact  it.  in  tin-, 
lioldncss,  iiad  vm- 
Jli]»osition  to  ninvt 
.er,  I'ventualiy  lii 
imizcd,  c()ni|i('triit, 
->i<ie,  but  dt'hlinnl, 

ojoctod  the  lioldcst 
fallen  into  sdim' 
ct  imiuisition  into 
I  nnicli  wast«!  ainl 
e  state,  retrenclitd 
ly  Fordinajid  and 
s.  I'nfortunately, 
ran^'enients,  since 
supply  the  waste 
le  inerciloss 


sui)nl> 
\i  all  ti'i 


ianift  ooura^'e  nnd 
iuie  towns,  and  a 
the  Barliaiy  ctu- 
an  invadiui;  army 
the  l)low  l)y  deiiin- 
onary  measure,  to 
t3st'rvation  of  her 

e  monarchy,     lie 

rate  the  conthtinii 

(thoiiiili    without 

lie  introduction  '<i 

)I(    fastf  it   f(»)ll(T  SnllS 

sjiugiiol."     Kssai  t;ur 

"?.,  afio  15 Hi,  Clip.  l.'i. 
lib.  4,  cap.  5. — Si'iii- 
liap.  2.').~Gonifz,  I  It" 
-Oviedo,  Quincuagt- 

f^Rtis,  fol.  174  et  soq. 
<'ne/,,  cap.  1«. — Car- 
ir>iG.  cap.  l::. 
S.,  afio  1516,  cap.  11. 
Navarra,  torn.  v.  p, 
IS  Eplst.,  cpist.  57U, 
>,  lib.  4,  cap.  5. 


HIS  DE.\T[I   AND  CHARACTKR. 


tivn 


ii.",'ro  slaves  into  the  colordes,  which  he  iircdicto^l,  from  t!ie  charartcr  of  the 
lace,  must  ultitnatcly  re.sujt  in  a  servile  war.*  It  is  needless  to  remark  how 
well  the  event  has  verilied  the  iiiedictiim." 

It  is  with  less  .satisfaction  that  wj'  must  contemplate  his  policy  in  re^'ard  to 
the  liupiisilion.  As  heail  of  that  tiihunal,  he  eidnned  its  authority  and  pre- 
tensions to  the  utmost,  lie  e.xtondcd  a  lirainli  of  it  to  Oran,  ami  also  t(»  the 
<  aiiaries  ai»d  tin;  New  World.'''  In  l.")l'J,  the  new  C/irinfinnn^  had  (»ll'eretl 
Ferdinand  a  lar;;e  sum  of  money  to  carry  (»n  the  Navarresc  war,  if  he  woidd 
iMUse  the  trials  helore  that  trilnmal  to  hecondinted  in  the  same  manner  as 
in  other  courts,  where  the  accuser  and  the  evidence  were  confronted  openly 
with  tlie  defendant.  'r<»  this  reasonahle  petition  Ximeiies  objected,  on  the 
wretched  plen  that,  in  that  event,  noiu;  would  lie  found  willing;  t(t  undertake 
the  odious  business  of  informer,  lie  backeil  his  remonstrance  with  such  a 
liberal  donative  from  his  own  funds  as  supplied  the  kind's  iunuediate  exi/.,'ency 
and  eflectually  clo.se(l  his  heart  aj^ainst  the  petitioners.  The  application  was 
renewed  in  ir)l(l,  bv  the  unfortunates  Israelites,  who  oll'ered  a  liberal  supply  in 
like  maimer  to  Charles,  on  similar  tiirms.  lint  the  pmpo.sjil,  to  which  his 
Flemish  counsellors,  who  may  be  excu.sed,  at  lea^t,  from  the  renroach  of 
ni^otry,  would  have  inclined  the  young  monarch,  was  tinally  rejected  throuj^h 
the  interposition  of  Ximenes." 

The  hinh-handed  measures  of  the  minister  (lolT^  while  thev  dispisted  the 
aristocracy,  j^ave  j^'re^it  umbrage  to  the  dean  of  Louvain,  who  sjiw  himself  reduced 
to  a  mere  cipher  in  the  administration.  In  conse(pience  of  his  representations, 
a  second,  and  afterwards  a  third  minister  was  sent  to  ('ji.stile,  with  authority 
to  divide  the  government  with  the  ciirdinal.  Hut  all  this  was  of  little  avail. 
On  one  occasion  the  co  regents  ventured  to  reliuke  their  haughty  partner,  ami 
assert  their  own  dignity,  by  subscribing  their  names  first  to  the  despatches 
and  then  sending  them  to  him  for  liis  signature.  Hut  Ximenes  coolly 
ordered  his  secretary  to  tear  the  iiaper  in  pieces  and  make  out  a  new  one, 
which  he  signed,  and  sent  out  without  the  particijiation  of  his  brethren. 
And  this  course  he  continued  during  the  remainder  of  his  administration.'* 


"  fiomez,  Do  Uebim  rcsUs,  fol.  164,  165. 
—  Horipra,  Indias  occiilefitalcs,  toin.  i.  p. 
27s. — Laa  Cahhs,  MCuvrps,  e<i.  de  Llorctite, 
t"iu.  i.  p.  '.;.'J9.— Robertson  states  the  KToiind 
of  Xiincms's  objrdion  to  liavo  been  tbi-  ini- 
quity of  reducing  one  set  of  men  to  slavery 
In  order  to  Iii)erate  another.  (History  of 
.\inerica,  vol.  i.  p.  2s5.)  A  very  t-iili>;htcii(d 
rta.son,  for  whicii,  liowever,  1  find  not  tiie 
lia.-t  wairant  in  Hern'rii(:lie  autiiority  citerl 
1'-.  the  liistorian),  nor  in  (Jomez,  nor  in  any 
"ilnT  writer. 

'■  lilorento.  Hist,  de  I'Inqui-ition,  torn.  i. 
I  hap.  10,  art.  5. 

I'uranio,  I)e  Oriuine  Inquisitionis,  lib.  2. 
tit.  2,  cap.  5.  Llorcnie,  Hist,  dc  I'lnqiiisitioii, 
t'lin.  i.  chap.    11,  art.   1.— (lonicz,  l)e  llelnm 


gCBtis,  fol.  184,  186. 

'■•  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1517,  cap.  2, 
— Gciuiez,  I)r  lli'bus  ffestis,  fol.  ls9,  I'JO.  ~ 
Robhs,  Vida  do  Ximen"/.,  cap.  1m.— Feter 
Martyr,  Opus  i;i>ist.,  eplst.  5h1.— Oviido. 
Quinciiapcnas,  MS.  —  •*  .Ni  prop.ravcritis," 
says  .Martyr  in  a  letter  to  M;irli.ino,  I'rince 
Charlis'K  physician,  "riient  omnia.  Nescit 
Hispaiiia  parere  iion  regibiis,  aut  non  le(.'i. 
time  regnal uris.  Aauxtinin  imlucit  muf/nu- 
111  mix  viris  linjus  fialris,  li'et  potentis  et 
reijiiiblic.T  amaloris,  gutiirnatio.  I'!st  (inippe 
grandis  animo,  et  ip^^e.  ad  aditlc  iiidiini  Hti'ia- 
tos(|ue  viroH  fdvendnm  nails  ma^'is  i|uam  ad 
impiTatxliun,  i)elii(is  loU'xiiiiH  et  upparali- 
bus  jiiaiidet."     (>;ius  Kpi>t.,  epi4.  57:i. 


*  ffn  overruling  th(^  opinion  of  Xinienes 
the  1'  leuiish  ministers  of  (JharlfH  were  sup- 
pi'fted  by  tliat  cd"  tlie  cominissidie  r  wlioin 
the  cardiii  il  jiiniself  liad  sent  to  Hispaniola, 

the  lici  {itiat(!  Alon/.o  de  Zua/.o.  In  his 
n  )wirt  to  Ohii'vres,  dated  .laniiary  22nd,  15is, 
/iiiizo  afHrrns  tlie  neci  ssity  of  introducing 
i"  ;;ro  slav(  s  into  the  colony,  advising  that 
they  Bhould  be  procured  by  purchase  at  C'abo 
Verde,  b(jth  males  and  females,  from  fifteen 


to  twenty  j-ears  old,  and  that  they  shouhl  Ik? 
settled  in  pueblus  atid  marriid.  His  sclnnip 
seems  to  have  bei-n  to  establish  a  spci  ies  of 
Sf'ridom.  and  his  idyect  to  savi-  the  natives 
from  extermination.  "  Es  tierr.i  esta,"  he 
adds,  "  la  mejor  que  hay  en  v\  mundo  jiara 
los  ni  ^ros,  para  las  mugrres,  para  lo.^  hom- 
bre*;  vii'jo^."  Cdl.  de  hoc.  iued.  paia  la  Hist, 
de  Esp.ina,  torn.  ii. — Ed.J 


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REGENCY  OF  XIMEXES. 


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i!= 


The  rardinal  not  oiil^  Jiisumcd  tlio  sole  rospousibility  of  the  most  inijior- 
taiit  piihlic  acts,  Imt,  in  the  execntion  of  them,  seldom  eondivscendecl  to 
calcuhite  the  ol)stacIes  or  tlie  o<lds  nrraved  ajrainst  liim.  He  was  thus  hroiiyht 
into  eolhsion,  at  the  sjime  time,  wilh  three  of  the  most  ]»o\veiful  grandees  of 
Castile;  the  dukes  of  Alva  and  Infantado,  and  the  count  of  Urefia.  I)(tii 
I'eilro  Uiron,  tlie  son  of  the  latter,  with  several  other  young  nohlemen,  hiul 
maltreatwl  and  resisted  the  royal  otticers  while  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty. 
They  then  took  refuge  in  the  little  town  of  Viilufrata,  which  they  fortifit'd  and 
prepared  for  a  defence.  The  cardinal  without  hesitation  Tuustered  several 
thousand  of  the  national  militia,  and,  investing  the  place,  set  it  on  fire  and 
delil)erately  razed  it  to  the  groinid.  The  refractory  nobles,  str>ick  with  con- 
sternation, submitted.  Their  friends  interceded  for  them  in  the  most  luunli'.e 
manner  ;  and  the  cardinal,  whose  lofty  spirit  disdained  to  tramnle  on  a  falk'ii 
foe,  showed  his  usual  clemency  by  soliciting  their  pardon  from  tlie  king.'* 

Hut  neither  the  talents  nor  authority  of  Ximenes,  it  was  evident,  coiiM 
much  longer  maintain  subordination  among  the  peojile,  exasperated  by  the 
shameless  extortions  of  the  Flenungs  and  the  little  mterest  shown  for  thcni 
by  their  new  sovereign.  The  most  considerable  offices  in  church  and  state 
were  put  up  to  sale  ;  and  the  kingdom  was  drained  of  its  funds  ])y  the  lar^o 
remittances  contimially  made,  on  one  pretext  or  another,  to  Flanders.  AH 
this  brought  odium,  undeserved  indeed,  on  the  cardinal's  government;'"  f(ir 
there  is  abundant  evidence  that  both  he  and  the  council  remonstrated  in  tlio 
boldest  manner  on  these  enormities  ;  while  they  endeavoured  to  insjiiro 
nobler  sentiments  in  Charles's  bosom,  by  recalling  the  wise  and  patriotic 
administration  of  his  grandparents."  The  peonle,  in  the  mean  while,  out- 
raged bv  tliese  excesses,  and  despairing  of  redress  from  a  higher  (piaitor, 
loudly  Clamoured  for  a  convocation  of  cortes,  that  they  might  tjike  the  matter 
into  their  own  hands.  The  cardinal  evaded  this  as  long  as  j)ossible.  lie  was 
ne"er  a  friend  to  poi)ular  assemblies,  nuich  less  in  the  present  inflamed  state 
of  public  feeling  ana  in  the  absence  of  the  sovereign.  He  was  more  anxinus 
for  his  arrival  than  any  other  individual,  probably,"in  the  kingdom.  Braved 
by  tlie  aristocracy  at  home,  thwarted  in  every  favourite  measure  liy  the 
Hemiiigs  abroad,  with  an  in.iured,  indignant  people  to  control,  and  oppressed, 
moreover,  by  infirmities  and  years,  even  his  stern,  infiexible  spirit  couKl 
.scarcely  susUiin  him  under  a  burden  too  grievous,  in  these  circumbtances,  for 
any  subject. '* 


'^  Gonioz.  I)e  Rebus  rprUs,  fol.  198-201. 
— Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Kjiist.,  eplst.  f)67,  5S4, 
590.-Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1517,  cap. 
.■?.  6.— Ovitlo,  QuiiicuaKonas,  MS. — Sandoval, 
Hist,  del  P2nip.  Carlos  V.,  torn.  i.  p.  73. 

'"  In  a  letter  to  Marliano,  Martyr  speaks  of 
the  lar^e  sums  "ah  hoc  Rubernatorc  nd  vos 
niissii",  sub  parandii'ciassis  pnetextn."  (Opus 
Ipist.,  epist.  576.)  In  a  .subsequent  epistle 
to  liis  Ca.xtilian  correspondents,  he  speaks  in 
a  more  sarcastic  tont:  " /Umiis  Hie  f  rater 
Ximenez  Cardinalis  giibi>rnator  thesauros  «^1 
Hrlpis  trausniittendos  coaoervavit.  .  .  .  <ila- 
cialis  Oceani  accola'  diiabuntur,  vestra  ox- 
pilabitur  r.istill.i."  (Ei)i8t.  6uC.)  From  some 
caust'  or  other.  It  is  evident  the  cardinal's 
pivernment  was  not  at  all  to  honest  Martyr's 
laste.  <Jome7.  snunests,  as  the  reason,  that 
his  salary  was  clipped  <iff  in  the  peneral  re- 
trenchment, which  he  admits  was  a  very 
liard  case.  (De  .  Rebus  Re^tis,  fol.  177.) 
Martyr,  how  vcr,  was  never  an  extravagant 


encomia.'st  of  the  cardinal,  and  one  may 
imagine  much  more  creditable  reasons  tlian 
that  assij^ned  for  liis  di^Rust  with  bim  now 

"  See  a  letter  in  Carbajal,  containing  tills 
honest  tribute  to  the  illu8trio\is  dead.  (Anale-, 
MS.,  afio  1517.  cap.  l.)  Charles  niiplit  linvo 
found  an  antidote  to  the  poison  of  his  Fl'iiiish 
sycophants  in  the  faithful  counsels  of  his 
Cdstiliiiii  ministers. 

'-  IVter  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  epist.  6n2.— 
Gome/,  I)e  Hebus  gestis,  fol.  194.— UcMes, 
Vida  de  Ximenez,  cap.  is.-  Martyr,  in  a 
letter  written  just  before  the  king's  lamlinp, 
notices  the  cardinal's  low  .-tate  of  healtii  an.t 
spirits:  "Cardina'is  gubemaor  .Matriti  fe- 
bribus  agrotaverat :  convaluerat;  nunc  reci- 
divavit.  .  .  .  Breves  f.re  d  es  illius,  in"ili(  i 
aiitumant.  Est  octogi-nario  tnajor  ;  ipse  re  is 
adventum  affectu  avid.ssimo  desideraie  viile- 
tnr.  Se-itit  s  ne  rege  noii  rite  posse  corili 
llispanorum  modeiari  ac  regi."     Kpist.  59i. 


HIS  DEATH  AND  CHARACTKR. 


G23 


lie  most  iniimr- 


At  leiipth  tho  ynmig  moimr(;li,  haviiifj  niado  all  proliiniiiarv  arrancjeiiuMits, 
lucpjinMl,  thou^'h  still  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  his  cdiirtiers,  to  emhark 
tor  his  Spanish  dominions.  Previously  to  this,  on  the  I.Sth  of  August,  lolO, 
tlic  French  and  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  signed  a  treaty  of  peace  at  Noyon. 
The  principal  article  stipulated  the  marriage  of  Charles  to  the  daughter  of 
Francis  the  First,  who  was  to  cede,  as  her  dowry,  the  French  claims  on 
Naples.  Tiie  marriage,  indeed,  never  took  place,  lint  the  treaty  itself  may 
lie  considered  as  finally  ailjusting  the  hostile  relations  which  had  suhsistetl, 
(luring  so  many  years  of  Ferdinand's  reign,  with  the  rival  monarchy  of  France, 
ami  as  closing  the  long  series  of  wars  which  had  grown  out  of  the  league  of 
(  auihray.'*  ♦ 

On  the  17th  of  Septemlwr,  l')!?,  Charles  landed  at  Villaviciosa,  in  the 
Asturias.  Ximenes  at  this  time  lay  ill  at  the  Franciscan  monastery  oC 
A^uilera,  near  Aranda  on  the  Douro.  The  good  tidings  of  the  royal  landing 
operated  like  a  cordial  on  his  spirits,  and  he  instantly  despatchefl  letters  to  the 
ynung  monarch,  tilled  with  wholesome  counsel  a.s  to  the  conduct  he  should 
jiursue  in  order  to  conciliate  the  atlectioMs  of  the  people.  lie  received  at  the 
same  time  messages  from  the  king,  couched  in  the  most  gracious  terms,  and 
expressing  the  liveliest  interest  in  his  restoration  to  health. 

The  Flemings  in  Charles's  suite,  however,  looked  with  great  apjirehension 
to  his  meeting  with  the  cardinal.  They  had  lieen  content  that  the  latter 
should  rule  the  state  when  his  arm  was  needed  to  curh  the  Castilian  aristo- 
cracy ;  but  they  dreaded  the  ascendency  of  his  jiowerful  mind  over  their 
young  sovereign  when  brought  into  personal  contact  with  him.  They  retarded 
this  event  by  keeping  Charles  in  the  north  as  long  as  possi'>le.  In  the  mean 
time,  they  endeavoured  to  alienate  his  regards  fronj  the  minister  by  ex- 
a::geratea  reports  of  his  arbitrary  conduct  and  temper,  reiulered  more  morose 
hy  the  peevishness  of  age.  Charles  showed  a  facility  to  l)e  directed  by  those 
around  him  in  early  years,  which  gave  little  augury  of  the  greatness  to  which 
he  afterwards  rose.'^" 

liy  the  persuasions  of  his  evil  counsellors,  he  addressed  that  memorable 
letter  to  Ximenes,  which  is  unmatched,  even  in  court  annals,  for  cool  and  base 
iiii^Tatitude.  He  thanked  the  regent  for  all  his  iiast  services,  named  a  jilaco 
for  a  personal  interview  with  him,  where  he  might  obUiin  the  benefit  of  his 
counsels  for  his  own  conduct  and  the  government  of  the  kingdom  ;  after 
which  he  would  be  allowed  to  retire  to  his  diocese  and  .«eek  from  Heaven  that 
reward  which  Heaven  alone  could  adequately  bestow  !  ^^ 

Such  was  the  tenor  of  this  cold-blooded  epistle,  which,  in  the  language  of 
more  than  one  writer,  killed  the  cardinal.  This,  however,  is  stilting  the  matter 
too  strongly.  The  spirit  of  Ximenes  was  of  too  stern  a  stutt"  to  be  so  e«asily 
extinguished  by  the  breath  of  royal  displeasure.^^   He  was,  indeed,  deeply  moved 

"  FliiRsnn,  Diplonmtie  Fran^aise,  torn.  I. 
p.  31.'{.— Diirnoiit,  Corps  diplomatique,  torn. 
iv.  part.  1,  no.  1 06. 

'  Carbajjil,  Anales,  MS.,  afto  1517,  rap.  9. 
—Dormer,  Aiiaies  lie  AraRoii,  lib.  1,  cap.  1. 
-IMIoa,  Vita  ili  Carlo  V.,  fol.  4.1.- Dolce, 
Vila  di  Curio  V.,  p.  12.— (iomez,  I)e  Rebua 
^''■stis,  fol.  '.^12.— Sandoval,  IliHt.  del  Emp, 
Carlos  v.,  torn.  i.  p.  ha. 


*  fTliifl  Is  too  Rtronply.  and  not  qiiite 
cli'iiily,  stated  The  treaty,  l)y  dissolving 
tilt'  league  of  Cambray.  put  .in  ei  '  to  the  war 
which  hiid  !«pruDg  from  that  alli.ince.  Hut 
as  some  of  its  provisions  remained  unexe- 


"  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  ubi  supra. — «!o- 
mez,  De  Rebus  gcstls,  fol.  215. — Sandoval, 
Hist,  del  Kmp.  Carlos  V.,  toni.  I.  p.  Hi. 

'''  "Cette  terrible  Irttre  (jui  fut  la  cause 
de  sa  inort,"  says,  pluniply,  Mnrsollier;  a 
writer  who  is  sure  either  to  misstate  or  oxer- 
state.  (Miiiistere  dn  Card.  Xiinenez,  p.  417.) 
Hyrou,  alluding  to  the  fate  of  a  modern  poet, 
thinks  it  "  strange  "  that 

ciiteii,  and  the  grounds  of  rivalry.  Instead  of 
being  contracted,  were  speedily  w|(lened.  the 
peace  proved  to  be  of  short  duration,  and  was 
followed  by  wars  bloo<lier  eveu  than  tho.e 
which  bad  preceded  it.— En.] 


C24 


REGENCY  OF  XIMENES. 


by  the  desertion  of  tlie  KOvereif,ni  wliom  he  had  served  so  faithfully,  and  tlio 
excitement  wliich  it  occasioned  brought  on  a  return  of  his  fever,  accordin^j;  to 
Carbaial,  in  full  force.  But  anxiety  and  disease  had  already  done  their  Work 
iipon  his  once  hardy  constitution  ;  and  this  ungrateful  act  coiild  only  serve  to 
Wftvn  him  more  eJiectually  from  a  world  which  he  was  soon  to  leave." 

In  order  to  he  near  the  kintr,  he  had  previou.sly  transferred  his  residence 
to  lioa.  lie  now  turned  liis  tlioughts  to  his  approaching  end.  Death  uiay 
be  suj)posed  to  have  but  little  terrors  for  the  statesman  who  in  his  hi^t 
moments  could  aver  "that  he  had  never  intentionally  wronged  any  man,  but 
had  rendered  to  every  one  his  due,  without  being  swayed,  as  far  as  he  wa> 
conscious,  by  fear  or  allection."  Yet  Carduml  Jiichelieu  on  his  death-IitJ 
declared  the  same  !  '* 

As  a  last  attempt,  he  began  a  letter  to  the  king.  His  fingers  refused, 
however,  to  perform  their  oflice,  and  after  tiacing  a  few  lines  he  ^ave  it  up. 
The  purport  of  these  seems  to  have  been  to  recomujend  his  university  at 
Alcalii  to  the  royal  protection.  He  now  became  wholly  occupied  with  his 
devotions,  and  manifested  such  contrition  for  his  errors,  and  such  humble 
confidence  in  the  divine  mercy,  as  deeply  afiected  all  present.  In  this  traiKjul 
frame  of  mind,  and  in  the  jierfect  possession  of  his  powers,  he  br'^athed  his  last. 
November  8th,  1517,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  his  age  and  the  twenty-secoiul 
since  his  elevation  to  the  primacy.  The  last  words  that  he  uttered  were  those 
of  the  Psalmist,  which  he  used  frequently  to  repeat  in  health,  "  In  te,  Donune, 
speravi,"— "In  thee.  Lord,  have  I  trusted." 

His  body,  arrayed  in  his  pontifical  rol)es,  was  seated  in  a  chair  of  state,  and 
multitudes  of  all  degrees  thronged  into  the  apartment  to  kiss  the  hands  ami 
feet.  It  was  afterwards  transported  to  Alcala,  and  laid  in  the  chapel  of  the  nobie 
college  of  Sun  Ildefonso,  erected  by  himself.  His  obsequies  were  celebrated 
with-  great  j>omp,  contrary  to  his  own  orders,  by  all  the  religious  and  literary 
fraternities  of  the  city  ;  and  his  virtues  connnemorated  in  a  funeral  discourse 
by  a  doctor  of  the  university,  who,  considering  the  death  of  the  good  a  fittiui,' 
occasion  to  lash  the  vices  of  the  living,  made  the  most  caustic  allusion  to  tlio 
Flemish  favourites  of  Charles,  and  their  pestilent  infiuence  on  the  country." 


"thp  mind,  that  very  fiery  particle, 

Should  let  itself  be  snuff 'd  out  by  an  article  I  " 

The  frown  of  n  critic,  however,  might  as  well 
prove  tatal  as  that  of  a  king.  In  Iwth  cases, 
1  imagine,  it  would  l)e  hard  to  i)rovc  any 
closer  connection  between  the  two  events 
than  tliat  of  time. 

'"  "Con  iiquel  despediniiento,"  says  Galin- 
dez  de  Curbajal,  "cmi  esto  acal)o  de  tiintos 
servicio!*  lueno  que  lletjo  esta  c«rt.a  el  Carde- 
nal  rcscibio  alteracion  y  toinole  recia  calon- 
tiira  que  en  pocos dias  !<> despaclio."  (Annies, 
■M.S.,  ufio  1517,  cap.  St.)  (ioniez  tells  a  long 
story  of  poison  adniitiiHtercd  to  ttic  cardinal 
in  u  trout  (De  Ilebus  gestis,  fol.  2()6).  dtiier.s 
say,  in  a  letter  from  Flanders  (sec  Moreri, 
Dictiiinnairehistoriiiue,  tYK-e  Ximenes).  Oviedo 
tidtiecs  a  rumour  of  his  liaving  been  poisoned 
by  one  of  ids  si  cretaries,  but  vo\iihes  for  ilie 
inniK-ence  of  the  individual  accused,  whom  he 
personally  knew.  (Quiiicuiigenas,  M.S..  d  al. 
tie  Xim.t  RejMirts  of  tlds  kin  I  were  too  rife 
in  those  days  to  deserve  credit  uidess  sup- 
ported by  very  cb  ar  evidence.  Martyr  and 
Carbiijal,  both  witli  the  cou't  at  (lie  time, 
intiuiato  no  suspicion  of  foul  play. 


"  Carbajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1617,  cap.  9. 
—Gomez.  De  Kebus  gestis,  fol.  213,  2U.- 
Quintanilla,  Archetypo,  lib.  4,  cap.  8. — 
Oviedo,  Quincuagenas,  MS.— "'Voila  mon 
juge,  qui  prononcera  bientot  ma  s<  iitenre. 
Je  le  prie  de  lout  mon  ca-ur  de  me  condarimer, 
si,  dans  mon  ministere,  Je  me  sui>  jiropiPM' 
autre  cliose  que  le  bien  de  la  religion  et  cilui 
de  I'etat.'  Le  lendemain,  au  point  du  jour, 
il  voulut  recevoir  rextreme  onetii-n."  .!a,\, 
Histoire  du  Ministere  du  (Cardinal  Uichelitu 
(Paris,  1M16),  tom.  ii.  p.  217. 

•'■■  Itobles.   Vida    de    Ximenez,  oip.   '.x.— 
r.omez,  De  Rebus  ge.sti.s,  fol.  215-2)7.-  Qnin- 
tanilla,  Archetj'po,  lib.   l,  cap.   12  15;   "li' 
quotes  Murai\o,  an    eye-witne.-s.— (JnrbaJ.il, 
Anales,  MS.,  afio  l.'>17,  cap.  9,  wtio  diue*  tli' 
cardinal's  death  December  sth,  in  vsliieli  le 
is  followed  by  Lanuza.— The  following  epi- 
t.iph,  of  no  great  merit,  was  inserilvd  on  Ins 
si'pulchre,    comjMised    by  the    learnetl   Julm 
Vergara  in  his  younger  days : 
"Condideram  musis  Franciscus  graiide  !y- 
ceum. 
Condor  in  exiguo  nunc  ego  sarcophapo, 

Pratexiam  junxi  sacclio, galeamque  (zale  o, 
Trater,  dux,  pnesul,  curdineustiue  pat  r. 


HIS  DEATH  AND  CHARACTKR, 


025 


ciscus  graude 


8iirh  wfts  tho  end  of  this  remarkable  man  ;  the  most  reniarkal»le,  in  many 
ri'spects,  of  his  time,  llis  cliaractcr  was  of  that  stern  anil  Ii»fty  cast  which 
seems  to  rise  ahovo  the  onhnary  wants  and  weaknesses  of  Immanity  ;  his 
f;enins,  of  the  severest  order,  hke  Dante's  or  Miehaei  Angelos  in  the  re^^inns 
cf  fancy,  impresses  ns  with  ideas  of  j)ower  that  excite  a(hniration  akin  t<) 
terror.  His  enterprises,  as  we  have  seen,  were  of  the  boldest  character ;  his 
execution  of  thenj  eiiuahv  hold.  He  disdained  to  woo  fortune  hy  any  of  thi^se 
soft  and  pliant  arts  which  are  often  the  most  eflectual.  He  pursued  his  ends 
hy  the  most  direct  means.  In  this  way  lie  frei^uently  multii»lied  ditiiculties  ; 
liut  difticulties  seemed  to  liave  a  charm  for  hun,  by  tho  ojtportunities  they 
allitrded  of  displayin.i,'  the  energies  of  his  soid 

With  these  ipialities  he  combined  a  versatility  of  talent  us>ially  found  only 
in  softer  and  more  flexible  characters.  Though  bred  in  the  cloister,  lie  dis- 
tinguislied  himself  l)Oth  in  the  cabinet  ai\d  the  canij».  For  the  latter,  indeed, 
so  repugnant  to  his  regular  profession,  he  had  a  natural  genius,  according  to 
the  testimony  of  his  biographer ;  and  he  evinced  liis  relish  for  it  by  declaring 
that  "the  smell  of  gunpowch-r  was  more  grateful  to  him  than  tiie  sweetest 
perfume  of  Arabia  !  ''^  In  every  situation,  however,  he  exhil»ited  the  stamp 
of  his  f)eculiar  cjilling ;  and  the  stern  lineaments  of  the  monk  were  never  wholly 
concealed  under  the  mask  of  the  statesman  or  the  vi.sor  of  the  warrior.  He 
had  a  full  measure  of  the  religious  bigotry  which  belonged  to  the  age  ;  and  he 
had  melancholy  scope  for  displaying  it,  as  chief  of  that  dread  tribunal  over 
which  he  presided  during  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life.*' 

He  carried  the  arbitrary  ideas  of  his  profession  into  political  life.  His 
regency  was  conducted  on  the  principles  of  a  military  despotism.  It  was  his 
maxim  that  "a  prince  must  rc.v  mainly  on  his  army  for  securing  the  respect 
and  ol)edience  of  his  subjects.'^ ^*  It  is  true  he  had  to  deal  with  a  martial 
and  factious  nobility,  aiul  the  end  which  he  proposed  was  to  curb  their  licen- 
tiousness and  enforce  the  eiiuitable  administration  of  justice  ;  but,  in  accom- 
nlishing  this,  he  showed  little  regard  to  tlie  constitution,  or  to  private  rights. 
llis  first  act,  the  proclaiming  of  Charle,s  king,  was  in  open  contempt  of  the 
usages  .and  rights  of  the  nation.  He  evaded  llie  urgent  demands  of  the  Cas- 
tilians  for  a  convocation  of  cortes ;  for  it  was  his  opinion  that  "free<lom  of 
speech,  especially  in  regard  to  their  own  grievances,  made  the  people  insolent 
and  irreverent  to  their  rulers."  "  The  i)eople,  of  course,  had  no  voice  in  the 
measures  which  involved  their  most  important  interests.  His  whole  policy, 
indeed,  was  to  exalt  the  royal  prerogative,  at  the  ex[iense  of  the  infeiior  orders 


Quin  virtiite    niea   junctum  est  diudcma 
cucullo. 
Cum  milii  regnanti  paruit  Ilesperia." 

"  GoniP/,  l)f;  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  160.— 
I5nl)l('s,  Vicia  (if»  XiiHen''7.,  cap.  17.— "And 
\\lu)  can  doubt,"  exclaims  Gon/.ali)  de  Oviedi), 
"tliat  powder,  apainst  the  infitiel,  is  incense 
to  the  Lord.'"    yuincuae- nas,  MS. 

''  nuring  this  periml,  Ximrnes  "j'Smiit  la 
foiidiimnation,"  to  use  tlie  mild  lant^uage  of 
l.loiente,  of  more  than  2500  individuals  to 
the  stake,  and  nearly  50,ooo  to  other  punish- 
ments! (Hist.de  I'iiiquisition,  torn.  i.  chap. 
10,  art.  5;  torn.  iv.  chap.  4G.)  In  order  to  do 
justice  to  wh.it  is  really  goinl  in  the  cliarac- 
('■rs  of  this  age.  one  must  absolutely  close  his 
pyes  against  that  odious  famiticism  which 
inters  inore  or  less  into  all,  and  into  the  best, 
uiilortunately,  most  largely. 

"  "  Persuasum   baberet,   non  aliu  rationo 


aninios  humanos  Imperia  aliorum  laturo", 
nisi  vi  fiicta  aut  adiiihifa.  l^'nan-  pro  certo 
allirniare  solehat,  millinii  lUKiunin  j)rincip»'in 
e.xteris  pnpulis  forniidini,  aut  suis  reverenti:n 
fuis^e.  nisi  coniparato  niilitiini  c.xertitu,  atipie 
onniihus  belli  insirunientJH  ad  manum  jiara- 
tls  "  ((Jonifz.  I)e  Ilebus  gestis,  fol.  '.I'l.)  We 
inay  veil  'ipjdy  to  the  (anlinal  what  C.ito, 
or  ratlier  l^ucan,  applied  to  I'oinpey  : 
"I'ratulit  arnia  toga.';  sed  paccm  armatua 
amavit.' 

Pharsalia,  lib.  9. 
'•  "  Nulla  enim  re  niagis  populos  insoles- 
cere,  et  irreverent iain  unirii'm  exhihere,  ipiani 
cum  libcrtiitem  loquenili  naeii  sunt,  it  pro 
libiiline  suas  vulgo  jactant  querinioni.is." 
(iomez  quotes  the  language  of  Xinieries  in 
bis  correspondence  with  Charles.  De  Rebus 
gestis,  fol.  194, 

2   8 


626 


REGENCY  OF  XIMENES. 


of  the  state  ;  "  and  liis  rej:ency,  short  as  it  was,  and  highly  l)enpfi('ial  to  tlio 
country  in  many  respe'cts,  innst  Ikj  consitU'n'd  as  opening  the  way  to  tliiit 
career  of  despotism  which  the  Vustrian  family  followed  up  with  such  luinl- 
liearted  constancy. 

But,  while  we  condenni  tlie  politics,  we  cannot  hut  resnoct  the  principles.  f,f 
the  man.  However  erroneoiis  his  con(hict  in  our  eyes,  he  was  f,Mii(led  by  his 
sense  of  duty.  It  was  this,  and  the  conviction  of  it  in  the  minds  of  others, 
which  constituted  the  secret  of  his  great  power.  It  made  him  reckle-s  df 
dilHculties,  and  fearless  of  all  personal  conse(|uei>ces.  The  consciousness  of  thf 
inte,L;rity  of  hisjturposes  rendered  him,  indeed,  too  unscrujMilous  as  to  the  menus 
of  attaining  them.  He  held  his  own  life  cheap,  in  comparison  with  the  ureat 
reforms  that  lie  had  at  heart.  Was  it  surmising  that  he  should  hold  as  lightly 
the  convenience  and  interests  of  others,  when  they  thwarted  their  execution  i 

His  views  were  raised  far  above  considerations  of  self.  As  a  stat<5sjuan,  lit! 
identified  himself  with  the  state  ;  as  a  churchman,  with  the  inU'rests  (»f  liis 
religion.  He  severely  punished  every  otience  against  these.  He  as  freely 
forgave  every  j>ersonal  injury.  He  had  many  remarkable  o|)portunities  of 
showing  this.  His  aflministration  provoked  numerous  latnpoons  and  liU'ls. 
He  despised  them,  as  the  miserable  solace  of  spleen  and  discontent,  and  never 
persecuted  their  authors."  In  this  he  formed  an  honourable  contrast  to 
Cardinal  Iliche'ieu,  whose  character  and  condition  suggest  many  points  of 
resemblance  with  his  own. 

His  disinterestethiess  was  further  shown  by  his  mode  of  dispensing  liis  Inrge 
revenues.  It  was  among  the  poor,  and  on  great  public  objects.  He  built  up 
no  family.  He  h.ad  brothers  and  nephews ;  but  he  contented  liimself  with 
making  their  condition  comfortable,  without  diverting  to  their  benefit  the 
great  trusts  confided  to  him  for  the  public  ."  The  greater  nart  of  the  funds 
which  he  left  at  his  death  was  settled  on  the  university  of  Aicala." 

He  had,  however,  none  of  that  pride  which  would  have  made  him  ashamed 
of  his  poor  and  humble  relatives.  He  had,  indeed,  a  confidence  in  his  own 
powers,  approaching  to  arrogance,  v/hich  led  him  to  undervalue  the  abilities 
of  others,  and  to  look  on  them  as  his  instruments  rather  than  his  ecpials.  Hut 
he  had  none  of  the  vulgar  pride  fouudea  on  wealth  or  station.  lie  freiiueutly 
alluded  to  his  lowly  condition  in  early  life  with  great  humility,  thanking 
Heaven,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  for  its  extraordinary  goodness  to  him.  He 
not  only  remembered,  but  did  many  acts  of  kindness  to,  his  early  friends,  of 
which  more  than  one  touching  anecdote  is  related.    Such  traits  of  sensibility, 


""  Oviedo  makes  a  roflection,  showinR  that 
he  conceived  the  canliual's  policy  better  than 
must  of  liis  biiigraphers.  He  states  that  tlie 
various  inununities  mid  the  military  organi- 
zation which  he  gave  to  the  lowns  enabled 
them  to  raise  the  insurrection  known  as  the 
war  of  the  "coniunidades,"  at  the  beginning 
of  Charles's  reign.  Hut  he  rightly  consid'Ts 
this  as  only  an  indirect  consecjuence  of  his 
policy,  which  made  use  of  the  popular  arm 
only  to  break  down  the  power  of  the  nol'les 
and  establish  thi'  supremacy  of  the  cro\sn. 
Qiiincuaginas,  M^.,  dial,  de  Xim. 

"  (JuiiKuagenas,  MS.,  ubi  supra.  —  Mr. 
Burke  notices  this  noble  trait,  in  a  splendid 
panegyric  which  he  poured  forth  on  the  cha- 
racter of  Xinienes,  at  Sir  .Joshua  Reynolds's 
table,  as  related  by  Madame  d'Arblay,  in  the 
last  and  not  least  remarkable  of  her  prinluc- 
tions.  (Memoirs  of  Dr.  Ihirney,  vol.  ii.  pp. 
231  et  seq.)    The  orator,  if  the  lady  reports 


him  rightly,  notices,  as  two  of  the  cardinal's 
charaiteristics,  his  freedom  from  bigotry  ami 
despotism  ! 

'-  Their  connection  with  so  distinguisbnl 
a  per.-on,  however,  enabled  most  of  theni  v> 
form  high  alliances ;  of  which  Oviedo  givt  9 
some  account.     Quincuagenas,  MS 

"  "  Die,  and  endow  a  college  or  a  cat !  " 

The  verse  is nomewhat  stale,  but  e.xpnssts, 
b<tter  than  a  page  (jf  prose  can,  the  cri^'lit 
due  to  such  imstlnunous  benefactions,  wln'it 
they  set  aside  the  dearest  natural  tics  fur  tli- 
mere  indulgence  of  a  selfish  vanity.  Sm  li 
motives  cannot  Ix'  imputed  to  Ximenes.  lii> 
ha<l  always  conscientiously  abstaine<i  fran 
appropriating  his  archiepiscopal  revenues,  as 
we  have  seen,  to  himself  or  his  family.  Hi'* 
dying  bequest,  therefore,  waa  only  in  kcip- 
ing  with  his  whole  life. 


niS  DEATH  AND  CHARACTER. 


627 


their  execution 


ploaming  through  the  naturnl  aiisterity  and  sternness  of  a  disposition  like  his, 
like  hyht  breiiking  through  a  dark  cloud,  allect  us  the  more  sensibly  l)y 
cuiitrast. 

He  was  iireproaohahle  in  his  morals,  and  conformed  literally  to  all  the  ri-id 
exactions  of  Ins  severe  order,  in  the  court  as  faithfully  as  in  the  cloister.  Tie 
was  solter,  abstemious,  chaste.  In  the  latter  particular  he  was  careful  that 
no  susi)icion  of  the  license  which  so  often  soiled  the  clergy  of  the  period  should 
attach  to  him.'*  On  one  occasion,  while  on  a  journey,  he  was  invited  to  pass 
tlie  ni^iht  at  the  house  of  the  duches.s  of  Mmpieda,  being  informed  that  slu; 
was  absent.  The  duchess  was  at  home,  however,  and  entered  the  apartment 
ln'fore  he  retired  to  rest.  "  You  have  deceived  nje,  lady, '  said  Xim  nes, 
rising  in  anger  :  "  if  you  have  any  business  with  me,  you  will  find  me  to-morrow 
at  the  confessional."    80  saying,  he  abruptly  left  the  palace." 

He  carried  his  austerities  and  mortitications  so  far  as  to  endanger  his 
health.  There  is  a  curious  brief  extant  of  I'ope  Leo  the  Tenth,  dated  the 
last  year  of  the  cardinal's  life,  enjoining  on  him  to  abate  his  severe  penance, 
to  eat  meat  and  eggs  on  the  ordinary  fasts,  to  take  ott'  his  Franciscan  frock, 
and  sleep  in  linen  and  on  a  Ited.  lie  would  never  consent,  however,  to 
divest  himself  of  his  monastic  wetnls.  "  Even  laymen,"  said  he,  alluding  to  a 
custom  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  "put  these  on  when  they  are  dying;  and 
shall  1,  who  liave  worn  them  all  my  life,  tiike  them  olt  at  that  time  I ''  "* 

Another  anecdote  is  told  in  relation  to  his  dress.  Over  his  coarse  woollen 
frock  he  wore  the  costly  apparel  suited  to  his  rank.  An  impertinent  Fran- 
(isciin  preacher  took  occasion  one  day  before  liim  to  launch  out  against  the 
luxuries  of  the  time,  especially  in  dress,  obviously  alluding  to  the  cardinal, 
who  was  attired  in  a  superb  suit  of  ermine,  which  "had  been  presented  to  him. 
He  heard  the  sermon  patiently  to  the  end,and,after  the  services  were  concluded, 
took  the  preiicher  into  the  siicristy,  and,  having  connnended  the  general  tenor 
of  his  discourse,  showed  under  his  furs  and  tine  linen  the  coarse  frock  of  his 
onier,  next  his  skin.  Some  accounts  add  that  the  friar,  on  the  other  hand, 
wore  tine  linen  under  his  monkish  frock.  After  the  cardinal's  death,  a  little 
box  was  found  hi  his  apartment,  containing  the  imiilements  with  which  he 
used  to  mend  the  rents  of  his  threadbare  garment  with  his  own  hands.'' 

With  so  much  to  do,  it  may  well  be  believed  that  Ximenes  was  avaricious  of 
time.  He  seldom  slept  more  than  four  hours,  or  at  most  four  ami  a  half.  He 
was  shaved  in  the  niglit,  hearing  at  the  same  time  some  edifying  reading.  He 
followed  the  same  practice  at  his  meals,  or  varied  it  with  listening  to  the  argu- 
ments of  some  of  his  theological  brethren,  generally  on  some  subtile  (piestion 
of  school  divinity.  This  wa.s  his  only  recreation.  He  had  as  little  taste  as 
tune  for  ligh'ter  and  more  elegant  amusements.  He  sjtoke  brietlyj  and  always 
to  the  point.  He  was  no  friend  of  idle  ceremonies  and  useless  visits,  though 
his  situation  exposed  him  more  or  les.s  to  both.  He  frecpiently  had  a  volume 
lying  open  on  the  table  before  him,  and  when  his  visitor  stayed  too  long,  or 


'*  The  gooil  father  QuintaniUa  vindicates 
Ills  hero's  cliastity  8t)me\vhat  at  the  exiiense 
of  his  breeding.  "  His  purity  was  uiiex- 
aiupiod,"  says  lie.  '*  He  shunned  tiie  SfX, 
hk«  so  many  evil  spirits;  looking  un  every 
yoiniui  as  a  devil,  let  her  be  never  so  holy. 
Had  it  not  been  in  the  way  of  his  prof('s>ii)nal 
c.tlling,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  he  would 
never  liave  Buffered  his  eyes  to  light  on  one 
of  them  !  "     Archetype,  p.  so. 

"  Flechler,  Ilistoire  de  Ximenes,  liv.  6,  p. 
634. 


"  QuintiiniUa  has  (riven  the  biicf  of  his 
Holiness  in  exlKiiso,  w  itii  conini'  nJaries  there- 
on, twice  as  long.  See  Archetypo,  lib.  4, 
cap.  1'  . 

"  Ciomcz,  De  R.bus  gestis.  fol.  V19 — 
Quinlftiiilla,  Arthetyixi,  lib.  2,  cap.  4. — The 
reader  may  find  a  i>eu(iunl  to  this  ane  dote  in 
a  similar  one  rejorded  of  Xiniem  s's  (H'- 
decessor,  the  gr.md  cnrdm.il  ^lendoza,  in 
I'ait  11.  chapter  5,  of  tiiis  History.  The  cuii- 
duct  of  the  two  primates  on  the  occasion  was 
sufficiently  characteristic. 


j|; 


1 1" 


628 


RKGKNX'Y  OF  XIMENES. 


tf)ok  up  his  time  with  li;rht  aiul  frivolous  conversation,  lie  intiniatiMl  M^ 
(lissati.-<fa«.:ti()ii  l)y  n\suniin^'  his  lemliiij^.  The  cardinal's  book  nmst  have  l^ccn 
as  fatal  to  a  retmtation  as  Fi  ntenelle's  ear-trunipet." 

I  will  close  this  sketch  of  Xinu'iies  de  (.'isneros  with  a  hrief  outlinr  of  hi^ 
iierson.  His  complexion  was  sallow  ;  his  countenance  sharp  and  emaciatt'l; 
Ills  nose  acpiiline  ;  his  upper  lip  projected  far  over  the  lower.  His  eyes  wtio 
small,  deep  set  in  his  head,  dark,  vivid,  and  penetrating;  his  forehead  ani|ilt', 
and,  what  was  remarkahle,  without  a  wrijikle,  though  the  expression  of  his 
featiu'es  was  somewhat  severe.'"  J  lis  voice  was  clear,  but  not  a<ireeable  ;  liis 
einuiciation  measured  and  jirecise.  His  demeanour  was  ^'rave,  his  carria;;e  tiini 
and  ere<;t ;  he  was  tall  in  stature,  and  his  whole  i)resence  was  conun{in<liii_'. 
His  constitution,  naturally  robust,  was  imiiaired  hy  his  .severe  austerities  junl 
sevens  cares,  and,  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  was  so  delicate  as  tu  lie 
extremely  sensible  to  the  vici.ssituues  and  inclemency  of  the  weather." 

1  have  noticed  the  resend)Iance  which  Xinienes  bore  to  the  great  Freiidi 
minister,  Cardinal  Richelieu.  It  was,  after  all,  however,  more  in  the  ( irt  uiii- 
stances  of  .situation  than  in  their  characters,  thoU}.;h  the  most  pronnnent  traits 
of  these  were  not  dissimilar."  Both,  though  bred  ecclesiastics,  reached  the 
highest  honours  of  the  sta.te,  and,  inileed,  may  be  said  to  have  directed  the 
destinies  of  their  countries."  liichelieu's  authority,  however,  was  more  al»o- 
lute  than  that  of  Ximenes,  for  he  was  screened  by  the  shadow  of  royalty  ;  while 
the  latter  was  exjtosed,  by  his  insulated  and  unsheltered  position,  to  the  full 
hiaze  of  envy,  and,  of  course,  opposition.  Both  were  amnitious  of  military 
glory,  and  showed  capacity  for  attaining  it.  Both  achieved  their  great  results 
by  that  rare  union  of  higli  mental  endowments  and  great  ethciency  in  action 

hich  is  always  irresistible. 

The  moraf  basis  of  their  characters  was  entirely  different.  The  Freiirli 
ordinal's  was  selhshne.s.s,  pure  and  unmitigated.  His  religion,  i)olitics,  liis 
princij)Ies  in  short,  in  every  sense,  were  subservient  to  this.  Ollences  against 
the  state  he  could  forgive  ;  those  again.st  him.self  he  imrsued  with  implacalile 
rancour.  His  authority  was  literally  cemente<l  witn  blood.  His  immense 
nowers  and  patronage  were  j)erverted  to  the  aggrandizement  of  his  family. 
Though  bold  to  temerity  in  his  plans,  he  betrayed  more  than  once  a  want  of 
true  courage  in  their  execution.  Though  violent  and  impetuous,  he  could 
stoop  to  be  a  disseinhler.  Though  arrogant  in  the  extreme,  he  courted  the 
soft  incense  of  flattery.     In  his  manners  he  had  the  advantage  over  the 


""  Ovipdo,  Quincuaftonas,  MS. — Gonioz,  T)e 
Robns  gf'Stis,  uh\  8in>ra.— 1{<>I)1ps,  Vltla  de 
Ximoiipz,  cap.  l.'J.— Quinlaiiiila.  Anln'typo, 
111).  '2,  cap.  .").  7.  H;  who  cites  Dr  N'crfiara, 
the  canliiial's  friend. — It  is  Bariin  (iniiiin,  I 
tliink,  who  ti  lis  irn  of  F-'onteiiello's  lialiii  of 
dpippinn  his  trumpet  when  tlic  conversation 
did  not  pay  liini  for  tlie  trouMe  of  holding;  It 
lip.  Tlie  (((Kxl-iiatured  Heynolds,  jiceordinK 
to  (Joldsniitli,  c((uld  "shift  his  trumpet"  on 
sucli  an  emer^'cncy  also. 

■*"  Xinienes's  head  was  examined  some 
forty  years  utter  his  interment,  and  tii-'  skull 
was  foinid  to  he  witiiout  sutures.  (Gomez, 
De  Reims  pestls,  fol.  21H.)  Hichelieu's  was 
found  to  1h>  perforated  with  little  holes.  The 
ahW  Uii'hard  dediices  a  theory  Irom  this 
which  uiiiy  sta'tle  the  pliysioloj^lst  even  more 
than  the  facts:  "On  ouvril  son  Test,  on  y 
trouva  12  petits  trous  par  oii  s'exhaloient  les 
vapeurs  de  son  cerveau,  ce  (jui  lit  qu'il  n'eiit 
Jamais  aucuu  mal  de  tele;  au  lieu  ^ue  le 


Test  de  Ximenes  ^toit  sans  suture,  &  qimi 
Ton  attrilma  les  effroyables  douleurs  de  trt<' 
qu'il  avoit  presque  toujours.",  ParaDele,  ji. 
177. 

*"  Robles,  Vida  de  Ximenez,  cap.  18.— 
Gomez,  De  Rebus  gestis,  fol.  21  s. 

*'  A  little  treatise  has  lieen  devoted  to  tliir 
very  subject,  entitled  "I'arallele  du  Cani. 
Ximenc's  et  du  Card.  Richelieu,  par  Mnii-*. 
I'Abbe  Richard;  a  Trevoux,  170f)."  222  yy. 
I'Jmo.  'i'lie  author,  with  a  candour  nin-  in- 
deed where  national  vanity  Is  Interestnl, 
strikes  the  balance  without  hesitation  in 
favour  of  tiie  fonigner  Ximenes. 

*■■  The  ciitalogiie  of  tlx  various  offices  if 
Ximenes  occupies  nearly  half  a  page  of  tjuiii- 
tanilla  At  the  time  of  his  -ieath,  the  i  liirf 
ones  that  he  filled  were  those  of  archbishop 
t)f  Toledo,  and  consequently  primate  of. Spain, 
grand  cliancelior  ot  Castile,  cardinal  ot  the 
Roman  church,  inquisitor-general  of  CasiiK', 
aud  regeut. 


Ills  DEATU  AND  CHARACTER. 


629 


lie  intiniatfMl  h\% 
>k  imiht  have  Ikmm 

rief  (citliiir  of  his 
p  ami  emaciate  i|  ; 
r.  11  in  e}es  were 
is  forehead  aiii|il)', 

expression  of  liis 
not  a<ireeivl>le  ;  Ins 
e,  his  carriage  tirin 
was  coiiiiiiaiidiiiu'. 
ire  austerities  jukI 

delicate  as  tu  lie 

weatiier." 

the  great  French 
ore  in  tlie  circuin- 
t  j>ronniieiit  traits 
sties,  reached  the 
have  directed  the 
r,  was  more  aliM). 

of  royalty;  wliiit' 
osition,  to  the  full 
itious  of  military 
their  great  results 
rticiency  in  action 

nt.     The  Freurh 

gion,  i)olitics,  his 

Ollences  against 

with  implacahle 

liis   immense 

nt  of  his  family. 

n  once  a  want  of 

)etuous,  he  could 

he  courted  the 

'antage  over  the 

Pans  suture,  ii  qiini 
•1<'H  (iouli'urs  df  tt'to 
jurs.",    ParaDi'lt',  i>. 


cap.    1«.— 


inienez, 

fol.  218. 

\ioi'i\  di'votpd  to  ft)i:' 

Parallelp  dii    Card. 

icIiclit'U,    par    Mijii-<. 

ux,  1705."  2^^■^  111'. 
a  canduur  nirc  in- 
anity l.s  intcnstrd, 
thdut  hesitatiun  in 
iiifnes. 

11  various  offices  cf 
lijilf  apage  of  l^uiii- 
liis  'Icatli,  the  iliiif 
those  of  arclibisliop 
ly  priuiatoolS|miii, 
ilc,  cardinal  ot  tlie 
•-general  of  CastiK', 


Spanish  prelate.  He  could  be  acourUer  in  courts,  and  had  a  more  refined  and 
(ihtivatetl  taste.  In  one  respect  he  had  the  advantage  ovt-r  Xinienes  in  morals, 
lit'  was  not,  like  him,  a  bigot.  He  had  not  the  religious  ba>is  in  his  composi- 
tion, whi<i»  is  the  foumbition  of  bigotry.  — Their  deatlis  were  tyjtical  of  their 
(liaracter.s.  Richelieu  died,  as  he  had  lived,  so  deeply  execrated  that  the 
enraged  populace  would  scarcely  allow  his  remains  to  l»e  laid  quietly  in  the 
^rave.  Aimene.s,  on  the  contrary,  wa.s  buried  arni*l  the  tears  and  lamentiitions 
(if  the  people  ;  his  memor;  was  honoured  even  bv  his  enemies,  and  his  name 
!.->  reverenced  by  his  countrymen,  to  this  day,  as  that  of  a  Saint. 


Dr.  I^/..iizo  (lalindfz  do  Carbajal,  ono  of 
Hi''  nest  autliorili'M  for  transactions  In  the 
liitt'T  part  of  our  History,  was  Ixjrn  of  a  re- 
h|Miial)le  family,  at  f'lacencia,  in  1472. 
1. It  tie  is  gatliered  of  iiin  early  life  but  that  ho 
wax  studious  in  his  habit..,  devoting  liiniself 
assiduously  to  tl)e  ai(|uisiiion  of  tlie  civil  and 
(iiiion  law.  Ue  filled  the  cliair  of  professor 
ill  tliis  di'partUH'iit,  at  Salamanca,  for  several 
yiirs.  His  great  attainments  and  r  spoctable 
(liiiractt-r  rtcommcudttl  liini  to  the  notice  of 
tiif  Catliolic  qut'cn,  w  ho  gavf  iiim  a  place  in 
tilt'  ruyal  council.  In  this  capacity  lie  was 
c "Mutant ly  at  the  court,  wht-re  he  seems  to 
have  maintained  himself  in  the  esteem  of  his 
nyal  mistress,  and  of  Ferdinand  after  her 
tli.ilh.  The  qu*en  testified  lier  respect  for 
I  rtrbajal  by  appointing  him  one  of  the  com- 
iiiis.Hionf  rs  for  preparing  a  digest  of  the  Cas- 
tiiiiii  law.  He  made  considerable  progress 
ill  this  arduous  work;  but  how  great  is  un- 
i.  rtain,  since,  from  whatever  cause  (there 
appears  to  be  a  mysUry  alntut  it),  tiie  fruits 
't  his  labour  were  never  made  public;  a  cir- 
t'liiiistance  deeply  regretted  by  tlie  Castilian 
jiiiisfs.  As.so  y  Manuel,  Instituciones,  In- 
trixl.,  p.  99. 

(.'.irbajal  left  behind  him  several  historical 
Works,  according  tu  Nic.  Antonio,  whose 
I  Malogue,  however,  rests  on  very  slender 
KiDunds.  (Hibliotheca  Nova,  torn.  il.  p.  3.) 
ilie  work  by  which  he  is  best  known  to 
Spanish  ."choiars  is  his  "  Anales  del  Key  Don 
Fernando  el  dtrtiico,"  which  still  remains  in 
uiaiiucript.  'i'here  is  certainly  no  Cliristian 
country  for  which  the  invention  <jf  printing, 
su  liberally  palruiiized  there  at  its  birtti,  bos 


done  HO  little  as  for  .Spain.  Her  libraries 
teem  at  this  day  with  manuscripts  of  the 
greatest  interest  for  the  illUHtration  of  every 
stage  of  her  liistoiy  ;  but  which,  alas  !  in  the 
present  gloomy  condition  of  affairs,  liave  Ifss 
cliance  of  coming  tu  tiie  liglit  tlian  at  tlie 
close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  when  the  art  of 
printing  was  in  its  infaney. 

Carbajal's  Annals  cover  the  whole  ground 
of  our  narrative,  tr«>m  the  marriage  of  Ker- 
dinaiid  an<l  l-abclla  to  the  couiiiig  of  Charles 
V.  into  .Spain.  They  are  plainly  written, 
without  ambition  ol  ilielorlcal  show  or  reline- 
nuMit.  'I'lie  early  part  is  iitlli-  tjettt-r  than 
memoraiiil  I  ot  the  pritictpal  events  of  liiu 
periisl,  with  particular  notice  of  all  the  mi- 
grations of  the  court.  In  the  concluding 
]>uition  of  the  work,  liowever,  comprehending 
Ferdinand's  death  and  the  regency  of  Xi- 
inenes,  tlie  author  is  very  full  and  cireum- 
stantial.  As  he  had  a  cohspiciioiis  place  in 
the  government,  and  was  always  with  tlie 
court,  his  testimony  in  regarii  to  tiiis  im- 
jMjrtant  periotl  is  of  the  higliest  value  as  that 
of  un  eye-witness  and  an  actor,  and,  it  may  Ix; 
added,  a  man  of  sagacity  and  sound  principles. 
No  Ix-tter  commentury  on  the  merit  of  liis 
work  need  lie  retjuiied  than  the  brief  tribute 
of  Alvaro  (Jomez,  the  accouiplislicd  biogra- 
pher of  Cardinal  Xinienes:  "  I'orro  Annalcs 
Laurentii  (Jalendi  Caravajali,  quibus  vir  gra- 
vi-simus  rerumque  illarum  cum  primis  par- 
ticeps  quin(|iiaginta  ferme  annoruiu  me- 
moriani  complexus  est,  hand  vulgariter  meum 
operam  juveruni."  De  Uebus  gestis,  Pra:- 
latiu. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

GENERAL   REVIEW  OF   THE  ADMINISTRATION   OP   FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 

I'idicy  of  the  Crown — Towards  the  Nobles — The  Clergy— Consideration  of  the  Commons — 
Advancement  of  Prerogative — Legal  Compilations — I'he  Legal  Profession — Trade — Manu- 
factures— Agriculture — Restrictive  Policy — Revenues — Progress  of  Discovery  -('donial 
Administration — (ieneral  Prosperity — Increaee  of  Population — Chivalrous  Spirit — i  ho 
Period  of  National  (ilory. 

We  have  now  traversed  that  important  period  of  history  comprehending  the 
latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  a  period 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


when  tlie  convulsions,  wliich  shook  to  the  ground  the  anriont  politiral  fahnVs 
of  Kurope.  r(»ns«Ml  tlie  tiiiiulM  of  its  inhaltitants  from  the  h'thar^yin  whirh  tht'y 
had  been  miriiMl  for  ai^es.  Spain,  as  we  have  seen,  felt  the  ^enrral  impiilso. 
IJnder  the  glorious  rule  of  Feniinand  aud  lsal)ella,  we  have  helield  lier  einer^ 
ing  froui  chaos  into  a  new  existencej  unfolding,  under  the  inHueiice  of  institu- 
tions adapted  t*  her  genius,  energies  of  whicli  she  was  l>efore  unconscious; 
enlarging  her  resources  from  all  the  springs  of  domestic  industry  and  coiumcr- 
cial  enterprise ;  and  insensibly  losing  the  ferocious  habits  of  a  feudal  age,  in 
the  relinements  of  an  intellectual  and  moral  culture. 

In  th(!  fulness  of  time,  when  her  divide<l  powers  Iwul  been  concentrated  nuAvr 
one  head,  and  the  system  of  internal  ect»nomy  conijileted,  we  have  seen  lur 
descend  into  the  arena  with  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  and  in  a  vei>  few- 
years  achieve  the  most  important  accpiisitions  of  territory, both  in  that (piaiur 
and  in  Africa  ;  and  finally  crowning  the  whole  by  the  discovery  and  occu]»atinii 
of  a  boundless  empire  beyond  the  waters.  In  the  progress  of  the  action  we 
may  have  licen  too  much  occupied  with  its  details  to  attend  sutticiently  to  the 
l)rinciples  which  regtdated  them.  But,  now  that  we  have  reached  the  close, 
we  may  1)6  permitted  to  cast  a  parting  glance  over  the  field  that  we  have 
traversed,  and  briefly  survey  the  principal  stei»s  by  which  the  Spanish  sove- 
reigns, under  Divine  Providence,  led  their  nation  up  to  8uch  a  height  of  pro- 
sperity and  glory, 

Ferdinaiuland  Isabella,  on  their  accession,  saw  at  once  that  the  chief  source 
of  the  distractions  of  the  country  lay  in  the  overgrown  powers  and  factious 
si>irit  of  the  nobility.  Their  first  etlorts,  therefore,  were  directed  to  aKite 
these  as  far  as  possible.  A  similar  movement  was  going  forward  in  the  other 
Euroi)ean  monarchies ;  but  in  none  was  it  crownea  wiui  so  speedy  and  coiu- 

ftlete  success  as  in  Castile,  by  means  of  those  bold  and  decisive  measures  which 
lave  been  detailed  in  an  early  chapter  of  this  work.'  The  same  nolicy  was 
steadily  pursued  during  the  remainder  of  their  reign  ;  less  indeed  by  open 
assault  than  by  indirect  means.' 

Among  these,  one  of  the  mast  effectual  was  the  omission  to  summon  the 
privileged  orders  to  cortes,  in  several  of  the  most  important  sessions  of  that 
oody.  This,  so  far  from  being  a  new  stretch  of  prero^tive,  was  only  an  exer- 
cise of  the  anomalous  powers  already  familiar  to  the  crown,  as  elsewhere 
noticed.'  Nor  does  it  seem  to  have  been  viewed  as  a  grievance  by  the  other 
party,  who  regarded  these  meeting  with  the  more  indiflerence,  since  their 
aristocratic  immunities  exempted  tliem  from  the  taxation  which  was  generally 
the  prominent  object  of  them.  But,  from  whatever  cause  proceeding,  by  this 
impolitic  acquiescence  they  surrendered,  undoubtedly,  the  most  valual)le  of 
their  rights, — one  which  has  enabletl  the  British  aristocracy  to  maintnin  its 
political  consideration  unimpaired,  while  that  of  the  Cast'lian  has  faded  away 
into  an  empty  pageant.* 

Another  practice  steadily  pursued  by  the  sovereigns  was  to  raise  men  of 
humble  station  to  offices  of  the  highest  trust ;  not,  however,  like  thv'ir  contem 


"  Ante,  Part  I.  chapter  6. 

"  AtnoDK  the  minor  means  for  diminishing 
the  consequence  of  the  nobility  may  be  men- 
tioned the  regulation  respecting  the  "  pri- 
vlh'gios  rodadoH;"  instruments  formerly  re- 
quiring to  be  countersigned  by  the  great 
lords  and  prelates,  but  wliich,  from  the  time 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabdla,  were  submitted 
for  signature  only  to  officers  especially  ap- 

Eointed  fur  the  purpose.   Salazarde  Menduzu, 
Iguidados,  lib.  2,  cap.  12. 
*  Ante,  lutrod.,  sect.  1. 


*  A  pertinent  example  of  this  p«)licy  of  tin? 
sovereigns  occurred  in  the  cortee  of  Miulriniil, 
1476;  where,  notwithstanding  tiie  inipuriunt 
subjects  of  legislation,  none  but  tlio  tlnnl 
estate  were  present.  (Pulgar,  Reyes  ("iito- 
licos,  p.  94.')  An  equally  apposite  illiistr.i- 
tion  is  afforded  by  the  care  to  summoii  tln^ 
groat  vassals  to  the  cortes  of  Toledo,  in  l  H", 
when  matters  nearly  touching  tliem,  as  the 
revocation  of  their  honours  and  est,it< s,  ^cn^ 
under  discussion,  but  Dot  till  then.  Ibid., 
p.  165. 


it  political  fill  lines 
arj^7  in  wliirh  tlu-y 
[*  KPKJ'ral  iiii|tiils('. 
IxMield  lier  eiiieri;- 
iHiieiice  of  institii- 
'fore  imooiiscious ; 
istry  and  connncr- 
)f  a  feudal  age,  in 

oncpntrated  under 
we  have  shmi  lier 
and  in  a  V('i>  fe.v 
3th  in  that  (|iiHrter 
;ry  and  o<'ciij»uti(iii 
■i  of  the  action  we 
sutticiently  to  the 
reached  the  cldse, 
ield  that  we  have 
tlie  Sj»ani.sh  sove- 
h  a  height  of  ino- 

at  the  chief  source 
Avers  and  factious 
directed  to  al«te 
ward  in  the  other 
speedy  and  coi li- 
ve measures  which 
J  same  nolicy  was 
s  indeed  by  open 

n  to  summon  the 
t  sessions  of  that 
was  only  an  excr- 
•wn,  as  elsewlicre 
ance  by  the  other 
srence,  since  tlicir 
bich  was  generally 
>roceeding,  by  this 
most  valuable  of 
^y  to  maintain  its 
n  has  faded  away 

i  to  raise  men  of 
like  thv'ir  conteni- 

p  of  this  p.jlicy  of  t lie 
he  cortcB  of  Miidrinal, 
anding  tlie  inipdriait 

none  but  the  thin! 
[Pulgar,  Reyes  ("iitn- 
illy  apposite  illustra- 

(are  to  suninion  tin' 
es  of  Toledo,  in  I  l^i', 
>ucliing  tlieni,  as  the 
•iirs  and  estjites,  "eri* 
not  till  then.    Ibid., 


FdC-HimiftH  of  Aufo- 
ffniphs  far  (he  H'lHtoi 


',,^^ 


itf  (hr  rriffn  of 
Frrdindiul  and  Imhalu. 


^^L^,,)/l^^ 


'  thr  rr.if/n  of 
ind  and  /ttahfi/n. 


^pl^^^Jnopc' 


L^^ 


Pe^ 


iyU/-~i 


<L^^ 


^%7/^ 


/0 


// 


•.  lo 


>i^ 


Mi 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


631 


porary,  Louis  tlie  Elovcntli,  l>eciiuse  their  station  was  hiin»l)le,  in  order  to 
mortify  the  higher  orders,  hut  Itecause  they  courted  merit  wherever  it  was  to 
lie  found;*  — a  ^)ohty  much  and  deservedly  connnended  by  the  sagacious 
observers  of  Uie  tuue.^  The  history  of  Spain  does  not  i)robabfv  ali'ord  another 
example  of  a  {lerson  of  the  lowly  condition  of  Ximenes  attaining,  not  merely 
the  highest  otHces  in  the  kingdom,  but  eventually  its  uncontrolled  su|)remacy/ 
The  nndtiplication  of  legal  tribunals  and  other  civil  otHces  atforded  the  sove- 
reigns ample  scope  for  pursuing  this  nolicy,  in  the  demand  created  for  profes- 
sional science.  The  nobles,  intrusted  nitherto  with  the  chief  direction  of  atiiairs, 
now  saw  it  jtass  into  the  iiands  of  persons  who  had  other  (jualitications  than 
martial  prowe-;s  or  hereditary  rank.  Such  as  courted  distniction  were  com- 
]-elled  to  seek  it  by  the  regular  aveiuies  of  academic  discipline.  IIow  exten- 
sively the  spirit  operated,  and  with  what  brilliant  success,  we  have  already 
seen.'  But,  whatever  the  aristocracy  may  iiave  gained  in  refinement  of 
character,  it  resigned  nmch  of  its  prescrijitive  power  when  it  condescended  to 
enter  the  arena  on  terms  of  eipial  competition  with  its  inferiors  for  the  prizes 
of  talent  and  scholarship. 

Ferdinand  pursued  a  similar  course  in  his  own  dominions  of  Ara^'on,  where 
he  uniformly  supported  the  commons,  or  may  more  properly  be  said  to  have 
l)een  supjiorted  by  them,  in  the  attempt  to  circumscribe  the  authority  of  the 
grea,t  feudatories.  Although  he  accomjdished  tliis,  to  a  considerable  extent, 
their  power  was  too  firmly  intrenched  benind  positive  institutions  to  be  aflectecl 
like  tliat  of  the  Castilian  aristocracy,  whose  rights  had  been  swelled  beyond 
their  legitimate  limits  by  every  species  of  usur])ation.* 

With  all  the  privileges  retrieved  from  this  order,  it  still  possessed  a  dispro- 
portionate weignt  in  the  political  l)alance.  The  great  lords  still  claimed  some 
of  the  most  considerable  posts,  both  civil  and  mihtary."  Their  revenues  were 
immense,  and  their  broaa  lands  covered  unbroken  leagues  of  extent  in  every 
quarter  of  the  kingdom."     The  queen,  who  reared  many  of  their  children  in 


'  The  same  principle  made  them  equally 
viRilisnt  in  maintaining  tlie  purity  of  tliose  in 
office.  Ovietio  mentions  that  iti  1497  tliey 
removed  a  numl)er  of  jurists,  on  the  charge  of 
hrilxry  and  otlier  malversation,  from  their 
seats  in  tlie  royal  council.  Quincuagenas, 
MS.,  dial,  de  Grizio. 

•  See  a  letter  of  tlie  council  to  Charles  V., 
commending  the  course  adopted  by  his  grand- 
parents in  tlieir  promotions  to  office,  apud 
Cailiajal,  Anales,  MS.,  afio  1517,  cap.  4. 

'  Yet  strange  Instances  of  promotion  are 
not  wanting  in  Spanisii  liistory  :  witness  the 
adventurer  Ripperdn.  in  I'liilip  V.'s  time,  and 
tlie  I'rince  of  tlie  Peace,  in  our  own ;  men 
who,  owing  their  success  less  to  their  own 
powers  than  the  imbecility  of  otliers,  ci>uld 
lay  no  claim  to  tlio  UM  and  independent 
sway  e.xcrcistd  liy  Ximenes. 

'  Ant<',  Part  I.  cliapter  19. — '•  No  os  narece 
&.  vos,"  says  Oviedo,  in  one  of  liis  IMilogues, 
"que  es  mejor  ganailo  eso,  ()u<^  les  dii  su 
pnncipe  por  >ub  servicios,  e  lo  (pie  llevan 
justameiiK'  de  sus  oticios,  que  lo  que  se  ad- 
(piiere  roliando  capa.s  ugetias,  e  matmido  e 
vertiendo  sangre  de  Cristianos?"  (.yuinciia- 
gcnas,  MS.,  bat.  I,  q"inc.  3,  dial.  9.)  Tlie 
Keutiment  would  have  Ix'en  too  enlightened 
for  a  Sjianish  Ciivaliciof  tiie  liftt-enth  century. 

•  In  tlie  Cortes  of  <  alatiiyml,  in  1515,  the 
Aragonese  nobles  w  ithhcM  the  supplies,  w  ith 


the  design  of  compelling  the  crown  to  re- 
linquisli  certain  rights  of  jurisdiction  which 
It  assunied  over  their  vassals.  "  Les  parecio," 
aaid  tlie  arclibishop  of  SaragoBSJi,  in  a  speech 
on  the  occa-sion,  '*<iue  auian  perdido  mucho, 
en  que  el  ceptro  real  cobrasse  lo  suyo,  por  su 
indnstria.  .  .  .  Ksto  los  otros  estados  del 
reyno  lo  atribuyeron  li  gran  virtud:  y  lo 
estimauan  por  Ix-neticio  Inniortal."  (Zurita, 
Anahs,  torn.  vi.  lib.  lo,  cap.  93.)  The  other 
estates,  in  fact,  saw  their  interests  too  clearly, 
not  to  concur  with  the  crovMi  in  this  a-seition 
of  its  ancient  prerogative,  lllancas,  Modo  de 
procedi  r,  fol.  luo. 

'"  Such,  for  example,  were  those  of  great 
chancellor,  of  admiral,  and  of  constable  of 
Custili'.  The  first  of  these  ancient  offices  was 
permanently  united  by  Isabella  with  that  of 
archbishop  of  Tole<io.  Tli''  office  of  admiral 
became  hert'ditaiy,  after  Henry  HI.,  in  the 
noble  family  of  Knriiinez,  and  that  of  con- 
stable in  the  house  (.f  Vela.scf).  Althonph  of 
great  iiuthority  and  iniportance  in  their  origiti, 
and,  iiidiiHi,  in  the  time  of  th.  Catholic 
Sovereigns,  these  posts  gradiinlly,  afli-r  bv- 
coming  herolitary,  declineil  into  mtre  iltular 
dignities.  Sala/.ar  de  Mi  lulo/a,  l)ignid(idc-^, 
lib.  2,  cap.  H,  10;  lib.  3,  cap.  21.— L.  Maiineo, 
Cosas  memorables,  fol.  '24. 

"The  duke  of  Infimtado,  head  of  the 
ancient  house  of  Mendoza,  whose  estates  lay 


632 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


the  royal  palarp,  under  licr  own  eye,  endeavoured  to  draw  lier  potent  va-^sals 
to  the  court ;  "  l)Ut  manv,  still  clierishiuK  tlie  ancient  sjtirit  of  independence, 
jireferred  to  live  in  fetuial  grandeur,  surrounded  ])y  their  retainers  in  tlieir 
stroni,^  castles,  and  wait  there,  in  ifrini  repose,  the  hour  when  they  ini^ht  .^ally 
forth  and  reass«'rt  by  arms  their  (lespoiled  authority,  f^u-h  a  season  occurred 
on  Isaliella's  death.  The  warlike  nobles  eaj^Trly  seized  it;  but  tiie  wily  and 
resolute  Ferdinand,  and  afterwards  the  iron  hand  of  Xinu-nes,  kejtt  them  in 
check,  and  i)repared  the  way  for  the  despotism  of  Charles  the  Fifth,  round 
whom  the  haufj,hty  aristocracy  of  Castile,  siiorn  of  s\ibst;i  Mai  power,  were 
content  to  revolve  as  the  satdlites  of  a  court,  rt'flecting  only  the  borrowed 
splend'   irs  of  royalty. 

The  ([ueen's  {government  was  equally  vigilant  in  resisting  ecclesiastical 
encroachment.  It  may  ajtpear  otlierwise  to  mie  who  ca.sts  a  superficial  glance 
at  her  reign,  aiul  beholds  her  surrounded  always  by  a  troop  of  gho.stly 
advisers,  and  avowing  religion  as  the  great  end  of  tier  principal  operations  at 
home  and  abroad."  It  is  certain,  however,  that,  Avhile  in  all  her  acts  she 
confessed  the  influence  of  religion,  she  took  more  etl'ectual  means  than  any  of 
lier  predecessors  to  circumscrihe  the  temjioral  powers  of  the  clergy."  The 
volume  of  her  pra'jmdticas  is  tilled  with  laws  designed  to  limit  their  jurisdic- 


iii  Ctwtilp,  anil,  indcoii,  in  most  of  tln'  pro- 
vinccH  of  the  kinmloin,  is  dcscril>o(l  by  Nuva- 
(rii'r<»  as  Uvinf?  in  gnat  niiinTiilicftuP.  \l<' 
niaintainiMl  a  IxKlv-pnaril  of  2t)0  foot,  besides 
nicii-at-anns,  and  ctnild  muster  more  tiian 
30,0(10  vasHiilH.  I  Via^i^^io,  fol.  6,  :J3.)  Oviedo 
niaiies  tiie  same  statement.  (Qiiincuanonas, 
MS.,  bat.  l,<ininc.  I.  dial,  h.)  Lueio  Marinoo, 
anion);  otlier  things  in  his  curious  farrago, 
lias  given  an  estimate  of  tlie  rents,  '•  poco  mas 
6  menus,"  of  tlie  great  nobility  of  Castile  and 
Aragon,  wbosr'  whule  amount  he  eomputes  at 
one-third  <if  those  of  the  wliob'  kingdom.  I 
\ull  select  a  few  of  the  nauies  familiar  to  us 
in  the  present  narrative  : 

Eiiri(iuez,  admiral  of  Ca.stilc,  00,000  ducats 

in.ome,  equal  to  $440,000. 
Vela.s(o,  constable  of  Castile,  60,000  ducats 

ineome.  estates  in  Old  Castile. 
Toledo,  duke  of  Alva,  ,^0,000  ducats  income, 

estates  in  Castile  and  Navarre. 
Mendoza.   duke  of   Infantido,    50,000  ducats 

income,  estates   in   C;istile  and  other  jiro- 

viiieis. 
(lU/man,    <luke    of    Medina    Siilonia,    55,000 

ducats  income,  estates  in  Andalusia. 
Cerda,   duke   of  Medina  Cell,   30,(ioo  ducats 

income,  estates  in  Castile  and  And.ilusia. 
I'once  de  Leon,  duke  of  Arcos,  'JO, 000  ducats 

income,  estates  in  Andalusia. 
Tacheco,   duke    of     Kscalona   (marquis    of 

Villena),  tio.ooo  ducats  income,  Ohtatos  in 

Castile. 
Cordova,  duke  of  Sessa,  60, nun  ducats  income, 

estates  ill  Naples  and  Andalusia. 
Aguilar,   mar<iuis  of    I'riego,   40,0()0   ducats 

income,   estates   ii»    Andalusia   and  E-lre- 

madiira. 
Mendo/a,  count  of  Tendilla,  15,000  ducats 

income,  estates  in  Castile. 
riment<  1,  count  of  lieiiaventc,  60,000  ducats 

income,  estates  in  Ca-stile. 
GiroM.  count  of  (Jreila,  20,000  ducats  income, 

estates  in  Andalusia. 


Silva,  count  of  Cifuentes.  10,000  ducats  in- 
come, estates  in  Andalusia. 

(Cosas  memoral)le8,  fol.  24,  25.)  The  estimate 
is  confirmed,  with  some  slight  discrepancies, 
by  Navagiero,  Viaggip,  fol.  Is,  3:t,  et  alibi. 
See  also  Salazar  de  Mendoza,  Dignidades, 
discurso  2. 

'■■  **En  casa  de  aquellos  Principes  entaban 
las  hijas  de  los  principales  si  ftores  e  cavallems 
per  damas  de  la  Iteyna  e  de  las  Infantas  sus 
Iiijas,  y  en  la  corte  andaban  totios  los  niayor- 
azgos  ;•  hijos  lie  grandes  e  los  mas  liendados 
de  sus  n-ynos."  Ovi.  do,  Quincuagenas,  M.S., 
bat.  I,  (luinc.  4,  dial.  44. 

'■"  "Como  quier  ([ue  ola  el  pnreccr  de  jier- 
sonas  religiosas  e  de  los  otros  leirados  que 
cercadella  eran,  pero  la  mayor  parte  segiiia 
las  co8a.s  por  su  arbitrio."  I'ulgar,  lieyis 
CatrilicoB,  part.  1,  cap.  4. 

'*  Lncio  Marineo  has  collected  many  par- 
ticulars respecting  the  great  wealth  of  the 
Spanish  clergy  in  his  time.  There  were  four 
metrojiolitan  sees  in  Castile  : 

Toledo,     income  80,000  ducats. 
Kt.  .James,     „      24,ooo      „ 
Seville,  „       20,000      ,, 

Granada,        ,,      10,000     „ 

There  were  twenty-nine  bishoprics,  whose 
aggregate  revenues,  very  unequally  ajip'ir- 
tioiied,  amounted  to  251,000  ducais.  1  lie 
churcii  livings  in  Aragon  were  much  fewer 
and  leaner  tJian  in  Cafjtile.  (Cosas  meti.o- 
rables,  fol.  2;t.)  The  Venetian  Naviigiero 
sjieaks  of  the  metropolitan  church  of  Tohdu 
as  "the  wealthiest  in  Christendom;"  its 
canons  lived  in  stately  palaces,  and  its  reve- 
tnies,  with  those  of  the  archbishopric,  eqiiiilli  d 
those  of  the  whole  city  of  Toledo.  (Viai.'gio, 
fol.  9.)  lie  notices  also  the  greal  opulence  (jf 
Uie  churches  of  Seville,  Guadalujie,  etc.,  fol. 
11,  13. 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


633 


pntoiit  vn^sals 
iii(U'I)Oiiiloiic(', 
aijiors  in  tlicir 
ley  might  sally 
eason  occur red 
t  the  wily  and 
kept  thciii  ill 
le  Fiftli,  njiuid 
[il  jiower,  were 
y  the  borrowed 

r  ecclesiastical 
jierficial  j,daiic(' 
top  of  ghostly 

I  operations  at 

II  lier  acts  she 

lis  tlian  any  of 

clergy.'*     The 

their  jurisdic- 


lO.UUO 
ia. 


ducats  iii- 


i5.)  Thee8timate 
ght  diRcrcj)anci''s, 
I.  IH,  3:5,  «'t  alibi, 
iduza,  DignidadoB, 

PrlncipeH  cotaban 
I  ftort'se  cavallcruH 
.e  law  Infantas  sus 
^  ttxlos  li>H  iiiayor- 
)H  mas  hpndailus 
uiiK-uageiiaB,  MS., 

pnreccr  dp  yor- 
)tr(>s  leiradoH  (\vi' 
ij'or  parte  scmiia 
I'ulgar,   lU-yt  s 

ilected  many  par- 

■at  wealtli  of  tlm 

1  bore  were  fuur 


)00  ducats, 
too     „ 
)00     „ 
too     „ 

islioprics,  whose 
in('C|uallj'  appi'T- 
(10  ducats.  111*' 
vcro  much  fc\\<T 
(Cosas  uicn.o- 
ictian  NaviiKicro 
church  <if  Tdh  du 
^i^tl'IldllUl ; "  il^ 
:eB,  and  its  rovc- 
sh()j)ric.  (Hiii.illnl 
ok'do.  (,\'ia!.'^'ii', 
jrieai  oiiulcncc  vt 
idalupe,  etc.,  fol. 


;■ 


lion  and  restrain  their  encroachments  on  tlie  secular  authorities."  Towards 
the  Ronuwi  See,  .she  maintained,  as  we  have  often  had  occasion  to  mttice,  the 
same  independent  attitude.  Hy  the  celelirated  concordat  made  with  Si.\t\is 
the  Fourth,  in  14S"J,  the  pope  conceded  to  the  sovereigns  the  right  of  nomi- 
nating to  the  higlier  (Ugnities  of  the  church.'"  The  Holy  See,  however,  still 
;issumed  the  collation  to  inferior  benefices,  wliich  were  too  often  lavished  on 
non-residents  and  otherwise  unsuitable  persons.  The  (pieen  sometimes  ex- 
torted a  papal  indulj^ence  granting  the  right  of  presentation  for  a  limited 
time  ;  on  which  occasion  she  showed  such  alacrity  that  she  is  known  to  have 
(lispo  ed  in  a  single  day  of  more  than  twenty  nrebends  and  inferior  dignities. 
At  other  times,  when  the  nomination  made  tty  his  Holiness,  as  not  unfre- 
iiuently  hajipened,  was  distjusteful  to  her,  she  would  take  care  to  defent  it,  liy 
forbidding  the  bull  to  be  published  until  laid  before  the  privy  council ;  at  the 
same  time  .seciuestrating  the  revenues  of  the  vacant  benefice,  till  her  own 
retpusitions  were  complied  with.'^ 

She  was  e(]ually  .solicitous  in  Watching  over  the  morals  of  the  clergy,  incul- 
cating on  the  higher  prelates  to  hold  fretiuent  pastoral  comnumication  with  their 
sutl'ragans,  and  to  reitort  to  her  such  as  were  delimpient."  Hy  the.se  vigilant 
measures  she  .succeeded  in  re.storing  the  ancient  disciitline  of  the  church,  and 
weeding  out  the  sensuality  and  indolence  which  had  so  long  defileil  it ;  while 
she  had  the  inexpressible  satisfaction  to  seethe  principal  places,  long  Itefore 
her  death,  occupied  by  i)relates  whose  learning  and  religious  principle  igave 
the  best  assurance  of  the  stability  of  the  reformation.'*  Few  of  tiie  Castilian 
iiionarchs  have  been  brought  more  frcijuently  into  collision,  or  pursued  a 
liolder  policy,  with  the  court  of  Rome.  Still  fewer  have  e.xtorted  from  it  such 
important  graces  and  conces.sions  ;  a  circumstance  which  can  only  be  impute<l, 
says  a  Castilian  writer,  "  to  singular  good  fortune  and  consummate  prudence;""" 
to  that  deej)  conviction  of  the  queen's  integrity,  we  may  also  add,  which  dis- 
armed resistance,  even  in  her  enemies.*' 


"  See  Pragmaticaa  del  Reyno,  fol.  11,  140, 
Ul,  171,  et  loc.  al.— From  one  of  these  ordi- 
I11U1CP8,  it  appears  tlie  clergy  were  not  ktck- 
uard  in  riMuonstrating  against  wliat  tliey 
(I'onied  an  infringement  of  iheirriglitH.  (Fol. 
1 7'i.)  Thequeen,  liowever,  while  she  guarded 
atrainst  their  usuipations,  ititeifered  uioro 
than  once,  with  her  usual  senise  of  justice,  on 
their  application,  to  sliield  theui  from  the 
I  ticroachiuents  of  the  civil  trihuitals.  Iliol, 
liiforme,  apud  Semanario  erudito,  torn.  ili.  pp. 
'Js,  99. 

'"  See  Part  I.  chapter  6,  of  this  Hi.'^tory. 

"  See  examples  of  this,  in  Riol,  Infonne, 
apiid  Spiiianario  eritdito,  tnm.  iii.  pp  95-lu'i. 

PiflgiUiiticax  del  Kevno,  fol.  14. 
'  Kiol,  Informe,  apud  Semanario  erudito, 
ti'm.  iii.   p.  94. — L.  Marineo,  Cosas  metuo- 
rahlcs,  fol.  IH'2. 

'  Ovi<d(i  bears  emphatic  testimony  to  this : 
"  F'.n  nucstros  tienipos  liii  habido  tn  Kspafla 
di'  tiuestra  Nacion  granites  varones  Letrados, 
1  xcclc  nt' s  I'erlados  y  Heligiosos  y  personas 
i|iie  por  sus  habilidadesy  sciencias  h&n  subido 
a  las  mas  iiltas  dignidades  de  Capelos  e  de 
.\i7,  hispadns  y  todo  lo  que  maa  se  puede 
ajianzar,  en  la  Igh'sia  de  itios."  Quincua- 
t-'oiias,  MS., dial,  de  Talavera.— Col,  deCcdulas, 
turn.  i.  p.  440. 

"  "  liO  que  debe  adntirar  es,  que  en  el 
tiempo  mlamo  que  se  coutendia  con   tAnto 


ardor,  ohtuvieron  los  Keyes  de  la  santa  .Sede 
mas  gracias  y  privikgios  ((Uf  niiigiino  de  sus 
sutesores ;  pnieba  de  su  fdicid.id,  y  de  su 
prudenti'siniaci.nducta."  Kiol,  Int'oruie,  apud 
Semanario  erudito,  torn.  iii.  p.  95. 

"  Since  the  publlcatii>n  of  the  .'arlier 
editions  of  this  work,  I  have  ntct  with  an 
Instance  of  Ferdinand's  spirit  in  the  assertion 
of  his  ecclesiastical  rights  quite  equal  to  any 
displayed  by  his  illustrious  consort,  and  too 
remarkable  to  Iw  passed  over  in  silence.  It 
was  on  occasion  of  an  iiifringi-nient  of  what 
lie  deemed  the  inimiiiiiti<-s  of  his  crown  at 
Naplps.  It  occurred  in  IftOH;  and  in  a  letter 
dated  from  Burgos,  May  22nd  of  that  year,  he 
reproves,  in  no  measured  terms,  his  viceroy, 
the  count  of  I'.ivargoza,  for  allowing  the  pub- 
licat'oii  of  tlie  ]mpal  bull  which  had  been  the 
cause  of  oll'etiie.  He  nsks  why  he  did  not 
cause  the  apostcijical  envoy  curso  ajxmlohio 
— to  Ix' seized  and  h.iliged  on  the  spot!  He 
orileis  him  to  recall  the  mission  which  had 
been  despatrhed  to  Home,  ami  declares  that 
if  the  ofl'etisive  bull  is  iiit  at  once  revokc'l  he 
will  withdraw  the  obedience  <d'  the  crowns 
of  Castile  and  Aragon  from  tlie  IIol\-  Seel 
"  Y  estamosmuy  deiermitiados  si  su  SaiitiiJad 
no  revoca  luego  vl  Hreve  y  los  autos  por 
virtud  del  feclios,  df  le  nitit'ir  la  obeliiticui 
de  todos  los  lieynos  de  la>  Coronas  de  CiLstilla 
y   Aragon  y  de  facer  otras  provisioiiea  con- 


634 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


The  condition  of  tlie  commons  inuler  this  reign  was  prohal)]y,  on  the  wlndo, 
more  prosperous  than  in  any  other  period  of  Sjjanish  history!  New  avenue^ 
to  wea  th  and  honours  were  opened  to  them  ;  and  persons  and  property  weic 
alike  protected  under  the  fearless  and  impartial  aihninistration  of  tiie  law. 
"Such  was  the  justice  dispensed  to  every  one  under  this  auspicious  rei^ii," 
exclaims  Marineo.  "  tiiat  nol)les  and  cavaliers,  citiiiens  and  labourers,  rich  and 
poor,  masters  and  servants,  all  etjually  partook  of  it.""  We  hnd  no  cmn- 
plaints  of  arbitrary  imprisonment,  and  no  attempts,  .so  frecpient  both  in  eailicr 
and  later  times,  at  illegal  taxation.  In  this  particular,  indeed,  Isiibella 
manifested  the  greatest  tenderness  for  her  i)eople.  liy  her  comimitation  of 
the  capricious  tax  of  the  alcavdUi  for  a  determinate  one,  and  still  more  by 
transferring  its  collection  from  the  reveime  olhcers  to  tlie  citizens  themselves, 
she  greatly  relieved  her  subjects." 

Finally,  notwithstanding  tho  perpetual  call  for  troops  for  the  military  oi>cra- 
tions  in  which  the  government  was  constantly  engaged,  and  notwithstanding' 
the  example  of  neigYil»ouring  countries,  there  was  no  attempt  to  establish  tiuit 
iron  bulwark  of  despotism,  a  standing  army  ;  at  least,  none  nearer  than  that 
of  the  voluntary  levies  of  the  hermandad,  raised  and  jMiid  by  the  people.  The 
queen  never  admitted  the  arbitrary  maxims  of  Ximenes  in  regard  to  the 
foundation  of  goverinnent.  Hers  was  essentially  one  of  opinion,  not  force.** 
Had  it  rested  on  any  other  than  the  broad  ba-is  of  public  opinion,  it  could  nut 
have  withstood  a  day  the  violent  shocks  to  which  it  was  early  exposed,  nor 
have  achieved  the  im[)ortant  revolution  that  it  finally  did,  both  ni  the  douiestic 
and  foreign  concerns  of  the  country. 

The  condition  of  the  kingdom,  ou  Isal)ella*s  accession,  necessarily  gave  the 
commons  unwonted  consideration.  In  the  tottering  state  of  her  afliairs,  she 
was  obliged  to  rest  on  their  strong  arm  for  supj)ort.  It  did  not  fail  her.  Three 
sessions  of  the  legislature,  or  rather  the  popular  branch  of  it,  were  held  during; 
the  two  first  yejirs  of  her  reign.  It  was  in  these  early  as.semblies  that  the 
connnons  bore  an  active  part  in  con(;octing  the  wholesome  system  of  laws  which 
restored  vitality  and  vigour  to  the  exhausted  republic.'* 


venieiitos  a  caso  tan  grave  y  detaiit  a  inipiir- 
tantia."  It  is  curious  to  see  how  the  com- 
mentators of  a  later  date  endeavour  to  recon- 
cile this  bold  bearing  of  the  Catholic  king 
with  his  loyalty  as  a  true  son  of  the  church. 
A  co|)y  of  the  original  document  in  the  royal 
archives  of  Naples  may  be  found  in  the  <Ji)r..s 
ineditas  de  Qucvedo,  Madrid,  1794,  torn.  xi. 
p.  3. 

^■'  "  Forque  la  igualidad  de  la  justicia  que 
los  bienauenturiidos  I'rincipes  ha/.ian  era  tal, 
que  todos  los  honihres  de  qual(iuier  condicion 
que  fuessen ;  aora  nobles,  y  caualleros :  aora 
plelx-yos,  y  labradores,  y  ricos,  o  pobr  s, 
tlacos,  o  fuertes,  sefiores,  o  sieruos  en  lo  que  a 
la  Justicia  tocaua  todos  fuessen  iguales." 
Cosas  uiemorables,  fol.  180. 

■'  Thest!  iK-neficial  changes  were  made  with 
the  advici'  and  tlirousrli  the  agency  of  Ximenes. 
((ionie/..  De  IJebusgi'.stis,  fol.'.J4.  Quintanilla, 
Aiciit'typo,  p.  IHI.)  'I'he  alcamlit,  a  tux  of 
onc-tentii  on  all  transfers  of  property,  pro- 
duced more  than  anj*  other  branch  of  the 
revenue.  As  it  was  originally  designed,  utme 
than  a  century  b"for(',  to  funiisli  funds  lor  the 
Moorisli  war.  Is.ibella,  as  we  have  seen  in  Ikt 
testanjent,  entertained  great  scruples  iis  to 
the  right  to  continue  it,  without  the  confir- 
mation of  the  people,  after  that  was  termi- 


nated. Ximenes  recommended  its  alxilitioii, 
without  any  qualification,  to  Ciiarles  V.,  hut 
In  vain,  (lidem  auct.,  ubi  supra.)  Wlmt- 
ever  be  tlmught  of  its  legality,  there  can  ho 
no  doubt  it  was  one  of  tlie  most  successful 
means  ever  devised  by  a  government  I'ur 
shackling  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  its 
subjects. 

"'  A  pragmatic  was  issued,  Septenil)er  iMih, 
149."),  prescriliing  the  weapons  and  the  sea- 
sons for  a  regular  training  of  the  militui. 
The  preamble  declares  that  it  was  mule 
at  the  instance  of  the  representatives 
of  the  cities  and  the  nobles,  who  com- 
plaincti  that,  in  con.sequence  of  the  tiaii- 
quillity  which  the  kingdom,  through  tl:' 
divine  mercy,  had  for  some  years  employnl, 
the  people  were  very  generally  unproviilei 
with  arms,  oiTensive  or  defensive,  having  s.M 
or  suffered  them  to  fall  into  decay,  insoinnc  h 
that,  in  their  present  condition,  they  wouM 
be  found  wholly  unprepared  to  m  et  eitliei 
d<iniestic  disturbance  or  foreign  invasieii. 
(I'ragmiitiias  del  Heyiio,  fol.  83.)  Wiiat  a 
tril)Ute  does  this  attord,  in  that  age  of  violence, 
to  the  mild,  pa;ernal  character  of  the  udiuui- 
istration  ! 

■'■'  'Ihc  most  imj)ortant  were  those  of  Ma- 
drigal,  in   1476,  and  of  Toledo,  in    1480,  to 


i 

i 


M 


1 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


635 


ly,  on  the  wIk.Io, 
'\  New  avenue > 
(1  property  weit' 
ti(»ii  of  tlie  law. 
iispioious  reign," 
ujurer.s,  rich  ami 
^'e  find  no  cum- 
it  both  in  earlier 
indeed,  Isiihelhi 
coninuitation  of 
id  still  more  by 
izens  theniselve>, 

le  military  opera- 
notwithstandin:; 
to  establish  that 
nearer  than  that 
the  people.  The 
n  regard  to  the 
lion,  not  force. '•• 
nion,  it  could  nut 
.rly  exposed,  nor 
li  in  the  domestic 

essarily  gave  tlie 
if  her  aRJairs,  she 
>t  fail  her.  Three 
were  held  durin^' 
emblies  that  the 
em  of  laws  whii  li 

nended  its  alx)liti<)ii, 
,  to  diaries  V.,  Imt 
ubi  supra.)  \Vlmt- 
gality,  there  can  ho 
tl»e  moHt  succc.>48fiil 
a  government  t'ur 
ind  enterprise  of  iin 

uod,  SeptcmlwrlHtl), 

aponn  and  the  si'u- 

ing  of  the  niiliti.i. 

thiit    it   was  uiii'lt' 

ihe    representativ.s 

nobles,   who    com- 

iience   of   the   tian- 

Udom,   through  tl;>' 

ne  years  eniplny'il, 

■norally  unprovultM 

feiisive,  liavintr  s..,.l 

ito  decay,  insoimu  ii 

iiditiun,  they  wciiM 

ared  to  m  et  ritiin 

fcireign    inva-^ii  n. 

fol.   83.)     Wliat   a 

that  ageof  viulcnc, 

acter  ol  the  udiii;i - 

were  th(«e  of  Ma- 
Tuiedo,  in   1480.  to 


After  this  good  work  was  acliieved,  the  sessions  of  that  body  became  more 
rare.  There  was  les.s  occasion  for  them,  indeed,  during  the  existence  of  the 
hennandad,  which  was  of  itself  an  ample  repre.sentation  of  the  Castilian 
commons,  and  which,  by  enforcing  obedience  to  the  law  at  home,  and  by 
liberal  su[)plies  for  foreign  war,  super.><eded  in  a  great  degree  the  call  for  more 
regular  meetings  of  cortex. **  The  habitual  economy,  too,  not  to  .say  frugality, 
which  regulated  the  public  as  well  as  private  e.xpenditure  of  the  sovereigns, 
enabled  them,  after  tliis  [)eriod,  with  occasional  exceptions,  to  dispen.se  with 
other  aid  than  that  drawn  from  the  regular  revenues  of  the  crown. 

There  is  every  ground  for  believing  that  the  political  franchises  of  the  people, 
as  then  understood,  were  unifonnly  respected.  The  mnnl)er  of  cities  suunuDiieu 
to  cortes,  which  had  so  often  varied  according  to  the  caprice  of  princes,  never 
fell  short  of  that  prescribed  by  long  u.sage.  On  the  contrary,  an  addition  was 
made  by  the  conipiest  of  Granada  ;  and  in  a  cortes  held  soon  after  the(|ueen's 
death  we  find  a  most  narrow  ami  imjtolitic  remonstrance  of  the  legi.dature 
itself  against  the  alleged  unaiithorizeil  extension  of  the  privilege  of  repre- 
sentation." 

In  one  remarkable  particular,  Avhich  may  be  thought  to  form  a  material 
exception  to  the  last  observations,  the  conduct  of  the  crown  deserves  to  be 
noticed.  This  was,  the  pronndgation  of  pra'piK'tticas,  or  royal  ordinances,  and 
that  to  a  greater  e.xtent,  prol)ably,  than  tmder  anv  other  reign,  before  or 
since.  This  important  prerogative  was  claimed  an(l  exercised,  more  or  less 
freely,  by  niost  European  soveieigns  in  ancient  times.  Nothing  could  be  more 
natural  than  that  the  i>rince  should  as.sume  such  authority,  or  that  the  people, 
blind  to  the  ultimate  con.se([uences,  and  impatient  of  long  or  freipient  sessions 
of  the  legislature,  should  accjuiesce  in  the  temperate  use  of  it.  As  far  as 
the.se  ordinances  were  of  an  executive  character,  or  designed  as  su|)plementary 
to  parliamentary  enactnients,  or  in  obedience  to  previous  .suggestions  of  corte.s, 
they  a[)pear  to  lie  open  to  no  constitutional  objections  in  Castile."  But  it  was 
not  likely  that  limits  somewhat  loosely  defined  would  be  very  nicely  ob.served  ; 
and  under  preceding  reigns  this  branch  of  prerogative  had  been  ino.it  intoler- 
ably abuseil." 


which  I  have  often  had  occaHlon  to  refer. 
"  Las  ma.s  notables,"  say  Asso  and  Manuel, 
in  reference  to  tiie  latter,  "  y  faniosas  de  este 
I'eynado,  en  el  qual  jtodemos  asegurar,  que 
tuvo  priiicipio  el  mayor  aumento,  y  arregio 
d!'  nufStra  Juris])ruii<n(ia."  (Instltucioncs, 
Intriid.,  p.  91.)  Maiina  nt)tices  this  cortes 
with  equal  panegyric.  (Teorfa,  torn.  i.  p. 
75.)  See  also  Seuipere,  Hist,  des  Cortes,  p. 
197. 

^''  See  Part.  I.  chapters  10,  11,  et  alibi. 

"  At  Valladolid,  in  1506.  The  number  of 
citie'^  having  right  of  representation.  "  que 
ncoftumbran  continnamente  embiar  prucura- 
dores  a  cortes,"  according  to  I'ulgar,  wa.s 
seventeen.  (Koyes  Catolicos,  cap.  1)5.)  This 
was  before  Gianada  wa.s  nddid.  Martyr, 
writing  some  years  after  that  event,  «nu- 
nierates  only  sixteen  as  enjoying  the  privilegn. 
l,()pus  Epist.,  epi.-.t.  460.)  I'ulgar's  e>timate, 
however,  is  corrotK)rat('d  by  llie  pftitinii  of 
the  cortes  at  Valladolid,  which,  with  more 
than  usual  effronterj',  would  limit  the  repre- 
sentation to  eighteen  cities,  as  prescribed 
"  por  algunas  leyes  6  immemorial  uso." 
.Marin  I,  Teorfa,  torn.  i.  p.  161. 

"•  Many  of  these  piagmdticas  purport.  In 


their  preambles,  to  be  made  at  the  demand  of 
cortes;  many  more  at  the  petition  ol  corpora- 
ti  >ns  or  in(iividuals;  and  many  from  the  go<K| 
pleasure  of  the  sovereigns,  iMtund  to  '*  remedy 
all  grievances  and  provide  for  the  exigencies 
of  the  .state."  These  ordinances  very  fre- 
quently are  stated  to  have  l)een  made  witli 
the  advice  of  the  royal  council.  They  weie 
proclaimed  in  the  piiblic  s<iuares  of  the  city 
in  which  they  were  executed,  and  afterwards 
in  those  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  king- 
dom. The  diK'tors  Asso  and  Matiuel  divide 
prayttKdi  as  into  two  classes;  those  made  at 
the  instance  of  cortes,  and  those  enianating 
from  the  •' sovereign,  as  supreme,  lei/ixlutur 
of  the  kingdom,  moved  by  his  anxiety  for  the 
common  weal."  "  Muchas  de  este  gf^nero," 
the}'  aiid,  "contiene  el  libro  raro  intitulado 
I'rojimtittras  del  lici/no,  ((ue  se  imj)rimio  la 
primera  vez  en  Alcaht  en  152H."  (Institu- 
ci<jnes,  Introd..  p.  110.)  This  is  an  eri<.r; — 
see  note  4»,  infra. 

'''  "  I'or  la  presente  premiitica-sencion," 
said  John  II.,  in  one  of  his  ordinances,  "  lo 
cual  todo  e  cada  cosa  dello  e  parte  delhxjuiero 
e  mando  e  ordeno  que  se  guarde  c  cumpla 
daqui  adelante  para  siempre  jamas  en  todas 


636 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


A  large  proportion  of  these  laws  are  of  an  oconomical  cliaracter,  designed  to 
foster  tnule  and  manufactures  and  to  secure  fairness  in  conuuercial  dealings.'" 
Many  are  directed  against  the  growing  spirit  of  luxury,  and  many  more  occu- 
pied with  the  organi/iition  of  the  public  tribunals.  \Vhatever  he  thought  of 
their  wisdom  in  some  cases,  it  will  not  he  easy  to  detect  any  attemi)t  to  inno 
vate  on  the  settled  ]»rinciples  of  criminal  jurisprudence  or  on  those  regulating 
the  transfer  of  jiroperty.  When  these  were  to  he  discussed,  the  sovereigns 
were  ciireful  to  call  ni  tlie  ai<l  of  the  legislature  ;  an  example  wliich  found  little 
favour  with  their  successors."  It  is  good  evidence  of  the  public  confidence  in 
the  government,  and  the  gener.ally  Iteneticial  scope  of  these  laws,  that,  althout^h 
of  such  unprecedented  freipiency,  they  shouhl  have  escaped  parliamentary 
animadversion."  liut,  however  patriotic  the  intentions  of  the  Catholic  sove- 
reigns, and  however  safe,  or  even  salutary,  the  jiov.er  intrusted  to  such  hands, 
it  was  a  fatal  rtrecedent,  and  under  the  Austrian  dynasty  became  the  most 
eflectual  lever  for  overturning  the  liberties  of  the  nation. 

The  preceding  remarks  on  the  jiolicy  observed  towards  the  commons  in  this 
reign  nnist  be  further  understoo<l  as  applying  with  far  less  (lualitication  to  the 
<|ueen  than  to  her  husband.  The  latter,  ownig  perhaps  to  the  lessons  which 
he  had  derived  from  his  own  subjects  of  Aragon,  "  who  never  abated  one  jot  of 
their  constitutional  rights,"  says  Martyr,  "  at  the  conunand  of  a  king,"  "  and 
whose  meetings  generally  brought  fewer  sujiplies  to  the  royal  cotl'ers  than 
grievances  to  redress,  seems  to  liave  had  little  relish  for  nopular  assemblies. 
He  convened  them  as  rarely  as  possible  in  Aragon,'*  and,  wiien  he  did,  omitted 
no  etlort  to  influence  their  deliberations."    He  anticipated,  perhaps,  similar 


^ 


las  cilxladcB  e  villus  4  logarcs  noii  embargante 
cual<'S(iuit'r  loycs  e  fueros  (-  dercchos  e  (jido- 
iiaiiiii'iitoH,  coiiBi.itucidnes  c  pososionos  e  i)ro- 
iii.'iticaa-sencioncs,  e  u>()S  ^  costumbros,  ca  en 
cuaiito  ii  <'8tu  ataftc  yo  los  abro^o  e  dorogo. " 
(Marina,  Teuri'a,  toni.  ii.  \).  JIG.)  TIiIh  wmh 
tlip  very  I'SKi'ncc  of  di'HjMitism ;  and  John 
loiuicl  it  r.xpedieiit  to  retract  these  exprensioiis 
on  tlie  sul)se(|aent  remonstrance  of  cortes. 

'"  Indeed,  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  as  evin- 
cing the  progress  of  civilization  under  this 
ri^ii,  that  uKjst  of  the  criminal  legislation  is 
to  be  referred  to  its  commencement,  while 
the  laws  of  the  subsequent  period  chiefly 
concern  the  new  relations  which  grow  out  of 
an  increased  domestic  industry.  It  is  in  the 
"()idi'iian(;a'-  rcales,"  and  "  Leyes  de  la  Her- 
m.indad,"  l><>th  publi.-hed  by  I4s5,  that  we 
must  look  for  the  measures  against  violence 
and  nipine. 

"  Thus,  for  example,  the  itnportant  criminal 
laws  of  the  Hermandail,  and  the  civil  code 
called  the  "  Laws  of  Toro,"  were  made  under 
tlie  express  sanction  of  the  commons.  ( Leyes 
di"  la  llermaiulad,  fol.  1.  C^uaderno  de  las 
L<\ves  y  nuevas  Hecislones  hechas  y  onle- 
n.idas  en  la  Ciudad  de  Toro  (Medina  del 
C'amiK),  I5r)r0,  f]|.  4!t.)  Nearly  all,  if  not  all, 
the  ads  of  tlie  Catholic  sovereigns  introdueeii 
into  the  famous  code  of  the  "()rdi'iiaM9a8 
reales"  were  passed  in  the  cortes  of  Madrigal, 
in  ItTO,  or  Toledo,  in  U^U. 

^-  It  shoi  1  be  stated,  however,  that,  the 
cortes  of  \'ni,adolid,  in  15(iti,  two  years  alter 
the  queen's  death,  enjoined  Philip  and  .loanna 
to  make  no  liws  without  the  consent  of 
cortex;  remonstratiug,    at   the   same    time. 


against  the  existence  of  many  royal  prag- 
mdtictis,  as  an  evil  to  be  redressed.  "  Y  jiur 
esto  se  establecio  lei  que  no  hiciesen  nl  reno- 
vasen  leyes  sino  en  cortes.  .  .  .  Y  porijue 
fuera  de  esta  orden  se  han  hccho  niuchas  |)re- 
maticas  de  que  estos  vuestros  reynos  se  tienen 
por  agraviados,  nianden  que  aquellas  se 
revean  y  provean  .v  remedien  los  ai:ravios 
que  las  tales  ijreumiicas  tienen."  (Marina, 
Teoria,  tom.  ii.  p.  '.J is.)  Whether  tliis  is  to 
be  under -tootl  of  the  ordinnnc'  s  of  the  reiirii- 
Ing  sovereigns,  or  their  predecessors,  may  be 
doubted.  It  is  certain  that  the  nation,  iiow- 
ever  it  may  have  acipiiesced  in  the  exen  ise  of 
this  power  by  the  late  tiueen,  would  not  have 
been  content  to  resign  it  to  such  incompetent 
hands  as  thone  of  I'liilip  and  hia  crazy  wife. 

■"  "  Liberi  patriis  legibiis,  nil  iniperio 
Regis  giil)ernantur."     Opus  Epist  ,  epist.  t:is. 

•"  Capmany,  however,  underst.ites  the 
nimiber,  when  he  litnits  it  U>  four  ^^ess  oiis 
onl.y  during  this  whole  reign.  Prfictica  y 
K^tilo,  p.  62. 

■"  S«'e  Part  II.,  chapter  i2,  note  8,  of  this 
History.  -"  Si  qnis  aliquid,"  ^ays  Martyr, 
speaking  of  a  cortes  geneai  helil  at  Monznii, 
by  Queen  (lerniaine,  "  sibi  contra  jus  illatum 
jtutat,  aut  a  rcgia  corona  qtiaquam  deberi  ex- 
istimat,  nunqnam  dissolvuntur  conventus, 
donee  conquerenti  satisli.it.  nequi!  K' gil^'is 
parere  in  exigendis  peeuniis,  s(dent  ali  cr. 
llegina  qudtidie  scribit,  se  vexari  eorum  j>e- 
titionibus,  nee  exsolvere  se  (;uire,  qu'wl  se 
maxiine  cptare  ostendit.  R'x  iminiiienti'< 
necessitatis  iM'lIica'  vim  pr  ponit,  ut  in  aliud 
teinpus  (lueielrts  dilf Tint,  per  literas.  iter 
nuntius,    per    miQistrus,    couvcutum    pro^- 


I 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


G37 


>r,  designed  to 
L'ial  (lealings.'" 
ny  more  occii- 
be  thought  of 
tMui)t  to  iiino- 
ose  regulating 
the  ^ov»M•ei^u^ 
eh  found  iittk' 
;  contidence  in 
tliat,  altliou;;h 
liarhanientaiy 
Uatliohc  sovc- 
to  such  hands, 
anie  the  most 

mmons  in  this 
itication  to  thci 
lessons  whitii 
ated  one  jot  of 
a  king,"  "  and 
,1  coders  than 
lar  assend)lies. 
lie  did,  omitted 
erhaps,  similar 

lany  royal  prafi- 

In-sscd.     "V  jiiir 

hiciesen  nl  rcno- 

(.  .  .  .  Y  pxrijuc 

oclio  iiiuclma  prr- 

is  reyiios  se  ticiicn 

que    aqueUas    s<' 

en    lo9  acravios 

lien."     (Marina. 

hether  tJiis  is  ti> 

ic  8  of  the  rcimi- 

IcccHsors,  may  bi' 

the  nation.  Iiow- 

in  the  exiTiisc  of 

,  wonlil  not  liave 

inch  incomji'tent 

his  crazy  wife. 

IS,    nil    iinfurio 

Epist  ,  epi^t.  1. 1-'. 

understates     the 

to   lb\ir  sess  oiis 

ign.      Pr&etica  y 

2,  note  8,  of  this 
!-ayH  Martyr, 
hehl  at  Monznn, 
ntra  jus  iUatniu 
([uaui  detieri  <  x 
ntur  convent  us, 
n»'que  U-tril"is 
I,  soU'ut  ali  cr. 
exari  eoruin  j>e- 
(;uire,  iiu^xl  s- 
R:'X  iminiiieiiti- 
onit,  ut  in  aliu'i 
per  literas.  per 
luvcutum   praisi- 


didionlties  in  Castile,  after  his  second  marriage  had  lost  him  the  affertions  of 
thi,  people.  At  any  rate,  he  evaded  calling  them  together  on  more  than  one 
occasion  imperiously  dcmandetl  hy  the  constitution  ;'"  and,  when  he  <lid  so,  ho 
invaded  their  privileges,''  and  announced  princijiles  of  government"  wliiih 
formed  a  discreditahle,  an<l,  it  nuist  he  admittdl,  rare  e.xception  to  the  usual 
tenor  of  his  adnnnistration.  Indeed,  the  must  lionourahle  testimony  is  horne 
to  its  general  e(iuityand  jtatriotism  by  a  cortes  convened  soon  after  tliequecns 
death,  when  the  tribute,  as  far  as  she  was  concerned,  still  nxtre  unequivocally, 
nuist  have  been  sincere."*  A  similar  testimony  is  attorded  by  the  pant';:yri(s 
and  the  practice  of  the  more  liberal  (Jastilian  writers,  who  freely  resort  to  this 
reign  as  the  great  foiuitain  of  constitutional  precedent.*" 

The  commons  gained  |»olitical  consideration,  no  doubt,  by  the  depression  of 
the  nobles  ;  but  their  chief  gain  lay  in  the  inestimable  lilessings  of  domestic 
tran(iinllity  and  the  security  of  private  rights.  The  crown  absorlied  the  power, 
in  whatever  form,  retrieved  from  the  privileged  orders  ;  the  pensions  and  large 
domains,  the  numerous  fortified  places,  the  rights  of  seigniorial  jurisdiction, 
the  command  of  the  militJiry  orders,  and  the  like.  Other  circumstances  con- 
spired to  raise  the  regal  authority  still  higher  ;  as,  for  example,  the  interna- 
tional reljitions  then  opene<l  with  the  rest  of  Europe,  which,  whether  friendly 
or  hostile,  were  conducted  by  the  monarch  alone,  who,  unle.ss  to  obtain  supplies, 
rarely  condescended  to  .seek  the  intervention  of  the  other  est^vte>4 ;  the  (!oncen- 
tration  of  the  dismembered  provinces  of  the  Peninsula  under  one  government ; 
the  immense  ac(iuisitions  abroad,  whether  from  discovery  or  compiest,  regarded 
in  that  day  as  the  property  of  the  crown,  rather  than  of  the  nation  ;  and, 
finally,  the  consideration  Howing  from  the  personal  character  and  long  sucrcs.s- 
ful  rule  of  the  Catholic  sovereigns.  Such  were  the  manifold  causes  which, 
without  the  imputation  of  a  criminal  ambition,  or  indiderence  to  the  rights  of 


deutesque  hortatur  monetqne,  et  Rummissis 
fere  verbis  rogare  viiietur."  \f)l2.  (Opus 
Kpist.,  epist.  ta;!.)  Hlancas  notices  the  as- 
tuteness of  Ferdinand,  wlio,  instead  of  money 
granted  by  the  AraRonese  with  difllculty  and 
reservationfl,  usually  applied  for  troops  at 
once,  which  were  furnished  and  paid  by  the 
state.  (Modo  de  proceder,  fol.  100,  lol.) 
Zurita  tells  us  that  both  the  kin^  and  queen 
were  averse  to  meetintis  of  corte«  in  Castile 
oftener  than  absolutely  necessary,  and  l><>th 
took  care,  on  such  occasions,  to  have  their 
own  agents  near  the  deputies,  to  influence 
their  piweedings.  "  Todas  la-s  vezes  que  en 
lo  passado  el  Key,  y  la  I'eyna  dofta  Isabel 
llamauan  d  cort  s  en  (^astilla,  teinian  de  lis 
liamar:  y  desjtues  de  liamados,  y  ayutitados 
loB  procuradoros,  ponian  tales  pcrsonas  de  su 
parte,  que  continuainent<>  se  jnnta-^sen  con 
ellos;  por  escusar  lo  que  [iwlria  resuttar  de 
aquellos  ayuntamientos  :  y  taml)ien  pordarles 
ii  entender.  que  no  tenian  tanto  ixxler,  qu.into 
illos  SI'  imaptinauan."  (Anaies,  toni.  vi.  fol. 
96.)  This  course  is  as  repugnant  to  Isalxdla's 
I'iiaracter  as  it  is  in  kee,  ing  with  her  hus- 
band's. Under  their  Joint  a<luiinistration,  it 
is  not  always  easy  to  discriminate  the  part 
which  belongs  to  each.  Their  respective 
iliaracters.  and  political  conduct  In  affairs 
where  they  were  separately  concerned,  fur- 
nish us  a  pretty  safe  clue  to  our  Judgment  in 
uthers. 
'"  As,  for  example,  both  when  he  resigned 


and  resumed  the  regency.  See  Part.  II. 
chapters  17,  20. 

^'  In  the  first  cortes  after  Isalwllii's  d'ath, 
at  Toro,  in  ir>05,  Ferdinand  introduced  tlio 
practice,  which  has  since  obtained,  of  admin- 
istering an  oath  of  secrecy  to  tlie  deputies,  as 
to  tlie  proceedings  of  the  w  ssion  ;  a  serious 
wound  to  popular  representation.  (.Manna, 
Teorfa,  torn.  i.  p.  2T.i.)  C.ii>nimy  (I'r.Ktlca 
y  E>»tilo,  p.  2.t'2)  errs  in  describing  this  as 
"  un  arteficio  .Maqiiiaveliio  itiv-rit  ido  por  la 
jioUtica  Ale.iiiaiia."  Tlie  (lerinMii  Maeliia- 
velisni  has  (luite  sins  enough  iti  this  w.iy  to 
answer  for. 

'"  The  introductory  law  to  the  "  l.eyes  de 
Toto"  holds  tills  htiange  latii;ii  igf ;  **  Y 
porque  al  rey  pertenrsre  y  ha  pmler  de  Ii«/<t 
fiieros  y  leyes,  y  de  las  interpritar  y  enii  tidar 
dmide  vieren  qw  cunipl'","  etc.  ^  l.eyes  de 
Toro,  Ibl.  2.)  What  could  lohii  II.,  oi  any 
despot  of  the  Austrian  line,  claim  I'lore  .> 

•"  Hco  the  address  of  the  cortes,  in  .Marina, 
Teoria.  tom.  i.  p.  2-12. 

*"  Among  the  writers  repeatedly  cited  by 
me,  it  Is  enough  to  point  out  the  citizen 
Marina,  who  has  derived  more  ibu-'tratiipiis 
of  his  lilvral  theory  of  the  constitution  Iroin 
the  reign  of  Ferdinaml  and  Isabella  tlmii  from 
any  other,  and  who  loses  no  opp4>itiinity  of 
panegyric  on  their  "  paternal  government," 
and  of  contrasting  it  with  the  tyraimical 
policy  of  Liter  times. 


638 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


tliftir  siibjocts,  in  Fonlinand  and  Isabella,  all  combined  to  swell  the  prcroj^jative 
to  an  uniiiecedeiitod  iieight  under  their  rci^n. 

This,  indeed,  was  tlu!  direction  in  which  all  the  ^governments  of  Europe,  at 
this  period,  were  tendin;;.  The  jK'Ople,  wisely  jireferring  a  single  master  to  a 
multitude,  sustiiined  the  crown  ni  its  ell'orts  to  recover  from  the  arihto(  racy 
the  enormous  powers  it  so  grossly  abuseiL  This  was  the  revolution  (»f  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  The  power  thus  deposited  in  a  single  hand 
was  found  in  time  eipially  incompatible  with  the  greiit  ends  of  civil  govern- 
ment ;  while  it  gradually  accumulated  to  an  extent  which  threatened  to  crush 
the  monarchv  by  its  own  weight,  liut  the  institutions  derived  from  a  Teutonic 
origin  have  heen  found  to  possess  a  conservative  principle,  unknown  to  tlu; 
fru^iile  despotisms  of  the  East.  The  seeds  of  liberty,  though  dormant,  lay 
deep  in  the  heart  of  the  nation,  waiting  only  the  g(jod  time  to  germinate. 
That  time  has  at  length  arrived.  Liirger  experience  and  a  wider  moral 
culture  have  taught  men  not  only  the  extent  of  their  political  rights,  but  the 
best  way  to  secure  them.  And  it  is  the  reassertion  of  these  by  the  great  biniy 
of  the  neople  which  now  constitutes  the  revolution  going  forward  in  most  of 
the  olu  commimities  of  Europe.  The  j>rogress  of  liberal  principles  must  he 
controlled,  of  course,  by  the  jjeculiar  circiunstances  and  character  of  the 
nation;  but  their  ultimate  triumph,  in  every  quarter,  none  can  reasonaMy 
distrust.     May  it  not  i)e  al)used  ! 

The  prosperity  of  the  country  under  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  its  growing 
trade  and  new  internal  relations,  demanded  new  regulations,  which,  as  before 
noticed,  were  attemjjtedto  be  supplied  by  the  praijnuHictis.  This  was  adding, 
however,  to  the  embarrassments  of  a  jurisprujlence  alrwuly  far  too  cund)rous. 
'J  he  Castilian  lawyer  might  desj)air  of  a  critical  ac(piaintance  with  the  volu- 
minous m.ss  of  legislation  which,  in  the  form  of  numicipal  charters, 
lioman  codes,  i)arliamentary  statutes,  and  roval  ordinances,  were  received  as 
authority  in  the  courts.*'  The  manifold  evils  resulting  from  this  imsettled 
and  contiicting  jurisprudence  had  lal  the  legislature  rejieatedly  to  urge  its 
digest  hito  a  more  simple  and  uniform  system.  Some  approach  was  made 
towards  this  in  the  code  of  the  "  Ordenancas  Ileales,"  compiled  in  the  early 
part  of  the  ([ueen's  reign."  The  great  l)ody  of  Fni'jmiUic'is,  subseciuentiy 
issued,  were  also  collected  into  a  separate  volume  by  her  command,"  and 
printed  the  year  before  her  death.**  The.se  two  codes  may  therefore  be 
regarded  as  embracing  the  ordinary  legislation  of  her  reign. 

fact  is  not  very  creditable  to   professional 
science  in  Spain. 

*'  The  earliest  edition  was  at  AlcaW  de 
Ilenares,  printed  by  Laiizalao  Polono,  in  15ii:i. 
It  was  revised  and  prepared  for  tlie  jiress  by 
Joiian  Haniire/.,  secretary  of  the  royal  council, 
fruru  wlmm  the  work  is  olten  called  "I'r.iK- 
njiiticas  de  Hauiirez."  It  passed  tbroiitrii 
several  editions  by  1550.  Clemenciii  i,uli 
supra)  enumerates  five  ;  but  his  li>'t  is  in- 
complete, as  tilt'  one  in  n)y  possession,  pro- 
bably the  second,  lias  escaped  his  notice,  it 
is  a  tine  old  folio,  in  black  lett<T,  cont.uiiinK 
in  addition  some  ordinances  of  .Joanna,  and 
the  "  I.aws  of  Toro,"  in  192  folios.  On  tin' 
last  is  tins  notice  by  the  i)rinter :  "  1'  ne 
ympressa  la  presente  ob^a  t-n  la  muy  n«hU'  y 
muy  leal  cilxiad  de  .Senilla,  porJuan  Var<'la 
ympressor  di-  libros.  Acalx.se  a  do"  dias  did 
mes  de  otubre  dp  mill  y  veynte  aflos."  1 1"' 
first  leaf  after  the  table  of  contents  exhil)it;; 
the  motives  of  its  publication:   "E  porquti 


*'  Marina  enumerates  no  less  than  nine 
separate  codes  of  civil  and  municipal  law  in 
Castile,  by  which  the  legal  decisions  were  to 
be  regulated,  in  Ferdinand  and  Isab  lla's 
time.  Ensayo  historico-crftico  sobre  la  anti- 
gua   Legislacion  de  Castilla  (Madrid,  IhOm), 

fp.  'W3-386. — Abso  y  Manuel,  Institutioiies, 
ntrod. 

*■  See  Part  I.  chapter  6,  of  this  History. 
"  "A  coUeciion,"  says  S«'rtor  Clemencin, 
"  of  the  last  imporiance,  and  indispensat)li'  to 
a  riglit  uiiilerstandinn  of  the  spirit  of  IsaWla's 
government,  but,  nevertheless,  little  known 
to  Cat«tilian  writers,  not  excepting  tlie  most 
learned  of  them."  (Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de 
Hist.,  torn.  vi.  Ilust.  9.)  No  edition  of  tlie 
Pragnuihcag  has  appeared  since  th"  pu1)liea- 
tion  of  I'iiilip  n.'s  "  Nueva  Hecopilaiion,"  in 
1567,  in  which  a  large  portion  of  tliem  are 
embodied.  The  remainder  having  no  further 
authority,  the  work  has  gradually  fallen  into 
oblivion.    But,  whatever  be  the  cause,  the 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTHATION. 


C39 


he  itromyativo 

of  Europe,  at 
le  iiiasU'r  to  a 
he  arihtodiicy 
ohition  of  the 

a  single  hainl 
if  civil  j^overii- 
tened  to  ciiish 
rom  a  Teutonic 
ikni»wn  to  the 
1  dorujant,  lay 

to  j;erniinatt'. 
i  wider  moral 
rights,  Imt  tlic 
the  j^reat  hndy 
i'anl  in  most  of 
iciples  nnist  lie 
[iracter  of  the 
can  reasonably 

lla,  its  growing 
liich,  as  before 
his  was  adding, 
•  too  ciunhrons. 
!  with  the  volu- 
pal  cliarters, 
rere  receiveil  as 
this  unsettled 
dly  to  urge  its 
>ach  was  made 
ed  in  the  early 
s,  suhseijuently 
jmniand,"  and 
therefore  be 

le  to    professional 

wan  at  AkaW  de 

ao  Polono,  In  15ii:t. 

(i  for  tlio  press  tiy 

ftlie  royal  council, 

ten  c^iUed  "  I'mk- 

t    jiasped   tliroii^'li 

Clemencin  (,u' ' 

but  his  li-^t  is  in- 

y  possessiiin,  pr"- 

»e(l  liis  notiee.     It 

letter,  cont.iiniiii; 

■s  of  .Joanna,  aii'l 

92  folios.     On  tlie 

10   printer  :    "  1  '"' 

en  la  u)uy  mlile  y 

.,  por  .luan  Van!  i 

K-se  a  do"  dias  dil 

■ynte  aft'm."     Hi'' 

'  contents  exhiliit- 

ation:    "E  porque 


P 


il^ 


In  1505  the  celebrated  httle  cx)(h\  callcfl  "  Leyes  de  Toro,"  from  the  place 
where  the  cortes  was  held,  received  the  .sanction  of  that  body.'*  Its  laws,  eighty- 
four  in  number,  ami  designe«l  m  sujtplementary  to  tho.se  already  e.xisting,  are 
chieHy  occupied  with  the  rights  (»f  inheritance  and  marriage.  It  is  here  that 
the  oiinnous  term  "  mayorazgo "  may  be  sjiid  to  have  been  naturalized  in 
Castilian  jurisprudence.**  The  peculiar  feature  of  the.se  laws,  aggravated  in  no 
slight  degree  by  the  glo.s.ses  of  the  civilians,*'  is  the  facility  which  they  give  to 
entails  ;  a  fatal  facility,  which,  chiming  in  with  the  pride  and  imlolenco 
natural  to  the  Spanish  cliaracter,  ranks  them  among  the  mo.>t  etlicient  agent;^ 
of  the  decay  of  husbandry  and  the  general  impoverishment  of  the  country. 

liesides  these  codes,  there  were  tlie  "  Ltiyes  de  la  Ilermandad,'"*"  the 
"  (^uatlerno  de  Alcavalas,"  with  <»ther  of  less  note  for  the  regulation  of  trade, 
made  in  tins  reign.**  JJut  still  the  great  sclu  e  of  a  uniform  digest  of  the 
municipal  law  of  Castile,  although  it  occupied  the  most  distinguisheil  Juris- 
(onsults  of  the  time,  was  unattained  at  the  (lueen's  death.*"  liow  deeply  it 
engaged  her  mind  in  that  lionr  is  evinced  oy  th«^  clause  in  her  codicil  in 
which  she  iK-Mpieaths  the  consummation  of  the  work,  as  an  im|>erative  dutv, 
to  her  succes.sors.*'  It  was  not  completed  till  tlui  reign  of  Phi.ip  the  Second  ; 
and  the  large  proportion  of  Ferdinand  and  Isal>ella's  laws  admitted  into  that 
famous  compilation  shows  the  nrospective  diameter  of  their  legislatiitii,  and 
the  uncommon  discernment  with  which  it  was  accommodated  to  the  pecidiar 
genius  and  wants  of  the  nation." 


romo  algunaa  de  ellan  (praKniiticiH  sancionen 
e  earta.s)  lia  ninclio  tieinix)  i\uti  se  dien>ii,  6 
otias  se  hicieron  en  diversos  tieiupos,  est  an 
derramadan  por  uuicha«  partes,  no  w  e<ab-n 
IMir  todoH,  6  auu  niuchaA  de  laH  dichas  Jns- 
ticiaa  no  tienen  couiplidu  noticia  d(>  tinlas 
ellas,  parescieiido  hot  necesario  6  proveehoMo; 
mandaraoB  ti  los  del  nuestro  consejo  que  las 
hiciesen  juntar  e  corregir  6  linpreiuir,"  etc. 

*^  "  LeyeH  de  Tom,"  say  Asso  and  Manuel, 
"  veneradas  tanto  desde  entonces,  que  st;  les 
dio  el  primer  lujjar  de  valiniiento  sobre  todaa 
las  del  Keyno."    Instituciones,  Intrinl.,  p.  9.'). 

'"  Sec  the  sensible  nieioorial  of  Jovellanos, 
"Informe  al  Keal  y  Supremo  ('on>ejo  t-n  el 
Kxpediente  de  Ley  agraria."  Madrid,  1795. 
—  There  have  b<'en  several  editions  of  this 
rode  since  the  first  of  150.5.  (Marina,  En- 
sayo.  No.  450.)  I  have  copies  of  two  editions, 
in  black  letter,  neither  of  them  known  to 
.Marina;  one,  above  noticed,  piinted  at  Se- 
ville, in  15'20;  and  the  other  at  Medina  del 
Campo,  in  1555,  probably  the  latest.  The 
laws  were  Rubsequetitly  incorporated  in  the 
"  Nueva  Ue<opitacion." 

"  "Esta  ley,"  says  .rovellanos,  ''que  los 
juri^consultos  llaman  tl  l)oca  llena  injusta  y 
luibara,  lo  se  mncho  mas  por  la  exten>ion 
ijue  1(>«  pra(;nitltlcos  le  dieron  en  bus  comeri- 
tarios."  (Itifornie,  p.  76,  nota.)  '1  he  edition 
of  Medina  del  Campo,  in  1555,  is  swelled  by 
the  commentaries  of  .MiRuel  de  Cifiientes,  till 
ilie  text,  in  the  lan^uaj^e  of  bibliographers, 
liKiks  like  "cyniba  in  oceano." 

*"  Ante,  Part  1.  chapter  G. 

*"  Leyes  del  Quaderiio  nu€vo  de  las  Rentas 
(If  las  Alcavalas  y  Franquezas,  beeho  en  la 
Vega  de  (Jranaiia  (Salamanca,  1550);  a  little 
code  of  37  folios,  containing  147  laws  for  the 
regulation  of  the  crown  rents.    It  was  made 


In  the  Vega  of  Granada,  December  10th, 
1191.  The  greater  part  of  these  laws,  like 
so  many  others  of  this  reign,  have  lieen  ati- 
mitted  into  the  "  Nueva  Uecoiiilacion." 

■"  At  the  head  of  these,  undoubtedly,  must 
be  placed  l)r.  Alfonso  Diaz  de  Montalvo, 
iioticett  more  than  once  in  tlie  cour8«'  ot  this 
History.  He  illustrated  three  succe.«sivo 
reigns  by  his  lalxmrs,  which  he  continued 
to  the  dose  of  a  long  life,  and  after  he  had 
become  blind.  The  (.'atholic  sovereigns  highly 
appreciated  his  servici  s.  and  settled  a  pension 
on  him  of  ;{o,(iOO  maravedis.  Ile-ides  his 
celebr.ited  conii)ilation  of  the  "  ()rdenati(;as 
reales,"  lie  wrote  commentaries  on  the  ancient 
Cftde  of  the  '•  Fuero  real,"  and  on  the  ••  Sii  te 
Partidas,"  printed  for  the  first  time  under 
his  owTi  eye,  in  1491.  (.Meiidez,  Typographia 
E>pafiola,  p.  1h;{.  Marina  (Knsaj'o,  p.  405) 
has  iM-stowed  a  iH-autiful  eulogium  on  this 
veneraltle  lawyer,  who  fnst  gave  to  light  the 
principal  Spanish  c<k1cs,  and  introduced  a 
spirit  of  criticism  into  the  national  jurispru- 
dence. 

*'  This  gii^antic  work  was  committed, 
wholly  <ir  in  jiart,  to  |tr.  Lorenzo  (ialiiitl  /.  do 
Carliajal.  He  lal)<)ured  maiiy  years  on  it, 
l)Ut  the  results  ol  his  lalniurs,  us  el.sewliere 
noticed,  have  never  been  communi<ated  to 
the  pulilic.  .See  Asso  y  Manuel,  Inwtituciones, 
pp.  Ui),  9!».— Marina,  Knsayo,  pp.  a92,  400, — 
and  ("lenienciii,  whoMe  llust.  9  exhibits  a 
most  cl'  ar  and  satisfactory  viesv  of  the  legal 
compilations  under  this  reign. 

'"'  Lord  Hacon  s  comm'  nt  on  Henry  VIL's 
laws  might  ai)ply  with  eciual  force  to  the^e 
of  Ferdinand  and  IsaU'lla:  "Certainly  his 
timcH  for  good  commonwealth's  laws  did 
exceL  .  .  .  For  his  laws,  whoso  marks  them 
well,  are  deep,  and  not  vulgar ;   not  made 


610 


FKIIDINAND   AND   ISADKLLA. 


The  imiiioiise  incroase  of  einj>ir«\  and  tlu?  rorrrspimdinir  (levolopmciit  of  tlic 
iiatioiiJil  rcsoiirct's  not  only  <l»'injiii(l('fl  new  laws,  Itiit  a  tlioroii^li  n'or^^ani/.i 
tinh  of  every  department  of  tlie  administration.  liaws  may  I.e  re(eived  a. 
indicating'  tlie  disposition  of  the  rnler,  whether  for  ^«'od  or  for  »'vil  ;  hut  it  i> 
in  the  eondnct  of  the  trihunals  that  we  are  to  read  the  true  ehara(  ter  of  hi> 
f,'overnment.  It  was  the  npriiiht  and  vi;;ilant  adnniii>tratit»n  of  these  wliirh 
constituted  the  he>t  claim  (»f  Ferdinand  and  Isaltella  to  the  K'iit'tnde  of  thin 
(H»untry.  T<t  facilitate  the  (U'siatch  (»f  hnsiness,  it  was  distiihuted  anmn^  u 
nnndier  of  lt\MH'aiis  or  couiirils,  at  the  head  of  which  stodd  the  "royal  c«imi(il,' 
whose  authority  and  functions  1  have  already  noticecl  "  In  order  to  Icjur 
this  JMtdy  more  leisure  for  its  executive  duties,  a  new  audience,  or  chancery,  as 
it  was  called,  was  estalilished  at  Valladolid,  in  I4.s(),  whose  jud^'cs  were  drawn 
from  the  mendiers  of  the  kinj;'s  council.  A  similar  tribunal  was  institutcil. 
jifter  the  Moorish  con(juests,  in  the  southern  division  of  tln^  monarcliy  ;  and 
hofh  had  sunreme  jurisdiction  over  all  civil  causes,  which  were  uirried  up  tn 
them  from  tin*  inferior  audiences  ti)roughout  the  kingdom.** 

'I'he  "eoinieil  (»f  the  supreme"  was  placed  over  the  Inquisition  with  a  spe(  ial 
view  to  the  interests  of  the  crown  ;  an  end,  however,  whicji  it  very  imicrfectly 
answered,  as  appe^irs  from  its  freipient  collision  with  the  royal  ana  secular 
jurisdictions.'"  The  "council  of  the  orders  "had  charj,'e,  as  the  name  iuipnrt  . 
of  the  j^reat  military  fraternities."  The  "  council  of  Ara;,'on  "  was  intrusted 
with  the  general  ad'ministration  of  that  kingdom  and  its  dependencies,  inchid- 
ing  Najiles,  and  had  hesides  extensive  jurisdiction  as  a  court  of  apjical." 
liastly,  the  "  council  of  the  Indies"  was  institutiMJ  l)y  Ferdinand,  in  l.')!],  f^r 
the  control  of  the  American  department.  Its  powers,  comprehensive  as  tin  y 
were  in  its  origin,  were  .so  nnich  enlarged  under  Charles  the  Fifth  and  his 
successors  that  it  became  tlH>  depository  of  all  law,  the  fountain  of  all  nomiiia 
lions,  hoth  ecclesiastical  and  temiioral,  and  the  supreme  tribunal,  where  a  i 
(piestions,  whether  of  government  or  trade  in  the  coionie.s,  were  finally  aiijudi- 
cated.*' 

Such  were  the  forms  Avhich  the  government  assumed  under  tlie  hands  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isjibella.    The  great  concerns  of  the  empire  were  brought 


upon  tlio  spur  of  a  particular  occasion  for  I  lie 
pri'Bt'nt,  but  out  of  proviilcnco  ol'  the  futuro, 
to  niiike  the  lstRt«^  of  his  j)poj)1o  still  more 
and  tnoro  liapi)y  ;  after  tlu-  manner  of  the 
li'uislattirH  in  ancient  anil  heroical  times." 
IliHt.  of  Henry  VII.,  Works  (ed.  1819),  vol. 
V.  p.  tut. 

"  Ante,  Part  I.  chapter  6. 

"  I'ranmiiticas  del  Heyno,  fol.  24,  30,  39.— 
Recoj).  d'  las  I/yes  (ed!  ItVdi),  t(mi.  i.  lili.  2, 
tit.  .'),  leyos  I.  2,\i,  11,  12,  20;  tit.  7,  ley  I.— 
()rdenani;a«realeH,  HI).  2,  tit.  4.-  The  southern 
chancery,  first  openxl  at  ("iudad  Real,  in  1494, 
was  subsequently  trauHferrcd  by  tlie  sove- 
reif^ns  to  (Jninaila. 

■    Ante,  Part  1.  chapter  1,  note  .39. 

"  Ante,  I'art  I.  chapter  «,  note  34. 

"'  Kiol,  Iiiforme.  apud  S«'niaii.irio  erudito, 
torn.  iii.  p.  119.  If  consisted  of  a  vice-chan- 
celliir.  as  president,  and  six  ministers,  two 
from  each  of  tiie  three  jirovinces  of  the  crown. 
It  was  consulted  by  the  kiiij;  on  all  appoint- 
ments iind  matters  of  government.  The 
Italian  department  was  committed  to  a  sepa- 
rate tribmial,  called  the  council  of  Italy,  in 
1556.  Capmaiiy  (Mem.  de  Barcelona,  tom. 
iv.  Apcnd.  17)  has  explained  at  length  the 


functions  and  authority  of  this  institution. 

"  See  the  nature  and  broad  extent  of  these 
powers,  in  Hecop.  de  las  Leyes  de  las  India-, 
torn.  i.  lib.  2,  tit.  2,  leyes  1,  2. — Also  Solor- 
zano,  Politica  Indiana,  tom.  ii.  lib.  5,  tap. 
15;  who  pies  no  further  back  than  the  r^ - 
niodellin)r  of  this  tribunal  imder  (Ihailev  \'. 
— Hiol,  Informe,  ajiud  S<nianario  enidito, 
torn.  iii.  j)p.  159,  160. — The  third  volume  (jf 
the  .Semanario  erudito,  pp.  7.'t-2;t;t,  contaiiH 
a  report,  drawn  up  by  command  of  Phiii])  \'., 
in  1720,  by  Don  .'Santiago  A(?usfin  Kiol,  en 
the  orKarii/ation  and  state  of  tlie  vnriom 
tribunals,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  under  F'  r- 
dinaiid  and  Isal>ella ;  toReilier  with  an  ac- 
countof  the  pap<Ts contained  in  thcirarchivi  s. 
It  is  an  able  memorial,  rejilete  with  curinus 
iid'ormation.  It  is  sinpulai  that  this  inter  st- 
ing and  auibentic  document  should  bave 
been  so  little  consulted,  consid<rin(l  the 
popular  character  of  the  collection  in  wliiili 
it  i.s  preserved.  1  do  not  recollect  ever  to 
have  met  with  a  reference  to  it  in  any  auilmr. 
Jt  was  by  mere  accident,  in  the  absence  of  a 
general  index,  that  1  stumbled  on  it  in  the 
viaie  inagiium  in  which  it  is  ingulfed. 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


041 


'Idimiciit  of  tlic 

))t!  rcd'ivtMl  as 
■  evil  ;  liiit  it  is 
■liiHiKU'r  of  lii> 

of  these  wliirli 
alitiuU'  tif  tlitir 
liutod  aiiiiiii;:  a 
'n»val  (•(iiiiicil.' 

order  to  Icavi' 
or  cliaincry,  a> 
^'es  were  drawn 
was  iiistitiitfil. 
iiionanliy  ;  iwA 
e  uurieil  up  to 

m  with  a  siicdal 
very  iiiirerfcctly 
yal  aiKi  se»>ilar 
'  iiaino  iiiiiHirts. 
"  was  intnistfil 
idencies,  iiiclml- 
irt  of  apiteal.'' 
iid,  in  ir)ll,  fi  r 
lieiisive  as  tiny 
i  Fifth  and  his 
[1  of  all  noiiiiiia 
nuial,  where  all 
13  finally  adjudi- 

the  hands  of 
were  brought 

this  InRtitution. 
jad  extent  i)f  these 
yes  (If  las  ImlijH, 
1,  2. —  Also  Siilur- 
m.  ii.  lil>.  f),  nil). 
(Ock  tlian  the  r- 
iiiider  Oliarle^  V. 
iiiaiiiirio  eniditii, 
e  third  voUiine  (jf 

7:i-2;i;i.  coiitaiiis 
iiand  of  IMiili])  V., 
AmiKtiii  Kiiil,  '11 
e  of  tlie  viirious 
astical,  under  F'  r- 
ilier  witli  an  ae- 
din  their arelii\ IS. 
l)letP  witii  eiiridiis 
tiiatthis  inter  st- 
lent    HlioiUd    liavG 

considirinn    the 
oUeotion  in  whicli 

recollect  evei   to 
0  it  in  any  aiuhnr. 

the  iibsence  of  a 
i.led  on  it  in  the 

ingulfed. 


iiTidor  the  routrol  of  a  few  departnuMits,  wl)i<h  looked  to  the  crown  n^  tlieir 
coMUrjoii  head.  The  chief  .station,  were  occupied  hy  lawyers,  who  were  alone 
competent  to  the  duties  ;  and  the  preeincts  of  the  court  >warined  with  a  loyal 
Niilitia,  who,  a.s  they  owed  their  elevation  to  its  patrtmaj^'e,  were  not  likely  to 
interpret  the  law  to  the  (hs|»ara;^'euient  of  preioirative.*" 

The  j^reater  portion  of  the  laws  of  this  reiirn  are  diiected,  in  some  form  or  other, 
as  mi;,dit  he  e.xpectetl,  to  commerce  and  domestic  industry.  Their  very  lai^'e 
numher,however,implie.san  extraordinary  expansion  of  the:  national  enertrvand 
resour(!t'.s|.  as  well  as  a  most  earnest  disposition  in  the  u'overnment  to  ^»ster 
them.  The  wi.sdom  of  these  etiorts,  at  all  times,  is  not  e(jually  certain.  I  wdl 
hrietly  enumerate  a  ft;w  of  the  mo-t  characteristic  and  iinj>ortant  provisions. 

liy  a  pra;,'matic  of  I.'jOO,  all  persons,  whether  natives  or  foreiu'ner.N  were  |»ro- 
hihitiid  from  shippin!.c  ;;oods  in  foreiirn  hottouis  from  a  port  where  a  Spanish 
ship  could  he  ohtained.''"  Another  prohibited  the  sale  of  vessels  to  foreiniu'rs."' 
Another  ottered  a  lar^re  jiremium  on  all  vessels  of  a  certain  tomia^^e  and 
upwards  ; "  and  others  held  out  protection  and  various  immunities  t(»  seamen."' 
Ijie  drift  of  the  first  of  the.se  laws,  like  that  of  the  famous  Knj,'lish  navi^'ation 
act,  so  many  years  later,  was,  as  tlie  preamble  sets  forth,  to  exclude  foreiLMiers 
from  the  carrying'  trade  ;  and  the  others  were  eipuilly  desi^'iuMl  to  build  up  a 
marine,  for  the  defence  as  well  as  commerce  of  the  coinitrv.  In  this,  the 
sovereigns  were  favoured  by  their  im|)ortant  colonial  acquisitions,  the  distance 
of  whiclj,  moreover,  made  it  expedient  to  employ  ves.sels  of  greater  burden 
than  those  hitherto  used.  The  lanjjua.ijje  of  subseijuent  laws,  as  well  as  various 
circumstances  within  our  knowledge,  attests  the  success  of  these  provisions. 
The  number  of  ves.sels  in  the  merchant  service  of  Spain  at  the  beuinnini^  of 
the  sixteenth  century  amounted  to  a  thousand,  according  to  Campomanes."* 
We  may  infer  the  Hourishinj;  condition  of  their  conunercial  marine  from  their 
military,  cas  shown  in  the  armaments  sent  at  different  times  against  the  Turks 
or  the  liarbary  corsairs,"*  The  convi  ^  which  accompanied  the  infanta  Joanna 
to  Flanders  in  1496  consisted  of  one  hiuidrcd  and  thirty  vessels,  great  and 
small,  having  a  force  of  more  than  twenty  thousand  men  on  board  ;  a  formi- 
dable e([iiipment,  inferior  oidy  to  that  of  the  far-famed  "  Invincible  Armada."  ** 

A  pragmatic  was  pa.s.sed,  in  1 491,  at  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
northern  provinces,  re(piiring  Eni,dish  and  other  foreign  traders  to  take  tlieir 
returns  in  the  fruits  or  niercnandise  of  the  country,  and  not  in  gold  or  silver. 
This  law  seems  to  have  been  designed  le.-is  to  benetit  the  manufacturer  than 
to  preserve  the  precious  metals  in  the  country.*"     It  was  the  same  in  purport 


»»  •'  Pusieron  lof  Reyes  Pat611coa,"  says  the 
penetrating  Mendoza.  "el  goviemo  de  la 
justicla,  i  cosas  p&blicas  en  manos  de  Letra- 
do9,  gent''  media  entre  los  grandes  i  peciueftos, 
8in  ofensa  de  los  unos  ni  do  los  ofn)s.  (.'uya 
profesion  eran  Ictras  legates,  coniediniiento, 
secreto,  verdad,  vida  liana,  i  sin  <orrui)clon 
de  costuinbies."    (iuprra  de  Granada,  p.  15. 

*"  Granada,  September  3rd.  I'ragmiiticas 
del  I{eyno,  fol.  i;ir>.  -  A  pragmatic  of  similar 
import  wa.H  issued  by  Henry  111.  Navarrete, 
Coleccion  de  V^iages,  torn.  1..  Introd.,  p.  46. 

•'  Granada,  August  Uth,  1501.  I'ragmiti- 
cas  del  Reyno,  fol.  137. 

"  Alfaro,  November  lOtb,  1495.  Ibid.,  fol. 
136. 

"  See  a  number  of  these,  collected  by  Na- 
varrete, Coleccion  de  V'iages.  Inf  rod.,  pp.  43, 44. 

'*  Cited  by  Kobertson,  History  of  America, 
vol.  ill.  p.  305. 


•'  The  fleet  fitted  out  against  the  Turks,  In 
14H2,  consisted  of  seventy  sail;  and  that 
under  Oonsalvo,  in  l.'iOO,  of  sixty,  large  and 
small.  (Ante,  Part  I.  chapter  6;  Part  11. 
chapter  10.)  ,S«'e  other  exiieditions,  enu- 
merated l>y  Navarrete,  Coleccion  do  Viages, 
toni.  i.  p.  50. 

""  Cura  de  los  Palacios,  M'^.,  cnp.  153  ;  who. 
Indeed,  estimates  tli<'  complement  of  this  flpet 
at  25,000  m<-n  ;  a  round  number,  which  must 
CTtainly  include  persons  uf  every  descriiition. 
Thi'  Invincilile  .Vrniada  consisted,  according  to 
Dunham,  nf  alxiut  130  vessels,  large  and  small, 
20,000  soldiers,  and  SOOO  seamen.  (History 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  vol.  v.  p.  59.)  The 
estimate  falls  l)elow  that  of  most  writers. 

*'  Kn  el  real  d<'  la  vega  de  Granada,  De- 
cember 20th.  (Pragmiiticas  del  Keyno,  fd. 
133.)  "Y  les  apeniljays,"  enjnins  Uie  ordi- 
nance, "que  losmarauedis  p<jrque  loa  vendii  rcn 

2  T 


042 


FERDINAND  AND   ISABELLA. 


4l 


with  otJjor  laws  prohihitinj,'  tin*  oxportAtinn  of  th<'so  niotnls,  whotliorin  coin  nr 
bullion.  Tlicy  were  not  lu'w  in  Si»,iiii,  nor  imlt'*'*!  |M'(iili<ir  to  licr."  Tliry 
|>ro<«'('tlo(l  on  the  |»rincipl»^  that  ^iM  nn*\  .silver,  uiih'prmh'ntly  of  their  value  ;is 
a  eonunereial  niednnn,  ( onstitiited,  in  a  peculiar  sense,  the  wealth  of  a  rountrv. 
This  error,  connnon,  as  1  have  siiid,  to  other  Kuropean  nations,  waseininj'iitly 
fatal  to  S|»ain,  sinc<'  the  pro(liit«»  of  its  native  nnnus  hefore  the  disroviTv  of 
America,""  and  of  those  in  that  (piarter  afterwards,  fornK^I  its  j,'reat  staple. 
As  such,  these  metals  should  have  enjoyed  every  facility  for  transportJition  to 
other  countries,  where  their  higher  value  would  atlbrd  a  corresponding  profit  to 
the  ex|M)rter. 

The  sumptuary  laws  of  Ferdinand  and  Isahella  are  onen,  for  the  most  part, 
to  the  .same  ohjectiotis  with  those  just  noticed.  Such  law-;,  promoted  in  a 
great  degree,  no  doulit,  hv  the  declamations  of  the  clergy  agauist  tne  pi»iii|is 
and  vanities  of  tluf  world,  were  familiar  in  early  times  to  mo>t  Kuropcati 
states.  There  was  ample  scope  for  them  iti  Spain,  where  the  e\amph»  of  their 
Moslem  neighbours  luul  done  much  to  infect  all  clas>o-!  with  a  fondness  fnr 
sumptuous  apparel  and  a  showy  magnilicence  of  living.  Kerdinand  and 
I.sihella  fell  nothing  short  of  the  most  zealous  of  their  predeces.sors  in  tlicjr 
elibrts  to  restrain  this  improvident  lu.xury.  Tliey  did,  however,  what  few- 
princes  on  the  like  occasions  have  done,  -enforced  the  precept  hv  their  own 
examph^  Seme  idea  of  their  h;ihitual  economy,  or  rather  fnigality,  may  lie 
formeil  from  a  remonstranci»  presentetl  by  the  commons  to  Charles  the  Flftli, 
soon  after  his  accession,  which  represents  his  daily  household  exjjenses  as 
amounting  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  marave(lis  ;  while  those  of  tlie 
Catholic  sovereigns  were  rarely  fifteen  thousand,  or  one-tenth  of  that  sum." 

They  passed  several  salutary  laws  for  restraining  the  ambitious  expenditure 
at  weddings  and  funerals,--as  usur'  most  atlecteil  by  those  who  could  least 
aflord  it."'  In  14!>4  they  issued  a  j»ragmatic  proliil)iting  the  in)portatit>n  or 
manufacture  of  broca<les,  or  of  gold  or  silver  embroidery,  and  also  plating 
with  these  metals.  The  avowed  ol)ject  was  to  check  the  growth  of  luxury 
and  the  wa>te  of  the  precious  metals." 


los  han  dp  cftctr  (1p  nupstros  rovnoH  on  mnr- 
C(nlnriH>< :  y  ni  on  oio  ni  en  jilaia  nl  en  nio- 
noilu  aini)n('<l.idii  <!<'  in.incra  (\\ic  no  ptKMlon 
protnidfT  .VRtioraiicia  :  y  di'n  fiaiiia>*  Manas  y 
alxiiiadaH  dc  lo  tazor  y  i-mnplir  assi  :  y  m 
fallarcdi's  quo  nacan  o  llt'iiaii  oro  n  plata  o 
nioiicda  ('(intra  o[  tenor  ,v  forma  dc  Us  diclias 
loyi's  y  dcsta  nui>><tra  carta  niandanios  vos 
que  Kt'lo  toriicys :  y  sea  pcrdido  conio  I  is 
diclias  loycs  iiiaixlan,  y  di mas  cayan  .v  in- 
ciirraii  en  las  jiciias  pn  las  Icycs  dc  niic>stro3 
rcyiios  contcnidas  contra  low  niic  sacan  oro  o 
jilata  ()  inoiicda  finTa  di^llos  sin  nuc^tra  licriicia 
y  innndndo  :  las  (]iiales  oxccutad  on  cUos  y 
on  sus  liadorc's."-  Sec  also  a  U\w  of  similar 
import,  in  the  followinp  year,  N'J'J,  apud  Col. 
di>  Ct'dnlas,  toin.  i.  no.  67. 

*"  PraKuiiilicas  did  l.'cyno.  fol.  n'2,  1.14.— 
Thcpo  l.iws  wore  as  old  as  tlii'  fourteenth  cen- 
tury in  Casfilo,  and  had  boon  renewed  by 
every  Rucceedinj;  monarch,  from  the  time  of 
John  I.  (OrdcnaiKjas  reales,  lib.  6,  tit.  9, 
leyes  17-2'2.)  .Similar  ones  were  passed  under 
the  contemporary  priiues,  Henry  V'll.  and 
VIII.  of  Kngland,  Janie?  IV'.  of  si-otland,  etc. 

" "Balucis  malleator  Hlspan.T," 

pays  Martial,  noiiclnp;  the  noise  made  by  the 
gold-beaters,  hauiuieriiig  out  the  Spanish  ore, 


as  one  of  the  chief  annoyances  which  drove 
Inni  from  the  capital  (lib  !'2,  op.  57).  Sec 
also  the  precise  statement  of  Pliny,  citcci 
Part  I.  chapter  h,  of  this  History. 

""  "  Pori|ue  hacii'Midose  anf  (  al  modo  e  cof- 
tnmbre  de  los  dichos  seflores  lleyes  pasadus, 
ccsanln  los  immensos  gastos  y  sin  proveclio 
(|iie  en  la  mesa  e  cisa  de  S.  .M.  .se  liaccn  ;  jiuis 
el  dafio  de-to  notoriainente  parescc  porciiu'  se 
lialla  en  el  plato  real  .y  en  los  plains  ([Uc  so 
liacen  li  los  privados  e  criados  di;  su  ca«a  pis- 
tarse  cada  uii  dia  ciento  ,v  cincneiita  ndl  in.i- 
ravedis  ;  y  los  cai(')licos  Reyes  D.  Hernando  6 
Dofia  Isabel,  seyendo  tan  excelentes  y  t  iii 
jHHlerosos,  en  su  i)lato  y  (n  i\  plato  del  pi iii- 
cipe  D.  Joan  que  haya  ph'iria,  6  de  las  sefioris 
infantas  con  ^ran  iiumero  y  multltud  dc  di- 
mas  no  se  gastar  cada  un  dia,  seyeTi<lo  iiiiii 
abastados  como  de  tales  Ilcyes,  mas  de  di>ce  a 
quince  mil  marev(>dis."  I'eticion  de  la  Junta 
de  Tordcsillas.  Octobr  20,  152ii,  apud  S-mdu- 
val.  Hist,  del  FDuij).  Carlos  V.,  torn.  i.  p.  2H(). 

"  In  1493;  repeated  in  1501.  Recop.  do 
las  I.eyes,  torn.  ii.  fol.  3.— In  1502.  Pragnul- 
ticas  del  Reyno,  fol.  i;!9. 

^'  At  Segovia,  September  2nd  ;  also  in  1-tOC 
and  1498.  Pragnuiticaa  del  Keyno,  fol.  123, 
125,  126. 


REVIEW  OP  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


(il3 


luT  in  coin  nr 
TIm'v 


tln'ir  value  iw 
of  a  coiiiitrv. 
vasrriiiiH'iitly 
},  (liscovj'ry  nf 
^Tcat  staple, 
isport^itioii  to 
uliiig  protit  to 

ho  most  part, 
n>mi)t«vl  ill  a 
ist  tiM'  pomps 
()>t  Kiipipcaii 
iiinple  of  tlicir 
I  fondness  for 
enlinand   aii<l 
nssors  in  their 
,'er,  what  few 
,  1)V  their  own 
1,'ahtv,  niav  I'O 
rlos  th«^  Fifth, 
I  expenses  as 
lo  tliose  of  the 
f  that  sum." 
13  expeiulittiro 
ho  cuuM  least 
importation  or 
(I  also  platint,' 
wth  of  luxury 

icrs  which  drovp 
12,  cp,   57).     S<'" 
of   I'liny,  cited 
Mory. 

|sf  )ii  inodo  e  cos- 
is  Ilcyfs  pn!'!i(J(is, 
IS  y  sin  provirlut 
t\.  sc  Imci'ii ;  J'iii»< 
laroscf  porqiif  "c 
|l(m  platos  i\\\o  so 
|i8  lie  su  ca«a  pis- 
iiictiPiitu  mil  mil- 
's D.  Heriiaioio  (■ 
xcel<'iilt>s  y   tun 
•1  pluto  del  piiii- 
.,  4  do  las  scnorns 
inultitud  do  ti.i- 
jdla,  spyoiido  inni 
•8.  maa  dc  di>co  a 
;iciun  dc  la  Junta 
|52ll,  apiid  ."Niiiiiii- 
.,  torn.  i.  p.  '-i'li' 
501.     Rooip.  do 
1502.     rraginit- 

2nd  ;  also  In  1-1 00 
Reyno,  fol.  12 J, 


Those  provisions  hail  the  nsnal  fato  of  laws  of  this  kind.  Tlioy  k'^vo  an 
nrtilicial  and  still  lii^hor  vain(>  to  the  prohil>ited  article.  Some  (>vaded  them. 
Uthers  imlemnitied  thenuelvcs  for  the  privjilion  hy  >ome  (dherand  scau'ely 
loss  expensive  variety  of  luxury.  Sm  h,  f'tr  example,  w«'re  tlu'  costly  silk.s 
which  came  into  more  ^eneml  use  after  the  ('oii<[iU'st  of  (iianada.  Hut  hero 
the  j;ovoriinient,  on  romoiistraiico  of  the  c(»rtes,  aj,'ain  interposed  its  prohi- 
hition,  restricting'  the  privilej^e  of  wearing;  them  to  certain  spccilied  ( las>es." 
NothiiiL',  ohviuii.sly,  could  Ik»  more  impolitic  than  these  various  provisions 
ilirected  a^'aiiist  manufactures,  which,  under  proper  enctmrap-meiit,  or  iiide«'<l 
without  any,  from  tin-  peculiar  ail\anta;,'es  attorded  Ky  the  ct>untrv,  mij,'ht 
have  formed  an  important  hraiuh  of  industry,  whether  for  the  supply  of 
foreij,'!!  markets  or  for  home  c(»nsumption. 

N(»twithstandiny;  these  onlinances,  we  lind  ono,  in  \'AyO,  at  tlu!  ix'tition  of 
the  silk-^'rowers  in  (jiranada,  against  the  introduction  of  silk  thread  from  tln^ 
kin^'dom  t>f  Naples  ;  '*  thus  encouraj^'iiif'  the  piiMluction  of  the  raw  material, 
wliiie  they  interdicted  the  uses  to  whini  it  could  l»e  applied.  Such  are  tlu^ 
iiKonsi.stencies  into  which  a  jiovernment  is  hetrayed  hy  an  over-zealous  and 
impertinent  spirit  of  le;:islation  I 

The  chief' export;-!  t»f  the  country  in  this  reii;n  wore  the  fruits  and  natural 
products  of  the  soil,  the  minerals,  of  which  a  ^roal  variety  was  dejMisited 
111  its  ho.som  and  the  simpler  manufactures,  a.s  sii^^ar,  dressed  skins,  oil,  wine, 
steel,  etc.'*  The  hreed  of  Spanish  horses,  celehratetl  in  ancient  times,  had 
l)een  greatly  improved  hy  the  cross  with  the  Arahian.  It  had,  however,  of 
late  years  fallen  into  ne;;lect ;  until  the  ^'overnmeiit,  hy  a  niimher  of  judicious 
laws,  succetuled  in  restorin^^  it  to  such  repute  that  this  nohle  animal  heiame 
an  extensive  article  of  forei|jCn  trade.'*  Jiut  the  chief  staple  of  the  country 
was  wool  ;  which,  since  the  introduction  of  English  sheep  at  the  close  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  had  reached  a  degree  of  tinem^s.s  and  neauty  that  enahled 
it,  under  the  present  reign,  to  compete  with  any  other  in  Europe." 

To  what  extent  the  finer  maniiiactures  were  carried,  or  made  an  article  of 
export,  is  uncertain.  The  vagueness  of  statistical  information  in  these  early 
times  has  given  rise  to  much  crude  speculation  and  to  extravagant  estimates 
of  their  resources,  which  have  Iveen  met  hy  a  corresi»oiiding  skepticism  in 
later  and  more  scrutinizing  critics.  C'aiunanv,  the  most  acute  of  these, 
has  advanced  the  opinion  that  the  coarser  clotlis  only  were  manufactured  in 


"  At  Granada,  in  1499. -This  on  petition 
of  Cortes,  in  tlie  year  preceding.  S'uipere, 
in  his  seiiMible  "Historiii  del  Lu.xo,"  lius  ex- 
hibited the  series  of  the  manifold  sumptuary 
laws  in  Castile.  It  Is  a  history  of  the  impo- 
tent struR^le  of  autliority  anainst  the  indul- 
gence of  the  innocent  propeii.sities  im|)lanti'd 
in  our  nature,  and  naturally  increasing  wjtli 
increasing  wealth  and  civilization. 

*  Kn  la  nonibrada  y  Kvan  cilxiad  de  Gra- 
nada, Agostu  20.  I'raguiiiticas  del  Iteyno, 
fol.  135. 

'•  rragmiiticaa  del  Reyno,  passim.— Dic- 
cionaiio  geognifico-hist.  de  P^pafia,  torn.  i.  p. 
333. — Capuiany,  jMem.  de  Barcelona,  tom.  Hi. 
part.  3,  cap.  2.— Mines  of  lead,  copper,  and 
Hilver  were  wrought  extensively  inUuipuzcoa 
and  Biscay. — Col.  de  Ced.,  torn.  1.  no.  25. 

"•  Pragmdticas  del  Reyno,  fol.  127,  128.— 
Ante,  Part  11.  chapter  3,  note  12.  —  The 
Cortes  of  Toledo,  In  ir)25,  complained  "  (jue 
h.ihia  lantos  ciballos  Es|ianoles  en  Francia 
como  en  Castilla."    (Mem.  de   la  Acad,  de 


Hist.,  torn.  vl.  p.  2H5.)  The  trade,  however, 
was  contraband  ;  the  laws  against  the  expor- 
tation of  horses  being  as  ancient  as  the  timi- 
of  Alfonso  XI.  (S<'e  also  (^rdenan<;a^  reahs, 
fol.  H5,  St).)  I^aws  can  never  permanently 
avail  against  national  prejudices.  Those  in 
favour  of  mul>  s  have  luen  so  strong  in  the 
Peninsula,  and  sm  h  the  coiise(|uent  decay  of 
the  fine  breed  of  liorses,  that  the  Spaniards  have 
been  compelled  to  supply  themselves  with 
the  latter  Irom  abroad.  IJoiirgoanne  reckons 
that  20,01)0  were  annually  imported  into  the 
coutitrj'  from  France  at  the  close  of  the  hist 
century.     Travels  in  Spain,  tom.  i.  chap  4. 

"  Hist,  del  I.uxo,  torn.  i.  p.  170. — "Tiene 
muelias  ouejas,"  sa>s  Marinio,  "cuya  lana  cs 
tan  singular,  ((uc  no  solamente  s«' aprouechan 
della  en  E-pafia,  mas  tan  bien  se  lleua  en 
tibund.incia  a  otras  partes."  ^Cosas  memo- 
rabies,  fol.  3.)  He  notices  especially  the  lino 
wool  of  Molina,  in  whose  territory  4oo,oou 
Bheep  pastured,  fol.  19. 


644 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


Castile,  and  those  exfhislvely  for  liome  consiiinption/'  The  royal  ordinanros, 
liowcver,  imply,  in  the  character  and  niiniitt-ness  of  their  rcjipMiIatlons,  a  very 
considerahle  jtrot'u  iency  in  many  of  the  mechanic  arts.""  iSnnilar  testimony 
is  horne  hy  intelligent  foreigners  visiting  or  residing  in  the  country  at  liic 
heginninj'  of  the  sixteenth  century,  who  notice  the  tine  cloths  and  manii- 
factiu'e  of  arms  in  Segovia,'*"  the  silks  and  velvets  of  Granada  and  Valenda,"' 
the  woollen  and  silk  fabrics  of  Toledo,  which  gave  employment  to  ten 
thousand  artisiins,"  the  ciniously- wrought  plate  of  Valladolid,*^  and  the  tine 
cutlery  and  glass  manufactures  of  liarcelona,  rivalling  those  of  Venice.** 

The  recurrence  of  .reasons  of  scarcity,  ancl  the  fluctuation  of  prices,  miirlit 
suggest  a  reAsona])le  distrust  of  the  excellence  of  the  Inishandry  under  tliis 
reign."'  The  turhuh'iit  condition  of  the  country  may  account  for  this  pretty 
fairly  during  the  early  i)art  of  it.  Indeed,  a  neglect  of  agriculture  to  tin- 
extent  implied  hy  these  circumstances  is  wholly  irreconcilable  with  the  general 
tenor  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella's  legislation,  which  evidently  relies  on  this 
as  the  main  spring  of  national  prosi;erity.  It  is  etpially  repugnant,  moreover, 
to  the  reports  of  foreigners,  who  could  best  compare  the  state  of  the  country 
with  that  of  others  at  the  same  jieriod.  They  extol  the  fruitfulness  of  a  s^il 
which  yielded  the  products  of  the  most  opposite  climes  ;  the  hills  clothed  with 
vineyards  and  plantations  of  fruit-trees,  much  more  abundant,  it  would  seem, 
in  the  northern  regions  than  at  the  present  day ;  tiie  valleys  and  delicious 
vegas.  glowing  with  the  ripe  exuberance  of  southern  vegetation  ;  extensive 
districts,  now  smitten  with  the  curse  of  barrenness,  where  the  traveller  scano 
discerns  the  vestige  of  a  road  or  of  a  human  habitation,  but  which  then 
teemed  with  all  that  was  requisite  to  the  sustenance  of  the  populous  cities  iu 
their  neighboiuhood.*** 


'"  Mem.  (le  liarcelona,  torn.  iii.  pp.  .138, 
339.—"  Or  if  over  exported,"  lie  adds,  "  it 
was  at  some  periiHl  long  posterior  to  the  dis- 
covery of  America." 

■ "  I'ranmiitieas  del  Reyno.  passim. — Many 
of  them  wore  designed  to  check  impositions, 
too  often  jtractiscd  in  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  Roods,  and  to  keep  them  up  to  a  fair  standard. 

""  I.-.  Maiineo,  (>)sas  memoraliles,  fol.  11. 

"  Ibid.,  fol.  19. — Navagi'io,  N'iafigio,  fol. 
26. — The  Venetian  minister,  liowever,  pro- 
nounces them  inferior  to  the  silks  of  his  own 
cotnitry. 

"'  "  Proueyda."  says  Marineo,  "  do  todob 
oflkios,  y  artes  mec/inica.s  fiue  en  olla  se  ex- 
orcitan  mucho :  y  prineip.ilmente  en  lanor, 
y  e.xercicio  de  lamis,  y  Sdlas.  I'or  las  quales 
dos  rosa.s  biuen  en  esta  cindad  mas  de  diez 
mil  jiersoinis.  pjS  de  mas  desto  la  eindad  muy 
rica,  por  los  prandes  tratos  de  mercadurias." 
Cosas  memorabli  s,  fol.  \2. 

"■'  Ibid.,  fol.  If).  — Navagiero,  a  more  par- 
pimonious  eulogist,  remarks,  nevertheless, 
"Sono  in  N'alladolid  assai  artefici  di  ogni 
8orte,  0  so  vi  lavora  benessimo  de  tutte  le 
arti,  e  sopra  tutto  d'argenti,  e  vi  son  lanii 
argenteri  i|uanti  non  sono  in  due  altre  tone." 
^■iaggio.  fol.  a.'S. 

"'  (lorou.  I'aulo,  a  writer  at  the  close  of  the 
fiftpenlh  century,  cited  by  rapnmny,  .Mem. 
de  HarcoUma,  tom.  i.  part.  ,3,  ]>,  23. 

'^  The  twentieth  llustracion  of  Scftor  Cle- 
niencin's  invaluable  comjiilition  contains  a 
table  of  prices  of  grain,  iu  different  jiarts  of 
the  kingdom,  mider  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 


Take,  for  example,  those  of  An<Ialusia.  In 
14HS,  a  year  of  great  abundance,  the  J'uveija 
of  wheat  sold  in  Andalusia  for  50  maravedia ; 
in  14H9,  it  rose  to  luo;  in  15()5,  a  sea.sou  of 
great  scarcitj-,  to  :75,  and  even  ooo  ;  in  l&us, 
it  was  at  306;  and  in  I5u9,  it  had  fallen  to  85 
niaravedis,  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  iiist.,  turn. 
vi.  pp.  551,  552. 

"*'  Compare,  for  example,  the  accotuits  of 
the  onviroTis  of  Toledo  and  Madrid,  the  t\M> 
most  considerable  cities  in  Castile,  by  ancient 
and  modern  travellers.  One  of  the  uio>t 
intelligent  and  recent  of  the  latter,  in  his 
journey  between  these  two  capitals,  remarks, 
"There  la  sometimes  a  visible  track,  uiul 
Sometimes  none  ;  most  commonly  we  pas^nl 
over  wide  sands.  Tlie  country  between  .Ma- 
drid and  Toledo,  I  need  scarcely  say,  is  ill 
peopled  and  ill  cultivated;  for  it  is  all  a  I'lirt 
of  tiie  same  arid  jdain  that  stretches  on  ev'  ry 
side  around  the  tapital,  and  whicli  is  bound  d 
on  this  side  by  the  Tagus.  The  whole  <  f  tlio 
way  to  Toledo,  I  passed  through  only  fniir 
inconsiderable  villages,  and  saw  two  others  at 
a  distance.  A  great  part  of  the  land  is  un- 
cultivated, coveted  with  furze  and  aromatic 
plants;  but  here  and  there  some  corn  land  is 
to  b'  seen."  (Inglis,  Sp,;in  in  lS3i),  vol.  i.  p. 
366.)  What  a  contrast  does  all  tiiis  prestiit 
to  the  language  of  the  Italians,  NavagiiTo 
and  Marineo,  in  whoso  time  tlie  country 
around  Toledo  ".surpassed  all  other  distrins 
of  Spain  in  the  e.xcoKence  and  fruitfulness  cf 
the  soil  ;"  which,  "skilfully  irri;;ated  by  tli  ■ 
waters  of  the  Tagus,  and  minutely  cultivaleil, 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


645 


iiul  ValeiK  iii," 


The  inliablt'iiit  of  modern  Spain  or  Italy,  who  wanders  amid  the  ruins  of 
tlieir  statrly  cities,  their  <,na-^s-i,Mown  streets,  their  palai(>>  and  teniplt's  orum- 
l)Un,ir  into  ihist,  tiieir  massive  lirid^^es  chokin.L,^  \\\>  X\n'  stieams  they  (.nre 
])r(judly  traversed,  the  vciy  streams  tliemsclvcs,  wliich  hore  navies  on  tlieir 
biisitms,  shrunl<  into  too  shallow  a  elianncl  for  the  mwincst  craft  to  navigate, 


— the  moilcrn  S[»aniard  who  snrv(\ys  these  vestitjes  of  a  ^;iant  race,  the  tokens 

tnrn  lot 
ler  neriod 
achieved  ;  and  it  is  no  wonder  that  he  should  he  led,  in  his  enthusiasm,  to 


of  his  nation's  present  de^fenera(;y,  must  tnrn  for  relief  to  the  pnnnler  and 
earlier  period  of  her  history,  when  only  such  ^n-eat  works  could  have  been 


invest  it  with  a  romantic  and  exa^^i,'erated  colouring.*'  Such  a  period  in  Spain 
cannot  he  looked  for  in  the  last,  still  less  in  the  seventeenth  century,  for  the 
nation  had  tlien  reached  the  lowest  ehh  of  its  fortunes  ;""  nor  in  the  close  of 
the  sixteenth,  for  the  despoinUni;  language  of  ,  ortes  shows  that  the  work  of 
decay  and  depopulation  liad  then  already  hegun.*'*  It  can  only  he  found  in 
ihe  lirst  half  of  that  century,  in  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  that 
of  their  successor,  Charles  the  Fifth  ;  in  which  last,  the  state,  under  the  strong 
impulse  it  had  received,  was  carried  onward  iii  the  career  of  prosi)erity,  in 
spite  of  the  ignorance  and  mismanagement  of  those  who  guided  it. 

There  is  no  country  which  has  l)een  guilty  of  such  wild  experiments,  or  has 
shown,  on  the  whole,  sucii  nrofouuil  ignorance  of  the  true  princiiiles  of  econo- 
mical science,  as  Spain  umler  the  sceptre  of  the  family  of  Austria.  And,  a>  it 
is  not  always  easy  to  diNcriminate  between  their  acts  and  those  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  under  wliom  tlie  germs  of  much  of  the  subsequent  legislatiori 
may  be  said  to  iiave  l)een  planted,  this  circumstance  has  brought  undeserved 
discredit  on  the  government  of  the  latter.  Undeserved,  because  laws  mischie- 
vous in  their  eventual  operation  were  not  always  so  at  the  time  for  which  they 
were  originally  devised  ;  not  to  add  tiiat  what  was  intrinsically  bad  lias  been 
aggravated  tenfold  under  the  blind  legislation  of  their  succes.so's."**     It  is  also 


fiirnislu'd  every  variety  of  fruit  .and  vpgetiil)le 
proiliici'  to  tiie  nt'i.;lil)oiiriii};  city;"  wiii  e, 
instead  of  ilie  suiiiiunit  pi.iliis  around  M.idrid, 
it  18  descrilx'd  its  situ;iti d  "  in  the  Wosoni  of  a 
♦'lir  Country,  witii  an  aiiiiil?  ti  rrltory,  yi"lditig 
rich  liarvists  of  corn  and  wine,  and  aU  tlie 
otliei'  aliments  of  life."  Oosas  meinwrab'.es, 
fol.  12.  13.  -  Viiitfgio,  fed.  7,  8. 

"'  (.'apinaiiy  ii.i>  well  exposed  some  of  these 
extravag.iiices.  (Mein.de  Harcelona,  toin.  iii. 
part.  3,  Ci>p.  2.)  The  t)()ldest  of  tlieni,  how- 
ever, may  find  a  warrant  in  tlie  declarations 
of  the  legislature  its>  If.  "  Kii  los  lugar^s  de 
obrages  de  lanas,"  asserts  the  cortes  ol  1591, 
"doiide.^e  solian  lalirar  veinte  y  tuinta  mil 
arrolias,  no  ae  laliran  hni  seis,  y  donde  hahla 
senores  de  ganailo  de  graiidiMma  cantiditd, 
hail  di~miniiido  en  la  misma  y  mayor  propor- 
cioii,  acaeciendo  lo  niisiiio  en  todas  las  otras 
cosas  del  comercio  univer><al  y  jiartii  uhir. 
liO  cual  h.ice  que  no  haya  eiudad  de  las  prin- 
cipales  di  stos  reinos  rii  hi^ar  iiingun.i.  do 
doude  no  falte  notable  vei  iidad,  coiiio  se  echa 
bieti  de  ver  en  l.i  niufhcdumhre  de  eas  is  ipie 
estan  cerra<la.s  y  despohlidaa.  y  en  la  b,ij  i  (itie 
hail  dado  los  arreiidami"iitiis  de  las  poc.is 
((ue  s(!  arrieniiiti  y  Imliitan."  Ajiud  Mem.  de 
la  Acad,  de  Hi-t..  loin.  vi.  p.  30t. 

"*  A  point  whii'h  must  writers  would  pro- 
bably agree  in  fixing  at  17oi»,  the  j'ear  of 
(Miarhs  ll.'s  death,  tile  last  and  uio-^t  imbecile 
of  the  Austrian  dynasty.    The  population  of 


the  kingdom  at  this  time  h.'id  dwindled  to 
t),()i)i),ojo.  .See  'ial)oide  i^ltineraire,  tom.  vi. 
pp.  rj5,  1  i:t,  ed.  Is30),  who  ser'iiis  to  have 
better  foundation  for  this  census  than  for  most 
of  tlios"  in  his  table. 

"'  See  the  uiiei|uiv<K'al  language  of  cort  h, 
under  Philip  11.  isupia).  With  every  allow- 
ance, it  infers  an  alarming  decline  in  the 
prosperity  of  the  nation. 

""  One  has  only  to  read,  for  an  evidence  of 
ties,  I  he  lib.  f),  tit.  l.s,  of  the"  Niieva  llecopi- 
l.icion,"  on  "cosas  prohibidas;"  the  laws  on 
gilding  antl  plating,  lib.  ft,  tit.  24;  on  appiri  1 
and  luxur>',  lib.  7.  tit.  12;  on  woollen  manu- 
factures, lib.  7,  tit.  14-17,  et  leges  al.  I'er- 
li.ips  no  stroiigi  r  jjioof  of  the  (iegener.icy  of 
the  sub-ief|uenl  legislation  can  In-  t;iveii  ihan 
by  contrasting  it  with  that  of  Ferdinand  and 
]>alM'lla  in  two  important  laws.  1.  i'he 
Bovereigii'*.  in  14112,  r.iiuired  foreign  traders 
to  take  the  r  retunis  in  tin,'  j)ioducts  and 
iiiannlactures  of  the  country,  lly  a  law  of 
Charles  \'.,  in  I5r)2,  the  exportatinii  of  niiiiie- 
roiH  doiiii'>tlc  iiiaiiufact'ires  w,is  prohibited, 
and  tie'  foreign  trader,  in  exchange  for  do- 
nesiic  wool,  was  reijuired  to  import  into  the 
count  ly  a  certain  ain.iiiiii  of  linen  and  woollen 
fabrics.  2.  My  an  ordinance,  in  ir)iMi,  I'Vidi- 
nanil  and  Isibill.i  prohibited  the  iiii|Mirtatiou 
of  silk  thread  from  Napl  ■«,  to  encuur.ige  its 
pro.lucticiii  at  boiiie.  Tliis  ai'pears  fioni  th.; 
tenor  of  subsoquent   laws  to   lia\e  perlectly 


640 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


truo  that  many  of  the  most  exfoy)tionaM('  laws  sanctioned  by  their  names  are 
to  be  (liari^eJ  on  their  preilecessurs,  who  hail  ingrafted  tlieir  nrincinles  into 
tlie  system  lonj;  before;*'  an<l  many  others  are  to  be  vindicated  ])y  tht> 
general  practice  of  other  nations,  whicli  authorized  retiiHation  on  the  score  of 
self-defence.** 

Nothini;  is  easier  tlian  to  parade  abstract  theorems — true  in  the  abstract  - 
in  jKthtiail  economy  ;  nothing  liarder  tiian  to  reduce  them  to  jjractice.  That 
an  individual  will  understand  ins  own  interests  ttetter  tiian  the  government 
can,  or,  what  is  the  siime  thing,  that  trade,  if  let  alone,  will  find  its  way  into 
the  channels  on  the  whole  most  advantageous  to  the  conununity,  few  will 
deny.  Hut  what  is  true  of  all  together  is  not  true  of  any  one  singly  ;  and  no 
one  nation  can  safely  act  on  these  princiides,  if  others  do  not.  in  point  of 
fact,  no  nation  has  acted  on  them  since  the  formation  of  the  present  political 
communities  of  Europe.  All  that  a  new  state,  or  a  new  government  in  an 
old  one,  can  now  propose  to  itself  is,  not  to  sacrifice  its  interests  to  a  sjiecula- 
tive  abstraction,  but  to  acconnnodate  its  institutions  to  the  great  politicd 
system  of  winch  it  is  a  member.  On  these  ]>rinciples,  and  on  the  higher  obli- 
gation of  providing  the  means  of  national  independence  in  its  most  extended 
sense,  luucli  that  was  bad  in  the  econuniiciil  policy  of  8pain  at  the  period 
under  review  may  be  vindicated 

It  would  be  unfair  to  direct  our  view  to  the  restrictive  measures  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  without  noticing  also  the  liberal  tenor  of  tlieir  legislation 
in  regard  to  a  ^reat  variety  of  objects.  Such,  for  example,  are  the  laws 
encouraijdng  foreigners  to  settle  in  the  country  ;"' those  for  facilitating  com- 
nuniication  by  internal  improvements,  roads,  bridges,  canals,  on  a  saile  of 
un])recedented  magnitude;***  for  a  similar  attention  to  the  wants  of  naviga- 
tion, l>y  constructing  moles,  ([uays,  lighthouses  along  tlie  coast,  and  deepening 
and  extending  the  harbours,  "to  accommodate,"'  as  the  acts  set  forth,  "  tli(^ 
great  increase  of  trade  ;  "  for  embellishing  and  adding  in  various  ways  to  the 
acconnnodations  of  the  cities  ;  "*  for  relieving  the  subject  from  onerous  tolls 
and  opjiressive  monojwlies  ;""  for  establishing  a  uniform  currency  and  standjird 
of  weights  and  measures  throughout  the  kingdom,^'  objects  of  unwearied 
8iK'C(M'(iiil.     In    15.12,   liowpvpr,   a   law    was        turn.  iv.  nos.  33,  38. 


jtassod  iiiti'rdictiiiRtlio  ONportof  mainifartured 
silk  and  admitting  tlip  iniporiation  of  tin-  taw 
niatcrial.  By  this  sap;afii)us  provision,  lx)th 
tilt'  culturp  of  silk  and  tlio  niauufucture  were 
spct'dily  »TUslied  in  Castile. 

"  Si'O  oxaniplos  of  thosp  in  the  roi^ns  of 
Honry  III.  ami  John  II.  (RiTop.  do  las  Loyos, 
toni.  ii.fol  IHO,  IMI.)  Such  also  were  the  nu- 
niorous  tariffs  ti.xidR  the  prices  of  firain,  the 
vexatious  class  of  Kunijjtiiary  laws,  those  for 
tlip  regulation  of  the  various  crafts,  and,  above 
all,  on  the  exportation  of  the  prpcious  nietals. 

"  The  Kiiglish  Statute  Hook  alone  will 
furnish  al>unil;int  proof  of  this,  in  the  exclusive 
regulations  of  tr.ule  and  navigation  pxistii;<? 
at  the  closp  of  tlie  fifteentli  century.  Mr. 
Sharon  Turner  has  enumerated  many,  under 
Hi'ury  \'in.,  ot  similar  import  witii,  and, 
indeed,  more  parti-vl  in  their  operation  than, 
those  (d"  Ferdinand  ano  Isabella.  History  of 
England,  vol,  iv.  jip.  I7u  et  simj. 

"•  ()rdeiian(,-as  reales,  lil).  tj,  til.  1,  ley  6. 

'■'*  Archiv.  de  Sinian<-as  ;  in  wliich  most  of 
these  ordinances  appear  to  be  registered. — 
Mem.  de  la  .\cad.  de  Hist.,  t  ni.  vi.  Ilust.  11. 
— See  also  Col.  dc  Oeilulas,  torn.  li.  p.  443; 


"  K!nnoblescence  los  cilxlades  e  villas  en 
tener  casas  grandes  e  bien  feclias  en  que  faean 
BUS  ayuntaniicntos  e  concejos,"  etc.  (Orde- 
Tian(;afi  reales,  lib.  7,  tit.  1,  ley  1.)  Scik  r 
Clemencin  has  specified  the  nature  and  great 
variety  of  these  improvements,  as  collected 
from  the  archives  of  the  different  cities  of  the 
kingdom.  Mem.  de  la  Acid,  de  Hist.,  torn. 
vi.  Ilust.  II. — ('ol.  de  Cedulas,  torn.  iv.  no.  '.♦. 

'■■  Col.  de  Cedulas,  torn.  i.  nos.  71,  72.— 
Pragmaticas  del  Reyno,  fol.  63,  91,  93.— 
Itecop.  de  las  Leyes,  lib.  f),  tit.  11,  ley  12  — 
Among  the  acts  for  restricting  nioiiopolies 
may  be  mentioned  one  which  prohil'ited  the 
nobility  and  great  landholders  from  preveiit- 
ii'.;^  their  tenants'  opening  inns  and  houses  of 
enteitaintnent  without  their  especial  license. 
(rLigniiiticas  d(d  lleyno,  N'.i2,  fol.  9(1.)  The 
p.'ime  abuse,  hnwiver,  is  noticed  by  Madame 
d'Aulnoy,  in  her  "Voyage  d'Es])agne,"'  as 
still  existing,  to  the  gieat  prejudice  of  travel- 
lets,  in  tlie  seventi-eiiih  ci'iitnry.  Dunlo]), 
Memoirs  of  riiilip  IV.  and  Charles  11.,  vij. 
li.  chap.  11. 

■'■  rragm'itieas  il<d  Reyno,  fol.  93-112.— 
Ilecop.  de  las  Leyes,  lib.  5,  tit.  21,  22. 


k5 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


G47 


leir  iicanies  arc 
•riiiciiiles  into 
icatetl  Ity  tho 
)ii  the  score  of 

the  abstract  — 
•actice.     That 

0  i^ovenitiKMit 
1(1  its  way  into 
iiiity,  few  will 
ingly  ;  and  no 

111  point  of 
,>sent  {xtliticnl 
innuMit  in  an 
s  to  a  sjieciila- 
j^reat  i)oUti(al 
lie  higlier  olili- 
nost  exteiKU'il 
at  the  period 

;iires  of  Ferdi- 
leir  ledslatioii 
are  the  laws 
ciHtatiii,u'  Coin- 
on  a  sGile  of 
nts  of  navi^a- 
and  deei»enin^' 
I't  forth,  "  tiie 
IS  ways  to  the 

1  oiierons  tolls 
and  .standard 
of  imweariod 

dados  e  villas  on 

clius  en  (juc  faean 
OS,"  etc.  (Onii'- 
1,  loy  1.)    .Sifi.  r 

nature  ami  great 
nts,  as  collected 
rent  cities  ot  tlio 
d.  de  Hist.,  toni. 

\H,  torn.  iv.  no.  '.». 
i.  nos.    71,  72. — 

j1.  6;{,  91,  9:1.— 
tit.  11,  ley  I'i  — 
tiuR   nionniKilies 

;h  proliiliiled  tlie 
rs  i'roin  prevcnt- 
ins  and  houses  of 
esix'cial  licence, 
fj,  fol.  m>.)  The 
ii'ed  by  .Madame 
•  d'Esiianne,"  as 
ejudice  ot'travel- 
iitury.  Dunlop, 
Cliarlcs  II.,  vij. 

0,  fol.  93-112.— 
it.  21,  22. 


solicitude  through  this  whole  reign  ;  for  maintaining  a  police  which,  from  the 
most  disorderly  and  dangerous,  raised  Spain,  in  the  language  of  Alartyr,  to 
be  the  .'■afest  country  in  Christendom  ;  "*  for  siuh  e(inal  justice  as  vfcurcd  to 
every  man  tiie  fruits  of  his  own  indu.stry,  inducing  him  to  cmliark  his  capital 
in  useful  enterprises;  and,  hnally,  for  enforcing  lidelity  to  contiacts,""  of 
which  the  .sovereigns  gave  such  a  glorious  example  in  their  own  administration 
as  effectually  restored  that  public  credit  which  is  the  true  lasis  of  pul)lic 
pro.sperity. 

While  these  important  reforms  were  going  on  in  the  interior  of  the 
monarchy,  it  experienced  a  greater  change  in  its  external  condition  by  the 
immense  augmentation  of  its  territory.  The  most  important  of  its  foreign 
acquisitions  were  those  nearest  home.  Granada  and  Navarre  ;  at  least, 
they  were  the  ones  most  capable,  from  tlieir  iiosition,  of  being  brought  under 
control  and  thoroughly  and  permanently  itlentitied  with  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy. Granada,  as  we  have  seen,  was  placed  under  the  scejitre  of  Castile, 
governed  l)y  the  same  law.s,  and  repre.sented  in  itscortes.  being,  in  the  strictest 
sense,  part  and  parcel  of  the  kingdom.  Navarre  wa.s  also  united  to  the  same 
crown.  Jiut  its  constitution,  which  bore  con.^iderable  analogy  to  that  of 
Aragon,  remained  substantially  the  same  as  before.  The  government,  indeed, 
was  administered  by  a  viceroy  ;  but  Ferdinand  made  as  few  changes  as 
pos.sible,  i)ermitting  it  to  retain  its  own  legislature,  its  ancient  court.s  of  law, 
and  its  laws  themselves.  So  the  forms,  it  not  the  sjiirit,  of  independence 
continued  to  survive  its  union  with  the  victorious  state.'*" 

The  other  po.ssessions  of  Spain  were  scattered  over  the  various  (piarters  of 
Europe,  Africa,  and  America.  Naples  was  the  contpiest  of  Aragon  ;  or,  at 
least,  made  on  behalf  of  that  crown.  The  cpieen  ajijicars  to  have  taken  no 
part  in  the  conduct  of  that  war,  whether  distrusting  its  etpiity,  or  its  expe- 
diency, in  the  belief  that  a  distant  possession  in  the  heart  of  Kiiroj)e  would 
prol)ably  cost  more  to  m.'iintain  than  it  was  worth.  In  fact,  Spaii  is  the  only 
nation  in  modern  times  Inch  has  been  able  to  kee})  it.s  hold  on  such  posses- 
sions for  any  very  considtiable  jieriod  ;  a  circumstance  ini])lying  more  wisdom 
in  her  policy  than  is  commonly  conceded  to  her.  The  fate  of  the  actjnisitions 
alludeu  t*  forms  no  exception  to  the  remark  ;  and  Naples,  like  Sicily,  con- 
tumed  permanently  ingrafted  on  the  kingdom  of  Aragon. 

A  fundamental  change  in  the  institutions  of  Najiles  liecame  remnsite  to 
accommoclate  them  to  its  new  relations.  Its  great  olhces  of  state  and  its  legal 
tribunals  were  reorganized.  Its  jurisprudence,  which,  under  tlie  Angevin 
race,  and  even  the  first  Avagonese,  haci  l)een  ailapted  to  French  usages,  was 
now  modelled  on  the  Sj»anisli.  The  various  innovations  were  conduct^nl  by 
the  Catholic  king  with  his  usual  prudence  ;  and  the  reform  in  the  legislation 
is  commended  by  a  learned  and  impartial  Italian  civilian,  as  breathing  a  sjiirit 
of  moderation  and  wisdom.""  He  conceded  many  ])iivileges  to  the  people,  and 
to  the  capital  especially,  wlio.se  venerable  university  he  resuscitated  from  the 
deciiyed  state  into  which  it  had  fallen,  making  liberal  apitropriations  from  the 

"  Diccionario  geogrilfico-liist.  de  Espufia," 
(loni.  ii.  i>ii.  140-14:0.  The  historltal  and 
ocononiical   details  in   the    latter   are    uioro 


""  **  Ut  nulla  unquam  per  se  tuta  repio, 
tutioreni  se  Juiase  jactare  possit."  Opua 
Epist.,  epist.  .11. 

" '  Kor  various  laws  teniling  to  pecnre  this, 
and  prevent  frauds  in  trade,  see  Ordenaneas 
reales,  lib.  ;i,  tit.  s,  ley  5. — I'rapiniiticas  del 
Keyno,  fol.  45,  GO,  67,  et  alibi. — Col.  de  Ccdu- 
las.  toni.  ii.  no.  63. 

'""  The  fullest,  thouKh  a  sufficiently 
meajtre,  account  of  the  Navarrese  constitu- 
tion. If  lO  be  found  in  Capniany's  collection, 
"  PriiCtica  y  Estilo  "  (pp.  20O-208),  and  in  the 


CoJiloUS. 

(^nesto  furono,"  says  fiianiicne,  "  le 

ptinie  le(,'gi  che  ci  dieilero  gli  .'<pu(:mioli : 
lejr^ri  tnfte  provvide  e  s.ivie,  nello  stubilir 
delle  (lUrtli  fiiroiio  ver.iuieiite  gli  Spapnuli 
piii  d'  oj.'ui  altr.'i  na'/ioiie  avveduli,  e  piii 
esatti  iiiiitatori  de'  Houianl."  Istoria  di  Na- 
poli,  lib.  30,  cap.  5. 


048 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


treasury  for  its  cndowinout.  The  support  of  a  mercenary  army,  and  the  burdens 
incident  to  the  war,  jiressed  heavily  on  the  people  durin.i;  tiie  first  years  of  his 
r(!i^ni.  Hut  the  Neapolitans,  who,  as  already  noticed,  had  heen  transferred  h<o 
oft«'n  from  one  victor  to  anotlier  to  he  keeidy  sensible  to  the  loss  of  ]ioiiti(!d 
independence,  were  j,M-adually  reconciled  to  ids  adnnnistration,  and  testified 
th(ur  sense  of  its  henelicent  ciiaracter  hy  celehratin';  the  anniversary  of  his 
death,  for  more  than  two  centuries,  witii  public  solenmities,  as  a  day  of 
mouriunj,'  throuj;hout  the  kingdom.'" 

IJut  far  the  most  important  of  the  distant  ac(pusitions  of  Spain  were  those 
secured  to  her  l»y  the  geniiis  of  Cohunbus  and  the  enlightened  patronnge  of 
Isabella.  Imagination  had  ample  range  in  the  boundless  l»er^llective  of  these 
unknown  regions  ;  but  the  results  actually  realized  from  the  discoveries 
during  the  ([ueen's  life,  were  comoaratively  insigniticant.  In  a  mere  tinancial 
view,  they  iia<l  l»een  a  considerable  charge  on  the  crown.  This  was,  indeed, 
l»artly  owing  to  the  humanity  of  Isabella,  who  interfered,  as  we  have  seen,  to 
juevent  the  compulsory  exaction  of  Indian  labour.  This  was  subse(iuently, 
and  immediately  after  her  death  indeed,  carried  to  .sucii  an  extent  that  ncariy 
half  a  nullion  oi  ounces  of  gold  were  yearly  d\\  ,n»  from  the  nunesof  llispiiniola 
aloiu'.'"  The  pearl-lisheries,'"*  and  the  culture  of  the  sugar-cane,  introduced 
from  the  Canaries,"**  yielded  large  returns  under  the  same  inhuman  system. 

Ferdiiumd,  who  enjoyed,  by  the  (jueen's  testament,  half  the  amount  of  the 
Intlian  revenues,  was  now  fully  awakened  to  their  imnortance.  It  would  he 
unjust,  however,  to  suj)i)ose  his  views  Hunted  to  inuiiediate  pecuniary  profits ; 
for  the  measures  he  pursued  were,  in  many  respects,  well  contrived  to  promote 
the  nol)ler  ends  of  discovery  and  colonizjition.  He  invited  the  jjcrsons  uiost 
eminent  for  luiuticiil  science  and  enterprise,  as  Pinzon,  Solis,  Vespucci,  to  his 
court,  where  they  constituted  a  sort  of  board  of  navigation,  constructing 
ciiarts,  and  tracing  out  new  routes  for  projected  voyages.'""  The  conduct  of 
this  department  was  intrusted  to  tlie  last-mentioneu  navigator,  who  had  the 
glory,  tiie  greatest  wluih  accider.t  and  aiprice  ever  granted  to  man,  of  giving 
Lis  name  to  the  new  liemisphere. 

Fleets  were  now  fitted  out  on  a  more  extended  scale,  which  miglit  vie, 
indeed,  with  the  splendid  equipments  of  the  Portuguese,  whose  brilliant  suc- 
cesses in  the  East  excited  tne  envy  of  their  Castilian  rivals.  The  king  occa- 
sionally took  a  share  in  the  voyage,  independently  of  the  interest  wliich  of 
right  belonged  to  the  crown.'"" 

The  government,  however,  realized  less  from  these  expensive  enterprises 
than  individuals,  many  of  whom,  enriched  by  their  otiicial  stations,  or  by  acci- 


'"^  Giannono,  Istoria  ili  Napoli,  lib.  20,  cap. 
4;  lib.  :to,  raji.  1,  2,  .'i.  -  SiunovcHi,  CdUiiri 
ncUt'Sicilio,  toiii.  iv.  p.  s4.— Kvory  one  knows 
tlie  pprsecutiuns,  the  cxilo,  ami  luii]^  im- 
l)r'8(miiioi)t,  wliich  iJiatiniiiii-  siitl'tTcii  for  the 
frccddiii  with  which  lie  tvoat'^d  thi;  clcrj^y  in 
his  philoS()]>hical  history.  Tln' t;f>iierous  coii- 
tiuct  of  (jliarli's  of  HoiirlHiii  to  hi.-i  In  irs  is  not 
so  well  known.  S<h)ii  after  liis  accsslon  to 
tlic  throne  of  Naples,  that  jirineo  settled  a 
lilx-ral  p'nision  on  tiie  s(rn  of  the  historian, 
doelariniz  that  "it  did  not  coiniiort  with  the 
hono>ir  and  dignity  of  the  pivcrnnient  to  j)  t- 
niit  an  individual  to  langnisli  in  indiKinee, 
whose  parent  hail  heen  tlie  f;ri'atest  man,  the 
most  nseful  to  the  state,  and  the  most  unjustly 
persecuted,  that  the  age  had  produced." 
Nolile  sentiments.  t;ivinp  additional  grace  to 
tho  act  which   tiiey  accompanied.     See  the 


decree,  cited  by  Cornianj,  Secoli  della  Let- 
teratura  Italiana  (Brescia,  1804-I8ia),  ♦em. 
ix.  art.  15. 

""  Iltirera,  Indias  occit'.ntales,  lec.  1,  lib. 
6,  cap.  18,— According  ti,  iMarty  ■,  the  two 
mints  of  lli-^paniolii  yielded  ;iOO,(>ou  ponii<is 
of  gold  annually.  De  Kebus  Oceanieis,  dec.  l, 
Ub.  10. 

""  Tiie  jiearl-fisheries  of  Tubagua  were 
worth  7,').0IKJ  ducats  a  year.  Herrera,  Indian 
occidentales,  die.  1,  lib.  7,  cap.  9. 

'"■  Oviedo,  llistt.ria  natural  de  las  Indias, 
lib.  4,  cap.  8.— Gomez,  De  Uehua  gestis,  fnl. 
I(j5. 

""■  Navarrete,  Coleecion  de  Viiiges,  toni.  iii. 
d  .cuini'iitos  1-13.-  Herrera,  Indias  occiden- 
tales, dec.  I,  lib.  7,  caj).  1. 

""  Navarrete,  Coleecion  de  Viages,  torn. 
iil.  pp.  48,  134. 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


f49 


dentally  fallini;  in  witli  some  hoard  of  treasure  anion<^  the  savajxes,  returned 
lionie  to  excite  the  envy  and  cui»i(lity  of  their  countrynien.'*^  Hut  the  spirit 
of  advi-nture  was  ton  lii;;h  anioiii,'  the  Castiiians  to  reipiire  such  incentive, 
especially  when  excluded  f rum  its  usual  field  in  Africa  and  Europe.  A  striking 
proof  of  the  facility  with  which  the  romantic  cavaliers  of  that  day  could  ho 
directed  to  this  new  career  of  dani^er  on  the  ocean  was  ^iven  at  the  time  of 
the  last-meditated  expedition  into  Italy  under  the(Jreat  Capt^iin.  Asi^uadron 
of  fifteen  vessels,  hound  for  the  New  Work!,  was  then  ridin;;  in  the  (Juadal- 
(inivir.  Its  complement  was  limited  to  one  thousand  two  hundred  men  ;  hut, 
on  Ferdinand's  countermanding  (Jonsalvo's  enterprise,  more  than  three  thou- 
sand volunteers,  many  of  them  of  nohle  family,  e(iuipi»ed  with  unusual  mair- 
nificence  for  the  Italian  service,  hastene<l  to  fSevil.e  ami  pressed  to  he  admitted 
into  the  Indian  armada."*  Seville  itself  was  in  a  maimer  depopulated  hy  the 
general  fever  of  emigration,  so  that  it  actually  seemed,  says  a  contemporary, 
to  he  tenanted  only  ))y  women."" 

In  this  universal  excitement,  the  progress  of  discovery  was  pushed  forward 
with  a  success,  inferior,  indeed,  to  what  might  have  l>een  etl'ected  in  the  i>re<ent 
state  of  nautical  skill  and  science,  hut  extraordinary  for  the  times.  The 
winding  depths  of  the  dnU  of  Mexico  were  penetrated,  as  well  as  the  horders 
of  the  rich  hut  rugged  isthnuis  which  connects  the  American  continents.  In 
1512,  Florida  was  discovered  hy  a  romantic  old  knight.  Ponce  de  Leon,  who, 
instt\ad  of  the  magiciil  fountain  of  health,  found  his  grave  there.'"  Solis, 
another  navigator,  who  had  charge  of  an  expedition,  projected  i)y  Ferdinand,"' 
to  reach  the  South  Sea  hy  the  circumnavigation  of  the  continent,  ran  down 
the  coast  as  far  as  the  greiit  Rio  de  la  Plata,  where  he  also  was  cut  olf  hy  the 
savages.  In  1518,  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balhoa  jienetrated,  with  a  handful  of  men, 
across  the  narrow  part  of  the  Istiunus  of  Darien,  and  from  the  sununit  of  the 
Cordilleras,  the  first  of  Kuropeans,  was  greeted  with  the  long-promised  vision 
of  the  southern  ocean."' 

The  intelligence  of  this  event  excited  a  sensation  in  Spain  inferior  only  to 
that  caused  hy  the  discovery  of  America.  The  great  object  which  had  so  long 
occupied  the  imagination  of  the  nautical  men  of  KuroiH?,  and  formed  the 
purpose  of  Columbus's  last  voyage,  the  discovery  of  a  connnunication  with 
these  far  western  waters,  was  accomplished.    The  famous  spice  islands,  from 


de  VittgcB,    torn. 


'""  Bcrnardin  de  Santa  VAutsl,  troasuror  of 
Hispaniula,  amassed,  during  a  few  yo  irs' 
residence  tliere,  <>6,ouo  ounces  of  gold.  Tliis 
same  ru)itreau  riche  used  to  sorve  gold  du'it, 
Bays  llerrera,  instead  of  salt,  at  his  entertain- 
ments, (ludias  occidentalos,  dec.  1,  lib.  7, 
cap.  'S.^  Many  believed,  according  to  the 
same  author,  that  f^idd  was  so  abunilant  as  to 
be  drajr^red  up  in  nets  from  the  beds  of  the 
rivers;  lib.  10,  cap.  14. 

'"'  Ante,  Part  II.  chaptre  24.— llerrera, 
Indias  occidi-ntales,  dec.  1,  lib.  U),  cap.  (!,  7. 

!■"  »' i>er  esser  S«'viila  nel  loco  cne  e,  vi 
vanno  tanti  di  loro  alle  Indie,  cho  la  cittii 
resta  nial  popolata,  ocjuasi  in  man  di  donne." 
(Navagioro,  V'iafr^^io,  fol.  15.)  Horace  Sidd, 
fifteen  centuries  before, 

"  Inipiper  extremos  curris  mercator  ail  Indos, 
Per  mare  jiauperiem  fugiens,  per  saxa,  per 
ignea." 

Epist.  i.  1. 

'"  Herrera,  India.s  occidentales,  dec.  I,  lib. 
9,  cap.  lu.— Almost  all  the  Spaniaii  e.xpcdi- 


tions  in  the  New  World,  whether  on  the 
northern  or  southern  continent,  have  a  tin^;e 
of  romance  bej'o;id  what  is  found  in  tho-^e  of 
other  Kiirojiean  nations.  One  of  tlie  most 
ptvilviiif?  and  least  familiar  of  them  is  that  of 
Ferdinanil  de  ,S<ito,  the  ill-fated  discoverer 
of  the  Mississippi,  wiioso  lH>nes  bleach  be- 
neath its  waters.  His  adventures  are  told 
with  unconimnn  sjiirit  by  .Mr.  Han(  roft,  v(d. 
i.  chap.  '2,  of  his  Hisiory  of  the  United  States. 

"^  Herrera,  Imlias  occidentales,  dec.  2,  lib. 
1,  cap.  7. 

'  ■"  The  life  of  this  daring  cavalier  forms 
one  in  the  defiant  seriis  of  national  biogra- 
phies by  l^uintana,  "  Vid;is  de  Espufmles 
celebres"  (toiii.  ii.  pp.  l-s•J^,  and  is  familiar 
to  the  Eofilish  reader  in  Irvine's  "  t'om- 
jianions  of  Columbus."  The  third  vohune  of 
Na\arrete'8  lalxirious  compilation  is  devoted 
to  tlie  illustration  of  the  minor  Spatiish 
Voyagers,  who  followed  up  the  l)old  track  of 
di.Hcovery,  l)et\ve(!n  (J<dumbu8  and  Cortea. 
Colecciuu  de  Viages. 


650 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


wliich  the  Portuf^uese  had  (h*awii  such  countless  sum,s  of  wealth,  were  scattered 
over  tliis  sea  ;  and  the  Castilians,  after  a  joiirnev  of  a  few  lea.Ljues,  nii,.;lit 
launch  tlieir  harks  on  its  ((uiet  hosoni,  and  reach,  and  perhaps  claim,  the 
coveted  possessions  of  their  rivals,  as  falling'  west  of  the  papal  line  of  (Ionian  a- 
tion.  Such  were  the  dreams,  and  such  the  actual  pro^Tcss  of  discovery,  at  tlie 
close  of  Ferdinand's  rei^n. 

Our  admiration  of  the  dauntless  heroism  displayed  by  the  early  Spanish 
navi^^^ators,  in  their  extraordinary  career,  is  nuich  (pialified  by  a  consideration 
of  the  cnuilties  with  which  it  was  tarnished  ;  too  ^'reat  to  he  eith'^r  palliated  nr 
passed  over  in  silence  hy  the  historian.  As  lon<^  as  Isabella  lived,  tlie  Indians 
found  an  elHcient  friend  and  protector  ;  but  "  her  death,"  says  the  veneralile 
]jas  Casas,  "was  the  sij,nial  for  their  destruction."  "*  Immediately  on  that 
event,  the  system  of  repart imienton,  originally  authorized,  as  we  have  seen, 
by  Columbus,  wlio  seems  to  have  had  no  doubt,  from  the  first,  of  the  crown's 
absolute  ri,i,dit  of  ])roii«?rty  over  the  native-^,"*  was  carried  to  its  full  extent  in 
the  colonie-i."*  Every  Spaniard,  however  humble,  had  his  proportion  of 
slaves  ;  and  men,  many  or  them  not  only  incapable  of  e-;tiniatin,i,^  the  awful 
responsibility  of  the  situation,  but  without  the  least  touch  of  humanity  in  their 
natures,  were  individually  intrusted  with  the  unlimited  dis[»osal  of  the  lives 
and  destinies  of  their  fellow-creatures.  They  abused  this  trust  in  the  grossest 
manner  ;  tasking  the  unfortunate  Indian  far  beyond  his  .strength,  inflicting 
the  most  relined  punishments  on  the  indolent,  and  hunting  down  those  who 
resisted  or  escaned,  like  so  many  lieasts  of  chase,  with  ferocious  bloodhounds. 
Every  step  of  the  white  man's  progress  in  the  New  World  may  be  said  to  have 
been  on  the  corpse  of  a  native.  Faith  is  staggered  by  the  recital  of  the 
number  of  victims  inunolateil  in  these  fair  regions  within  a  very  few  years 
after  the  discovery  ;  and  the  heiirt  sickens  at  the  loathsome  details  of  barbari- 
ties recorded  hy  one  who,  if  his  sympathies  have  led  him  sometimes  to  over- 
colour,  can  never  be  susjjected  of  wilfully  misstating  facts  of  wliich  he  was  an 
eye-witness."'  A  sellish  indifference  to  the  rights  of  the  original  occupants  of 
the  soil  is  a  sin  which  lies  at  the  door  of  most  of  the  primitive  European 
settlers,  whether  papist  or  j)nritan,  of  the  New  World.  But  it  is  light,  in 
comparison  with  the  fejirful  amount  of  crimes  to  be  charged  on  the  early 
Si)anish  colonists  ;  crimes  that  have,  perhaps,  in  this  world,  brought  down  the 
retribution  of  Heaven,  which  has  seen  fit  to  turn  this  fountain  of  inexhaustible 
wealth  and  prosperity  to  the  nation  into  tiie  waters  of  bitterness. 

It  may  seem  strange  that  no  relief  was  afforded  by  the  government  to  these 
oppressed  subjects.  But  Ferdinand,  if  we  may  credit  Las  Casas,  was  never 
permitted  to  know  the  extent  of  the  injuries  done  to  thf»m."*  He  was  sur- 
rounded by  men  in  the  management  of  the  Indian  department,  whose  interest 

thosp  pxtcrminatpd  in  the  conquest  of  the 
country.  (tiMivros,  ^d.  de  Llorento,  toin.  i. 
p.  IM".)  licrrcra  Hilmits  that  Hi.si)ani<)U  was 
r<'(hice(i,  in  loss  tlian  twenty-five  year-^,  from 
l.OOO.OOU  10  14,000  Bouls.  (Iiuiias  oetiili'U- 
talws,  dec.  1,  lib.  10,  cap.  12.)  Tlie  nuuierii  al 
estiiiiatcH  of  a  lurt;e  savaji;e  population  must, 
of  course,  l>e  in  a  {rrcat  dcprce  liypothetiial. 
That  it  was  \a.T^i\  liowever,  in  ihcse  fair 
regions,  may  readily  he  infernal  from  the 
fa  ilitieH  ol  sut)si.-teiice  and  tlie  temperate 
habits  of  the  natives.  The  miidniuin  sum 
in  the  calcul;ition,  when  the  number  had 
dwindled  to  a  fi'w  thousand,  might  be  more 
easily  a^^eertained. 

""  tKuvres,  ed.  de    Lloreuto,  torn.   i.   p. 
228. 


"*  IjM  Casas,  M^niolre,  ffiuvres,  ed.  de 
Llorente.  toni.  i.  p.  IHh. 

"■"Y  crean  (Vuestras  Altezas)  questa 
isla  y  todas  las  otras  son  asi  suyas  couio 
Castilla.  que  aqui  no  falia  salvo  asiento  y 
uiandarles  liacer  lo  que  quisieren."  I'rimera 
Carta  (ie  ('olon,  apud  Navarrete,  Coleccion  de 
Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  9:{. 

'■"  Herrera,  Indias  nccidentales,  dec.  1, 
lib.  s,  cap.  9.— Las  Casas,  (Kuvres,  <;d.  de 
Llorente.  torn.  i.  pp.  2'is,  229. 

'"  See  the  various  Memorials  of  Las  Casas, 
Bome  of  them  expressly  jtrejiared  f(vr  the 
Council  of  the  Indies.  He  anirms  tiiat  more 
than  12,000,0110  lives  were  wantonly  destroyed 
in  the  New  Worhl  within  ihirty-eitrl't  years 
alter  the  discovery,  and  this  in  addition  to 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


6j1 


it  was  to  keep  him  in  i;^'noranre."''  The  remonstrances  of  some  zealous  mis- 
sionaries led  him/'^"  in  ITjOI,  to  refer  the  suliject  (»f  the  refxirtiinitntoA  to  a 
council  of  jurists  and  theolD^nuns.  This  b(»(ly  yielded  to  the  re{ire>entations 
of  tlie  advocates  of  the  system,  that  it  was  indispcnsulde  for  maintaining^  the 
colonies,  since  the  Kiu'opean  was  alto;,'ether  une(iual  to  lal)our  in  this  troiiical 
climate  ;  and  that  it,  moreover,  atlorded  the  only  chance  for  the  conversion  of 
the  Indian,  who,  unless  compelled,  could  never  be  brought  in  conUict  with  the 
white  man.'" 

On  these  ^Tounds,  Ferdinand  openly  assumed  for  himself  and  his  ministers 
the  resj)onsil)ility  of  maintaining  this  vicious  institution,  and  subseciuently 
issued  an  ordinance  to  that  ettect,  accompanied,  however,  by  a  variety  of 
humane  and  eijuitable  regulations  for  restraining  its  abuse.''"  The  license 
was  eui braced  m  its  full  extent;  the  regidations  were  openly  disregarded.''*'' 
►Several  years  after,  in  lolo,  Las  Casas,  n»oved  by  the  spectacle  of  human 
sutl'ering,  leturned  to  Spain,  and  pleaded  the  cruise  of  the  injured  natives,  in 
tones  which  made  the  dying  monarch  tremble  on  his  throne.  It  was  too  late, 
however,  for  the  king  to  execute  the  remedial  measures  he  contemplated.'"'* 
The  etlicient  interference  of  Ximenes,  who  sent  a  commission  for  the  jturpose 
to  llispaniola,  was  attended  with  no  permanent  results.  And  the  indefatigal)le 
"  protector  of  the  Indians  "  was  left  to  sue  for  redress  at  the  court  of  Charles, 
and  to  furnish  a  splendid  if  ntjt  a  solitary  example  there  of  a  bo;>om  penetrated 
with  the  true  spirit  of  Christian  philanthroi)y.'"* 


?ute,  torn.   i.  p, 


""  One  resident  at  the  court,  saj's  the 
bishop  of  Cliiapii,  was  propiictor  of  son  and 
another  of  lloo  Indians.  ((Ktivres,  ed.  de 
I.hJFcnte,  toin.  i.  j).  '.iiH.)  We  h'urn  tlieir 
ininu's  fn;ni  HcrriTa.  Tiie  first  was  Hisliop 
Fiiuseea,  the  latter  tlie  couiendador  Coiicliil- 
los,  l)(itl)  prominent  uien  in  tlie  Inc'ian  de- 
partment. (Indias  occidentales,  dec.  1,  lib. 
9,  cap.  14.)  I'he  last-named  person  was  the 
Hauie  individual  sent  by  Ferdinand  to  his 
daughter  in  Flanders  and  impri.'*oned  there 
bj'  tlie  archduke  Philip.  After  that  prince's 
death,  he  experienced  signal  favours  from 
the  Catholic  king,  and  amassed  great  wealth 
as  secretary  of  the;  Indian  board.  Ovicdo  has 
devoted  one  of  his  dialogues  to  him.  t^uin- 
cuagenas,  MS.,  bat.  1,  quinc.  3,  dial.  9. 

'"  The  r)ominican  and  other  missionaries, 
to  their  credit  bo  It  told,  lalx)urcd  with  un- 
wearied zeal  and  courage;  for  the  convoision 
of  the  natives  and  the  viinlication  of  their 
natural  rights.  Yet  these  were  the  men  who 
lighted  the  fires  of  the  Infjuisition  in  their 
own  land.  To  such  opposite  results  may  the 
same  principle  lead,  under  diireient  circum- 
Btances ! 

""  Las  Ca.sas  concludes  an  elaborate  me- 
morial, prepared  for  the  government  in  1542, 
on  the  hcst  means  of  arresting  the  destruction 
of  the  alxirigines,  wiih  two  propositions.  1. 
That  the  Sj>aniards  would  still  continue  to 
settle  in  America,  though  slavery  were 
abolished,  from  the  stiperior  advantages  fif 
ac(iuiriiig  riches  it  offerrd  ovit  the  Old  World. 
2.  That,  if  they  would  not,  this  would  not 
justily  slavery,  since  "■  Oo<l  forhUs  us  tn  do 
evil  tliat  good  may  come  of  i  ."  Rare  ma.\im, 
from  a  .Spanish  chu:chman  of  the  sixteenth 
century!     The  whole  aigumeut,  which  com- 


prehends the  sum  of  what  has  been  since  s;iid 
more  diffusely  in  tlelVnce  of  alMilition,  is 
singularly  acute  and  C()gi'nt.  In  its  ahstraet 
principles  it  is  unanswerable,  while  it  <x- 
jtoses  aud  denounces  the  misconduct  of  his 
countrymen  with  a  fri'edoni  which  shows  the 
goixl  lji~ih(ip  knew  no  other  fear  than  that  of 
his  .Mak'T. 

'"  Uecop.  de  Leyes  de  las  Indias,  August 
14th,  l.')i)!i,  lil).  G,  tit.  «,  hy  1.  — llerrcra, 
Indias  occiili'iitales,  dec.  1,  lilt.  !♦,  cap.  14. 

'■"  Till'  ti'Xt  exjiresst's  i.iaily  eixjugh  the 
8ubse(|uent  condiiioii  of  tilings  in  ."Spanish 
America.  "Ni>  government,"  says  Ileeren, 
"  has  dune  so  much  for  the  ahorigims  as  the 
Spanish."  (Modern  History,  Mancrol'l's trans  , 
vol.  i.  p.  77.)  Whoever  peruses  its  colonial 
codes  may  tind  much  ground  for  the  eulo- 
gium.  Hut  are  not  the  very  number  and 
repetition  of  these  humane  provisions  sufll- 
cient  priMif  of  till  ir  iniflicacy .' 

'■*  Ilcrrera,  Indias  oicidiiitales,  dec.  2,  lib. 
2,  caj).  ;i.  —  Las  Casas,  Menioirc,  apud  (Kuvris, 
ed.  de  Llorcnte,  torn.  i.  p.  2:'.!). 

'■■  In  the  remarkable  discussion  between 
the  doctor  Sepulvecla  and  Las  Casus,  hefcjre  a 
coMiniission  named  by  Charles  V'.,  in  15511, 
the  former  vindicated  the  persei'Utinri  of  the 
aborigines  by  the  conduct  of  the  Israi-liies 
t<iwanls  their  idolatrous  nei;;htK)ur-.  Hut  the 
Spanish  I'eii  Ion  re|iliei'  that  "tlie  l)elia\  iour 
of  the  lews  was  wo  precedent  lor  Clirisiians; 
that  the  law  of  Mo~es  was  a  law  of  rig'iur; 
but  that  of  .Jesus  Christ,  one  of  grace,  mercy, 
peace,  good  will,  aiul  chaiity."  (,(Kuvres, 
ed.  de  Liorente,  tom.  i.  p.  :t74.)  The  Sjianiard 
first  persectited  the  Jews,  and  then  (|iioied 
them  as  an  authority  for  persecuting  all 
other  iulldeU. 


652 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


I  have  elscwhoro  pxaiiiiiiod  the  poliry  i>nr.sueil  by  the  CatlioMc  sovoroi^riis  in 
the  mov<'rnrii('iit  of  their  (•olonics.  The  siiiij)ly  of  precious  metuls  yieMnl  hy 
thciii  proved  eventually  far  ^'reatcr  than  liad  ever  entered  into  the  ''onceptidii 
of  the  most  san^niine  of  the  early  discoverers,  'j'heir  prolihc  soil  an*i  ^'enial 
ehnuite,  moreover,  aMonU'd  an  infinite  variety  of  ve<;etal»!e  products,  whidi 
ini^dit  have  furnished  an  unlimite<l  commerce  uitli  the  mother  country.  I'ndcr 
a  judicious  prottntion,  their  jiopuiation  and  jiroductions,  steadily  increasiui;, 
would  hav((  enlar^^ed  to  an  incalculable  extent  the  general  rt^sour<'es  of  the 
empire.  Such,  indeed,  mi;;lit  have  l)oen  the  lesult  of  a  wise  system  nf 
lej^islation. 

liut  the  true  principles  of  colonial  policy  were  sadly  misunderstood  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  'J  ne  diseovervof  a  \\ov\d  was  estimated,  like  that  of  a  ii(  li 
nunc,  by  the  value  of  its  returns  in  gold  and  silver.  Much  of  Isabella's  le;;is- 
lation,  it  is  true,  is  of  that  comprehensive  character  which  shows  that  slic 
looked  to  liiijher  and  far  nobler  obje(;ts.  Hut  with  much  that  is  good,  there 
was  mingled,  as  in  most  of  her  institutions,  one  germ  of  evil,  of  little  moment 
at  the  time,  indeed,  but  which,  under  the  vicious  culture  (if  her  successors, 
shot  up  to  a  h(?ight  that  overshadowed  and  blighted  all  the  rest.  This  was  tlie 
spirit  of  restriction  and  mono])oly,  aggravated  by  the  subseciuent  laws  of  Keidi- 
iiand,  anil  carried  to  an  extent  under  the  Austrian  dynasty  that  i»araly/Ad 
colonial  trade. 

Under  their  most  ingeniously  perverse  system  of  laws,  the  interests  of  liotli 
the  parent  country  and  the  colonies  were  sacrificed.  The  latter,  condemned 
to  look  for  surtplies  to  an  incompetent  source,  were  misera])ly  dwarfed  in  their 
growth  ;  while  the  former  contrived  to  convert  the  nutriment  whicii  she 
extorted  from  the  colonies  into  a  fat^il  jioison.  The  streams  of  wwilth  which 
flowed  in  from  the  silver  (piarries  of  Zacatecas  and  Potosi  Avere  jealously 
locked  up  within  the  limits  of  the  Peninsula.  The  great  ]irobleiu  ]iroposed  iiy 
the  Spanisli  legislation  of  the  sixteenth  century  was  the  reduction  of  prices  in 
the  kingdom  to  the  same  level  as  in  other  European  nations.  Every  law  that 
■was  jiassed,  however,  tended,  by  its  restrictive  character,  to  augment  the  evil. 
The  golden  tide,  which,  permitted  a  free  vent,  would  have  fertilized  the  region 
through  which  it  poured,  now  buried  the  land  under  a  deluge  whicii  bliglitcd 
every  gre(;n  and  living  thing.  Agriculture,  commerce,  manufactures,  every 
branch  of  national  industry  and  iini)rovement,  languished  and  fell  to  decay  ; 
and  the  nation,  like  the  Phrygian  monarch,  who  turned  all  that  he  toucl  eil  to 
gold,  cursed  by  the  very  consummation  of  its  wishes,  was  poor  in  the  midst  of 
its  treasures. 

From  this  sad  picture  let  us  turn  to  that  jireseiited  by  the  period  of  our 
History  when,  the  clouds  ami  darkness  liaving  passed  away,  a  new  morn 
seemed  to  l)reak  ujion  the  nation.  Knder  the  firm  but  temperate  sway  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  tlie  great  changes  we  have  noticed  were  etl'ected 
without  convulsion  in  the  state.  On  the  contrary,  the  elements  of  the  social 
system,  which  before  jarred  so  discordantly,  were  brought  into  harmonious 
a(;tion.  The  restless  spirit  of  the  nol)les  was  turned  from  civil  faction 
to  the  honourable  career  of  public  service,  whether  in  arms  or  letters. 
The  people  at  large,  assured  of  the  security  of  private  rights,  were  occu])ie(l 
with  the  diilerent  l)ranches  of  ])roductive  labour.  Trade,  as  is  abundantiv 
sliown  by  the  legislation  of  the  period,  had  not  yet  fallen  into  the  discredit 
widch  attached  to  it  in   later  tinies,"^"     The  precious   metals,  insteiid  of 

''•'"  It  is  only  nocossary  to  notiip  the  con-  loatlior  tircssris,  and  tin"  liko,  as  "oficios  vih'S 

tPmptuous   l,u)t;uano    «>f    I'liilip   II. 's    laws,  y  'i.j-os; "  corrt'sjioiuliii;.',  pr.ib.ibly,  witli  tlin 

which   tlcsinnati'   the   iimst  useful  luochauic  t'i)ith(H   "  lUnai-cr-ni  "   (,illil)iral   arts)   of  the 

arts,  as  those  of  blacksmiths,  Bhoeiuaiters,  Greeks,  among  whom  various  mcuial    and 


RKVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


c:)3 


flowinj;  in  so  abundantly  as  to  palsy  the  arm  of  industry,  served  only  to 
stimulate  it."" 

'J'lic  foreii^n  intercourse  of  the  country  was  every  ilay  more  widely  extemled. 
IIera,i;ents  and  considswere  to  he  foun<l  in  all  the  princioal  ports  of  the  Medi- 
terran«'an  and  the  IJaltic''^'  The  Spanisjj  mariner,  instead  of  creepin;;  alon<:  the 
beaten  track  of  inland  navi,i,'alion,  now  struck  l)oldly  across  the  ^'rcat  western 
ocean.  The  new  discoveries  had  converted  the  land-trade  with  India  into  a 
.sea-trade  ;  and  the  nations  of  the  Peninsula,  who  had  hitherto  lain  remote  from 
the  ,i,^rwit  highways  of  connnerce,  now  heaime  the  faclor.s  and  carriers  of 
Europe, 

The  tjourishin;^  condition  of  the  nation  was  seen  in  the  wealth  and  popula- 
tion of  its  cities,  the  revenues  of  which,  au;,fmented  in  all  to  a  surprising  e.\t«'nt, 
liad  in  some  increased  forty  and  even  fifty  fold  lievond  what  they  were  at  ihe 
connnencement  of  the  reign  :  '*'  the  ancient  :Mid  lordly  Toledo  ;  ihngos,  with 
its  bustling,  industrious  traders;'"  Valladolid,  .sending  forth  its  thirty  thou- 
sand warriors  from  its  gates,  where  the  who'.e  population  now  scarcely  reaches 
two-thirds  of  that  number;'^'  Cordova,  in  tlie  south,  and  the  magnificent 
Granada,  naturalizing  in  Europe  the  arts  and  lu.xuriesof  the  I^^ist ;  Saragos.'^a, 
"  the  abumlant,"  as  she  was  called  from  her  fruitful  territory  ;  Valencia,  "the 
beautiful  ;  "  Barcelona,  rivalling  in  independence  and  niaritnue  enterprise  the 
proudest  of  the  Italian  republics ; '"  Medina  del  Campo,  whose  fairs  were 


nipchanic  occupations  fell  into  dlHropute  from 
their  l«'iiif;  ciij^rDsscd  by  tlie  slavfs.  (S(>e 
Aristotle,  I'olilicH,  lib.  li.)  A  wliimsical  dis- 
tinction prevaii.s  in  Castile  in  rofi-rcncc  to  tiie 
more  hunil)lc  occupations.  A  man  of  gentle 
blood  ni.iy  be  a  coachman,  lac(|ut'y,  scullion,  or 
any  other  menial,  without  dispara^iiiK  hin 
nobility,  which  is  paid  to  :i'if.p  in  the  mean 
white.  Hut  be  fixes  (ju  it  an  indelible  stain 
if  he  e.xercises  any  mechanicul  vocation. 
"  Hence,"  says  Caiim.my,  "  I  have  often  seen 
a  villaf^e  in  this  province  in  which  the  vaga- 
bonds, smun^lers,  and  b.inKmen  even,  were 
natives,  while  the  farrier,  shoeniakei',  etc., 
was  a  foreigner."  (Mem.ile  llarcelona,  torn. 
i.  part.  3,  p.  40;  torn.  iii.  jiart.  2,  pp.  ;il7, 
3lM.)  .See  also  some  sensible  remarks  on  the 
subject,  by  Hl,inco  \Vhite,  the  ingenious 
author  of  Doblado's  Letters  from  .Spain,  p.  44. 

'^'  "The  int' rval  between  the  acc|uisition 
of  money  and  the  rise  of  prices,"  Hume  i)b- 
Berves,  "is  the  only  time  when  increasing 
gold  and  silver  are  favoin-able  to  industry." 
(Essays,  part  'J,  essay  :5.)  An  ordinance  of 
June  13th,  1497,  complains  of  the  scarcity  of 
tlie  pre<Moiis  mitals,  and  their  insufliciency  to 
the  demands  of  trade.  (I'ragmaticas  del 
lleyno,  ftil.  93.')  It  appe.iis,  however,  from 
Znfiiga.  that  the  import atioi»  of  gold  fiom  the 
New  World  Iv  gan  to  have  a  sensible  effect  on 
the  prices  of  conunodities  from  that  very 
year.     Annales  do Sevilla,  p.  ll."!. 

'"  Mr.  Turner  has  made  several  extracts 
from  the  Harleian  MSS.,  showing  that  the 
trade  of  Castile  with  England  was  very  con- 
siderable in  Isabella's  time.  (History  of 
FJngland.  vol.  iv.  p.  90.)  A  pragmatic  of 
July  21st,  1494,  for  the  erection  of  ii  consulate 
at  iiurgos,  notices  the  commercial  establish- 
ments in  Engbmd,  France,  Italy,  and  the  Low 
Countiies.    This  tribunal,  witli  other  exten- 


pive  privileges,  was  empowered  to  bear  and 
determine  suits  bet^Neen  merchants;  "  w  Inch," 
Bays  the  plain-spoken  ordinance,  "in  the 
bands  of  \n\\  y,Ts  are  never  brought  to  a  close  ; 
ponpie  se  jneseiitauan  escritos  y  liU-los  de 
ietrados  de  manera  ipie  por  nnil  jileyto  ((ue 
fues.se  le  sosienian  los  Ietrados  ije  manera <|uc 
los  Itazian  iminortalts."  (I'ragnuiticas  del 
Ueyno.  fol,  11G-I4i.)  I'his  institution  rose 
Boon  to  be  of  the  greatest  importance  in 
Castile. 

"■  The  sixth  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Academj'  of  Hi-tory  contains  a  schedule  of 
the  resf)ective  revenues  afforded  by  the  cities 
of  Ctstile  in  the  years  1477,  14rt2,  and  1504; 
embracing,  of  cuiirse,  the  commencement  ami 
close  of  Is.ibelLi'.s  reign.  The  original  docu- 
ment exists  in  the;irchives  of  .Simancas.  We 
may  notice  the  large  amount  and  great  in- 
crease of  taxes  in  Toledo,  particularly,  and  in 
Seville;  tlie  former  thriving  fnun  its  niaim- 
factories,  and  tlie  latter  from  the  Indian  tra<le. 
Seville,  in  l.'>i(4,  furnished  near  a  tenth  of  the 
whole  revenue,     llust.  5. 

"'  "No  ay  en  ella,"  says  Marineo  of  the 
latter  city,  "  gente  ociosa,  ni  baldia,  sino  (^ue 
todos  trabajaii,  atisi  mugeres  como  Imnibres, 
y  los  cliicos  como  los  grandes,  buscando  la 
vida  con  sus  manos,  y  con  sudores  de  sus 
carnes.  Unos  exercitan  las  artes  mecaiiicas  ; 
y  otros  I, IS  liberales.  Los  fpie  tratai.'  ia.s 
mer  aderias,  y  li.izen  rica  la  ciudad,  son  muy 
Ticks,  y  lib.  rales."  (Cosas  niemoralile.s,  fol. 
10.)  It  will  nut  be  r'asy  to  meet,  in  prose  or 
verse,  with  a  finer-coloured  picture  of  de- 
parted glory  than  .Mr.  Slidoll  has  given  (jf  the 
former  city,  tlu;  venerable  <J(itbic  cajiital,  in 
his  "  Year  in  Spain,"  chap.  12. 

'■"  S.iudoval,  Hist,  del  Emp.Carlos  V'.,  torn. 
i.  p.  60. 

'■"  It  w  as  a  common  saying  in  Navagieru'a 


654 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


nlroatly  tlio  c;rortt  niart  for  tlic  rniniiiorcial  oxrhaniros  of  tlic  PtMiiiis;ila  ; '"  aii'l 
tSt^illc,'^'  {]\v  ;;(ilil('ii  pitc  <»f  tlu>  Iiiili«!s,  wlmse  niiays  l)e;;aji  t'l  1)U  tliiuii;;t'il 
with  tiicrcliaiits  from  tlie  ino>t  distiint  (•(timlrifs  (»t  Kiiroix'. 

'I'lio  rosoiirccs  of  tlin  iiiliahitaiits  wore  displavrd  in  tlic  j)ala<<*s  and  imMii' 
editk'os,  foimtaiiis,  a<ni('diicts,  gardens,  and  other  works  ot  iitihty  ai»d  orna- 
ment.  This  lavish  cxiicnditiiro  was  (Urected  hy  an  iinitrovod  tn^to.  Archi 
tt'ctnie  was  studied  on  purer  jirinciplos  than  before,  and,  with  the  sister  arts 
of  desij;n,  showed  th(»  intinen((!  of  the  new  (lonnection  witli  Italy  in  the  (irsi 
^deanis  of  that  ex'ellenco  which  slied  .mich  lustre  over  the  Spanish  school  at 
the  clo-e  of  tlu!  century.'^*  A  still  more  decided  impulse  was  ^iven  to  letters. 
More  printiu''  presses  were  jiroliaMy  at  work  in  Spain  in  the  infancy  of  tiie 
art  than  at  tlie  present  (hiy.""  Ancient  seminaries  were  remodelled;  new 
ones  were  created,  [{jirceloua,  Salan<anca,  and  Alca!a,wiio.-  "loistered  solitudes 
are  now  the  >;rave  rather  than  the  nursery  of  science,  then  swarmed  with 
th<»usands  of  disciples,  who,  inider  the  ^^eut-rous  patronage  of  the  government, 
found  letters  th(!  surest  path  to  preferment."'  Even  tlie  lighter  branches  of 
hterature  felt  the  revoluti(tnary  spirit  of  the  times,  and,  after  yielding  tlu;  la->t 
fruits  of  tJH^  ancieut  systeiu,<lisplayed  new  and  more  beautiful  varieties,  under 
the  intluence  of  Italian  culture.'" 


1   -} 
t  .  < 


tiiiK",  '•  Hiircclutia  la  ricra,  Suraj^os^a  la  harta, 
Vali'iitia  la  iiiriiiDsa."  ^ViJin^;i(l,  I'ol.  r>.) 
Till'  (irantli'tir  ami  cinimn'ri'ial  «|)li'ii(l'iiir  of 
tilt"  llrsi-namcil  city,  wliicli  furins  the  snlijcct 
of  ('a|>iiiaiiy'«  »>lalx)rat('  work,  Imvo  been 
Biitllcicntly  (li-j)layt'd  in  I'art  1.  chapter  2,  of 
tluH  MiKtory. 

'"  "  Ali/unox  tuponrn,"  says  rapinany, 
"que  OHfas  I'crias  craii  ya  faiuosas  en  tii'inpo 
do  Ion  KcycH  CatolicoH,"  etc.  (iMi'iii  do  flar- 
coloiia,  toin.  ill.  p.  'Xm.)  A  vory  cursory 
plaiico  at  tlio  laws  of  thiH  tinio  will  uliow  the 
roasonahloiicss  of  tlio  s"  position.  Sco  tho 
l'rrtK'""''t'i'*.  1"1-  M'i,  and  tlic  ordinaiicos  from 
tlio  archives  of  Siiiiaiicas,  apud  Mom.  do  la 
Acad.,  torn.  vi.  pp.  '.^49,  '.Jrvi,  providing  for  the 
fri'ction  of  buildiiiffs  and  other  accoinniiKla- 
tions  for  the  " great  ri'sort  of  tradors."  In 
1520,  four  years  after  Ferdinand's  death,  the 
city,  in  a  jietition  to  the  ronont,  ro|)rosontod 
the  losses  sustained  hy  its  nierchaiits  in  the 
recent  the  as  more  limn  the  revenues  of  the 
crown  would  prohahly  ho  able  to  meet  for 
several  years.  (Ihid.,  p.  2(il.)  Niivanioro, 
who  visited  Medina  s(»me  six  yi.  is  later, 
when  it  was  rebuilt,  bears  nuequvixal  tisti- 
niony  to  its  commercial  importance  :  "  Medina 
e  buona  terra,  e  plena  di  buoiic  case,  alxm- 
dantc  assai  so  non  die  le  tanto  frle  cho  so  vi 
fanno  opn'  anno,  e  11  concorso  prande  die  vl 
e  di  tutta  Spapna,  fanno  pur  clie  il  tntto  si 
paga  i>iu  di  <|Uol  die  si  faria.  ...  I, a  feria  6 
alxmdanto  certo  di  molte  cose,  ma  sopra  tiitto 
dl  speciarie  assai.  cho  vengono  di  I'ortopallo  ; 
ma  le  maggior  faccende  che  se  vi  facciano 
Bonocambij."     Viaggfo,  fol.  36. 

'^'  "Quien  no  vlo  it  Sovilla 
No  vio  maravilla." 

The  proverb,  accordinp;  to  Zufiifta.  is  as  old 
aa  the  time  of  Alonso  XI.  Annalcs  de 
Sevilla,  p.  183. 

'"^  The  most  eminent  sculptors  wore,  for 
the  most  part,  foreigners; — as  Miguel  Flo- 


rentln,  Pedro  TorroRlano,  Fillpe  do  Boi  gofia, — 
chi'  (ly  from  liiily,  wlere  the  art  was  adv.uic- 
iiig  rapidly  to  perfection  m  the  school  of 
Midiatd  ,\Mnelo.  The  niost  successful  archi- 
tectural acliievement  .as  the  cithedral  of 
tJranada,  by  Diego  de  Siloe.  Podraza,  .\iili- 
glledad  do  (iraiiada,  fol.  Hi.-  Mem.  de  la 
Acail.  do  Hist  .  torn.  vl.  Ilust.  Ifi. 

'  "•  At  least  so  says  Clomeiicin,  a  competent 
judge;  "l)osdo  los  mismo>  principios  d^'  su 
cstabli'cimiento  fiie  mas  conmn  la  imprenta 
en  Fspafia  (jiio  lo  es  al  cabo  do  tresi'i(>ntos 
aftos  deiitro  ya  del  siglodeciinonoiio."  Eiogio 
de  Doha  Isabel,  Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  Hist., 
torn.  vi. 

'"  Ante,  Introduction,  Rect.  2;  Part  I. 
chapter  10;  I'art  II.  chapter  21.— Tiie 
**  Pr.ipmntlcas  del  Reyno"  comprises  various 
ordinances  defliiing  the  privileges  of  Sala- 
manca and  Valladolid,  the  manner  of  con- 
ferring degrees,  and  of  election  to  the  chairs 
of  the  universities,  so  as  to  obviate  any  undue 
influence  or  corruption.  (Fol.  14-21.)  "  I'or- 
quo,"  says  the  liberal  language  ')f  the  last 
law,  "  los  estudios  gonorale-dotide  lasciencias 
pe  loon  y  aiirenden  offuiMi^an  las  leyes  y  (azen 
a  los  nuestros  sublitos  y  naturales  sabldores 
y  honnados  y  ncrecientan  virtudes  :  y  porque 
en  el  dar  y  assigiiar  de  las  ciitedras  salariadas 
deue  auor  toda  libortad  porque  sean  dadas  li 
persona.s  sabidores  y  cieiites."  (TaraQona, 
October  nth,  1195.)  If  one  would  sec  the 
totally  diff(>rent  principles  on  which  such 
el'ctlons  have  lioen  conducted  in  modern 
times,  let  him  read  Doblado's  Letters  from 
Spain,  I'p.  KCi-loT.  The  university  of  Bar- 
celona was  suppressed  in  th.e  beginning  of 
the  last  century.  Lalx)rde  has  taken  a  brief 
Burvey  of  thi'  preseil  dilapidatotl  condition  of 
the  ethers,  at  b  ast  as  it  was  In  1830,  since 
which  it  can  scarcely  have  mended.  Itine- 
raire,  tom.  vi.  p.  144  et  seq. 

""  ,See  the  concluding  note  to  this  chapter. 
Erasmu.s,  in  a  lively  and  elegant  epistle  to 


>iiiiisiil;i  ;'"aiii| 
Ji  to  l>c  tliroii;;fil 

aljKcs  and  pultlic 
utility  ami  cu-iia- 
i"l  ta>te.  Arclii 
til  the  sister  arts 
Italy  ill  the  first 
Sjtaiiish  sclidol  at 
■<  wiveii  to  letters, 
lie  infancy  of  tlie 
reiiio<le|le'(| ;  new 
uisteredsolitiides 
ill  swarmed  with 
the  ;4<>vernment, 
;hter  branches  of 
yielding,'  the  la>t 
1  varieties,  umler 


Kilippdo  Boigdfta,— 
till-  art  wus  adv.iiic- 
II  In  tlic  wlidol  of 
iiHt  Huccrssfiil  arclii- 
iH  the  dihedral  of 
loo.  Ppdraza,  .Anti- 
•    H'.'.     Mem.   de    lu 

lllFt.   10. 

iiicncin.arompotont 
!••>  principjciH  (!.■  ,mi 
fi)rmin  la  impnnta 
ralio  dc  tn'S(ir<nt<)S 
cimimono."  Elu^'jo 
la  Acad,  de  Hist., 

BPcf.  2;  I'art  I. 
chaptor  21.— The 
'  roni prises  various 
)rivilPKe8  of  Sala- 
le  manner  of  con- 

tion  to  the  ciiairs 
ohviate  any  nndin! 
'ol.  14-21.)  "I'or- 
ipuape  ')f  tlio  last 
Mionde  lasciencia.s 
m  las  leyp.s  y  (a/.cn 
latnraU's  fahldorps 

irtndos  :  y  porf|iie 
ciitdlras  .salariad.is 
rque  seaii  dadas  li 
itfs."  (Tara9<ina. 
no  Would  see  the 
on  which  such 
ucted  in  modern 
iilii's  Letters  fr(.m 
university  of  Har- 
the  bepinninp  of 
has  taken  a  brief 
liated  fondition  of 
■as  in  18:to.  siiuo 
B  mended.     Itine- 


REVIKW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


605 


^ 


I 


With  this  moral  development  of  the  nation,  the  puMic  rovomies,  the  sure 
inde.\,  wlu'ii  untorced.of  puldic  prosperity,  went  on  aii^iiH'iitiiij;  with  astonish- 
inj;  rapidity,  in  1474,  the  year  of  Isaliflla's  acces.>ion,  the  ordinary  rents  of 
llu"  Castilian  crown  amoiint  'd  to  .S.s.'),()0()  reals  ;  '■"'  in  1477,  to  •J,.'«M),()7«  ;  in 
14.S2,  after  the  resiiiiipti(»n  of  the  roval  Krant.^,  to  l'J,7ll,.V.M  ;  and  finallv,  in 
ir)04,  when  the  a(i|iiisition  of  <Jratiatla'"  and  the  domestic  trani|iiillity  oi  the 
kingdom  had  encoiira;;ed  the  free  expansion  of  all  its  resources,  to*_*<>,'J.S3,M.'U  ; 
or  thirty  times  the  amount  receivetf  at  her  accession.'*'  All  this,  it  will  he 
rememhered,  was  derived  from  the  customary  estahlished  ta.ves,  witiiout  the 
iiimosition  of  a  sin;;le  new  one.  Indeed,  the  improvements  in  the  mu<le  of 
collection  tended  materially  to  li^dit<'n  the  hurdens  on  the  people. 

The  accounts  of  tlie  population  at  this  early  period  are,  for  the  most  part, 
va^Mie  and  unsatisfactory.  Npain,  in  particular,  ha>  heeii  the  sul>i«'ct  of'  the 
mo^t  alisurd,  tlioii;;h,  as  it  seems,  not  incredih  e  estimates,  sutticiently  e\incini; 
tlu^  paiuity  of  authentic  data.'"  Fortunately,  however,  we  lahour  uinler  no 
such  emharrassment  as  re;;ards  Castile  in  Isahellas  reipi.  liy  an  othcial 
report  to  the  crwwn  on  the  orj^aniwition  of  the  militia,  In  I4!)2,  it  appears  that 
the  population  (»f  the  kinudom  amounted  to  1,.')(H),0(K)  vnino.^,  or  householders  ; 
or,  allowiiiL'  four  and  a  half  to  a  family  (a  moderate  estimate),  to  (5,7.")(MHH) 
souls.'*'  This  census,  it  will  he  observed,  was  limited  to  the  provinces  iinme- 
tliatelv  composing'  the  crown  of  Castile,  to  the  e.xc'usion  of  (Jranada,  Navarre, 
and  the  Aragonese  dominions.'**     It  was  taken,  moreover,  before  the  nation 


;e  to  this  chapter, 
^legant  epistle  to 


hlH  friend,  Francis  Verpara,  Greek  professor 
at  Alcal.i,  in  15^7,  lavi>lies  uidMxiuded  paiie> 
gyrii"  on  the  science  and  literal ure  of  Spain, 
wliose  palmy  state  he  attributes  to  Isabella's 
patrona^)' an<l  the  co-operation  of  some  of  her 

•  iiliKlitened subjects:  " MNpaniu' vestre, 

tanto  successu,  priscam  cruditionis  ploiiam 
hibi  postliuiiniu  vindicanti.  (jua'  (piuni  seniper 
et  repioids  aniu-nitate  I'ertilllaleiiue,  seniper 
in^eniorum  euiinentium  ubere  p'dventu, 
Hi'injier  Ix'lliia  lande  floruerit,  (piid  deside;  urj 
poterat  ad  suiuinani  felicitateni,  nisi  ut  stu  ii- 
orum  et  relipionis  atljungeret  ornanieir.a, 
quibus  aspirante  Deo  sic  pam  i-^annis  eflloriai 
ut  cateris  regicnibus  quamlibet  Ikm."  decorum 
Renere  pra-cellentibus  vel  invidia'  queat  esse 
vel  exemplo.  .  .  .  V'<»s  islam  fellcitaienj 
secundum  Hiuin  delxtis  laudatissirna-  Kegi- 
iiaruni  Klisalnna-,  Francisco  Carditiali  (|Uon- 
dani.  Aloiiso  Fonseca-  nunc  Archiepiscopo 
'I'olelano,  et  si  <|ui  sunt  horuni  similes,  (juo- 
rum  auioritas  tuetur,  beiiiniiitas  alit  fovet(jue 
bonas  artes."     Kpistola-,  p.  HTs. 

""  'lh<!  sums  in  tlie  te.\t  express  the  real 
de  vfllon  ;  to  which  they  have  been  reduced 
by  .Sefior  ( 'lemencin,  from  the  original  amount 
in  iitaracaUi',  whiih  varied  very  materially 
in  value  in  dilTen-nt  years.  Mem.  de  la 
Acad,  de  Hist.,  torn,  vi    lliist.  5. 

""  'I'lie  kingdom  ol  (iranadaappears  to  have 
contributed  rather  le.is  than  one-eiglith  of  the 
whole  ta.\. 

'*'  In  addition  to  the  hiPt-mentione<l  sum, 
the  extraordinary  service  voted  by  cortes,  lor 
the  dowry  of  the  infantas,  and  other  matters, 
in  I5U4,  amount<-d  to  10,1 13,014  reals  de 
vellon;  making  a  sum  total,  for  that  year,  of 
42,39G,:i48  reals.  The  bulk  of  the  crown 
revenues  was  derived  from  the  alcnvnlas,  and 
the  lercius,  or  two-uiulhs  of  the  ecclesiastical 


tithes.  These  Important  statements  were 
traii«>ribrd  from  tlie  l)<»oks  of  the  etrriliania 
mm/or  lic  iriiltu,  lu  the  archives  ol  Simuncas. 
Ibid.,  ubi  su))ra. 

"•  The  pn  tended  amount  of  population 
has  Ix'on  generally  in  tin'  rat  o  ut  the  <li>tance 
of  the  period  taken,  and,  of  course,  ot  the 
diflli  ulty  of  retiitation.  A  few  raiiilom  re- 
marks of  ancient  writeis  have  proved  ilie 
ba>is  for  the  wildest  hy|iotheses  rais.ng  the 
estimates  to  the  total  ot  what  tlie  soil,  under 
the  highest  po.ssible  cultivation,  vMiiild  be 
capable  of  suyiporting.  Kveii  for  so  lecent  a 
peiicnl  as  Isaiiella's  tine,  tlie  estimate  com- 
monly received  does  not  fall  below  eighteen 
or  twenty  millions.  The  (dllcial  returns,  cited 
in  the  text,  of  the  most  populous  poition  of 
the  kingdom,  fully  expose  the  extravagance 
of  preceding  estimates. 

'■'  The>e  interesting  particulars  are  olv 
taine<l  from  a  menioiiai,  prepared  by  otdr-r  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  b^'  their  cotitador, 
Alonso  de  t^uintanilla,  on  the  iiuxU-  of  enroll- 
ing and  arming  thr>  niiliiia,  in  141)2;  as  a 
preliminary  step  to  which,  lie  prmuied  a 
census  of  the  actual  iiopiilation  ot  the  king- 
dom. It  is  preserved  iti  a  volume  t'lititled 
Hi  htciones  Uxiantfs  <i  la  junta  df  hi  llerman- 
dad,  in  that  rich  national  rejio.-itory,  tho 
aichives  of  Sioianc.iS  See  a  copious  extract, 
apuil  .Mem.  de  la  Acad,  de  lli»t.,  torn.  vi. 
Aj)en(l.  12. 

"I  am  acquaiti'ed  with  no  suftb  lent  and 
authentic  data  lor  coni]>iiiing  ilie  |m  jtulatioii, 
at  this  time,  of  the  crown  of  Aragon,  always 
greatly  l^f-low  that  of  tin'  sister  kingdom.  I 
hud  as  little  to  be  relied  on,  notw  itlistanding 
the  nunie  c)us  estimates,  in  one  torm  or 
another,  voucli-aled  by  historians  and  travi'l- 
lera,  of  the  population  ot  (jrauuda.     Marineo 


G50 


FKRDINAND  AND   ISAIiKLLA. 


Iiii<I  time  to  rocruit  fn»iii  tin*  loii^'  hikI  exhaiistiiiK  strnj;ult'  of  the  MooriHli  war, 
and  twenty-live  nr.us  Itcfun;  tliccluM'  of  tln«  rci^n,  when  tin-  |iMjiuliiliitn,  under 
cirtiinisUintt's  pcculiiiily  favoiiriiMt',  insist  liavo  swelled  to  a  inucli  lar;,'er 
amount.  TlinsciicinnM  rd»ed,  liowe\er,  it  was  |irol»al»ly  <'ons!deniMy  in  advantc 
of  lliat  of  Kn;,dand  at  the  same  period.'"  How  have  the  destinies  of  the  two 
coinitries  since  l»een  reversed  I 

The  tenitnrial  limits  of  the  monarchy,  in  the  mean  time,  went  on  expamhnL' 
Iwyond  example; — Castile  and  licon,  ltron;,'lit  under  the  sanu'  seenlrt!  with 
Ara'jjon  and  its  fori'i^n  dein'ndenries,  Sicily  and  Sanlinia  ;  with  the  kiujicdoms 
of  <iranada,  Navarre,  and  Naples  ;  with  fiie  Canaries  Oran,  and  the  other 
selllemeuts  in  Africa;  and  willi  tht;  islantls  and  vast  continents  of  America. 
To  these  hroail  domains  the  comprehensive  schemes  of  the  soverei;,'ns  would 
liave  addetl  I*ortui;al  ;  and  thi'ir  arran;;ements  for  this,  althou^ih  defeated  for 
the  present,  o]»ened  the  way  to  its  eventual  comph'tion  •  uiuler  IMiilip  the 
Secon.l."" 

The  |>etty  st^ites,  wliich  had  hef(»re  swarmed  over  the  Peninsula,  neutra- 
lizing' each  others  ojieratinns,  and  preventing,'  any  ed'ective  movt'uient  ahroad, 
were  now  amal;,'ainated  into  one  whole.  Sectional  jeiil(»usies  and  antipathies, 
indeed,  were  too  «turdilv  rooted  to  lu;  wholly  extin;;uished  ;  hut  they  f,'radually 
suhsidiMl  under  the  inlluence  of  a  common  ^'overnment  and  connnunity  of 
interests.  A  more  en'ar^'ed  sentiment  was  infused  into  the  people^  who.  in 
their  for(!ij,'n  Halations,  at  least,  assumed  the  attitude  of  one  j,'reat  nation.  The 
iiumcs  of  Castilian  and  Ara.i^onese  were  mer^'ed  in  the  comprehensive  one  of 
Spaniard  ;  and  Spain,  with  an  empin^  which  stretched  over  three  tpiarters  of 
the  ;;iohe,  and  which  almost  realized  the  proud  hoast  that  the  sun  never  set 
within  her  borders,  now  rose,  not  to  the  first  cla.ss  only,  but  to  the  first  place, 
in  the  .scale  of  Kuropean  powers. 

The  extraordinary  circuinstiinccs  of  the  country  tended  naturally  to  nourisli 
the  lofty,  romantic  (lualities  ami  the  somewhat  exa:i:,i;erated  tone  of  sentiment 
which  always  pervaded  the  national  character.  Tlie  age  of  chivalry  had  nut 
faded  away  in  Spain,  as  in  most  other  lands.'"     It  was  fostered,  in  time  of 


eniinif'rntt's  fourteen  citicn  am!  niin'ty-si'ven 
towns  (oniittiii);,  aH  li"  s:iya,  uiaiiy  jilarcs  of 
IcHH  note)  at  the  time  of  tlic  com|iH'Kl;  a 
fltati'iiii'iit  obviously  too  Viinuf  for  statisticil 
purposes.  (('osHs  rnoinoniblfs,  fol.  I7'.t.)  'I'lu' 
capital,  8\vt'll('(l  by  liic  iiillux  from  tlio 
country,  coiitaiiii'tl,  according  to  him,  '200,000 
Bouls  at  tlic  ftiiiw  jtcriixl.  (Kol.  177.)  In 
1500,  at  till'  tiiiio  of  the  forrcil  coiivcrsiou-i, 
we  tind  tho  luuubcrs  in  tlip  lily  ilwinilliMl  to 
flfiy  or  at  most  Ktvcnty  thousand.  ^Oolnl). 
lUt'da,  Cofonica,  lib.  S,  cap. '23,  and  IJcriialdt'Z, 
ItoycH  Catolicos,  M.S.,  cap.  I5"J.)  I.,oosi'  a.s 
tlu'so  cstiinitt's  iHH'ossariiy  aro,  wn  havf  no 
bettor  to  f?uido  us  in  calculaiiiiR  tin-  total 
amount  of  iho  population  of  thr  Moorish 
kiii(;d(iin,  or  of  the  lossi's  sustaincil  by  the 
copious  pmi[.?r.ilions  during  the  liisi  fiftcfn 
years  after  tin'  cdiKiucst,  although  there  has 
been  no  lacK  of  confident  iisserfioii,  as  to 
both,  in  later  writers.  The  desidrratum  in 
regard  to  (iraiiad:i  will  now  jiroh.ibly  not  be 
8up])liod;  tlie  public  otIU'es  ill  till'  i<iiiKdoni 
of  Aragou.  if  searched  witii  tlie  suine  industry 
tLS  those  in  Castile,   would   doubtlts.s  atl'ord 


tho  means  for  correcting  the  crude  estimatca 
Bo  current  respectiiin'  that  country. 

'"  Ilallaiii,  III  his  '  '.'iiustitutioual  History 
of  Knglaiid."  estimate  '  •  i>opul«tioii  of  the 
realm,  in  1485,  at  a. 000,000  (vol.  i.  p.  lo). 
The  discrep.iMclefl,  however,  of  the  lx?st  his- 
torians on  this  (iubjeot,  prove  the  difficulty  of 
arriving  at  even  a  probable  result.  Hume, 
on  the  authority  of  .Sir  H^lward  Coke,  puts  the 
population  of  Kngland  (including  people  of 
all  sorts)  a  century  later,  in  15s.s,  at  only 
900,000.  Till'  historian  cites  Lodovico  (Juic- 
ciardini,  however,  for  another  estimate,  us 
high  as '2,0.10,01)0,  for  the  same  reign  of  l^unen 
Kli/.abeth.  liistory  of  Kngland,  vol.  vi.  Ap- 
pend, .i. 

'"■  riiilip  II.  claimed  the  Portuguese  crown 
in  right  of  liis  mother,  and  his  wife,  both 
descended  fioiii  .Maria,  third  daughter  of  Fer- 
dinand and  isalH'lla.  who  as  the  reader  may 
re/uenibrr,  mairied  King  Kmanuel. 

'*■  Old  Caxton  mourns  over  iho  little 
honour  paid  to  the  usagi's  of  chivalry  in  his 
time  ;  and  it  is  sufficient  evidence  of  its  de- 
cay in  England  that  UicLard  HI.  thought  it 


*  [It  is  scarcely  corrort  to  speak  of  the 
"completion"  of    a    union    which,    elTectwl 


through  conqtiest  and  usurpation,  lasted  only 
si.\ty  ye.irs.  -  Ei».] 


the  Mmtrisli  war, 

M){Mllillloll,  iiikIci' 

)  ji  iiiiirh  hir;^'t>r 
M'ulily  iiuulvjiinu 
limes  of  the  two 

Mitoii  expiiitdiiiL' 
ine  sceittre  willi 
ih  the  kiii;,'(l<>iii> 
I,  and  the  other 
I'lits  of  Aiiu'iifii. 
sov»'rei;^'iis  would 
iii;^h  defeated  for 
iiuKt  IMiilip  thr 

'uiiisiihi,  neutra- 
oveiueiit  ahroad, 
and  antipathies, 
lit  they  j;ra(hially 
il  eoMiMiiinity  of 
'.  people^  who.  in 
cat  nation.  The 
iiehensive  one  of 
:,hree  »iuarter.s  of 
he  sun  never  set 
:o  the  first  place, 

iurally  to  nourish 
)ne  of  sentiment 
chivahy  had  ntit 
;ered,  in  time  of 

tho  crude  estimatcH 
country. 

istitutioiial  History 
|>o])ulHti()n  uf  till' 
000  (vol.  I.  p.  10). 
'or,  of  tht'  Ix'st  hiw- 
ove  the  difflculty  of 
l)le  result.  Hume, 
ward  (Joke,  puti  the 
idudiun  people  of 
,  111  U>nn,  at  only 
Ites  Lodovico  (lUie- 
lotlier  estimate,  as 
ami'  roipii  of  Queen 
iil^laiid,  vol.  vi.  Ap- 

e  PortURuesp  crown 
and  his  wife,  botli 
id  daughter  of  Fer- 

as  the  reader  may 

Kmaiiuel. 

s    over     tho     little 

s  of  chivalry  In  his 

evidence  of  its  de- 
iard  HI.  thou({ht  it 

rpation,  Ia.stcd  only 


RKVIKW  OK  Til  Kill  ADMINlSTKATloN 


({.-.7 


pcr^ro,  hy  tho  tourney-!,  .{""st-^,  ami  other  warhke  pa^jeants  which  ^rared  tho 
foiirt  of  Isiihella.'"  It  uleamed  on»,  as  we  have  >een,  in  the  Itahan  campai^Mis 
under  (lonsalvo  d(?  Conhtva,  and  >hone  forth  in  all  its  splendours  in  the  war 
(•f  (iranada.  "This  was  a  ri;;ht  penile  war, '  ^ay>  Navauiero,  in  a  pavsji^^n  too 
pertinent  to  he  omitted,  "in  whii-h, as  firearms  were  romparativeiy  little  used, 
earh  kni^lit  had  the  opportunity  of  showim,'  his  personal  prowess;  and  raru 
was  it  that  a  day  passt-d  without  some  feat  of  arms  and  valorous  e.vploit.  Tho 
nohility  and  rhivalryof  the  land  all  thronued  there  t<»  calher  renown,  (^ucen 
In'vIm'I,  who  attended  with  her  wholtJ  court,  liroathed  courage  into  every  heart. 
'I'liere  was  scarce  a  cavalier  who  was  not  enamoured  of  souk;  one  or  other  of 
her  ladies,  the  witness  of  his  achiiivement-.,  who,  iu  sho  presented  him  his 
wenponsor  some  token  (»f  her  favour,  admonished  him  to  l^ear  liim-elf  like  a 
triK!  knight,  and  show  the  strength  of  his  passion  hy  his  valiant  deeds.'** 
What  kni.^ht  so  craven,  then,"  exclaims  the  chivalrous  N'enetian,  "that  lio 
would  not  Iiave  heen  more  than  a  matcii  for  the  stoutest  adversary  ;  or  who 
would  not  soiHier  have  lost  his  life  a  thoui>and  times  than  return  dislionoured 
to  the  lady  of  his  love  i  In  truth, '  he  concludes,  "  this  c'onipio>t  may  l»o  said 
to  havtf  lieen  achieved  l»y  lovi ,  ratlier  than  l>y  arms."  '*" 

The  S|«iniaid  was  a  knii;ht errant,  in  its  literal  -cnse,'*'  rovim,'  over  seas  on 
which  no  hark  had  ever  ventured,  amon^'  islands  and  continentH  wher»5  no 


necessary  to  issue  an  ordinance  reqiiirinK 
those  po-Hcsseil  of  tlie  rei|Uislte  £10  a  year  to 
receive  kiiiKlithood.  (Turner,  History  of  Knu- 
land,  vol.  lii.  pp.  ;i'ji.  ■.vri.  Tlip  use  of  artil- 
lery waM  fatal  to  diivalry  ;  a  ciinsri|ueiice 
well  understood,  even  at  the  early  period  of 
our  History.  At  least,  so  we  may  infer  from 
tin-  verses  of  Ariiisto,  where  Orlando  thnnv.s 
Cimosco's  gun  into  the  sea  -. 

"  I.O  tolse  p  disse  :  Accio  piA  non  istea 
Mai  cavalier  per  t  •  d'  e^si    e  aniito; 
Ne  quanto  il  biiuno  val,  mai  piu  ^i  vantl 
U  rlo  per  te  valer,  qui  giu  rimanti." 

Orlando  Furio.so,  canto  a,  st.  90. 

Don  Quixote  is  loud  in  his  maledictions  on 
"the  diabolical  invention,"  as  he  terms  it,  so 
fatal  to  knight-errantry,  and  makes  little 
doubt  that  till'  Soul  of  tlie  inventor  is  paying 
tlie  penalty  in  hell,  for  thus  putting  it  in  the 
power  of  any  coward  to  take  away  the  life  of 
a  brave  cavalier.     I'art.  i.  caj).  M. 

""  "Quieii  iMMlni  coiitnr,"  exclaims  the  old 
Curate  of  Los  I'alac!os.  "  la  grandez.i,  el  coii- 
cierto  de  su  lorte,  la  cavalleria  de  los  Nobles 
de  toda  Kspafia,  Duqu-  s,  .Maestres,  .Marquesi-s 
6  Uicos  homes;  los  <ialaiu-s,  las  Damas,  las 
Fiestas,  los  'I'orneos,  la  .Moliitud  de  Toetis  6 
Trovadores,"  etc.  Ueyes  Catolicos,  M.S.,  cap. 
2UI. 

""  Oviedo  notices  the  existence  of  a  ladj'- 
love,  even  with  cavaliers  who  had  passed 
their  i)rime,  as  a  tiling  of  quite  as  imjicrative 
necessity  in  bis  day  as  it  was  afterwards  re- 
ga'deit  by  the  gallant  knight  of  La  .Maiulia: 
"Costunibre  es  en  K^pafia  entre  los  sefiores 
de  estado  que  veiiidos  a  la  corte,  auiique  no 
est^'ii  enaniorailos  o  que  pasen  de  la  niitad  do 
la  edad.  tiii;.iir  que  aiiian  por  seivir  y  favo- 
rescer  a  alguiia  datua,  y  gasiar  coino  qiiieii 
son  en  fiestas  y  otras  cosas  que  so  ofrescen  de 
tales  posutiempu.s  y  amores,  sin  que  les  tl6 


pena  Cupido."    Qulncuageiias,    MS.,  bat.    1, 
<(uiuc.  I .  dial.  'is. 

'"  Viaggio,  fol.  'il. — Andrea  Navagiero, 
whose  Hinerary  lia.s  bi-eii  of  smli  frec|uent 
reference  in  these  pages,  was  a  nobl.'  Vcfu-- 
tian,  born  in  !»s.(.  He  becanie  very  early 
distinguished,  iii  his  cultivated  eapitiil,  for 
hs  scholarshi)),  poetical  talents,  and  elit- 
(|Uence,  of  whli'li  he  has  left  -peciiiieiis,  espe- 
cially ill  Latin  \erse,  in  the  bighi'st  r'^piite  to 
this  day  with  his  countrymen,  lb-  was  not, 
however,  e.xi  luslvely  devoted  to  b-tt-Ts,  but 
Was  einployiil  in  si'Vrral  lnrei'.'ii  missions  by 
the  ri'public.  It  was  on  Ins  sisit  to  sp.iin,  a.s 
ministiT  to  (Miarhs  V.,  soon  after  that  mon- 
arch's accession,  that  lie  wrote  his  Travels; 
and  he  lillcd  the  sani>'  oMlri'  at  the  court  of 
Frain  is  ].,  when  he  died  at  the  iirematiire 
age  of  folly-six,  in  iri2'.».  (  Tiraboschi,  liOt- 
teratiira  Italiana,  torn.  vii.  jiart.  :t,  p.  "iJs,  cd. 
17s5.)  His  death  was  univi  rsally  lamenti'd 
by  the  goix]  atnl  the  learned  of  his  time,  .uid 
Is  coinmeuiorated  by  his  frirmi,  (.'.inlinal 
Beml)o,  in  t^vo  sonnets,  breathing  all  tin) 
sensibility  of  that  tender  and  eb'j^ant  (loet. 
(Uiiiie,  Son.  lo'.t,  110. 1  Navagii-ro  beconies 
connected  with  Castilian  litiratiire  by  i\ir 
CTciiriistance  of  Hoscaii's  referring  to  hi-,  siig- 
g.'stioii  the  innovation  he  so  siiccessfi  l|y 
iiiadi'  in  the  forms  of  the  national  verse. 
Obras,  fol.  '2(!,  I'll,  ir.i.t. 

'  F(  in  iiido  lie  l'iil(,'ar,  after  eniimer.iting 
var  oils  lavalirrs  ot  his  aiquaintancc  w  ho  had 
joiirniyed  to  distant  cliinis  in  qii'^st  of  adven- 
tures and  lioiioiiralde  feats  of  aims,  continues, 
*' K  of  decir  de  otros  Castellanos  que  con 
iliiimo  de  Caballeros  fuiroii  j)or  los  Rcyiioa 
estrafios  a  facer  armas  con  qualqiiiir  Cali.il- 
lero  <|ue  quisiere  facerlas  coii  ellos,  e  jior 
ellxs  ganaron  honra  p.ira  s(,  6  fama  de  va- 
lientes  y  esforzados  ('abalb'ros  para  los  Fijos- 
dalgiis  de  Castilla."    Claros  Varone>',  tit.  17. 

2  u 


658 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


civili/ed  man  had  ever  trodtlen,  and  which  fancy  peopled  with  all  the  marvels 
and  drear  encliantnients  of  romance  ;  courtinL^  <langer  in  every  form,  ccmbat- 
ini,'  everywhere,  and  everywhere  victorious.  The  very  odds  presented  by  the 
defenceless  natives  among  whom  he  was  aist,  "a  thousand  of  wiiom,"to  ([uote 
the  words  of  Columbus,  '*  were  not  etpial  to  three  Spaniards,"  was  in  itself 
typical  of  his  profession  ;  ^^^  and  the  brilliant  destinies  to  which  tlie  meanest 
adventurer  was  often  called,  now  carving  out  Avith  his  good  sword  some  "  El 
Dorado"  more  splendid  than  fancy  had  dreamed  of,  and  now  overturning  some 
old  barbaric  dynasty,  were  full  as  extraordinary  as  the  wildest  chimeras  which 
Ariosto  ever  sang  or  Cervantes  satirized. 

His  countrymen  who  remained  at  home,  feeding  greedily  on  the  reports  of 
his  adventures,  lived  almost  etpially  in  an  atmosphere  of  romance.  A  spirit  of 
chivalrous  enthusiasm  penetrated  the  very  dei)ths  of  the  nation,  swelling  the 
humblest  individual  with  lofty  aspirations  and  a  proud  consciou  ness  oi  the 
dignity  of  his  nature.  "The  princely  disposition  of  the  Spaniards,"  says  a 
foi  eigner  of  the  time,  "  delighteth  me  nnicn,  as  well  as  the  gentle  nurture  and 
noble  conversation,  not  merely  of  those  of  high  degree,  but  of  the  citizen, 
peasant,  and  conunon  labourer."  '"  What  woiider  that  such  sentiments  should 
t)e  found  incompatible  with  sober,  methodical  habits  of  business,  or  that  the 
nation  indulging  them  should  be  seduced  from  the  humble  paths  of  domestic 
industry  to  a  brilliant  and  bolder  career  of  adventure  ?  Such  consequences 
became  too  apjiarent  in  the  following  reign.'** 

In  noticing  the  circumstances  that  conspired  to  form  the  national  character, 
it  would  be  unpardonable  to  omit  the  establishment  of  the  Inquisition,  which 
contributed  so  largely  to  counterbalance  the  benefits  resulting  from  Isabella's 
government ;  an  institution  which  has  done  more  than  any  other  to  stav  the 
proud  march  of  human  reason  ;  which,  bv  imposing  uniformity  of  creea,  has 
proved  the  fruitful  parent  of  hypocrisy  an(l  superstition  ;  which  has  soured  the 
sweet  charities  of  human  life,'"  and,  settling  like  a  foul  mist  on  the  goodly 
promise  of  the  land,  closed  up  the  fair  buds  of  science  and  civilization  ere  they 
were  fully  oi)ened.  Alas  !  that  such  a  blight  should  have  fallen  on  so  gallant 
and  generous  a  people  !  That  it  should  have  been  brought  on  it,  too,  by  one 
of  such  nnblemishea  patriotism  and  purity  of  motive  as  Isabella  !  How  must 
her  virtuous  spirit,  if  it  be  permitted  the  departed  good  to  look  down  on  the 


'"  "Son  todos,"  Hays  the  Admiral,  "de 
ningnn  uinonio  en  las  armas,  y  muy  cobardos, 
que  mil  no  agiiadarian  tros  " !  (Primer  Vinge 
de  Colon.)  \Vbat  could  the  Iwrd  of  chivalry 
say  more  ? 

"Ma  quel  ch'  al  timor  non  diede  albergo 
Eslima  la  vil  turba  e  1'  arme  tante 
Qiu'l  clic  dentro  aUii  mandra  a  1'  aer  cupo, 
11  uuiuer  dell'  ajir*.'  Ic  cstitni  il  lupo." 

Orlando  Furioso,  canto  12. 

15:1  T    ]viarinoo,  Cosjis  memorables,  fol.  SO. 

'■*  "  ;  Spaiinuoli,"  pays  the  V.'mtian  min- 
iBtcr,  "  111  11  solo  in  questo  jiaese  di  (iraiiata, 
ma  in  tutlo  '1  resto  dclla  Spagna  mcdesima- 
niiMite,  non  sono  molto  in(lu>triosi.  Tie  ;)ian- 
tano,  ne  l.ivoranu  volonticri  la  terra;  ma  se 
danno  ad  altro,  e  piii  volontieri  vanno  alia 
piii'rra,  o  alle  Itidie  ad  aecpiistarsl  t'acultii, 
che  pir  tal  vie."  (Viaggio,  I'ol.  25.)  Testi- 
monies to  the  same  purport  thicken,  as  the 
stream  of  lilstory  descends.  See  several  rol- 
lected  by  Capmany  (Mem.  d"  Harcelona,  tom. 
lii.  pp.  358  et  seq.),  who  certainly  cannot  be 


charged  with  ministering  to  the  vanity  of  his 
countrymen. 

'"  One  may  trace  its  immediate  influence 
in  the  writings  of  a  man  like  the  Curate  of 
Los  Palacios,  naturally,  as  it  would  seem,  cf 
an  amiable,  humane  disposition,  but  who 
complacently  remarks,  "  They  [Ferdinand 
and  Isal)ellaJ  lighted  np  the  fires  for  the 
heretics,  in  whicli,  with  good  reason,  they 
have  burnt,  and  shall  continue  to  burn,  so 
l.)ng  as  a  soul  of  them  remains"!  (Ueyes 
Catolieos,  MS.,  cap.  7.)  It  becomes  more 
perceptible  in  the  literature  of  later  times, 
and,  what  is  singular,  most  of  all  in  the 
lighter  departments  of  poetry  and  fiction, 
which  seem  naturally  devoted  to  purposes  of 
pleasure.  No  one  can  estimate  the  full  in- 
fluence of  the  Inquisition  in  perverting  moral 
sense,  and  infusing  the  deadly  venom  of  mis- 
anthropy into  till'  heart,  who  has  not  perused 
the  worics  of  the  great  Castilian  poets.  Lope 
de  Vega,  Ercilla.  aliove  all  Calderon,  whnso 
lips  seem  to  liave  been  touched  with  fire  from 
the  very  altars  of  this  accursed  tribunal. 


I  all  the  marvels 
ry  form,  ccmhat- 
:)"resented  liy  the 
whom,"  to  (piote 
Is,"  was  in  itself 
lich  the  meanest 
sword  some  "  El 
)verturnintr  some 
t  chimeras  which 

3n  the  reports  of 
-nre.  A  spirit  of 
;ion,  swelling  the 
scion  ness  of  the 
»aniards,"  says  a 
ntle  nnrtnre  and 
t  of  the  citizen, 
entiments  should 
iiess,  or  that  the 
laths  of  domestic 
ich  conseijuences 

itional  character, 
iiquisition,  which 
?  from  Isabella's 
)ther  to  stay  the 
lity  of  creed,  has 
:h*has  soured  the 
st  on  the  goodly 
ilization  ere  they 
len  on  so  gallant 
on  it,  too,  by  one 
Ua  !  How  must 
)ok  down  on  the 

to  the  vanity  of  Lis 

Immediate  influence 

1  like  the  Curate  of 

18  it  would  peem,  cf 

sposition,    but   who 

'  They    [P'erdinand 

the   fires   for    the 

pood  reason,  thoy 

ontinue  to  bum,  bo 

reniains"!    (Reyes 

It  bccomcR  more 

ture  of  later  times, 

most  of  ail   in   the 

poetry  and  fiction, 

voted  to  purposes  of 

stiniate  tlie  full  in- 

iu  pervei  tinp  moral 

■adly  venom  of  niis- 

vlio  has  not  perused 

astilian  poets,  Ijope 

all  t'alderon,  wlmso 

uctied  with  fire  from 

ursed  tribunal. 


REVIEW  OF  THEIR  ADMINISTRATION. 


659 


scene  of  their  earthly  labours,  mourn  over  the  misery  and  moral  degradation 
entailed  on  her  country  by  this  one  act !  So  true  is  it  that  the  measures  of 
this  great  (|ueen  have  had  ;\  permanent  influence,  whether  for  good  or  for  evil, 
on  the  destinies  of  her  countiy. 

The  immediate  injury  intlicted  on  the  nation  by  the  spirit  of  bigotry  in  the 
reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  although  greatly  exaggerateil,'***  was  doubt- 
less serious  enough.  I'nder  the  otherwise  beneficent  operation  of  their  govern- 
ment, however,  the  healthful  and  expansive  energies  of  the  state  were  sutiicient 
to  heal  up  these  and  deeper  woinids,  and  still  carry  it  onward  in  the  career  of 
prosperity.  With  this  imimlse,  indeed,  the  nation  continued  to  advance  higher 
and  higher,  in  spite  of  the  system  of  almost  uimiiiigle<l  evil  pursued  in  the 
following  reigns.  The  glories  of  this  later  period,  of  the  age  of  Charles  the 
P'ifth,  as  it  is  called,  must  find  their  true  source  in  the  measures  of  his  illus- 
trious i)redecessors.  It  was  in  their  court  that  lioscan,  Garcilasso,  MendoAa, 
and  the  other  master-spirits  were  trained,  who  moulded  Castilian  literature 
into  the  new  and  more  classical  form.s  of  later  times.'"    It  was  under  Uonsalvo 


""  The  late  secretary  of  the  Inquisition 
has  made  an  elal)orate  computation  of  the 
numl)er  of  its  victims.  According  to  him, 
Ki.doo  were  pul)licly  l)urned  l)y  tlie  several 
tril)unal8  of  Castile  and  Aragoii,  and  191,413 
Huffered  other  punishments,  between  \4H\,  the 
date  of  tlie  commencement  of  tiu'  nuxlern  in- 
stitution, atid  IfilH.  (Hist,  de  I'lnquisition, 
toui.  iv.  chap.  4{y.)  Llorente  appears  to  have 
Come  to  these  appalling  results  by  a  very 
plausible  process  of  calculation,  and  witlKJut 
any  design  to  exa^tperate.  Nevertheless,  liis 
data  are  exceedingly  imperlcct,  and  he  li.is 
himself,  en  a  revision,  considerably  reduced, 
in  his  fourth  volume,  the  oripiiuil  estimates 
in  tlie  first.  I  find  good  grounds  for  reducing 
tliem  still  further.  1.  He  (juotes  Mariana  lor 
the  fact  that  iJOOO  suffered  martyrdom  at 
Seville  in  14H1,  and  makes  this  the  basis  of 
his  calculations  for  the  other  tribunals  of  the 
kingdom.  Marineo.  a  contemjwrary,  on  the 
other  hand,  states  that  "  in  tlie  course  of  a 
Jew  i/ears  they  burned  nearly  '2i)00  heretics;  " 
thus  not  only  diffusing  this  amount  over  a 
gnater  period  of  time,  but  embracing  all  the 
tribunals  then  existing  in  the  country. 
(Cosas  memorable,^,  fol.  164.)  2.  Uernaldez 
states  that  five-sixths  of  the  Jews  resided  in 
tiie  kingdom  of  Castile.  (Reyes  Catolicos, 
MS.,  cap.  110.)  Llorente,  however,  has  as- 
signed an  equal  amount  of  victims  to  each  of 
the  five  tribunals  of  Aragon  with  tliose  of  the 
si.'iter  kingdom,  excepting  only  Sfville.  One 
might  re.isoiiahly  distrust  {..lorente's  tables, 
from  the  facility  with  which  he  receives  the 
most  improliable  estimalfs  in  other  matt(>rs, 
as,  for  example,  tlie  number  of  banished 
.Jews,  which  he  puts  at  ^Oi),()OU  i,Hist.  de 
rinciui-^ition,  torn.  i.  p.  261.)  I  have  shown, 
from  contemporary  sources,  that  this  number 
did  not  probably  exceed  160,000,  or,  at  must, 
170,000.  (I'art'l.  chapter  17.)  Indeed,  the 
cautious  Zurita,  borrowing,  jirobably,  from 
the  same  anlhorities,  cite>  tlie  latter  number. 
(Anales,  toiu.  v.  fol.  9.)  iMari.ma,  who  owes 
so  much  of  his  narrative  to  the  Aragon('><o 
historian,  converting,  us   it   would    appear, 


these  170,000  individuals  into  families,  states 
the  w  liole,  in  round  numbers,  at  soo,ooo  souls. 
(Hist,  de  E-paii.i,  torn.  ii.  lib.  -6,  cap.  I.) 
Llorente,  not  content  with  this,  swells  the 
amount  still,  further,  by  that  ol  the  Moorish 
exiles,  and  by  emigrants  to  the  New  ■\\ drld 
(on  what  authority.'),  to  '2,0'JO,ooo ;  and, 
going  on  with  ihe  i>r(.)cess,  computes  that 
this  h).ss  may  fairly  infer  one  of  s,ooo,ooo  in- 
habitants to  Spain  at  the  present  day  I  ( Ibid., 
ubi  supra.)  Tims  the  mischief  iinput<'d  to 
tiie  Catholic  sovereigns  goes  on  increasing  in 
a  sort  of  arithmetical  progression  witli  the 
duration  of  the  monarchy.  Nothing  is  so 
striking  to  the  imagination  as  numerical  esti- 
mates; they  speak  a  volume  in  themsrlves, 
saving  a  world  of  periphrasis  and  argument ; 
nothing  is  so  difficult  to  form  with  exactnes.s, 
or  even  prohal)ility,  wlien  they  relate  to  an 
early  period ;  and  nothing  more  drelessly 
received  and'  confidently  circulated.  The 
en(jrmous  statements  of  the  .lewish  exiles, 
and  the  baseless  ones  of  the  Moorish,  arc  not 
peculiar  to  Llorente,  but  have  been  repeated, 
without  the  slightest  qualification  or  distrust, 
by  most  modem  historians  ami  travellers. 

■''  In  the  two  closing  chapters  of  I'art  I. 
of  this  History  1  iiave  noticed  the  progress  of 
letters  in  this  reign  ;  the  last  which  disjilayed 
the  antique  colouring  and  truly  national 
characteristics  of  (.'astilian  poetry.  There 
were  manj'  circumstances  w  hich  operatfd,  at 
this  period,  to  w(jrk  an  important  revolution, 
and  siihjcct  the  poetry  of  the  I'diinsuta  to  a 
foreign  infltience.  The  Italian  Muse,  alter 
lier  long  sileiic?,  since  the  age  of  the  triceri- 
tisti,  had  again  revived,  au'l  poured  forth  such 
ravi>hing  strains  as  made  themselves  heard 
and  felt  in  every  corner  of  Kurope.  Spain, 
in  ])aiticular,  w"as  open  to  their  inllueiico. 
Her  langi:nge  had  an  intimate  attiuity  with 
the  Italian.  The  inijiroved  taste  and  culttire 
of  the  perio'l  led  to  a  diligent  study  of  foreign 
medels.  .Many  Spaniards,  as  we  have  seen, 
went  abroad  to  perfect  themselves  in  the 
schools  of  Italy  ;  while  Itali  m  teachers  filled 
some  of  the  principal  chairs  in  the  Spanish 


C60 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA. 


de  Cordova  tliat  LeyAa,  Poscara,  and  those  fjrcat  captains  with  their  invincilile 
Icf^ions  wore  formed,  who  cnalileil  ('liarles  the  Fifth  to  (Hctate  hiws  to  P^iirope 
for  half  a  century.  And  it  was  Cohunhus  who  not  only  led  the  wav,  hut 
animated  the  S[)anis}i  navi^'ator  with  the  sj)irit  of  discovery.  Scarcely  was 
Ferdinand's  reij;n  brought  to  a  close,  before  Magellan  completed  (1.V20),  what 
that  monarch  had  projected,  the  circuimiavigation  of  the  southern  continent  ; 
the  victorious  y)anners  of  Cortes  liad  already  (lolS)  ]ienetrated  into  the  goMen 
realms  of  Montezuma  ;  and  Pizarro,  a  very  few  years  later  (\')'24),  following 
u]>  the  lead  of  Jialboa,  eml)arked  on  the  enterprise  wliich  ended  in  the  down- 
fall of  the  splendid  dynasty  of  the  Incas. 

Thus  it  is  tliat  the  seed  "sown  under  a  good  system  continues  to  yield  fruit 
under  a  bad  one.  The  season  of  the  most  lirilliant  residts,  iiowever,  is  not 
always  that  of  the  greatest  national  prosperity.  The  splendours  of  foreign 
con(|uest  in  the  boasted  reign  (;f  Charles  the  Fifth  were  dearly  jjurchased  by 
the  decline  of  industry  at  home,  and  the  loss  of  liberty.  Tiie  patriot  will  see 
little  to  cheer  him  in  this  "golden  age  "of  the  national  history,  who.se  outward 
show  of  glory  \uill  seem  to  Ins  ]ienetrating  eye  only  the  hectic  brilliancy  of 
decay.  lie  will  turn  to  an  earlier  period,  when  the  nation,  emerging  from  the 
sloth  and  license  of  a  bai  barons  age,  seemed  to  renew  its  ancient  energies,  and 
to  prejiare  like  a  giant  to  run  its  cour.se  ;  and  glancing  over  the  long  interval 
since  elapsed,  during  the  first  half  of  which  the  nation  wasted  itself  on  sciiemes 
of  mad  ambition,  and  in  the  latter  has  sunk  into  a  state  of  paralytic  torpor, 
he  will  fix  his  eye  on  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  as  trie  most  glorious 
ejtoch  in  the  annals  of  his  country. 


a^!!. 


universities.  Lastly,  the  acquisition  of  NapleR, 
tlx'  land  of  Sannazsro  and  ol  a  host  of  kindred 
spirits,  opened  an  ol>vious  communication 
witli  the  literature  of  tliat  country.  With 
tlie  tiafion  thus  prepared,  it  was  not  difficult 
for  a  Renins  lilte  that  of  Boscan,  supported 
liy  tile  tender  and  polished  (Ja'cilasso,  and  by 
Mendoza,  whose  stern  spirit  found  relief  in 
imiipes  of  pastoral  tranquillity  and  ease,  to 
recommend  tiiemore  finislied  forms  of  Italian 
versification  to  tlieir  countvymrti.  Tiiese 
poets  were  all  Iwrn  in  Isaliella's  reitrn.  Tlie 
first  of  tliem,  tlie  principal  means  of  effecting 
tliis  literarj'  revolution,  sinpularly  «.  iOUgli, 
was  a  Catalan  ;  whose  compositions  in  the 
Castilian  prove  the  ascendency  wliich  tiiis 
dialect  had  already  obtained  as  the  language 
of  literature.  The  second,  Garcilasso  do  la 
Vetr.i,  was  son  of  tlie  distinguished  statesman 
and  diplomatist  of  that  name,  so  often  noticed 
in  our  History;  and  .Mendoza  was  a  younger 
son  of  the  amiable  count  of  Teiidilla,  the 
governor  of  Granada,  whom  he  resenibl(<l  in 
nothing  but  his  genius.  Both  the  elder  (!ar- 
cilasso  and  Tmdilla  liati  represented  their 
sovereigns  at  the  papal  court,  where  they 
doubtless  became  tinctured  with  that  relish 
for  the  Italian  wliich  produced  such  results 
in  the  education  of  their  children. 

The  new  revolution  jienitrated  far  below 
the  superficial  f  .nns  of  versification  ;  and  the 
Ca^tilian  po^t  relimiuished,  with  his  redon- 
diUas  a,\\{\  aitless  a^oiiatitin,  the  liomely  but 
hi'artlul  themi's  of  the  olden  titne  ;  or,  if  he 
dwelt  on  them.  It  was  with  an  air  of  studied 
elegance  and  firecision  very  remote  from  the 
Doric  simplicity  ami  freshiu'ss  of  the  romantic 
minstrelsy.     If  he   aspired   to  some   bolder 


theme,  it  was  rarely  suggested  by  the  stirring 
and  patriotic  recollections  of  his  nition'.s  his- 
tory. 'I'll us,  nature  and  the  rude  graces  of  a 
primitive  age  jiave  way  to  superior  refine- 
ment and  lettered  elegance;  many  popular 
blemishes  were  sottened  down,  a  purer  and 
nobhr  Maiidard  was  attained,  but  the  national 
cliaracteristics  were  effaced ;  beauty  was 
everywhere,  but  it  was  the  beauty  of  art,  not 
of  nature.  The  change  itself  was  perfectly 
natural.  It  corresponded  with  the  e.\ieri.al 
circumstances  of  the  nation,  and  its  transit  on 
from  an  insulated  posiiion  to  a  comjioiu 'it 
part  of  the  great  European  commonweiil.h, 
which  subjectid  it  to  other  influences  and 
principles  of  taste,  and  oblit'  rated,  to  a  cer- 
tain (xteiit,  the  peculiar  features  of  the 
national  physiognomy. 

How  far  the  poetic  literature  of  Castile  was 
benefited  by  the  change,  has  Ix^en  matier  of 
long  and  hot  debate  between  the  ciitics  of 
the  country,  in  which  1  shall  not  involve  the 
reader.  Tlie  revoluiion,  however,  was  the 
growth  of  circumstances,  and  was  imme- 
diately eOected  by  indiviiluals  belonging  to 
tlie  age  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  As  .such, 
I  had  originally  proposed  to  devote  a  separate 
chapter  to  its  illustration.  But  I  have  beei. 
deternd  fioni  it  by  tlie  unexpected  length  to 
whidi  the  work  has  already  extended,  as  well 
as  l)y  the  consideration,  on  a  nearer  view, 
that  these  results,  though  prepare*!  under  a 
preceding  reign,  projierly  fall  under  the  do- 
vifftic  history  of  Charles  V. ;  a  history  wliich 
still  remains  to  be  written.  But  who  will 
atieinpr  a  pendant  to  the  delineations  of 
Iloberlson? 


h  their  invinciMe 
to  laws  to  Europe 
led  the  wax,  but 
•y.  {Scarcely  was 
.'ted  (1.V20),  what 
ithern  continent  ; 
d  into  the  golden 
(ir)'24),  following 
led  in  the  down- 

iies  to  yield  fruit 
s,  however,  is  not 
ulours  of  foreign 
rly  jnirchased  hy 
e  patriot  will  see 
y,  whose  outward 
ctic  hrilliancy  of 
merging  from  the 
lent  energies,  and 
the  long  interval 
itself  on  schemes 
paralytic  tor}»or, 
tlie  most  glorious 


;esti'd  by  tho  Ptirrlng 
s  of  Lis  lotion's  liis- 

the  rude  RT-accs  of  a 
f  to  Buperior  n  finc- 
ance;  many  popular 

down,  a  purrr  and 
iif'd,  but  tlif  national 
faceil ;  b<'auty  Wiis 
:ie  braiity  of  art,  not 

itself  was  perfectly 
d  with  the  ex'cn.iil 
on,  and  its  transit:  on 
ion  to  a  coniiioiu -it 
ean  coninionwealb, 
iflier  influences  and 
ublit'  rated,  to  a  cer- 
iar   features   of   the 

nature  of  Castile  was 

has  Ixien  matter  of 

tween   the  ciitics  of 

hall  not  involve  the 

however,   was  the 

s,   and    wa-*    iinuie- 

iiiuals  belonping  to 

Isabella.     As  such, 

to  devote  a  separate 

n.     Hut  1  have  Vioei. 

nexpeetcd  lenpth  to 

dy  extended,  as  well 

on  a   niarer    view, 

•;h  prepared  under  a 

•  fall  under  the  do- 

V. ;  a  history  wliieh 

tin.     But  who  will 

the   delineations  of 


INDEX. 


-•o»- 


A. 

AnnoT,  Abiel,  his  Letter  from  Cuba,  545, 
itote. 

AMallah,  or  Boahdil,  proclaimed  Sultan  of 
Granada,  194.  Son  of  Hacen,  2ou.  Marches 
against  the  Christians,  '205.  Defeated  and 
captured,  '206.  IVbates  in  the  .Spanish 
council  respecting,  '2o7.  Treaty  with,  '20H. 
His  interview  witli  Ferdinand,  20H.  Seeks 
the  protection  of  the  Castilian  sovereigns, 
'219.  Cuts  to  pieces  a  Ixnly  of  El  Zagal's 
cavalry,  and  receives  privileges  from  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  230.  Inactive  in  («ra- 
nada,  '245.  Summoned  to  surrender  Granada, 
254.  Capitulates,  260.  His  life  endangered, 
260.  His  meeting  with  Ferdinand,  261. 
Takes  a  last  view  of  Granada,  262.  His 
fate,  262.  Irving's  remarks  on  him,  263, 
note. 

Alxiillah,  or  "The  Valiant,"  brother  of 
Hacen,  his  bravery  in  the  rout  of  the  Axar- 
quia,  200.  His  mtvancHment  to  the  throne, 
218.  Defeated  before  Velez  Malaga,  '2'26. 
Draws  the  duke  of  (Jadizintoan  ambuscade, 
239.  Makes  forays  into  the  Christian  terri- 
tories, '240.  Extent  of  his  domain,  '241. 
Kept  in  check  at  Guadix,  245.  Treaty  of 
surrender  witi.,  250.  His  interview  with 
Ferdinand,  250.  Occupation  of  his  domain, 
250.  Terms  of  the  capitulation,  251,  note. 
Equivalent  assigned  to,  251.  Remarks  re- 
specting him,  251. 

Adalid,  meaning  of,  198,  note. 

Adelantado,  title  and  office  of,  199,  note. 

Adi  ian  of  Utrecht,  preceptor  of  Charles  V., 
and  envoy  to  Ferdinand,  609.  Opposes 
Ximenes,  619. 

Adventure,  spirit  of,  in  the  time  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isalx  !la.  649. 

Africa,  Oran  in,  captured,  574.  Navarro's 
conquests  in,  577. 

Ajfiiadel,  battle  of,  5H6.  -• 

Agriculture,  in  Spain,  166.  In  Granada,  170. 
During  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
644. 

Aguilar.  Alonso  de,  his  connection  with  the 
expedition  to  Axarquia,  199.  Brother  of 
(Jonsalvo  de  Cordova,  350.  Leader  of  the 
expediiioii  against  Sierra  Vermeja,  4()6. 
His  gallantry  and  death,  408.  His  noble 
character,  1 09.     His  income,  632,  note. 

Albaycin,  revolt  of  the,  399.  Insurgents  ap- 
pealed by  Talavera,  400. 

Alb.genses,  their  Bufiferings  from  the  In- 
quisition, 145 


Albion,  Juan  de,  sent  on  a  mission  to  Charles 
Vill.,  343. 

Allx>rno7,,  sent  on  a  mission  to  Rome;  treat- 
ment of,  hy  Ximenes,  38s,  389. 

Albret.  Jean  d',  his  m.irriage  with  Catharino 
of  Navarre,  222,  592.  Abandons  his  eapit.il, 
594.  Takes  refuge  in  France,  595.  His 
cii.-.racter,  595.  Accompanies  Ij/)ngueville, 
596.  Further  remarks  resi)ecting,  596,  note. 
Unjust  treatment  of,  600. 

Alcalii  de  Henares,  literary  character  of,  3o7, 
308.  Ximenes  returns  t  >,  fmm  Africa,  witli 
valuable  Arabian  manuscripts,  576. 

Alcahi,  University  of,  578.  Its  magnificence, 
579.  Provisions  for  education  in,  579. 
I'Dfessorships  in,  580,  note.  Number  of 
students,  580.  Visited  by  Ferdinand,  5s0. 
Beciuest  to,  by  Ximenes,  583.  Its  reputa- 
tion, 583.     Ximenes  buried  there,  6'24. 

Alcantira,  military  order  of,  136,  137. 

Alcavala,  commutation  of  the  capricious  tax 
of,  631.     Remarks  on  it,  639,  note. 

Alexander  VI.,  Ferdinand  and  Isab^-lla's  ap- 
plication to,  294.  His  character,  '294,  333. 
Famous  bulls  of,  294,  295,  298.  Takes  refuge 
in  tile  Castle  of  St.  Ang.'lo,  340.  His  solicita- 
tions, and  grants  to  Spain,  343.  Conlera 
the  title  of  Catholic  on  the  Spanish  sove- 
reigns, 343.  Aided  by  Gonsiilvo,  at  Ostia, 
364.  His  reception  of  Gonsalvo,  364.  Em- 
powers Fertlinatid  and  Isabella  to  receive 
all  the  tithes  in  the  colonial  dominions,  431. 
A  ids  l^ouis  XII.,  440.  Remonstrance  to,  by 
the  Spanish  sovereigns,  441.  Conlirms  tho 
jwrtition  of  Naples,  446.  His  purposes  in 
regard  to  France,  486,  488.  His  death,  487. 
Remarks  respecting  him,  487.  Treatment 
of  his  remain.s,  487,  note.  The  election  cf 
his  successor,  488. 

Alfonso  X.  of  Castile,  his  code,  18. 

Alfonso  of  Castile,  brother  of  Henry  IV., 
demand  by  the  nobles  that  he  shall  1)6 
publicly  acknowledged  as  Henry's  suc- 
cessor, 77.  Crowned  af  ?r  the  deposition 
of  Henry  IV.,  78.  At  the  battle  of  Olmcdo, 
8'2.     His  death  and  character,  83. 

Alfonso  V.  of  Aragon,  succeeds  Ferdinand  I., 
58.  The  government  of  his  kingdom  de- 
volves on  his  brother  John,  68.  His  death, 
61. 

Alfonso,  king  of  Portugal,  his  proposal  re- 
jected by  l8al)ella,  88.  Supports  the  cause 
of  Joanna,  lus.  His  invasion  of  C.istilo, 
lo9.  Measures  for  a  union  of,  with  .Iiiaima, 
109,  119.  Challenged  hy  Feidinand  to  a 
Hii 


personal  combat,  1  lu. 


position  btifore 


C02 


INDEX. 


Zamora,  113.  Suddenly  docnmps,  114. 
Overtakt'ii  by  Ferdiiiuiid,  114.  Hiw  cKiapf, 
115.  Visits  France,  117.  His  disapiioint- 
mf'iit  as  to  suctiiur,  117.  Uciurns  to 
I'ortiinal,  llH.  I'rince  .lolin  is  crowned, 
but  resigns  in  favour  of,  118.  Ilia  deatli, 
I'iiO. 

Alfonso  If.,  kinR  of  Naples,  flies  to  Sicily, 
atid  abdicates  ttie  crown  in  favour  of  Fer- 
dinand II.,  344. 

Alfonso,  a  |)liysician,  employed  In  the  com- 
pilation of  the  Complulensian  Polyglot, 
6«2,  note. 

AUiakeni  II.,  his  encouragement  of  literature, 
1C7. 

Alliania,  description  of,  182.  Spanish  ex- 
pedition against,  \h2,  184.  Its  fall,  185. 
Besieged  by  the  Moors,  187.  Distress  of 
the  garrison  th^-re,  187.  .Siege  raised,  188. 
Again  bisieged,  an<l  abandoned,  IK'J,  lUU. 
Entered  by  Ferdinand,  190.  Isabella  the 
cause  of  not  abandoning  it,  5'22. 

AUianibra,  Tlie,  of  Granada,  109.  Taken 
possession  of,  261.  Cross  raised  on,  2G1. 
iKabclla  buried  there,  516.  Ferdinand's 
burial-place,  611. 

Alegre,  Ives  d',  throws  himself  into  Gaeta, 
472,  489.  Secretly  supports  a  faction,  495. 
Despatched  to  hold  the  enemy  in  check, 
498.  Banished,  502.  Ilia  recall  and  death, 
602,  505,  589. 

Almeria,  painful  march  of  the  Spanish  army 
to,  250.  Occupation  of,  250.  Ferdinand's 
policy  in  regard  to,  255. 

Almeyda,  Fklward  de,  his  desperate  heroism 
at  the  battle  of  I'oro,  115. 

Alonso,  heir  of  the  Portuguese  monarchy,  his 
union  with  tlie  infanta  Isabella,  119,253, 
369 ;  public  festivities  thereupon,  254.  His 
deatli,  260,  370. 

Alps,  crossed  by  Charles  VIII.,  340;  by  Louis 
XII.,  686. 

Alpnjarra.s,  rising  of  the  Moors  in  the,  403. 
New  insurrection  there,  405. 

Alva,  duke  of,  his  loyalty  to  Ferdinand,  537. 
Commander  of  the  expedition  against  Gui- 
enne,  693.  Invades  Navarre,  594.  Ills  re- 
treat, 596.     Opposes  Ximenes,  622. 

Alvaro,  son  of  the  duke  of  Braganza,  assassi- 
nated, 231. 

Alviano,  Bartolommeo  d',  the  head  of  tlie 
Orsini,  enlists  under  Gonsalvo,  496 ;  urges 
him  to  attack  the  French,  497.  Builds  a 
bridge  and  crosses  the  Garigliano,  497. 
His  l)ravery  near  V^icenza,  591.  His  death 
and  burial,  691,  note. 

Aniadis  de  Gaula,  remarks  on  the,  311. 

Amboise,  Cardinal  d',  his  pretensions  to  ♦he 
papal  chair,  488.     Unsuccessful,  488. 

Ammunition,  the  kinds  of,  210. 

Amposta,  reduction  of,  68. 

Ancient  Inquisition,  origin  and  history  of  the, 
144.     See  Modern  Inquisition. 

Andalusia,  the  theatre  of  savage  warfare  Ix;- 
tween  the  Guznians  and  Ponces  de  Leon, 
96,126.  Royal  prpgress  through,  127.  Don 
Pedro  Ilenritjuez,  addantado  of,  199.  Loss 
of,  at  the  rout  in  the  Axarquia,  204. 


Andrada,  491.  The  rear-guard  left  under, 
497,  199.     Joins  Gonsalvo,  4'.i',i. 

Angevin  lords,  (Jdiisalvo's  treiitnient  of  the, 
5ul,  Jio^*;.  Kesturalionof  the,  by  Ferdinand, 
656. 

Arabs.     See  Moors. 

Aragon,  Alonso  de,  natural  son  of  Ferdinand, 
616,  ikote. 

Aragon,  .Juan  de,  proposition  for  the  union 
of,  with  Klvira,  569. 

Aragon,  state  of,  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  2.     Its  gradual  expansion,  2.     Its 
union  with  Catalonia,  25  ;  with   Valencia, 
25.     Attenti(jn   given  to  the  .lavy  of.  26. 
Its  extensive  conque.sts,  26.     Origin  of  the 
government  of,  26.   Uar<in8of,27.    Measures 
for  redi.ciiig  the  authority  of  the  nobles  of, 
29.     Alfonso    III.  approves  the  Privileges 
of  Union,  29.     Anarchy  in,  29.     Defeat  of 
the  urniy  of  the  Union  in,  30.     Full  pos- 
session of  constitutional  liberty  in,  30.    The 
cortes    of,  and  its   various  branches,  30 ; 
its  mode  of  conducting  business,  31.     Fi- 
delity of  the  officers  of  government  in,  32. 
Tlie   iltneral   I'rivilftje,   33.     Influence  of 
the  fzee  institutions  of,  manifested  by  w  riters 
there,  43,  note.    Condition  of,  during  the 
minority  of  Feidinaiid,  58.     Iiei){n  of  John 
II.,  59.     Tre.ity  of,  with  F'raiice,  67.     Ter- 
mination of  the  civil  war  in,  72.     Union  of, 
with  Castih',  by  the  marriage  of  F'erdinand 
and  Isabella,  89,  121.     Troubles  there,  95. 
Treaty  between,  and   France,  98.     Intro- 
duction of  the  ancient   Inquisition    into, 
144.     Opposition  there,  to  the  introduction 
of  the  Inquisition  by  Ferdinand,  158,  note. 
Liberation  of  Catalan   serfs  in,  222,   223. 
Further  particulars  respecting  the  Inquisi- 
tion in,  223;   remonstrance  of  the  cortes, 
223 ;     conspiracy,    224 ;    assassination    of 
Arbues,  224.    Cruel  persecutions  there,  224. 
Visited  by  F'erdinand  and  Isabella,  in  1487, 
239.    The  Hermandad  adopted  there,  239. 
Its  extensive  commerce  in  the  middle  ages, 
267,  note.    Treatment  of  the  Jews  in,  281. 
Visited  by  the  sovereigns,  in   1492,  286. 
Difficulties  in,  respecting  female  succession 
to  the  crown,  376.     Ferdinand's  conduct  in 
regard  to  the  Inquisition  in,  613,  note;  his 
treatment  of  the  nobles  in,  631.     Popula- 
tion of,  655,  note.    Victims  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion in,  659,  note. 

Arbues,  Pedro,  inquisitor  in  Saragossa,  223. 
A.ssassinaled,  224.  Honoured  as  a  martyr, 
224. 

Architecture  in  Spain,  654. 
Aristotle,  reverence  for,  among  the  Spanish 
Arabs,  175.    Ximenes  projects  an  edition 
of.  582,  note. 
Army,  Castilian,  discipline  of  the,  at  Malaga, 
2.S2.     Numbersoftlie,  in  1488,  239.    Houses 
erected  for  it,  near  Baza,  246.    Strict  dis- 
cipline of  the,  246.    Their  painful  march 
from  liaza,  250. 
Arrows,  poisoned  by  the  Moors,  211. 
Ars,  l.,)uisd',  ids  gallantry,  505. 
Artillery,  early  knowledge  of,  in  Spain,  66, 
note.     Remarks  respecting  the,  210.    Diffl- 


ar-Ktianl   left  under, 

i''s  trcutinent  of  ihp, 
oftbe,  byFerdiiiaiiil, 


ral  son  of  Ferdinand, 

siition  for  the  union 

liddleoJ  thefifternth 
a!  cxiiansion,  2.     Its 

2lt ;  with  Valencia, 
to  the  .luvy  of.  26. 
\  20.  Origin  of  tiie 
onsof,  27.  Meoflurea 
'ity  of  tlie  nobles  of, 
roves  the  PriviloRes 
y  in,  29.  Defeat  of 
II  in,  ao.  Full  pos- 
I  lihcrty  in,3o.  The 
rioiiH  branches,  30; 
K  business,  ai.    Fi- 

governmint  In,  32. 
?.  33.  Influence  of 
lanifested  by  writers 
lion  of,  during  the 
&«.  lieixn  L.f  John 
h  France,  67.  Ter- 
T  in,  72.  Union  of, 
rriage  of  Ferdinand 
'I'roubles  there,  95. 
France,  98.  Intro- 
;   Inquisition    into, 

to  the  introduction 
erdinand,  15«,  note. 
serfs  in,  222,  223. 
ecting  the  Inquisi- 
nce  of  the  cortes, 
assassination  of 
ccutions  there,  224. 

"  Isabella,  in  1487, 
idopted  there,  239. 
in  the  middle  ages, 
('  the  Jews  in,  281. 
?ns,  in   1492,  286. 

female  succession 

nand's  conduct  in 
in,  613,  note;  his 

in,  631.     Popula- 
U8  of  the  Inquisi- 

in  Saragossa,  223. 
)ured  as  a  martyr, 


mong  the  Spanish 
rojects  an  edition 

of  the,  at  Malaga, 

1488,239.    Houses 

246.    Strict  dis- 

?ir  painful  inarch 

)ors,  211. 

505. 

of,  in  Spain,  66, 
B  the,  210.    Diffi- 


INDEX. 


603 


cuUy  of  trtinspoTting  it,  210.  Comparison 
of  the  French  and  the  Itali.in,  342. 

A>trolabe,  invention  of  the,  208.  Application 
of  the,  to  navigation,  208,  note. 

Atar,  Ali,  the  d  fender  of  I>oja,  205.  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Lucena,  200. 

Atella,  Montpensier  In'sieged  in,  358. 

Aubigny,  M.  d',  commander  of  the  forces  in 
Calabria,  350.  Defeats  the  Sjianhirds  near 
Seminani,  354.  Commander  of  the  land- 
forces  sent  ag.iinst  Najiles,  440.  Superseded, 
455.  Despatched  to  the  (.'alabria^,  457. 
iJefeats  a  small  force  near  Tenanova,  400. 
Is  defeated  near  Seminara,  473,  500,  note. 
Visited  by  Ferdinand,  503, 

Austria,  alliances  with  the  bouse  of,  370. 
■See  Maximilian. 

Autos  da  fe,  account  of,  157. 

Averroes,  his  commentary  on  Arl,stotle,  175. 

Axarquia,  expedition  to,  198. 

B. 

Bacon,  Txvrd,  cited  respecting  the  fall  of 
Oranada,  263,  note. 

Baena,  Alfonso  de.  54. 

Banx)a,  Vasco  Nuiiezde,  crosses  the  isthmus 
of  Darien,  649. 

Ballads  or  romances,  historical  value  of,  171, 
note.  Early  cultivation  of,  in  Sjiain,  313. 
Their  resemblance  to  the  English,  314. 
Numerous  editions  of  them,  317. 

Bancroft,  George,  remarks  on  his  History, 
433,  note. 

Bank,  the  first  in  Europe,  established  at 
Barcelona,  38. 

Barbosa,  Arias,  an  eminent  scholar,  notice 
of,  306. 

Barcelona,  Its  early  civilization,  and  institu- 
tions, 25.  Its  early  commcsrcial  prosperity, 
38.  First  bank  of  exchange  and  deposit 
established  at,  3«.  Her  municipal  institu- 
tions and  various  objects  of  interest,  39, 
Independent  conduct  of,  towards  Ferdinand 
I.,  40.  The  consistory  of,  established,  42; 
its  influence,  42.  University  of,  founded, 
42.  Besieged  by  John,  and  surrenders,  71, 
97.  Rejoicings  at,  upon  the  recovery  of 
Ferdinand,  288.  The  court  at,  288.  Re- 
ception of  Columbus  there,  290.  The  treaty 
of,  between  tlie  Spanish  sovereigns  and 
Charles  VIII.,  .337.  Suppression  of  the 
university  of,  654,  note. 

Barleta,  Go'nsalvo  retires  to,  456.  Distress  of 
the  Spaniards  at,  459.  Constancy  of  the 
Spaniards  there,  460.  Arrival  of  supplies, 
461.    Gonsalvo  prepares  to  leave,  463,  468. 

Barons  of  Aragon,  27.  Their  small  number, 
27.  Their  great  power,  28.  Privileges  of 
Union,  29.     Reduced  by  Peter  IV.,  30. 

Battles,  remarks  on  the  mode  of  conducting, 
in  Italy,  341. 

Bayard,  Pierre  de,  455.  At  the  siege  of  Bar- 
leta, 457.  At  a  tournament,  458.  Duel 
between  him  and  Sotomayor,  458.  Heroism 
of,  495.  His  ardour  at  the  bridge  of  Mola, 
498. 

Baza,  reconnoitred  by  Ferdinand,  239.    Pre- 


panitions  for  the  siege  of.  241.  The  king 
takes  ,-ommand  of  tlie  army  there,  211. 
position  .ind  sirengtli  of,  212.  Assault  on 
tlie  ^^anli'u  before,  242.  Despoii.leucy  of 
the  Spanish  cliii  fs  before,  21,1.  Tlie  (|uee(i 
rais's  the  spirits  of  ber  troops,  24  1.  <!ar- 
dciis  there  cleared  of  tl.'ir  limber,  244. 
Closely  Invested,  244.  Desp.iU'hes  s<^iit 
thitlier  from  the  sultan  of  Kgypt,  2»5. 
Houses  erected  there  fT  tiie  army,  246. 
Elfects  of  a  heavy  K'lnpest,  216.  IJesolution 
of  the  liesiej^ed  in,  247.  Isabella  visits  the 
camp  before,   248.      Suspension  of  arms, 

248.  Its  surrend"r,   24s;   the  conditions, 

249.  Occupation  of,  249.  Treaty  of  sur- 
render with  El  Zagal,  250.  Ferdinand's 
policy  in  regard  to,  255. 

Beatriz,  Dona,  of  Portugal,  her  exertions  to 
bring  al)out  a  peace  with  Castile,  119. 

Beltraneja.    See  Joanna  Heltraneja. 

Benegas,  Reduaii,  200,  203. 

Benemaciuez,  fate  oftbe  town  of,  212. 

Bergeiiroth,  G.  A.,  asserts  the  legitimacy  of 
la  liel/raneja,  80,  vote.  (Conjectures  that 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  understood  no  lan- 
guage but  .■^i)anish,  290,  notf.  His  views 
of  tlie  character  of  Catharne  of  Aragon  not 
generally  accepted,  371,  ni  tf.  His  absurd 
construction  of  a  clause  in  Isabella's  will, 
629,  note.  His  groundless  aspersions  on 
the  character  of  Isabella,  526,  note,  614, 
note.  His  theory  of  Queen  .Juana's  sanity 
and  unjust  imprisonment,  541,  7iote,  504- 
666,  note.  1 1  is  remarks  on  the  death  of 
Philip  the  Handsome,  561,  note.  Cited, 
559,  note,  597,  note. 

Bernaldez,  Andres,  curate  of  TiOS  Palacios, 
notice  of,  and  of  his  writings,  200,  note. 

Beyre,  Sire  de,  agent  of  I'hilip  the  Hand- 
some in  Spain,  528,  note. 

Bible,  Ximenes's  edition  of  the,  307,  note, 
308,  577.     Account  of  it,  581. 

Bigotry  of  Isabella,  150,  286.  Respecting 
the  heathen,  422.  Common  to  the  age  of 
Isabella,  519  ;  and  to  later  times,  519. 

Blancas,  .lerorae,  notice  of,  and  of  his  writ- 
ings, 43,  note. 

Bla.iclie,  daughter  of  John  II.  of  Aragon,  59. 
Title  to  the  crown  of  Navarre  left  to,  64. 
Her  tragical  story,  65.  Her  death,  65. 
Her  repudiation  by  Henry  IV.,  74. 

Boalxlil.     See  AbdnUak. 

Boaid  of  Indian  affairs  established,  292,  431. 

Bobaililla,  Francisco  de,  sent  out  to  llispa- 
niola  with  extraordinary  jiowers,  423,  424. 
His  treatment  of  Columbus,  423.  Remarks 
respecting  his  appointment  and  liis  extra- 
ordinary powers,  424.  Ovando  is  ordered 
to  send  him  home  for  trial,  425.  His  fate, 
428. 

Bobadilla,  Dofia  Beatriz  Fernandez  de,  the 
intimate  fri"nd  of  Isabella,  81,  note.  Tlie 
wife  of  Andrez  de  (Jabrera,  99.  Mentioned 
in  Isabell.i's  testament,  513.  Present  at 
lier  death,  522,  note.  Expelle<l  from  Se- 
govia, 547.  Re-establishes  herself  &t  Se- 
govia, 5,')9,  note. 

Bologna,  taken  posses.'^lon  of  by  the  French, 


664 


INDE^C. 


;  I 


6H7.     Rfclit'vnd  by  the  duke  of  Nomi,urs, 

r)HM. 

BookH,  Isalicllft's  collrrtion  of,  'MUi.  Ufinarks 
on  colU't:fic)ii8  of,  Ix'Jun'  the  iiitr<KliKtii)ii  of 
printing,  300,  note.    IXHtroyed  by  XimentH, 

Borgiii,  Casar,  propoBitif)n  to  transfer,  from 
a  Httcrcd  to  a  Bicular  diKiiily,  411.  His 
conduct  at  Capua,  447.  Uonsalvo's  treat- 
nifnt  of,  ti()7, 

Rourlx>n,  (iilhort  de.     S<'C  M<mtix-nf.ier. 

IJoyl,  Hf-rnaldo,  sent  to  ntgoliate  a  treaty 
with  France,  467. 

Bragan/a,  duke  of,  anecdote  respecting,  118, 
'inde. 

Brazil,  discovered  and  taken  poHsession  of, 
4117. 

Brescia,  captured  by  the  French,  588. 

Bull-figlits,  Isabella's  views  of,  52.1,  vote. 

Hur^undy,  Charles  the  Hold,  duke  of,  visited 
by  Alfonso  ot  I'ortugal,  117.  His  death 
followed  by  a  French  invasion  of  the  Bur- 
gundian  duminions,  117,  note. 


o. 

Cabra,  Count  of,  206.  Honours  conferred  on 
him,  213. 

Cabrera,  Andres  de,  the  husband  of  Beatrix 
de  Bol)adilla,  liis  exertions  to  reconcile 
Henry  IV.  and  Isabella,  99.  His  co-opera- 
tion in  favour  of  proclaiming  Isalu'lla  as 
queen,  lOG,  note.  Manjuis  of  Moyu;  tu- 
mults at  Segovia  respecting,  124.  Fxpelhd 
from  Segovia,  547.  Survives  his  wife,  559, 
note. 

Cadiz,  Ponce  de  Leon,  marquis  of,  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  Guzmans,  12t!.     See  Leon. 

Calabria,  the  duke  of,  at  Tarento,  449.  Gua- 
rantee to,  451.     Treatment  of,  451,  C07. 

Calabria,  invasion  of,  by  Gonsalvo  de  Cor- 
dova, 448.  D'Aubigny  despatched  to,  457. 
Reduced,  460. 

Calatrava,  grand  master  of.    See  Giron. 

C'alatrava,  knights  of,  136,  137. 

Cauibr6.y,  League  of,  563.  Partition  of  the 
continental  posses.sions  of  Venice  thereby, 
685.  Without  principle  or  good  i)<)licy, 
585.  Its  (jrigin,  585.  Dissolved  by  the 
treaty  of  Noyon,  623,  note. 

Canaries,  historical  notice  of  the,  268,  note. 
Ximenes  extends  the  Inquisition  to  the, 
621. 

Cancionero  General,  318.  Its  literary  value, 
318. 

Cancioneros,  publication  of,  318. 

Canosa,  besieged,  457.  French  sally  out  of, 
460. 

Capmany,  Antonio,  notice  of,  and  of  his 
writings,  43,  note. 

Capua,  fate  of,  447.  "        '.  ""  ' 

Carbajal,  Lorer./.o  Gallndez  de,  •.icti:::e  of, 
and  of  his  w  ritings,  029,  note,  639,  not?.. 

Cardenas,  .' '  nso  de,  grand  masrer  ol'  St. 
James,  13.s.  His  enterprise  in  the  district 
around  Malaga,  19s,  199,  20l,  202,  203. 
Intrusted  with  the  assault  on   Baza,  242. 


Kscorts  the  infanta  Isabella  to   Portugal, 

2r)4. 

Cardenas,  Gutierre  de,  of  the  household  of 
Isaliella,  facts  respecting,  90. 

Cari|i.i!>i,  Hugo  de,  coniman<ler  of  the  forces 
raised  by  virtue  of  the  Holy  League,  5«8. 
Lays  waste  Venetian  territories,  591. 

C.irilio,  Alfonso,  archbishop  of  Toledo,  Ms 
ch.iracter  and  influence,  ".'),  70.  Disgr.iced, 
77.  Ilia  league  with  the  niar(iuis  of  Vil- 
li na,  t  gainst  the  crown,  77.  Assists  in 
deposing  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  7h.  At  the 
battle  of  Oliiiedo,  o'i.  His  disposition  to- 
wards Isabella,  95.  Furnishes  a  l>ody  of 
horse  to  Ferdinand,  98.  Accompaidi'S  Isa- 
bella to  Segovia,  100.  His  conduct  towards 
Isalx'lla,  lUH,  110.  At  the  battle  «d"  Toro, 
114,  115.  Purchases  pardon,  116.  His 
death,  195.  His  imprisonment  of  Ximenes, 
3M2. 

Carillo,  the  queen's  magnaidmity  towards, 
51H,  note. 

Carlos,  prince  of  Viana,  his  title  to  Navarre, 
69.  Takes  arms  against  his  lather,  59.  Is 
defeated,  60.  Released  from  captivity,  60. 
Seeks  an  a.syluni  with  Alfon.-o  V.,  at 
Naples,  60.  Urged  to  assert  his  title  to 
the  throne,  after  the  death  of  Alfonso  V., 
61.  His  reception,  and  manner  of  life  in 
Sicily,  61.  His  reconciliation  with  his 
father,  61,  62.  Negotiation  for  a  union  of. 
with  Isabella,  *i2.  Imprisoned,  62;  the 
consetiuences  thereof,  62,  63.  Released, 
6.'!.  His  leceptiun  by  tl:e  people,  63.  His 
sudden  death,  64,  66.     Ills  character,  64. 

Casa  de  Coniratacion,  powers  intrusted  to 
the,  431. 

Casas,  Las,  293.  On  the  treatment  of  the 
Indians,  514,  note,  650,  and  note.  His  me- 
niori.d  on  the  best  means  ot  arr' sting  the 
destruction  of  the  aborigine.s,  651,  note. 
His  tppeal  to  Ferdinand  in  their  behalf, 
651. 

Cas'ellaneta,  expedition  against,  by  the  duke 
of  Nemours,  461. 

Castile,  condition  of,  in  the  middle  of  the 
lifteentli  century,  1.  Characteris»'c  traits 
of  the  people  of,  before  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, 8.  Its  liberal  political  institutions,  8. 
First  popular  repre.sentation  in,  10.  Power 
granted  to  the  commons  of,  10,21.  The 
Jlermandad  organized,  12.  Opulence  and 
pplendour  of  the  cities  of,  13.  Its  situation 
favourable  to  the  rights  of  the  aristocracy, 
14.  Privileges  and  immunities  of  tlie 
higher  nobility  of,  15.  Knighthood  re- 
garded with  especial  favour  in,  17.  In- 
fluence of  the  ecclesiastics  in,  18.  Sacrifices 
in,  made  to  the  pope,  18.  lifFect  ol  the 
long  minorities  In,  22.  Dilapidated  con- 
dition of  the  revenues,  at  the  {wginning  of 
the  fourteenth  centtiry,  23.  Comparative 
power  of  the  sovereign  and  people  in,  23. 
State  of,  at  the  birth  of  Isabella,  47.  Ac- 
ce>slon  of  John  II.,  47.  Rise  of  Alvaro  de 
Luna,  48.  Jealousy  of  the  nobles;  civil 
discord,  48.  Oppression  of  the  commons 
in,  49.     Its  consequences,  50.  Early  litera- 


INDEX. 


0(15 


bclla  to   Portugal, 
till'  bouw'hold  of 

:,  9u. 

iiilfT  of  ihp  forcps 
Holy  l.t'ai;iu',  bnn. 
ritoricH,  riltl. 

op    ol    'lololo,    'lis 

75,  7().  DisKr.H'dl, 
le  niar(iviis  of  Vil- 
n,  77.  Assists  in 
'nstile,  7h.  At  the 
His  (lisiiosition  to- 
iriiisliOH  a  IxjJy  of 
Atconipiiiiifs  Isa- 
Hs  coiidmt  tow  anis 
tlie  fialilc  of  Toro, 
lianloii,  1  Hi.  His 
niuient  of  XiniPiies, 

;naiiiiuity  towards, 

is  title  to  Navarro, 
t  liis  lather,  59.  Is 
from  captivity,  60. 
h  AlfoiL-o  v.,  at 
assort  his  title  to 
•ath  of  Alfonso  V., 
1  manner  of  life  in 
K'iliation  with  liis 
tioii  for  a  iniion  ol', 
iil)ri>oncd,  (i2;  the 
02,  6;j.  Rcleasi'd, 
lo  people,  63.  His 
His  ctiaiai'ter,  64. 
owers  IntruBted   to 

e  treatment  of  the 
and  note.  His  me- 
ns ol  art'  sting  tlie 
rigines,  651,  note. 
ud  in  their  behalf, 

jainst.  by  the  dulce 

the  middle   of  the 
liaracteris^'c  traits 
the  sixteenth  cen- 
|tical  institutions,  8. 
ition  in,  10.    Power 
|nsol,   10,  21.    The 
12.    Opulence  and 
|f,  13.     Its  situation 
of  the  aristocracy, 
imunities    of    the 
Knighthood  re- 
favour  in,  17.    In- 
■s  in,  18.   Sacrifices 
18.     Effect  ol  the 
Dilapidated  con- 
^t  the  iH^ginninp  of 
23.     Comparative 
and  people  in,  23. 
Isabella,  47.     Ac- 
llise  of  Alvaro  de 
the  nobles;   civil 
of  tlie  commons 
i,  50.  Early  litera- 


ture of,  51.  Encouragement  of  literature 
there,  under  John  11.,  51.  Henry,  marquis 
of  Villena,  51.  Inigo  l.opez  de  Menlo/.a, 
iiiarqms  of  Santillaiia,  53.  Joliti  de  Mena, 
53.  Minor  liiminaries,  54.  EpNtol;iry  and 
historical  composition  at  tliis  jjeriiMl,  55. 
Decline  of  AUaro  de  Luna,  56.  His  fall, 
56.  His  death,  57.  Accession  of  Henry 
IV.,  72.  (>i)pre8sion  of  the  people  in,  74, 
Debasement  of  ihe  coin  tiiere,  75.     .Sale  of 

1)apal  bulls  of  crusade  in,  75.  note.  Juan 
'acheco  and  Alfonso  Carillo,  75.  lot*  rview 
of  the  king  of,  v\ith  I>ouis  XI.,  76.  The 
consequences,  77.  League  of  the  nobles, 
77.  Depositioiiof  Henry  IV.,  78,  s4.  Alfonso 
publicly  acknowledged  and  crowned,  7H. 
Consequent  division  of  parties,  7!t.  Hattleof 
Olmedo.  s2.  Civil  anardiy  in,  82.  Death 
of  \lfonso,  M:i.  Crown  ol,  offered  to  I>a- 
bella,  84.  Treaty  between  Henry  and  the 
confederates  in,  h5.  Isabella  ackiiow  ledged 
heir  to  the  crown  of,  85.  Union  of,  with 
Arago.;,  by  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isaljella,  89.  Factions  there,  94.  Civil 
anarchy,  95.  War  of  the  succession ; 
Joanna's  and  Isabella's  title  to  the  crown 
of,  considered,  105.  Accession  of  Ft  rdinand 
and  Isabella,  106.  •  Invasion  of,  by  Alfonso 
of  Poitugal,  109.  Disorderly  retreat  of  the 
Castili.in  army.  111.  Its  reorganization, 
112.  Hat t le  o'f  Toro,  114.  .Submission  of 
the  whole  kingdom  of,  116.  Termination 
of  the  War  ot  Succession,  119.  .Scheuies 
of  reform  there,  intrtKluced  afier  the  acces- 
sion of  Isabella,  121.  Administration  of 
Justice  in,  122,  125.  Tumult  at  .Segovia, 
124.  Reorganization  of  tribunals  in,  127. 
Codification  of  the  laws  there,  129.  .Schemes 
for  reducing  the  nobility  of,  1.30.  Kevoci- 
tion  of  the  royal  grants,  131,  132.  Military 
orders  of.  134.  Masterships  annexed  to 
the  crown  of,  138.  Ecclesiastical  usurpa- 
tions in,  resisted,  139.  Regulation  of  trade 
In,   140.      Prosperity  of  the   kingdom  of, 

141.  Influence  ot  tlie  ro'    '  authority  in, 

142.  Organization  of  tin  nquisition  in, 
145, 150,  151.  State  of  the  Jews  there  at  the 
accession  of  Isabella,  149  Their  persecu- 
tion, 149.  Papal  bull  authorizing  the  In- 
quisition in,  151.  Dreadful  slaughter  of 
the  troops  of,  in  the  Axarquia,  2o2.  Co- 
lumbus's application  to  the  court  of,  272. 
Mental  progress  of,  till  the  end  of  Isabella's 
reign,  299.  Classical  literature  in,  305. 
Edict  against  the  Moors  of,  412.  Philip's 
pretensions  to  the  supremacy  of,  529.  Con- 
cord of  .Salamanca  for  the  government  of, 
5:!4,  536.  Sovereignty  of,  resigned  to 
Philip  and  Joanna,  539.  Provisional  go- 
vernment for,  after  the  death  of  Philip, 
553.  Disorderly  state  of,  559.  Distress  of 
the  kingdom,  659.  Navarre  united  with, 
598.  .Maximilian's  pretensions  to  the  re- 
gency of,  602.  Administration  of,  intrusted 
to  Xinv  nes,  610.  Charles  \.  proclaimed 
king  of,  619.  Public  di.scontents  in,  622. 
Population  there,  655.  Victims  of  the  In- 
quisition in,  609,  note.    See  CastUian  lite- 


rature, Ferdinand,  and  Ferdinand  and 
I-Hihlla. 
Castilirtii  literature,  its  early  state,  51.  .State 
of,  liiiriiig  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella, 2'.e.(.  Isabella's  coiled  ion  of  Imoks, 
300  her  care  lor  the  ediu  aiiou  of  lier  chil- 
dren, 301  ;  of  I'rince  .lolm,  301  ;  of  her 
nobles,  302 ;  Peter  Martyr,  3o2 ;  Lucio 
Marineo  Siculo,  30,3.  Sdiolarship  ol  the 
nobles,  .304.  Accomiilished  ladies,  304,  305. 
Classical  learning,  3u5  ;  Antonio  de  Lelirija, 
305;  Arias  Barliusa,  3U6.  Meiits  ot  tlio 
Spanish  scholars,  307.  Universities,  307. 
Siitred  studies,  308.  Otlier  sciences,  308. 
Printing  introtiuced,  and  encouraged  by 
the  (|ueen,  309;  its  r.ipid  diffusion,  309. 
Actual  progress  of  science,  310.  This  reign 
an  epoch  in  i)olite  letters,  311.  Romances 
of  chivalry,  311.  Ilallads  (jr  romaiues,  313. 
Lyric  jKntr.N,  317.  Publications  of  cun- 
cioneros,  318.  Low  st.ite  of  lyric  poetry, 
319  l{ise  of  the  Spaiiisli  drama.  320. 
Tragic  drama,  326.  The  foundation  of, 
laid  in  the  (ourt  of  Ferdinand  and.  Isabella, 
659.  Further  remarks  respecting  C.istilian 
poetry;  its  subsequent  development,  660, 
note. 

Castilian  monarchy,  view  of  the,  Ijefore  the 
fifteenth  centurj-,  2.  Election  to  the  crown, 
21  ;  controlled,  21. 

Castillo,  Enricjuez  del,  notice  of,  104,  note. 

Castro,  Harthoijuieo  de,  einployid  in  the 
compilation  ot  the  Complutensian  Polyglot, 
5s2,  7iote. 

Catalans,  insurrection  of  the,  63.  Repulsed 
at  (ienma,  66.  Reject  the  coiicili.itory  ad- 
vances of  John,  71.     See  t'alal'jnia 

Catalina.    See  Catharine  of  Arayon. 

Catalonia,  united  to  .Aragon,  25,  Success  of 
the  navy  of,  26.  Poetic.il  talent  in,  41. 
Insurrection  in,  63.  Feelings  there  in  re- 
gard to  Carlos,  after  his  death,  66.  (ieneral 
revolt  in,  67.  .Sivereignty  of,  offered  to 
Htnry  IV.  of  Castile,  68.  Election  of  Rene 
le  IJon,  of  Anjou,  to  the  throne  of,  6s. 
Lil>eration  of  serfs  there,  222.  The  court 
transfers  its  residence  to,  2.^7.  Attempt  to 
a88a>sinate  Ferdinand  in,  287.  Loyalty  of 
tlie  jieople  of,  288.     See  Catalans. 

Catharine  of  Lancaster,  union  of  Henry  III. 
with,  47. 

Catiiariiie,  succeeds  Francis  Pha-bus,  of  Na- 
varre, 197.  Proposition  for  tlie  union  of, 
with  John,  S(Hi  of  Fentinand  and  IsalK-lla, 
197.  Her  marriage  with  Jean  d'Albret, 
222.     See  Alhnt. 

Catharine  of  ,\ragon,  her  birth,  222,  note, 
368,  note.  Her  early  education,  301,  note. 
Her  union  witli  the  hou>e  of  I-lngland,  371. 

Catlicjlic,  the  title  of,  conferred  on  Fenlinand 
and  Isabella,  343. 

Celestiiia,  tlu'  tragicomedy  of,  321 .  Criticised, 
322.  Opened  tlie  way  to  dr.miatic  writing, 
322.     Numerous  editions  of  it,  323. 

C<  li,  -Medina,  Duke  ol,  Columbus's  application 
to,  273. 

Centurion,  Domingo,  sent  as  a  leirate  bj-  pope 
Slxtus  IV.  to  the  court  of  Castile,  139. 


GOG 


INDEX. 


C«'rd«Knp,  iilP(!f?f'd  to  the  king  of  France,  67. 

Revolt  tluT'-,  !»7. 

CerigiHiitt,  'JoiiHiilvo  rnraiiips  at,  4C9.  Rattle 
of,  470,  •»><(!,  4m!».     J^omh  at,  471. 

CharlcH  VI 11.  of  France,  his  larly  education, 
3;J5.  HiH  iiritenMJoris  to  Naples,  .'JJ.'i.  His 
negotiations  reNjiectinjjt  KuifHillon,  AM. 
CouimeliorHof,  ill  tlie  ]my  of  Feniliiaiid,  .'137. 
HlH  nioaxures  for  iiiviidiriK  Italy,  ;o.s. 
S'ikIs  Ml  <  nvoy  to  the  Spanish  court,  .'139. 
Ferdinand's  Hpcd.il  rnin»loii  to  liim,  339. 
His  dissatisfaction,  .340.  Crosses  tlio  Alps 
with  a  f  rniidabic  arn>y,  340.  Kilters  lioiu' 
340.  Second  mission  to,  from  Ferdinaml, 
343.  His  dissatisf.ictioii,  341.  Entt'is 
Naples,  34.5.  (general  hostility  to  him,  345. 
His  iniliscretion  after  tlie  league  <d  Venice, 
347.  His  general  Conduct,  34h.  Plunders 
works  of  art,  .34'.».  (Joes  through  the  cere- 
mony of  coronation,  349.  His  retreat,  349. 
His  disregard  for  Italy,  3.'^(7.  His  death, 
439.    Cause  ol  his  failure  in  Italy,  505. 

Charles  V.  (the  First  of  Spain),  birtli  of,  464, 
and  Mo<fi.  Proposal  for  tiK;  union  of,  witli  the 

Erincens  Claude,  465.  Named  knig  by  Isa- 
f?lla,  513.  Made  toassumethe  litleof  kingof 
Castile,  560.  Regards  himself  as  excludeil  by 
Ferduiand  from  his  rightful  possession,  6U'2. 
Adri.m  of  Utrecht,  preceptor  of  and  envoy 
to  l-erdinand,  609  Erects  a  marljle  mauso- 
leum over  the  remains  of  Ferdinand  and 
l.sabella,  611.  Proclaimed  king,  619.  Pre- 
pares to  embark  for  his  Spanish  dominions, 
623.  His  jiroposed  union  with  theoaughter 
of  Francis  I.,  623.  Lands  in  Spain,  623. 
His  ungrateful  letter  to  Ximenes,  6'23. 
Indebted  to  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  6.59. 

Charles  of  Bourlwn,  his  generous  conduct  to 
the  heirs  of  (riannone,  64H,  note. 

Chivalry,  circumstances  favourable  to,  in 
Spain.  7.  Romances  of,  136.  Continuance 
of,  in  .Spain,  656.     See  Military  Orders. 

Cbristians,  sold  as  slaves,  75,  198.  Treatment 
of,  by  the  Spanish  Arabs,  163.  Liberation 
of,  218.  Release  of,  at  Malaga,  236;  at 
Oran,  575. 

Church  of  Rome,  measures  for  preventing 
usurpations  by  the,  138.  Resisted  by  the 
cortes  of  Castile,  139.  Treatment  of  the, 
by  the  sovereigns,  632.     See  I'ope. 

Church  jilate,  a|>propriation  of,  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  royal  treasury,  1 12. 

Cicero,  his  country-s«at,  490,  note. 

Cid,  remarks  on  the,  6,  tinte.  ■   -  -■ 

Cifuentes,  Don  Juan  de  Siha,  count  of,  199. 

Cisneros,  Francisco  Ximenez  de.  See -iVjnenc*. 

Classical  literature,  in  Spain,  305. 

Claude,  the  princess,  daughter  of  Louis  XII., 
465. 

Clemencln,  Diego,  author  of  the  sixth  volume 
of  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Spanish 
.\cademy  of  History,"  143,  nute. 

Clergy,  on  the  education  of  the,  in  Spain,  308. 
Their  Imbits,  391.  Their  ojiposition  to 
Talavera  s  ;ni(d  policy  for  the  conversion 
of  the  Moors,  396.  The  queen's  measures 
for  circumscribing  the  powers  of  the,  632. 


Their  wealth,  632,  note.  The  queen's  care 
of  their  morals,  6.33.    S«'e  AVr/ow-'^Jca. 

Coin,  deba.semeiit  of,  in  Castile.  J5,  140.  En- 
actments respecting,  141. 

Cohiuies,  careful  provis'  >n  made  for  the, 
429.  Emigration  to  tl  •,  e'icouraged,  429. 
License  for  private  voyages  to  tlie,  4.ii). 
Spirit  of  the  legislation  of  the,  432.  Trmle 
of,  conlineil  to  Seville,  4.32.  Articles  of 
commerce  in  the,  434.  Slavery  there,  65ii. 
Administration  of  the  government  of  the, 
652.     See  lliajianiola  and  W'tsl  Indies. 

Colonna,  Prospero,  sent  to  harass  the  French, 
498.  His  visit  to  Isabc  lla,  511,  uote.  Suc- 
cessor to  Gonsalvo,  at  Naples,  562. 

Columbus,  Chr  stopher,  early  history  of,  269. 
His  Ixlief  of  land  in  the  west,  27o,  271. 
Applies  to  Portugal,  271  ;  to  the  court  at 
Ca-tile.  272.  His  case  referred  to  a  couniil. 
272.  His  application  rejected.  272.  His 
application  to  .Medina  Sidoiiia  and  Mednia 
Cell,  273.  Prepares  to  leave  Spain,  27.t. 
Peri(Hl  of  his  residence  with  the  duke  of 
Medina  Oil,  273,  rude.  Inti  rpcjsition  in 
his  behalf,  274.  Present  at  the  surrender 
of  firaiiada,  274.  Trges  his  suit  before 
Ferdinand  and  IsalM-lltt,  274.  The  nature 
of  his  demands,  275.  Isabella  favourable 
towards,  275.  Final  arrangement  with, 
275.  .Siiils  on  his  first  voyage,  276  In- 
difference to  his  enterprise,  277.  His  tri- 
bute to  l>aliella,  277,  note.  Returns  from 
his  voyage,  2ss.  Invited  to  Harcelona,  2«;t. 
The  West  Indies  discovered  by,  289.  His 
visit  to  Portugal,  289  His  reception  by 
John  II  .  289,  note.  His  reception  at  Palos. 
290.  His  progress  to  Harcelona,  290.  His 
reception  at  the  court,  290.  His  interview 
with  the  sovereigns,  291.  Sensations  caused 
by  his  discovery,  291.  Royal  attentions 
shown  to,  at  Barcelona,  292.  Preparations 
for  his  second  voyage,  293.  296.  Instruc- 
tions to,  respecting  the  natives,  293.  New- 
powers  granted  to,  294.  Sails  on  his  second 
voyage,  297.  Complaints  against  him,  4 is. 
His  .second  return.  418.  Reaction  of  public 
feeling  respecting  him.  419.  The  ((ueen's 
confidence  in  him  unshaken,  419.  Honours 
conferred  on  him,  419.  Difficulties  as  to 
his  third  voyage,  420.  Sails,  420.  l)is- 
coveis  terra  jnina,  420.  He  endeavours  to 
quell  the  mutiny  at  Hispaniola,  421.  Lmui 
complaints  against  him,  421.  Superseded 
in  his  government,  and  sent  to  Sjiain,  by 
Bobadilla,  423.  His  reception,  424.  Ovando 
commi.ssioned  in  his  stead,  425.  Remarks 
resfMcting  the  delay  to  send  him  out,  420. 
Equipment  for  his  fourth  and  last  voyape. 
427.  His  despou  ^ncy,  427.  La>t  letter  of 
the  sovereigns  t(  him,  428.  Sails,  42S. 
F"orbidden  to  tone)  at  Ili.spaniola  though  in 
distress,  428.  Remarkable  fate  of  his 
enemies,  428.  Dissatisfied  w  ith  the  license 
for  private  voyages,  430,  note.  Aflected 
by  the  death  of  lsal)ella,  517,  n"te.  His 
return  from  his  last  vovage,  542  'earns 
Isabella's  death,  542,  543.  His  illi...  513. 
Visits  the  court,   543.    Unjust  treatment 


a.. 


INDEX. 


TliP  queon's  care 

slilc,  J5,  140.     Eti- 

>ii  made  for  the, 
,  o»ic()uran«'»l,  4'jy. 
,'aK<'s  to  the,  4;iii. 
if  the,  iSi.     Tratic 

4.T2.  Articles  of 
Slavery  Ihcre,  65ii. 
ovcriiiiipnt  of  the, 
J  West  Jndies. 
harass  the  Fiencli, 
la,  511,  hole.  Suc- 
i|)U's,  ati'i. 
rly  history  of,  2C!). 
he  west,  27u,  271. 
1  ;  to  the  court  at 
fcrrccl  to  u  council, 
fjccted.  272.  His 
idonia  and  Medina 

leave  Spain,  27. i. 

witii  the   duke  of 

liiti  rposition   in 

t  at  the  surrender 

•M    hia  suit    before 

274.  The  naiurc 
sabellci  favouralilf 
rrangenient    witli, 

voyaK'',  270  In- 
iKe,  277.  His  tri- 
)le.  Kcturn.s  froui 
1  to  narcelona,  2xii. 
tTcd  by,  2«9.     His 

HiH  reception  by 
reception  at  Falos, 
ircelona,  290.  His 
90.     His  interview 

Sensations  caused 

Royal  attentions 
292.  Preparations 
i93.  296.  Inxtruc- 
latives,  293.     New 

SailRon  hi8  eecoiid 
H  against  hitn,  4 in. 

Reaction  of  public 

419.     The  «iueen's 

Sen,  419.    Honours 

Difficulties  as  to 

Sails,  420.     Dis- 

He  endeavours  to 

laniola,  421.    Lniui 

421.    Supersedeii 

sent  to  Spain,  by 
ption,  424.  Ovaiido 
•ad,  425.     Remarks 

fiend  him  out,  42(1. 
:h  and  last  voyape, 
427.  La.-t  letterof 
428.  Sails,  428. 
i.spaniola  though  in 
:ftble  fate  of  his 
ed  with  the  license 
iO,  7wie.  Affected 
la,  517,  rv'te.  His 
vage,  542  'earns 
i.     His  illi...       Via. 

Unjust  treatment 


3G7 


1^ 


of,  by  Ferdinand,  544.  D'clines  in  health 
and  s)iirils,  544.  His  death,  514.  His  pcr- 
Non  and  li.ibits,  545.  His  enthusiasm,  545, 
5 to.  Mis  lolty  character,  540.  Remarks 
respecting  the  family  of,  540,  imte. 

Columbus,  Diego,  sun  of  Chiistopher  Colum- 
bus, 540.  note. 

Columbus,  Feidinand,  his  History  of  the  Ad- 
mir.il,  43H.     Notice  ot,  540,  luUe. 

Comines,  minister  of  Charles  Vlli.,  at  Venice, 
:iio.  Hi-,  account  of  bis  neguiiulioiis  con- 
tirmed  by  tliu  minutes  of  the  senate,  340, 
iwte. 

Commerce  of  (Jranada,  170. 

Commons  of  CaMile,  power  granted  to  the,  11. 
Treatment  ot,  by  .John  1.,  14.  rernianeiit 
commiitee  of  the,  resides  at  court,  21,  note. 
Oppression  of  the,  49  ;  Its  conseciueiices,  50. 
Suite  of  tlie,  under  the  reign  ol  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  034.  'I'heir  consideration,  O.'ll. 

Complutensiju  1  -     glot  Bible.    .See  I'olyijlut. 

Concubinage,  practised  by  the  clergy  in  Spain, 
19. 

Conde,  his  works  respecting  the  Moors,  180, 
note. 

Condottieri,  mercenaries  in  Italy  described, 
341. 

C<.inti8calion  decreed  against  heretics,  158, 
note. 

Coplas  by  Don  Jorge  Manrique,  320. 

Cordova,  Alonso  Hernandez  de.  See  .J^uilar. 

Cordova,  Diego  Fernandez  de,  205. 

Cordova,  Gonsalvo  de,  a  negotiator  of  a  treaty 
for  the  surrender  of  Uraiiada,  259.  Land- 
forces  against  Cijarles  Vlll.  intrusted  to, 
343.  His  early  life,  350.  His  brilliant 
qualities,  351.     His  gallantry  to  the  queen, 

352.  Raised  to  the  Italian  command,  352. 
Arrives  in  Sicily,  352.     Lands  in  Calabria, 

353.  His  prudence  in  regard  to  the  battle 
of  Seminara.  353.  His  bravery,  355.  His 
retreat  to  Reggio,  355.  His  movements  in 
Soutliern  (Calabria,  356.  His  successes,  367. 
Summoned  to  the  aid  of  Ferdinand,  in 
Ateila,  358.  Surprises  Laino,  35.S.  Arrives 
before  Ateila,  359.  Receives  the  title  of 
(jireal  Captain,  359.  iSeats  a  detachment  of 
.Swiss,  300.  Succours  the  pope  by  storming 
and  capturing  Ostia,  304.  Enters  Rome, 
304.  His  reception  by  the  pope,  361;  by 
Frederick,  at  Naples,  304.  Returns  to 
Spain,  305.  Marches  against  Huejar,  404. 
F'leet  lilted  out  under,  443.  Sail.s  against 
the  Turks,  443.  Storms  and  ciiptures  St. 
George,  445,  446.  Honours  paid  to,  446. 
Conduct  of,  towards  Frederick,  448.  In- 
vades Calaliria,  448.  Invests  Tarento,  449. 
His  muniticence,  449.  Punishes  a  mutinj', 
450.  Tarento  surrenders  to,  451.  His 
forces,  456.  Retires  to  IJiirleta,  456.  His 
spirit,  459.  Routs  the  French,  461.  Cap- 
tures Ruvo,  462.  Returns  to  Barleta,  402. 
His  tieatment  of  the  prisoners,  403.  Pre* 
pares  to  leave  Barleta,  403.  Refuses  to 
comply  with  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  of 
Lyons,  408.  Marches  out  of  liarleta,  409. 
Distress  of  the  troops  under,  469.  En- 
camps before  Cerlgnola,   469.     His  forces. 


470.  Rout<«  the  French,  471.  Pursues  t tie 
enemy,  472.  His  entry  into  Naples,  473. 
H  s  nioveiuents  against  (iaeta.  474.  Con- 
Ces(<ions  Id,  by  the  pol>e.  4s6.  .*^ends  A 
detachment  near  to  the  lity  of  Rouu<,  4H8. 
Repulsed  bi'lurc  (i.ieta,  4s9.  Strength  of 
Ills  force>,  4.»9.  lakes  post  at  ."^aii  (ier- 
mano,  49u.  His  bluotly  resistance  at  the 
bridge  of  (iurigllano,  492.  Strengthens  his 
position,  49.1.  (ireat  distress  of  the  army 
of,  493.  His  remarkable  resulutlon,  494, 
495.  S/iiires  the  alliance  of  the < )rsini.  496. 
Crosses  the  liarigliatio,  and  pursues  ihu 
French,  49m.  Routs  the  enemy,  4'.iu.  Hia 
trec.iment  of  the  Angevin  lords.  5i)l,  note. 
His  courtesy  to  the  vanquished,  501.  Takes 
possession  of  (iaeta,  502.  His  eiithusiastic 
reception,  502,  5u3.  Extortions  and 
clamours  of  the  troops  under,  5ii3,  His 
liberality  to  his  officers,  5U3.  Review  of 
'lis  mlitary  conduct,  5o6.  His  reform  of 
the  military  service,  5o0.  His  iiitluence 
over  tlie  army,  5(»7.  His  contidence  in  the 
cbaracterol  ttie  Sjianiaids,  5u7.  Hispulilic 
deporiment  to  the  Italians,  5u7.  I'ositioii 
of  his  army,  50H.  Results  of  the  campaigns 
under,  5UH.  Memoirs  of,  50s,  ^lote.  Af- 
fected by  the  death  of  Isabella,  517.  His 
communications  with  Philip  tli>'  Handsome, 
631,  }iote.  Distrusted  by  Ferdinand,  549. 
Loyally  of,  55u.  His  reception  of  Fer- 
dinand at  Naples,  556.  Ferdinand's  cou- 
tidence  in,  501.  (irief  of  the  Neapolitans 
at  his  departure,  502.  (Ajuiplimenls  to,  hy 
Louis  XIL,  503.  His  reception  in  Spain, 
and  progress  through  the  country,  508. 
Ferdinand  breaks  !;is  word  to,  509.  Pio- 
iwsilions  for  the  marriage  of  his  daughter, 
509.  Withdraws  from  court,  509.  Hia 
ppleiidid  retirement,  509,  57o.  Ordered  to 
Italy,  0u2.  Zeal  to  enlist  uiuUt.  003. 
Again  di.^trusted  by  Ferdinand,  and  ordered 
to  disband  his  levies,  Ou3.  W  rites  to  Fer- 
dinand, and  goes  into  retirement,  603. 
Prepares  to  embark  for  Flanders,  Ou4.  Hia 
illness  and  death,  605  ;  public  grief,  6o5. 
His  cliaraiter,  OoO.  His  private  virtues, 
600.  His  want  of  faith,  Ou7.  His  loyalty, 
608. 

Cordova,  Pedro  de,  mar(|uis  of  Priego,  Fer- 
dinand's severity  towards,  507.  50.s.  Re- 
spect shown  by,  to  the  remains  of  Fer- 
dinand, Oil. 

Cordova,  persecutions  of,  163,  note.  Embel- 
lishment of,  bj'  the  Arabs,  164.  tireat 
mosque  of,  105.  Population  <d",  106.  Lite- 
rature and  education  in,  167.  I)i-meinber- 
ment  of  the  empire  of,  168.  Troubles  in, 
from  the  Inquisition,  548. 

Coronation,  forms  of.  100,  107. 

Coronei,  Paulo,  emi)loj-ed  in  the  compilation 
ol  the  Comi)luteiisian  Polyglot,  582,  note. 

Corral,  ,Iohn  de,  justice  inllicted  on,  198. 

Cortes  of  Aragon,  composed  of  four  branches, 
30.  Their  several  jirivihges  and  jiowers, 
30,31.  Their  manner  of  conducting  busi- 
ness, 31.  Judicial  functions  of,  33.  '1  heir 
control  over  the  government,   34.    Com- 


COS 


INDEX. 


|)arp<l  Willi  tlmt  of  raptllr,  3i.   RrmnnBtr.ito 

iiKiiiiiHt    III)-    lii(|iiisiti<>ii,    22'.).     U('('iiKiii7.(> 

i'liillp  and  .loHiiiia,  t(>ri,  4(>U. 
Corl's  of  (,'iistll<',   jiasH  0(iM  rrsjuitiiiK    tlio 

iiol)ility,    Ki'J.     Id'siHt   the   iiHiir]iatioiis  of 

till' thurcli,  l.'in.     I'a^H  at'tH  icsjuctiiiK  coin, 

141      l'ro(t'((llnnH   of,    rcKpcctliiK  tin-  huc- 

coH^ion,  alter  the  dico.iHc  of  Isalicila,  ri'J7. 

Cunvoiatiuii  of,  alter  the  ileatli  of  I'liilip, 

M\.  &&r..      MeetiiiK  of,  O&i 
Cotincll,    Royal,   reurgaiilzulioii   of  the,  127, 

64U. 
CouncilN,  organization  of,  640. 
CretinsJB,  Deuietiiiis,  employed  in  the  cora- 

plUtioti    of    the   CouiplutenHian    I'olyglot, 

f)HJ,  iiotn. 
CrosH,  the  standard  of  the,  217. 
Cru>*mle8,  opined  the  way  to  the  Inquisition, 

144. 
Currenry,    laws  eBtablishing   uniformity   in 

the,  04(1. 
Cuxar,  surrtnder  of,  242. 


Darien,  isthmus  of,  crossed  by  Vaaco  Nuflez 
de  HrtJlM.a,  649. 

Darn,  Count,  his  ••  llistoire  dc  Veniae,"  592, 
note. 

De/.a,  DieRo  de,  archbishop  of  S«?ville,  favours 
the  project  of  Colunilms,  212.  Notice  of, 
27:t,  note.  An  inquisitor,  &4b.  Succeeded 
by  Xinienes,  ij7I. 

Discoveries,  the  eiu  ly,  made  by  the  Spaniards, 
26H.  Moral  consequences  of  the  wcbtein, 
4;i7.     I'lo^ress  ill,  G4'.t. 

Dominican  triars,  punishment  of  heresy  com- 
Ulittrd  to,  144. 

DonzeU'P,  account  of  the,  20.'i,  note. 

Dorset,  marquis  of.     See  (ireij. 

Drama,  Spanish,  rise  of  the,  320.  The  tragi- 
comedy of  "Celestina,"  320.  Juan  de  la 
Encina,  323.  Torres  de  Naharro,  324.  Low 
condition  of  the  stage,  326.  'I'ragic  drama, 
326.     Fenian  Perez  de  Oliva,  326,  327. 

Duelling  prohibited.  133.     Practised,  171. 

Duponcet,  liis  "  llistoire  de  Gousalve  de  Cor- 
doue,"  509,  note. 

E. 

F^tirly  literature  of ''astile,  51.    See  Cattile. 

Ecclesiastics,  inlluence  of,  in  Castile,  18. 
Their  licentiousness,  19.  Their  great  wealth, 
19.  20,  and  note.  Chastisemeut  of,  by  Isa- 
bella, !22.     See  Clergy. 

Education,  under  Alhakem  II.,  167.  Pro- 
visions for,  174;  the  results,  175.  See 
Moorif. 

Egypt,  the  mission  from  the  sultan  of,  to 
Feidinand  and  b.abella,  245. 

Elizabclhof  England,  Isabella  compared  with, 
023. 

El  Zagal.     See  Ahdallah. 

Emanuel,  successor  of  .John  11.  of  Portugal, 
370.  Union  of,  with  the  inanta  Isalv  Ha, 
370,  374.  Bauishes  the  Jews  from  Por- 
tugal, 374 


Embasoles,  resident,  earliest  Instances  of,  lOfl, 
note. 

Encina,  .Juan  de  la,  notice  of,  323.  His  dra- 
niiitic  ei  liigues,  323. 

Enrique/,  Fadrl(iue,  admiral  of  Castile,  com- 
mander of  a  Spanisli  armada  to  cai  ry  Joanna 
to  Fl.inders,  372. 

Epihi,  Pedro  Arbues  de,  inquisitor  ill  Sara- 
gossa.  22.3.     See  Arliuen. 

Erasmus,  on  tlie  scieme  and  literature  of 
Spain,  under  Isabella,  6'ir),  note. 

Europe,  state  of,  at  the  close  ol  the  fifteenth 
century,  330.  Character  of  rt  igniiig  sovf>- 
reigns  in,  331.  Improved  politicnl  and 
moral  coiiditioti  ol,  .i3l.  More  intimale 
relations  Ixtween  st.itts,  3.12.  Foreign  n.'- 
lations  conducted  by  the  sovereign,  332. 
Italy  tiiesdiool  of  politits,  332.  KHect  of 
tlie  admniistration  of  Feiduiand  and  Isa- 
bella on,  630. 

Exports  from  Spain,  in  the  reign  of  Fer- 
diniuiii  and  IsalM-lia,  643. 

Eyuierich,  his  instructions  relative  to  inqui- 
sitions, 144,  145.     Cited,  145,  note. 


Ferdinand  T.  of  Aragon,  his  application  to 
the  city  of  liarcelona.  40.  Short  reign  of, 
6h.     Succeeded  by  Alfonso  V.,  5H. 

Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  his  birth,  60.  Sworn 
heir  to  tlie  crown,  66.  denunciation  of 
allegiance  to,  by  the  Catalans,  67.  His 
junction  with  Joan,  before  (Jerona;  tlie 
consefjuences,  69,  70.  His  iiariow  escape, 
7o.  Negotiations  for  his  marriage,  7o,  h7, 
8H ;  articles  of  marriage,  m9.  F^nters  Cas- 
tile,  91.  His  private  interview  with  I>a- 
bella,  91.  His  personal  appearance,  91. 
His  marriage,  92.  liaises  the  siege  before 
I'erpignan,  98.  His  reception  by  Henry  IV., 
at  .Segovia,  100.  Summoned  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Ills  fatlier  in  Aragon.  100,  loi. 
His  summary  execution  of  justice,  in  the 
case  of  Gordo,  lol.  Marches  against  Al- 
fonso, king  of  Portugal,  110;  challenges 
him  to  personal  combat,  HI.  Ketreais, 
111.  Reorganizes  the  army,  and  proceeds 
to  Zamora,  112,  113.  Overt,akes  .Alfonso 
on  the  retreat,  114.  Engages  in  the  batth; 
of  Toro,  114.  His  huuiiinity,  116.  His 
visit  to  his  father,  118,  and  note.  Marches 
towards  Alhama,  187,  188,  189.  Raises  the 
second  siege,  190.  His  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt on  Loja,  191,  192.  The  fiist  mon- 
arcli  to  send  eniba-ssies  to  foreign  powers, 
196.  His  first  interference  in  the  politics 
of  Italy,  196.  His  treatment  of  Ahdallah, 
207,  20H.  His  terms  to  the  vanquished 
Moors,  211.  His  body-guard,  214.  His 
meeting  with  tlie  queen  in  the  camp  beforo 
M<'clin,  216.  His  costume,  216.  His  con- 
diict  in  relation  to  the  Inquisition  in  Ara- 
gon, 223.  Inquisition  throughout  his  do- 
minions, 225.  His  expedition  to  Velez 
Malaga,  2'i5,  226.  Narrow  escape  of,  22(3. 
His  haughty  demeanour  to  the  embassy 
from  besieged  Malaga,  234.     His  wary  de- 


INDEX. 


(W.O 


^t  InstftiircK  tif,  19fl, 
of,  3'J3.    IliM  (Ira- 
ni of  Castllp,  coni- 
idatocairy  JoaiiiiA 

iti(|iiisltiir  ill  Sara- 

and    literature  of 
if),  note. 

iw  ol  tin-  fiftofnth 
r  of  n  igiiiiif?  Hov*"- 
)V(>d  pdlitKitl  and 
1.  Molt"  intinialo 
1,  :t:t2.  Foreinii  a^ 
he  Hovertipn,  'SSi. 
i<  H.  :i:i'2.  KRcct  of 
'cidinaiid  and  loa- 
the reign  of  Fer- 

\  relative  to  inqui- 
,145,  7wle. 


his  application  to 

0.  Slmrt  reign  of, 
ISO  v.,  5M. 

s  birth,  60.    Sworn 

HciuiiK'lation    of 

Catalans,   67,     His 

efore  (ierona;    tlie 

II iw  nariow  escape, 

is  marriage,  7o,  h7, 

«9.     Kntcrs  Cas- 

itcrviow  with  I>a- 

il  appearance,   91. 

es  the  Kiege  before 

[ition  by  Henry  IV., 

oned  to  the  assist- 

Aragon.    100,  101. 

of  Justice,  In  the 

arches  against  Al- 

1,  110;   chaliongcH 

at,    HI.     Uotreais, 

rmy,  and  priK-eeds 

)vert.ake8   Alfonno 

gages  in  the  battle 
uiitnity,  116.  His 
iiid  note.  Marches 
1H9.  Raises  the 
unsuccessful  at- 
i.  The  flist  nion- 
to  foreign  powers, 

ice  in  the  politics 
nient  of  AWallalj, 

1   the   vanquislied 

guard,  214.  His 
in  the  camp  bcforo 
lie,  216.  His  con- 
iniuisiiion  in  Ara- 

iroughout  his  do- 
pedition  to  Velez 
i)w  escape  of,  22i3. 
r  to  the  embassy 
U.     His  wary  de- 


t 


1 


vico  respect  ng  th«»  plate,  2.17.  Assumes 
the  ciiiiiiiiaiid  of  the  army  iit  Miirt  :a,  2  I'.i. 
Makrs  inr<i,i.|t  into  lintnada,  2  to.  His 
nieasuri's  for  the  ntluciiun  of  lta/.,i,  211. 
Takes  (oiniiiind  of  tlw  army,  241.  Naiins 
of  the  illstitigiiiHlicd  cavaliers  wlio  usually 
aiti'inlrd,   Jd,   it'ile.     His  trratiniiit  of  tlie 

|)e.iplf  of  Maza,  2Vit.     lis  int<rview  widi 
^1  Zagiil,  2.''i*i ;  occupation  of  his  dumaiii, 
2fit).      i)i'\Mstatos    (Jraiiai'ii,    'i^ui.      Confers 
knightlio<Ml  oil  hi'<  son,  I  rince  .Jolm,  2.').'i. 
His  policy  in   regard  to  (jiiadix,  and  other 
cltl-s.  2r).'>.     .Mu>t.-r^  his  forces,  in  1  litl,  f  .r 
tlie  closing  ctinpiign  against  liranadii,  2.'>6. 
Encamps   In   the   vegu,   IM.     Disaiiproves 
the   Hti|>iilat|oiis  (leuimdi'd   by   Columbus, 
275.     Attempt  on  ihe  life  of,  2m7.    U  •*  slow 
recovery,  'Zt^f^.    I'uidshuient  of  the  assassin, 
2HS.     I<!arly   education   of.    iieglecteil,  •jiiii. 
Foreign  politics  directed  by,  ;i.io.    His  d<'- 
teruiinatioii  ri'spectiug  the  crown  of  Naples, 
3:t'.l.     Sends  an  envoy  to  the   French  court, 
;i;t;i.     His  conduct  In  relation  to  the  expe- 
dition of  Charles  VIII.,  312,  ;i»:{.     Mak.'s 
n.ival  preparations,  :t43.     His  second  mis- 
sion to  (-'harles  VIII.,   :{4;{,     Hold  conduct 
of  Ills  envoys,   'MX.     ITIs  views  resjiectinj; 
iiaples,  aiiti.     His  fame,  acciuireil  by  the 
WHT,  ;t6tj.    .Mediates  a  pea«te  between  Henry 
Vll.   and    tlie   king   of    Srots,   ;t71,   notr.. 
Takes  the  Held,  and  marches  towards  the 
mountains   of  (iranada,   404.     The    rebels 
submit    to,    410.     His    negotiitions    with 
Venice,  441  ;  with  the  emperor  Maximilian, 
441.     His  views  and  measures  in  regard  to 
the   French   invasion   of  Italy,   442.      His 
partition  of  Naples  with   Louis  XII.,  442, 
44.1.     tiniund  of  his  claim  to  Nap  es,  444. 
His  rupture  witli  France,  4.^2.    His  in.stnic- 
tions  to  I'hilip  to  make  a  treaty  w  ith  Louis 
XII.,   407.     Rejects   the  treaty,    475.     His 
policy  examined,   470.     His    measures   in 
regard  U)  the  French   invasi(jn,  4S().     His 
successes,    4H1.      SulTers   from   speculative 
writers,  484,  note.    His  treaty  with  IajuIs 
XII.,  504.     Named  regent  of  Castile  in  the 
testament  of  Isalndla,   5i;t.     The  queen's 
provision  for,  51,3.     Resigns  the  crown  of 
Castile  to  riiilip,  527.    Assumes  the  title  of 
administrator  of  Castile,  527,  52H.    His  nego- 
tiations with  rhilip,  529,  note.    Unpopular, 
530,  537.     His  perplexities,  531.    Proposals 
for  his  second  marriage,  532.    His  niarrl.ige 
with  the  princess  (Jermaiiie,  5.(3,  5:t.').     His 
impolitic  treaty  with  France,  5,13.  His  futile 
clToris  to  retain  the  government  of  (.'astile, 
5.10,  537,Ti(*^e.  Hasan  interview  with  I'hilip, 
5.'ts.     His  courteous  deportment,  53.s.     His 
resignation  of  the  regency,  539.     His  con- 
duct in  regard  to  his  daunhier  d  fended, 
510,    Jiote       His    swond    interview    with 
Philip,  54».     His  depar',ure,  541.     His  dis- 
position tow-ards  Columbus,  543.     Hi-;  un- 
just tieatmeiit  of  him.  544.     The  jiurpose 
of  perverting  his  pension,   54H.     His  dis- 
trust of  (tonsalvo,  549.     Sails  for  Naples, 
550.      His  deportment  towards  cionsalvo, 
550,  561.     His  reception,  555.     His  entry 


Into  Naples,  5r>.'>,  .isfl  Summons  a  parlia- 
ment and  lentoies  the  .Vngevins,  5.'it;,  Ills 
politic  behaviour  respi'cting  Castile,  5«l '. 
Alhgumc'  to,  ,'ir.i).  Leave-*  N,ip|es,  ,'i(li). 
His  brillimt  ntervl.  w  with  I^'iiis  Xil,, 
5l>2.  Keceptioli  of,  in  Caslile,  Mil.  Ills 
interview  Willi  .loaniia,  Mi'  Irregularity 
of  his  proceedings,  500.  lirantsa  general 
amn>stv,  500.  K-'tablislns  a  guaid,  .lOO, 
507.  His  exce-isive  severity,  507.  IIiS 
treatniriit  of  (ioiisalvo,  50s  I'olii  y  of  his 
severity,  57i).  Xiineiies's  dist!U-«t  of,  570. 
His  vWit  to  the  university  of  ,\lcala,  5sii. 
Spoil  assigned  to,  by  flie  leaniie  of  Cam- 
biay,  5sr,.  Remonstrates  with  Loui-<  .\11. 
against  Irs  aggi'essioii->  on  the  cliiircli,  5s7, 
The  pope  nr.niis  him  the  iuvestltiire  '>f 
Naples,  and  oilier  favours,  5m7.  Hecoines 
u  party  In  tlie  Holy  League,  5sm.  His  di- 
tnist  of  Navarre,  59.1.  I)eiiiiiiids  a  p.ts- 
sage  for  liis  army  through  Navarre,  594, 
61111.  KITecls  a  truce  with  Louis  .\II.,  590, 
597,  note.  S«'ttles  his  conipiesti,  59s, 
Unites  Navarre  witli  Ca-^tile,  mis.  Kxami- 
nation  of  his  conduct  re-<pecting  Navarre, 
59.S.  His  aversion  for  his  graiid->oii  Ciiarles 
v.,  002.  Orders  (;onsalvo  to  Italy,  0i)2. 
Distrusts  him,  and  orders  him  to  disbaiicl 
his  levies,  603.  (ion-'.ilvo's  compl.iint  to, 
60.3.     His  de-ire  for  children,  Oii4.     Declino 

of  his  liealth,  out       !'ei]dexed  by  ( lolisalvo's 

niovemeiiis,  Oii4.  His  coiidiut  on  occ.ision 
of  (ioiisalvo's  ileath,  0ii5.  Ills  illness  in- 
crea.ses.   ous.     Insensible  to  his   situation, 

609.  .Jealous  of  Adrian  of  Utrecht,  his 
grandson's  envoy,  6ii9.  His  last  hours  Oiiil. 
His  wills,  609.  His  disposition  of  the  re- 
gency, 009.  Intrusts  the  adm  iiist ration  of 
("astile   to    Ximeiies,   610.     His  testament, 

610.  His  death,  610.  His  reign,  61 1.  His 
remains  transpoi ted  to  (iraiMda,  61 1.  His 
person  and  character,  612.     His  edui  atloii, 

612.  His  temperance  and  economy,  012. 
Dies  poor,  013.  His  bigotry,  013.  Conduct 
of,  in  regard  to  the  Inquisition  in  Aragon, 

613.  Accused  of  hypocrisy,  613.  Charged 
with  perlidv,  614.  His  shrevs.i  jxilicy,  614. 
H's  insensibility,  615.  (Joiitrasted  with  Isa- 
bella, 615,  616.  Natur.d  children  of,  616, 
note.  (il(M)my  close  of  his  life,  616.  His 
kingly  qualities,  617.  .rudgmeiit  of  his 
contemporaries,  617.  Arbitr.uy  measures 
of,  636.  .Vaintains  slavery  in  the  New 
World,  651 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Naples,  succeeds  Alfonso  II., 
344.  Makes  a  d>sceni  on  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Calabria,  35o.  Commences 
operations,  352.  Marclies  on  Seminara,  35.3, 
His  conduct  In  re^jard  to  the  battle  near 
.Seinlnara,  354.  Defeated,  3,'>4.  His  peri- 
lous silu„t'.ill.  354.  Recovers  Naples,  3.')5. 
Resieges  Montpeiisier  ill  Atella,  358.  His 
death,  361. 

Ferdinand,  son  of  Philip  and  .loatina,  born, 
47H,  Government  of  t, 'astile  and  .Vr.iKoti  to 
be  committed  t(j,  6u9,  His  gramllather's 
anxiety  respecting,  OIO.     liranis  to,  lilo. 

Ferdinand  and    Isabella,   genealogy  of,   44, 


070 


INDEX. 


Tl)»*lr  Tn(iiTl(\K«»  (1l'»rnnf<>rt'»  tli«»op«>r«tlon»«  of 
til"'  in  iri|nl«<  ni   \'ill"im.  !•».     'I'luir  |ii)V<rty 
ami  |»fr|>lixitl'M.  ".ir*.     .N>>fritl«iioiis  Uir  tin* 
iiiiiirliiK"  <il  tlii'lr  <l,iii|{liti'r,  iMalx'lla,  with 
tlif*  il.ttipliiii  dT  l''r»iiri>,  it)i).     'riii'lr  it<'('i'H- 
hIkii,  liiH.     (NiiniMrutivi- powcrx  iiml  rl){litM 
<if,  l(i7.     Tliftr  (XiTtloiis  mill  iii'iiHiiriM  for 
rf<»rKrtiil/iiiu'  tln'  ('HHfllli\n  Hrmy.  1 1 '2-     J^ul)- 
iiiisHioii  <il  the  wlicih-  kItiKiliiiii  (if  <;iiHfili'  ti), 
ll)i.     TJH'lr    mlii'iiK-    nf     rifciriii    I'nr    iIk* 
g'lvcrninfni  <if  OiiHtllo,  I'i'i.     'I'linir  itohh'mb 
flir<>iii?li  A niliil  11x1(1,  127.     Tlii'lr  ri'iirjjiiiilzn- 
tiiin  of  till'  tiiliuii.il'*,  r27.     I'ii"<l(|i'  III  coiirfM 
(if  jU'<tiio,  rj'J.      I'lu'li-  ilin'Triicf  witli  jiiipo 
Slxtiis    IV.,    nn.     'riicir   triMlinoiit  of  IiIh 
li'UHtP,  l.'lit.     'riiijr  rctjiilatiiiii  of  inul',  140. 
rri'-i'iiiiii"nci' (iff  heir  iiMilinrily.  Mo.    'I'li'lr 
ciiTiiliict    after   till'    fail    of    Ailiiun;),    MO. 
'riii'ir  ri'Hiiiirii'«.  I'.t7.     AiicciIdIc  illiixtrivtivn 
of    tlii'lr    n  (;/iril     Ut   Jim  Ici',     I'.H.      Tiiku 
nii-axiircH  to  priiciin'  iirtiilcry,  'jo'J.     'I'luir 
piiliry  towanU  tin'  imlili's,  '2i:i.     ('ninpimi- 
tiiiii  "f  tlicir  army,  '21. t ;  SwisH  iiicrci'iiarlf^, 
'2M  ;   the  Kll^'li'^^l   lunl  S-ali'H,  '2U.      I»l-'iip- 
provc    tlif     niannitici'iirc    (lixplas'cd,    'ilTi. 
riii'ir  mrcllhn  ill  tin'  c.iiiiii  licfiirc  Mocllii, 
aiii.     Sjiili'll's  remarks  iin   the  .innnur  nf, 
217,    iiotf.      I'liclr  (li'Viiiit   (leineaiionr,  '217. 
Tlii'lr  (•cremunles  im  tin-  occiipatlnn   nf  a 
new  city.  '217.     Their  Btiimlinl  "f  the  cmss, 
2M.     I'iielr  liher.itiim  nf  ('hristiaii  caiilives, 
2M.     Their  policy  in  fiiiiii'MtiiiK  the  AJoorislj 
factions,  '21 «.     An  attempt  tn  assuHsinalo, 
2:tl.     Their    entrauce    into    MhIuj^.i,     '2:tri. 
I  heir  ineasiircM  for  reiieopliiiK  Mulaira,  '2.'tM. 
Return  to  Cordova,  TM.     Visit  .Vranon  In 
1»h7,    TM.     Occupied    with    the    interior 
goveriiineiit  of  (^lstill^  '210.     Their  reccp. 
tmn  of  an  enihassy  from   .MaximiHin,  '210. 
Their  ri'Moiirceg,   ',^111,    imtt'.     Kmhassy   to, 
from    the    sultan    of    K;.;ypt,    ■2I.'>.     Their 
return  to  .Faeii,  '2.')I.     Summon  AlHiall.ih  to 
miriiider    the    rapitiil    of    (iraimda.    '2rit. 
Their  survey  of  the  city  (»f  (Iraiiada,  '2.'>><. 
Their   piitr.incp   into  It,  '2t)'2,     Th'  Ir  parly 
interest  111  navif^ation  and  cominerco,  '21)4. 
Ooliiinhiis  applies  to,  '27'2,  '274.     Their  final 
arrHiiRenient    with   ('olumlnis,  27,'i.     Awed 
by  Toniuemad.i's  violent  conduct  resppciiii^ 
the. lews,  '27!».    Tlieir  edict  for  the  expulsion 
of  the  .Fpwh,  2so.  'isj.     Visit  Ara^on,  '2si;. 
Invite  Columhus  to  Marci'lona,  2s<).     Their 
reception   of   him,    '290.      Their   interview 
with   him,  '2".il.     .Make  pripiration  for  Ids 
pecond  vovape.  29.'t.  '29t).     Tiieir   ("xprtions 
for  thecimvi  rsion  of  tiie  natives,  29:i.    Tlieir 
instructions   respecting   them,  •J9;{.     'I'heir 
application   to   the    cmirt    of    Konip,   20 1. 
Tlieir   wary  dij-iloniacy  in  -ending  an  aiii- 
hassador  to  l.isb 'U,  29(i.     Inform  .lolin  II. 
that   Columhus    has   sailed   on    his    second 
voyage.    2'.i7.      Adjustment    of    tlieir    difTl- 
culty  witti    lolin  11  ,  liy  the  treaty  of  Tnr- 
desillas,  29s.     Oper.iiinn  of  their  adminis- 
tration  on   the    intellectual,    literary,   iind 
scientific    character    of    the    nation,    299. 
Their  reign  :in  epoch  in  jiol  te  letters.  Ill  1. 
National   spirit    of  the    literature   of  thin 


pporh,  .117,     TliPir    tronfy   with    ( 
VIII  ,  :i:i7.     The  title  of  ruthi>llc  co 


riiarlPH 

Ollferred 

on  them  hy  the  )iope,  ;ii.i  Their  family, 
;itw.  Their  temperate  sway  In  regard  to 
the  conversion  of  the  Moorn,  :i'.Mi.  Dis- 
pleased   on    (M'CUHlon    of    the    revolt    of  the 

Alhaycin,   40l.      Tlieir    edict  again <t    the 
MiMirs  of  t'aMtile,  412.     liOiiil  complaints  in, 
against  (!oliimlius,  421.      TIh'Ii   ret^eptioii  of 
(.'olnmlius  when  sent  homo  hy   Itoliadilla, 
424.     Vindication  of  them,  424,  42r>.    Ilielr 
Ia.st  letter  to  (Nihimhiis,  42h.      .Make  ca'cfiil 
provlsiiin    lor    the    colonies,   4.9  ;    liheral 
grants,  42'J.     Their  Independent  atiitude  In 
regard    to   the     pope,    4.12       spirit    of    the 
colonial  leglsliiion   under,  4;i2.     Alarmed 
liy   the    h'rencli   (oiupiests    In    Italy,    '4o. 
Their    remonstrance     to     the    |iope,    4U. 
Sidiclt    riiillp  and   .foaiuia  to  visit  Si<aiii, 
4ti4,   4().'i.     .Sel/ed   with    fever,   r.ll.     Their 
burial-place,      .'ilti.      Marble     niaiisiileum 
precti'd  over  iheir  romains,  by  rjurle-,  V, 
til  l.     Tlieir  characters  contra-ted,  f',i.''i,  tuo. 
(ieneral   review   of  the   administration   of, 
ti:to.     Their  policy  at  tlnlr  accession,  tJ:to. 
Their  depre-slon  of  the  nobles,  (i.'to.     KaNn 
men   of  humble   station    10   ofllces  of  the 
highest  trust,  (i.'io.     State  of  the  comnioim 
under    (i;i4.     Tho    promulgation   of  prari- 
viiHirdu,  or  royal  ordlnatnes  by,  ti.l.'i,  and 
7ii>te.     .Vlvaiicemeiit  of  prcrog.ttlvo  under, 
6.17.     Ii"gal   compilations,  li.'ts.     Organl/a- 
tion  of  (•oiinclls,  tito.     Legal  profession  ad- 
vanced by,  (141.     Character  of  the  laws.  tut. 
Krroneoiis   principles  of  their   legislation, 
t;42.     Kcoiiomical    policy  under,   (iiri.     In- 
ternal Improvement^  undpr,  (UtJ.     Increase 
of    empire,    (547.     Their    government    of 
Naples,    G47.      Their    revenues    fnin    tho 
Indies,  ()4s,   o:,2.     Spirit   of  advpiiture  in 
their   reign,   049.      I'rogress  of  discovery, 
049.     Their  c  ilonlal    a(lmlniRtration,    t).')2. 
(ieneral  prosperity  under,  t)S2.    (Chivalrous 
Rliirit  of  the  people  under,  G.'iG.     Their  reign 
tlie  petlod  of  national  gloiy,  C60.     .See  Cas- 
tile, Ferdinniid,  Isaliella.  and  !<i>ain. 
Fprrler,  St.  VIncPnt,  his  miracleH  fur  the  con- 
version of  the  .lews,  14m. 
Feudal  instltiitiims,  decay  of,  330. 
Florida,  discoverpd,  G49. 
Foix,    (Jastoii    de,    duke    of   Nemours,  and 
brotlipr  of  the  ([uopn  of  Aragnn.  commander 
of  the    French    army   In    Italy,   Ssh.     His 
death,  fisg.     Ills  character,  090.     Effects  of 
his  death  on  the  French  army,  590. 
Foix,  .lean  de,  the  daughter  of,  married  to 

Ferdinand,  fi.'ia. 
Fonseca,  .\ntonlo  dp,  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Charles  VIII.,  :!43.     Mis  Ixdd  conduct,  344. 
His  hostility  to  Columbus,  420.     Proprietor 
of  slaves,  B.")!,  note. 
Foreigners,   encouraged  to  settle   in   Spain, 

ti46. 
France,  treaties  between,  and  Angon,  67,  9h. 
Visited  by  Alfonso  of  Portugal,  1 1',".  Makes 
peace  with  Castile,  IIH.  nujiiure  of,  with 
Spain,  4.')2.  Iler  control  over  Ital.v,  4H6. 
Effects  of  the  rout  of  the  (Jarigliano  on,  501. 


tho 
im  to 

VV.T, 

irl.lp 


niy  with  Cliarlfs 
t'ltlholii:  CDiifrrri  i| 
t.l  rii.'lr  rupiilly. 
twfty  In  P'^^iiril  in 

MfhiPH,    .i'.lt}.       Dis- 

Ihi"  nvdlt  of  tth> 
ollci  ai^iiin^t  till' 
Mill  oiiii|)laitit>4  |i>, 
I'lirli  ri'('i'|itiiin  ipf 
>iiii>  \)y  |{i)l)iiilillit, 
II,  U4.  i>:>.    J'liilr 

JH.       M«k»>  CHcflll 

ili'M,  4J.i  ;  IIImmI 
•I'lKli'iit  ntiitmlc  In 
•i.  Si.jrit  of  till' 
■r,  4.r^.  Aliiriiinl 
tH  III  ItHly,  '»i). 
I'lip'-,  4U. 
viwit  Snain, 
r.ll.  Tliiir 
iiiaiiioltMiiii 
IIS,  liy  ('li.irlc,  V  , 
iifni-ti'il,  r, IT),  tutj. 
uliiiitilstr.Uliiii  ot, 
•Ir  accession,  ti.'lo. 
oldcH,  (■>:(().  IliiUn 
to  odlci's  III  till' 
'  of  tin-  i()iiiiiiinm 
ilKalimi  of  pnif}- 
iices  l)y,  (i.if),  and 
>ri  ron.itlvp  uiiiliT, 
»,  <>.'H.  Orfjaiil/ii- 
Y,n.\  profcwioti  ail- 
•r  of  tlio  iuws,  tui. 
tlwir  legislation, 
under,   (itf).     In- 

\CT,  (Uti.       IruTi'ftSO 

government  of 
enues  fn.ni  tlio 
of  atlventiiro  in 

•ess  of  iliscovery, 

iiliiistration,    fi.W. 

,  (iS'^J.  Chivalrous 
B.'iG.     Their  rei^tn 

ty,  060.     See  Cas- 

and  Spain. 

racles  for  the  con- 

f,  330. 

■)f  Nemonra,  and 
raffnn.  coininander 
Italy,  r>M8.  His 
r,  r)l)i).  Effects  of 
rmy,  SOO. 
er  of,  Djairied  to 

on  a  mission  to 
f>old  conduct,  344. 
1,420.     Proprietor 

settle  in  Spain, 

id  Ansfon,  67,  9,s. 

lucral,  1 IV.  Makes 
Hupturo  of,  with 
over   Italy,  4m6. 

iarigliaiio  on,  601. 


INDEX. 


071 


Treat  V  witli,  S,1.1.     lu  Impolirjr,  633.    Seo 

('hnrffi,  and  //xa'.i. 
Frederick   111.,  (Jtriiiin  ••nippror,  ntylrvl  im- 

pro|KMly  Krederick  IV.,  'J to,  nt>(r. 
Frederick  II  of  I'ruHhiu,  hU  Ireattufnt  of  iho 

.lewH,  *jH!i,  tiiitf. 
I'Vi'derlck  II.  oi  Naples,  Hiicci'ssor  of  Ferdinand 

11.,  atll.     Mis  aits,  :it,i.     IliM  ncpption  of 

(Jonnalvo,  3114.      riireafcned  l>y  I.ouis  Xll  . 

44i.      lliit   applications    fur    aid,    \i2.     Iliit 

attellljits    at     sell-delenci  ,    447.      Ills    falo, 

44s.      Keliiarks    respectlllK    lillll.  4»s,    iX'i. 

Mediator  of  a  truce*  between  Franco  and 

Spain,  4H-J. 
FreiK  li  army.     .See  Afntitniu 
French  chronicles,  notices  of,  .loO,  note. 
Funerals,  Isalwlia's  pnaniMe  respecting, 513, 

b'H),  note.    Lawa  respecting,  042. 


O. 

Oaoti,  OonRalvo'R  niovenipnts  ajfalnpt,  474, 
47').  Kellof  sent  to,  l»y  Loiil.s  XII..  4h7, 
4si».  (ionsulvo  repulseil  l)oforp,  4s',».  The 
French  retreat  to,  49s,  4<)<(.  Ciipilulation 
of,  .'ioo.    The  Sp.iiiiards  iKcujiy,  rxi'J. 

Gardens  Ixfore  Maza,  i!42.  Cleared  of  their 
tiniJoT,  24 ». 

(Jarinliuno,  annle.s  on  the,  4s.s.  TIip  French 
tncanip  there,  4i*l.  Bloody  passajfo  of  the 
briilKeof,  491,  49'2.  Illstresses  of  tiie  Spanish 
army  on  the,  493 ;  of  the  Frendi  army 
there.  4'.»4.  Crossed  by  the  Spaniaids,  497. 
Rout  of  the,  499  ;  Its  effects  on  France,  501. 

(Jebalfaro,  227.     Surrender  of,  230. 

Crfdvefl,  diflconifUure  of  Niv.irro  in  the  island 
of,  577.     Cause  of  the  disaster  in,  577,  note. 

Geneal(»gy  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  44. 

General  lYIvilege,  the  Magna  Gharta  of 
Aragon,  33. 

Germaine,  the  princoss,  married  to  Ferdinand, 
5  n,  5.35.  Facts  respecting,  533.  Her  cmd- 
nesH  towanls  (Tonsalvo,  509.  Delivered  of 
a  son,  604.  Ferdinand'  bi'quests  to,  610. 
Her  subsecpient  mMrriagos,  OK.,  note. 

Gerona,  (iueen  .Joan  seeks  refuge  there  from 
the  Catalans,  66.  The  duke  of  I.,<irralne 
compelled  to  abandon  the  siege  of,  70. 

Glaiinone,  Charles's  generous  conduct  to  the 
heirs  of,  048,  note. 

Giovio,  I'aolo,  remarks  on,  362,  note.  Hia 
Life  of  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  508,  7i(>te. 

Giron,  I'etlro,  proposition  for  the  marriage  ofi 
with  Isabella,  80,  81.  His  character,  81. 
His  death,  si. 

Giron,  Pedro  de,  opposes  royal  officers,  622. 

Gold,  in  the  West  Indies,  130,  048. 

Gomez,  Alvaro,  notice  of,  and  of  his  works, 
392,  note.  His  tribute  to  Carbajal,  629, 
note. 

Gonsalvo.     See  Cordova,  Covsalvo  de. 

Gordo,  Ximenes,  of  Saragossa,  Ferdinand's 
summary  execution  of,  101. 

Goths.     See  Visu/oths. 

(Jraliame,  remarks  on  his  History,  433,  note. 

Grain,  scarcity  of,  211,  vote. 

Gralla,  Spanish  minister  at  the  court  of  Paris, 


InstnirtlonK  to,  In  relation  to  the  partition 

of  N.lples,  411. 

(tranmla,  the  kingdom  of,  In  tho  middle  of 
the  liltot nth  (eiitiiry,  I.  |)esci  ipiloii  of, 
109.  Klyniologies  of  the  word,  109,  nol^. 
Agrlciiliure  iiiitl  loinnierci'  ot,  l7o.  Ite- 
sources  of  the  crown  of,  170.  I.uxuri<>uH 
characier  of  the  p' ople  of,  170.  lb  r  siic- 
cissful  re  ••<•"•.  e  against  the  Chn-tlans, 
173.  The  war  of,  1  SI.  Isalnlla's  nieasure« 
for  cairying  on  the  war  of,  iH'.t,  uto.  in. 
successful  attempt  on  l.oja,  191.  Kevolu- 
tl'>n  In,  194.  Mea.Hures  for  cairying  on  thn 
war  there,  In  14-3,  197.  K.V|m  (I'itloii  t4i  Iho 
Axartpiia,  I9s.  Ilattle  ol  l.m  eiiu  and  cii|>- 
ture  of  .Mxlillah,  2o0.  (ieiieral  |iolicy  of 
the  war  of,  208.  Further  pn  panitloiis  for 
the  war  with,  2o9,  212.  Coiiiposiilon  of  the 
Spanish  army,  213.  its  magnlllcent  ap- 
piar.ince,  215.  Christian  concpitstn,  219. 
Autliuritles  for  the  war  of,  22ii,  note.  R.x- 
itedition  to  Velez,  2'25;  to  .Malaga,  227. 
Fate  of,  decided,  2.18.  Inroads  li  to,  239. 
llonier  war  in,  240.  Measures  for  the  r«v 
diii'tioii  of  Haza  In,  241  ;  its  surrender,  2IH. 
Od'upatlon  of  Kl  Zagal's  domain,  250. 
t'lnicnlties  of  the  (ampaign  in,  251,  252. 
Ai  "-"-'-  ••"iimoned  tosurrenderlheca[iital 
of,  254.  Ferdinand  rav.iges, 255.  I'repara- 
'  Ills  for  the  olosiiiK  campaign  against,  '.:50. 
Position  of  the  capital  ot,  256;  its  capitula- 
tion, 200.  Termination  of  the  war  ot,  204  ; 
its  results,  204.  .Moral  influence  of  the 
war  of.  204  ;  its  military  influence,  204. 
Authorities  in  relation  to  the  war  of;  ller- 
naldez,  200,  jjot*- ;  Irving,  200,  »/«<«.  Klfectn 
of  the  war  of,  on  Spain,  307.  Tranquil 
state  of,  till  1499,  394.  .Measures  for  con- 
verting the  Moors  in,  395,  401,415.  Rising 
of  the  MiMirs,  at  the  Alpujairas,  4o:t,  404. 
Huejar  sacked,  404.  l.anjaron  ciptured, 
4u5.  Revolt  of  the  Siena  Vermija,  4oo. 
Tranquillity  restonil  to,  412.  Kva-ion  of 
the  treaty  of.  by  the  Christians,  415.  Its 
union  with  Castile,  647.  Chivalrou.s  spirit 
In  the  war  of,  657. 

Granada,  city  of,  descrilM^l,  169.  .Summoned 
to  surrender,  254.  Its  position,  vuO.  Nu- 
merous combats  near,  257.  Surveyed  by 
Ferdinand  and  IsaU-lla,  258.  Skirmish 
btfore,  258.  Confl.igraiion  of  the  Christian 
camp  iM'fore,  258.  City  of  .Santa  Fe  built 
near,  259  Propositions  by  Alidnllub  for  the 
surrender  of,  259.  its  ciipitiilation,  260 ; 
the  conditions.  200.  Commotions  in,  200. 
Prcpar.itioiis  for  occupying,  20o.  l-lfTects  of 
ttu'  fall  of,  tliroiighoiit  Cliristendoni,  26.3. 
Revolt  of  the  Albaycii.,  400.  CoiiMTsion 
of  .Moors  at,  4112.  The  burial-place  of  I'er- 
diiittiid  and  Isabella,  516,  01 1.  i'ojiulation 
of,  0,j5,  note. 

Greek  manuscripts,  furnished  to  Ximenes  by 
the  popi',  f)8l. 

Grey,  riiomas,  marquis  of  Dorset;  his  co- 
operation with  Ferdinand,  593  His  dis- 
content and  return  to  Engl.ind,  ,'i90. 

Guadi.x,  in  the  domain  of  Fl  Zugid,  241. 
GuarUeU  by  Cldi  Yahye,  242.     Kl  Zagal  at. 


672 


INDEX. 


■248.  Occupation  of,  250.  Ferdinand's  policy 

in  rfgaril  to,  '<jr>ri.  , ,  ,  ,, 

Guiciianliiii,  rr'inai ks  on,  362,  note. 
Gui'iinc,   till'  diikp  ot,  .foaiiiia  alBanccd  to, 

94,  95.  7iot>t.     Hi.^  death,  [>f<. 
Ouicniic,  expedition  against,  593. 
(iu7.niaii,  llcnri(iu('  d(\     Sco  SitUmia. 
Guzman,  Nunez  de,  a  distinguislied  scholar, 

307,  nole. 
Guznicns,  thrir  factions  with  the  family  of 

Police  «ie  Lion,  9i>,  l^ti. 


H. 

Hacon,  Mulcy  Abul,  surjirisps  Zahara,  182. 
Hi'sioges  Alliania,  1h7.  Kxpcllcd  from 
(iraihulu,  194.  His  oi>position  to  tiie  fJliris- 
tiuns  in  tlicir  expedition  to  the  Axarquia, 
200.     His  (leatli,  219. 

Hal  lam,  Henry,  notice  of,  44,  note.  His 
remarks  on  tlio  Kpistles  of  I'eter  Martyr, 
253,  note.  Cited  respecting  penal  statutes 
against  tlie  Catlio'.ics  under  ElizabetL,  JI9, 
»i'><e.    His  cliaracter  of  Elizabetli,  524,   lote. 

Heaiiien,  bigoted  views  in  relation  to  rliC, 
422.     See  Jmlimis. 

Henrifiuez,  Krederick,  punishment  of,  133. 

Henriijuez,  Pedio,  aids  in  ttie  expedition 
against  Alliama,  183.  Adelantado  of  An- 
dalusia ;  his  ciiTitiection  with  tlie  expedition 
to  the  Axarqui:.,  199.     His  escape,  203. 

Henry  III.  of  C.istile,  his  device  for  the  re- 
C(tvery  of  liis  estates,  22.  Union  of,  witli 
Catharine  of  Lancaster,  47.     His  deatli,  4". 

Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  Ills  accession  and  popu- 
larity, 72.  Disappoints  exi)ectntions,  73. 
His  dissolute  liabits,  74.  His  repudiation 
of  Blanch  ■  of  Aragon,  74.  His  marriage 
witli  .[oiinna,  74.  Controlled  byfavouiites 
of  bun'. lie  origin,  75.  His  interview  witli 
l.«>uis  XI.  on  the  banks' of  the  Hidasso;i,  7(); 
the  consequences,  77.  Nobles  league  against, 

77.  }Iis  breach  of  faitli  witli  the  confede- 
rates, 78.    Deposed  near  the  city  of  Avila, 

78.  His  recoutso  to  negotiation,  79.  Dis- 
bands his  forces,  s(t.  Not  present  in  person 
at  tlie  action  of  Olniedo,  82.  Treaty  of, 
with  the  confederates,  85.  Threatens  Isa- 
bella with  imprisonment.  88.  His  appro- 
Ivition  of  tlie  marriage  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  solicited,  91,  93,  94.  Opposes  the 
pretensions  of  Joanna  to  those  of  Isabella, 
94,  10(>.  Meets  French  ambassador'.  94. 
His  interview  with  Isabella,  at  Segovia, 
liK).  His  illness  and  death.  103,  1U6.  In- 
fluence of  his  reign,  103,  122. 

Henry  VII.  of  Ent'laiHl,  liis  reception  and 
entertainnieiu  of  I'liilip  and  .Joanna,  535. 

Heresy,  j)U!iislinient  of,  144,  145,  ■}itite. 

Hermaiidaii,  or  Holy  brotherhood,  an  asso- 
ciation ill  Castile,  12.  A  confederacy,  83. 
Kstablislnnent  of  the,  122.  Code  of  the, 
123.  Opposed  by  tlie  nobility,  vn.  Ke- 
monstranee  against  it,  133.  Sanctioned  iu 
Aragon,  239.     Leyes  de  la,  <i39. 

Herrera,  .Vntoiiio  de,  votice  of  him,  and  his 
works,  4,38,  nute. 

Ilispanlola,  misconduct  of  the  colonists  at, 


417.  Mutiny  there.  420.  Oppression  of 
the  natives,  421.  Columbus  forbidden  to 
enter  the  harbour  at,  4.i8,  Progress  of  tlie 
settlement  there,  429.  I.iber.ii  grants  tor 
emigration  to,  429.  Persons  proliibiled 
from  going  to,  430.  License  for  private 
voyiiges  to,  430.  Ximeiies  sends  a  commis- 
Bion  to,  ti2o.  Gold  drawn  from,  v.  18.  In- 
troduction of  .ingar-caiie  into,  648.  See 
Ciilonien  and  West  Indies. 

Holy  brotherhood.     See  llermandad. 

Holy  League,  between  Julius  II.,  Ferdinand, 
and  Venice,  588. 

Horses,  laws  respecting,  64.3. 

Hospitals,  Isabella  said  to  be  the  first  to 
institute  eamp,  623. 

House  of  Trade,  431. 

Huejar,  sacked,  404. 

Ilumlwddt,  his  "  Hist<jlre  de  la  Geographic  du 
nouveau  Continent,"  27o,  note. 


I. 

Illescas,  heroism  of,  492. 

India  House,  origin  of  the,  292. 

Indian  Affairs,  board  of,  established  292, 
431. 

Indians,  accompany  Columbus  to  Spain,  290. 
Measures  for  the  conversion  of,  291,  293, 
433.  Accompany  Columbus  on  his  second 
return  to  Spain,  418.  Higoted  views  in 
regard  to,  422.  Declared  tree,  426.  Isa- 
bella's zeal  for  converting  them.  433. 
Their  diminution,  434,  514,  nole.  Isabella's 
care  for  them,  650.  Subsequent  treatment 
of  them,  650. 

Indies,  Council  of  the,  640.  Revenues  from 
the,  648. 

Indulgences,  sale  of  papal,  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  ikioorish  war,  75. 

Infantado,  duke  of,  his  style  of  living  de- 
scrib  d  by  Navagiero,  631,  note. 

Ingiis,  his  "Sjiaiii  in  1830,"  cited,  644.  note. 

Inquisition,  establishment  of  the,  143.  St^e 
Ancient  Inquisition  and  Modern  Inquisi- 

Internal  improvements  in  Spain,  646. 

Intolerance,  remar'"  3  on,  413,  519.  See  Tolera- 
tion. 

Irving,  Washington,  bis  description  of  Ab- 
dallab,  263,  note.  His  "Clironicie  of  the 
Conquest  of  Granada  "  267,  nUe.  His  "  His- 
tory of  Columbus,"  439,  note. 

Isabella,  the  grand-daughter  of  John  I.  of 
Portugal,  her  marriage  with  John  II.  of 
Ca.'<tile,  50.     Her  deatli,  372. 

Isabella  the  Catholic,  her  birth,  58,  72.  Ne- 
gotiation for  her  union  witli  Carlos,  62,  81. 
Further  negotiations  fur  her  marriage,  71, 
note,  80,  81.  Her  p'ojected  union  with 
the  grand  master  of  Calatrava,  so,  81.  Her 
edueation,  80.  Crown  of  Castile  offered  to, 
84 ;  declined,  84.  Acknowledged  heir  to 
the  crown,  85.  Suit.^rs  to,  86,  87.  Her 
marriage  with  Ferdinand,  87,  88,  89,  91,  92. 
Meiiiced  with  imprisonment,  87.  Her 
critii:al  situation,  89.  Her  private  inter- 
view with  Ferdinand,  91.      Personal  up- 


20.     Opprpflsion  of 

luibus  Iciibiiiiion  to 

rt.     Pnigri'ss  of  tlie 

l.ibiT.ii  Rrant8  tor 

VrHoiiH    proliiliitcd 

ici-iist"   for   private 

f'H  Hf-nds  a  commis- 

vii  from,  V.18.     In- 

le  into,   6-ls.      Sfo 

s. 

'ermandad. 
litis  11.,  Ferdinand, 

43. 

to  be  the  first  to 


e  la  Geographic  du 

7W(€. 


292. 
established     292, 

ibns  to  Spain,  290. 
rsion  of,  2'Jl,  29;!, 
ibus  on  liis  second 
iSigoted  views  in 
Ld  free,  42G.  Isa- 
rting  them,  4:i;i. 
\4,m)te.  Isabella's 
sequent  treatment 

).    Revenues  from 

for  the  prosecution 

tyle  of  living  de- 
1,  note. 

'  cited,  644.  note. 
of  the,   143.     See 
i  Modern  J7iquisi- 

■ipain,  646. 

3,  619.  See  Tolera- 

lescription  of  Ab- 

"  Chronicle  of  tlie 

>",«'/<«.   lIis"Hi" 

nott. 

ter  of  John   I.  of 

with  John  II.  of 

72. 

)irth,  58,  72.     Ne- 

itli  Carlos,  62,  »I. 

her  mairiuge,  71, 
ected  union  witli 
rava,  so,  hi.    Her 

Castile  ottered  to, 
owledged   heir  to 

to,  86,  87.  Her 
,  h7.  HS,  h9,  91,  92. 
inent,  h7.  Her 
ler  private  inter- 
1.      Personal  up- 


INDEX. 


073 


■; 


pearance  of,  92.     Her  pretensions  opposed 
to  those  of  Joanna,  94.      Her  reliance  on 
the  archbishop  of  Toledo.  96.    The  party 
of,  gains  strength,  9H.     Has  an  interview 
with  Henry  IV.,  at  Segovia,  lOO.     Basis  of 
her  title  to  the  crown,  105.      I'rocluimid 
queen,  106.     Her  exertions  and  suciess  in 
raising  an  army  to  oppose  Alfonso  of  Por- 
tugal, 1 10.     Her  thanksgiving  for  the  vic- 
tory at   Toro,  116.     Takes  active  measures 
for  the  defence  of  thi-  western  borders,  118. 
Her  schemes  of  reform,  121.     See  ('astile. 
Her  presence  of  mind  and  suppression  of 
the  tumults  at  Segovia,  124.     Her  visit  to 
Seville,  125.    Her  execution  of  justice,  125, 
126.    127.      Endeavours    to    reconcile    the 
families  of  (juzinan  and   Ponce  de  Leon, 
126.     Her  progress  through  Andalusia,  in 
1478,    127.      Her  conduct  in  tlie  case  of 
Alvaro  Yafiez  de  Lugo,  127;  of  Frederick 
Henriquez,  133.     See  Fei-diiiarul  and  Jsa- 
Mla.    Makes  her  court  a  nursery  of  virtue 
and  generous  uml)ition,  142.     Teiii'  ncy  of 
her  administration,  143.    State  of  tu  •  Jews 
at  her  accession,  149.    Influenced   by  the 
bigotry  of  the  age,  anectiote,  150.    Charac- 
ter   of   her   confessor,   Torquemada,    151. 
S<jlicit8  a  papal   bull  for  the  introduction 
of  the  Inquisition  into  Castile,  151 ;  resorts 
to  milder    measuns,    151.      Enforces   the 
papal   bull,  152.     Her  vigorous  measures 
in  regard  to  the  sieges  of  Alhama,  1»9,  190. 
Removal  of,  to  Logrono,  197.     Her  care  of 
troops,  212.     Her  perseverance,  212.     Her 
policy  towards  the  nobles,  213.    Her  cour- 
tesy to  the  English  lord  Scales,  216.    Visits 
the  camp,  216.     Her  royal  costume,  216. 
Enforces  the  laws,  221.    Chastises  certain 
ecclesia.»tic8,  222.     Visits  the  camp  before 
Malaga,  230.     Establishes  her  residence  at 
Jaen,    241.      Her    encouragement  of   her 
troops  before  Raza,  244.     Her  reception  of 
the  embassy  from  the  sultan  of  Egypt, 
245.     Her  communication  with  the  army 
interrupted,    247.      Energy    and    patriotic 
sacrifices  of,  247.    Visits  the  camp,  248. 
Her  popularity  and  influence,  252.      De- 
poses the  judges  of  chancery,  256.     Ani- 
mites    the    troops    b<>fore    Granada,    257. 
Surveys  the  city  of  Granada,  258.     In  dan- 
ger, from  the  conflagration  of  the  Christian 
camp,    258.      Her    favourable    dispositi(in 
towards  Columbus,  275.   Acknowledgments 
due  to,  for  aiding  Columbus,  277.     Finally 
consents  to  the  proscription  of  the  Jews, 
280.     Her  mistaken  piety,  286.     Alarmed 
at  the  attempt   made  on  Ferdinand's  life, 
287.     Her  early  education,  299.     Her  col- 
lection of  books,  300,  301,  note.     Her  soli- 
citude for  the  instruction  of  her  children, 
301  ;  of  her  son.  Prince  John,  301  ;  of  tiie 
nobles,  302.     Dissatisfied  with  the  proceed- 
ings respecting  the  succession  of  females 
to  the  crown,  377.     Her  affliction  at  the 
loss  of  her  daughter,  377.     Mendoza's  ex- 
ecutor, 380.    Ximenes  her  confessor,  384. 
Her  attempts  to  reform  the  religious  estalv 
lishmeuts,  385.    Offers  the  see  of  Toledo 


to  Ximenes,  386.  Insulted  by  the  general 
of  the  Franciscans,  .390.  Consents  to  the 
reform  by  Ximenes,  390.  Her  coniidenco 
in  Columbus,  419,  421.  .Snds  l)aik  Ituli.m 
slaves,  423.  Sends  out  the  commissioner, 
Bobadilla,  423.  Declares  the  liidiatis  free, 
426,  433;  her  zeal  for  their  coiiver>ion, 
4.33.  Sanctions  negro  slavery,  4.i3.  11.  r 
Iwnevolent  purposes  in  regard  t<i  the  Indians 
defeated,  433.  Takes  no  part  in  tlif  Italian 
wars,  459.  Her  ill  health.  l.'.9,  477,  479, 
480.  Her  prediction  respecting  Charli's 
v..  464.  Her  visit  to  Joanna,  478.  H.  r 
distre>8,  479.  Her  illness  and  fortitude, 
479,  480,  510.  Her  exertions  for  opposing 
the  French  invasion,  481.  I>ecline  of  li<r 
health,  510,  512,  515.  Retains  her  enii;<i(\-<, 
611.  Alarm  of  the  nation.  512.  Particu- 
lars of  her  testament,  512,  513.  .Settles 
the  succession,  513.  Ferdinand  named 
regent  by  her,  513.  Her  codicil,  514.  Her 
ap|Mjintment  of  a  commission  for  the  cisli- 
flcation  of  the  laws,  514.  Her  zeal  for  tiio 
conversion  of  the  Indians,  514.  Her  signa- 
ture to  the  codicil,  515.  Her  resignation 
and  death,  515,  521,  note.  Her  remains 
transpo.'ted  to  Granada,  515,  516;  laid  in 
the  Alhambra,  516.  The  jmtsoii  of,  516. 
Her  manners,  516.  Her  magtianimity,  517. 
Her  piety,  618.  H<'r  bigotry,  519,  524. 
Her  strength  of  principle,  520.  Her  prac- 
tical sense,  520.  Unwearied  activity  of, 
521.  Her  courage,  521.  Her  sensibility  to 
her  family  and  friends,  522.  Compared 
with  Elizabeth  of  England,  52.3.  Universal 
homage  t<j  her  virtues,  525.  Ikrgenroth's 
aspersions  on  her  cliaiat'ter,  526,  mie. 
Authenticity  of  her  testament  que-tioned 
by  Philip  Mie  ^andsome,  529,  note.  Effect 
of  her  death  on  Columbus,  6*3.  Her  tre.it- 
ment  of  the  church,  632.  Her  care  of  the 
morals  of  the  clergy,  633. 

IsalK'lla,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isal>ella, 
measures  for  her  union  with  the  daupiiin 
of  France,  100;  with  Aloiis*',  son  of  tlio 
prince  of  Portugal,  119.  Accomiianies  her 
mother  to  the  camp,  216.  Affianced  to 
Alonso,  heir  of  the  Portugne.se  monarciiy, 
253,  369.  Escorted  to  Portugal,  254.  Her 
attachment  to  her  husband's  memory,  .{69, 
370,  note.  Her  union  with  Eiuanuel  of  I'or- 
tugal,  370,  374.    Her  premature  death,  377. 

Isabella  of  Aragon,  illustrious  and  unfortu- 
nate, 456,  note. 

Italian  military  tactics,  341. 

Italy,  the  school  of  politics  at  the  close  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  332.  Her  inont  power- 
ful states,  :t33.  (,'haracter  of  the  politics 
of,  334.  Its  internal  prosperity,  3:i4.  In- 
trigues of  .Slorza  ill,  33').  Alarmed  nt  the 
invasion  of  Cliarlen  Vlll.,  3.3-<.  .Milit.iry 
tactics  in,  341.  Effects  of  the  news  of  llio 
league  of  Venice  on,  346.  Influence  t)f  llio 
war  there,  on  Spain,  366.  Loui.'H  ill.'s 
designs  on,  439.  Politics  of,  440.  t'on- 
quests  in,  440.  Astonishment  of,  at  the 
partition  of  Naples,  447.  Wars  there,  1h'- 
twecQ    the    French   and    Spaniards,    4M. 

2  X 


674 


INDEX. 


Favours  th^  Spaniards,  ATA.  Chivalrous 
character  of  thn  war  then',  457.  Molaii- 
choly  coiuliti'in  of,  484.  Views  of  tiie 
Btatos  of,  4H6.  Anxious  cxpoctation  of, 
during  thfi  battle  of  the  (iarigllMno,  492. 
Invaded  by  Louis  XII.,  386.  Abandoned 
by  the  French,  591. 


Jealousy,  the  cause  of  the  revolution  in  Gra- 
nada, 194. 

Jews,  retrospective  view  of,  in  .Spain,  146. 
Condition  of,  \ind;!r  the  Arabs,  i4t>;  under 
the  Cttstilians,  147.  Persecution  of,  147, 
14H,  152.  Legislative  enactments  respect- 
ing, 14H.  Their  state  at  the  accession  of 
Isalx'Ua,  149.  Charges  brought  against 
them,  149.  Proofs  admitted  against,  152, 
IS.'J.  Excitement  against  them,  278.  Clergy 
foment  the  excitement,  279.  Various  of- 
fences urged  against,  279.  Torquemada's 
violent  conduct  respecting,  279.  Isab«>lla'8 
feelings  towards  them,  279.  Edict  for  their 
expulsion.  28u,  284  ;  its  severe  operation, 
280.  liieir  constancy,  281.  Their  de- 
parture, 281.  Treatment  of  thr.ui  In  Por- 
tugal, 282.  Their  sufferings  in  Africa, 
2^^2 ;  in  Italy,  282.  Eminent  and  learned 
men  among  the  exiled,  2k;{,  note.  Whole 
number  of,  exili  d,  28:j.  Disastrous  results 
of  their  expulsion,  284.  Motives  of  the 
edict,  285.  Contemporary  judgments  on 
them  elsewhere,  285.  Hanished  from  Por- 
tugal. 37!.  Pnjhibited  from  going  to  the 
New  World,  430. 

Joan,  her  marriage  with  John  of  Aragou,  59. 
Her  deportment  towards  Carlos,  59,  62.  Is 
be^ieg(•d  at  Estella,  60.  (Jives  birth  to 
Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  60.  Forbidden  to 
enter  Barcelona,  63.  Seeks  refuge  in  fte- 
rona,  66.  Hesieges  Rosas,  and  joins  Prince 
Ferdinand,  before  Gerona,  69,  70.  Her 
death,  70. 

Joanna,  a  Portuguese  princess,  sister  of  Al- 
fonso v.,  married  to  Henry  iV  of  Castile, 
74.  Her  gayety,  the  consequent  suspi- 
cions, 74,  105,  vote.  The  mother  <if  Joanna, 
commonly  called  Heltranejn,  77.  To  be 
divorced,  «5.  Her  death,  remarks  on  her 
character,  1 05,  yiote. 

Joanna  Beltraneja.  daughter  of  Joanna,  wife 
of  Henry  IV.  <»f  Castile,  77  Supported  by 
a  fraction  of  the  royal  party,  87.  .\fllanced 
to  tho  duke  of  (Juienne,  94,  95,  note. 
(iuienne  dies,  and  other  negotiations  take 
place,  98.  Foundation  of  the  popular  belief 
of  her  illegitimacy,  105,  note.  Her  preten- 
sions to  the  crown  considered,  106.  P.irti- 
sans  of,  108.  Supported  by  Alfonso  of 
Portugal,  108;  measures  in  regard  to  her 
marrying  him,  109.  The  v<  il  taken  by 
her,  119,  120.  Her  proposed  marriage  with 
Francis  I'luibus.  197.  Further  reniirks 
respecting  her,  369.  Her  death,  369,  vote. 
The  nport  res|)ecting  Ferdinand's  proposed 
union  with,  5.(2,  no  e. 

Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 


and  mother  of  Cliarles  V.,  197.  Proposi- 
tion for  the  marriage  of,  with  Francis 
Phoebus,  king  of  Navarre,  197.  Her  birth, 
368.  Her  marriage  into  the  family  of 
Austria,  370.  372.  Her  embarkation.  372. 
Her  arrival  in  Flanders,  372.  Her  nuptials 
celebrated  with  uncommon  pomp,  3"i. 
Charles  V.,  son  of.  464.     Her  desfK)ndency, 

477.  Birth  of  her  second  son.  478.    Insane, 

478,  510.  Visited  by  Isabella,  478.  Her 
mad  conduct  511.  Her  Incapacity,  5'j,. 
Favours  the  government  by  her  fither, 
630.  Rigorously  confined,  5:i0.  Letter  to 
Reyre  denying  her  liisanlty,  53o,  notr. 
Treatment  of,  by  her  husband  antl  her 
fatlur,  540,  n(}te.  Her  condition  at  the 
death  of  her  husband,  554.  Her  con«luet 
in  regard  to  her  husband's  remains,  557. 
Changes  her  ministers,  558.  Her  interview 
with  Ferdinand,  564.  H'T  death,  564. 
Bergenroth's  views  In  regard  to  her  sanity, 
565,  566,  note.  See  J'hilip,  and  rhilip  and 
Joanna. 

John  II.  of  Castile,  accession  of,  47.  His 
kingdom  governeii  by  favourites,  48.  His 
partiality  to  Alvaro  de  Luna,  48,  49.  His 
oppression  of  the  commons,  49.  His  en- 
couragement rjf  literature,  51.  His  marriage 
with  the  princess  Isabella,  56.  His  death, 
57. 

John  II.  of  Aragon,  governs  Aragon  during 
the  absence  of  Alfonso  V.,  58.  "Title  of  his 
son  Carlos  to  Navarre,  59.  His  marriage 
with  loan  Henrique/,,  59 ;  her  deportment 
towards  Carlos.  59.  62.  Defeats  Carlos,  60. 
Succeeds  to  the  crown  of  Aragon,  61.  His 
hypocritical  reconciliation  with  Carlos,  61, 
62  ;  his  perfidious  treatment  and  imprison- 
ment of  him,  62  His  escape  from  the  fury 
of  the  Catala  s,  63.  Releases  his  son 
Carlos  from  prison,  63.  His  treaty  with 
Louis  XL  of  France.  67.  Allegiance  to, 
renounced  bv  the  Catalans,  67.  His  suc- 
cesses, 6x.  His  distresses,  embarrassments, 
and  calamities,  69.  Death  of  the  wife  of, 
70.  Improvement  In  his  affairs.  70.  Re- 
storation of  his  eyesight,  70.  Besieu"  «  and 
Bulxlues  B;\rcelona,  71.  His  embarrass- 
ments at  the  time  of  Ferdinand's  entrance 
Into  Castile,  90.  Writes  to  Ferdinand  re- 
specting the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  95. 
Takes  part  with  Rousslllon  and  Cerdagne 
against  Louis  XI ,  97.  Throws  him>elf 
Into  Perpignan,  97.  His  aniniatir.g  con- 
duct. 97.  Relieved  by  Ferdinand,  98.  Louis 
detains  his  ambassadors,  loo.  His  inter- 
view with  Ferdinand,  snbse(iuontly  to  tin- 
battle  of  Toro,  118,  note.  His  death  and 
character,  120,  121.  His  zeal  against  here- 
tics, 145. 

John,  dnke  of  Calabria  and  Lorraine,  intrusted 
wlt!i  the  government  of  Catalonia.  69. 
Aba"  d'  :is  the  siege  of  (ierona,  70.  His 
poj  larity,  and  successes,  70.  His  death, 
71. 

John,  Prince,  son  of  Alfonso  of  Porttigal,  109. 
Marches  to  the  aid  of  his  father,  at  Zamora, 
1 13.    Takes  part  in  the  battle  of  Toro,  114. 


INDEX. 


675 


^,  197.  PropoRl- 
of,  with  5''ranci8 
,  197.  Her  birth. 
;o  the  family  of 
i?nibarkati()ii.  37'2. 
,12.  Her  nuptials 
non  pomp,  3"i. 
Her  desi^iondency, 
son,  47H.  liisano, 
abclla,  47m.  Il.r 
•  incapacity,  S'j.. 
t  by  her  fitticr, 
1,  5:t0.  Letter  tci 
mity,  S.10,  votf. 
liUHband  and  her 
condition  at  tli*' 
54.  Her  conduct 
d'8  remains,  r)57. 
H.  Her  interview 
H«r  death,  564. 
;ard  to  lier  sanity, 
p,  and  I'hilip  and 

'ion  of,  47.  His 
vourites,  4H.  His 
.una,  4H,  49.  His 
ons,  49.  His  en- 
51.  Hismarriape 
I,  56.    His  deati). 

19  Arapon  durinp 

,  58.     Title  of  his 

>9.    His  marriage 

;  her  deportment 

)efeat8  Carlos,  60. 

Aragon,  61.     His 

1  with  Carlos,  61, 

nit  and  itnprison- 

ipe  from  the  fury 

eleases    liis    son 

His  treaty  with 

Allegiance  to, 

IS,  67.     His  suc- 

embarrassments, 

of  the  wife  of, 

affairs,  70.     Re- 

0.     Bewieu  ^  and 

His    enibarra«s- 

inand'p  entrance 

()  Ferdinand  re- 

of   Toledo,    95. 

)n  and  Cerdagne 

Throws   him>elf 

nniinatirg  coti- 

iiand,9><.    Louis 

00.     His  intvr- 

eciuontly  to  the 

His  death  and 

al  against  here- 

rraine,  intrusted 
Catalonia.    69. 
enma,   70.     H'.s 
70.     His  death, 

if  Portugal.  109. 
ther,  at  Zamora, 
tie  of  Tore,  114. 


Crowned,  118.  Resign"^  the  crown  to  his 
fatlier,  lis.  Proposition  for  the  union  of 
Alonso,  son  of,  with  Isalx-Ua  of  Ca-stile,  1 19. 
I )i8c<jverie8  In  the  reign  ot,  '268.  Columbus 
applies  to,  271.  His  conduct  towards  the 
e.\iled  Jews,  282.  His  reception  of  Colum- 
bus, on  his  return  from  his  first  voyage, 
2S9,  note,  295.  Endeavours  to  ch^ck  the 
career  of  Spanish  discovery,  295.  Sends  an 
aiubusf^ador  to  Ferdinand  and  Isalx'lla.  295. 
His  wary  diplomacy  in  regard  to  their  em- 
basBy  to  liini,  296.  Advised  of  Columbus's 
having  sailel  on  his  second  voyage,  297. 
His  disgust,  297.  Adjustment  of  the  mis- 
understanding, by  the  treaty  of  Toidesillas, 
29H.  I)ie8,  and  the  crown  devolves  on 
Emanuel,  370. 

Jolin,  son  of  P'erdinand  ami  Isabella,  pro- 
position for  the  union  of,  with  Catharine  of 
Navarre,  197.  Measures  lor  the  recognition 
of,  '239.  Honour  of  knightl)ootl  conferred 
on,  255.  His  birth  and  early  education, 
301,  368,  note.  His  attainments,  302. 
Prince  of  the  Asturias.  36H,  nott.  Union 
of  with  Margaret,  370,  373.  His  sudden 
illness,  374.  His  death,  374.  His  amiable 
character,  375. 

John  of  Navarre.     See  Alhret. 

Joshua,  his  miracle  of  the  sun  Btanding  still, 
said  to  be  repeated  at  Oran,  571,  nvle. 

Juana.    See  Joanna. 

Judges,  abridgment  of  the  commission  of  the, 
128,  note. 

Juglar,  Fray  Gaspard,  Inquisitor  over  the 
diocese  of  Saragossa,  2'23. 

Julius  IL,  his  bull  of  July  28th,  1508,  431. 
His  election  as  pope,  488.  Furnishes  Xi- 
meneswith  Greek  manuscripts,  581.  Rati- 
fies the  treaty  of  Cambray,  585.  His  oppo- 
sition to  the  French,  587.  (Jrants  Ferdinand 
the  invefltiture  of  Naples,  and  other  favours, 

587.  Becomes  a  party  in  the  Holy  League, 

588.  His  bull,  excommunicating  the  sove- 
reigns of  Navarre,  598. 

Jurisprudence,  reft)rm  of  the,  129.  Study  of, 
in  Spain,  308.     See  Laws. 

Justice,  administration  of,  in  Castile,  101, 122, 
1.",  1-26,  128,  1*29,  133.  King  and  queen 
pit  side  in  courts  of,  1'29.  Measures  for  the 
administration  of,  240.  Mariueo  cited  re- 
specting, 634. 

Justice  ut  Aragon,  his  court,  27.  Causes  re- 
ferred to,  30.  Institution  of  the  offlce  of, 
35.  Important  functions  of,  35.  Flxamplc"! 
of  independent  conduct  of,  36.  His  great 
considcratiun,  37. 


King  of  A  -"on,  extent  of  his  authority,  26. 
King  of  Ctt.siile,  his  power  and  the  people's 

compared,  14. 
Kniglithood,  favoured  by  the  law  of  Castile, 

17. 
Knights,  civilities  between  the  Moorish  and 

Cliristian,  171.     See  Chivalry. 
Koran,  th",  exacts   military  service  of  all 

persons,  161,  note. 


L. 


Ladles,  literary.  In  Spain,  .104. 

Laino,  surprised  by  (ioiisilvo,  358. 

Lanw",  complement  of  a,  67,  mtte. 

Laiijaron,  captur<  d,  404,  405. 

Laws,  codilication  of  the,  1*29.  Compilation 
of,  638.     Character  of  the,  641. 

Lebrija,  Antonio  de,  notices  of,  and  of  liia 
writings,  220.  v<it<i,  3o5.  Kniployed  in  the 
compilation  of  the  Complutetisian  Polyglot, 
582,  note. 

Leo  X.,  his  brief  to  Ximenes,  6'J7. 

Leon,  Ponce  de.  discovers  Florida,  649. 

Leon,  K<Klrigo  I'once  de,  facts  respecting,  96, 
183.  His  opposition  to  the  duke  of  Midiiia 
Sidonia.  126.  Ih.j.  Made  nianiuis  of  Cadiz, 
183.  His  expedition  against  Albania.  1^3. 
His  indomitable  spirit  there.  Ism.  His  con- 
nection with  the  exjieilition  to  the  Axar- 
quia,  199,  202.  His  escape.  203.  Pewarded, 
213.  Pescues  Ferdinand,  226.  i>angerot, 
before  Malaga,  2  lO.  T.ikes  possession  of 
the  citadel,  2,15.  Drawn  into  an  anibiiscnde 
ne.ir  Baza,  239.  Chars  the  gardens  ot  tlie.r 
timlier,  244.  Death  and  heroic  character 
of,  265.  His  descendants  and  titles,  266, 
note. 

Leonora,  196,  6^3. 

Libraries,  remarks  on,  l)efore  the  introduction 
of  printing,  300.  note. 

License  for  private  voyages  to  the  New 
World,  4,30. 

LiteraUire,  early  state  of,  in  Castile.  51.  Iia 
encouragement  under  ,lohn  II.,  51,  55; 
Marquis  of  Villena,  51  ;  Marquis  of  Saii- 
tillana,  53;  .John  de  Mena,  53;  minor 
luminaries,  54  ;  epistolary  and  his'ot  ical 
composition  at  this  period,  55.  Fncourage- 
ment  of,  by  Alhakem  IL,  167.  State  i)f, 
among  the  Spanish  Arabs,  174;  circum- 
stances favourable  to  it,  174.  Palmy  state 
of,  during  the  reign  of  the  sovereigns,  65.'), 
n<ite.  Further  ob.servations  respecting  it, 
659,  note.     See  Castilian  literature. 

Llorente.  his  comjiutations  respecting  the 
victims  of  the  Inquisition,  159.  Notice  of 
his  History  of  the  Iiuiuisifion,  16o.  note. 
Ojmputations  respecting  the  Inqui»ition, 
taken  from,  659,  ttote. 

Loja,  Ferdinand's  unsuccessful  attempt  on, 
191.  All  Atar,  the  deteiider  of,  2i)5.  Lord 
Scales  distinguishes  himself  at.  215. 

Ixjmbardj',  a>'.(iuere<i  by  the  Freneh,  440. 

Ixiiiglellow,  Henry  \V..  his  version  of  .Man- 
riqut  's  Coplas,  320,  nde. 

Longueville.  strengthened  by  Palice,  and 
imrsues  the  duke  of  Alva,  596. 

Jyorrdine.  duke  of     See  John. 

Louis  XL  of  France,  his  treaty  with  .Fohn  II. 
of  Aragon,  67.  His  interview  with  Henry 
IV.  of  Castile,  on  the  banks  of  the  Bidasso.i, 
76;  the  coiis«'quenceK,  77.  Ills  propusition 
respecting  the  union  of  his  brother  aii<i 
Jtianna,  94.  Offers  made  to  him  by  tlic 
Spanish  court  to  secure  this  marriage,  it.'i, 
note.  Poussillon  and  Ceidagne  revolt  from, 
97.     Treaty  of,  with  the  king  of  Aragon,  98. 


676 


INDEX. 


DptainH  am]).as.«i(k)rs  of  John  II..  100.  Ui»- 
vokc>  l\w.  capitulation  granted  by  hin 
Rcm  rals  in  Uoiis.-illoii,  102.  note.  TLe  first 
luonarcli  to  extend  an  interest  to  European 
politics,  I'M).  Ili.s  standing  in  rfKiird  to 
Navarre,  I'Jti,  197.  .Succeeded  by  Cliarles 
VIII..  Xib. 

I.ouiH  XII..  his  dosiRUH  on  Italy,  439.  His 
negotiations  will)  various  KurojM'aii  powers, 
410.  Openly  menaces  Naples,  442.  446. 
His  rupture  with  Ferdinaml,  4.")2.  CrosscH 
llie  Alps,  4r).').  NtgotiHles  a  treaty  with 
I'hilij),  at  Lyons,  4(17.  Demands  an  oxpla- 
nation  of  tlw  archduke,  47.'>.  His  indigna- 
tion, and  measures  for  invading;  Spain,  479. 
His  great  preparations  against  Italj',  487. 
HiH  ciiiigrin  after  the  rout  of  (iarigliano, 
.'>01.  His  treatment  of  the  garrison  of 
(laetii,  502.  Hi>  appieliensions  for  tiie  fate 
of  his  possicssioiis  in  the  north  of  Italy,  504. 
His  treaty  with  Ferdinand,  504.  Causes  of 
his  failure  in  Italy,  505.  Memoirs  of  the 
period  of,  509,  iiale.  Hi ;  policy  re>peetiiig 
tlie  misunderstanding  between  Ferdinand 
and  IMiilip,  5;i2.  His  brilliant  interview 
with  Ferdinand  at  Savona,  502.  His  com- 
pliments to  <ionsalvo,  50;i.  His  projects 
iigainst  Venice,  5s4.  His  partition  ot  the 
continental  iiossessions  of  Venici;  with 
Maxiiiiilian,  5h4.  Crosses  the  Alpp  and 
invades  Italy,  5.st).  His  aggressions  <.n  tlie 
church,  587.  His  treaty  with  Navarre,  594. 
His  truce  w  1th  Ferdinand,  59G. 

Luccna,  battle  of,  2U0. 

l>ucero,  an  inquisitor,  .548,  and  note. 

Lugo,  Alvaro  Yanez  de,  justice  executed  on, 
127.    Isabella  refuses  to  pardon,  520,  note. 

Luna,  Aivaro  uO.  rise  and  character  of,  48. 
A  favourite  of  John  II.  of  Castile,  48,  49. 
Viewed  with  jealousy  by  the  nobles,  4)^ 
His  influence  in  tlie  oppression  of  the  com- 
mon.s,  49.  The  "Chronicle"  of,  55,  vote. 
His  decline,  56.  His  influence  in  relation 
to  the  marriage  of  .lohn  II.,  and  its  conse- 
quences, 56.  His  fall,  56.  His  death,  57. 
Lament',  d  by  .Tohn,  57. 

Lyons,  the  tre.ity  of,  467  ;  rejected  by  Ferdi- 
nand, 476.     Treaty  of,  in  1504,  504. 

Lyric  poetry,  low  state  of,  in  Castile,  319. 

Machiavelli,  Florentine  minister  at  the  papal 
court,  492. 

Madrid,  becomes  the  seat  of  government,  195, 
•il9.     Account  of  the  environs  of,  644,  note. 

>Iaj:net,  discovery  of  the  polarity  of  the,  268, 
and  note. 

Mahi.metanism,  remarks  on,  161. 

Malaga,  descent  on  the  environs  of,  193.  De- 
scription of,  227.  Expedition  against,  227. 
Sharp  rencontre  Ix^fore,  228.  Invested  by 
sea  and  land,  229;  the  brilliant  six-ctacle 
of,  229.  .Summoned  to  surrender,  230. 
Distresses  in,  232,  234.  (leneral  sally 
from,  233.  Outworks  carried,  233.  Pro- 
posals for  surrendering,  234.  Surrenders, 
235.  Taken  possession  of,  235.   Purification 


of,  235.  Relea.se  of  Christian  captives  at, 
236.  Lament  of  the  inluibitants  of,  2.16  ; 
sentence  passed  on  thi  m,  237.  Wary  device 
of  Ferdinand  respecting  the  plate  found 
there,  237.  Cruel  policy  of  the  v:ctoi.«, 
2,i;.  Terms  of  the  capitulation,  238,  mde.  ; 
Measures  for  repeopliiig,  23h. 

Manrique,  .Jorge,  Ids  "Coplas,"  .320.  Trans- 
lated by  Longlellow,  320,  note. 

Mantua,  marcjuis  of,  aj)iK)inted  commander  of 
the  Fri  iich  army,  4s9.  His  attack  on 
RiHca  Secca,  490.  Builds  a  bridge  across 
the  (jiarigliano,  and  jia.sses  over,  491.  Ho- 
sumes  Ills  quarters,  492.  Situation  of  the 
army  uinler,  494 ;  their  iiisiilMirdination, 
495.  His  resignation,  495.  Succeeded  by 
Saluzzo,  405. 

ManiKd,  .Juan,  ambass.idor  at  the  court  of 
Maximilian,  528.  His  character,  528.  His 
as<.'enden''y  over  Philip,  536.  Ketates  ami 
honours  lavished  on,  547.  His  flight  to  the 
court  of  Maximilian,  567. 

Manufactures  in  Spain,  166.  Laws  respect- 
ing, 642.     F.xtent  of  tlie  finer,  643. 

Manu.scrlpts  Greek,  furnished  to  \imenes  by 
the  pope,  581.  Their  value,  and  destruc- 
tion, 582,  583. 

Marchena.     See  Perez. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Maximilian,  her  union 
\v  ith  Prince  John,  370,  372,  373.  Incidents 
in  the  early  life  of,  372.  Her  voyage  to 
Spain,  and  reception  there,  372,  373. 

Maria,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
her  birth,  368,  note. 

Marina,  notice  of  his  works,  24,  vote. 

Marineo,  Lucio,  an  eminent  scholar  in  Spain, 
303.  Notice  of  his  writings,  3o3.  Cited  re- 
specting the  administration  of  justice,  6;i4. 

Martel,  Jerome,  public  historiographer,  43, 
vote. 

Martyr,  Peter,  d'Anghiera,  notice  of  him,  and 
hia  works,  252,  note,  438,  note.  His  allu- 
sions to  Columbus,  277,  291.  Invited  to 
the  court  to  open  a  school  for  the  young 
nobility,  .302.  His  labours,  303.  Cited  le- 
specting  Isabella's  sickness  and  death,  511, 
512,  515. 

Masterships,  grand,  annexed  to  the  crown, 
138. 

aximilian,  his  embassy  to  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  240.  Negotiations  of  the  Spanish 
court  with,  441.  His  truce  witli  the  king 
of  France,  441.  Partial  to  Spain,  487. 
Tampers  with  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  531 . 
Shares  the  possession  of  Venice  w  ith  Louis 
XII.,  584. 

Mazanjuivir,  captured,  571.  Ximones's  ex- 
pedition arrives  at,  573. 

Mechlin,  treaty  of,  5it7,  vote. 

Medina,  commercial  importance  of,  653. 

Medina  Cell,  duke  of,  his  accou.it  of  the  aid 
he  had  rendered  to  Columbus,  273,  note. 

Mena,  John  de,  a  distingui.slied  poet  in  the 
reign  of  John  II.,  53.  His  influence  on 
Castilian  poetry.  54. 

Mendana,  I'edro  de,  his  grievous  devastations, 
122,  note. 

Meudoza,  Diego  Hurtado  de,  facts  respecting. 


INDEX. 


677 


!xed  to  the  crown, 


71.    Ximenes's  ex- 


79,  note.  Marquis  of  Santillana,  96.  Ail- 
dresspfi  a  rcnKuistruiice  to  tlic  king  and 
queen  rpupoctinp  tlio  liermainitid,  I'S.i.  His 
magnificent  train,  '21»>.  His  Ijravi-ry,  '.216. 
Ojiposod  lo  XinioncB,  6:22. 

Mcndoia.  I>iog<j  do.  Ids  rout  of  the  French 
rear-guard,  near  Uarleta,  461. 

Mcndoza,  Ifdgo  Lopez  de,  marquis  of  San- 
tillana, an  illu-^trious  wit  of  the  reigii  of 
John  II.,  53.     His  death,  0.3. 

iMi'udoza,  Iftigo  Lopez  de.     See  TendiUa. 

W(n<ioza,  I'edro  (jonzales  dc,  archhishop  of 
Seville  and  cardi'"''  of  Spain,  favours  Isjt- 
bella,  99.  His  bravery  at  the  battle  of 
Toro,  115.  Accompanies  Isabtdla,  to  sup- 
jiress  the  tumults  at  Segovia,  124.  I're- 
vails  on  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  to  open 
negotiations  witli  the  court  of  Rome,  140. 
Favours  the  .lews,  152.  The  successor  of 
Carillo,  archbishop  of  Toledo,  195.  Sent 
forward  to  take  possession  of  the  Alham- 
bra,  at  the  capitulation  of  Granada,  261. 
Favours  the  project  of  Columbus,  272.  His 
death,  379.  His  early  life,  379.  His  cha- 
racter, 379.  His  amours,  380.  The  queen 
his  executor.  3(<0.  Names  Ximenes  as  his 
successor,  381. 

Mondoza,  Salazar  de.  Justifies  Ferdinand's 
treatment  of  Navarre,  59s,  note. 

Merlo,  Diego  de,  his  expedition  against  Al- 
bania, 182.  183. 

Metula,  erroneous  policy  in  regard  to,  141 
In  the  West  Indies,  434,  652. 

Miguel,  son  of  Kmanuel  of  Portugal,  and 
Isabella,  his  birth,  377.  His  recognition 
as  heir  to  the  throne,  378.     His  death,  378. 

Milan,  conquered  by  the  French,  440,  486. 

Military  Orders  of  Ca.stile,  135.  Order  of  .«;t. 
Jago,  or  St.  James,  of  Compostella,  135; 
of  Calatrava,  136,  137;  of  Alcantara,  136, 
137.    Thiir  reformation,  138. 

Military  service,  exacted  by  the  Koran,  16' 
note.    Remarks  on,  506.     Uonsulvo's  re- 
foim  of  the,  506. 

Military  tactics  in  Italy,  341. 

Militia,  discipline  of  the,  213.  Organization 
of,  367. 

Mineral  wealth  of  Spain,  166. 

Ministers,  resident,  iirst  maintained  at  foreign 
courts  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  196. 

Mintumas.  the  ancient  city  of,  iii.  490,  note. 

Miracle  of  the  sun  standing  still,  at  the 
storming  of  Oran,  571,  ?(o<«. 

Moclin,  meeting  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
in  the  camp  before,  216. 

Modern  Inquisition,  turned  against  the  Jews, 
150.  Authorized  in  Castile,  151.  I'ut  into 
operation  at  Seville,  152.  Its  sanguinary 
character,    153.      Its    final     organization, 

154.  Forms  of  trial  by  the,   155;  torture, 

155.  Its  injustioe,  156.  Tlie  autos  da  /e. 
157.  Convictions  under  Torquemada,  158, 
159.  Particulars  respecting  Its  introduction 
into  Aragou,  223 ;  remonstrance  of  the 
cortes,  223  ;  conspiracy,  224 ;  aasasj-ination 
of  Arbues,  224;  cruel  persecutions,  224. 
Established  throughout  Ferdinand's  do- 
miuiuus,  225.     Remarks  on  its  establlsh- 


nient  in  Spain,  519,  658.  Subsequent 
tmulilos  Ironi  the,  548.  p'erdinand's  con- 
duct in  regard  to  the,  in  Aragon,  613,  note. 
Kffects  of  the,  658.  Number  of  victims  of 
the,  659,  note.     See  Ancunt  Jnquitition. 

Mola  di  (Jaeta,  action  at  the  bridge  of,  498. 

Moidenhauer,  Professor,  his  visit  to  Alcalfi, 
resjiecting  the  manuscripts  used  in  the 
Complutcnsian  Polyglot,  583,  note. 

Molucca  Islands,  congressrespecting  the, 298. 

Monasteries,  their  corrupt  state,  'Mi.  At- 
tempts at  reform  in,  3s5.  389. 

Monastic  order.'^,  Ximen(  attempts  to  reform 
the,  389.  Great  excitement  among  them, 
389. 

Montalvo,  Alfonso  Diaz  de.  his  work  entitled 
"Ordenanvas  Reales,"  130.  Author  of 
other  works,  639.  note. 

Montilla,  d<molition  of  the  castle  of,  568. 

Montpensier,  duke  of,  left  as  viceroy  of 
(Uiarles  XII.  at  Naples,  350;  his  disasters 
there.  355.  I»esieged  at  Ateila,  358.  His 
capitulation,  360.     His  death.  ;t61. 

Moorisli  ndnstrelsy,  314.  Its  date,  316.  Its 
high  repuie,  316. 

Mo<jrs,  religious  toleration  of  the,  3.  Their 
refinements  and  attainments,  7  Crusade 
against,  under  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  73. 
Papal  indulgences  for  tiio  prosecuiion  of 
the  war  against  them,  75.  Their  d«'port- 
nient  towards  the  Jewn,  146.  Their  con- 
quest of  Spain,  162.  Tlieir  jHjllcy  towards 
the  conquered,  163.  Their  intermarriages, 
163.  Cliecked  by  the  defeat  at  Tours,  163. 
Their  form  of  government,  163.  Character 
and  education  of  tlieir  sovereigns,  164. 
Their  military  establishment.  164.  Sump- 
tuous puhlic  works  of  the,  164  Husbandry 
and  manufactures  among  them,  166.  Their 
high  civilization  and  prosperity,  167.  Their 
literattire  under  Alhakem  II..  167.  In- 
tellectual development  among  them,  167. 
Contraction  of  their  dominion,  168.  Re- 
ciprocal civilitiefi  between  them  and  the 
Spaniards,  171.  Their  gallantry,  171. 
Thi  ir  ballads  or  romances,  171,  177.  Their 
chivalrous  character,  172.  Their  successful 
renistance  in  Granada,  173.  Literature  of 
the,  174.  Their  historical  merits,  176. 
Their  useful  dUcoveries,  176.  Impulse 
given  by  them  to  Europe,  176.  Their  ele- 
gant lit<'rature,  177.  Poetical  character  of 
the,  177.  Their  influence  on  Castllian 
literature,  178.  Circumstances  prejudicial 
to  their  literary  reputation,  179.  Surprise 
Zahara,  1 82.  Their  reception  of  the  Spanish 
at  Alhama,  184.  Besiege  Alhama,  187, 
189.  Withdraw,  188,  190.  Skirmish  with 
the  Spaniards  before  Loja,  192.  Internal 
dissensions  among  the,  in  Granada,  194. 
Their  opposition  to  the  Christian-"  in  the 
expedition  to  the  Axarquia,  2()0.  Their 
losses  at  the  battle  of  Lucena,  207.  Strength 
of  their  fortresses,  209,  211.  Their  modes 
of  defence,  211.  Terms  to  the  vamiuished, 
211.  Policy  in  fomenting  the  lactions 
among  them,  218.  Success  and  advance- 
ment of  the  Christians  against,  219.    Their 


678 


INDEX. 


civil  foudfl  at  the  RipRe  of  Malaga,  230. 
(Jnneral  sally  of  the,  2;{:i.  Termination  of 
thf'ir  ciuijire  in  the  Peninsula,  204.  Their 
tloHtiny,  205.  Talavcra's  mild  jtolicy  fortlie 
converHion  of,  3'J5.  IJ<h>1{8  of  the,  burnt,  MH. 
llevolt  in  the  Alhaycin,  3U9.  Conversion 
ot,  at  Granada,  402.  Called  MoriHcoH,  402. 
lU.HJnK  of  the,  in  the  Alpujurra.s,  403. 
Tlicir  puninhment,  405.  Mea-sures  for  in- 
troihuin).;  Christianity  among  tliem,  4U5, 
4 1 5.  Transported  to  tlu;  narl)ary  coast,  410. 
FaWvX  against  those  in  <'a.stilt',  412.  Tei- 
uiiiiation  of  their  history  during  the  reign 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  416.  Prohibited 
from  going  to  the  Now  World,  4:U).  Kx- 
Iiedltion  against,  in  Africa,  under  Ximenes, 
f>72.   Thiir  lossatOran,  575.   Sec  (iranada. 

Moral  energy,  remarks  on,  393. 

Moratin,  his  "Origenes  del  Teatro  Kspafiol," 
'Si'i,  note.  His  dramatic  criiiclBm,  328, 
no^■. 

Moriscos,  the  Mcxirs  so  called,  402.  Gon- 
salvo's  kindness  to  them,  570. 

Moyii,  marchioness  of.     See  Hobadilla. 

Munoz,  Juan  iUutista,  notice  of  him  and  his 
writings,  439,  note. 

N. 

Nah.\rro,  Bartiiolomeo  Torres  de,  notice  of 
him,  321.      lli>  comedies,  324. 

Niyarra,  duke  of,  dissatisHed  with  the  queen's 
settlement  of  the  regency,  528.  Surrenders, 
507.  Arriv.-s  at  Pamjjelona  with  reinforce- 
ments, 590. 

Names,  Arabian  mode  of  selecting,  195,  note. 

Naples,  origii»  of  the  French  claim  to,  330, 
n'te.  Dissatisfactions  respecting  the  crown 
of,  339.  Threatened  by  Louis  XII.,  442. 
Partition  of,  iK-tween  France  and  .Spain, 
442,  443,  440.  (Jround  of  Ferdinand's  claim 
to,  444.  Astonishment  of  Italy  at  the  par- 
tition of,  447.  Frencii  forces  there,  455. 
Submission  of,  to  the  Spanish,  473.  Princes 
of,  413,  note.  Gonsalvo's  triumphant  entry 
into,  473.  Reductittn  of  the  lortresses  of, 
474.  Enthusiasm  for  Gonsalvo  at,  502, 
503.  Extortions  of  the  Spanish  troops 
ihoie,  503.  Treaty  resf>ecting,  533.  En- 
thusiastic reception  of  Ferdinand  at,  655. 
Dissatisfactions  there,  557.  Feniinanu's 
acts  there,  500.  Gonsalvo  leaves,  502.  The 
pope  grants  the  investiture  of,  to  Ferdinand, 
5m7.  (iovernment  of,  647.  Regard  there 
for  Ferdinand,  648.  See  Charles  YIII.,  and 
Garigliano. 

Navagiero,  Andrea,  his  account  of  the  reve- 
nues of  the  nobles  in  Castile,  632,  note. 
Ctted  respecting  chivclry  in  the  war  of 
Granada,  657.  Notice  of  him  and  his 
works,  657,  note. 

Navarre,  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, 1.  Title  of  Carlos  to,  59.  Factions 
of  the  Reaumonts  and  Agramonts,  59.  De- 
feat of  Carh,s,  60.  Influence  of  I^ouis  XI. 
In  the  councils  of;  crown  of,  devolves  on 
Franclf  Phoebus,  196.  Marriage  of  Catha- 
rine of,  223,    Sovereigns  of,  692.     Ferdi- 


nand's distrust  of,   593.     Negotiations  of, 
with  trance,  593.      Ferdinand  dem.inds  a 

ItaHsae  through,  for  his  army,  594,  600. 
embarrassing  sitnaiion  of  the  princes  of, 
694.  Allied  to  France,  594.  Invaded  by 
the  duke  of  Alva,  694.  Abandoned  by 
John.  594.  Corfiucred,  595.  United  with 
Castile,  598,  647.  Examination  of  Ferdi- 
nand's conduct  respectmg  the  tieatment 
of,  59H.  Excomnmnicalion  of  tlie  sove- 
reigns of.  by  .Julius  II.,  59S.  Imprudence 
of,  in  not  granting  Ferdinand's  re(|ue8t, 
6oo ;  anthori'/.es  war,  6i»0.  Gross  abuse  of 
the  victory  over,  ooo.  Authoriiies  respect- 
ing, Ool,  note.  French  defeated  by  a  lorce 
sent  tliere  by  Ximenes,  612. 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de,  his  re- 
searches in  the  public  archives  of  Spain, 
27s,  note,  43«,  note. 

Navarro,  Pedro,  his  celebrity,  445.  Defends 
Canosa,  457.  His  serv'ices  at  Naples,  474. 
Joins  (jionsalvo,  489.  Commander  of  the 
expedition  against  Oran,  572,  573.  Sends 
for  the  cardinal  to  take  possession  of  Oran, 
575.  His  opposition  to  Ximenes,  675.  His 
African  conquests,  577.  His  fate,  578, 7io<e. 
His  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna,  589. 

Navigation,  historical  remarks  respecting, 
267. 

Negroes,  slavery  of  the,  sanctioned,  433.  See 
Indians. 

Nemours,  duke  of,  supersedes  D'Aubigny, 
455.  Invests  Hiirleta,  456.  Defies  the 
Spaniards,  460.  Discomfited.  461.  His  ex- 
pedition to  Castelianeta,  461.  Fights  the 
Spanish  at  Ceriguola,  470.  His  forces,  470. 
His  death,  471.  Rout  of  the  French,  471, 
472.     His  burial,  472.    See  Foix. 

New  World,  historians  of  the,  438,  note. 
Inquisition  extended  to  the,  621. 

N<'bles  of  Castile,  privileges  and  immunities 
of  the,  14.  Their  jealousy  of  Alvaro  de 
Luna,  48.  Their  league  against  Henry 
IV.  of  Castile,  77.  Oppose  the  Santa  Her- 
mandad,  123.  Plans  for  reducing,  130. 
Policy  of  the  sovereigns  towards  the,  213. 
Magnificence  of  the,  215.  Their  gallantry, 
215.  The  queen's  care  for  the  education 
of  the, '302.  Their  scholarship,  304.  Ac- 
complished women,  3u4.  Dissatisfied  with 
the  queen's  settlement  of  the  regency,  528. 
Their  disgust  with  Ferdinand's  severity  in 
the  case  of  the  marquis  of  Priego,  568. 
Their  feelings  at  the  dt:ath  of  Ferdinand, 
611.  Ximenes  replies  to,  620.  Depression 
of  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  at  their 
accession,  630.  Their  great  power,  631. 
Tlieir  immense  revenues,  632,  note. 

Northmen,  remarks  on  the  discoveries  by 
the,  271,  note,  276,  note. 

Norton,  Andrews,  his  "Evidences  of  the 
Genuineness  of  the  Gospels,"  commended, 
583,  mite. 

Novara,  battle  of,  591. 

Noyon,  treaty  of,  623. 

Nuflez,  employed  on  th<>  compilation  of  the 
Complutenitian  Polyglot,  682,  not*. 


I 


INDEX. 


679 


N«'KOtiafli'nR  of, 
laiiil  (ii'iiiaiulH  a 
army,  594,  coo. 
the  princes  of, 
»4.     Invaded   l)y 

Abandoned  liy 
5.  Uniti'd  with 
lation  of  Ftrdi- 
5  the  tieatuient 
I  in  of  the  sove- 
JH.  Imprudence 
iiiand's  reciuest. 

Gross  abuse  of 
thurifies  respect- 
feateil  by  a  force 
> 

le7,    de,    his    re- 
lihives  of  Spain, 

:y,  445.  Defends 
i  at  Naples,  474. 
mmandur  of  tlie 
572,  573.  .Sends 
ssession  of  Oran, 
imencs,  575.  His 
lis  fate,  bis,  vote. 
)f  Uavenna,  589. 
lurks   respecting, 

:tioned,  433.    See 

edes  P'Aubigny, 
*,56.  Defies  tlie 
Led,  461.  His  ex- 
461.  Figlits  tlie 
His  forces,  470. 
the  French,  471, 
Foix. 

the,    438,  note, 
e,  621. 

.  and  immunities 
isy  of  Alvaro  de 
|e  against   Henry 
le  the  Santa  Her- 
redncing,    130. 
Dwards  the,  213. 
Their  gallantry, 
for  the  education 
^rship,  304.     Ac- 
Dissatisfied  with 
the  regency,  528. 
land's  severity  in 
of  Prlego,   568. 
|th  t)f  Ferdinand, 
620.     Depression 
lalK-lla,   at    their 
eat  power,   631. 
i32,  note. 
discoveries  by 

Ividences    of   the 
\Ib,"  commended. 


Impilalion  of  the 
182,  not». 


o. 

Oliva,  Fernan  Peres  de,  notice  of,  327.  His 
classical  imitations,  327.  Not  populur, 
327. 

Olmedo,  battles  of,  49,  82. 

Omeyades,  dynasty  of  the,  163,  164.  Sump- 
tuous public  \v(>r){8  by  the,  164.  Their 
revenues,  165.     Their  decay,  168,  170,  174. 

Oran,  description  of,  571.  Warlike  prepara- 
tions against,  572.  Hattle  before,  673,  574. 
The  city  of,  stormed,  574.  Entered  by  tlie 
army,  574.  Moorish  loss  at,  575.  Entered 
by  Xinienes,  575.  Miracle  said  to  have 
been  performed  tliere,  575,  note.  Ximenes 
said  to  continue  to  watch  over,  578,  note. 
Eartliquake  at,  in  1790,  and  abandoned, 
578,  note. 

Ordenan(;as  Realea,  the  work  of  Montalvo, 
130,  639. 

Orders.     .See  Military  Orders. 

Ortega,  John  de,  scales  the  btttlements  of 
Albania,  184.  •  =  i,!- 

Orthes.  treaty  of.  596. 

Ostia,  the  storming  and  capture  of,  364. 

Ovando,  Nicolas  de,  sent  out  to  Hispaniola, 
425.  Instructions  to,  425.  liefuses  Co- 
lumbus admittance  to  Hispaniola,  428. 
.Sends  liobadilla  and  others  to  Spain,  428. 

Oviedo  y  Valdes,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de, 
author  of  the  "  Quincuugenas,"  facts  re- 
specting, 93,  note.  Character  of  his  work, 
93,  note. 

P. 

Pacheco,  Juan,  marquis  of  Villena.     See  ViU 

Pacific  Ocean,  its  discovery,  and  the  effect 

thereof  on  Spain,  649. 
Palencia,  repurchases  its  ancient  right  of  re- 

jjresentiition,  50,  notf.. 
Pulencia,  Alonso  de,  notice  of,  104,  note. 
I'alice,  Sire  de  la,  455.     At  Canosa,  457.     His 

brave  defence  of  Iluvo,  462.    Made  prisoner, 

462.     Treatment  of,  463.    Commands  the 

French  retreat  from  Italy,  591.  Strengthens 

Longueville,  597. 
Palos,  Columbus  sails  from,  276.     Reception 

of  Columbus  at,  on  his  return  from  his  first 

voyage,  290. 
Pampelona,  the  duke  of  Alva  retreats  to, 

596.     Besieged,  596. 
Papal  indulgences.     See  Indulgences. 
i'.iredes,  Diego  de,  heroism  of,  495. 
Parra,  Doctor,  his  account  of  the  illness  and 

death  of  Philip  the  Handsome,  552,  note. 
Pearl-fisheries,  returns  trom  the,  648. 
Pedro,  constalile  of  Portugal,  crown  of  Cata- 
lonia offered  to,  68.     His  death,  68. 
Pti'iade  los  Enamoi  ados,  origin  of  its  name, 

194,  note. 
Perez,  Fray  Juan  de  Ma«chena,  guardian  of 

the  convent  of  l..a  Kabida,  his  interest  and 

exertions  in  behalf  of  Columbus,  272,  274. 
Perpignan,  gallant  defence  of,  97.     Siege  and 

reduction  of,  by  the  French,  102. 
Pesaro,  a  Venstian  admiral,  storms  St.  Gsorge, 

44&. 


Peschiera,  Ijouis  XII.  hangs  the  governor  of, 
and  his  son,  586. 

Peter  IV.,  prepares  laws  for  the  discipline  of 
the  navy,  26.  I>efeats  the  army  of  the 
Union,  at  EpiU,  30.  His  magnanimous 
policy,  30. 

Philip,  archduke,  son  of  Maximilian,  union 
of,  with  Joaima,  370,  372.  liis  claims  to 
the  crown  of  Castile,  after  the  diath  of 
Prince  John,  376.  Charles  V.,  son  of,  464. 
His  visit  to  .Spain  with  .Foanna,  464.  Ue- 
ceptioii  of,  at  the  Freiuh  court,  464,  467  ; 
in  Spain,  465.  Recognized  by  the  cortes, 
46.5,  466.  His  discontent,  4b6.  Leaves 
Spain  for  France,  467.  Negotiates  a  treaty 
with  Louts  Xi!.,  467.  I^)uis  Xil.  demands 
an  explanatlo.1  of  him.  475.  His  treatment 
of  Joanna,  5.'1,  .547.  His  pretensions  to 
supremacy  in  Castile,  629.  Increase  of  his 
party,  530.  Tampers  with  Gonsalvo,  631. 
Lands  at  Corufia.  and  is  Joined  by  the 
nobles,  535,  536.  Martyr's  account  of  his 
character,  636.  Avoids  Ferdinand,  636. 
His  interviews  with  Ferdinand,  638,  641. 
His  atbitrary  government,  647.  Refers 
the  affairs  of  the  Inquisition  to  the  royal 
council,  548.  His  death,  651.  Medical 
report  of  bis  illness,  652,  vote.  His  cha- 
racter, 552.  His  remains  luuved  to  Gra- 
nada, 557,  564,  and  note. 

Philip  II.,  claims  the  Portuguese  crown, 
656,  note. 

Philip  and  Joanna,  the  acces>ion  of,  527. 
Embark  for  Spain,  and  arrive  in  Kngland, 
535.  Arrive  at  Corm^a,  535.  Sovereignty 
of  Castile  surrendered  to,  539.  Proceed 
to  Valladolid,  547.  Style  of  living  at  the 
court  of,  548. 

Phoebus,  Francis,  the  crown  of  Navarre  de- 
volves on,  196.  Proposition  for  the  union 
of,  with  Joanna,  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  197.  His  sudden  death,  197, 
592. 

Pinciano.     See  Xunet. 

Pisa,  France  and  Spain  withdraw  their  pro- 
tection from,  586. 

Pius  III.,  elected  {wpe,  488.     His  death,  488. 

Plague,  its  ravages  in  Castile,  140;  at  Seville, 
153. 

Poetry,  Castilian,  51.  Premium  for,  at 
Seville,  55.  Hebrew,  147.  Moorish,  177, 
313.  Subsequent  Castilian,  313.  Develop- 
ment of  the  Castilian,  and  further  remarks 
respecting  it,  659,  note. 

Poison,  put  upon  arrows  by  the  Moors,  211. 

Polygamy,  the  :;au8e  of  the  revolution  in 
(iraiiudu,  194. 

Polyglot  Bible,  Ximenes'.s  edition  of  the,  307, 
note,  308,  577.  Account  of  it,  681.  Diffi- 
culties of  the  task,  582.  .Scholar."*  employed 
in  itii  compilation,  5m2,  note.  Its  merits, 
682.  Destruction  of  the  manuscripts  which 
formed  the  basis  of  it,  583. 

Pope,  difference  ot  the  crown  with  the,  139. 
Makes  a  grant  t^  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
198,  See,  Alexavder  VI,  JuUus  II.,  Uo  X, 
I'ius  III.,  and  sixtut  IV. 

Populatiun,  augi»«Qt«tioii  of,  in  Spain,  6SB. 


i- 


C80 


INDEX. 


Cf'iiRus  of.  In  Castile,  655,  note.  Mode  of 
f'Htinialiiig  it,  tt!>5, 7iote. 

rortUK«l,  treaty  of  pface  with,  119.  Applica- 
tion of  ColuuihuH  to  the  king  of,  271. 
'Inatnif-nt  ot  .lews  In,  a>"j,  '.iMS.  note. 
JewH  haniHhed  from,  374.  King  and  queen 
of,  viHJt  Spain,  376.  I'hilip  Ji.'s  claim  to 
tlie  crown  of,  656,  note.    See  Al/aniio. 

rortuguese,  maritime  enterprise  of  tlie,  2f;8. 
.lealouH  of  tlie  Spanish  maritime  enterprise, 
295. 

I'ragmiUlcas,  Issued,  49,  632.  Frequency  of, 
in  the  reign  of  Feidinand  and  Isabella,  635, 
note.     Collet  ted  and  publislied,  638. 

I'res.s,  censorsliip  of  the,  established,  310. 

I'riego.    See  ('ordova,  Pedro  de. 

rriiiting,  IntHMluction  of,  into  Spain,  309. 
'I'he  queen  encourages  it,  3U9.  Jta  rapid 
diifision,  309.  Frequency  of  presses  for, 
654. 

l*roveii9al  literature,  revives  In  Aragon,  41. 
Flourishes  in  Valencia,  42;  writers  there, 
42.    Abandoned,  43. 

Pulci,  tlie  Florentine  poet,  cited  respecting 
le  existence  of  land  in  the  west,  27U. 

Pulgar,  Fernando  del,  his  account  of  the 
Swiss  mercenaries,  214.  Remarl^s  respect- 
ing him,  220,  nule. 

PurKatory,  exemption  from,  by  papal  bulls, 
75,  note. 

a. 

Quincuagenas,  account  of  thU  curious  manu- 
script, 93,  note. 
Quiutuuilla,  bis  Life  of  Xlmenes,  392,  note. 

B. 

Rank,  not  a  passport  to  honour,  131. 
Kavtnna,  battle  of,  588,  689  ;  its  effects,  690. 
Ravenstein,  Philip  de,  446, 447.    Shipwrecked, 

449. 

Redondilla,  remark  on  the,  315,  note. 

Keduan,  200,  203. 

Ilelorm  of  the  monasteries,  385.  In  the 
diocese  cf  Ximenes,  388.  Of  the  monastic 
orders,  389 ;  great  excitement  caused  by  it, 
389 ;  visit  of  the  Franciscan  general,  who 
Insults  the  queen,  389.  The  pope's  inter- 
ference, 390.  The  queen's  consent  to  a 
reform,  390.  Its  operation  and  effects, 
390,  391. 

Ren6  le  Bon,  of  Anjou,  crown  of  Catalonia 
offered  to,  08,  69. 

Repartiniientos,  the  system  of,  650. 

Revenues,  derived  from  the  West  Indies,  648, 
653.     Augmentation  of  the,  65b. 

Richelieu,  Cardinal,  his  declaration  on  his 
death-bed,  624.  Parallel  between  him  and 
Ximenes,  628. 

Riol,  Santiago  Agustin,  on  the  various  tri- 
bunals, under  terdinand  and  Isabella,  640, 
note. 

Rivers,  earl  of,  from  Britain.    See  Scales. 

Robtrtson,  William,  24,  note.  On  the 
genuineness  of  Isabella's  testament,  628, 
note.    On  Ferdinand's  intention  to  oppose 


Philip's  landing,  632,  nnl^.  On  Ferdinand's 
p^)|)o^ed  union  wltli  Joanna  IVItraiieJa, 
632,  note.  On  the  queen's  exaction  of  an 
oath  from  F(>rdinuiid  that  he  would  not 
marry  a  seamii  time.  5.16,  note.  lUs  bias 
respetting  Ferdinand's  transactions  with 
I'hilip,  542,  note.  On  Xlmenes's  objection 
to  slavery,  621,  note. 

Roderic,  king  of  the  Qolhs,  fatal  battle  of, 
162. 

Roger,  Ponce,  a  reconciled  heretic,  his  puni.sh- 
mciit,  145,  note. 

Roman  Catholic.    See  Church, 

Romances  of  cliivalry,  311.  Their  evil 
efTttt!',  313. 

Rome,  perfidious  iwlicy  of,  In  regard  to  dis- 
pensations, 159.    See  Church  and  Pope. 

Ronda,  prisoners  taken  at,  liberated,  218. 
Haniet  Zeli,  the  defender  of,  .  '''.  Rendez- 
vous at,  406,  410. 

Roussillon,  pledged  to  the  French  king,  67. 
Revolt  there,  97.  Second  French  invasion 
')t,  101.  Siege  and  reduction  of;  perfidy 
of  Louis  XL,  102.  Negotiations  respecting, 
336.  Restored  to  Aragon,  337.  Invaded 
by  the  French,  ^H(). 

Ruvo,  captured,  462;  the  important  conse- 
quences, 463. 

S. 

St.  Angel,  Louis  de,  Intercedes  with  Isabella 

for  Columbus,  276. 
St.  Dominic,  remarks  on,  144,  note.    Act  of, 

for  a  penitent  heretic,  145,  note. 
St.  George,  the  storming  of,  445. 
St.   James,   grard   master  of,  94.     Military 

order  of,  135.    See  Cardenas  and  Villena. 
Salamanca,  literary  character  of,  307.    The 

concord  of,  534,  636.     University  of,  683, 

684,  654. 
Salsa.i,  siege  of,  480. 
Saluzzo,  marquis  of,  sent  to  the  relief  of 

Gaeta,  487,  489.    Succeeds  the  marquis  of 

Mantua  as  commander  of  the  French  army 

in  Italy,  495.     His  retreat  to  Gaeta,  498. 

Routed,  499.    Fate  of  the  army  under,  502. 

His  death,  502. 
San  Germano,  Gonsalvo  takes  post  at,  490. 
Santa  Fe,  history  of  the  origin  of,  269. 
Santa  Hermandad,  establish n.ent  of  the,  122. 

See  Hermandad. 
S&ntillana,  Ifiigu  Lopez  de  Mendoza,  marquis 

of,  an  illustrious  wit  of  the  reign  of  John  II., 

63.  His  death,  63,  79,  note.    Cited,  07,  note. 
S^.racen  invasion  of  Spain,  1,  5. 
Suragossa,   autos  da  fe  celebrated   at,  223, 

Visited  by  the  Bovi  reigns.  239. 
Sttvona,  brilliaut  interview  of  Ferdinand  and 

Louis  XII.  at,  662. 
Savoy,  Philip,  seigneur  de  Bresse,  afterwards 

duke  of,  9 '7,  note. 
Scales.  Lord,  aids  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  2)4. 

Mistake   regarding   him,   21  ,   note.     The 

queen's  courtesy  to,  215.    His  costume  at 

the  meeting  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  before 

Moclin,  217.     Loses  his  life,  240,  note. 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  hie  representation  of  Rene's 


v.  On  Frnlinanfl's 
loaiuia  IV'ltraiit'Ju, 
ii's  exaction  of  an 
hat  li<>  would  not 
Mi,  note.  Hl.i  biiiH 
franHattions  with 
klnienes's  objection 

bH,  fatal  battle  of, 

heretic,  his  punish- 


irch. 
ail. 


Their   evil 


f,  In  regard  to  dls- 
urch  and  Pope. 
at,    liberated,   218. 
r  of,  -  ''.     liendez- 

e  French  king,  67. 
id  Frenclj  inva.sion 
iiiction  of;  perfiily 
)tiation8  respecting, 
;ou,  337.     invaded 

!  important  conso- 


;edc9  with  Isabella 

144,  note.    Act  of, 
15,  note. 
>{,  445. 

of,   94.     Military 
mas  and  Villena. 
icter  of,  307.     llie 
Julversity  of,  683, 


t  to  the  relief  of 
>d8  the  marquis  of 
)f  the  French  army 
reat  to  Gaeta,  498. 
le  army  under,  502. 

ikes  post  at,  490. 
rigin  of,  259. 
ihn.ent  of  the,  122. 

Mendoza,  marquis 
le  reign  of  John  II., 
tte.    Cited,  07,  note. 

1,5. 
celebrated   at,   223. 
18.  239. 
V  of  Ferdinand  and 

:  BrcBse,  afterwards 

ish  sovereigns,  2)4. 
1,  21  ,  note.  The 
>.  His  costume  at 
liind  Isabella  before 
life,  240,  note. 
»eatation  of  Rene's 


INDEX. 


681 


chnracter,  69,  note ;  of  Uebccca  and  Isaac, 
147,  note. 

Sculptors  In  Spain,  607,  note. 

Segovia,  interview  theri ,  Ix'tweon  Henry  IV. 
.ind  Isnbella,  100.  IsulHlla  jtrocliinied 
queen  there,  100.  Tumult  at,  suppressed 
by  Isabell.i,  121. 

Seininura,  the  march  against,  353.  Battle  of, 
3.i4. 

S<'mp*'re,  critical  notice  of,  25,  note. 

Seville,  the  corporatiot)  of,  offer  premiums 
lor  poelry,  f)').  Reception  of  l-<alji Hu  there, 
rj5.  Inquisition  at,  152.  I'revulenre  of 
the  plague  at,  153.  Ueceptioti  of  C'uliimbus 
at,  291).  Colonial  trade  confined  to,  4;{2. 
Heretics  buined  there,  »)59,  note.  See 
Mendoza. 

Sforza,  Lodovico,  Intrigues  of,  335.  Ills  pro- 
posal to  the  king  of  F'rance,  335.  Jealous 
of  the  French,  ;i42,  345  Unpopularity  of, 
440.     His  fate,  440. 

Sheep,  in  Castile,  13. 

Sidoiiia,  Medina,  the  duko  of,  head  of  the 
Uuzmans,  96.  A  supporter  of  Isal)olla, 
126.  Murclies  to  relieve  Alhaina,  I8H;  to 
Malnga,  2.T2.  Death  of,  265,  note.  Appli- 
cation made  to,  by  Columbus,  273.  llis 
Income,  032,  note. 

Sierra  V'ermeja,  revolt  of  the,  406.  Expedi- 
tion into  the,  407.  Spaniaids  routed  tliere, 
409.  Submission  of,  410.  Fate  of  tlie  in- 
habitants of,  410.  Ballads  thereon,  411. 
Melancholy  retnlnls«ence8  respecting,  412. 

Silva,  Alonso  de,  sent  by  P'erdinand  to  tlio 
French  court,  330.  dharles's  di8>atisfac- 
tion  with  him,  340.  Opens  a  correspond- 
ence with  SforvA,  342. 

Silva,  Juan  de,  count  of  Cifuentes,  his  con- 
nection with  the  expedition  to  Axarquia, 
199. 

Sllveira,  Fernando  de,  representative  of  the 
prince  of  Portugal,  at  the  afflanting  with 
the  Infanta  Isabella,  254. 

Sismondi,  remarks  on  the  writings  of,  362, 
note. 

Sixtus  IV.,  the  sovereigns  of  Castile  differ 
with,  139.  Sends  a  legate  to  the  court  of 
Castile,  139.  Grants  a  bull,  authorizing  the 
Inquisition  In  Castile,  151.  His  con'iuct, 
154  His  present  of  a  cross  to  the  sove- 
reigns for  a  standard,  218. 

Slaves,  c(;n(lition  of  the  Visigothic,  4.  Regular 
exchange  of,  recommended  by  Columbus, 
422.  Isabella's  proceedings  in  regaid  to, 
422,  433.  Sent  back,  423.  Introduction  of, 
Into  the  New  World,  433.  In  the  colonies, 
6;i0. 

Slidell.  his  ii^marks  on  the  armour  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isal)ella,  217,  note.  His  descrip- 
tion o1  Toledo,  653,  note. 

Soils,  invited  to  court,  648.  His  discoveries, 
649. 

Sos,  111  Aragon,  the  birthplace  of  Ferdinand 
the  Catholic,  60. 

Soto,  Ferdinand  de,  his  discoveries  and  death, 
6 1 9,  mde. 

Sotomayor,  Alonso  de,  his  duel  with  Bayard, 
458. 


Souso,  first  gains  the  summit  of  the  walls  of 
Oran.  571. 

South  .Sa,  effect  of  its  discovery  on  Spain, 
619. 

vSnithey,  Robert,  his  History  of  the  Spanish 
Arabs,  IKI. 

Spain,  1.  Consolidation  of  the  various  states 
of,  1.  Number  of  states  in,  rediued  to  fiur, 
1.  Influeiite  of  the  Visigoths  on,  2,  of 
the  Saracen  Inva.sioii  on,  ;i ;  of  the  eei  le- 
siastics  there,  5.  State  of  the  Jews  in,  at 
the  accession  of  IsaUlla,  149.  K-arly  suc- 
cesses of  Maliometanisin  ai,.l  the  Arabs 
in,  161.  ColKlUest  of,  Iti.l.  I'reatnietlt  of 
Chri.-tians  in,  163.  Mineral  wealth  of,  160. 
Civilities  between  the  people  of,  and  the 
Spani.-<h  Aralw,  171.  .Merits  of  the -i  holars 
of,  307.  I'liiversities  of,  3(i7.  IniriHluc- 
tion  of  printing  into,  3i*J;  encouraged  by 
the  queen,  M'j  ;  Us  ra]ii(l  dlllusion,  30'.*. 
Importance  of  the  treaty  of  Harcelona  to, 
338.  Alarmed  at  the  expedition  of  t'harles 
VIH.  Into  Italy,  338.  Peace  of,  with 
France,  365.  InHuence  of  the  Italian  wars 
on,  366.  Moral  consequences  of  her  <lis- 
coveries  In  the  west,  437.  Her  geographical 
extent,  437.  Neutrality  of,  secured  hi  rela- 
tion to  France  and  Italy,  44it.  Alarmed 
by  the  French  conciuests  in  Italy,  440. 
Rupture  of,  with  France,  453.  Invasion 
of,  by  l.ouls  XII.,  479.  Kffects  of  the  reign 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  on,  630.  Policy 
of  the  crown  at  their  accession,  630.  De- 
pression of  the  nobles  in,  630.  Treatment 
of  the  church  In,  632  Morals  there,  633. 
State  of  the  commons  in,  634.  Royal 
ordinances  for,  635.  Adv.mcement  of  pre- 
rogative in,  637.  Legal  compilations  there, 
638.  Organiziitiori  of  couiicils  in,  6)0. 
Legal  profession  in,  advanced,  641.  Cha- 
racter of  the  laws  during  the  reign  of  Fer- 
dinand and  Isalx'lla,  641.  Erroneous  prin- 
ciples of  legislation  in,  642.  Principal 
exports  from,  643.  .Manufactures,  643. 
Agriculture,  644.  l-Aonomical  policy  in, 
645.  Internal  improvements  in,  646.  In- 
crea.se  of  the  empire  of,  647.  Its  govern- 
ment of  Naples,  647.  Its  revenues  from 
the  Indies,  648.       pirit  of  adventure   in, 

649.  Progress  of  discovery,  649.  Effect 
pnxluced  there  by  the  discovery  f)f  the 
Soutli   .Sa,  649.     Slavery   in   its  colonics, 

650.  Administration  of  laws  in  the  colo- 
nies of,  652.  Its  general  prosperity,  6:. 2. 
Opulence  of  the  towns  of,  653.  Ptiblic 
embellishments  in,  6.'')4.  Augmentation  of 
its  revenue,  (i.'i,') ;  of  its  population,  655. 
Patriotic  principle  in,  656.  (Chivalrous 
spirit,  656.  .Spirit  of  bigotry  in,  65s. 
Heneticent  inijiiils''  there,  659.  The  period 
of  its  natioiiiil  glory,  660.     See  Castile. 

Spaniards,  their  gradual  encroachment  on 
the  Saracens,  5.  Dis.sensions  among  theni, 
5.  Extend  their  conque'^ts  to  the  Doiiro 
and  Tagus,  6.  Their  religious  fervour 
and  fanaticism,  5.  Their  traditional  min- 
strelsy, 6.  Their  respect  for  the  .Maho- 
metans, 7.     Early  discoveries  by  the,  26s. 


682 


INDEX. 


Tliolr  pn TPss  In  diwivpry,  649  Tlnlr 
I'Xii'MWM,  »>..().  I'lu'lr  patiiotic  priictplf, 
«r.o.  TlH'lr  chlvalrouH  bpirit.  600.  Stc 
caxliU. 

R|)«niMli  ArahH.     S<o  Mnon. 

Si)«iil.sli  Hcct,  fltlcil  out  uiuUt  Cionsu.vo  de 
Ctirdovii,  4J3 

Stanc  low  condition  of  the,  326. 

SuKiir-ritiii*  iiitriHliK'cd  into  lilitpaniula  from 
ilic  ('uiiarifs,  M^. 

KwinH  nnrrcnarifs,  riiinar'H  account  of  the, 
*iU.  Kniploynicnt  ol.  iHr*.  Thdt  viinc  in 
tlu'  ('xp.diii()n  of  t'liarles  Vlll.,  341.  TLelr 
org.%ni2utiun,  .i41. 


T. 


Tulavera,  Fray  Keniando  do,  anecdote  re- 
N|)i>ctinK  liim  and  I>al>*>lla,  150.  Uegarda 
0>liinil)u«'H  tlicoiy  aft  viKionary,  272. 
Op|M»HCH  itie  (IcFnands  oi  Culunutiis,  275. 
Arclibisiiop  of  Granada,  .liH.  Keniarlcs  re- 
Rt^ectinK.  394,  395.  IliH  mild  policy,  .'U5 ; 
the  cl  .^y  diKHaliHflt'd  will)  it,  3<.)6.  Ap- 
|M'a80H  th<-  inHiirKcntH  ot  tlie  Alhaycin,  400. 
Conimondh  Ximcn^R,  40 1.  Tiie  quwii's 
corrrKpondt'iicc  wiili,  51 'J,  519  note.  A 
victim  of  tlie  Inquisition,  54h,  i,ote. 

Tai(;n»o,  invested  by  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova, 
44'i.     Snrrendt-rs,  451. 

Teialilla,  Ifiigo  Lope/,  de  Menduza,  count  of, 
reniarltH  respecting,  394.  His  conduct  at 
tlie  All>aycin,  400.     Hih  income,  632,  ruttc. 

Thiene,  his  "  Lettere  sulJa  Stoiia  de*  Mull 
vencrel,"  436,  note. 

Tlcknor,  George,  his  es.say  on  the  early 
progresn  of  the  dramatic,  and  the  hl^tri<>nic 
art  in  Spain,  3'^H,  note  .  ^ 

Time,  economy  of,  by  Xlmene.'^  627. 

Toledo,  account  of  the  environs  o!',  644,  note. 

Toledo,  v/ealth  and  giuiirtcur  of  the  arc'.- 
blHhop  of,  19,  20,  GM,  vote.  Sec  Carillo, 
Mendoza,  and  Xinieues. 

Toledo,  Fadrique  de.     .See  Altxi. 

Toledo,  Garcia  de,  commander  of  the  ex- 
pediti.»n  against  Gelves,  loses  Lis  life,  577, 
notf.. 

'J'oleration   among  the    Moors,  3.     Remarks 
on  the  want  ol,  41.t.     See  Intolerance. 
I  Tortiesillas.  featy  of,  .'9H. 

Toro,  battle  of.  1 14.  Meeting  of  the  assembly 
at,  in  I5(  5,  527. 

T'  ro,  Leyes  de,  639. 

Torqiiem.id.i,  1  honias  de,  the  confessor  of 
Isabella,  facts  respecting,  151.  Inquisitor- 
general  ot  Castile  and  Aragon,  '.54.  Con- 
victinns  under,  15S,  159.  His  !ast  cays  iuid 
death,  16ii.  His  fanaticism,  160.  Hisviolent 
cotiduct  at  a.fewish  negotiation  with  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isab,  Ua,  279.  Forbids  the  Jews 
rtceivinn  assistance,  2><'i. 

Torture,  by  the  In<|uisitio-.),  155. 

Tournament,  near  Trani,  4  .7,  458. 

Trade,  variotjs  regulations  of,  140,  641. 

Trani,  tournament  near,  457,  458. 


Trastami.rn,  nvoli.ilon  of,  47.     Termination 

of  the  male  'i'l'   of  the  limisp  of,  103. 
Tribunals  of  '..'aHtile,   reurgaid£ttion  of  the, 

127. 
Tripoli,  captuied,  577. 
Truxillo.  puniHinnent  of  certain  ccclcsia.stics 

there.   22-'. 
Turks,  Frederick's  applicntlon  to,  for  aid,  442. 

(ionsnlvo's  e.xpedit-'in   against  thiiu,   445. 

Their  defence  of  ill.  George,  443. 


u. 

Universities.  .Spanish  307.  57s,  6'^.%  !tHi,  (i'4. 

Urfta,  count  of,  luC.  His  conduct  at  the 
Sierra  Vermejn,  4oh,  409,  411.  tioes  out  to 
meet  Go  isalvu,  568.  Comes  into  collision 
^vith  Ximcnes,  622. 


Valadata,  her  intell"ctual  character.  IGH,  note. 

\  aleiicia,  (oiKiuered  by  Aragjn.  26.  Loans 
by  the  city  of,  247.  Printing-press  at,  in 
1474,  309. 

Vegu,  Garcilasso  de  la,  rescues  Ferdinand, 
226.  Notice  of,  22m,  ni'te.  Minister  of 
Ferdinand,  3t2.  Aids  Gotisalvo  at  the 
titorning  of  (Ktla.  3B1.  His  b.Mness  to- 
wan.u  tlie  pope.  441.  Feirlitwind's  de|)ort- 
ment  towaid>  htui,  538.  66(1 

VVga,  liorenzo  Suarez  de  la,  his  negotiations 
at  Venice.  441.     H's  ability,  4M6.  »t«te. 

Velasc<<,  |{«'rnardino  de,  grand  constable,  568. 
rropo:5ed  union  of,  witli  Elvira.  569.  InuIs 
.•es|)e  ing,  569,  7U>te.  His  income,  632, 
note. 

VeL>2  Malaga,  position  of,  225.  Its  surrender, 
227. 

\  elilla,  prophetic  tintinnabulations  of  the 
miraculous  bell  of,  60s,  note. 

Venereal  disease,  origin  of  the,  435. 

Venice,  the  celebrated  league  of,  346.  Aids 
France  against  Milan,  440.  Ferdinand's 
neg<;t)ations  with,  441.  Her  distrust  of 
France,  4»<6.  Proje<ts  against,  5?t4,  5h5. 
Partition  of,  by  the  treaty  of  <  'ambray,  5m5. 
Power  "f,  broken  by  the  battle  of  Agnadel. 
586,  Continental  i  rovinces  of,  released 
from  their  allegiance,  5m6.  Becomes  a 
party  in  tlie  H^ly  League,  588.  I^isgusted, 
591.  Her  defitiitive  treaty  with  France  for 
their  mutual  defence,  .')91.  Laid  waste  by 
Canlona,  591.  Daru's  History  of,  592, 
note. 

Vergara,  Juan  de,  employed  in  th"  compila- 
tion of  the  Complutensian  Polyglot.  5f(2, 
rote.     His  epitaph  on  Zimeiies,  024,  vote. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  427,  note.  Gives  the 
name  to  the  western  continent,  648. 

Viana,  prince  of.     See  Carlos. 

^'icenzH,  cruelties  at  the  capture  of,  590, 
note. 

VillafratA,  destroyed  by  Ximcnes,  622.     ' 


I 


INDEX. 


A83 


47.     Ttrmlnntlon 
i.isf  f>f,  lo.J. 
guiil^itttHi  of  the, 

irtaln  ecclcsiaHtks 

Ion  to,  fi>rai<l,  44.!, 
f^aliml  tlu'iu,   44J. 


S7h,  6'^3,  5H4,  6'4. 

in  condnct  at   tlio 

411.     (■o<'s  out  to 

iiiuH  intu  cuUUioii 


li.irartpr,  16S,  «o/«!. 
ruK jii,  26.  I/OUMH 
intiiig-press  ri,  in 

CKcuca  PV-rdlnand, 
rude.      MiiiiHtcr   of 

(ioiisalvo  (it  tlio 
IliH   b"l'lnt»s8  to- 

eidinand'a  deport- 

a,  his  nrgotiationa 
ity,  48G.  Jiote. 
iiiid  constiiblc.  h6S. 
Klvira.  569.     FiKts 
HIh    incunie,   U3'2, 

25.    Its  surrender, 

ahidutions  uf   the 
wte. 

tiie,  4.35. 

Ui>  of,  346.     Aids 
440.     Ferdinand's 

Her  distrust  of 
aj,;.>inHt,  bM,  fiH.'i. 

of  •'am>)My,  5.s5. 
battle  of  Agnadel, 
iices  of,  released 
5«6.      Heromes    a 

.  5KH.       nis(TUSte<l, 

V  with  Frame  for 
Laid  wa.Mte  by 
Hi.Htory    of,    592, 

in  th"  conipila- 
aii  I'olyglot.  5m2, 
iieiies,  024,  vote, 
vote.     Gives   the 
inent,  648. 

OS. 

capture    of,    590, 
acnes,  622. 


Vllbna,  Henry,  marquis  of,  his  llternry 
cliararter,  52,  63.  Fate  of  bi.->  libr.iry,  63, 
1 6i>,  vote. 

Vlllf-na,  .(nan  F'achero,  maniuls  of,  character 
and  inflmnre  of,  75.  IHcurart-d,  "7.  His 
league  wiUi  tlie  ar('iibis|i>j|i  of  'I'oledo 
anidnst  tlie  ciiiwn,  77.  Asnuts  In  deposinn 
lltnry  !V.,  7h.  Mis  intri({ins  to  pnvt-nt 
u  leronciliatiiiii  of  partus,  79.  SupiM)rts 
Joanna  H»'lirainja,  «7,  116.  Tliitaiens 
isulx'll.k  with  iiniiriwinnieni,  hh.  Hih  en- 
deavoni's  lo  pn  vint  tlie  union  of  Ferdinand 
and  l>alH'lla.  h9.  Aitpointed  ((rand  muster 
of  St.  .Ianie>«,  94.  Ills  avariie,  94,  note, 
Iniensis  Henry  IV.  uKainst  I.><al)ella,  loo. 
Hisdealli,  103.  l)is-.ulistied  with  the  setil"- 
nient  of  tile  queen's  reReniy,  52s.  Favours 
Ferdinand,  560.     His  income,  632,  vole. 

Visigotlis,  overrun  .Spain,  2.  Characler  of 
tlieir  laws,  2.  Spain  Uiken  from  thein,  3. 
Conditiou  of  slaves  among  tlieiu,  4. 


w. 

War  of  the  .Succession,  lOR. 

VV'eiglits  and  measures,  laws  respecting,  646. 

West,  U'lief  of  liiiiil  in  the,  270. 

West  Indies,  discovery  of  the,  2H9.  Wliy  so 
called,  292.  Itegulations  of  trmie  w  itii.  293, 
I'rejiaralions  for  a  second  voyage  to,  293. 
See  Coloniex,  Hiajmniota,  und  Inditi. 

We.stern  Caliphate,  the,  163, 

Wool,  in  Spain,  643. 


X. 

Ximenea,  Cardinal,  his  famous  Polyglot  Rible, 
307,  note,  wm.  His  l)irtli,  3mi.  Visits 
Home,  3x1.  His  return  and  imprisonnient, 
3«2.  Established  at  siguen/.a,  3x2.  Fniers 
the  Franciscan  order,  383.  His  severe 
penance,  3H3.  His  a.sceiic  life,  3m3.  Made 
guardian  of  Salzeda,  3h3.  rntrcslMced  to 
tlif,"  (lueen,  and  made  her  confessor,  384. 
Klect'd  provincial,  384.  His  attempts  at 
reform,  3x5.  The  see  of  'I'oledo  offend  to 
hini,  .186.  He  reluctantly  accepts,  3s7. 
Anecdotes  of,  387.  His  austere  life,  .388. 
Reform  in  his  diocese.  388.  Fxample  of 
his  severity,  389.  Authorities  on  whom  his 
life  mair  rests,  391.  Hi.n  moral  energy, 
394.  (Jo^  to  Granada.  390.  His  violent 
measuri  e  )r  conveitmg  the  MiKirs,  397. 
l)e.stro"S  rabic  books,  398.  HeHiegeil  in 
his  pj  o,  4011.  His  conimnnications  to 
the  i>o\  'giis  respecting  the  revolt  of  the 
Albaycin,  .01.  il.istens  to  court,  40' 
General  approbation  of  his  measures,  403. 
His  rebuke  of  Vianelli,  512.  vote.  Sus- 
tained by  the  queen,  617.  Kemonsirates 
with  I'hilip  on  the  recklessness  of  his 
measures,  548.  His  influence,  5.53.  His 
conduct  upon  the  death  ot  I'hilip,  553,  500, 
note.  Honours  conferred,  571.  His  en- 
thusiasm, 671.    His  designs  against  Oran, 


671.  HIh  warlike  prepurntloni,  fi'l  HN 
perse ver.inci',  5.  "  S^-nds  an  criny  to 
Afrlcii,  5(2.  Addresses  iIm-  irrops.  57,1. 
Heltnqiiislies  the  tomniaiid  to  >',i\nri<>, 
57, t.  Iliw  entry  Into  (Iran,  5".'..  (•ppo^ltioll 
to  him,  by  Navarro,  575.  \\\-  distni-t  of 
V  'rdinand.  570.  Gives  rouiiMel  to  Navarro, 
ai.d  returns  to  .Siiain,  570.  lJefni"M  niiblji- 
lionours,  576.  Ills  return  to  AUaU,  .nO. 
Ills  general  deportment,  f.iH.  \'isits  the 
families  of  his  di'Mese,  577,  SaitI  to  con- 
tinue to  watch  over  Oran  after  his  dealii. 
678,  notf.  Husily  occupied  with  his  uni- 
versity at  Alcala,  579,  llii  r-eepiluii  of 
Feidinand  at  the  university  of  Alealft,  58o. 
Aiconnt  «d'  his  IVdyglot  ihble,  5si  ;  i||n|. 
culties  of  the  task,  582.  persuns  employed 
al>out  it„  682,  note.  His  gratitude  on  its 
compleiloii,  682,  His  projeeied  edition  of 
Aristotle,  582,  vote.  Gruml  projects  of, 
683,  His  lx(|ue>t  to  the  iini  erslty  of 
Alcala,  583,  The  admiiiistratioii  of  Castile 
left  to,  610,  Meets  with  op|M)hiiion  respect- 
ing the  regency,  619.  Opposes  the  desire 
of  Charles  to  W  priKlaiined  king,  619. 
Replies  to  the  Castillan  aristocraiy,  020 
jlis  military  ordinance,  62o.  \\\>  domentic 
policy.  020.  His  foreign  polli  y,  020.  Snds 
a  commission  to  Ilispaniola,  to  anielii  rate 
tlie  condition  of  the  natives,  O.'O.  051. 
Kxlends  the  In(|uisitioii,  021.  Assumes 
tlie  Side  power,  021.  Iritimldates  the  nobles, 
622.  Ilurns  Villafrata,  022,  Public  d,K- 
contents  under.  622.  His  reception  of 
Charles,  023.  Charles's  ungrateful  letter 
to,  623,  His  last  illness,  62i.  His  death, 
fi24.  Celebration  of  ids  obse(|uies,  (24. 
Vergara's  epitaph  on,  624,  vote  His 
characfi  r,  625.  His  versatility  of  t.ilent,  625. 
His  bigotry,  025,  His  despijtic  government, 
625,  His  moral  primiple,  020.  His  dis- 
interestedness, 620,  His  self-confidence, 
620,  His  ('hastily,  0J7.  His  moimstie, 
austerity,  627.  .\necd.ite  in  relation  to  his 
dress,  627.  Quintanilla  cited  respecting, 
027,  note.  His  economy  of  time  027, 
Description  of  his  person,  62s.  K.xamina- 
tion  of  his  skull,  62S.  vote.  Parallel 
between  him  and  Richelieu,  628. 


Yahia  Alnayar,  or  Cidi  Yahye,  surrender- 
li.iza,  249.  His  agre<  mcnt  with  heidinand, 
249,  vote. 


z. 

Zagat.     See  AtxlaVah.  or,  "  Tfie  Valiant." 

Zahara,  surpris.  d  by  the  Moor-,  182. 

Zaniora,  defection  of,  lit).  Ferdinand  passes 
to,  113,  King  of  Portugal  ariives  before, 
113.     Su'-renderof,  116. 

J^mora,  Alfonso,  emplr)yed  in  the  compila- 
tion of  the  Complutensian  Polyglot,  5»2. 


G84 


INDEX. 


Z«'nri,  a  Moor.  I)l«  rdnvprnlon.  397,  398. 
Zfli,  lliitiii  t,  til)'  (IfTi'iiilir  (if  Koiida,  IntrimttHl 

will)  tlit>  coiiitnancl  of  4i<-lmlf<ir<>, 'i'^7.     lllit 

n  mark  a(l<r  IiIk  Mirromlcr,  TMi 
Z«'n«'tp,  Abrahcii,  a  hi»bl»'  M<H>r,  gt'iieroHlty  of, 

■2:i:{. 
Zoraya.  thn    nultana,  Ji'uIouh  of  tlie  huUuii 

Abul  Harm,  194.     Her  huccchh,  194,     Her 

cnibaHT>y  to  Coniova  for  tlit-  redeuiptioii  of 


Alxlallah,  2n7.     IIt>r  reproof  of  Alxlallah 

for  IiIn  wraktii'M,  '263. 
Ziia/o,  Ali>n7.oil<',  roiuiiiiwKlonprtoHiitpanldia, 

liJH  n'|H)rt  til  favour  of  ntgro  Blaviry,  6'il, 

note. 
Ztinifca,  I/)ivz  i[f,  rniployptl  In  tho  romplla- 

tion  of  tho  ConipluK'imiun  rolyKl"t,  6H'i, 

note. 
Zurita,  Qeronimo,  his  life  and  writings,  347. 


THE  END. 


/i 


rrpr<x)f  of  Alxlallah 

RNlonpr  to  IlinpaniolA, 
f  mgro  BUvfry,  6'il, 

yp<l  In  tho  rAtnplln- 
imiun  Tulyglot,  (iH2, 

3  and  writings,  347. 


-r^ 


